<rdf:RDF xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:prism="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/prism/" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/">
<channel rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org">
<admin:errorReportsTo rdf:resource="mailto:biorxiv@cshlpress.edu"/>
<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of California, San Diego</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of California, San Diego"
</description>

<items>
<rdf:Seq>
</rdf:Seq>
</items>
<prism:eIssn/>
<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
<prism:issn/>

<image rdf:resource=""/>
</channel>
<image rdf:about="">
<title>bioRxiv</title>
<url/>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
</image>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient synergistic single-cell genome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the vast majority of all microbes are unculturable, single-cell sequencing has become a significant method to gain insight into microbial physiology. Single-cell sequencing methods, currently powered by multiple displacement genome amplification (MDA), have passed important milestones such as finishing and closing the genome of a prokaryote. However, the quality and reliability of genome assemblies from single cells are still unsatisfactory due to uneven coverage depth and the absence of scattered chunks of the genome in the final collection of reads caused by MDA bias. In this work, our new algorithm Hybrid De novo Assembler (HyDA) demonstrates the power of co-assembly of multiple single-cell genomic data sets through significant improvement of the assembly quality in terms of predicted functional elements and length statistics. Co-assemblies contain significantly more base pairs and protein coding genes, cover more subsystems, and consist of longer contigs compared to individual assemblies by the same algorithm as well as state-of-the-art single-cell assemblers SPAdes and IDBA-UD. Hybrid De novo Assembler (HyDA) is also able to avoid chimeric assemblies by detecting and separating shared and exclusive pieces of sequence for input data sets. By replacing one deep single-cell sequencing experiment with a few single-cell sequencing experiments of lower depth, the co-assembly method can hedge against the risk of failure and loss of the sample, without significantly increasing sequencing cost. Application of the single-cell coassembler HyDA to the study of three uncultured members of an alkane-degrading methanogenic community validated the usefulness of the co-assembly concept.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narjes S. Movahedi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeinab Taghavi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory Embree</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harish Nagarajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsten Zengler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamidreza Chitsaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient synergistic single-cell genome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of protein translation by the DISC1-Boymaw fusion gene from a Scottish family with major psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The t(1; 11) translocation appears to be the causal genetic lesion with 70% penetrance for schizophrenia, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders in a Scottish family. Molecular studies identified the disruption of the DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) gene by chromosome translocation at chromosome 1q42. Our previous studies, however, revealed that the translocation also disrupted another gene, Boymaw (also termed DISC1FP1), on chromosome 11. After translocation, two fusion genes (the DISC1-Boymaw (DB7) and the Boymaw-DISC1 (BD13)) are generated between the DISC1 and Boymaw genes. In the present study, we report that expression of the DB7 fusion gene inhibits both intracellular NADH oxidoreductase activities and protein translation. We generated humanized DISC1-Boymaw mice with gene targeting to examine the in vivo functions of the fusion genes. Consistent with the in vitro studies on the DB7 fusion gene, protein translation activity is decreased in the hippocampus and in cultured primary neurons from the brains of the humanized mice. Expression of Gad67, Nmdar1, and Psd95 proteins are also reduced. The humanized mice display prolonged and increased responses to the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, on various mouse genetic backgrounds. Abnormal information processing of acoustic startle and depressive-like behaviors are also observed. In addition, the humanized mice display abnormal erythropoiesis, which was reported to associate with depression in humans. Expression of the DB7 fusion gene may reduce protein translation to impair brain functions and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baohu Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerin Higa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minjung Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jared Young</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Geyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xianjin Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of protein translation by the DISC1-Boymaw fusion gene from a Scottish family with major psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boymaw, Overexpressed in Brains with Major Psychiatric Disorders, May Encode a Small Protein to Inhibit Mitochondrial Function and Protein Translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The t(1,11) chromosome translocation co-segregates with major psychiatric disorders in a large Scottish family. The translocation disrupts the DISC1 and Boymaw (DISC1FP1) genes on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. After translocation, two fusion genes are generated. Our recent studies found that the DISC1-Boymaw fusion protein is localized in mitochondria and inhibits oxidoreductase activity, rRNA expression, and protein translation. Mice carrying the DISC1-Boymaw fusion genes display intermediate behavioral phenotypes related to major psychiatric disorders. Here, we report that the Boymaw gene encodes a small protein predominantly localized in mitochondria. The Boymaw protein inhibits oxidoreductase activity, rRNA expression, and protein translation in the same way as the DISC1-Boymaw fusion protein. Interestingly, Boymaw expression is up-regulated by different stressors at RNA and/or protein translational levels. In addition, we found that Boymaw RNA expression is significantly increased in the postmortem brains of patients with major psychiatric disorders. Our studies therefore suggest that the Boymaw gene is a potential susceptibility gene for major psychiatric disorders in both the Scottish t(1,11) family and the general population of patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baohu Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minjung Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerin Higa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xianjin Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boymaw, Overexpressed in Brains with Major Psychiatric Disorders, May Encode a Small Protein to Inhibit Mitochondrial Function and Protein Translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Carriers of Ongoing Selective Sweeps Without Knowledge of the Favored Allele 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods for detecting the genomic signatures of natural selection have been heavily studied, and they have been successful in identifying many selective sweeps. For most of these sweeps, the favored allele remains unknown, making it difficult to distinguish carriers of the sweep from non-carriers. In an ongoing selective sweep, carriers of the favored allele are likely to contain a future most recent common ancestor. Therefore, identifying them may prove useful in predicting the evolutionary trajectory -- for example, in contexts involving drug-resistant pathogen strains or cancer subclones. The main contribution of this paper is the development and analysis of a new statistic, the Haplotype Allele Frequency (HAF) score. The HAF score, assigned to individual haplotypes in a sample, naturally captures many of the properties shared by haplotypes carrying a favored allele. We provide a theoretical framework for computing expected HAF scores under different evolutionary scenarios, and we validate the theoretical predictions with simulations. As an application of HAF score computations, we develop an algorithm (PreCIOSS: Predicting Carriers of Ongoing Selective Sweeps) to identify carriers of the favored allele in selective sweeps, and we demonstrate its power on simulations of both hard and soft sweeps, as well as on data from well-known sweeps in human populations.nnAuthor summaryMethods for detecting the genomic signatures of natural selection have been heavily studied, and they have been successful in identifying genomic regions under positive selection. However, methods that detect positive selective sweeps do not typically identify the favored allele, or even the haplotypes carrying the favored allele. The main contribution of this paper is the development and analysis of a new statistic (the HAF score), assigned to individual haplotypes. Using both theoretical analyses and simulations, we describe how the HAF scores differ for carriers and non-carriers of the favored allele, and how they change dynamically during a selective sweep. We also develop an algorithm, PreCIOSS, for separating carriers and non-carriers. Our tool has broad applicability as carriers of the favored allele are likely to contain a future most recent common ancestor. Therefore, identifying them may prove useful in predicting the evolutionary trajectory -- for example, in contexts involving drug-resistant pathogen strains or cancer subclones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy Ronen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn Tesler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Akbari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay Zakov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah A Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vineet Bafna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Carriers of Ongoing Selective Sweeps Without Knowledge of the Favored Allele]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection for Intermediate Genotypes Enables a Key Innovation in Phage Lambda 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of qualitatively new functions is fundamental for shaping the diversity of life. Such innovations are rare because they require multiple coordinated changes. We sought to understand the evolutionary processes involved in a particular key innovation, whereby phage {lambda} evolved the ability to exploit a novel receptor, OmpF, on the surface of Escherichia coli cells. Previous work has shown that this transition repeatedly evolves in the laboratory, despite requiring four mutations in specific regions of a single gene. Here we examine how this innovation evolved by studying six intermediate genotypes that arose during independent transitions to use OmpF. In particular, we tested whether these genotypes were favored by selection, and how a coevolved change in the hosts influenced the fitness of the phage genotypes. To do so, we measured the fitness of the intermediate types relative to the ancestral {lambda} when competing for either ancestral or coevolved host cells. All six intermediates had improved fitness on at least one host, and four had higher fitness on the coevolved host than on the ancestral host. These results show that the evolution of the phages new ability to use OmpF was repeatable because the intermediate genotypes were adaptive and, in many cases, because coevolution of the host favored their emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alita Burmeister</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Lenski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Meyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection for Intermediate Genotypes Enables a Key Innovation in Phage Lambda]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a 50,000-generation experiment with Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organismal stoichiometry refers to the relative proportion of chemical elements in the biomass of organisms, and it can have important effects on ecological interactions from population to ecosystem scales. Although stoichiometry has been studied extensively from an ecological perspective, little is known about rates and directions of evolutionary changes in elemental composition in response to nutrient limitation. We measured carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of Escherichia coli evolved under controlled carbon-limited conditions for 50,000 generations. The bacteria evolved higher relative nitrogen and phosphorus content, consistent with selection for increased use of the more abundant elements. Total carbon assimilated also increased, indicating more efficient use of the limiting element. Altogether, our study shows that stoichiometry evolved over a relatively short time-period, and that it did so in a predictable direction given the carbon-limiting environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caroline B. Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian D. Wade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin R. Meyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard E. Lenski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a 50,000-generation experiment with Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SSCM: A method to analyze and predict the pathogenicity of sequence variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe advent of cost-effective DNA sequencing has provided clinics with high-resolution information about patients genetic variants, which has resulted in the need for efficient interpretation of this genomic data. Traditionally, variant interpretation has been dominated by many manual, time-consuming processes due to the disparate forms of relevant information in clinical databases and literature. Computational techniques promise to automate much of this, and while they currently play only a supporting role, their continued improvement for variant interpretation is necessary to tackle the problem of scaling genetic sequencing to ever larger populations. Here, we present SSCM-Pathogenic, a genome-wide, allele-specific score for predicting variant pathogenicity. The score, generated by a semi-supervised clustering algorithm, shows predictive power on clinically relevant mutations, while also displaying predictive ability in noncoding regions of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharad Vikram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew D Rasmussen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric A Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imran S Haque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SSCM: A method to analyze and predict the pathogenicity of sequence variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of the interphase chromatin domain structures in embryonic stem cells by targeted placement of human-specific regulatory loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide proximity placement analysis of diverse families of human-specific genomic regulatory loci (HSGRL) identified topologically-associating domains (TADs) that are significantly enriched for HSGRL and termed rapidly-evolving in humans TADs (revTADs; Genome Biol Evol. 2016 8; 2774-88). Here, human-specific genomic features of pluripotency regulatory networks in hESC have been analyzed. The primary focus was on identification of human-specific elements of the interphase chromatin architecture of TADs responsible for transcriptional regulatory control of the NANOG, POU5F1, and POU3F2 genes. Comparative analyses of the four adjacent TADs spanning ~3.3 Mb NANOG locus-associated genomic region were carried-out to highlight primate-specific genomic features. Lastly, the putative mechanisms of the genome-wide regulatory effects of human-specific NANOG-binding sites (HSNBS) on expression of genes implicated in the fetal and adult brain development have been examined. Acquisition of primate-specific regulatory loci appears to rewire TADs exerting transcriptional control on pluripotency regulators, revealing a genomic placement pattern consistent with the enhanced regulatory impact of NANOG in primates. Proximity placement analysis of HSNBS identified a large expression signature in the human fetal neocortex temporal lobe comprising 4,957 genes, which appear to retain acquired in the embryo expression changes for many years of human brain development and maintain highly concordant expression profiles in the neocortex and prefrontal cortex regions of adult human brain. Collectively, reported herein observations indicate that genomic elements of pluripotency regulatory circuitry associated with HSNBS, specifically proteins of the classical NurD chromatin remodeling complex, contribute to transcriptional regulation of a large set of genes implicated in development and function of human brain.nnList of abbreviations5hmC, 5-HydromethylcytosinennCTCF, CCCTC-binding factornnDHS, DNase hypersensitivity sitesnnFHSRR, fixed human-specific regulatory regionsnnGRNs, genomic regulatory networksnnHAR, human accelerated regionsnnhCONDEL, human-specific conserved deletionsnnhESC, human embryonic stem cellsnnHSGRL, human-specific genomic regulatory locinnHSNBS, human-specific NANOG-binding sitesnnHSTFBS, human-specific transcription factor-binding sitesnnLAD, lamina-associated domainnnLINE, long interspersed nuclear elementnnlncRNA, long non-coding RNAnnLTR, long terminal repeatnnMADE, methylation-associated DNA editingnnmC, methylcytosinennmESC, mouse embryonic stem cellsnnNANOG, Nanog homeoboxnnnt, nucleotidennPOU5F1, POU class 5 homeobox 1nnPSDS, partial strand displacement statennTAD, topologically associating domainsnnTE, transposable elementsnnTF, transcription factornnTSC, triple-stranded complexnnTSS, transcription start sitesnnSE, super-enhancersnnSED, super-enhancer domainsnnsncRNA, small non coding RNA
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gennadi Glinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of the interphase chromatin domain structures in embryonic stem cells by targeted placement of human-specific regulatory loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous human stem cell-associated retroviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discoveries of endogenous human stem cell-associated retroviruses (SCARs) revealed consistent activation of specific endogenous retroviral elements in human preimplantation embryos and documented the essential role of the sustained retroviral activities in the maintenance of pluripotency, functional identity and integrity of naive-state embryonic stem cells, and anti-viral resistance of the early-stage human embryos. SCARs activity have been implicated in seeding thousands human-specific regulatory sequences in the hESC genome. Activation of specific SCARs, namely LTR7/HERVH and LTR5_Hs/HERVK, has been demonstrated in patients diagnosed with multiple types of cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and it is likely associated with the emergence of clinically lethal therapy resistant death-from-cancer phenotypes in a sub-set of cancer patients diagnosed with different types of malignant tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gennadi Glinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous human stem cell-associated retroviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of reference databases’ refinements on the validity of molecular definitions of 15,371 candidate human-specific regulatory sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of candidate human-specific regulatory sequences (HSRS) have been identified, supporting the idea that unique to human phenotypes result from human-specific changes to genomic regulatory networks (GRNs). The sequence quality of reference genome databases is essential for the accurate definition of regulatory DNA segments as candidate HSRS. It is unclear how database improvements would affect the validity of the HSRS definition. Sequence conservation analysis of 15,371 candidate HSRS was carried out using the most recent releases of reference genomes databases of humans and nonhuman primates (NHP) defining the conservation threshold as the minimum ratio of bases that must remap of 1.00. This analysis identifies 3,793 regulatory DNA segments that lack evidence of human-specific mutations and represent regulatory sequences highly conserved in humans, Bonobo, and Chimpanzee. Present analysis revealed a major database refinements effect on the validity of HSRS definition and suggests that human-specific phenotypes may evolve as a results of integration into human-specific GRNs of both conserved in NHP and human-specific genomic regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gennadi Glinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of reference databases’ refinements on the validity of molecular definitions of 15,371 candidate human-specific regulatory sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular stripping in the NFκB/IκB/DNA genetic regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic switches based on the NF{kappa}B/I{kappa}B/DNA system are master regulators of an array of cellular responses. Recent kinetic experiments have shown that I{kappa}B can actively remove NF{kappa}B bound to its genetic sites via a process called "molecular stripping". This allows the NF{kappa}B/I{kappa}B/DNA switch to function under kinetic control rather than the thermodynamic control contemplated in the traditional models of gene switches. Using molecular dynamics simulations of coarse grained predictive energy landscape models for the constituent proteins by themselves and interacting with the DNA we explore the functional motions of the transcription factor NF{kappa}B and its various binary and ternary complexes with DNA and the inhibitor I{kappa}B. These studies show that the function of the NF{kappa}B/I{kappa}B/DNA genetic switch is realized via an allosteric mechanism. Molecular stripping occurs through the activation of a domain twist mode by the binding of I{kappa}B which occurs through conformational selection. Free energy calculations for DNA binding show that the binding of I{kappa}B not only results in a significant decrease of the affinity of the transcription factor for the DNA but also kinetically speeds DNA release. Projections of the free energy onto various reaction coordinates reveal the structural details of the stripping pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davit Potoyan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihua Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Komives</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Wolynes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular stripping in the NFκB/IκB/DNA genetic regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation patterns’ analysis of 18,364 candidate human-specific regulatory sequences revealed two distinct pathways of the human regulatory DNA divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of candidate human-specific regulatory sequences (HSRS) have been identified, supporting the idea that unique to human phenotypes result from human-specific alterations of genomic regulatory networks. Here, conservation patterns analysis of 18,364 regulatory DNA segments comprising candidate HSRS was carried out using the most recent releases of the reference genomes databases of humans and nonhuman primates (NHP) and defining the sequence conservation threshold as the minimum ratio of bases that must remap of 1.00. Present analyses identified 5,535 candidate HSRS defined by either the acceleration of mutation rates on the human lineage or the functional divergence from chimpanzee that are highly conserved in NHP and appear to evolve by the exaptation of ancestral DNA pathway. This pathway seems mechanistically distinct from the evolution of regulatory DNA driven by the species-specific expansion of transposable elements. It is proposed that phenotypic divergence of Homo sapiens is driven by the evolution of human-specific genomic regulatory networks via at least two mechanistically distinct pathways of creation of divergent sequences of regulatory DNA: i) exaptation of the highly conserved ancestral regulatory DNA segments; ii) human-specific insertions of transposable elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gennadi Glinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation patterns’ analysis of 18,364 candidate human-specific regulatory sequences revealed two distinct pathways of the human regulatory DNA divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency and complexity of de novo structural mutation in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have established that de novo duplications and deletions contribute to risk. However, ascertainment of structural variation (SV) has been restricted by the coarse resolution of current approaches. By applying a custom pipeline for SV discovery, genotyping and de novo assembly to genome sequencing of 235 subjects, 71 cases, 26 sibling controls and their parents, we present an atlas of 1.2 million SVs (5,213/genome), comprising 11 different classes. We demonstrate a high diversity of de novo mutations, a majority of which were undetectable by previous methods. In addition, we observe complex mutation clusters where combinations of de novo SVs, nucleotide substitutions and indels occurred as a single event. We estimate a high rate of structural mutation in humans (20%). Genetic risk for ASD is attributable to an elevated frequency of gene-disrupting de novo SVs but not an elevated rate of genome rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>William M Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danny Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amina Noor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Rosanio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy R Chapman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel J Barrera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan Ning Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malhotra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanda C Watts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence C Wong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper A Estabillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therese E Gadomski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oanh Hong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin V Fuentes Fajardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhishek Bhandari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renius Owen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Baughn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry Solomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra G Moyzis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan J Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail E Reiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith K Vaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles M Strom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alysson R Muotri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natacha Akshoomoff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzanne M Leal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen Pierce</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Courchesne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilia M Iakoucheva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina Corsello</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Sebat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency and complexity of de novo structural mutation in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of CO2 regulation of SLAC1 anion channel and function of CO2-permeable PIP2;1 aquaporin as carbonic anhydrase 4 interactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daily dark periods cause an increase in the leaf CO2 concentration (Ci) and the continuing atmospheric [CO2] rise also increases Ci. Elevated Ci causes closing of stomatal pores thus regulating gas exchange of plants. The molecular signaling mechanisms leading to CO2-induced stomatal closure are only partially understood. Here we demonstrate that high intracellular [Formula] enhances currents mediated by the guard cell S-type anion channel SLAC1 when co-expressing either of the protein kinases OST1, CPK6 or CPK23 in Xenopus oocytes. Split-ubiquitin screening identified the PIP2;1 aquaporin as an interactor of the {beta}CA4 carbonic anhydrase, which was confirmed in split luciferase, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. PIP2;1 exhibited CO2 permeability. Co-expression of {beta}CA4 and PIP2;1 with OST1-SLAC1 or CPK6/23-SLAC1 enabled extracellular CO2 enhancement of SLAC1 anion channel activity. An inactive PIP2;1 point mutation was identified which abrogated water and CO2 permeability and extracellular CO2 regulation of SLAC1 activity in Xenopus oocytes. These findings identify the CO2-permeable PIP2;1 aquaporin as key interactor of carbonic anhydrases, show functional reconstitution of extracellular CO2 signaling to ion channel regulation and implicate SLAC1 as a bicarbonate-responsive protein in CO2 regulation of S-type anion channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cun Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honghong Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue Qin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Zeise</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danyun Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wouter-Jan Rappel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter F Boron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian I Schroeder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of CO2 regulation of SLAC1 anion channel and function of CO2-permeable PIP2;1 aquaporin as carbonic anhydrase 4 interactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale reference data sets of human genetic variation are critical for the medical and functional interpretation of DNA sequence changes. Here we describe the aggregation and analysis of high-quality exome (protein-coding region) sequence data for 60,706 individuals of diverse ethnicities generated as part of the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). The resulting catalogue of human genetic diversity contains an average of one variant every eight bases of the exome, and provides direct evidence for the presence of widespread mutational recurrence. We show that this catalogue can be used to calculate objective metrics of pathogenicity for sequence variants, and to identify genes subject to strong selection against various classes of mutation; we identify 3,230 genes with near-complete depletion of truncating variants, 72% of which have no currently established human disease phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that these data can be used for the efficient filtering of candidate disease-causing variants, and for the discovery of human "knockout" variants in protein-coding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exome Aggregation Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monkol Lek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad Karczewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Minikel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaitlin Samocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Banks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy Fennell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne O'Donnell-Luria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Ware</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beryl Cummings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taru Tukiainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Birnbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack Kosmicki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laramie Duncan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karol Estrada</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fengmei Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Zou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emma Pierce-Hoffman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanne Berghout</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole Deflaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark DePristo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Do</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Flannick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachem Fromer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura Gauthier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackie Goldstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namrata Gupta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Kiezun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitja Kurki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ami Levy Moonshine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep Natarajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorena Orozco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gina Peloso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan Poplin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel Rivas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin Ruano-Rubio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Rose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted mutations on 3D hub loci alter spatial interaction environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many disease-related genotype variations (GVs) reside in non-gene coding regions and the mechanisms of their association with diseases are largely unknown. A possible impact of GVs on disease formation is to alter the spatial organization of chromosome. However, the relationship between GVs and 3D genome structure has not been studied at the chromosome scale. The kilobase resolution of chromosomal structures measured by Hi-C have provided an unprecedented opportunity to tackle this problem. Here we proposed a network-based method to capture global properties of the chromosomal structure. We uncovered that genome organization is scale free and the genomic loci interacting with many other loci in space, termed as hubs, are critical for stabilizing local chromosomal structure. Importantly, we found that cancer-specific GVs target hubs to drastically alter the local chromosomal interactions. These analyses revealed the general principles of 3D genome organization and provided a new direction to pinpoint genotype variations in non-coding regions that are critical for disease formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Ding</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lina Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Medovoy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted mutations on 3D hub loci alter spatial interaction environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of corticosteroid specificity for human, chicken, alligator and frog glucocorticoid receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated the evolution of the response of human, chicken, alligator and frog glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to dexamethasone, cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and aldosterone. We find significant differences among these vertebrates in the transcriptional activation of their full length GRs by these steroids, indicating that there were changes in the specificity of the GR for steroids during the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. To begin to study the role of interactions between different domains on the GR in steroid sensitivity and specificity for terrestrial GRs, we investigated transcriptional activation of truncated GRs containing their hinge domain and ligand binding domain (LBD) fused to a GAL4 DNA binding domain (GAL4 DBD). Compared to corresponding full length GRs, transcriptional activation of GAL4 DBD-GR hinge/LBD constructs required higher steroid concentrations and displayed altered steroid specificity, indicating that interactions between the hinge/LBD and other domains are important in glucocorticoid activation of these terrestrial GRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshinao Katsu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satomi Kohno</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaori Oka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael E Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of corticosteroid specificity for human, chicken, alligator and frog glucocorticoid receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best Practices in Docking and Activity Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last decade we witnessed how computational docking methods became a crucial tool in the search for new drug candidates. The  central dogma of small molecule docking is that compounds that dock correctly into the receptor are more likely to display biological activity than those that do not dock. This  dogma, however, possesses multiple twists and turns that may not be obvious to novice dockers. The first premise is that the compounds must dock; this implies: (i) availability of data, (ii) realistic representation of the chemical entities in a form that can be understood by the computer and the software, and, (iii) exhaustive sampling of the protein-ligand conformational space. The second premise is that, after the sampling, all docking solutions must be ranked correctly with a score representing the physico-chemical foundations of binding. The third premise is that  correctness must be defined unambiguously, usually by comparison with  static experimental data (or lack thereof). Each of these premises involves some degree of simplification of reality, and overall loss in the accuracy of the docking predictions.nnIn this chapter we will revise our latest experiences in receptor-based docking when dealing with all three above-mentioned issues. First, we will explain the theoretical foundation of ICM docking, along with a brief explanation on how we measure performance. Second, we will contextualize ICM by showing its performance in single and multiple receptor conformation schemes with the Directory of Useful Decoys (DUD) and the Pocketome. Third, we will describe which strategies we are using to represent protein plasticity, like using multiple crystallographic structures or Monte Carlo (MC) and Normal Mode Analysis (NMA) sampling methods, emphasizing how to overcome the associated pitfalls (e.g., increased number of false positives). In the last section, we will describe ALiBERO, a new tool that is helping us to improve the discriminative power of X-ray structures and homology models in screening campaigns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel Rueda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben Abagyan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best Practices in Docking and Activity Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable bet hedging in yeast responses to osmotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/039982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes limit risk by stochastic bet hedging - low frequency expression of less fit, slow growing cells constitutively preadapted against many stresses including antibiotics. By contrast, here we report continuous variation in the induced frequency of cells with slow osmotic stress signaling, survival and proliferation among 50 ecologically-distinct strains of budding yeast challenged by sudden hyperosmotic stress. Despite extensive variation in early mortality, strains displayed robust perfect adaptation and recovery of steady-state viability in moderate stress. In severe stress survival depended on strain-specific proportions of cells with divergent strategies.  Cautious cells survived without dividing;  reckless cells attempted to divide too soon and failed, killing both mother and daughter. We show that heritable frequencies of cautious and reckless cells produce a rapidly diversifying template for microbial bet hedging that mimics natural variation in stress responses whose timing, amplitude and frequency could evolve - be  tuned by - different patterns of environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoshikazu Hirate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel Bottani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyming Lee Pang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzannah Rutherford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/039982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable bet hedging in yeast responses to osmotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combating Chagas Disease Through Inhibition of Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chagas disease is a major cardiovascular affliction primarily endemic to Latin American countries, affecting some ten to twelve million people worldwide. The currently available drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are ineffective in the chronic stages and induce severe side effects. In an attempt to improve this situation we use an in silico drug repurposing strategy to correlate drug-protein interactions with positive clinical outcomes. The strategy involves a protein functional site similarity search, along with computational docking studies and, given the findings, a phosphatidylinositol (PIP) strip test to determine the activity of Posaconazole, a recently developed antifungal triazole, in conjunction with Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor. The results from both computational and in vitro studies indicate possible inhibition of phosphoinositides via Posaconazole, preventing Rho GTPase-induced proliferation of T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chirag Krishna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip Bourne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celine DerMarderossian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combating Chagas Disease Through Inhibition of Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microarray analysis identifies malignant field signatures in biopsy samples at diagnosis predicting the likelihood of lethal disease in patients with localized Gleason 6 and 7 prostate cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overtreatment of early-stage low-risk prostate cancer patients represents a significant problem in disease management and has significant socio-economic implications. Development of genetic and molecular markers of clinically significant disease in patients diagnosed with low grade localized prostate cancer would have a major impact in disease management. A gene expression signature (GES) is reported for lethal prostate cancer in biopsy specimens obtained at the time of diagnosis from patients with Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors in a Swedish watchful waiting cohort with up to 30 years follow-up. A 98-genes GES identified 89% and 100% of all death events 4 years after diagnosis in Gleason 7 and Gleason 6 patients, respectively; at 6 years follow-up, 83% and 100% of all deaths events were captured in Gleason 7 and Gleason 6 patients, respectively. Remarkably, the 98-genes GES appears to perform successfully in patients stratification with as little as 2% of cancer cells in a specimen, strongly indicating that it captures a malignant field effect in human prostates harboring cancer cells of different degrees of aggressiveness. In Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors from prostate cancer patients of age 65 or younger, GES identified 86% of all death events during the entire follow-up period. In Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors from prostate cancer patients of age 70 or younger, GES identified 90% of all death events 6 years after diagnosis. Classification performance of the reported in this study 98-genes GES of lethal prostate cancer appeared suitable to meet design and feasibility requirements of a prospective 4 to 6 years clinical trial, which is essential for regulatory approval of diagnostic and prognostic tests in clinical setting. Prospectively validated GES of lethal PC in biopsy specimens of Gleason 6 and Gleason 7 tumors will help physicians to identify, at the time of diagnosis, patients who should be considered for exclusion from active surveillance programs and who would most likely benefit from immediate curative interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gennadi Glinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microarray analysis identifies malignant field signatures in biopsy samples at diagnosis predicting the likelihood of lethal disease in patients with localized Gleason 6 and 7 prostate cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical cortical transcriptome disorganization in autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are etiologically heterogeneous and complex. Functional genomics work has begun to identify a diverse array of dysregulated transcriptomic programs (e.g., synaptic, immune, cell cycle, DNA damage, WNT signaling, cortical patterning and differentiation) potentially involved in ASD brain abnormalities during childhood and adulthood. However, it remains unclear whether such diverse dysregulated pathways are independent of each other or instead reflect coordinated hierarchical systems-level pathology.nnMethodsTwo ASD cortical transcriptome datasets were re-analyzed using consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify common coexpression modules across datasets. Linear mixed-effect models and Bayesian replication statistics were used to identify replicable differentially expressed modules. Eigengene network analysis was then utilized to identify between-group differences in how co-expression modules interact and cluster into hierarchical meta-modular organization. Protein-protein interaction analyses were also used to determine whether dysregulated co-expression modules show enhanced interactions.nnResultsWe find replicable evidence for 10 gene co-expression modules that are differentially expressed in ASD cortex. Rather than being independent non-interacting sources of pathology, these dysregulated co-expression modules work in synergy and physically interact at the protein level. These systems-level transcriptional signals are characterized by downregulation of synaptic processes coordinated with upregulation of immune/inflammation, response to other organism, catabolism, viral processes, translation, protein targeting and localization, cell proliferation, and vasculature development. Hierarchical organization of meta-modules (clusters of highly correlated modules) is also highly affected in ASD.nnConclusionsThese findings highlight that dysregulation of the ASD cortical transcriptome is characterized by the dysregulation of multiple coordinated transcriptional programs producing synergistic systems-level effects that cannot be fully appreciated by studying the individual component biological processes in isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael V Lombardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Courchesne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan E Lewis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiziano Pramparo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical cortical transcriptome disorganization in autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for downstream analysis of gene set enrichment results facilitates the biological interpretation of vaccine efficacy studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) is a widely employed method for analyzing gene expression profiles. The approach uses annotated sets of genes, identifies those that are coordinately up- or down-regulated in a biological comparison of interest, and thereby elucidates underlying biological processes relevant to the comparison. As the number of gene sets available in various collections for enrichment analysis has grown, the resulting lists of significant differentially regulated gene sets may also become larger, leading to the need for additional downstream analysis of GSEA results. Here we present a method that allows the rapid identification of a small number of co-regulated groups of genes - "leading edge metagenes" (LEMs) - from high scoring sets in GSEA results. LEM are sub-signatures which are common to multiple gene sets and that "explain" their enrichment specific to the experimental dataset of interest. We show that LEMs contain more refined lists of context-dependent and biologically meaningful genes than the parental gene sets. LEM analysis of the human vaccine response using a large database of immune signatures identified core biological processes induced by five different vaccines in datasets from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Further study of these biological processes over time following vaccination showed that at day 3 post-vaccination, vaccines derived from viruses or viral subunits exhibit patterns of biological processes that are distinct from protein conjugate vaccines; however, by day 7 these differences were less pronounced. This suggests that the immune response to diverse vaccines eventually converge to a common transcriptional response. LEM analysis can significantly reduce the dimensionality of enriched gene sets, improve the identification of core biological processes active in a comparison of interest, and simplify the biological interpretation of GSEA results.nnAuthor SummaryGenome-wide expression profiling is a widely used tool to identify biological mechanisms in a comparison of interest. One analytic method, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) uses annotated sets of genes and identifies those that are coordinately up- or down-regulated in a biological comparison of interest. This approach capitalizes on the fact that alternations in biological processes often cause the coordinated change of a large number of genes. However, as the number of gene sets available in various collections for enrichment analysis has grown, the resulting lists of significant differentially regulated gene sets may also become larger, leading to the need for additional downstream analysis of GSEA results. Here we present a method that allows the identification of a small number of co-regulated groups of genes - "leading edge metagenes" (LEMs) - from high scoring sets in GSEA results. We show that LEMs contain more refined lists of context-dependent biologically meaningful genes than the parental gene sets and demonstrate the utility of this approach in analyzing the transcriptional response to vaccination. LEM analysis can significantly reduce the dimensionality of enriched gene sets, improve the identification of core biological processes active in a comparison of interest, and facilitate the biological interpretation of GSEA results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan Tan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernej Godec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Tamayo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jill P Mesirov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W Nicholas Haining</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for downstream analysis of gene set enrichment results facilitates the biological interpretation of vaccine efficacy studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finding De novo methylated DNA motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence has shown that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as methylation and hydroxymethylation on cytosine would greatly impact the binding of transcription factors (TFs). However, there is a lack of motif finding algorithms with the function to search for motifs with PTMs. In this study, we expend on our previous motif finding pipeline Epigram to provide systematic de novo motif discovery and performance evaluation on methylated DNA motifs. Using the tool, we were able to identified methylated motifs in Arabidopsis DAP-seq data that were previously demonstrated to contain such motifs1. When applied to TF ChIP-seq and DNA methylome data in H1 and GM12878, our method successfully identified novel methylated motifs that can be recognized by the TFs or their co-factors. We also observed spacing constraint between the canonical motif of the TF and the newly discovered methylated motifs, which suggests operative recognition of these cis-elements by collaborative proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu Ngo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finding De novo methylated DNA motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing pseudo-linear models of responses to natural scenes in primate retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of systems neuroscience is to develop accurate quantitative models of how neural circuits process information. Prevalent models of light response in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) usually begin with linear filtering over space and time, which reduces the high-dimensional visual stimulus to a simpler and more tractable scalar function of time that in turn determines the model output. Although these pseudo-linear models can accurately replicate RGC responses to stochastic stimuli, it is unclear whether the strong linearity assumption captures the function of the retina in the natural environment. This paper tests how accurately one pseudo-linear model, the generalized linear model (GLM), explains the responses of primate RGCs to naturalistic visual stimuli. Light responses from macaque RGCs were obtained using large-scale multi-electrode recordings, and two major cell types, ON and OFF parasol, were examined. Visual stimuli consisted of images of natural environments with simulated saccadic and fixational eye movements. The GLM accurately reproduced RGC responses to white noise stimuli, as observed previously, but did not generalize to predict RGC responses to naturalistic stimuli. It also failed to capture RGC responses when fitted and tested with naturalistic stimuli alone. Fitted scalar nonlinearities before and after the linear filtering stage were insufficient to correct the failures. These findings suggest that retinal signaling under natural conditions cannot be captured by models that begin with linear filtering, and emphasize the importance of additional spatial nonlinearities, gain control, and/or peripheral effects in the first stage of visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Heitman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nora Brackbill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Greschner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Sher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan M. Litke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E.J. Chichilnisky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing pseudo-linear models of responses to natural scenes in primate retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zfp423 regulates Sonic hedgehog signaling via primary cilium function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zfp423 encodes a 30-zinc finger transcription factor that intersects several canonical signaling pathways. Zfp423 mutations result in ciliopathy-related phenotypes, including agenesis of the cerebellar vermis in mice and Joubert syndrome (JBTS19) and nephronophthisis (NPHP14) in humans. Unlike most ciliopathy genes, Zfp423 encodes a nuclear protein and its developmental expression is complex, leading to alternative proposals for cellular mechanisms. Here we show that Zfp423 is expressed by cerebellar granule cell precursors, that loss of Zfp423 in these precursors leads to cell-intrinsic reduction in proliferation, loss of response to Shh, and primary cilia abnormalities that include diminished frequency of both Smoothened and IFT88 localization. Loss of Zfp423 alters expression of several genes encoding key cilium components, including increased expression of Tulp3. Tulp3 is a direct binding target of Zfp423 and reducing the overexpression of Tulp3 in Zfp423-deficient cells suppresses Smoothened translocation defects. These results define Zfp423 deficiency as a bona fide ciliopathy, acting upstream of Shh signaling, and indicate a mechanism intrinsic to granule cell precursors for the resulting cerebellar hypoplasia.nnAuthor SummaryCiliopathies are a broad group of individually rare genetic disorders that share overlapping phenotypes and mutations in genes that make components of the primary cilium. Mutations in ZNF423 are an exception. Patients and mouse models show characteristic hypoplasia of the cerebellar midline (Joubert syndrome), but the gene encodes a nuclear transcription factor. The mouse gene, Zfp423, is expressed in a dynamic developmental pattern, leaving the cellular mechanism for this brain malformation unresolved. One report suggested reduced Purkinje cell expression of Shh, a key mitogen for cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) whose signal transduction occurs at the primary cilium, as the key event. We show that Zfp423 mutants expressed normal Shh levels, but that Zfp423-depleted GCPs were unable to respond. Primary cilia on Zfp423-mutant GCPs in situ typically had a wider base and longer extension. ZNF423-depletion in a human cell culture model resulted in defective translocation of Smoothened, a key event in Shh signaling, and of the intraflagellar transport protein IFT88. RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR experiments identified known ciliopathy genes as potential conserved targets of ZNF423 and Zfp423. One of these, TULP3, was both up-regulated in ZNF423/Zfp423-deficient cells and directly bound by Zfp423 in granule cell precursors. Reversing the overexpression of TULP3 in ZNF423-depleted human cell culture model reversed the defect in Smoothened translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHEN-JEI HONG</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce A. Hamilton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zfp423 regulates Sonic hedgehog signaling via primary cilium function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of Long Error-Prone Reads Using de Bruijn Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent breakthroughs in assembling long error-prone reads (such as reads generated by Single Molecule Real Time technology) were based on the overlap-layout-consensus approach and did not utilize the strengths of the alternative de Bruijn graph approach to genome assembly. Moreover, these studies often assume that applications of the de Bruijn graph approach are limited to short and accurate reads and that the overlap-layout-consensus approach is the only practical paradigm for assembling long error-prone reads. Below we show how to generalize de Bruijn graphs to assemble long error-prone reads and describe the ABruijn assembler, which results in more accurate genome reconstructions than the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhail Kolmogorov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Max W. Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavel A. Pevzner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of Long Error-Prone Reads Using de Bruijn Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
plasmidSPAdes: Assembling Plasmids from Whole Genome Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPlasmids are stably maintained extra-chromosomal genetic elements that replicate independently from the host cells chromosomes. Although plasmids harbor biomedically important genes, (such as genes involved in virulence and antibiotics resistance), there is a shortage of specialized software tools for extracting and assembling plasmid data from whole genome sequencing projects.nnResultsWe present the plasmidSPAdes algorithm and software tool for assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data and benchmark its performance on a diverse set of bacterial genomes.nnAvailability and implementationO_SCPCAPPLASMIDC_SCPCAPSPAO_SCPCAPDESC_SCPCAP is publicly available at http://spades.bioinf.spbau.ru/plasmidSPAdes/nnContactd.antipov@spbu.ru
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dmitry Antipov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan Hartwick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Max Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhail Raiko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alla Lapidus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavel Pevzner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[plasmidSPAdes: Assembling Plasmids from Whole Genome Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omics Discovery Index - Discovering and Linking Public Omics Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical data, in particular omics datasets are being generated at an unprecedented rate. This is due to the falling costs of generating experimental data, improved accuracy and better accessibility to different omics platforms such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics1,2. As a result, the number of deposited datasets in public repositories originating from various omics approaches has increased dramatically in recent years. With strong support from scientific journals and funders, public data sharing is increasingly considered to be a good scientific practice, facilitating the confirmation of original results, increasing the reproducibility of the analyses, enabling the exploration of new or related hypotheses, and fostering the identification of potential errors, discouraging fraud3. This increase in public data deposition of omics results is a good starting point, but opens up a series of new challenges. For example the research community must now find more efficient ways for storing, organizing and providing access to biomedical data across platforms. These challenges range from achieving a common representation framework for the datasets and the associated metadata from different omics fields, to the availability of efficient methods, protocols and file formats for data exchange between multiple repositories. Therefore, there is a great need for development of new platforms and applications to make possible to search datasets across different omics fields, making such information accessible to the end-user. The FAIR paradigm describes a set of guiding principles to address many of these issues, and aims to make data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable(https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasset Perez-Riverol</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingze Bai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe Leprevost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvano Squizzato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Mi Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ove Kenneth Haug</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam J. Carroll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylan Spalding</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Paschall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingxun Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noemi del-Toro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias Ternent</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola Buso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuno Bandeira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Deutsch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David S. Campbell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald C. Beavis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reza Salek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexey Nesvizhskii</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanna-Assunta Sansone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Steinbeck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan Antonio Vizcaino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peipei Ping</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning Hermjakob</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omics Discovery Index - Discovering and Linking Public Omics Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonsinusoidal oscillations underlie pathological phase-amplitude coupling in the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is associated with abnormal beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) in the basal ganglia and motor cortex (M1). Recent reports show that M1 beta-high gamma (50-200 Hz) phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is exaggerated in PD and is reduced following acute deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here we analyze invasive M1 electrocorticography recordings in PD patients on and off DBS, and in isolated cervical dystonia patients, and show that M1 beta oscillations are nonsinusoidal, having sharp and asymmetric features. These sharp oscillatory beta features underlie the previously reported PAC, providing an alternative to the standard interpretation of PAC as an interaction between two distinct frequency components. Specifically, the ratio between peak and trough sharpness is nearly perfectly correlated with beta-high gamma PAC (r = 0.96) and predicts PD-related motor deficit. Using a simulation of the local field potential, we demonstrate that sharp oscillatory waves can arise from synchronous synaptic activity. We propose that exaggerated beta-high gamma PAC may actually reflect such synchronous synaptic activity, manifesting as sharp beta oscillations that are "smoothed out" with DBS. These results support the "desynchronization" hypothesis of DBS wherein DBS counteracts pathological synchronization throughout the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. We argue that PAC can be influenced by more than one mechanism. In this case synaptic synchrony, rather than the often assumed spike-field coherence, may underlie exaggerated PAC. These often overlooked temporal features of the oscillatory waveform carry critical physiological information about neural processes and dynamics that may lead to better understanding of underlying neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott R Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik J Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemer van der Meij</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coralie de Hemptinne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip A Starr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley Voytek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonsinusoidal oscillations underlie pathological phase-amplitude coupling in the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical step in cellular trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes a snapthrough instability in which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to "snap" from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.nnSignificance statementPlasma membrane tension plays an important role in various biological processes. In particular, recent experimental studies have shown that membrane tension inhibits membrane budding processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We have identified a mathematical relationship between the curvature-generating capability of the protein coat and membrane tension that can predict whether the coat alone is sufficient to produce closed buds. Additionally, we show that a combination of increased coat rigidity and applied force from actin polymerization can produce closed buds at high membrane tensions. These findings are general to any membrane budding process, suggesting that biology has evolved to take advantage of a set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesicle formation across a range of organisms and mechanical environments.nnAuthor ContributionsJ.E.H., G.O., and P.R. designed research. J.E.H. performed research. J.E.H., D.G.D., and P.R. analyzed data. J.E.H., G.O., D.G.D., and P.R. wrote the paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julian E. Hassinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David G. Drubin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane tension is a key determinant of bud morphology in clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subiculum neurons map the current axis of travel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Travel constrained to paths, a common navigational context, demands knowledge of spatial relationships between routes, their components, and their positioning in the larger environment. During traversal of an environment composed of multiple interconnected paths, a subpopulation of subiculum neurons robustly encoded the animals current axis of travel. The firing of these axis-tuned neurons peaked bimodally at head orientations approximately 180 degrees apart. Track rotation experiments revealed that axis encoding carried the spatial reference frame of the larger environment as opposed to the track itself. However, axis-tuned activity of the same subpopulation was largely absent during unconstrained movement about a circular arena. Thus, during navigation in a path-rich environment, subpopulations of subiculum neurons encode the animals current axis of travel relative to environmental boundaries - providing a powerful mechanism for mapping of specific relationships between routes, route components, and the larger environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob M Olson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyanat Tongprasearth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas M Nitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subiculum neurons map the current axis of travel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterized by deficits in face recognition without gross brain abnormalities. However, the neural basis of DP is not well understood. We measured population receptive fields (pRFs) in ventral visual cortex of DPs and typical adults to assess the contribution of spatial integration to face processing. While DPs showed typical retinotopic organization of ventral visual cortex and normal pRF sizes in early visual areas, we found significantly reduced pRF sizes in face-selective regions and in intermediate areas hV4 and VO1. Across both typicals and DPs, face recognition ability correlated positively with pRF size in both face-selective regions and VO1, whereby participants with larger pRFs perform better. However, face recognition ability is correlated with both pRF size and ROI volume only in face-selective regions. These findings suggest that smaller pRF sizes in DP may reflect a deficit in spatial integration affecting holistic processing required for face recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Witthoft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonia Poltoratski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golijeh Golarai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alina Liberman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen F LaRocque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary E Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalanit Grill-Spector</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating spandrels from phenotypic targets of selection in adaptive molecular evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are many examples of adaptive molecular evolution in natural populations, but there is no existing method to verify which phenotypic changes were directly targeted by selection. The problem is that correlations between traits make it difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect selection. A phenotype is a direct target of selection when that trait in particular was shaped by selection to better perform a function. An indirect target of selection, also known as an evolutionary spandrel, is a phenotype that changes only because it is correlated with another trait under direct selection. Studies that mutate genes and examine the phenotypic consequences are increasingly common, and these experiments could estimate the mutational accessibility of the phenotypic changes that arise during an instance of adaptive molecular evolution. Under indirect selection, we expect phenotypes to evolve toward states that are more accessible by mutation. Deviation from this null expectation (evolution toward a phenotypic state rarely produced by mutation) would be compelling evidence of adaptation, and could be used to distinguish direct selection from indirect selection on correlated traits. To be practical, this molecular test of adaptation requires phenotypic differences that are caused by changes in a small number of genes. These kinds of genetically simple traits have been observed in many empirical studies of adaptive evolution. Here we describe how to use mutational accessibility to separate spandrels from direct targets of selection and thus verify adaptive hypotheses for phenotypes that evolve by adaptive molecular changes at one or a few genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevan A Springer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Manhart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating spandrels from phenotypic targets of selection in adaptive molecular evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticosteroid and progesterone transactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors from Amur sturgeon and tropical gar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response to a panel of steroids by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from Amur sturgeon and tropical gar, two basal ray-finned fish, expressed in HEK293 cells was investigated. Half-maximal responses (EC50s) for transcriptional activation of sturgeon MR by 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol and aldosterone, and progesterone were between 13 pM and 150 pM. For gar MR, EC50s were between 8 pM and 55 pM. Such low EC50s support physiological regulation by these steroids of the MR in sturgeon and gar. Companion studies with human MR and zebrafish MR found higher EC50s compared to EC50s for sturgeon and gar MR, with EC50s for zebrafish MR closer to gar and sturgeon MR than was human MR. For zebrafish MR, EC50s were between 75 pM and 740 pM; for human MR, EC50s were between 65 pM and 2 nM. In addition to progesterone, spironolactone and 19nor-progesterone were agonists for all three fish MRs, in contrast to their antagonist activity for human MR, which is hypothesized to involve serine-810 in human MR because all three steroids are agonists for a mutant human Ser810Leu-MR. Paradoxically, sturgeon, gar and zebrafish MRs contain a serine corresponding to serine-810 in human MR. Our data suggests alternative mechanism(s) for progesterone, spironolactone and 19nor-progesterone as MR agonists in these three ray-finned fishes and the need for caution in applying data for progesterone signaling in zebrafish to human physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akira Sugimoto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaori Oka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui Sato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinji Adachi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael E. Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinao Katsu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticosteroid and progesterone transactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors from Amur sturgeon and tropical gar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformation of Independent Oscillatory Inputs into Temporally Precise Rate Codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex behaviors demand temporal coordination among functionally distinct brain regions. The basal forebrains afferent and efferent structure suggests a capacity for mediating such coordination. During performance of a selective attention task, synaptic activity in this region was dominated by four amplitude-independent oscillations temporally organized by the phase of the slowest, a theta rhythm. Further, oscillatory amplitudes were precisely organized by task epoch and a robust input/output transform, from synchronous synaptic activity to spiking rates of basal forebrain neurons, was identified. For many neurons, spiking was temporally organized as phase precessing sequences against theta band field potential oscillations. Remarkably, theta phase precession advanced in parallel to task progression, rather than absolute spatial location or time. Together, the findings reveal a process by which associative brain regions can integrate independent oscillatory inputs and transform them into sequence-specific, rate-coded outputs that are adaptive to the pace with which organisms interact with their environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David Tingley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laleh Quinn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Chiba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Nitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformation of Independent Oscillatory Inputs into Temporally Precise Rate Codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional neuroimaging techniques have transformed our ability to probe the neurobiological basis of behaviour and are increasingly being applied by the wider neuroscience community. However, concerns have recently been raised that the conclusions drawn from some human neuroimaging studies are either spurious or not generalizable. Problems such as low statistical power, flexibility in data analysis, software errors, and lack of direct replication apply to many fields, but perhaps particularly to fMRI. Here we discuss these problems, outline current and suggested best practices, and describe how we think the field should evolve to produce the most meaningful answers to neuroscientific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris I Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joke Durnez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul M Matthews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus Munafo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Vul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal Yarkoni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scanning the Horizon: challenges and solutions for neuroimaging research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence for phylostratigraphic bias impacting inferences on patterns of gene emergence and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylostratigraphy is a computational framework for dating the emergence of sequences (usually genes) in a phylogeny. It has been extensively applied to make inferences on patterns of genome evolution, including patterns of disease gene evolution, ontogeny and de novo gene origination. Phylostratigraphy typically relies on BLAST searches along a species tree, but new simulation studies have raised concerns about the ability of BLAST to detect remote homologues and its impact on phylostratigraphic inferences. These simulations called into question some of our previously published work on patterns of gene emergence and evolution inferred from phylostratigraphy. Here, we re-assessed these simulations and found major problems including unrealistic parameter choices, irreproducibility, statistical flaws and partial representation of results. We found that, even with a possible overall BLAST false negative rate between 5-15%, the large majority (>74%) of sequences assigned to a recent evolutionary origin by phylostratigraphy is unaffected by technical concerns about BLAST. Where the results of the simulations did cast doubt on our previous findings, we repeated our analyses but now excluded all questionable sequences. The originally described patterns remained essentially unchanged. These new analyses strongly support our published inferences, including: genes that emerged after the origin of eukaryotes are more likely to be expressed in the ectoderm than in the endoderm or mesoderm in Drosophila, and the de novo emergence of protein-coding genes from non-genic sequences occurs through proto-gene intermediates in yeast. We conclude that BLAST is an appropriate and sufficiently sensitive tool in phylostratigraphic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomislav Domazet-Loso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne-Ruxanda Carvunis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Mar Alba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matin S Sestak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Bakaric</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafik Neme</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diethard Tautz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence for phylostratigraphic bias impacting inferences on patterns of gene emergence and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the diagnostic utility of applying a machine learning algorithm to diffusion tensor MRI measures in individuals with major depressive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using MRI to diagnose mental disorders has been a long-term goal. Despite this, the vast majority of prior neuroimaging work has been descriptive rather than predictive. The current study applies support vector machine (SVM) learning to MRI measures of brain white matter to classify adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. In a precisely matched group of individuals with MDD (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25), SVM learning accurately (70%) classified patients and controls across a brain map of white matter fractional anisotropy values (FA). The study revealed three main findings: 1) SVM applied to DTI derived FA maps can accurately classify MDD vs. healthy controls; 2) prediction is strongest when only right hemisphere white matter is examined; and 3) removing FA values from a region identified by univariate contrast as significantly different between MDD and healthy controls does not change the SVM accuracy. These results indicate that SVM learning applied to neuroimaging data can classify the presence versus absence of MDD and that predictive information is distributed across brain networks rather than being highly localized. Finally, MDD group differences revealed through typical univariate contrasts do not necessarily reveal patterns that provide accurate predictive information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David M Schnyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter G Clasen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Gonzalez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher G Beevers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/061119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the diagnostic utility of applying a machine learning algorithm to diffusion tensor MRI measures in individuals with major depressive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparatory encoding of the fine scale of human spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our attentional focus is constantly shifting: in one moment our vision may be intently concentrated on a specific spot, while in another moment we might spread our attention more broadly. While much is known about the mechanisms by which we shift our visual attention from place to place, relatively little is know about how we shift the aperture of attention from more narrowly-to more broadly-focused. Here we introduce a novel attentional distribution task to examine the neural mechanisms underlying this process. In this task, participants are presented with an informative cue that indicates the location of an upcoming target. This cue can be perfectly predictive of the exact target location, or it can indicate--with varying degrees of certainty--approximately where the target might appear. This cue is followed by a preparatory period in which there is nothing on the screen except a central fixation cross. Using scalp EEG, we examined neural activity during this preparatory period. We find that with decreasing certainty regarding the precise location of the impending target, participant response times increased while target identification accuracy decreased. Additionally, N1 amplitude in response to the cue parametrically increased with spatial certainty while the multivariate pattern of preparatory period visual cortical alpha (8-12 Hz) activity encoded attentional distribution. Both of these electrophysiological parameters were predictive of behavioral performance nearly one second later. These results offer insight into the neural mechanisms underlying how we use information to guide our attentional distribution, and how that influences behavior.nnAuthors contributionsB.V. and A.G. conceived of the study; B.V. and A.G. designed the experimental task; B.V. and J.S. analyzed the EEG data; B.V., J.S., Z.G., N.G., S.P., T.K., S.R., and R.M. collected and analyzed behavioral data; all co-authors assisted in writing the manuscript.nnB.V. is funded by an NIH IRACDA (Institutional Research and Academic Career Development Award), a University of California Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship, the University of California, San Diego CalIt2 Strategic Research Opportunities Program, and a Sloan Research Fellowship. A.G. is funded by the National Institutes of Health Grant R01-AG30395.nnSignificant StatementAnimals--including humans--frequently shift their visual attentional focus more narrowly or broadly depending on expectations. For example, a predator feline may focus their visual attention on a burrow hole, waiting for their prey to emerge. In contrast, a grizzly bear hunting salmon doesn't know precisely where the fish will jump out of the water, so it must spread its attention more broadly. In a series of novel experiments, we show that this broadening of attention comes at a behavioral cost. We find that multivariate changes in preparatory visual cortical oscillatory alpha (8-12 Hz) encode attentional distribution. These results shed light on the potential neural mechanisms by which preparatory information is used to guide attentional focus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley Voytek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Samaha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarin E Rolle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachery Greenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navdeep Gill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai Porat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahim Kader</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabahat Rahman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick Malzyner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Gazzaley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/061259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparatory encoding of the fine scale of human spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of single cell RNA-seq normalization methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have assessed the performance of seven normalization methods for single cell RNA-seq using data generated from dilution of RNA samples. Our analyses showed that methods considering spike-in ERCC RNA molecules significantly outperformed those not considering ERCCs. This work provides a guidance of selecting normalization methods to remove technical noise in single cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bo Ding</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lina Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of single cell RNA-seq normalization methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how MIA disrupts fetal brain gene expression in ways that may explain this increased risk. Here we examine how MIA dysregulates fetal brain gene expression near the end of the first trimester of human gestation in ways relevant to ASD-associated pathophysiology. MIA downregulates expression of ASD-associated genes, with the largest enrichments in genes known to harbor rare highly penetrant mutations. MIA also downregulates expression of many genes also known to be persistently downregulated in ASD cortex later in life and which are canonically known for roles in affecting prenatally-late developmental processes at the synapse. Transcriptional and translational programs that are downstream targets of highly ASD-penetrant FMR1 and CHD8 genes are also heavily affected by MIA. MIA strongly upregulates expression of a large number of genes involved in translation initiation, cell cycle, DNA damage, and proteolysis processes that affect multiple key neural developmental functions. Upregulation of translation initiation is common to and preserved in gene network structure with the ASD cortical transcriptome throughout life and has downstream impact on cell cycle processes. The cap-dependent translation initiation gene, EIF4E, is one of the most MIA-dysregulated of all ASD-associated genes and targeted network analyses demonstrate prominent MIA-induced transcriptional dysregulation of mTOR and EIF4E-dependent signaling. This dysregulation of translation initiation via alteration of the Tsc2-mTor-Eif4e-axis was further validated across MIA rodent models. MIA may confer increased risk for ASD by dysregulating key aspects of fetal brain gene expression that are highly relevant to pathophysiology affecting ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael V Lombardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyang Mi Moon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theo D Palmer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Courchesne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiziano Pramparo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in EBF3 disturb transcriptional profiles and underlie a novel syndrome of intellectual disability, ataxia and facial dysmorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From a GeneMatcher-enabled international collaboration, we identified ten individuals with intellectual disability, speech delay, ataxia and facial dysmorphism and a mutation in EBF3, encoding a transcription factor required for neuronal differentiation. Structural assessments, transactivation assays, in situ fractionation, RNA-seq and ChlP-seq experiments collectively show that the mutations are deleterious and impair EBF3 transcriptional regulation. These findings demonstrate that EBF3-mediated dysregulation of gene expression has profound effects on neuronal development in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frederike Leonie Harms</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katta Mohan Girisha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Alexander Hardigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanny Kortum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anju Shukla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik Alawi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwin Dalal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren Brady</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Tarnopolsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynne M. Bird</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophia Ceulemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina Bebin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin M. Bowling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan M. Hiatt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward J. Lose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Primiano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendy K. Chung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Juusola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeynep C. Akdemir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Bainbridge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Lin Charng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret Drummond-Borg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad K. Eldomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayman W. El-Hattab</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed A.M. Saleh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Bezieau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Cogne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Isidor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastien Kury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R. Lupski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M. Myers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory M. Cooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerstin Kutsche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in EBF3 disturb transcriptional profiles and underlie a novel syndrome of intellectual disability, ataxia and facial dysmorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Annotation of Protein Function across Diverse Bacteria from Mutant Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe function of nearly half of all protein-coding genes identified in bacterial genomes remains unknown. To systematically explore the functions of these proteins, we generated saturated transposon mutant libraries from 25 diverse bacteria and we assayed mutant phenotypes across hundreds of distinct conditions. From 3,903 genome-wide mutant fitness assays, we obtained 14.9 million gene phenotype measurements and we identified a mutant phenotype for 8,487 proteins with previously unknown functions. The majority of these hypothetical proteins (57%) had phenotypes that were either specific to a few conditions or were similar to that of another gene, thus enabling us to make informed predictions of protein function. For 1,914 of these hypothetical proteins, the functional associations are conserved across related proteins from different bacteria, which confirms that these associations are genuine. This comprehensive catalogue of experimentally-annotated protein functions also enables the targeted exploration of specific biological processes. For example, sensitivity to a DNA-damaging agent revealed 28 known families of DNA repair proteins and 11 putative novel families. Across all sequenced bacteria, 14% of proteins that lack detailed annotations have an ortholog with a functional association in our data set. Our study demonstrates the utility and scalability of high-throughput genetics for large-scale annotation of bacterial proteins and provides a vast compendium of experimentally-determined protein functions across diverse bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan N Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly M Wetmore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Jordan Waters</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Callaghan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayashree Ray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer V Kuehl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan A Melnyk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob S Lamson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yumi Suh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuelma Esquivel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harini Sadeeshkumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romy Chakraborty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin E Rubin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Bristow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew J Blow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Arkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam M Deutschbauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Annotation of Protein Function across Diverse Bacteria from Mutant Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A living vector field reveals constraints on galactose network induction in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a cell encounters a new environment, its transcriptional response can be constrained by its history. For example, yeast cells in galactose induce GAL genes with a speed and unanimity that depends on previous nutrient conditions. To investigate how cell-level gene expression dynamics produce population-level phenotypes, we built living vector fields from thousands of single-cell timecourses of the inducers Gal3p and Gal1p as cells switched to galactose from various nutrient histories. We show that, after sustained glucose exposure, the lack of GAL inducers leads to induction delays that are long but also variable; that cellular resources constrain induction; and that bimodally distributed expression levels arise from lineage selection - a subpopulation of cells induces more quickly and outcompetes the rest. Our results illuminate cellular memory in this important model system and illustrate how resources and randomness interact to shape the response of a population to a new environment.nnOne Sentence SummarySingle-cell galactose induction timecourses reveal that cellular resources and stochastic events determine which yeast cells outcompete their peers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarah R. Stockwell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott A. Rifkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A living vector field reveals constraints on galactose network induction in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing data quality in citizen science - preprint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecological and environmental citizen science projects have enormous potential to advance science, influence policy, and guide resource management by producing datasets that are otherwise infeasible to generate. This potential can only be realized, though, if the datasets are of high quality. While scientists are often skeptical of the ability of unpaid volunteers to produce accurate datasets, a growing body of publications clearly shows that diverse types of citizen science projects can produce data with accuracy equal to or surpassing that of professionals. Successful projects rely on a suite of methods to boost data accuracy and account for bias, including iterative project development, volunteer training and testing, expert validation, replication across volunteers, and statistical modeling of systematic error. Each citizen science dataset should therefore be judged individually, according to project design and application, rather than assumed to be substandard simply because volunteers generated it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margaret Kosmala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Wiggins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Swanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke Simmons</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing data quality in citizen science - preprint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAPPING OF LONG-RANGE CHROMATIN INTERACTIONS BY PROXIMITY LIGATION ASSISTED CHIP-SEQ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a highly sensitive and cost-effective method for genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions in eukaryotic cells. Combining proximity ligation with chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, the method outperforms the state of art approach in sensitivity, accuracy and ease of operation. Application of the method to mouse embryonic stem cells improves mapping of enhancer-promoter interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rongxin Fang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guoqiang Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sora Chee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tristin Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Schmitt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAPPING OF LONG-RANGE CHROMATIN INTERACTIONS BY PROXIMITY LIGATION ASSISTED CHIP-SEQ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting binding free energies: Frontiers and benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding free energy calculations based on molecular simulations provide predicted affinities for biomolecular complexes. These calculations begin with a detailed description of a system, including its chemical composition and the interactions between its components. Simulations of the system are then used to compute thermodynamic information, such as binding affinities. Because of their promise for guiding molecular design, these calculations have recently begun to see widespread applications in early stage drug discovery. However, many challenges remain to make them a robust and reliable tool. Here, we briefly explain how the calculations work, highlight key challenges, and argue for the development of accepted benchmark test systems that will help the research community generate and evaluate progress.nnManuscript version 1.1.1 pre-release See https://github.com/mobleylab/benchmarksets for all versions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David L. Mobley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael K. Gilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting binding free energies: Frontiers and benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large collection of novel nematode-infecting microsporidia and their diverse interactions with C. elegans and other related nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsporidia are fungi-related intracellular pathogens that may infect virtually all animals, but are poorly understood. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently become a model host for studying microsporidia through the identification of its natural microsporidian pathogen Nematocida parisii. However, it was unclear how widespread and diverse microsporidia infections are in C. elegans or other related nematodes in the wild. Here we describe the isolation and culture of 47 nematodes with microsporidian infections. N. parisii is found to be the most common microsporidia infecting C. elegans in the wild. In addition, we further describe and name six new species in the Nematocida genus. Our sampling and phylogenetic analysis further identify two subclades that are genetically distinct from Nematocida, and we name them Enteropsectra and Pancytospora. Interestingly, unlike Nematocida, these two genera belong to the main clade of microsporidia that includes human pathogens. All of these microsporidia are horizontally transmitted and most specifically infect intestinal cells, except Pancytospora epiphaga that replicates mostly in the epidermis of its Caenorhabditis host. At the subcellular level in the infected host cell, spores of the novel genus Enteropsectra show a characteristic apical distribution and exit via budding off of the plasma membrane, instead of exiting via exocytosis as spores of Nematocida. Host specificity is broad for some microsporidia, narrow for others: indeed, some microsporidia can infect Oscheius tipulae but not its sister species, and conversely. We also show that N. ausubeli fails to strongly induce in C. elegans the transcription of genes that are induced by other Nematocida species, suggesting it has evolved mechanisms to prevent induction of this host response. Altogether, these newly isolated species illustrate the diversity and ubiquity of microsporidian infections in nematodes, and provide a rich resource to investigate host-parasite coevolution in tractable nematode hosts.nnAuthor SummaryMicrosporidia are microbial parasites that live inside their host cells and can cause disease in humans and many other animals. The small nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has recently become a convenient model host for studying microsporidian infections. In this work, we sample Caenorhabditis and other small nematodes and 47 associated microsporidian strains from the wild. We characterize the parasites for their position in the evolutionary tree of microsporidia and for their lifecycle and morphology. We find several new species and genera, especially some that are distantly related to the previously known Nematocida parisii and instead closely related to human pathogens. We find that some of these species have a narrow host range. We studied two species in detail using electron microscopy and uncover a new likely mode of exit from the host cell, by budding off the host cell plasma membrane rather than by fusion of a vesicle to the plasma membrane as in N. parisii. We also find a new species that infects the epidermis and muscles of Caenorhabditis rather than the host intestinal cells and is closely related to human pathogens. Finally, we find that one Nematocida species fails to elicit the same host response that other Nematocida species do. These new microsporidia open up many windows into microsporidia biology and opportunities to investigate host-parasite coevolution in the C. elegans system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaotian Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Sachse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Christine Prevost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J Luallen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Troemel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Anne Felix</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large collection of novel nematode-infecting microsporidia and their diverse interactions with C. elegans and other related nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized genetic assessment of age associated Alzheimers disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceIdentifying individuals at risk for developing Alzheimers disease (AD) is of utmost importance. Although genetic studies have identified APOE and other AD associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic information has not been integrated into an epidemiological framework for personalized risk prediction.nnObjectiveTo develop, replicate and validate a novel polygenic hazard score for predicting age-specific risk for AD.nnSettingMulti-center, multi-cohort genetic and clinical data.nnParticipantsWe assessed genetic data from 17,008 AD patients and 37,154 controls from the International Genetics of Alzheimers Project (IGAP), and 6,409 AD patients and 9,386 older controls from Phase 1 Alzheimers Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC). As independent replication and validation cohorts, we also evaluated genetic, neuroimaging, neuropathologic, CSF and clinical data from ADGC Phase 2, National Institute of Aging Alzheimers Disease Center (NIA ADC) and Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (total n = 20,680)nnMain Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Use the IGAP cohort to first identify AD associated SNPs (at p < 10-5). Next, integrate these AD associated SNPs into a Cox proportional hazards model using ADGC phase 1 genetic data, providing a polygenic hazard score (PHS) for each participant. Combine population based incidence rates, and genotype-derived PHS for each individual to derive estimates of instantaneous risk for developing AD, based on genotype and age. Finally, assess replication and validation of PHS in independent cohorts.nnResultsIndividuals in the highest PHS quantiles developed AD at a considerably lower age and had the highest yearly AD incidence rate. Among APOE {varepsilon}3/3 individuals, PHS modified expected age of AD onset by more than 10 years between the lowest and highest deciles. In independent cohorts, PHS strongly predicted empirical age of AD onset (p = 1.1 x 10-26), longitudinal progression from normal aging to AD (p = 1.54 x 10-10) and associated with markers of AD neurodegeneration.nnConclusionsWe developed, replicated and validated a clinically usable PHS for quantifying individual differences in age-specific risk of AD. Beyond APOE, polygenic architecture plays an important role in modifying AD risk. Precise quantification of AD genetic risk will be useful for early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahul S. Desikan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun Chieh Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunpeng Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew J. Schork</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard J. Cabral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrienne Cupples</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley K. Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilah Besser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter A. Kukull</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic Holland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi-Hua Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James B. Brewer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David S. Karow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karolina Kauppi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aree Witoelar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celeste M. Karch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke W. Bonham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer S. Yokoyama</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard J. Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce L. Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William P. Dillon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David M. Wilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher P. Hess</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaret Pericak-Vance</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan L. Haines</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay A. Farrer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Mayeux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Hardy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison M. Goate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley T. Hyman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard D. Schellenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda K. McEvoy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ole A. Andreassen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders N. Dale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized genetic assessment of age associated Alzheimers disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe our efforts to prepare common starting structures and models for the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge. We generated the starting input files and single configuration potential energies for the host-guest in the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge for the GROMACS, AMBER, LAMMPS, DESMOND and CHARMM molecular simulation programs. All conversions were fully automated from the originally prepared AMBER input files using a combination of the ParmEd and InterMol conversion programs.nnWe find that the energy calculations for all molecular dynamics engines for this molecular set agree to a better than 0.1% relative absolute energy for all energy components, and in most cases an order of magnitude better, when reasonable choices are made for different cutoff parameters. However, there are some surprising sources of statistically significant differences. Most importantly, different choices of Coulombs constant between programs are one of the largest sources of discrepancies in energies. We discuss the measures required to get good agreement in the energies for equivalent starting configurations between the simulation programs, and the energy differences that occur when simulations are run with program-specific default simulation parameter values. Finally, we discuss what was required to automate this conversion and comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Shirts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M. Swails</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian Yin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael K. Gilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Mobley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A. Case</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen D. Zhong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide profiling of heritable and de novo STR variations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are highly variable elements that play a pivotal role in multiple genetic diseases, population genetics applications, and forensic casework. However, STRs have proven problematic to genotype from high-throughput sequencing data. Here, we describe HipSTR, a novel haplotype-based method for robustly genotyping, haplotyping, and phasing STRs from whole genome sequencing data and report a genome-wide analysis and validation of de novo STR mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas Willems</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina Zielinski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf Gordon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Gymrek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv Erlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide profiling of heritable and de novo STR variations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Cheese-Associated Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquisition of genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows microbes to rapidly gain new capabilities and adapt to new or changing environments. Identifying widespread HGT regions within multispecies microbiomes can pinpoint the molecular mechanisms that play key roles in microbiome assembly. We sought to identify horizontally transferred genes within a model microbiome, the cheese rind. Comparing 31 newly-sequenced and 134 previously sequenced bacterial isolates from cheese rinds, we identified over 200 putative horizontally transferred genomic regions containing 4,844 protein coding genes. The largest of these regions are enriched for genes involved in siderophore acquisition, and are widely distributed in cheese rinds in both Europe and the US. These results suggest that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is prevalent in cheese rind microbiomes, and the identification of genes that are frequently transferred in a particular environment may provide insight into the selective forces shaping microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kevin S Bonham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin E Wolfe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel J Dutton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Cheese-Associated Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems assessment of transcriptional regulation on central carbon metabolism by Cra and CRP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two major transcriptional regulators of carbon metabolism in bacteria are Cra and CRP. CRP is considered to be the main mediator of catabolite repression. Unlike for CRP, available in vivo DNA binding information of Cra is scarce. Here we generate and integrate ChIP-exo and RNA-seq data to identify 39 binding sites for Cra and 97 regulon genes that are regulated by Cra in Escherichia coli. An integrated metabolic-regulatory network was formed by including experimentally-derived regulatory information and a genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction. Applying analysis methods of systems biology to this integrated network showed that Cra enables the optimal bacterial growth on poor carbon sources by redirecting and repressing the glycolysis flux, by activating the glyoxylate shunt pathway, and by activating the respiratory pathway. In these regulatory mechanisms, the overriding regulatory activity of Cra over CRP is fundamental. Thus, elucidation of interacting transcriptional regulation of core carbon metabolism in bacteria by two key transcription factors was possible by combining genome-wide experimental measurement and simulation with a genome-scale metabolic model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems assessment of transcriptional regulation on central carbon metabolism by Cra and CRP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Field Potential Reflects the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits sit in a dynamic balance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I). Fluctuations in this E:I balance have been shown to influence neural computation, working memory, and information processing. While more drastic shifts and aberrant E:I patterns are implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, current methods for measuring E:I dynamics require invasive procedures that are difficult to perform in behaving animals, and nearly impossible in humans. This has limited the ability to examine the full impact that E:I shifts have in neural computation and disease. In this study, we develop a computational model to show that E:I ratio can be estimated from the power law exponent (slope) of the electrophysiological power spectrum, and validate this relationship using previously published datasets from two species (rat local field potential and macaque electrocorticography). This simple method--one that can be applied retrospectively to existing data--removes a major hurdle in understanding a currently difficult to measure, yet fundamental, aspect of neural computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Field Potential Reflects the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p53 dynamically directs TFIID assembly on target gene promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a central regulator that turns on vast gene networks to maintain cellular integrity upon various stimuli. p53 activates transcription initiation in part by aiding recruitment of TFIID to the promoter. However, the precise means by which p53 dynamically interacts with TFIID to facilitate assembly on target gene promoters remains elusive. To address this key question, we have undertaken an integrated approach involving single molecule fluorescence microscopy, single particle cryo-electron microscopy, and biochemistry. Our real-time single molecule imaging demonstrates that TFIID alone binds poorly to native p53 target promoters. p53 unlocks TFIIDs ability to bind DNA by increasing TFIID contacts with both the core promoter and a region surrounding p53s response element (RE). Analysis of single molecule dissociation kinetics reveals that TFIID interacts with promoters via transient and prolonged DNA binding modes that are each regulated by p53. Importantly, our structural work reveals that TFIIDs conversion from a canonical form to a rearranged DNA-binding conformation is enhanced in the presence of DNA and p53. Notably, TFIIDs interaction with DNA induces p53 to rapidly dissociate, effectively liberating the RE on the promoter. Collectively, these findings indicate that p53 dynamically escorts and loads the basal transcription machinery onto its target promoters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piasecka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldeborgh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basishvili, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p53 dynamically directs TFIID assembly on target gene promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial tuning shifts increase the discriminability and fidelity of population codes in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AcknowledgementsMany thanks to the lab and particularly to Rosanne Rademaker and Edward Vul for comments on analyses and on the manuscript. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships to V.A.V. and T.C.S., a grant from the National Eye Institute (R01-EY025872) and a Scholar Award from the James S. McDonnell Foundation to J.T.S.nnABSTRACTSelective visual attention enables organisms to enhance the representation of behaviorally relevant stimuli by altering the encoding properties of single receptive fields (RFs). Yet we know little about how the attentional modulations of single RFs contribute to the encoding of an entire visual scene. Addressing this issue requires (1) measuring a group of RFs that tile a continuous portion of visual space, (2) constructing a population-level measurement of spatial representations based on these RFs, and (3) linking how different types of RF attentional modulations change the population-level representation. To accomplish these aims, we used fMRI to characterize the responses of thousands of voxels in retinotopically organized human cortex. First, we found that the response modulations of voxel RFs (vRFs) depend on the spatial relationship between the RF center and the visual location of the attended target. Second, we used two analyses to assess the spatial encoding quality of a population of voxels. We found that attention increased fine spatial discriminability and representational fidelity near the attended target. Third, we linked these findings by manipulating the observed vRF attentional modulations and recomputing our population measures. Surprisingly, we discovered that attentional enhancements of population-level representations largely depend on position shifts of vRFs, rather than changes in size or gain. Our data suggest that position shifts of single RFs are a principal mechanism by which attention enhances population-level representations in visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial tuning shifts increase the discriminability and fidelity of population codes in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of Body Mass Composition using Vestibular Nerve Stimulation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing evidence of a "set-point" for body weight in the brain, that is regulated by the hypothalamus. This system modifies feeding behavior and metabolic rate, to keep body fat within predetermined parameters. It is also known that animals subjected to chronic centrifugation show a reduction in body fat. Experiments with mutant mice found that this loss of fat appears to be mediated by a vestibulo-hypothalamic pathway. Vestibular nerve stimulation (VeNS), also known as galvanic vestibular stimulation, involves non-invasively stimulating the vestibular system by applying a small electrical current between two electrodes placed over the mastoid processes. We suggest that any means of repeatedly stimulating the otolith organs in humans would cause a reduction in total body fat, and that VeNS would be a useful technique to use in this regard. Below we provide pilot data to support this idea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of Body Mass Composition using Vestibular Nerve Stimulation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals First Locus for Anorexia Nervosa and Metabolic Correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, resulting in abnormally low body weight. It has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%, disproportionately affects females1,2, and has no well replicated evidence of effective pharmacological or psychological treatments despite high morbidity and mortality2. Twin studies support a genetic basis for the observed aggregation of AN in families3, with heritability estimates of 48%-74%4. Although initial genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were underpowered5,6, evidence suggested that signals for AN would be detected with increased power5. We present a GWAS of 3,495 AN cases and 10,982 controls with one genome-wide significant locus (index variant rs4622308, p=4.3x10-9) in a region (chr12:56,372,585-56,482,185) which includes six genes. The SNP-chip heritability [Formula] of AN from these data is 0.20 (SE=0.02), suggesting that a substantial fraction of the twin-based heritability stems from common genetic variation. Using these GWAS results, we also find significant positive genetic correlations with schizophrenia, neuroticism, educational attainment, and HDL cholesterol, and significant negative genetic correlations with body mass, insulin, glucose, and lipid phenotypes. Our results support the reconceptualization of AN as a disorder with both psychiatric and metabolic components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antilla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik-Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bencko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgegard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bughardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikeos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docampo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals First Locus for Anorexia Nervosa and Metabolic Correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic risk score to guide age-specific, personalized prostate cancer screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundProstate-specific-antigen (PSA) screening resulted in reduced prostate cancer (PCa) mortality in a large clinical trial, but due to a high false-positive rate, among other concerns, many guidelines do not endorse universal screening and instead recommend an individualized decision based on each patients risk. Genetic risk may provide key information to guide the decisions of whether and at what age to screen an individual man for PCa.nnMethodsGenotype, PCa status, and age from 34,444 men of European ancestry from the PRACTICAL consortium database were analyzed to select single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer diagnosis. These SNPs were then incorporated into a survival analysis to estimate their effects on age at PCa diagnosis. The resulting polygenic hazard score (PHS) is an assessment of individual genetic risk. The final model was validated in an independent dataset comprised of 6,417 men with screening PSA and genotype data. PHS was calculated for these men to test for prediction of PCa-free survival. PHS was also combined with age-specific PCa incidence data from the U.S. population to generate a PCa-Risk (PCaR) age that relates a given mans risk to that of the population average. PHS and PCaR age were evaluated for prediction of positive predictive value (PPV) of PSA screening.nnFindingsPHS calculated from 54 SNPs was very highly predictive of age at PCa diagnosis for men in the validation set (p =10-53). PPV of PSA screening varied from 0.18 to 0.52 for men with low and high genetic risk, respectively. PHS modulates PCa-free survival curves by an estimated 20 years between men in the 1st or 99th percentiles of genetic risk.nnInterpretationPolygenic hazard scores give personalized genetic risk estimates and can inform the decisions of whether and at what age to screen a man for PCa.nnFundingDepartment of Defense #W81XWH-13-1-0391
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seibert, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunamuni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeles, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kote-Jarai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin Al Olama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlloch Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleutker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipeky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammela, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordestgaard, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisbjerg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roder, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Key, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdy, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashayan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaw, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedeke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herkommer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cybulski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wokolorczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluzniak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon-Albright, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic risk score to guide age-specific, personalized prostate cancer screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals Technical Artifacts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Germline Variant Calls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degree to which germline variation drives cancer development and shapes tumor phenotypes remains largely unexplored, possibly due to a lack of large scale publicly available germline data for a cancer cohort. Here we called germline variants on 9,618 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database representing 31 cancer types. We identified batch effects affecting loss of function (LOF) variant calls that can be traced back to differences in the way the sequence data were generated both within and across cancer types. Overall, LOF indel calls were more sensitive to technical artifacts than LOF Single Nucleotide Variant (SNV) calls. In particular, whole genome amplification of DNA prior to sequencing led to an artificially increased burden of LOF indel calls, which confounded association analyses relating germline variants to tumor type despite stringent indel filtering strategies. Due to the inherent noise we chose to remove all 614 amplified DNA samples, including all acute myeloid leukemia and virtually all ovarian cancer samples, from the final dataset. This study demonstrates how insufficient quality control can lead to false positive germlinetumor type associations and draws attention to the need to be sensitive to problems associated with a lack of uniformity in data generation in TCGA data.nnAuthor SummaryCancer research to date has largely focused on genetic aberrations specific to tumor tissue. In contrast, the degree to which germline, or inherited, variation contributes to tumorigenesis remains unclear, possibly due to a lack of accessible germline variant data. In this study we identify germline variants in 9,618 samples using raw germline exome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). There are substantial differences in the way exome sequence data was generated both across and within cancer types in TCGA. We observe that differences in sequence data generation introduced batch effects, or variation that is due to technical factors not true biological variation, in our variant data. Most notably, we observe that amplification of DNA prior to sequencing resulted in an excess of predicted damaging indel variants. We show how these batch effects can confound germline association analyses if not properly addressed. Our study highlights the difficulties of working with large public genomic datasets like TCGA where samples are collected over time and across data centers, and particularly cautions the use of amplified DNA samples for genetic association analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standish, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals Technical Artifacts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Germline Variant Calls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporating the Rate of Transcriptional Change Improves Construction of Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) can be developed by computational approaches that infer regulator-target gene interactions from transcriptional assays. Successful algorithms that generate predictive, accurate TRNs enable the identification of regulator-target relationships in conditions where experimentally determining regulatory interactions is a challenge. Improving the ability of TRNs to successfully predict known regulator-target relationships in model species will enhance confidence in applying these approaches to determine regulator-target interactions in non-model species where experimental validation is challenging. Many transcriptional profiling experiments are performed across multiple time points; therefore we sought to improve regulator-target predictions by adjusting how time is incorporated into the network. We created ExRANGES, which incorporates Expression in a Rate-Normalized GEne Specific manner that adjusts how expression data is provided to the network algorithm. We tested this on a two different network construction approaches and found that ExRANGES prioritizes targets differently than traditional expression and improves the ability of these networks to accurately predict known regulator targets. ExRANGES improved the ability to correctly identify targets of transcription factors in large data sets in four different model systems: mouse, human, Arabidopsis, and yeast. Finally, we examined the performance of ExRANGES on a small data set from field-grown Oryza sativa and found that it also improved the ability to identify known targets even with a limited data set.nnAuthor SummaryTo understand how organisms can turn a collection of genes into a physiological response, we need to understand how certain genes are turned on and off. In model organisms, the ability to identify direct targets of transcription factors via ChIP-Seq in a high-throughput manner has advanced our understanding of transcriptional regulatory networks and how organisms regulate gene expression. However, for non-model organisms, it remains a challenge to identify TF-target relationships through experimental approaches such as ChIP-Seq. Without this information, the ability to understand regulatory control is limited. Computational approaches to identify regulator-target relationships in silico from easily attainable transcriptional data offer a solution. Several approaches exist for identifying gene regulatory networks, including many that take advantage of time series data. Most of these approaches weigh the relationship between regulators and putative targets at all time points equally. However, many regulators may control a single target in response to different inputs. In our approach, we focus on the association between regulators and targets primarily at times when there is a significant change in expression. ExRANGES essentially weights the expression value of each time point by the slope change after that time point so that relationships between regulators and targets are emphasized at the time points when the transcript levels are changing. This change in input into network identification algorithms improves the ability to predict regulator-target interactions and could be applied to many different algorithms We hope this improvement will increase the ability to identify regulators of interest in non-model species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawas, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadish SV, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating the Rate of Transcriptional Change Improves Construction of Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Data Citation Roadmap for Scholarly Data Repositories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This article presents a practical roadmap for scholarly data repositories to implement data citation in accordance with the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles, a synopsis and harmonization of the recommendations of major science policy bodies. The roadmap was developed by the Repositories Expert Group, as part of the Data Citation Implementation Pilot (DCIP) project, an initiative of FORCE11.org and the NIH BioCADDIE (https://biocaddie.org) program. The roadmap makes 11 specific recommendations, grouped into three phases of implementation: a) required steps needed to support the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles, b) recommended steps that facilitate article/data publication workflows, and c) optional steps that further improve data citation support provided by data repositories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berjon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Data Citation Roadmap for Scholarly Data Repositories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer dynamics of Alp7A reveals two ‘critical’ concentrations that govern dynamically unstable actin-like proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTDynamically unstable polymers capture and move cellular cargos in both bacteria and eukaryotes, but the regulation of their assembly remains poorly understood. Here we describe polymerization of Alp7A, a bacterial Actin-Like Protein (ALP) that segregates the low copy-number plasmid pLS20 in Bacillus subtilis. Purified Alp7A forms dynamically unstable polymers with two critical points: an intrinsic critical concentration (0.6 M), observed when ATP hydrolysis is blocked, and a dynamic critical concentration (10.3 M), observed when ATP hydrolysis occurs. From biochemical and kinetic analysis, the intrinsic critical concentration reflects a balance between filament elongation and shortening, while the dynamic critical concentration reflects a balance between filament nucleation and catastrophic disassembly. Although Alp7A does not form stable polymers at physiological concentrations, rapid nucleation by an accessory factor, Alp7R, decreases the dynamic critical concentration into the physiological range. Intrinsic and dynamic critical concentrations are fundamental parameters that can be used to describe the behavior of all dynamically unstable polymers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petek, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derman, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royal, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/098954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer dynamics of Alp7A reveals two ‘critical’ concentrations that govern dynamically unstable actin-like proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive characterization of neutrophil genome topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils are responsible for the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Their nuclei are uniquely structured as multiple lobes that establish a highly constrained nuclear environment. Here we found that neutrophil differentiation was not associated with large-scale changes in the number and sizes of topologically associating domains. However, neutrophil genomes were enriched for long-range genomic interactions that spanned multiple topologically associating domains. Population-based simulation of spherical and toroid genomes revealed declining radii of gyration for neutrophil chromosomes. We found that neutrophil genomes were highly enriched for heterochromatic genomic interactions across vast genomic distances, a process named super-contraction. Super-contraction involved genomic regions located in the heterochromatic compartment in both progenitors and neutrophils or genomic regions that switched from the euchromatic to the heterochromatic compartment during neutrophil differentiation. Super-contraction was accompanied by the repositioning of centromeres, pericentromeres and Long-Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) to the neutrophil nuclear lamina. We found that Lamin-B Receptor expression was required to attach centromeric and pericentromeric repeats but not LINE-1 elements to the lamina. Differentiating neutrophils also repositioned ribosomal DNA and mini-nucleoli to the lamina: a process that was closely associated with sharply reduced ribosomal RNA expression. We propose that large-scale chromatin reorganization involving super-contraction and recruitment of heterochromatin and nucleoli to the nuclear lamina facilitate the folding of the neutrophil genome into a confined geometry imposed by a multi-lobed nuclear architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denholtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamps, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive characterization of neutrophil genome topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uniform Resolution of Compact Identifiers for Biomedical Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most biomedical data repositories issue locally-unique accessions numbers, but do not provide globally unique, machine-resolvable, persistent identifiers for their datasets, as required by publishers wishing to implement data citation in accordance with widely accepted principles. Local accessions may however be prefixed with a namespace identifier, providing global uniqueness. Such "compact identifiers" have been widely used in biomedical informatics to support global resource identification with local identifier assignment.nnWe report here on our project to provide robust support for machine-resolvable, persistent compact identifiers in biomedical data citation, by harmonizing the Identifiers.org and N2T.net (Name-To-Thing) meta-resolvers and extending their capabilities. Identifiers.org services hosted at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), and N2T.net services hosted at the California Digital Library (CDL), can now resolve any given identifier from over 600 source databases to its original source on the Web, using a common registry of prefix-based redirection rules.nnWe believe these services will be of significant help to publishers and others implementing persistent, machine-resolvable citation of research data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimalaratne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uniform Resolution of Compact Identifiers for Biomedical Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paternally inherited noncoding structural variants contribute to autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known to consist of contributions from gene-disrupting de novo mutations and common variants of modest effect. We hypothesize that the unexplained heritability of ASD also includes rare inherited variants with intermediate effects. We investigated the genome-wide distribution and functional impact of structural variants (SVs) through whole genome analysis ([&ge;]30X coverage) of 3,169 subjects from 829 families affected by ASD. Genes that are intolerant to inactivating variants in the exome aggregation consortium (ExAC) were depleted for SVs in parents, specifically within fetal-brain promoters, UTRs and exons. Rare paternally-inherited SVs that disrupt promoters or UTRs were over-transmitted to probands (P = 0.0013) and not to their typically-developing siblings. Recurrent functional noncoding deletions implicate the gene LEO1 in ASD. Protein-coding SVs were also associated with ASD (P = 0.0025). Our results establish that rare inherited SVs predispose children to ASD, with differing contributions from each parent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandler, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gujral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiber, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maile, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaux, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsmore, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakaradov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corominas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormand, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arranz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corsello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paternally inherited noncoding structural variants contribute to autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolkit for tissue-specific protein degradation in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins essential for embryo production, cell division, and early embryonic events are frequently re-utilized later in embryogenesis, during organismal development, or in the adult. Examining protein function across these different biological contexts requires tissue-specific perturbation. Here, we describe a method that utilizes expression of a fusion between a GFP-targeting nanobody and SOCS-box containing ubiquitin ligase adaptor to target GFP tagged proteins for degradation. When combined with endogenous locus GFP tagging by CRISPR-Cas9 or rescue of a null mutant with a GFP fusion, this approach enables routine and efficient tissue-specific protein ablation. We show that this approach works in multiple tissues--the epidermis, intestine, body wall muscle, sensory neurons, and touch neurons--where it recapitulates expected loss-of-function mutant phenotypes. The transgene toolkit and the strain set described here will complement existing approaches to enable routine analysis of the tissue-specific roles of C. elegans proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheerambathur, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolkit for tissue-specific protein degradation in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preprint: Environmentally-Friendly Workflow Based on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Molecular Networking For the Discovery of Potent Anti-Viral Leads From Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A supercritical fluid chromatography-based targeted purification workflow using tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking was developed to analyze, annotate and isolate secondary metabolites from complex mixture. This approach was applied for targeted isolation of new antiviral diterpene esters from Euphorbia semiperfoliata whole plant extract. The analysis of bioactive fractions revealed that unknown diterpene esters, including jatrophane esters and phorboids esters, were present in the samples. The purification procedure using semi-preparative-supercritical fluid chromatography led to the isolation and identification of two jatrophane esters (13 and 14) and four 4-deoxyphorbol esters (15-18). Compound 16 was found to display antiviral activity against chikungunya virus (EC50 = 0.45 {micro}M), while compound 15 was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 replication in a recombinant virus assay (EC50 = 13 nM). This study showed that supercritical fluid chromatography-based workflow and molecular networking can facilitate and accelerate the discovery of bioactive small molecules by targeted molecules of interest, while minimizing the use of toxic solvents.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/106153_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (23K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@191802aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1755ab8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@196edf5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e0a1e0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutet-Mercey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachet, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Torre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboureur, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallard, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retailleau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoya, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyssen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcami, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litaudon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touboul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preprint: Environmentally-Friendly Workflow Based on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Molecular Networking For the Discovery of Potent Anti-Viral Leads From Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological and Kinetic Determinants of the Modal Matrices of Dynamic Models of Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linear analysis of kinetic models of metabolism can help in understanding the dynamic response of metabolic networks. Central to linear analysis of these models are two key matrices: the Jacobian matrix (J) and its modal matrix (M-1). The modal matrix contains dynamically independent motions of the kinetic model, and it is sparse in practice. Understanding the sparsity structure of the modal matrix provides insight into metabolic network dynamics. In this study, we analyze the relationship between J and M-1. First, we show that diagonal dominance occurs in a substantial fraction of the rows of J, resulting in simple modal structures within M-1. Dominant diagonal elements in J approximate the eigenvalues corresponding to these simple modes, in which a single metabolite is driven back to its reference state on a characteristic timescale. Second, we analyze more complicated mode structures in M-1, in which two or more variables move in a certain ratio relative to one another on defined time scales. We show that complicated modes originate from sub-matrices of topologically connected elements of similar magnitude in J. Third, we describe the origin of these mode structure features based on the network stoichiometric matrix S and the reaction kinetic gradient matrix G. We demonstrate that the topologically-connected reaction sensitivities of similar magnitude in G play a central role in determining the mode structure. Ratios of these reaction sensitivities represent equilibrium balances of half reactions that are defined by linearization of the bilinear mass action rate laws followed by enzymatic reactions. These half-reaction equilibrium ratios are key determinants of modal structure for both simple and complicated modes. The work presented here helps to establish a foundation for understanding the dynamics of kinetic models of metabolism, which are rooted in the network structure and the kinetic properties of reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological and Kinetic Determinants of the Modal Matrices of Dynamic Models of Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling prediction error improves power of transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) test for associations between imputed gene expression levels and phenotypes in GWAS cohorts using models of transcriptional regulation learned from reference transcriptomes. However, current methods for TWAS only use point estimates of imputed expression and ignore uncertainty in the prediction. We develop a novel two-stage Bayesian regression method which incorporates uncertainty in imputed gene expression and achieves higher power to detect TWAS genes than existing TWAS methods as well as standard methods based on missing value and measurement error theory. We apply our method to GTEx whole blood transcriptomes and GWAS cohorts for seven diseases from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium and find 45 TWAS genes, of which 17 do not overlap previously reported case-control GWAS or differential expression associations. Surprisingly, we replicate only 2 of 40 previously reported TWAS genes after accounting for uncertainty in the prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhutani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling prediction error improves power of transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Significance estimation for large scale untargeted metabolomics annotations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The annotation of small molecules in untargeted mass spectrometry relies on the matching of fragment spectra to reference library spectra. While various spectrum-spectrum match scores exist, the field lacks statistical methods for estimating the false discovery rates (FDR) of these annotations. We present empirical Bayes and target-decoy based methods to estimate the false discovery rate. Relying on estimations of false discovery rates, we explore the effect of different spectrum-spectrum match criteria on the number and the nature of the molecules annotated. We show that the spectral matching settings needs to be adjusted for each project. By adjusting the scoring parameters and thresholds, the number of annotations rose, on average, by +139% (ranging from -92% up to +5705%) when compared to a default parameter set available at GNPS. The FDR estimation methods presented will enable a user to define the scoring criteria for large scale analysis of untargeted small molecule data that has been essential in the advancement of large scale proteomics, transcriptomics, and genomics science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheubert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duehrkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Significance estimation for large scale untargeted metabolomics annotations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accuracy, Reproducibility And Bias Of Next Generation Sequencing For Quantitative Small RNA Profiling: A Multiple Protocol Study Across Multiple Laboratories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNA-seq is increasingly being used for profiling of small RNAs. Quantitative characteristics of long RNA-seq have been extensively described, but small RNA-seq involves fundamentally different methods for library preparation, with distinct protocols and technical variations that have not been fully and systematically studied. We report here the results of a study using common references (synthetic RNA pools of defined composition, as well as plasma-derived RNA) to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility and bias of small RNA-seq library preparation for five distinct protocols and across nine different laboratories. We observed protocol-specific and sequence-specific bias, which was ameliorated using adapters for ligation with randomized end-nucleotides, and computational correction factors. Despite this technical bias, relative quantification using small RNA-seq was remarkably accurate and reproducible, even across multiple laboratories using different methods. These results provide strong evidence for the feasibility of reproducible cross-laboratory small RNA-seq studies, even those involving analysis of data generated using different protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spengler, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etheridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Hoff, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanriverdi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buermans, H. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galas, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accuracy, Reproducibility And Bias Of Next Generation Sequencing For Quantitative Small RNA Profiling: A Multiple Protocol Study Across Multiple Laboratories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A yield-cost tradeoff governs Escherichia coli's decision between fermentation and respiration in carbon-limited growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many microbial systems are known to actively reshape their proteomes in response to changes in growth conditions induced e.g. by nutritional stress or antibiotics. Part of the re-allocation accounts for the fact that, as the growth rate is limited by targeting specific metabolic activities, cells simply respond by fine-tuning their proteome to invest more resources into the limiting activity (i.e. by synthesizing more proteins devoted to it). However, this is often accompanied by an overall re-organization of metabolism, aimed at improving the growth yield under limitation by re-wiring resource through different pathways. While both effects impact proteome composition, the latter underlies a more complex systemic response to stress. By focusing on E. coli's  acetate switch, we use mathematical modeling and a re-analysis of empirical data to show that the transition from a predominantly fermentative to a predominantly respirative metabolism in carbon-limited growth results from the trade-off between maximizing the growth yield and minimizing its costs in terms of required the proteome share. In particular, E. coli's metabolic phenotypes appear to be Pareto-optimal for these objective functions over a broad range of dilutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Martino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A yield-cost tradeoff governs Escherichia coli's decision between fermentation and respiration in carbon-limited growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoys reveal the genetic and biochemical roles of redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main cellular route for protein degradation in plants and is important for a wide range of biological processes including daily and seasonal timing. The UPS relies on the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases to specifically recognize substrate proteins and facilitate their ubiquitylation. In plants, there are three major challenges that inhibit studies of E3 ligase function: 1) rampant genetic redundancy, 2) labile interactions between an E3 ligase and its cognate substrates, and 3) a lack of tools for rapid validation of bona fide substrates. To overcome these 3 challenges, we have developed a decoy method that allows for rapid genetic analysis of E3 ligases, in vivo identification of substrates using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, and reconstitution of the ubiquitylation reaction in mammalian cells to rapidly validate potential substrates. We employ the strategy to study the plant F-box proteins, ZTL, LKP2, and FKF1 revealing differential genetic impacts on circadian clock period and seasonal flowering. We identify a group of circadian clock transcriptional regulators that interact with ZTL, LKP2, and FKF1 in vivo providing a host of potential substrates that have not been seen previously. We then validate one substrate of ZTL, the plant circadian clock transcription factor CHE, and show that ZTL mediates CHE ubiquitylation and that the levels of the CHE protein cycle in daily timecourses. This work further untangles the complicated genetic roles of this family of E3 ligases and suggests that ZTL is a master regulator of a diverse set of critical clock transcription factors. Furthermore, the method that is validated here can be tool employed widely to overcome traditional challenges in studying redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruneda-Paz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoys reveal the genetic and biochemical roles of redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Pedigrees: Using a Biasing System to Determine Likely Inheritance Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pedigrees, though straightforward and versatile, lack the ability to tell us information about many individuals. Though numerical systems have been developed, there is currently no system to quantify the probability of a pedigree following certain inheritance systems. My system intends to fulfill that chasm by creating a flexible numerical system and testing it for variance. First, my system attempts to adapt inheritance system to known pedigree data. Then, it calculates the difference between the calculated values and the known pedigree data. It aggregates these values, then it uses a chi-squared analysis in order to determine the likelihood of said inheritance system. This is done for many different systems, until we have a general idea of which systems are probable and which are not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Pedigrees: Using a Biasing System to Determine Likely Inheritance Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine Proteases Of Hookworm Necator Americanus As Virulence Factors And Implications For Future Drug Design: A Bioinformatics-Based Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human hookworm Necator Americanus (NA) causes iron deficiency anemia, as the parasite ingests blood from the gastrointestinal tract of its human host. This bioinformatics-based study focuses on eight of the cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases (CPs) of the worm to explore their pathogenic potential. CP1 - CP6, which harbored the active site cysteine residue for enzymatic activity, were relevantly observed to have N-terminal signal peptide for extracellular localization. The secretory CPs could be releasing indigenous worm heparin at the host-pathogen interface for anticoagulation purposes. CP2 and CP3 showed a novel hemoglobinase motif that could be a prerequisite for hemoglobin degradation. CP1 and CP6 shared similar enzymatic-pocket features with cathepsin B and cruzain that cleave high molecular weight kininogen for blood-thinning activity. CP1, CP2, CP3, CP5 and CP6 were predicted to bind heparin, at their C terminal domain, like human cathepsin B and cruzain non-covalently bind heparin to enhance their activity. NA CPs action in concert with heparin, have implications for anti-heparin and heparin analog design against hookworm infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine Proteases Of Hookworm Necator Americanus As Virulence Factors And Implications For Future Drug Design: A Bioinformatics-Based Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guiding the design of bacterial signaling interactions using a coevolutionary landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selection of amino acid identities that encode new interactions between two-component signaling (TCS) proteins remains a significant challenge. Recent work constructed a co-evolutionary landscape that can be used to select mutations to maintain signal transfer interactions between partner TCS proteins without introducing signal transfer between non-partners (crosstalk). A bigger challenge is to introduce mutations between non-natural partner TCS proteins using the landscape to enhance, suppress, or have a neutral effect on their basal signal transfer rates. This study focuses on the selection of mutations to a response regulator (RR) from Bacilus subtilis and its effect on phosphotransfer with a histidine kinase (HK) from Escherichia Coli. Twelve single-point mutations of the RR protein are selected from the landscape and experimentally expressed to directly test the theoretical predictions on the effect of signal transfer. Differential Scanning Calorimetry is used to monitor any protein stability effects caused by the mutations, which could be detrimental to proper protein function. Of these proteins, seven mutants successfully perturb phosphoryl transfer activity in the computationally predicted manner between the TCS proteins. Furthermore, brute-force exhaustive mutagenesis approaches indicate that only 1% of mutations result in enhanced activity. In comparison, of the six mutations predicted to enhance phosphotransfer, two mutations exhibit a significant enhancement while two mutations are comparable to the wild-type. Thus co-evolutionary landscape theory offers significant improvement over traditional large-scale mutational studies in the efficiency of selecting mutations for protein engineering and design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haglund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morcos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guiding the design of bacterial signaling interactions using a coevolutionary landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Variation In Adaptability And Pleiotropy In Budding Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution can favor organisms that are more adaptable, provided that genetic variation in adaptability exists. Here, we quantify this variation among 230 offspring of a cross between diverged yeast strains. We measure the adaptability of each offspring genotype, defined as its average rate of adaptation in a specific environmental condition, and analyze the heritability, predictability, and genetic basis of this trait. We find that initial genotype strongly affects adaptability and can alter the genetic basis of future evolution. Initial genotype also affects the pleiotropic consequences of adaptation for fitness in a different environment. This genetic variation in adaptability and pleiotropy is largely determined by initial fitness, according to a rule of declining adaptability with increasing initial fitness, but several individual QTLs also have a significant idiosyncratic role. Our results demonstrate that both adaptability and pleiotropy are complex traits, with extensive heritable differences arising from naturally occurring variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglyak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Variation In Adaptability And Pleiotropy In Budding Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ubiquity of directional and reciprocating motion in enzymes out of equilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular motors are thought to generate force and directional motion via nonequilibrium switching between energy surfaces. Because all enzymes can undergo such switching, we hypothesized that the ability to generate rotary motion and torque is not unique to highly adapted biological motor proteins, but is instead a common feature of enzymes. We used molecular dynamics simulations to compute energy surfaces for hundreds of torsions in three enzymes, adenosine kinase, protein kinase A, and HIV-1 protease, and used these energy surfaces within a kinetic model that accounts for intersurface switching and intrasurface probability flows. When substrate is out of equilibrium with product, we find computed torsion rotation rates up ~140 cycle s-1, with stall torques up to ~2 kcal mol-1 cycle-1, and power outputs up to ~50 kcal mol-1 s-1. We argue that these enzymes are instances of a general phenomenon of directional probability flows on asymmetric energy surfaces for systems out of equilibrium. Thus, we conjecture that cyclic probability fluxes, corresponding to rotations of torsions and higher-order collective variables, exist in any chiral molecule driven between states in a non-equilibrium manner; we call this the Asymmetry-Directionality conjecture. This is expected to apply as well to synthetic chiral molecules switched in a nonequilibrium manner between energy surfaces by light, redox chemistry, or catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slochower, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ubiquity of directional and reciprocating motion in enzymes out of equilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MMTF - an efficient file format for the transmission, visualization, and analysis of macromolecular structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/122689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in experimental techniques have led to a rapid growth in complexity, size, and number of macromolecular structures that are made available through the Protein Data Bank. This creates a challenge for macromolecular visualization and analysis. Macromolecular structure files, such as PDB or PDBx/mmCIF files can be slow to transfer, parse, and hard to incorporate into third-party software tools. Here, we present a new binary and compressed data representation, the MacroMolecular Transmission Format, MMTF, as well as software implementations in several languages that have been developed around it, which address these issues. We describe the new format and its APIs and demonstrate that it is several times faster to parse, and about a quarter of the file size of the current standard format, PDBx/mmCIF. As a consequence of the new data representation, it is now possible to visualize structures with millions of atoms in a web browser, keep the whole PDB archive in memory or parse it within few minutes on average computers, which opens up a new way of thinking how to implement efficient algorithms in structural bioinformatics. The PDB archive is available in MMTF file format through web services and data are updated on a weekly basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valasatava, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prlic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/122689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MMTF - an efficient file format for the transmission, visualization, and analysis of macromolecular structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Four-Sphere Head Model For EEG Signals Revisited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electric potential recorded at the scalp (EEG) is dominated by contributions from current dipoles set by active neurons in the cortex. Estimation of these currents, called inverse modeling, requires a forward model, which gives the potential when the positions, sizes, and directions of the current dipoles are known. Di[ff]erent models of varying complexity and realism are used in the field. An important analytical example is the four-sphere model which assumes a four-layered spherical head where the layers represent brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skull, and scalp, respectively. This model has been used extensively in the analysis of EEG recordings. Since it is analytical, it can also serve as a benchmark against which numerical schemes, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), can be tested. While conceptually clear, the mathematical expression for the scalp potentials in the four-sphere model is quite cumbersome, and we observed the formulas presented in the literature to contain errors. We here derive and present the correct analytical formulas for future reference. They are compared with the results of FEM simulations of four-sphere model. We also provide scripts for computing EEG potentials in this model with the correct analytical formula and using FEM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chintaluri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Four-Sphere Head Model For EEG Signals Revisited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Versatile Genetic Tool For Post-Translational Control Of Gene Expression With A Small Molecule In Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several techniques have been developed in Drosophila to control gene expression temporally. While some of these techniques are incompatible with existing GAL4 lines, others suffer from side effects on physiology or behavior. Here, we describe a method of post-translational temporal control of gene expression which is compatible with the current library of transgenic reagents. We adopted a strategy to regulate protein degradation by fusing a protein of interest to a destabilizing domain (DD) derived from the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR). Trimethoprim (TMP), a stabilizing small molecule, binds to DD and blocks degradation of the chimeric protein. With a GFP-DD reporter, we show that this system is effective across different tissues and developmental stages in the fly. Notably, feeding flies with TMP can increase the expression level of GFP-DD up to 34 times in a dosage-dependent and reversible manner without altering the lifespan or behavior of the animal. To broaden the utility of our method, we engineered GAL80-DD flies that can be crossed to the available GAL4 lines to control the temporal pattern of gene expression with TMP. We also developed an inducible recombinase, FLP-DD, for high-efficiency sparse labeling and intersectional lineage analysis. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of the DD system in manipulating neuronal activity of sensory neurons. In summary, we have developed a system to control in vivo gene expression levels with negligible background, large dynamic range, and in a reversible manner, all by feeding a small molecule to Drosophila melanogaster.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sethi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Versatile Genetic Tool For Post-Translational Control Of Gene Expression With A Small Molecule In Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily Conserved Roles For Blood-Brain Barrier Xenobiotic Transporters In Endogenous Steroid Partitioning And Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimal brain function depends upon efficient control over the brain entry of blood components; this is provided by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Curiously, some brain-impermeable drugs can still cause behavioral side effects.nnTo investigate this phenomenon, we asked whether the promiscuous drug efflux transporter Mdr1 has dual functions in transporting drugs and endogenous molecules. If this is true, brain-impermeable drugs may cause behavioral side effects by affecting brain levels of endogenous molecules.nnUsing computational, genetic and pharmacologic approaches across diverse organisms we demonstrate that BBB-localized efflux transporters are critical for regulating brain levels of endogenous steroids, and steroid-regulated behaviors (sleep in Drosophila and anxiety in mice). Furthermore, we show that Mdr1-interacting drugs are associated with anxiety-related behaviors in humans.nnWe propose a general mechanism for common behavioral side effects of prescription drugs: pharmacologically challenging BBB efflux transporters disrupts brain levels of endogenous substrates, and implicates the BBB in behavioral regulation.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolghih, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSalvo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily Conserved Roles For Blood-Brain Barrier Xenobiotic Transporters In Endogenous Steroid Partitioning And Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic, Infection Timing and Incidence Surveillance Applications of High Dynamic Range Chemiluminescent HIV Immuno-Assay Platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/132332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCustom staging assays, including the Sedia HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity EIA (LAg) and avidity modifications of the Ortho VITROS anti-HIV-1+2 and Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assays, are used to identify  recent infections in clinical settings and for cross-sectional HIV incidence estimation. However, the high dynamic range of chemiluminescent platforms allows differentiating recent and longstanding infection on signal intensity, and this raises the prospect of using unmodified diagnostic assays for infection timing and surveillance applications.nnMethodsWe tested a panel of 2,500 well-characterised specimens with estimable duration of HIV infection with the three assays and the unmodified ARCHITECT. Regression models were used to estimate mean durations of recent infection (MDRI), context-specific false-recent rates (FRR) and correlation between signal intensity and LAg measurements. A hypothetical epidemiological scenario was constructed to evaluate utility in surveillance applications.nnResultsOver a range of MDRIs (reflecting recency discrimination thresholds), a diluted ARCHITECT-based RITA produced lower FRRs than the VITROS platform (FRR {approx} 0.5% and 1.5% respectively at MDRI of 200 days) and the unmodified diagnostic ARCHITECT produces incidence estimates with comparable precision to LAg (RSE {approx} 17.5% and 15% respectively at MDRI of 200 days). ARCHITECT S/CO measurements were highly correlated with LAg ODn measurements (r = 0.80) and values below 200 are strongly predictive of LAg recency and duration of infection less than one year.nnConclusionsLow quantitative measurements from the unmodified ARCHITECT obviate the need for additional recency testing and its use is feasible in clinical staging and incidence surveillance applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grebe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facente, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallas, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CEPHIA,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/132332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic, Infection Timing and Incidence Surveillance Applications of High Dynamic Range Chemiluminescent HIV Immuno-Assay Platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FCS In Closed Systems And Application For Membrane Nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the present study, we developed the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy theory for closed systems with either periodic or reflective boundaries. The illumination could be any arbitrary function. We tested our theory with simulated data of both boundary conditions. We also tested the theory with experimental data of membrane nanotubes, whose circular direction is a closed system. The result shows that the correlation function for nanotubes falls between 1D and 2D diffusion model. The fitting with our model gives an accurate recovery of the diffusion time and nanotube radius. We also give some examples of single molecule experiments for which our theory can be potentially useful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnykov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FCS In Closed Systems And Application For Membrane Nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of Wnt, Growth Factor and Trimeric G protein signals on Daple 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis are shaped by multiple signaling cascades; their concurrent dysregulation plays an integral role in cancer progression and is a common feature of many malignancies. Three such cascades that contribute to the oncogenic potential are the Wnt/Frizzled(FZD), growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and G-proteins/GPCRs. Here we identify Daple, a modulator of trimeric G-proteins and a Dishevelled (Dvl)-binding protein as an unexpected point of convergence for all three cascades. Daple-dependent activation of Gi and enhancement of non-canonical Wnt signals is not just triggered by Wnt5a/FZD to suppress tumorigenesis, but also hijacked by growth factor-RTKs to stoke tumor progression. Phosphorylation of Daple by both RTKs and non-RTKs triggers Gi activation and potentiates non-canonical Wnt signals that trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In patients with colorectal cancers, concurrent upregulation of Daple and the prototype RTK, EGFR, carried poor prognosis. Thus, this work defines a novel growth factor{leftrightarrow}G-protein{leftrightarrow}Wnt crosstalk paradigm in cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterfield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of Wnt, Growth Factor and Trimeric G protein signals on Daple]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping The Malaria Parasite Drug-Able Genome Using In Vitro Evolution And Chemogenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemogenetic characterization through in vitro evolution combined with whole genome analysis is a powerful tool to discover novel antimalarial drug targets and identify drug resistance genes. Our comprehensive genome analysis of 262 Plasmodium falciparum parasites treated with 37 diverse compounds reveals how the parasite evolves to evade the action of small molecule growth inhibitors. This detailed data set revealed 159 gene amplifications and 148 nonsynonymous changes in 83 genes which developed during resistance acquisition. Using a new algorithm, we show that gene amplifications contribute to 1/3 of drug resistance acquisition events. In addition to confirming known multidrug resistance mechanisms, we discovered novel multidrug resistance genes. Furthermore, we identified promising new drug target-inhibitor pairs to advance the malaria elimination campaign, including: thymidylate synthase and a benzoquinazolinone, farnesyltransferase and a pyrimidinedione, and a dipeptidylpeptidase and an arylurea. This deep exploration of the P. falciparum resistome and drug-able genome will guide future drug discovery and structural biology efforts, while also advancing our understanding of resistance mechanisms of the deadliest malaria parasite.nnOne Sentence SummaryWhole genome sequencing reveals how Plasmodium falciparum evolves resistance to diverse compounds and identifies new antimalarial drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowell, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Istvan, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Lorenzo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanaerschot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakata-Kato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magistrado, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamonte, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriago, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bopp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coburn-Flynn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murithi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaseichuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otillie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping The Malaria Parasite Drug-Able Genome Using In Vitro Evolution And Chemogenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO E3 ligase Mms21 prevents spontaneous DNA damage induced genome rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mms21, a subunit of the Smc5/6 complex, possesses an E3 ligase activity for the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO), which has a major, but poorly understood role in genome maintenance. Here we show mutations that inactivate the E3 ligase activity of Mms21 cause Rad52- and Pol32-dependent break-induced replication (BIR), which specifically requires the Rrm3 DNA helicase. Interestingly, mutations affecting both Mms21 and the Sgs1 helicase, but not sumoylation of Sgs1, cause further accumulation of genome rearrangements, indicating the distinct roles of Mms21 and Sgs1 in suppressing genome rearrangements. Whole genome sequencing further revealed that the Mre11 endonuclease prevents microhomology-mediated translocations and hairpin-mediated inverted duplications in the mms21 mutant. Consistent with the accumulation of endogenous DNA lesions, mms21 cells accumulate spontaneous Ddc2 foci and display a hyper-activated DNA damage checkpoint. Together, these findings support a new paradigm that Mms21 prevents the accumulation of spontaneous DNA lesions that cause diverse genome rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.-z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO E3 ligase Mms21 prevents spontaneous DNA damage induced genome rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forces driving cell sorting in Hydra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell sorting, whereby a heterogeneous cell mixture organizes into distinct tissues, is a fundamental patterning process in development. So far, most studies of cell sorting have relied either on 2-dimensional cellular aggregates, in vitro situations that do not have a direct counterpart in vivo, or were focused on the properties of single cells. Here, we report the first multiscale experimental study on 3-dimensional regenerating Hydra aggregates, capable of reforming a full animal. By quantifying the kinematics of single cell and whole aggregate behaviors, we show that no differences in cell motility exist among cell types and that sorting dynamics follow a power law. Moreover, we measure the physical properties of separated tissues and determine their viscosities and surface tensions. Based on our experimental results and numerical simulations, we conclude that tissue interfacial tensions are sufficient to explain Hydra cell sorting. Doing so, we illustrate DArcy Thompsons central idea that biological organization can be understood through physical principles, an idea which is currently re-shaping the field of developmental biology.nnSummary statementHydra regenerates after dissociation into single cells. We show how physical mechanisms can explain the first step of regeneration, whereby ectodermal and endodermal cells sort out to form distinct tissue layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cochet-Escartin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, E.-M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forces driving cell sorting in Hydra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Intracellular Pathogen Response Pathway Promotes Proteostasis In C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of proteostasis is critical for organismal health. Here we describe a novel pathway that promotes proteostasis, identified through the analysis of C. elegans genes upregulated by intracellular infection. We named this distinct transcriptional signature the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), and it includes upregulation of several predicted ubiquitin ligase complex components such as the cullin cul-6. Through a forward genetic screen we found pals-22, a gene of previously unknown function, to be a repressor of the cul-6/Cullin gene and other IPR gene expression. Interestingly, pals-22 mutants have increased thermotolerance and reduced levels of stress-induced polyglutamine aggregates, likely due to upregulated IPR expression. We found the enhanced stress resistance of pals-22 mutants to be dependent on cul-6, suggesting that pals-22 mutants have increased activity of a CUL-6/Cullin-containing ubiquitin ligase complex. pals-22 mutant phenotypes are distinct from the well-studied heat shock and insulin signaling pathways, indicating that the IPR is a novel pathway that protects animals from proteotoxic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Intracellular Pathogen Response Pathway Promotes Proteostasis In C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LSD1/KDM1A Maintains Genome-wide Homeostasis of Transcriptional Enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional enhancers enable exquisite spatiotemporal control of gene expression in metazoans. Enrichment of mono-methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) is a major chromatin signature that distinguishes enhancers from gene promoters. Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1, aka KDM1A), an enzyme specific for demethylating H3K4me2/me1, has been shown to "decommission" stem cell enhancers during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). However, the roles of LSD1 in undifferentiated mESC remain obscure. Here, we show that LSD1 occupies a large fraction of enhancers (63%) that are primed with binding of transcription factors (TFs) and H3K4me1 in mESC. In contrast, LSD1 is largely absent at latent enhancers, which are not yet primed by TF binding. Unexpectedly, LSD1 levels at enhancers exhibited a clear positive correlation with its substrate, H3K4me2 and enhancer activity. These enhancers gain additional H3K4 methylation upon the loss of LSD1 in mESC. The aberrant increase in H3K4me at enhancers was accompanied with increases in enhancer H3K27 acetylation and expression of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and their target genes. In post-mitotic neurons, loss of LSD1 resulted in premature activation of enhancers and genes that are normally induced after neuronal activation. These results demonstrate that LSD1 is a versatile suppressor of primed enhancers, and is involved in homeostasis of enhancer activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata-Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macfarlan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LSD1/KDM1A Maintains Genome-wide Homeostasis of Transcriptional Enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homology-based hydrogen bond information improves crystallographic structures in the PDB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crystallographic structure models in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are optimized against the crystal diffraction data and geometrical restraints. This process of crystallographic refinement typically ignored hydrogen bond (H-bond) distances as a source of information. However, H-bond restraints can improve structures, especially at low resolution where diffraction data are limited. To improve low-resolution structure refinement, we present methods for deriving H-bond information either globally from well-refined high-resolution structures from the PDB-REDO databank, or specifically from on-the-fly constructed sets of homologous high-resolution structures. Refinement incorporating HOmology DErived Restraints (HODER), improves geometrical quality and the fit to the diffraction data for many low-resolution structures. Using approximately 60 years of CPU-time in massively parallel computing, we constructed a new instance of the PDB-REDO databank, a novel resource to help biologists gain insight on protein families or on specific structures, as we demonstrate with examples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Beusekom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touw, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliland, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joosten, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homology-based hydrogen bond information improves crystallographic structures in the PDB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PinAPL-Py: a web-service for the analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge-scale genetic screens using CRISPR/Cas9 technology have emerged as a major tool for functional genomics. With its increased popularity, experimental biologists frequently acquire large sequencing datasets for which they often do not have an easy analysis option. While a few bioinformatic tools have been developed for this purpose, their utility is still hindered either due to limited functionality or the requirement of bioinformatic expertise.nnResultsTo make sequencing data analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 screens more accessible to a wide range of scientists, we developed a Platform-independent Analysis of Pooled Screens using Python (PinAPL-Py), which is operated as an intuitive web-service. PinAPL-Py implements state-of-the-art tools and statistical models, assembled in a comprehensive workflow covering sequence quality control, automated sgRNA sequence extraction, alignment, sgRNA enrichment/depletion analysis and gene ranking. The workflow is set up to use a variety of popular sgRNA libraries as well as custom libraries that can be easily uploaded. Various analysis options are offered, suitable to analyze a large variety of CRISPR/Cas9 screening experiments. Analysis output includes ranked lists of sgRNAs and genes, and publication-ready plots.nnConclusionsPinAPL-Py helps to advance genome-wide screening efforts by combining comprehensive functionality with user-friendly implementation. PinAPL-Py is freely accessible at http://pinapl-py.ucsd.edu with instructions, documentation and test datasets. The source code is available at https://github.com/LewisLabUCSD/PinAPL-Py
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spahn, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PinAPL-Py: a web-service for the analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Akt/PKB enhances non-canonical Wnt signals by compartmentalizing β-Catenin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular proliferation is antagonistically regulated by canonical and non-canonical Wnt signals; their dysbalance triggers cancers. It is widely believed that the PI3-K[-&gt;] Akt pathway enhances canonical Wnt signals by affecting transcriptional activity and stability of {beta}-catenin. Here we demonstrate that the PI3-K[-&gt;]Akt pathway also enhances non-canonical Wnt signals by compartmentalizing {beta}-catenin. By phosphorylating the phosphoinositide(PI)-binding domain of a multimodular signal transducer, Daple, Akt abolishes Daples ability to bind PI3-P-enriched endosomes that engage dynein motor complex for long-distance trafficking of {beta}-catenin/E-cadherin complexes to pericentriolar recycling endosomes (PCREs). Phosphorylation compartmentalizes Daple/{beta}-catenin/E-cadherin complexes to cell-cell contact sites, enhances non-canonical Wnt signals, and thereby, suppresses colony growth. Dephosphorylation compartmentalizes {beta}-catenin on PCREs, a specialized compartment for prolonged unopposed canonical Wnt signaling, and enhances colony growth. Cancer-associated Daple mutants that are insensitive to Akt mimic a constitutively dephosphorylated state. This work not only identifies Daple as a platform for crosstalk between Akt and the non-canonical Wnt pathway, but also reveals the impact of such crosstalk during cancer initiation and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Akt/PKB enhances non-canonical Wnt signals by compartmentalizing β-Catenin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic consequences of RNA polymerase dysregulation in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial adaptive responses to changes in growth conditions due to biotic and abiotic factors involve reprogramming of gene expression at the transcription level. The bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP), which catalyzes transcription, can thus be considered as the major mediator of cellular adaptive strategies. But how do bacteria respond if a stress factor directly compromises the activity of the RNAP? We used a phage-derived small protein to specifically perturb bacterial RNAP activity in exponentially growing Escherichia coli. Using cytological profiling, tracking RNAP behavior at single-molecule level and transcriptome analysis, we reveal that adaptation to conditions that directly perturb bacterial RNAP performance can result in a biphasic growth behavior and thereby confer the  adapted bacterial cells an enhanced ability to tolerate diverse antibacterial stresses. The results imply that while synthetic transcriptional rewiring may confer bacteria with the intended desirable properties, such approaches may also collaterally allow them to acquire undesirable traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Switzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigneshweraraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic consequences of RNA polymerase dysregulation in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid accumulation drives proteome-wide alterations in mouse models of Alzheimers disease like pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloid beta (A{beta}) peptides impair multiple cellular pathways in the brain and play a causative role in Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology, but how the brain proteome is remodeled during this process is unknown. To identify new protein networks associated with AD-like pathology, we performed global quantitative proteomic analysis in three mouse models at pre- and post-symptomatic ages. Our analysis revealed a robust and consistent increase in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in nearly all transgenic brain regions with increased A{beta} levels. Taken together with prior findings on ApoE driving A{beta} accumulation, this analysis points to a pathological dysregulation of the ApoE-A{beta} axis. We also found dysregulation of protein networks involved in excitatory synaptic transmission consistent with AD pathophysiology. Targeted analysis of the AMPA receptor complex revealed a specific loss of TARP{gamma}-2, a key AMPA receptor trafficking protein. Expression of TARP{gamma}-2 in vivo in hAPP transgenic mice led to a restoration of AMPA currents. This database of proteome alterations represents a unique resource for the identification of protein alterations responsible for AD.nnHighlightsO_LIProteomic analysis of mouse brains with AD-like pathology reveals stark remodelingnC_LIO_LIProteomic evidence points to a dysregulation of ApoE levels associated with A{beta} clearance rather than productionnC_LIO_LICo-expression analysis found distinctly impaired synapse and mitochondria modulesnC_LIO_LIIn-depth analyses of AMPAR complex points to loss of TARP{gamma}-2, which may compromise synapses in ADnC_LInneTOC BlurbProteome-wide profiling of brain tissue from three mouse models of AD-like pathology reveals A{beta}, brain region, and age dependent alterations of protein levels. This resource provides a new global protein expression atlas for the Alzheimers disease research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNardo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Bartolome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hark, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanks, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozzolino, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee-Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smukowski, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masliah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid accumulation drives proteome-wide alterations in mouse models of Alzheimers disease like pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced cross-modal activation of sensory cortex in mouse models of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYSynesthesia is a condition wherein one sense is evoked by another. Recent studies suggested a higher incidence of synesthesia among people with autism. However, the underlying circuit mechanism of the comorbidity remains unknown partly due to lack of animal models. Here, we measured auditory response of primary visual cortex (V1) in mouse models to estimate the mixture level of their senses. We found that the V1 auditory response exhibits bidirectional cross-modal plasticity and depends on the level of GABA-mediated inhibition. Analysis of the V1 auditory response in autistic BTBR strain revealed its contralateral bias as in primary auditory cortex, and the auditory evoked field potential was enhanced at gamma range. Furthermore, early sound-driven spike modulation of V1 was commonly shifted toward enhancement in three different autism models (BTBR, NL3 R451C, SCN1A R1407X). Disruption of excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) circuit balance is prevalent among autistic people and mouse models. Thus, our results suggest that E/I imbalance may be the common circuit dysfunction for both autism and synesthesia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hattori, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensch, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced cross-modal activation of sensory cortex in mouse models of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of steroid specificity in human, chicken, alligator, frog and zebrafish mineralocorticoid receptors: Allosteric interactions affect steroid specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We studied the response to aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, corticosterone, progesterone, 19-norprogesterone and spironolactone of human, chicken, alligator, frog and zebrafish full-length mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and truncated MRs, lacking the N-terminal domain (NTD) and DNA-binding domain (DBD), in which the hinge domain and ligand binding domain (LBD) were fused to a GAL4-DBD. Compared to full-length MRs, some vertebrate MRs required higher steroid concentrations to activate GAL4-DBD-MR-hinge/LBD constructs. For example, 11-deoxycortisol activated all full-length vertebrate MRs, but did not activate truncated terrestrial vertebrate MRs and was an agonist for truncated zebrafish MR. Progesterone, 19-norProgesterone and spironolactone did not activate full-length and truncated human, alligator and frog MRs. However, at 10 nM, these steroids activated full-length chicken and zebrafish MRs; at 100 nM, these steroids had little activity for truncated chicken MRs, while retaining activity for truncated zebrafish MRs, evidence that regulation of progestin activation of chicken MR resides in NTD/DBD and of zebrafish MR in hinge-LBD. Zebrafish and chicken MRs contain a serine corresponding to Ser810 in human MR, required for its antagonism by progesterone, suggesting novel regulation of progestin activation of chicken and zebrafish MRs. Progesterone may be a physiological activator of chicken and zebrafish MRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of steroid specificity in human, chicken, alligator, frog and zebrafish mineralocorticoid receptors: Allosteric interactions affect steroid specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity labeling reveals an extensive steady-state stress granule interactome and insights to neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs) are transient ribonucleoprotein (RNP) aggregates that form in response to proteotoxic stress. Although SGs are distinct from aggregates observed in neurodegenerative disorders, they share protein components. We used APEX-mediated proximity labeling combined with quantitative mass spectrometry and high-throughput imaging to identify >100 previously unknown SG proteins in human cells, about 10% of which localize to SGs in a cell type- or stress type-dependent manner. Supporting a link between SG proteins and neurodegeneration, we demonstrate aberrant SG composition and subcellular distribution in iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients, and identify several known and previously unidentified SG proteins that modify toxicity of mutant FUS and TDP-43 overexpression in Drosophila. We show that even in an unstressed steady-state, SG proteins form a densely-connected protein interaction network (PIN) and propose a model in which existing RNPs coalesce rapidly into microscopically visible granules that can act as gateways to pathological protein aggregation.nnHighlights O_LIAPEX proximity labeling of dynamic RNP granules identifies over 100 novel SG proteinsnC_LIO_LISG proteins form a densely-connected protein interaction network in unstressed cellsnC_LIO_LISystematic immunofluorescence analysis reveals stress- and cell type-specific SG compositionnC_LIO_LIALS motor neurons contain SGs with distinct content and subcellular distributionnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltanieh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Server, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankel, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity labeling reveals an extensive steady-state stress granule interactome and insights to neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 has two opposing modes of regulating cytoplasmic dynein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation is central to the functional versatility of cytoplasmic dynein, a motor involved in intracellular transport, cell division, and neurodevelopment. Previous work established that Lis1, a conserved and ubiquitous regulator of dynein, binds to its motor domain and induces a tight microtubule-binding state in dynein. The work we present here--a combination of biochemistry, single-molecule assays, cryo-electron microscopy and in vivo experiments--led to the surprising discovery that Lis1 has two opposing modes of regulating dynein, being capable of inducing both low and high affinity for the microtubule. We show that these opposing modes depend on the stoichiometry of Lis1 binding to dynein and that this stoichiometry is regulated by the nucleotide state of dyneins AAA3 domain. We present data on the in vitro and in vivo consequences of abolishing the novel Lis1-induced weak microtubule-binding state in dynein and propose a new model for the regulation of dynein by Lis1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 has two opposing modes of regulating cytoplasmic dynein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential roles of sleep spindles and sleep slow oscillations in memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep plays an important role in consolidation of recent memories. However, the mechanisms of consolidation remain poorly understood. In this study, using a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical network, we demonstrated that sleep spindles (the hallmark of N2 stage sleep) and slow oscillations (the hallmark of N3 stage sleep) both facilitate spike sequence replay as necessary for consolidation. When multiple memories were trained, the local nature of spike sequence replay during spindles allowed replay of the memories independently, while during slow oscillations replay of the weak memory was competing to the strong memory replay. This led to the weak memory extinction unless when sleep spindles (N2 sleep) preceded slow oscillations (N3 sleep), as observed during natural sleep. Our study presents a mechanistic explanation for the role of sleep rhythms in memory consolidation and proposes a testable hypothesis how the natural structure of sleep stages provides an optimal environment to consolidate memories.nnSignificant StatementNumerous studies suggest importance of NREM sleep rhythms - spindles and slow oscillations - in sleep related memory consolidation. However, synaptic mechanisms behind the role of these rhythms in memory and learning are still unknown. Our new study predicts that sleep replay - the neuronal substrate of memory consolidation - is organized within the sleep spindles and coordinated by the Down to Up state transitions of the slow oscillation. For multiple competing memories, slow oscillations facilitated only strongest memory replay, while sleep spindles allowed a consolidation of the multiple competing memories independently. Our study predicts how the basic structure of the natural sleep stages provides an optimal environment for consolidation of multiple memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential roles of sleep spindles and sleep slow oscillations in memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predator-secreted sulfolipids induce fear-like defense responses in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals respond to predators by altering their behavior and physiological states, but the underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Using the interactions between Caenorhabditis elegans and its predator, Pristionchus pacificus, we show that neuronal perception by C. elegans of a predator-specific molecular signature induces instantaneous escape behavior and a prolonged reduction in oviposition. Chemical analysis revealed this predator-specific signature to consist of a class of sulfolipids, produced by a biochemical pathway required for developing predacious behavior and specifically induced by starvation. These sulfolipids are detected by four pairs of C. elegans amphid sensory neurons that act redundantly and recruit cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) or transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to drive both escape and reduced oviposition. Specific abolishment of predator-evoked C. elegans responses by the anti-anxiety drug sertraline as well as functional homology of the delineated signaling pathways suggests a conserved or convergent strategy for managing predator threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariya, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chute, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribadi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinwand, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predator-secreted sulfolipids induce fear-like defense responses in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic hazard scores in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying asymptomatic older individuals at elevated risk for developing Alzheimers disease (AD) is of clinical importance. Among 1,081 asymptomatic older adults, a recently validated polygenic hazard score (PHS) significantly predicted time to AD dementia and steeper longitudinal cognitive decline, even after controlling for APOE {varepsilon}4 carrier status. Older individuals in the highest PHS percentiles showed the highest AD incidence rates. PHS predicted longitudinal clinical decline among older individuals with moderate to high CERAD (amyloid) and Braak (tau) scores at autopsy, even among APOE {varepsilon}4 non-carriers. Beyond APOE, PHS may help identify asymptomatic individuals at highest risk for developing Alzheimers neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broce, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukull, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic hazard scores in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune-related genetic enrichment in frontotemporal dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundConverging evidence suggests that immune-mediated dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Although genetic studies have shown that immune-associated loci are associated with increased FTD risk, a systematic investigation of genetic overlap between immune-mediated diseases and the spectrum of FTD-related disorders has not been performed.nnMethods and findingsUsing large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (total n = 192,886 cases and controls) and recently developed tools to quantify genetic overlap/pleiotropy, we systematically identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) jointly associated with  FTD-related disorders namely FTD, corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - and one or more immune-mediated diseases including Crohns disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D), celiac disease (CeD), and psoriasis (PSOR). We found up to 270-fold genetic enrichment between FTD and RA and comparable enrichment between FTD and UC, T1D, and CeD. In contrast, we found only modest genetic enrichment between any of the immune-mediated diseases and CBD, PSP or ALS. At a conjunction false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, we identified numerous FTD-immune pleiotropic SNPs within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6. By leveraging the immune diseases, we also found novel FTD susceptibility loci within LRRK2 (Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2), TBKBP1 (TANK-binding kinase 1 Binding Protein 1), and PGBD5 (PiggyBac Transposable Element Derived 5). Functionally, we found that expression of FTD-immune pleiotropic genes (particularly within the HLA region) is altered in postmortem brain tissue from patients with frontotemporal dementia and is enriched in microglia compared to other central nervous system (CNS) cell types.nnConclusionsWe show considerable immune-mediated genetic enrichment specifically in FTD, particularly within the HLA region. Our genetic results suggest that for a subset of patients, immune dysfunction may contribute to risk for FTD. These findings have potential implications for clinical trials targeting immune dysfunction in patients with FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broce, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höglinger, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- International FTD-Genomics Consortium (IFGC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momeni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune-related genetic enrichment in frontotemporal dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Feedback Between Contractile Ring Myosin and Ring-Directed Cortical Flow Drives Cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cytokinesis, an equatorial actomyosin contractile ring constricts at a relatively constant overall rate despite its progressively decreasing size. Thus, the per-unit-length rate of ring closure increases as ring perimeter decreases. To understand this acceleration, we monitored cortical surface and ring component dynamics during the first division of the C. elegans embryo. We show that the polar cortex expands during ring constriction to provide the cortical surface area required for division. Polar expansion also allows ring myosin to compress cortical surface along the pole-to-pole axis, leading to a continuous flow of cortical surface into the ring. We propose that feedback between ring myosin and compression-driven cortical flow drives an exponential increase in the amount of ring myosin that maintains the high overall closure rate as ring perimeter decreases. We further show that an analytical mathematical formulation of the proposed feedback, called the Compression Feedback model, recapitulates the experimental observations.nnIMPACT STATEMENTDuring cytokinesis, positive feedback between myosin motors in the contractile ring and compression-driven cortical flow along the axis perpendicular to the ring drives constriction rate acceleration to ensure timely cell separation.nnMAJOR SUBJECT AREASCell biology, Computational and Systems Biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khaliullin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cavazos, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Feedback Between Contractile Ring Myosin and Ring-Directed Cortical Flow Drives Cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting Population Substructure in India via Correlation Optimization of Genetics and Geodemographics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
India represents an intricate tapestry of population substructure shaped by geography, language, culture and social stratification. While geography closely correlates with genetic structure in other parts of the world, the strict endogamy imposed by the Indian caste system and the large number of spoken languages add further levels of complexity to understand Indian population structure. To date, no study has attempted to model and evaluate how these factors have interacted to shape the patterns of genetic diversity within India. We merged all publicly available data from the Indian subcontinent into a data set of 891 individuals from 90 well-defined groups. Bringing together geography, genetics and demographic factors, we developed COGG (Correlation Optimization of Genetics and Geodemographics) to build a model that explains the observed population genetic substructure. We show that shared language along with social structure have been the most powerful forces in creating paths of gene flow in the subcontinent. Furthermore, we discover the ethnic groups that best capture the diverse genetic substructure highlighted by COGG. Integrating data from India with a data set of additional 1,323 individuals from 50 populations we find that Europeans show shared genetic drift with the Indo-European and Dravidian speakers of India, whereas the East Asians have the maximum shared genetic drift with Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drineas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting Population Substructure in India via Correlation Optimization of Genetics and Geodemographics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating inflation in GWAS summary statistics due to variance distortion from cryptic relatedness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic relatedness is inherently a feature of large genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and can give rise to considerable inflation in summary statistics for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with phenotypes. It has proven difficult to disentangle these inflationary effects from true polygenic effects. Here we present results of a model that enables estimation of polygenicity, mean strength of association, and residual inflation in GWAS summary statistics. We show that there is substantial residual inflation in recent large GWAS of height and schizophrenia; correcting for this reduces the number of independent genome-wide significant loci from the reported values of 697 for height and 108 for schizophrenia to 368 and 61, respectively. In contrast, a larger GWAS of educational attainment shows no residual inflation. Additionally, we find that height has a relatively low polygenicity, with approximately 8k SNPs having causal association, more than an order of magnitude less than has been reported. The residual inflation in GWAS summary statistics can be corrected using the standard genomic control procedure with the estimated residual inflation factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating inflation in GWAS summary statistics due to variance distortion from cryptic relatedness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic hazard score: an enrichment marker for Alzheimer’s associated amyloid and tau deposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere is an urgent need for the early identification of nondemented individuals at the highest risk of progressing to Alzheimers disease (AD) dementia for early therapeutic interventions. Our goal was to evaluate whether a recently validated polygenic hazard score (PHS) can be integrated with known in vivo CSF or PET biomarkers of amyloid or tau pathology to prospectively predict cognitive decline and clinical progression to AD dementia in nondemented older individuals.nnMethodsWe evaluated 347 cognitive normal (CN) and 599 mild cognitively impaired (MCI) individuals. We first investigated whether PHS can predict CSF or PET amyloid and tau deposition. We evaluated differences in positive and negative predictive values of biomarker status, as a function of PHS risk. Next, we used linear mixed-effects (LME) to examine if PHS and biomarker status in conjunction, best predict longitudinal cognitive and clinical progression. Lastly, we used survival analysis to investigate whether a combination of PHS and biomarker positivity predicts progression to AD dementia better than using PHS or biomarker positivity alone.nnFindingsIn CN and MCI individuals, we found that amyloid and total tau positivity systematically varies as a function of PHS. For individuals in greater than the 50th percentile PHS, the positive predictive value for amyloid approached 100%. Similarly, for individuals in less than the 25th percentile PHS, the negative predictive value for total tau approached 85%. Beyond APOE, high PHS individuals with amyloid and tau pathology showed the fastest rate of longitudinal cognitive decline and time to AD dementia progression. Among the CN subgroup, we similarly found that PHS was strongly associated with amyloid positivity and the combination of PHS and biomarker status significantly predicted longitudinal clinical progression.nnInterpretationAmong asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic older individuals, PHS considerably improves the predictive value of CSF or PET amyloid and tau biomarkers. Beyond APOE, PHS may be useful for risk stratification and cohort enrichment for MCI and preclinical AD therapeutic trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broce, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillion, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovici, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauppi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic hazard score: an enrichment marker for Alzheimer’s associated amyloid and tau deposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ssbio: A Python Framework for Structural Systems Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWorking with protein structures at the genome-scale has been challenging in a variety of ways. Here, we present ssbio, a Python package that provides a framework to easily work with structural information in the context of genome-scale network reconstructions, which can contain thousands of individual proteins. The ssbio package provides an automated pipeline to construct high quality genome-scale models with protein structures (GEM-PROs), wrappers to popular third-party programs to compute associated protein properties, and methods to visualize and annotate structures directly in Jupyter notebooks, thus lowering the barrier of linking 3D structural data with established systems workflows.nnAvailability and Implementationssbio is implemented in Python and available to download under the MIT license at http://github.com/SBRG/ssbio. Documentation and Jupyter notebook tutorials are available at http://ssbio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. Interactive notebooks can be launched using Binder at https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/SBRG/ssbio/master?filepath=Binder.ipynb.nnContactnmih@ucsd.edunnSupplementary InformationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catoiu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavvas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ssbio: A Python Framework for Structural Systems Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic mapping of chromatin state landscapes during mouse development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis requires epigenetic information that allows each cell to respond appropriately to developmental cues. Histone modifications are core components of a cells epigenome, giving rise to chromatin states that modulate genome function. Here, we systematically profile histone modifications in a diverse panel of mouse tissues at 8 developmental stages from 10.5 days post conception until birth, performing a total of 1,128 ChIP-seq assays across 72 distinct tissue-stages. We combine these histone modification profiles into a unified set of chromatin state annotations, and track their activity across developmental time and space. Through integrative analysis we identify dynamic enhancers, reveal key transcriptional regulators, and characterize the role of chromatin-based repression in developmental gene regulation. We also leverage these data to link enhancers to putative target genes, revealing connections between coding and non-coding sequence variation in disease etiology. Our study provides a compendium of resources for biomedical researchers, and achieves the most comprehensive view of embryonic chromatin states to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barozzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plajzer-Frick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickle, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannion, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda-Yuzawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrhein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic mapping of chromatin state landscapes during mouse development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal expression divergence of network modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we propose new module-based approaches to identify differentially regulated network sub-modules combining temporal trajectories of expression profiles with static network skeletons. Starting from modules identified by network clustering of static networks, our analysis refines pre-defined genesets by partitioning them into smaller homogeneous sets by non-paramettric Bayesian methods. Especially for case-control time series data we developed multi-time point discriminative models and identified each network module as a mixture or admixture of dynamic discriminative functions. Our results shows that our proposed approach outperformed existing geneset enrichment methods in simulation studies. Moreover we applied the methods to neural stem cell differentiation data, and discovered novel modules differentially perturbed in different developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal expression divergence of network modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Category learning biases sensory representations in visual cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorization allows organisms to generalize existing knowledge to novel stimuli and to discriminate between physically similar yet conceptually different stimuli. Humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents can readily learn arbitrary categories defined by low-level visual features, and learning distorts perceptual sensitivity for category-defining features such that differences between physically similar yet categorically distinct exemplars are enhanced while differences between equally similar but categorically identical stimuli are reduced. We report a basis for these distortions in human occipitoparietal cortex. In three experiments, we used an inverted encoding model to recover population-level representations of stimuli from multivoxel and multi-electrode patterns of human brain activity while human participants (both sexes) classified continuous stimulus sets into discrete groups. In each experiment, reconstructed representations of to-be-categorized stimuli were systematically biased towards the center of the appropriate category. These biases were largest for exemplars near a category boundary, predicted participants overt category judgments, emerged shortly after stimulus onset, and could not be explained by mechanisms of response selection or motor preparation. Collectively, our findings suggest that category learning can influence processing at the earliest stages of cortical visual processing.

Significance StatementCategory learning enhances perceptual sensitivity for physically similar yet categorically different stimuli. We report a possible mechanism for these distortions in human occipitoparietal cortex.. In three experiments, we used an inverted encoding model to recover population-level representations of stimuli from multivariate patterns in occipitoparietal cortex while participants categorized sets of continuous stimuli into discrete groups. The recovered representations were systematically biased by category membership, with larger biases for exemplars adjacent to a category boundary. These results suggest that mechanisms of categorization shape information processing at the earliest stages of the visual system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ester, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Category learning biases sensory representations in visual cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of KCC2-Dependent Potassium Efflux in 4-Aminopyridine-Induced Epileptiform Synchronization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A balance between excitation and inhibition is required to maintain stable brain network dynamics. Traditionally, seizure activity is believed to arise from the breakdown of this delicate balance in favor of excitation with loss of inhibition. Surprisingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that this conventional view may be untrue, and that inhibition plays a prominent role in the development of epileptiform synchronization. Here, we explored the role of the co-transporter KCC2 in the onset of inhibitory network-induced seizures. Our experiments in acute mouse brain slices of either sex revealed that optogenetic stimulation of either parvalbumin- or somatostatin-expressing interneurons induced ictal discharges in rodent entorhinal cortex during 4-aminopyridine application. These data point to a proconvulsive role of GABAA receptor signaling that is independent of the inhibitory input location (i.e., dendritic vs. somatic). Further, we developed a biophysically realistic network model implementing complex dynamics of the ion concentrations to explore the mechanisms leading to inhibitory network-induced seizures. In agreement with experimental results, we found that stimulation of inhibitory interneurons induced seizure-like activity in a network with reduced potassium A-current. Model predicted that interneuron stimulation triggered interneuron firing that was accompanied by an increase in intracellular chloride and a subsequent KCC2-dependent gradual accumulation of extracellular potassium promoting epileptiform ictal activity. When the KCC2 activity was reduced, stimulation of the interneurons was no longer able to induce ictal events. Overall, our study provides evidence for a proconvulsive role of GABAA receptor signaling that depends on the involvement of the KCC2 co-transporter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of KCC2-Dependent Potassium Efflux in 4-Aminopyridine-Induced Epileptiform Synchronization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable components of the reward circuit are involved in appraisal versus choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People can evaluate a set of options as a whole, or they can approach those same options with the purpose of making a choice between them. A common network has been implicated across these two types of evaluations, including regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior midline. We test the hypothesis that sub-components of this reward circuit are differentially involved in triggering more automatic appraisal of ones options (Dorsal Value Network) versus explicitly comparing between those options (Ventral Value Network). Participants undergoing fMRI were instructed to appraise how much they liked a set of products (Like) or to choose the product they most preferred (Choose). Activity in the Dorsal Value Network consistently tracked set liking, across both task-relevant (Like) and task-irrelevant (Choose) trials. In contrast, the Ventral Value Network was sensitive to evaluation condition (more active during Choose than Like trials). Within vmPFC, anatomically distinct regions were dissociated in their sensitivity to choice (ventrally, in medial OFC) versus appraisal (dorsally, in pregenual ACC). Dorsal regions additionally tracked decision certainty across both types of evaluation. These findings suggest that separable mechanisms drive decisions about how good ones options are versus decisions about which option is best.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmarkar, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable components of the reward circuit are involved in appraisal versus choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antibody repertoire of colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3Immunotherapy is becoming increasingly important in the fight against cancers, utilizing and manipulating the bodys immune response to treat tumors. Understanding the immune repertoire - the collection of immunological proteins - of treated and untreated cells is possible at the genomic, but technically difficult at the protein level. Standard protein databases do not include the highly divergent sequences of somatic rearranged immunoglobulin genes, and may lead to missed identifications in a mass spectrometry search. We introduce a novel proteogenomic approach, AbScan, to identify these highly variable antibody peptides, by developing a customized antibody database construction method using RNA-seq reads aligned to immunoglobulin (Ig) genes.nnAbScan starts by filtering transcript (RNA-seq) reads that match the template for Ig genes. The retained reads are used to construct a repertoire graph using the  split de Bruijn graph: a graph structure that improves upon the standard de Bruijn graph to capture the high diversity of Ig genes in a compact manner. AbScan corrects for sequencing errors, and converts the graph to a format suitable for searching with MS/MS search tools. We used AbScan to create an antibody database from 90 RNA-seq colorectal tumor samples. Next, we used proteogenomics analysis to search MS/MS spectra of matched colorectal samples from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) against the AbScan generated database. AbScan identified 1, 940 distinct antibody peptides. Correlating with previously identified Single Amino-Acid Variants (SAAVs) in the tumor samples, we identified 163 pairs (antibody peptide, SAAV) with significant co-occurrence pattern in the 90 samples. The presence of co-expressed antibody and mutated peptides was correlated with survival time of the individuals. Our results suggest that AbScan(https://github.com/csw407/AbScan.git) is an effective tool for a proteomic exploration of the immune response in cancers.nnnnO_TBL View this table:norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@62001corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f542faorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10048d0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac5a75org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@66db0f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cha, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonissone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antibody repertoire of colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When conflict cannot be avoided: executive control dominates early selective sensory modulations during cognitive conflict 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When different sources of sensory information suggest competing behavioral responses, the efficiency of decision-making is impaired. Prior work suggests that at least two mechanisms may play a role in mitigating this interference: using early selective attention to extract the most relevant sensory inputs to avoid conflict or increasing the efficiency of the executive control network to resolve conflict during post-perceptual processing. To test these alternatives, we combined a stimulus-frequency tagging technique with a classic color-word Stroop paradigm, where color-bar targets and letter-string distractors were simultaneously flickered at different frequencies. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we measured the quality of early sensory processing by assessing the amplitude of steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited by the targets and distractors. We also measured the engagement of the executive control network by assessing changes in frontal theta (4-7Hz) and posterior alpha oscillations (8-14Hz). Counter to the  early selective sensory modulation account, the amplitude of the SSVEP response was not modulated by manipulations of color/word congruency, while the frontal theta activity increased and the posterior alpha activity decreased in response to conflict. Moreover, target-related SSVEP amplitude was not correlated with response times (RTs) and a higher (not lower) distractor-related SSVEP amplitude predicted faster RTs. On the other hand, the amplitude of the frontal theta and alpha activity was highly correlated with RTs, irrespective of conflict levels. Over all, these results highlight the dominant role of the executive control network in conflict resolution during post-perceptual processing.nnSignificance StatementConflicting information interferes with decision-making. However, this interference can be mitigated either by extracting the most relevant inputs during early sensory processing or by increasing the efficiency of the executive control processes to resolve conflict. By measuring electroencephalography (EEG) in humans performing a modified color-word Stroop task, we examined early sensory responses evoked by targets and distractors while simultaneously monitoring frontal theta and posterior alpha oscillations to index the activation of the executive control network. We found evidence that the executive control network played a more prominent role in resolving conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When conflict cannot be avoided: executive control dominates early selective sensory modulations during cognitive conflict]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building a genome browser with GIVE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing popularity and diversity of genomic data demands portable and versatile genome browsers. Here, we present an open source programming library, called GIVE that facilitates creation of personalized genome browsers without requiring a system administrator. By inserting HTML tags, one can add to a personal webpage interactive visualization of multiple types of genomics data, including genome annotation, "linear" quantitative data (wiggle), and genome interaction data. GIVE includes a graphical interface called HUG (HTML Universal Generator) that automatically generates HTML code for displaying user chosen data, which can be copy-pasted into users personal website or saved and shared with collaborators. The simplicity of use was enabled by encapsulation of novel data communication and visualization technologies, including new data structures, a memory management method, and a double layer display method. GIVE is available at: http://www.givengine.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building a genome browser with GIVE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale study of metabolic complementation in endosymbiotic consortia: the case of the cedar aphid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial endosymbionts and their insect hosts establish an intimate metabolic relationship. Bacteria offer a variety of essential nutrients to their hosts, whereas insect cells provide the necessary sources of matter and energy to their tiny metabolic allies. These nutritional complementations sustain themselves on a diversity of metabolite exchanges between the cell host and the reduced yet highly specialized bacterial metabolism -which, for instance, overproduces a small set of essential amino acids and vitamins. A well-known case of metabolic complementation is provided by the cedar aphid Cinara cedri that harbors two co-primary endosymbionts, Buchnera aphidicola BCc and Ca. Serratia symbiotica SCc, and in which some metabolic pathways are partitioned between different partners. Here we present a genome scale metabolic network (GEM) for the bacterial consortium from the cedar aphid iBSCc. The analysis of this GEM allows us the confirmation of cases of metabolic complementation previously described by genome analysis (i.e. tryptophan and biotin biosynthesis) and the proposal of a hitherto unnoticed event of metabolic pathway sharing between the two endosymbionts, namely the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate. In silico knock-out experiments with iBSCc showed that the consortium metabolism is a highly integrated yet fragile network. We also have explored the evolutionary pathways leading to the emergence of metabolic complementation between reduced metabolisms starting from individual, complete networks. Our results suggest that, during the establishment of metabolic complementation in endosymbionts, adaptive evolution is more significant than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponce-de-Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamarit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle-Espinosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale study of metabolic complementation in endosymbiotic consortia: the case of the cedar aphid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural algorithm for a fundamental computing problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similarity search, such as identifying similar images in a database or similar documents on the Web, is a fundamental computing problem faced by many large-scale information retrieval systems. We discovered that the flys olfac-tory circuit solves this problem using a novel variant of a traditional computer science algorithm (called locality-sensitive hashing). The flys circuit assigns similar neural activity patterns to similar input stimuli (odors), so that behav-iors learned from one odor can be applied when a similar odor is experienced. The flys algorithm, however, uses three new computational ingredients that depart from traditional approaches. We show that these ingredients can be translated to improve the performance of similarity search compared to tra-ditional algorithms when evaluated on several benchmark datasets. Overall, this perspective helps illuminate the logic supporting an important sensory function (olfaction), and it provides a conceptually new algorithm for solving a fundamental computational problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navlakha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural algorithm for a fundamental computing problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic post-translational control of bacterial metabolism regulates adaptation in dynamic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across all domains of life, elaborate control mechanisms regulate proteins, pathways, and cell phenotypes as organisms adapt to ever-changing environments. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow cells to rapidly and reversibly regulate molecular pathways, but it remains unclear how individual PTMs regulate fitness. Here, we studied >130 PTM sites in Escherichia coli to unravel how PTMs regulate cell metabolism and fitness in response to environmental changes, such as the glucose-acetate diauxie. Using a new metabolic modeling approach, we found a significant fraction of post-translationally modified enzymes are predicted to control shifts in pathway usage following evolutionarily-important environmental changes. Genetic screens using Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering confirmed that these PTMs impact cellular fitness, especially under dynamically changing environments. Finally, mechanisms of how individual PTMs impact protein function were detailed using molecular dynamics simulations and enzyme assays for enolase, transaldolase, and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Thus, by integrating whole-cell data and pathway modeling with detailed biochemical analysis, we unraveled how individual PTMs regulate enzymes, pathways, and phenotypes to adapt to sudden environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckmiller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic post-translational control of bacterial metabolism regulates adaptation in dynamic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCR4 involvement in neurodegenerative diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases likely share common underlying pathobiology. Although prior work has identified susceptibility loci associated with various dementias, few, if any, studies have systematically evaluated shared genetic risk across several neurodegenerative diseases. Using genome-wide association data from large studies (total n = 82,337 cases and controls), we utilized a previously validated approach to identify genetic overlap and reveal common pathways between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinsons disease (PD) and Alzheimers disease (AD). In addition to the MAPT H1 haplotype, we identified a variant near the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that was jointly associated with increased risk for PSP and PD. Using bioinformatics tools, we found strong physical interactions between CXCR4 and four microglia related genes, namely CXCL12, TLR2, RALB and CCR5. Evaluating gene expression from post-mortem brain tissue, we found that expression of CXCR4 and microglial genes functionally related to CXCR4 was dysregulated across a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in a mouse model of tauopathy, expression of CXCR4 and functionally associated genes was significantly altered in regions of the mouse brain that accumulate neurofibrillary tangles most robustly. Beyond MAPT, we show dysregulation of CXCR4 expression in PSP, PD, and FTD brains, and mouse models of tau pathology. Our multi-modal findings suggest that abnormal signaling across a  network of microglial genes may contribute to neurodegeneration and may have potential implications for clinical trials targeting immune dysfunction in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonham, L</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geier, E</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, N</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broce, I</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkovich, M</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, R</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momeni, P</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höeglinger, G</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, U</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, C</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, W</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkovich, A</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCR4 involvement in neurodegenerative diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of 3D-protein structures informed by human genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence variation data of the human proteome can be used to analyze 3-dimensional (3D) protein structures to derive functional insights. We used genetic variant data from nearly 150,000 individuals to analyze 3D positional conservation in 4,390 protein structures using 481,708 missense and 264,257 synonymous variants. Sixty percent of protein structures harbor at least one intolerant 3D site as defined by significant depletion of observed over expected missense variation. We established an Angstrom-scale distribution of annotated pathogenic missense variants and showed that they accumulate in proximity to the most intolerant 3D sites. Structural intolerance data correlated with experimental functional read-outs in vitro. The 3D structural intolerance analysis revealed characteristic features of ligand binding pockets, orthosteric and allosteric sites. The identification of novel functional 3D sites based on human genetic data helps to validate, rank or predict drug target binding sites in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Iulio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abagyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of 3D-protein structures informed by human genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual RNAseq shows the human mucosal immunity protein, MUC13, is a hallmark of Plasmodium exoerythrocytic infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium malaria infection is a critical window for prophylactic intervention. Using a genome-wide dual RNA sequencing of flow-sorted infected and uninfected hepatoma cells we identify the human mucosal immunity gene, Mucin13 (MUC13), as strongly upregulated during Plasmodium exoerythrocytic hepatic-stage infection. We confirm that MUC13 expression is upregulated in hepatoma cell lines and primary hepatocytes. In immunofluorescence assays, host MUC13 protein expression distinguishes infected cells from adjacent uninfected cells and shows similar colocalization with parasite biomarkers such as UIS4 and HSP70. We further show that localization patterns are species independent, distinguishing both P. berghei and P. vivax infected cells, and that MUC13 can be used to identify compounds that inhibit parasite replication in hepatocytes across all Human-infecting Plasmodium species. This data presents a novel interface of host-parasite interactions in Plasmodium, in that a component of host mucosal immunity is reprogrammed to assist the progression of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orjuela-Sanchez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel- Haleem Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa-Galarce, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong-Rios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual RNAseq shows the human mucosal immunity protein, MUC13, is a hallmark of Plasmodium exoerythrocytic infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversal of molecular pathology by RNA-targeting Cas9 in a myotonic dystrophy mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dominantly inherited, multi-systemic disease myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) is caused by triplet repeat CTG expansions in the DMPK gene and is the most common form of adult-onset muscular dystrophy. Elimination of the toxic, repetitive CUG RNA constitutes a therapeutic for this disease. We report an RNA-targeting Cas9 (RCas9) system that supports efficient reversal of DM1 phenotypes via delivery to adult poly(CUG) DM1 mouse muscle using adeno-associated virus (AAV). We observe elimination of CUG RNA, restoration of CUG foci-associated Mbnl1 protein to wild-type subcellular localization, correction of DM1-type alternative splicing patterns in candidate genes including the voltage-gated chloride channel 1 (Clcn1) responsible for characteristic myotonia, recovery of Clcn1 staining, and reduction in centralized myonuclei. Our results establish RCas9 as a potential long-term in vivo therapeutic for DM1.nnOne Sentence SummaryA repurposed CRISPR system termed RNA-targeting Cas9 reverses the molecular pathology associated with the most common type of adult onset muscular dystrophy in adult mouse muscle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snjader, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversal of molecular pathology by RNA-targeting Cas9 in a myotonic dystrophy mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha oscillations control cortical gain by modulating excitatory-inhibitory background activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first recordings of human brain activity in 1929 revealed a striking 8-12 Hz oscillation in the visual cortex. During the intervening 90 years, these alpha oscillations have been linked to numerous physiological and cognitive processes. However, because of the vast and seemingly contradictory cognitive and physiological processes to which it has been related, the physiological function of alpha remains unclear. We identify a novel neural circuit mechanism--the modulation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in a balanced configuration--by which alpha can modulate gain. We find that this model naturally unifies the prior, highly diverse reports on alpha dynamics, while making the novel prediction that alpha rhythms have two functional roles: a sustained high-power mode that suppresses scortical gain and a weak, bursting mode that enhances gain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha oscillations control cortical gain by modulating excitatory-inhibitory background activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of Slow Spontaneous Resting-State Neuronal Fluctuations in Brain Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting or baseline state low frequency (0.01-0.2 Hz) brain activity has been observed in fMRI, EEG and LFP recordings. These fluctuations were found to be correlated across brain regions, and are thought to reflect neuronal activity fluctuations between functionally connected areas of the brain. However, the origin of these infra-slow fluctuations remains unknown. Here, using a detailed computational model of the brain network, we show that spontaneous infra-slow (< 0.05 Hz) fluctuations could originate due to the ion concentration dynamics. The computational model implemented dynamics for intra and extracellular K+ and Na+ and intracellular Cl- ions, Na+/K+ exchange pump, and KCC2 co-transporter. In the network model representing resting awake-like brain state, we observed slow fluctuations in the extracellular K+ concentration, Na+/K+ pump activation, firing rate of neurons and local field potentials. Holding K+ concentration constant prevented generation of these fluctuations. The amplitude and peak frequency of this activity were modulated by Na+/K+ pump, AMPA/GABA synaptic currents and glial properties. Further, in a large-scale network with long-range connections based on CoCoMac connectivity data, the infra-slow fluctuations became synchronized among remote clusters similar to the resting-state networks observed in vivo. Overall, our study proposes that ion concentration dynamics mediated by neuronal and glial activity may contribute to the generation of very slow spontaneous fluctuations of brain activity that are observed as the resting-state fluctuations in fMRI and EEG recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of Slow Spontaneous Resting-State Neuronal Fluctuations in Brain Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of human pancreatic islet genomic data refines regulatory mechanisms at Type 2 Diabetes susceptibility loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetic studies have emphasised the dominant contribution of pancreatic islet dysfunction to development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, limited annotation of the islet epigenome has constrained efforts to define the molecular mechanisms mediating the, largely regulatory, signals revealed by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). We characterised patterns of chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq, n=17) and DNA methylation (whole-genome bisulphite sequencing, n=10) in human islets, generating high-resolution chromatin state maps through integration with established ChIP-seq marks. We found enrichment of GWAS signals for T2D and fasting glucose was concentrated in subsets of islet enhancers characterised by open chromatin and hypomethylation, with the former annotation predominant. At several loci (including CDC123, ADCY5, KLHDC5) the combination of fine-mapping genetic data and chromatin state enrichment maps, supplemented by allelic imbalance in chromatin accessibility pinpointed likely causal variants. The combination of increasingly-precise genetic and islet epigenomic information accelerates definition of causal mechanisms implicated in T2D pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thurner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Bunt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nylander, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakyan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloyn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of human pancreatic islet genomic data refines regulatory mechanisms at Type 2 Diabetes susceptibility loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incomplete identification of structural variants (SVs) from whole-genome sequencing data limits studies of human genetic diversity and disease association. Here, we apply a suite of long-read, short-read, and strand-specific sequencing technologies, optical mapping, and variant discovery algorithms to comprehensively analyze three human parent-child trios to define the full spectrum of human genetic variation in a haplotype-resolved manner. We identify 818,054 indel variants (<50 bp) and 27,622 SVs ([&ge;]50 bp) per human genome. We also discover 156 inversions per genome--most of which previously escaped detection. Fifty-eight of the inversions we discovered intersect with the critical regions of recurrent microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. Taken together, our SV callsets represent a sevenfold increase in SV detection compared to most standard high-throughput sequencing studies, including those from the 1000 Genomes Project. The method and the dataset serve as a gold standard for the scientific community and we make specific recommendations for maximizing structural variation sensitivity for future large-scale genome sequencing studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantsilieris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerveira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gujral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guryev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes-Heaton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CYK-4 functions independently of its centralspindlin partner ZEN-4 to cellularize oocytes in germline syncytia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout metazoans, germ cells undergo incomplete cytokinesis to form syncytia connected by intercellular bridges. Formation of gametes ultimately requires bridge closure. Here, we investigate the contribution of the conserved bridge component centralspindlin to oocyte production in C. elegans. Centralspindlin is composed of the Rho family GTPase-activating protein (GAP) CYK-4/MgcRacGAP and the microtubule motor ZEN-4/kinesin-6, which are both essential for cytokinesis. In contrast, we show that oocyte production by the syncytial germline requires CYK-4 but not ZEN-4. Longitudinal imaging after conditional CYK-4 inactivation revealed a role in oocyte cellularization, rather than in generation of syncytial compartments. CYK-4s lipid-binding C1 domain and the GTPase-binding interface of its GAP domain were individually important for oocyte cellularization and for targeting CYK-4 to bridges, where it contributes to enrichment of active RhoA. These results identify a C1-GAP module in CYK-4 that recruits it to bridges in the germline and directs their closure to produce oocytes.nnIMPACT STATEMENTThe CYK-4 subunit of centralspindlin, a broadly conserved component of intercellular bridges across metazoa, is required for the cytokinesis-like closure of intercellular bridges that cellularizes oocytes to separate them from germline syncytia.nnMAJOR SUBJECT AREASCell Biology, Developmental Biology & Stem Cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cavazos, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolotuev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CYK-4 functions independently of its centralspindlin partner ZEN-4 to cellularize oocytes in germline syncytia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the ENIGMA consortium presents the largest ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and brain size (indexed by intracranial volume). Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (N = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing modest but highly reliable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified, and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.nnSignificance StatementLeft-right asymmetry is a key feature of the human brain's structure and function. It remains unclear which cortical regions are asymmetrical on average in the population, and how biological factors such as age, sex and genetic variation affect these asymmetries. Here we describe by far the largest ever study of cerebral cortical brain asymmetry, based on data from 17,141 participants. We found a global anterior-posterior 'torque' pattern in cortical thickness, together with various regional asymmetries at the population level, which have not been previously described, as well as effects of age, sex, and heritability estimates. From these data, we have created an on-line resource that will serve future studies of human brain anatomy in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadalupe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boedhoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canive, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caparelli, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chant</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving building blocks of rhythm: How human cognition creates music via cultural transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musical rhythm, in all its cross-cultural diversity, exhibits several commonalities across world cultures. Traditionally, music research has been split in two fields. Some scientists focused on musicality, namely the human biocognitive predispositions for music, with an emphasis on cross-cultural similarities. Other scholars investigated music, seen as cultural product, focusing on the large variation in world musical cultures. Recent experiments found deep connections between music and musicality, reconciling these opposing views. Here we address the question of how individual cognitive biases affect the process of cultural evolution of music. Data from two experiments is analyzed using two different, complementary techniques. In the experiments, participants hear drumming patterns and imitate them. These patterns are then given to the same or another participant to imitate. The structure of these - initially random - patterns is tracked down to later experimental  generations. Frequentist statistics show how participants biases are amplified by cultural transmission, making drumming patterns more structured. Structure is achieved faster than in transmission within, rather than between, participants. A Bayesian model approximates the motif structures participants learned and created. Overall, our data and model show that individual biases for musicality play a central role in shaping cultural transmission of musical rhythm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravignani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving building blocks of rhythm: How human cognition creates music via cultural transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.10.871905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting microbe-metabolite interactions: doing better than random 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.10.871905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Recently, Quinn and Erb et al [1] made the case that when used correctly, correlation and proportionality can outperform MMvec when identifying microbe-metabolite interactions. We revisit this comparison and show that the proposed correlation and proportionality are outperformed by MMvec on real data due to their inability to deal with sparsity commonly observed in microbiome and metabolome datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Scaglia, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Goethem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokulich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.10.871905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting microbe-metabolite interactions: doing better than random]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nucleus multi-omics links human cortical cell regulatory genome diversity to disease risk variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell technologies enable measure of unique cellular signatures, but are typically limited to a single modality. Computational approaches allow integration of diverse single-cell datasets, but their efficacy is difficult to validate in the absence of authentic multi-omic measurements. To comprehensively assess the molecular phenotypes of single cells in tissues, we devised single-nucleus methylCytosine, Chromatin accessibility and Transcriptome sequencing (snmC2T-seq) and applied it to post-mortem human frontal cortex tissue. We developed a computational framework to validate fine-grained cell types using multi-modal information and assessed the effectiveness of computational integration methods. Correlation analysis in individual cells revealed distinct relations between methylation and gene expression. Our integrative approach enabled joint analyses of the methylome, transcriptome, chromatin accessibility and conformation for 63 human cortical cell types. We reconstructed regulatory lineages for cortical cell populations and found specific enrichment of genetic risk for neuropsychiatric traits, enabling prediction of cell types with causal roles in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siletti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mash, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nucleus multi-omics links human cortical cell regulatory genome diversity to disease risk variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput screening of the ReFRAME library identifies potential drug repurposing candidates for Trypanosoma cruzi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chagas disease, caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects between 6 and 7 million people worldwide, with an estimated 300,000 to 1 million of these cases in the United States. In the chronic phase of infection, T. cruzi can cause severe gastrointestinal and cardiac disease, which can be fatal. Currently, only benznidazole is clinically-approved by the FDA for pediatric use to treat this infection in the USA. Toxicity associated with this compound has driven the search for new anti-Chagas agents. Drug repurposing is a particularly attractive strategy for neglected diseases, as pharmacological parameters and toxicity are already known for these compounds, reducing costs and saving time in the drug development pipeline. Here, we screened ~ 12,000 compounds from the ReFRAME library, a collection of drugs or compounds with confirmed clinical safety, against T. cruzi. We identified 7 compounds of interest with potent in vitro activity against the parasite with a therapeutic index of 10 or greater, including the previously-unreported activity of the antiherpetic compound 348U87. These results provide the framework for further development of new T. cruzi leads that can potentially move quickly to the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput screening of the ReFRAME library identifies potential drug repurposing candidates for Trypanosoma cruzi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voluntary and involuntary orienting of attention elicit similar lateralized changes in alpha activity and slow potential shifts over visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial attention can be oriented endogenously, based on current task goals, or exogenously, triggered by salient events in the environment. Based upon literature demonstrating differences in the time course and neural substrates of each type of orienting, these two attention systems are often treated as fundamentally distinct. However, recent studies suggest that rhythmic neural activity in the alpha band (8-13Hz) and slow waves in the event-related potential (ERP) may emerge over parietal-occipital cortex following both endogenous and exogenous attention cues. To assess whether these neural changes index common processes of spatial attention, we conducted two within-subject experiments varying the two main dimensions over which endogenous and exogenous attention tasks typically differ: cue informativity (spatially predictive vs. non-predictive) and cue format (centrally vs. peripherally presented). This task design allowed us to tease apart neural changes related to top-down goals and those driven by the reflexive orienting of spatial attention, as well as examine their interactions in a novel hybrid cross-modal attention task. Our data demonstrate that both central and peripheral cues elicit lateralized ERPs over parietal-occipital cortex, though at different points in time, consistent with these ERPs reflecting the orienting of spatial attention. Lateralized alpha activity was also present across all tasks, emerging rapidly for peripheral cues and sustaining only for spatially informative cues. Overall, these data indicate that distinct slow-wave ERPs index the spatial orienting of endogenous and exogenous attention, while lateralized alpha activity represents a common signature of visual enhancement in anticipation of potential targets across both types of attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keefe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoermer, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voluntary and involuntary orienting of attention elicit similar lateralized changes in alpha activity and slow potential shifts over visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polycomb-mediated repression compensates for loss of postnatal DNA methylation in excitatory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two epigenetic pathways of repression, DNA methylation and Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediated gene silencing, regulate neuron development and function, but their respective contributions are unknown. We found that conditional loss of the de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in mouse excitatory neurons altered expression of synapse-related genes, stunted synapse maturation, and impaired working memory and social interest. Loss of Dnmt3a abolished postnatal accumulation of CG and non-CG DNA methylation, leaving neurons with an unmethylated, fetal-like epigenomic pattern at -140,000 genomic regions. The PRC2-associated histone modification H3K27me3 increased at many of these sites, partially compensating for the loss of DNA methylation. Our data support a dynamic interaction between two fundamental modes of epigenetic repression during postnatal maturation of excitatory neurons, which together confer robustness on neuronal regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.883694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polycomb-mediated repression compensates for loss of postnatal DNA methylation in excitatory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV Care Prioritization using Phylogenetic Branch Length 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWIn HIV epidemics, the structure of the transmission network can be dictated by just a few individuals. Public health intervention, such as ensuring people living with HIV adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are continually virally-suppressed, can help control the spread of the virus. However, such intervention requires utilizing the limited public health resource allocations. As a result, the ability to determine which individuals are most at-risk of transmitting HIV could allow public health officials to focus their limited resources on these individuals. Molecular epidemiology suggests an approach: prioritizing people living with HIV based on patterns of transmission inferred from their sampled viral sequences. In this paper, we introduce ProACT (Prioritization using AnCesTral edge lengths), a phylogenetic approach for prioritizing individuals living with HIV. ProACT uses a simple idea: ordering individuals by their terminal branch length in the phylogeny of their virus. In simulations and also on a dataset of HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences obtained in San Diego, we show that this simple strategy improves the effectiveness of prioritization compared to state-of-the-art methods that rely on monitoring the growth of transmission clusters defined based on genetic distance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV Care Prioritization using Phylogenetic Branch Length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TandemMapper and TandemQUAST: mapping long reads and assessing/improving assembly quality in extra-long tandem repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extra-long tandem repeats (ETRs) are widespread in eukaryotic genomes and play an important role in fundamental cellular processes, such as chromosome segregation. Although emerging long-read technologies have enabled ETR assemblies, the accuracy of such assemblies is difficult to evaluate since there is no standard tool for their quality assessment. Moreover, since the mapping of long error-prone reads to ETR remains an open problem, it is not clear how to polish draft ETR assemblies. To address these problems, we developed the tandemMapper tool for mapping reads to ETRs and the tandemQUAST tool for polishing ETR assemblies and their quality assessment. We demonstrate that tandemQUAST not only reveals errors in and evaluates ETR assemblies, but also improves them. To illustrate how tandemMapper and tandemQUAST work, we apply them to recently generated assemblies of human centromeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TandemMapper and TandemQUAST: mapping long reads and assessing/improving assembly quality in extra-long tandem repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reclassification of SLC22 Transporters: Analysis of OAT, OCT, OCTN, and other Family Members Reveals 8 Functional Subgroups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among transporters, the SLC22 family is emerging as a central hub of endogenous physiology. The family consists of organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs) and zwitterion transporters (OCTNs). Despite being known as "drug" transporters, these multi-specific, oligo-specific, and relatively mono-specific transporters facilitate the movement of metabolites and key signaling molecules. An in-depth reanalysis supports a reassignment of these proteins into eight functional subgroups with four new subgroups arising from the previously defined OAT subclade. These OAT subgroups are: OATS1 (SLC22A6, SLC22A8, and SLC22A20), OATS2 (SLC22A7), OATS3 (SLC22A11, SLC22A12, and Slc22a22), and OATS4 (SLC22A9, SLC22A10, SLC22A24, and SLC22A25). We propose merging the OCTN (SLC22A4, SLC22A5, and Slc22a21) and OCT-related (SLC22A15 and SLC22A16) subclades into the OCTN/OCTN-related subgroup. Functional support for the eight subgroups comes from network analysis of data from GWAS, in vivo models, and in vitro assays. These data emphasize shared substrate specificity of SLC22 transporters for characteristic metabolites such as prostaglandins, uric acid, carnitine, creatinine, and estrone sulfate. Some important subgroup associations include: OATS1 with metabolites, signaling molecules, uremic toxins and odorants, OATS2 with cyclic nucleotides, OATS3 with uric acid, OATS4 with conjugated sex hormones, particularly etiocholanolone glucuronide, OCT with monoamine neurotransmitters, and OCTN/OCTN-related with ergothioneine and carnitine derivatives. The OAT-like and OAT-related subgroups remain understudied and therefore do not have assigned functionality. Relatedness within subgroups is supported by multiple sequence alignments, evolutionarily conserved protein motifs, genomic localization, and tissue expression. We also highlight low level sequence similarity of SLC22 members with other non-transport proteins. Our data suggest that the SLC22 family can work among itself, as well as with other transporters and enzymes, to optimize levels of numerous metabolites and signaling molecules, as proposed by the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelhart, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigam, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reclassification of SLC22 Transporters: Analysis of OAT, OCT, OCTN, and other Family Members Reveals 8 Functional Subgroups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson's Disease-linked LRRK2 structure and model for microtubule interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most commonly mutated gene in familial Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 is proposed to function in membrane trafficking and co-localizes with microtubules. We report the 3.5[A] structure of the catalytic half of LRRK2, and an atomic model of microtubule-associated LRRK2 built using a reported 14[A] cryo-electron tomography in situ structure. We propose that the conformation of LRRK2s kinase domain regulates its microtubule interaction, with a closed conformation favoring binding. We show that the catalytic half of LRRK2 is sufficient for microtubule binding and blocks the motility of the microtubule-based motors kinesin and dynein in vitro. Kinase inhibitors that stabilize an open conformation relieve this interference and reduce LRRK2 filament formation in cells, while those that stabilize a closed conformation do not. Our findings suggest that LRRK2 is a roadblock for microtubule-based motors and have implications for the design of therapeutic LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deniston, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salogiannis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snead, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donosa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böhning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson's Disease-linked LRRK2 structure and model for microtubule interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factor analyses suggest that impulsivity traits that capture tendencies to act prematurely or take risks tap partially distinct constructs. We applied genomic structure equation modeling to evaluate the genetic factor structure of two well-established impulsivity questionnaires, using published genome-wide association study statistics from up to 22,861 participants. We also tested the hypotheses that delay discounting would be genetically separable from other impulsivity factors, and that emotionally-triggered facets of impulsivity (urgency) would be those most strongly genetically correlated with an internalizing latent factor. A five-factor model best fit the impulsivity data. Delay discounting was genetically distinct from these five factors. As expected, the two urgency subscales were most strongly related to an Internalizing Psychopathology latent factor. These findings provide empirical genetic evidence that impulsivity can be disarticulated into distinct categories of differential relevance for internalizing psychopathology. They also demonstrate how measured genetic markers can be used to inform theories of psychology/personality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling networks are spatiotemporally organized in order to sense diverse inputs, process information, and carry out specific cellular tasks. In pancreatic {beta} cells, Ca2+, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and Protein Kinase A (PKA) exist in an oscillatory circuit characterized by a high degree of feedback, which allows for specific signaling controls based on the oscillation frequencies. Here, we describe a novel mode of regulation within this circuit involving a spatial dependence of the relative phase between cAMP, PKA, and Ca2+. We show that nanodomain clustering of Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases drives oscillations of local cAMP levels to be precisely in-phase with Ca2+ oscillations, whereas Ca2+-sensitive phosphodiesterases maintain out-of-phase oscillations outside of the nanodomain, representing a striking example and novel mechanism of cAMP compartmentation. Disruption of this precise in-phase relationship perturbs Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that the relative phase within an oscillatory circuit can encode specific functional information. This example of a signaling nanodomain utilized for localized tuning of an oscillatory circuit has broad implications for the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially compartmentalized phase regulation of a Ca2+-cAMP-PKA oscillatory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological Frequency Band Ratio Measures Conflate Periodic and Aperiodic Neural Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.900977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common analysis measure for neuro-electrophysiological recordings is to compute the power ratio between two frequency bands. Applications of band ratio measures include investigations of cognitive processes as well as biomarkers for conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Band ratio measures are typically interpreted as reflecting quantitative measures of periodic, or oscillatory, activity, which implicitly assumes that a ratio is measuring the relative powers of two distinct periodic components that are well captured by predefined frequency ranges. However, electrophysiological signals contain periodic components and a 1/f-like aperiodic component, which contributes power across all frequencies. In this work, we investigate whether band ratio measures reflect power differences between two oscillations, as intended. We examine to what extent ratios may instead reflect other periodic changes--such as in center frequency or bandwidth--and/or aperiodic activity. We test this first in simulation, exploring how band ratio measures relate to changes in multiple spectral features. In simulation, we show how multiple periodic and aperiodic features affect band ratio measures. We then validate these findings in a large electroencephalography (EEG) dataset, comparing band ratio measures to parameterizations of power spectral features. In EEG, we find that multiple disparate features influence ratio measures. For example, the commonly applied theta / beta ratio is most reflective of differences in aperiodic activity, and not oscillatory theta or beta power. Collectively, we show how periodic and aperiodic features can drive the same observed changes in band ratio measures. Our results demonstrate how ratio measures reflect different features in different contexts, inconsistent with their typical interpretations. We conclude that band ratio measures are non-specific, conflating multiple possible underlying spectral changes. Explicit parameterization of neural power spectra is better able to provide measurement specificity, elucidating which components of the data change in what ways, allowing for more appropriate physiological interpretations.

Materials Descriptions & Availability StatementsO_ST_ABSProject RepositoryC_ST_ABSThis project is also made openly available through an online project repository in which the code and data are made available, with step-by-step guides through the analyses.

Project Repository: http://github.com/voytekresearch/BandRatios

DatasetsThis project uses simulated data, literature text mining data, and electroencephalography data.

Simulated DataThe simulations used in this project are created with openly available software packages. Settings and code to re-generate simulated data is available with the open-access code for the project. Copies of the simulated data that were used in this investigation are available in the project repository.

Literature DataLiterature data for this project was collected from the PubMed database. Exact search terms used to collect the data are available in the project repository. The exact data collected from the literature and meta-data about the collection are saved and available in the project repository.

EEG DataThe EEG data used in this project is from the openly available dataset, the  Multimodal Resource for Studying Information processing in the Developing Brain (MIPDB) database. This dataset is created and released by the Childmind Institute. This dataset was released and is re-used here under the terms of the Creative Commons-Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share-Alike License (CC-BY-NC-SA), and is described in (Langer et al., 2017).

Child Mind Institute: https://childmind.org

Data Portal: http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/cmi_eeg/

SoftwareCode used and written for this project was written in the Python programming language. All the code used within this project is deposited in the project repository and is made openly available and licensed for re-use.

As well as standard library Python, this project uses 3rd party software packages numpy and pandas for data management, scipy for data processing, matplotlib and seaborn for data visualization and MNE for managing and pre-processing data.

This project also uses open-source Python packages developed and released by the authors:

Simulations and spectral parameterization were done using the FOOOF toolbox.

Code Repository: https://github.com/fooof-tools/fooof

Literature collection and analyses were done using the LISC toolbox.

Code Repository: https://github.com/lisc-tools/lisc
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.900977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological Frequency Band Ratio Measures Conflate Periodic and Aperiodic Neural Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algorithmic Learning for Auto-deconvolution of GC-MS Data to Enable Molecular Networking within GNPS. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) represents an analytical technique with significant practical societal impact. Spectral deconvolution is an essential step for interpreting GC-MS data. No public GC-MS repositories that also enable repository-scale analysis exist, in part because deconvolution requires significant user input. We therefore engineered a scalable machine learning workflow for the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) analysis platform to enable the mass spectrometry community to store, process, share, annotate, compare, and perform molecular networking of GC-MS data. The workflow performs auto-deconvolution of compound fragmentation patterns via unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization, using a Fast Fourier Transform-based strategy to overcome scalability limitations. We introduce a "balance score" that quantifies the reproducibility of fragmentation patterns across all samples. We demonstrate the utility of the platform with breathomics analysis applied to the early detection of oesophago-gastric cancer, and by creating the first molecular spatial map of the human volatilome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laponogov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belluomo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carazzone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amézquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callewaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albarracin Orio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smania, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillion, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnet, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artaev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humston-Fulmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algorithmic Learning for Auto-deconvolution of GC-MS Data to Enable Molecular Networking within GNPS.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong intracellular signal inactivation produces sharper and more robust signaling from cell membrane to nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a chemical signal to propagate across a cell, it must navigate a tortuous environment involving a variety of organelle barriers. In this work we study mathematical models for a basic chemical signal, the arrival times at the nuclear membrane of proteins that are activated at the cell membrane and diffuse throughout the cytosol. Organelle surfaces within human B cells are reconstructed from soft X-ray tomographic images, and modeled as reflecting barriers to the molecules diffusion. We show that signal inactivation sharpens signals, reducing variability in the arrival time at the nuclear membrane. Inactivation can also compensate for an observed slowdown in signal propagation induced by the presence of organelle barriers, leading to arrival times at the nuclear membrane that are comparable to models in which the cytosol is treated as an open, empty region. In the limit of strong signal inactivation this is achieved by filtering out molecules that traverse non-geodesic paths.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gros, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskin, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong intracellular signal inactivation produces sharper and more robust signaling from cell membrane to nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Instability of Adherens Junctions Overrides Intrinsic Quiescence of Hair Follicle Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.17.909937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vinculin, a mechanotransducer associated with both adherens junctions (AJ) and focal adhesions (FA) plays a central role in force transmission through these cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. Here we describe the conditional knock out (KO) of vinculin in murine skin. Remarkably, we find that the loss of vinculin function results in the loss of bulge stem cell (BuSC) quiescence. We demonstrate that vinculin KO cells are impaired in force generation resulting in mechanically weak AJs. Mechanistically, vinculin functions by keeping -catenin in a stretched conformation, which in turn regulates the retention of YAP1, another potent mechanotransducer and regulator of cell proliferation, to the junctions. Conditional KO of -catenin specifically in the BuSCs further corroborates the importance of stable AJs in the maintenance of quiescence and stemness. Altogether, our data provides definitive mechanistic insights into the hitherto unexplored regulatory link between the mechanical stability of cell-junctions and the maintenance of BuSC quiescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lembo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutyavin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palakodeti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamora, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasioukhin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.909937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Instability of Adherens Junctions Overrides Intrinsic Quiescence of Hair Follicle Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Sponge Droplets as Programmable Synthetic Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living cells segregate molecules and reactions in various subcellular compartments known as organelles. Spatial organization is likely essential for expanding the biochemical functions of synthetic reaction systems, including artificial cells. Many studies have attempted to mimic organelle functions using lamellar membrane-bound vesicles. However, vesicles typically suffer from highly limited transport across the membranes and an inability to mimic the dense membrane networks typically found in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we describe programmable synthetic organelles based on highly stable nonlamellar sponge phase droplets that spontaneously assemble from a single-chain galactolipid and non-ionic detergents. Due to their nanoporous structure, lipid sponge droplets readily exchange materials with the surrounding environment. In addition, the sponge phase contains a dense network of lipid bilayers and nanometric aqueous channels, which allows different classes of molecules to partition based on their size, polarity, and specific binding motifs. The sequestration of biologically relevant macromolecules can be programmed by the addition of suitably functionalized amphiphiles to the droplets. We demonstrate that droplets can harbor functional soluble and transmembrane proteins, allowing for the co-localization and concentration of enzymes and substrates to enhance reaction rates. Droplets protect bound proteins from proteases, and these interactions can be engineered to be reversible and optically controlled. Our results show that lipid sponge droplets permit the facile integration of membrane-rich environments and self-assembling spatial organization with biochemical reaction systems.

Significance statementOrganelles spatially and temporally orchestrate biochemical reactions in a cell to a degree of precision that is still unattainable in synthetic reaction systems. Additionally, organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contain highly interconnected and dense membrane networks that provide large reaction spaces for both transmembrane and soluble enzymes. We present lipid sponge droplets to emulate the functions of organelles such as the ER. We demonstrate that lipid sponge droplets can be programmed to internally concentrate specific proteins, host and accelerate biochemical transformations, and to rapidly and reversibly sequester and release proteins to control enzymatic reactions. The self-assembled and programmable nature of lipid sponge droplets will facilitate the integration of complex functions for bottom up synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederholtmeyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolsky, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brea, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.913350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Sponge Droplets as Programmable Synthetic Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.916031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AmpliconReconstructor: Integrated analysis of NGS and optical mapping resolves the complex structures of focal amplifications in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.916031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogene amplification, a major driver of cancer pathogenicity, is often mediated through focal amplification of genomic segments. Recent results implicate extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as the primary mechanism driving focal copy number amplification (fCNA) - enabling gene amplification, rapid tumor evolution, and the rewiring of regulatory circuitry. Resolving an fCNAs structure is a first step in deciphering the mechanisms of its genesis and the subsequent biological consequences. Here, we introduce a powerful new computational method, AmpliconReconstructor (AR), for integrating optical mapping (OM) of long DNA fragments (>150kb) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) to resolve fCNAs at single-nucleotide resolution. AR uses an NGS-derived breakpoint graph alongside OM scaffolds to produce high-fidelity reconstructions. After validating performance by extensive simulations, we used AR to reconstruct fCNAs in seven cancer cell lines to reveal the complex architecture of ecDNA, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and other complex rearrangements. By distinguishing between chromosomal and extrachromosomal origins, and by reconstructing the rearrangement signatures associated with a given fCNAs generative mechanism, AR enables a more thorough understanding of the origins of fCNAs, and their functional consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coruh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehkordi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.916031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AmpliconReconstructor: Integrated analysis of NGS and optical mapping resolves the complex structures of focal amplifications in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematically gap-filling the genome-scale model of CHO cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the leading cell factories for producing recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. In this regard, constraint-based metabolic models are useful platforms to perform computational analysis of cell metabolism. These models need to be regularly updated in order to include the latest biochemical data of the cells, and to increase their predictive power. Here, we provide an update to iCHO1766, the metabolic model of CHO cells.

ResultsWe expanded the existing model of Chinese hamster metabolism with the help of four gap-filling approaches, leading to the addition of 773 new reactions and 335 new genes. We incorporated these into an updated genome-scale metabolic network model of CHO cells, named iCHO2101. In this updated model, the number of reactions and pathways capable of carrying flux is substantially increased.

ConclusionsThe present CHO model is an important step towards more complete metabolic models of CHO cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fouladiha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marashi, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematically gap-filling the genome-scale model of CHO cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAGGIE: leveraging genetic variation to identify DNA sequence motifs mediating transcription factor binding and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation in regulatory elements can alter transcription factor (TF) binding by mutating a TF binding motif, which in turn may affect the activity of the regulatory elements. However, it is unclear which TFs are prone to be affected by a given variant. Current motif analysis tools either prioritize TFs based on motif enrichment without linking to a function or are limited in their applications due to the assumption of linearity between motifs and their functional effects. Here, we present MAGGIE, a novel method for identifying motifs mediating TF binding and function. By leveraging measurements from diverse genotypes, MAGGIE uses a statistical approach to link mutation of a motif to changes of an epigenomic feature without assuming a linear relationship. We benchmark MAGGIE across various applications using both simulated and biological datasets and demonstrate its improvement in sensitivity and specificity compared to the state-of-the-art motif analysis approaches. We use MAGGIE to reveal insights into the divergent functions of distinct NF-{kappa}B factors in the pro-inflammatory macrophages, showing its promise in discovering novel functions of TFs. The Python package for MAGGIE is freely available at https://github.com/zeyang-shen/maggie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeksema, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.925917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAGGIE: leveraging genetic variation to identify DNA sequence motifs mediating transcription factor binding and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell RNAseq atlas of the pathogenic stage of Schistosoma mansoni identifies a key regulator of blood feeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schistosomiasis is an ancient and chronic neglected tropical disease that infects over 240 million people and kills over 200,000 of the worlds poorest people every year1, 2. There are no vaccines and because there is only one drug available, the need for new therapeutics is great. The causative agents of this disease are flatworm parasites that dwell inside the hosts circulation, often for decades, where they feed on blood and lay eggs which are primarily responsible for disease pathology. As metazoans comprised of multiple tissue types, understanding the schistosomes tissues on a molecular level and their functions during what can be decades of successful parasitism could suggest novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we employ single-cell RNAseq to characterize 43,642 cells from the pathogenic (adult) stage of the schistosome lifecycle. From these data, we characterize 68 molecularly distinct cell populations that comprise nearly all tissues described morphologically, including the nervous and reproductive systems. We further uncover a lineage of somatic stem cells responsible for producing and maintaining the parasites gut - the primary tissue responsible for digestion of host blood. Finally, we show that a homologue of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (hnf4) is expressed in this gut lineage and required for gut maintenance, blood feeding and inducing egg-associated pathology in vivo. Together, the data highlight the utility of this single-cell RNAseq atlas to understand schistosome biology and identify potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wendt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell RNAseq atlas of the pathogenic stage of Schistosoma mansoni identifies a key regulator of blood feeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.933192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this paper, we analyze the dynamical behavior of the tumor suppressor protein p53, an essential player in the cellular stress response, which prevents a cell from dividing if severe DNA damage is present. When this response system is malfunctioning, e.g. due to mutations in p53, uncontrolled cell proliferation may lead to the development of cancer. Understanding the behavior of p53 is thus crucial to prevent its failing. It has been shown in various experiments that periodicity of the p53 signal is one of the main descriptors of its dynamics, and that its pulsing behavior (regular vs. spontaneous) indicates the level and type of cellular stress. In the present work, we introduce an algorithm to score the local periodicity of a given time series (such as the p53 signal), which we call Detrended Autocorrelation Periodicity Scoring (DAPS). It applies pitch detection (via autocorrelation) on sliding windows of the entire time series to describe the overall periodicity by a distribution of localized pitch scores. We apply DAPS to the p53 time series obtained from single cell experiments and establish a correlation between the periodicity scoring of a cells p53 signal and the number of cell division events. In particular, we show that high periodicity scoring of p53 is correlated to a low number of cell divisions and vice versa. We show similar results with a more computationally intensive state-of-the-art periodicity scoring algorithm based on topology known as Sw1PerS. This correlation has two major implications: It demonstrates that periodicity scoring of the p53 signal is a good descriptor for cellular stress, and it connects the high variability of p53 periodicity observed in cell populations to the variability in the number of cell division events.

AMS subject classification92C42, 92C37, 62M10
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moosmueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooshkbaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhatir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouryahya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevrekidis, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.933192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its role in dehydration and leaf rolling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cuticle is a hydrophobic layer on the outer surface plant shoots, which serves as an important interaction interface with the environment. It consists of the lipid polymer cutin, embedded with and covered by waxes, and provides protection against stresses including desiccation, UV radiation, and pathogen attack. Bulliform cells form in longitudinal strips on the adaxial leaf surface, and have been implicated in the leaf rolling response observed in drought stressed grass leaves. In this study, we show that bulliform cells of the adult maize leaf epidermis have a specialized cuticle, and we investigate its function along with that of bulliform cells themselves. Analysis of natural variation was used to relate bulliform strip pattering to leaf rolling rate, providing evidence of a role for bulliform cells in leaf rolling. Bulliform cells displayed increased shrinkage compared to other epidermal cell types during dehydration of the leaf, providing a potential mechanism to facilitate leaf rolling. Comparisons of cuticular conductance between adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and between bulliform-enriched mutants vs. wild type siblings, provided evidence that bulliform cells lose water across the cuticle more rapidly than other epidermal cell types. Bulliform cell cuticles have a distinct ultrastructure, and differences in cutin monomer content and composition, compared to other leaf epidermal cells. We hypothesize that this cell type-specific cuticle is more water permeable than the epidermal pavement cell cuticle, facilitating the function of bulliform cells in stress-induced leaf rolling observed in grasses.

One sentence summaryBulliform cells in maize have a specialized cuticle, lose more water than other epidermal cell types as the leaf dehydrates, and facilitate leaf rolling upon dehydration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matschi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgault, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamness, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its role in dehydration and leaf rolling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating realistic null hypothesis of cancer mutational landscapes using SigProfilerSimulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performing a statistical test requires a null hypothesis. In cancer genomics, a key challenge is the fast generation of accurate somatic mutational landscapes that can be used as a realistic null hypothesis for making biological discoveries. Here we present SigProfilerSimulator, a powerful tool that is capable of simulating the mutational landscapes of thousands of cancer genomes at different resolutions within seconds. Applying SigProfilerSimulator to 2,144 whole-genome sequenced cancers reveals: (i) that most doublet base substitutions are not due to two adjacent single base substitutions but likely occur as single genomic events; (ii) that an extended sequencing context of +/-2bp is required to more completely capture the patterns of substitution mutational signatures in human cancer; (iii) information on false-positive discovery rate of commonly used bioinformatics tools for detecting driver genes. SigProfilerSimulators breadth of features allows one to construct a tailored null hypothesis and use it for evaluating the accuracy of other bioinformatics tools or for downstream statistical analysis for biological discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating realistic null hypothesis of cancer mutational landscapes using SigProfilerSimulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluid and crystallised intelligence are associated with distinct regionalisation patterns of cortical morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive performance in children is predictive of academic and social outcomes; therefore, understanding neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition during development may be important for improving quality of life. The belief that a single, psychological construct underlies many cognitive processes is pervasive throughout society. However, it is unclear if there is a consistent neural substrate underlying many cognitive processes. Here we show that a distributed configuration of cortical surface area and apparent thickness, when controlling for global imaging measures, is differentially associated with cognitive performance on different types of tasks in a large sample (N=10,145) of 9-11 year old children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study. The minimal overlap in these regionalization patterns of association has implications for competing theories about developing intellectual functions. Surprisingly, not controlling for sociodemographic factors increased the similarity between these regionalization patterns. This highlights the importance of understanding the shared variance between sociodemographic factors, cognition and brain structure, particularly with a population-based sample such as ABCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluid and crystallised intelligence are associated with distinct regionalisation patterns of cortical morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural network features distinguish chemosensory stimuli in Caenorhabditis elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems extract and process information from their environment to alter animal behavior and physiology. Despite progress in understanding how different stimuli are represented by changes in neuronal activity, less is known about how they affect broader neural network properties. We developed a framework to use graph-theoretic features of neural network activity and predict ecologically-relevant stimulus properties - namely, stimulus identity and valence. Specifically, we used the transparent nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, with its small nervous system, to define neural network features associated with various chemosensory stimuli. We trapped animals using a microfluidic device and exposed their noses to chemical stimuli known to be attractive or repellent, while monitoring changes in neural activity in more than 40 neurons in their heads. We found that repellents trigger higher average neural activity across the network, and that the tastant salt increases neural variability. In contrast, graph-theoretic features, which capture patterns of interactions between neurons, are better suited to decode stimulus identity than measures of neural activity. Furthermore, we show that a simple machine learning classifier trained using graph-theoretic features alone or in combination with neural activity features can accurately predict stimulus identity. These results indicate that graph theory reveals network characteristics that are distinct from neural activity, confirming its utility in extracting stimulus properties from neural population data.

Significance StatementChanges in the external environment (stimuli) alter patterns of neural activity in animal nervous systems. A central challenge in computational neuroscience is to identify how stimulus properties alter interactions between neurons. We recorded neural activity data from C. elegans head neurons while the animal experienced various chemosensory stimuli. We then used a combination of activity statistics (i.e., average, standard deviation, and several frequency-based measures) and graph-theoretic features of network structure (e.g., modularity - the extent to which a network can be divided into independent clusters) to define neural properties that can accurately predict stimulus identity. Our method is general and can be used across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>How, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navlakha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural network features distinguish chemosensory stimuli in Caenorhabditis elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.955989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novelty-seeking impairment in addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.955989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As massive amounts of information are becoming available to people understanding the mechanisms underlying information-seeking is more pertinent today than ever. In this study, we investigate the underlying motivations to seek out information in healthy and addicted individuals. We developed a novel decision-making task and a novel computational model which allow to dissociate the relative contribution of two motivating factors to seek out information: a desire for novelty and a desire to reduce uncertainty. To investigate whether/how the motivations to seek out information vary between healthy and addicted individuals, in addition to healthy controls we included a sample of individuals with gambling disorder- a form of addiction without the confound of substance consumption and characterized by compulsive gambling. Our results indicate that healthy subjects and problem gamblers adopt distinct information-seeking "modes". Healthy information-seeking behavior was mostly motivated by a desire for novelty. Problem gamblers, on the contrary, displayed reduced novelty-seeking and an increased desire to reduce uncertainty (general information-seeking) compared to healthy controls. Our findings not only shed new light on the motivations driving healthy and addicted individuals to seek out information, but they also have important implications for treatment and diagnosis of behavioral addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cogliati Dezza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleeremans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.955989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novelty-seeking impairment in addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow Axonal Transport and Presynaptic Targeting of Clathrin Packets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.958140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin has established roles in endocytosis, with clathrin-cages enclosing membrane infoldings, followed by rapid disassembly and reuse of monomers. However, in neurons, clathrin synthesized in cell-bodies is conveyed into axons and synapses via slow axonal transport; as shown by classic pulse-chase radiolabeling. What is the cargo-structure, and mechanisms underlying transport and presynaptic-targeting of clathrin? What is the precise organization at synapses? Combining live-imaging, mass-spectrometry (MS), Apex-labeled EM-tomography and super-resolution, we found that unlike dendrites where clathrin transiently assembles/disassembles as expected, axons contain stable  transport-packets that move intermittently with an anterograde bias; with actin/myosin-VI as putative tethers. Transport-packets are unrelated to endocytosis, and the overall kinetics generate a slow biased flow of axonal clathrin. Synapses have integer-numbers of clathrin-packets circumferentially abutting the synaptic-vesicle cluster, advocating a model where delivery of clathrin-packets by slow axonal transport generates a radial organization of clathrin at synapses. Our experiments reveal novel trafficking mechanisms, and an unexpected nanoscale organization of synaptic clathrin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOASSA, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.958140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow Axonal Transport and Presynaptic Targeting of Clathrin Packets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic functional analysis of Rab GTPasesreveals limits of neuronal robustness in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rab GTPases are molecular switches that regulate membrane trafficking in all cells. Neurons have particular demands on membrane trafficking and express numerous Rab GTPases of unknown function. Here we report the generation and characterization of molecularly defined null mutants for all 26 rab genes in Drosophila. In addition, we created a transgenic fly collection for the acute, synchronous release system RUSH for all 26 Rabs. In flies, all rab genes are expressed in the nervous system where at least half exhibit particularly high levels compared to other tissues. Surprisingly, loss of any of these 13 nervous-system enriched Rabs yields viable and fertile flies without obvious morphological defects. However, 9 of these 13 affect either developmental timing when challenged with different temperatures, or neuronal function when challenged with continuous stimulation. These defects are non-lethal under laboratory conditions, but represent sensitized genetic backgrounds that reveal limits of developmental and functional robustness to environmental challenges. Interestingly, the neuronal rab26 was previously proposed to function in synaptic maintenance by linking autophagy and synaptic vesicle recycling and we identified rab26 as one of six rab mutants with reduced synaptic function under continuous stimulation conditions. However, we found no changes to autophagy or synaptic vesicle markers in the rab26 mutant, but instead a cell-specific role in membrane receptor turnover associated with cholinergic synapses in the fly visual system. Our systematic functional analyses suggest that several Rabs ensure robust development and function under varying environmental conditions. The mutant and transgenic fly collections generated in this study provide a basis for further studies of Rabs during development and homeostasis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohrs, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumann, I.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Port, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiral, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathejczyk, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiesinger, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic functional analysis of Rab GTPasesreveals limits of neuronal robustness in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved reference genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is globally expanding and has become the main vector for human arboviruses in Europe. Here we present AalbF2, a dramatically improved assembly of the Ae. albopictus genome that has revealed widespread viral insertions, novel microRNAs and piRNA clusters, the sex determining locus, new immunity genes, and has enabled genome-wide studies of geographically diverse Ae. albopictus populations and analyses of the developmental and stage-dependent network of expression data. Additionally, we built the first physical map for this species with 75% of the assembled genome anchored to the chromosomes. These up-to-date resources of the genome provide a foundation to improve understanding of the adaptation potential and the epidemiological relevance of this species and foster the development of innovative control measures.

One Sentence SummaryLong-read and Hi-C-based de novo assembly of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus genome fosters deeper understanding of its biological features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palatini, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biedler, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krsticevic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoshechkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconcini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghurye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagodin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miesen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papathanos, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rij, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved reference genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.970558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics has transformed the characterization of brain cell identity by providing quantitative molecular signatures for large, unbiased samples of brain cell populations. With the proliferation of taxonomies based on individual datasets, a major challenge is to integrate and validate results toward defining biologically meaningful cell types. We used a battery of single-cell transcriptome and epigenome measurements generated by the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) to comprehensively assess the molecular signatures of cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex (MOp). We further developed computational and statistical methods to integrate these multimodal data and quantitatively validate the reproducibility of the cell types. The reference atlas, based on more than 600,000 high quality single-cell or -nucleus samples assayed by six molecular modalities, is a comprehensive molecular account of the diverse neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in MOp. Collectively, our study indicates that the mouse primary motor cortex contains over 55 neuronal cell types that are highly replicable across analysis methods, sequencing technologies, and modalities. We find many concordant multimodal markers for each cell type, as well as thousands of genes and gene regulatory elements with discrepant transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures. These data highlight the complex molecular regulation of brain cell types and will directly enable design of reagents to target specific MOp cell types for functional analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrige, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Berge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada Bravo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezieux, H. R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ner</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.970558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic atlas of mouse primary motor cortex cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid availability influences the metabolic maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.991927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesPluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are phenotypically immature, which limits their utility in downstream applications. Metabolism is dramatically reprogramed during cardiac maturation in vivo and presents a potential avenue to drive in vitro maturation. We aimed to identify and address metabolic bottlenecks in the generation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes.

MethodshPSCs were differentiated into cardiomyocytes using an established, chemically-defined differentiation protocol. We applied 13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) and targeted transcriptomics to characterize cardiomyocyte metabolism in during differentiation in the presence or absence of exogenous lipids.

ResultshPSC-derived cardiomyocytes induced some cardiometabolic pathways (i.e. ketone body and branched-chain amino acid oxidation) but failed to effectively activate fatty acid oxidation. MFA studies indicated that lipid availability in cultures became limited during differentiation, suggesting potential issues with nutrient availability. Exogenous supplementation of lipids improved cardiomyocyte morphology, mitochondrial function, and promoted increased fatty acid oxidation in hPSC-derivatives.

ConclusionhPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are dependent upon exogenous sources of lipids for metabolic maturation. Proper supplementation removes a potential roadblock in the generation of metabolically mature cardiomyocytes. These studies further highlight the importance of considering and exploiting metabolic phenotypes in the in vitro production and utilization of functional hPSC-derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badur, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divakaruni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurs, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.991927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid availability influences the metabolic maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.982181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering biomarkers of chemotherapy resistance using in vitro evolution in haploid human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.982181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn vitro evolution and whole genome analysis has proven to be a powerful method for studying the mechanism of action of small molecules in many haploid microbes but has generally not been applied to human cell lines in part because their diploid state complicates the identification of variants that confer drug resistance. To determine if haploid human cell could be used in MOA studies, we evolved resistance to five different anticancer drugs (doxorubicin, gemcitabine, etoposide, topotecan, and paclitaxel) using a near-haploid cell line (HAP1) and then analyzed the genomes of the drug resistant clones, developing a bioinformatic pipeline that involved filtering for high frequency alleles predicted to change protein sequence, or alleles which appeared in the same gene for multiple independent selections with the same compound. Applying the filter to sequences from 28 drug resistant clones identified a set of 21 genes which was strongly enriched for known resistance genes or known drug targets (TOP1, TOP2A, DCK, WDR33, SLCO3A1). In addition, some lines carried structural variants that encompassed additional known resistance genes (ABCB1, WWOX and RRM1). Gene expression knockdown and knockout experiments of 10 validation targets showed a high degree of specificity and accuracy in our calls and demonstrates that the same drug resistance mechanisms found in diverse clinical samples can be evolved, discovered and studied in an isogenic background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jado, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.982181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering biomarkers of chemotherapy resistance using in vitro evolution in haploid human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHOmics: a web-based tool for multi-omics data analysis and interactive visualization in CHO cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely used in industry for biological drug production. During cell culture development, considerable effort is invested to understand the factors that greatly impact cell growth, specific productivity and product qualities of the biotherapeutics. High-throughput omics approaches have been increasingly utilized to reveal cellular mechanisms associated with cell line phenotypes and guide process optimization, comprehensive omics data analysis and management have been a challenge. Here we developed CHOmics, a web-based tool for integrative analysis of CHO cell line omics data that provides an interactive visualization of omics analysis outputs and efficient data management. CHOmics has a built-in comprehensive pipeline for RNA sequencing data processing and multilayer statistical modules to explore relevant genes or pathways. Moreover, advanced functionalities were provided to enable users to customize their analysis and visualize the output systematically and interactively. The tool was also designed with the flexibility to allow other omics data input and thereby enabling multi-omics comparison and visualization at both gene and pathway levels. Collectively, CHOmics is an integrative platform for data analysis, visualization and management with expectations to promote the broader use of omics in CHO cell research. The open-source tool is freely available at http://www.chomics.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalamanchili, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnsdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson Bjorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rude Voldborg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHOmics: a web-based tool for multi-omics data analysis and interactive visualization in CHO cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.996082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrogen starvation and stationary phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.996082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In yeast, the selective autophagy of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) or lipophagy can be induced by either nitrogen (N) starvation or carbon limitation (e.g. in the stationary (S) phase). We developed the yeast, Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris), as a new lipophagy model and compared the N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy in over 30 autophagy-related mutants using the Erg6-GFP processing assay. Surprisingly, two lipophagy pathways had hardly overlapping stringent molecular requirements. While the N-starvation lipophagy strictly depended on the core autophagic machinery (Atg1-Atg9, Atg18 and Vps15), vacuole fusion machinery (Vam7 and Ypt7) and vacuolar proteolysis (proteinases A and B), only Atg6 and proteinases A and B were essential for the S-phase lipophagy. The rest of the proteins were only partially required in the S-phase. Moreover, we isolated the prl1 (for positive regulator of lipophagy 1) mutant affected in the S-phase lipophagy but not N-starvation lipophagy. The prl1 defect was at a stage of delivery of the LDs from the cytoplasm to the vacuole further supporting mechanistically different nature of the two lipophagy pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazarko, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.996082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrogen starvation and stationary phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing 29 sets of independently modulated genes in Staphylococcus aureus, their regulators and role in key physiological responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to infect many different tissue sites is enabled, in part, by its Transcriptional Regulatory Network (TRN) that coordinates its gene expression to respond to different environments. We elucidated the organization and activity of this TRN by applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to a compendium of 108 RNAseq expression profiles from two S. aureus clinical strains (TCH1516 and LAC). ICA decomposed the S. aureus transcriptome into 29 independently modulated sets of genes (i-modulons) that revealed (1) high confidence associations between 21 i-modulons and known regulators; (2) an association between an i-modulon and {sigma}S, whose regulatory role was previously undefined; (3) the regulatory organization of 65 virulence factors in the form of three i-modulons associated with AgrR, SaeR and Vim-3, (4) the roles of three key transcription factors (codY, Fur and ccpA) in coordinating the metabolic and regulatory networks; and (5) a low dimensional representation, involving the function of few transcription factors, of changes in gene expression between two laboratory media (RPMI, CAMHB) and two physiological media (blood and serum). This representation of the TRN covers 842 genes representing 76% of the variance in gene expression that provides a quantitative reconstruction of transcriptional modules in S. aureus, and a platform enabling its full elucidation.

Significance StatementStaphylococcus aureus infections impose an immense burden on the healthcare system. To establish a successful infection in a hostile host environment, S. aureus must coordinate its gene expression to respond to a wide array of challenges. This balancing act is largely orchestrated by the Transcriptional Regulatory Network (TRN). Here, we present a model of 29 independently modulated sets of genes that form the basis for a segment of the TRN in clinical USA300 strains of S. aureus. Using this model, we demonstrate the concerted role of various cellular systems (e.g. metabolism, virulence and stress response) underlying key physiological responses, including response during blood infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing 29 sets of independently modulated genes in Staphylococcus aureus, their regulators and role in key physiological responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide profiles of circular RNA and RNA binding protein interactions reveal effects on circular RNA biogenesis and cancer pathway expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, often highly expressed RNA transcripts with potential to modulate other regulatory RNAs. A few circRNAs have been shown to bind RNA binding proteins (RBPs), however, little is known about the prevalence and strength of these interactions in different biological contexts. Here, we comprehensively evaluate the interplay between circRNAs and RBPs in the ENCODE cell lines, HepG2 and K562, by profiling the expression of circRNAs in fractionated total RNA-sequencing samples and analyzing binding sites of 150 RBPs in large eCLIP data sets. We show that KHSRP binding sites are enriched in flanking introns of circRNAs in both HepG2 and K562 cells, and that KHSRP depletion affects circRNA biogenesis. Additionally, we show that exons forming circRNAs are generally enriched with RBP binding sites compared to non-circularizing exons. To detect individual circRNAs with regulatory potency, we computationally identify circRNAs that are highly covered by RBP binding sites and experimentally validate circRNA-RBP interactions by RNA immunoprecipitations. We characterize circCDYL, a highly expressed circRNA with clinical and functional implications in bladder cancer, which is covered with GRWD1 binding sites. We confirm that circCDYL binds GRWD1 in vivo and functionally characterizes the effect of circCDYL-GRWD1 interactions on target genes in HepG2. Furthermore, we confirm interactions between circCDYL and RBPs in bladder cancer cells and demonstrate that circCDYL depletion affects hallmarks of cancer and perturbs the expression of key cancer genes, e.g. TP53 and MYC. Finally, we show that elevated levels of highly RBP-covered circRNAs, including circCDYL, are associated with overall survival of bladder cancer patients. Our study demonstrates transcriptome-wide and cell-type-specific circRNA-RBP interactions that could play important regulatory roles in tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okholm, T. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamstrup, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fristrup, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrskjoet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damgaard, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.997478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide profiles of circular RNA and RNA binding protein interactions reveal effects on circular RNA biogenesis and cancer pathway expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed photo-activation of mRNA with single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We demonstrate sequential optical activation of two types of mRNAs in the same mammalian cell through the sequential photocleavage of small molecule caging groups ( photo-cages) tethered to the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of an mRNA. Synthetic  photo-cages were conjugated onto target mRNA using RNA-TAG, an enzymatic site-specific RNA modification technique. Translation of mRNA was severely reduced upon conjugation of the  photo-cages onto the 5'-UTR. However, subsequent photo-release of the  cages from the mRNA transcript triggered activation of translation with single-cell spatiotemporal resolution. To achieve sequential photo-activation of two mRNAs in the same cell, we synthesized a pair of  photo-cages which can be selectively cleaved from mRNA upon photo-irradiation with different wavelengths of light. Sequential photo-activation of two mRNAs enabled precise optical control of translation of two unique transcripts. We believe that this modular approach to precisely and rapidly control gene expression will serve as a powerful tool in future biological studies that require controlling translation of multiple transcripts with high spatiotemporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed photo-activation of mRNA with single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF Promotes Long-range Enhancer-promoter Interactions and Lineage-specific Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.21.001693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topologically associating domains (TAD) and insulated neighborhoods (INs) have been proposed to constrain enhancer-promoter communications to enable cell-type specific transcription programs, but recent studies show that disruption of TADs and INs resulted in relatively mild changes in gene expression profiles. To better understand the role of chromatin architecture in dynamic enhancer-promoter contacts and lineage-specific gene expression, we have utilized the auxin-inducible degron system to acutely deplete CTCF, a key factor involved in TADs and IN formation, in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and examined chromatin architecture and gene regulation during neural differentiation. We find that while CTCF depletion leads to global weakening of TAD boundaries and loss of INs, only a minor fraction of enhancer-promoter contacts are lost, affecting a small subset of genes. The CTCF-dependent enhancer-promoter contacts tend to be long-range, spanning hundreds of kilobases, and are established directly by CTCF binding to promoters. Disruption of CTCF binding at the promoter reduces enhancer-promoter contacts and transcription, while artificial tethering of CTCF to the promoter restores the enhancer-promoter contacts and gene activation. Genome-wide analysis of CTCF binding and gene expression across multiple mouse tissues suggests that CTCF-dependent promoter-enhancer contacts may regulate expression of additional mouse genes, particularly those expressed in the brain. Our results uncover both CTCF-dependent and independent enhancer-promoter contacts, and highlight a distinct role for CTCF in promoting enhancer-promoter contacts and gene activation in addition to its insulator function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicodemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.21.001693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF Promotes Long-range Enhancer-promoter Interactions and Lineage-specific Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into assembly and function of the RSC chromatin remodeling complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers regulate the position and composition of nucleosomes throughout the genome, producing different remodeling outcomes despite a shared underlying mechanism based on a conserved RecA DNA translocase. How this functional diversity is achieved remains unknown despite recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions of several remodelers, including the yeast RSC complex. To address this, we have focused on a RSC subcomplex comprising its ATPase (Sth1), the essential actin-related proteins (ARPs) Arp7 and Arp9, and the fungal-specific protein Rtt102. Combining cryo-EM and biochemistry of this subcomplex, which exhibits regulation of remodeling by the ARPs, we show that ARP binding induces a helical conformation in the HSA domain of Sth1, which bridges the ATPase domain with the bulk of the complex. Surprisingly, the ARP module is rotated by 120{degrees} in the subcomplex relative to full RSC about a pivot point previously identified as a regulatory hub in Sth1, suggesting that large conformational changes are part of Sth1 regulation and RSC assembly. We also show that an interaction between Sth1 and the nucleosome acidic patch, which appears to be conserved among SWI/SNF remodelers, enhances remodeling. Taken together, our structural data shed light on the assembly and function of the RSC complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into assembly and function of the RSC chromatin remodeling complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.006668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DDX5 targets tissue-specific RNAs to promote intestine tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.006668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumorigenesis in different segments of the intestinal tract involves tissue-specific oncogenic drivers. In the colon, complement component 3 (C3) activation is a major contributor to inflammation and malignancies. By contrast, tumorigenesis in the small intestine involves fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1). However, little is known of the upstream mechanisms driving their expressions in different segments of the intestinal tract. Here, we report that an RNA binding protein DDX5 augments C3 and FABP1 expressions post-transcriptionally to promote tumorigenesis in the colon and small intestine, respectively. Mice with epithelial-specific knockout of DDX5 are protected from intestine tumorigenesis. The identification of DDX5 as the common upstream regulator of tissue-specific oncogenic molecules provides a new therapeutic target for intestine cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.006668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DDX5 targets tissue-specific RNAs to promote intestine tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of a nucleoside analog maps genome repair sites in post-mitotic human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons are the longest-living cells in our bodies, becoming post-mitotic in early development upon terminal differentiation. Their lack of DNA replication makes them reliant on DNA repair mechanisms to maintain genome fidelity. These repair mechanisms decline with age, potentially giving rise to genomic dysfunction that may influence cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite this challenge, our knowledge of how genome instability emerges and what mechanisms neurons and other long-lived cells may have evolved to protect their genome integrity over the human life span is limited. Using a targeted sequencing approach, we demonstrate that neurons consolidate much of their DNA repair efforts into well-defined hotspots that protect genes that are essential for their identity and function. Our findings provide a basis to understand genome integrity as it relates to aging and disease in the nervous system.

One Sentence SummaryRecurrent DNA repair hotspots in neurons are linked to genes essential for identity and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reid, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClain, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linker, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardulli, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of a nucleoside analog maps genome repair sites in post-mitotic human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-administration of heroin by vapor inhalation in female Wistar rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades the United States has experienced a significant increase in the medical and non-medical use of opioid drugs, resulting in record numbers of opioid-related overdoses and deaths. There was an initial increase in non-medical use of prescription opioids around 2002, followed later by increased heroin use and then most recently fentanyl. Inhalation is a common route of administration for opioids, with a documented history spanning back to Mediterranean antiquity and up through modern use with e-cigarette devices. Unfortunately, preclinical studies using inhalation as the route of administration remain relatively few. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of e-cigarette vapor inhalation of heroin in rats. Non-contingent exposure to heroin or methadone vapor produced anti-nociceptive efficacy in male and female rats. Female rats were trained to self-administer heroin vapor; the most-preferring half of the distribution obtained more vapor reinforcers when the concentration of heroin was reduced in the vapor vehicle and when pre-treated with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. The anti-nociceptive effect of heroin self-administered by vapor was identical in magnitude to that produced by intravenous self-administration. Finally, anxiety-like behavior increased 24-48 hours after last heroin vapor access, consistent with withdrawal signs observed after intravenous self-administration. In sum, these studies show that rewarding and anti-nociceptive effects of heroin are produced in rats by vapor inhalation using e-cigarette technology. Importantly, self-administration models by this route can be deployed to determine health effects of inhaled heroin or other opioids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-administration of heroin by vapor inhalation in female Wistar rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.016972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of cellular diversity in primary motor cortex of human, marmoset monkey, and mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.016972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for voluntary fine motor control and is functionally conserved across mammals. Using high-throughput transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of over 450,000 single nuclei in human, marmoset monkey, and mouse, we demonstrate a broadly conserved cellular makeup of this region, whose similarity mirrors evolutionary distance and is consistent between the transcriptome and epigenome. The core conserved molecular identity of neuronal and non-neuronal types allowed the generation of a cross-species consensus cell type classification and inference of conserved cell type properties across species. Despite overall conservation, many species specializations were apparent, including differences in cell type proportions, gene expression, DNA methylation, and chromatin state. Few cell type marker genes were conserved across species, providing a short list of candidate genes and regulatory mechanisms responsible for conserved features of homologous cell types, such as the GABAergic chandelier cells. This consensus transcriptomic classification allowed the Patch-seq identification of layer 5 (L5) corticospinal Betz cells in non-human primate and human and characterization of their highly specialized physiology and anatomy. These findings highlight the robust molecular underpinnings of cell type diversity in M1 across mammals and point to the genes and regulatory pathways responsible for the functional identity of cell types and their species-specific adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorstad, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggermont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aevermann, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crichton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembrow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybuck, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kancherla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, B. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahurkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moussa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ow</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.016972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of cellular diversity in primary motor cortex of human, marmoset monkey, and mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granadaene Photobleaching Reduces the Virulence and Increases Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is increasingly recognized as a major cause of soft tissue and invasive diseases in the elderly and diabetic populations. Antibiotics like penicillin are used with great frequency to treat these infections, although antimicrobial resistance is increasing among GBS strains and underlines a need for alternative methods not reliant on traditional antibiotics. GBS hemolysin/cytolysin and granadaene pigment are two major linked virulence factors that contribute to GBS pathogenicity. Here we show that photobleaching of the antioxidant granadaene renders the pathogen more susceptible to killing by mouse macrophages and to hydrogen peroxide killing. Photo-treatment also leads to loss of activity of the linked hemolysin/cytolysin although photobleaching disproportionally affected the activity of the two factors. Treatment with light also affected GBS membrane permeability and contribute to increased susceptibility to the cell membrane active antibiotic daptomycin and to penicillin. Overall our study demonstrates a dual effect of photobleaching on the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of GBS and suggests a novel approach for the treatment of GBS infection. Our findings further provide new insight on the relationship between GBS hemolysin and the granadaene pigment.

ImportanceFor elderly individuals or those with chronic underlying conditions (such as diabetes), skin infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae represent a significant risk for the development of invasive disease. S. agalactiae strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. By utilizing blue light to neutralize the granadaene pigment present in S. agalactiae, this paper presents a non-invasive and non-antibiotic reliant process capable of reducing GBS virulence while increasing the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterium. The differential effect of blue light on the linked GBS hemolysin/cytolysin and granadene pigment further provides new insight on the relationship between the two virulence factors. Overall photo-treatment represents a novel strategy for the treatment of S. agalactiae infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jusuf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulloa, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.019372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granadaene Photobleaching Reduces the Virulence and Increases Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic Diversity of Cortical Projection Neurons in the Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.019612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal cell types are classically defined by their molecular properties, anatomy, and functions. While recent advances in single-cell genomics have led to high-resolution molecular characterization of cell type diversity in the brain, neuronal cell types are often studied out of the context of their anatomical properties. To better understand the relationship between molecular and anatomical features defining cortical neurons, we combined retrograde labeling with single-nucleus DNA methylation sequencing to link epigenomic properties of cell types to neuronal projections. We examined 11,827 single neocortical neurons from 63 cortico-cortical (CC) and cortico-subcortical long-distance projections. Our results revealed unique epigenetic signatures of projection neurons that correspond to their laminar and regional location and projection patterns. Based on their epigenomes, intra-telencephalic (IT) cells projecting to different cortical targets could be further distinguished, and some layer 5 neurons projecting to extra-telencephalic targets (L5-ET) formed separate subclusters that aligned with their axonal projections. Such separation varied between cortical areas, suggesting area-specific differences in L5-ET subtypes, which were further validated by anatomical studies. Interestingly, a population of CC projection neurons clustered with L5-ET rather than IT neurons, suggesting a population of L5-ET cortical neurons projecting to both targets (L5-ET+CC). We verified the existence of these neurons by labeling the axon terminals of CC projection neurons and observed clear labeling in ET targets including thalamus, superior colliculus, and pons. These findings highlight the power of single-cell epigenomic approaches to connect the molecular properties of neurons with their anatomical and projection properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchgessner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.019612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic Diversity of Cortical Projection Neurons in the Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple freeze-thaw cycles lead to a loss of consistency in poly(A)-enriched RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-Seq is ubiquitous, but depending on the study, sub-optimal sample handling may be required, resulting in repeated freeze-thaw cycles. However, little is known about how each cycle impacts downstream analyses, due to a lack of study and known limitations in common RNA quality metrics, e.g., RIN, at quantifying RNA degradation following repeated freeze-thaws. Here we quantify the impact of repeated freeze-thaw on the reliability of downstream RNA-Seq analysis. To do so, we developed a method to estimate the relative noise between technical replicates independently of RIN. Using this approach we inferred the effect of both RIN and the number of freeze-thaw cycles on sample noise. We find that RIN is unable to fully account for the change in sample noise due to freeze-thaw cycles. Additionally, freeze-thaw is detrimental to sample quality and differential expression (DE) reproducibility, approaching zero after three cycles for poly(A)-enriched samples, wherein the inherent 3 bias in read coverage is more exacerbated by freeze-thaw cycles, while ribosome-depleted samples are less affected by freeze-thaws. The use of poly(A)-enrichment for RNA sequencing is pervasive in library preparation of frozen tissue, and thus, it is important during experimental design and data analysis to consider the impact of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on reproducibility.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=103 SRC="FIGDIR/small/020792v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c2c756org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ad1c03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a4136org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13f403f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramparo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazestani, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begzati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalabolu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple freeze-thaw cycles lead to a loss of consistency in poly(A)-enriched RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a pathogen of critical significance to international public health. Knowledge of the interplay between molecular-scale virus-receptor interactions, single-cell viral replication, intracellular-scale viral transport, and emergent tissue-scale viral propagation is limited. Moreover, little is known about immune system-virus-tissue interactions and how these can result in low-level (asymptomatic) infections in some cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in others, particularly with respect to presentation in different age groups or pre-existing inflammatory risk factors. Given the nonlinear interactions within and among each of these processes, multiscale simulation models can shed light on the emergent dynamics that lead to divergent outcomes, identify actionable "choke points" for pharmacologic interventions, screen potential therapies, and identify potential biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes. Given the complexity of the problem and the acute need for an actionable model to guide therapy discovery and optimization, we introduce and iteratively refine a prototype of a multiscale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in lung tissue. The first prototype model was built and shared internationally as open source code and an online interactive model in under 12 hours, and community domain expertise is driving regular refinements. In a sustained community effort, this consortium is integrating data and expertise across virology, immunology, mathematical biology, quantitative systems physiology, cloud and high performance computing, and other domains to accelerate our response to this critical threat to international health. More broadly, this effort is creating a reusable, modular framework for studying viral replication and immune response in tissues, which can also potentially be adapted to related problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford Versypt, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.019075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational profiling of micro-dissected pre-malignant lesions from archived specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.05.026708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSystematic cancer screening has led to the increased detection of pre-malignant lesions (PMLs). The absence of reliable prognostic markers has led mostly to over treatment resulting in potentially unnecessary stress, or potentially insufficient treatment and avoidable progression. Importantly, most mutational profiling studies have relied on PML synchronous to invasive cancer, or performed in patients without outcome information, hence limiting their utility for biomarker discovery. The limitations in comprehensive mutational profiling of PMLs are in large part due to the significant technical and methodological challenges: most PML specimens are small, fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded (FFPE) and lack matching normal DNA.

MethodsUsing test DNA from a highly degraded FFPE specimen, multiple targeted sequencing approaches were evaluated, varying DNA input amount (3-200 ng), library preparation strategy (BE: Blunt-End, SS: Single-Strand, AT: A-Tailing) and target size (whole exome vs cancer gene panel). Variants in high-input DNA from FFPE and mirrored frozen specimens were used for PML-specific variant calling training and testing, respectively. The resulting approach was applied to profile and compare multiple regions micro-dissected (mean area 5 mm2) from 3 breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

ResultsUsing low-input FFPE DNA, BE and SS libraries resulted in 4.9 and 3.7 increase over AT libraries in the fraction of whole exome covered at 20x (BE:87%, SS:63%, AT:17%). Compared to high-confidence somatic mutations from frozen specimens, PML-specific variant filtering increased recall (BE:85%, SS:80%, AT:75%) and precision (BE:93%, SS:91%, AT:84%) to levels expected from sampling variation. Copy number alterations were consistent across all tested approaches and only impacted by the design of the capture probe-set. Applied to DNA extracted from 9 micro-dissected regions (8 PML, 1 normal epithelium), the approach achieved comparable performance, illustrated the data adequacy to identify candidate driver events (GATA3 mutations, ERBB2 or FGFR1 gains, TP53 loss) and measure intra-lesion genetic heterogeneity.

ConclusionAlternate experimental and analytical strategies increased the accuracy of DNA sequencing from archived micro-dissected PML regions, supporting the deeper molecular characterization of early cancer lesions and achieving a critical milestone in the development of biology-informed prognostic markers and precision chemo-prevention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nachmanson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasteh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esserman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational profiling of micro-dissected pre-malignant lesions from archived specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.007948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POMK Regulates Dystroglycan Function via LARGE-mediated Elongation of Matriglycan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.007948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matriglycan [-GlcA-{beta}1,3-Xyl-1,3-]n serves as a scaffold in many tissues for extracellular matrix proteins containing laminin-G domains including laminin, agrin, and perlecan. Like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (LARGE) synthesizes and extends matriglycan on -dystroglycan (-DG) during skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration; however, the mechanisms which regulate matriglycan elongation are unknown. Here, we show that Protein O-Mannose Kinase (POMK), which phosphorylates mannose of core M3 (GalNac-{beta}1,3-GlcNac-{beta}1,4-Man) preceding matriglycan synthesis, is required for LARGE-mediated generation of full-length matriglycan on -DG ([~]150 kDa). In the absence of POMK, LARGE synthesizes a very short matriglycan resulting in a [~]90 kDa -DG in mouse skeletal muscle which binds laminin but cannot prevent eccentric contraction-induced force loss or muscle pathology. Solution NMR spectroscopy studies demonstrate that LARGE directly interacts with core M3 and binds preferentially to the phosphorylated form. Collectively, our study demonstrates that phosphorylation of core M3 by POMK enables LARGE to elongate matriglycan on -DG, thereby preventing muscular dystrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walimbe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonekawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venzke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devereaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuellar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Campo Landa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muntoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.007948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POMK Regulates Dystroglycan Function via LARGE-mediated Elongation of Matriglycan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical and mental health characteristics of adults with subjective cognitive decline: A study of 3,407 people aged 18-81 years from an MTurk-based U.S. national sample 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), or internal feelings of reduced mental capacity, is of increasing interest in the scientific, clinical, and lay community. Much of the extant literature is focused on SCD as a risk factor for Alzheimers disease in older adults, while less attention has been paid to non-cognitive health correlates of SCD across adulthood. Consequently, we investigated physical and mental health correlates of SCD in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. We recruited 3,407 U.S. residents through Amazons Mechanical Turk, an online labor market. Participants completed a 90-item self-report survey questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, sleep, depression, anxiety, loneliness, wisdom, self-efficacy, and happiness. Overall, 493/1930 (25.5%) of younger adults (18-49) and 278/1032 (26.9%) of older adults (50 or older) endorsed the SCD item. Multivariate analysis of variance and follow-up t-tests revealed worse physical and mental health characteristics in people endorsing SCD compared to those who did not, with effect sizes primarily in the medium to large range. Additionally, age did not moderate relationships between SCD and physical and mental health. Results suggest that SCD is associated with a diverse set of negative health characteristics such as poor sleep and high body mass index, and lower levels of positive factors including happiness and wisdom. Effect sizes of psychological correlates of SCD were as large as (or larger than) those of physical correlates, indicating that mental health and affective symptoms may be critical to consider when evaluating SCD. Overall, findings from this large, national U.S. sample suggest the presence of relationships between SCD and multiple psychological and perceived health factors; our results also show that SCD may be highly prevalent in both younger and older adults, suggesting that it be assessed across the adult lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Patten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeste, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twamley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical and mental health characteristics of adults with subjective cognitive decline: A study of 3,407 people aged 18-81 years from an MTurk-based U.S. national sample]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.030981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual function restoration in genetically blind mice via endogenous cellular reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.030981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we developed an in-situ cellular reprogramming strategy for potent restoration of vision in advanced/end-stage retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Via repressing PTB, an RNA binding protein critical for converting non-neuronal cells to the neuronal lineage, we successfully reprogramed Muller glia to a retinal neuronal fate, and then to cones. We demonstrated that this cellular reprogramming approach was able to rescue retinal photoreceptor degeneration and restore visual functions in two RP mouse models with total blindness, suggesting a novel universal strategy for treating end-stage degenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.030981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual function restoration in genetically blind mice via endogenous cellular reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct evolutionary paths in chronic lymphocytic leukemia during resistance to graft-versus-leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect remains the major barrier to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for aggressive hematologic malignancies. The basis of GvL resistance for advanced lymphoid malignancies remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with allo-HSCT, leukemic cell-intrinsic features shape GvL outcomes by directing the evolutionary trajectories of CLL cells. Integrated genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses of CLL cells from 10 patients revealed that the clinical kinetics of post- HSCT relapse are shaped by distinct molecular dynamics and suggest that the selection pressures of the GvL bottleneck are unlike those imposed by chemotherapy. No selective advantage for HLA loss was observed, even when present in pre-transplant subpopulations. Regardless of post-transplant relapse kinetics, gain of stem cell modules was a common signature associated with leukemia relapse. These data elucidate the biological pathways that underlie GvL resistance and post-transplant relapse.

One Sentence SummaryWe find that the clinical kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia relapse after stem cell transplant are underwritten by distinct genetic and epigenetic evolutionary trajectories and suggest that the selection pressures of the post-transplant, immunologic bottleneck are unlike those imposed by chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachireddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohil, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elagina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rassenti, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipps, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnirke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiffer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyea, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct evolutionary paths in chronic lymphocytic leukemia during resistance to graft-versus-leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.028076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A New Form of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel for Treating Ischemic Tissue via Intravascular Infusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.028076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomaterials, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels, have been widely used in preclinical studies as injectable tissue engineering therapies; however, injectable therapies are limited as they can cause localized trauma or organ perforation. We have developed a new ECM therapy, the low molecular weight fraction derived from decellularized, digested ECM, for intravascular infusion. This new form of ECM can be infused after injury, specifically localize to injured tissues by coating the leaky microvasculature, and promote cell survival and tissue repair. In this study, we show the feasibility and targeting of intravascular ECM infusions using models of acute myocardial infarction (MI), traumatic brain injury, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Furthermore, safety and efficacy were demonstrated in small and large animal models of acute MI following intracoronary infusion, which included using a clinically-relevant catheter in the large animal model. Functional improvements, specifically reduced left ventricular volumes and improved wall motion scores were observed after ECM infusions post-MI. Genes related to tissue repair and inflammation were differential expressed in response to ECM infusions. This study shows proof-of-concept for a new paradigm of delivering pro-healing ECM biomaterials via intravascular infusion to heal tissue from the inside out.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spang, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazerson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contijoch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMaria, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.028076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A New Form of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel for Treating Ischemic Tissue via Intravascular Infusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity to Monoclonal Antibody 447-52D and an Open Env Trimer Conformation Correlate Poorly with Inhibition of HIV-1 Infectivity by SERINC5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host protein SERINC5 inhibits the infectivity of HIV-1 virions in an Env-dependent manner and is counteracted by Nef. The conformation of the Env trimer reportedly correlates with sensitivity to SERINC5. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the "open" conformation of the Env trimer revealed by sensitivity to the V3-loop specific antibody 447-52D directly correlates with sensitivity to SERINC5. Of five Envs tested, SF162 was the most sensitive to neutralization by 447-52D, but it was not the most sensitive to SERINC5; instead the Env of LAI was substantially more sensitive to SERINC5 than all the other Envs. Mutational opening of the trimer by substitution of two tyrosines that mediate interaction between the V2 and V3 loops sensitized the Envs of JRFL and LAI to 447-52D as previously reported, but only BaL was sensitized to SERINC5. These data suggest that trimer "openness" is not sufficient for sensitivity to SERINC5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angerstein, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollbrecht, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity to Monoclonal Antibody 447-52D and an Open Env Trimer Conformation Correlate Poorly with Inhibition of HIV-1 Infectivity by SERINC5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An aptamer-based magnetic flow cytometer using matched filtering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facing unprecedented population-ageing, the management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) urgently needs a point-of-care (PoC) testing infrastructure. Magnetic flow cytometers are one such solution for rapid cancer cellular detection in a PoC setting. In this work, we report a giant magnetoresistive spin-valve (GMR SV) biosensor array with a multi-stripe sensor geometry and matched filtering to improve detection accuracy without compromising throughput. The carefully designed sensor geometry generates a characteristic signature when cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) pass by thus enabling multi-parametric measurement like optical flow cytometers (FCMs). Enumeration and multi-parametric information were successfully measured across two decades of throughput. 10-{micro}m polymer microspheres were used as a biomimetic model where MNPs and MNP-decorated polymer conjugates were flown over the GMR SV sensor array and detected with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as low as 2.5 dB due to the processing gain afforded by the matched filtering. The performance was compared against optical observation, exhibiting a 92% detection efficiency. The system achieved a 95% counting accuracy for biomimetic models and 98% for aptamer-based pancreatic cancer cell detection. This system demonstrates the ability to perform reliable PoC diagnostics towards the benefit for NCD control plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An aptamer-based magnetic flow cytometer using matched filtering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Autophagy-Dependent Tubular Lysosomal Network Synchronizes Degradative Activity Required for Muscle Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we reported that autophagy is critical for Drosophila muscle remodeling during metamorphosis (Fujita et al., 2017). However, little is known about how lysosomes meet increased degradative demand upon cellular remodeling. Here, we found an extensive tubular autolysosomal network in remodeling muscle. The tubular network transiently appeared and exhibited the capacity to degrade autophagic cargoes. The tubular autolysosomal network was uniquely marked by the autophagic SNARE protein, Syntaxin 17, and its formation depended on both autophagic flux and degradative function, with the exception of the Atg12 and Atg8 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems. Among ATG-deficient mutants, the efficiency of lysosomal tubulation correlated with the phenotypic severity in muscle remodeling. The lumen of the tubular network was continuous and homogeneous across a broad region of the remodeling muscle. Altogether, we revealed that the dynamic expansion of a tubular autolysosomal network synchronizes the abundant degradative activity required for developmentally regulated muscle remodeling.

Impact StatementAnalysis of developmentally-regulated Drosophila muscle remodeling revealed autophagy-dependent formation of an extensive, Syntaxin 17-marked, tubular network that synchronizes the abundant degradative activity across a broad region of the remodeling muscle
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murakawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiger, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Autophagy-Dependent Tubular Lysosomal Network Synchronizes Degradative Activity Required for Muscle Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incremental language comprehension difficulty predicts activity in the language network but not the multiple demand network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What role do domain-general executive functions play in human language comprehension? To address this question, we examine the relationship between behavioral measures of comprehension and neural activity in the domain-general "multiple demand" (MD) network, which has been linked to constructs like attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and selection, and implicated in diverse goal-directed behaviors. Specifically, fMRI data collected during naturalistic story listening are compared to theory-neutral measures of online comprehension difficulty and incremental processing load (reading times and eye-fixation durations). Critically, to ensure that variance in these measures is driven by features of the linguistic stimulus rather than reflecting participant-or trial-level variability, the neuroimaging and behavioral datasets were collected in non-overlapping samples. We find no behavioral-neural link in functionally localized MD regions; instead, this link is found in the domain-specific, fronto-temporal "core language network", in both left hemispheric areas and their right hemispheric homologues. These results argue against strong involvement of domain-general executive circuits in language comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von der Malsburg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incremental language comprehension difficulty predicts activity in the language network but not the multiple demand network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large-scale Drug Repositioning Survey for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of novel SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 has triggered an ongoing global pandemic of severe pneumonia-like disease designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, more than 2.1 million confirmed cases and 139,500 deaths have been reported worldwide, and there are currently no medical countermeasures available to prevent or treat the disease. As the development of a vaccine could require at least 12-18 months, and the typical timeline from hit finding to drug registration of an antiviral is >10 years, repositioning of known drugs can significantly accelerate the development and deployment of therapies for COVID-19. To identify therapeutics that can be repurposed as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, we profiled a library of known drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or FDA-approved small molecules. Here, we report the identification of 30 known drugs that inhibit viral replication. Of these, six were characterized for cellular dose-activity relationships, and showed effective concentrations likely to be commensurate with therapeutic doses in patients. These include the PIKfyve kinase inhibitor Apilimod, cysteine protease inhibitors MDL-28170, Z LVG CHN2, VBY-825, and ONO 5334, and the CCR1 antagonist MLN-3897. Since many of these molecules have advanced into the clinic, the known pharmacological and human safety profiles of these compounds will accelerate their preclinical and clinical evaluation for COVID-19 treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sancho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgstaller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok-Man Poon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sobrido, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miorin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large-scale Drug Repositioning Survey for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ViralMSA: Massively scalable reference-guided multiple sequence alignment of viral genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation In molecular epidemiology, the identification of clusters of transmissions typically requires the alignment of viral genomic sequence data. However, existing methods of multiple sequence alignment scale poorly with respect to the number of sequences.Results ViralMSA is a user-friendly reference-guided multiple sequence alignment tool that leverages the algorithmic techniques of read mappers to enable the multiple sequence alignment of ultra-large viral genome datasets. It scales linearly with the number of sequences, and it is able to align tens of thousands of full viral genomes in seconds.Availability ViralMSA is freely available at https://github.com/niemasd/ViralMSA as an open-source software project.Contact a1moshir{at}ucsd.eduCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ViralMSA: Massively scalable reference-guided multiple sequence alignment of viral genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of CD4 Downregulation by HIV-1 Nef 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 protein Nef suppresses multiple immune surveillance mechanisms to promote viral pathogenesis1. Individuals infected with HIV-1 encoding defective nef genes do not develop AIDS for decades2,3. A key target of Nef is the cellular receptor CD4. Although essential for viral entry into host cells, CD4 is problematic for the virus later in its replication cycle: CD4 disrupts processing of the viral glycoprotein, Env, inhibiting infectivity4; it interferes with the release of new virions5,6; and it causes vulnerability to superinfection, causing premature cell death and limiting viral productivity7. Furthermore, binding of CD4 to Env exposes otherwise-concealed Env epitopes, rendering infected cells more susceptible to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and virus particles more susceptible to neutralizing antibodies8-10. HIV-1 has evolved strategies to mitigate these problems. Newly synthesized CD4 is targeted in the endoplasmic reticulum by the viral Vpu protein for proteasomal degradation11. Surface-expressed CD4, in contrast, is targeted by Nef for endocytosis and lysosomal degradation12-15. Nefs effect on CD4 involves hijacking of clathrin adaptor complex 2 (AP2)-dependent endocytosis16,17. Although how Nef associates with a part of the tetrameric AP2 is understood18, a complete understanding of the interaction, especially how CD4 is sequestered by Nef into a complex with AP2, has remained elusive. Here, we present a high-resolution crystal structure that describes the underlying mechanism. An intricate combination of conformational changes occurs in both Nef and AP2 to enable CD4 binding and downregulation. Strikingly, a pocket on Nef previously identified as crucial for recruiting class I MHC is also responsible for recruiting CD4, revealing a potential approach to inhibit two of Nefs activities and sensitize the virus to immune clearance
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kress, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.054007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of CD4 Downregulation by HIV-1 Nef]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized and shared functions of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases in Streptomyces development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Levels of the second messenger bis-3-5-cyclic di-guanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) determine when Streptomyces initiate sporulation to survive under adverse conditions. c-di-GMP signals are integrated into the genetic differentiation network by the regulator BldD and the sigma factor {sigma}WhiG. However, functions of the development-specific c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) CdgB and CdgC, and the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) RmdA and RmdB, are poorly understood. Here, we provide biochemical evidence that the GGDEF-EAL domain protein RmdB from S. venezuelae is a monofunctional PDE that hydrolyzes c-di-GMP to 5pGpG. Despite having an equivalent GGDEF-EAL domain arrangement, RmdA cleaves c-di-GMP to GMP and exhibits residual DGC activity. We show that an intact EAL motif is crucial for the in vivo function of both enzymes since strains expressing protein variants with an AAA motif instead of EAL are delayed in development, similar to null mutants. Global transcriptome analysis of {Delta}cdgB, {Delta}cdgC, {Delta}rmdA and {Delta}rmdB strains revealed that the c-di-GMP specified by these enzymes has a global regulatory role, with about 20 % of all S. venezuelae genes being differentially expressed in the cdgC mutant. Our data suggest that the major c-di-GMP-controlled targets determining the timing and mode of sporulation are genes involved cell division and the production of the hydrophobic sheath that covers Streptomyces aerial hyphae and spores. Altogether, this study provides a global view of the c-di-GMP-dependent genes that contribute to the hyphae-to-spores transition and sheds light on the shared and specific functions of the key enzymes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism in S. venezuelae.

ImportanceStreptomyces are important producers of clinical antibiotics. The ability to synthesize these natural products is connected to their developmental biology, which includes a transition from filamentous cells to spores. The widespread bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP controls this complex switch and is a promising tool to improve antibiotic production. Here, we analyzed the enzymes that make and break c-di-GMP in S. venezuelae by studying the genome-wide transcriptional effects of the DGCs CdgB and CdgC and the PDEs RmdA and RmdB. We found that the c-di-GMP specified by these enzymes has a global regulatory role. However, despite shared enzymatic activities, the four c-di-GMP enzymes have specialized inputs into differentiation. Altogether, we demonstrate that altering c-di-GMP levels through the action of selected enzymes yields characteristically distinct transcriptional profiles; this can be an important consideration when modulating c-di-GMP for the purposes of natural product synthesis in Streptomyces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bassam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschowri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized and shared functions of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases in Streptomyces development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated mosquito small RNA genomics resource reveals dynamic evolution and host responses to viruses and transposons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although mosquitoes are major transmission vectors for pathogenic arboviruses, viral infection has little impact on mosquito health. This immunity is due in part to mosquito RNA interference (RNAi) pathways that generate antiviral small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). RNAi also maintains genome integrity by potently repressing mosquito transposon activity in the germline and soma. However, viral and transposon small RNA regulatory pathways have not been systematically examined together in mosquitoes. Therefore, we developed an integrated Mosquito Small RNA Genomics (MSRG) resource that analyzes the transposon and virus small RNA profiles in mosquito cell cultures and somatic and gonadal tissues across four medically important mosquito species. Our resource captures both somatic and gonadal small RNA expression profiles within mosquito cell cultures, and we report the evolutionary dynamics of a novel Mosquito-Conserved piRNA Cluster Locus (MCpiRCL) composed of satellite DNA repeats. In the larger culicine mosquito genomes we detected highly regular periodicity in piRNA biogenesis patterns coinciding with the expansion of Piwi pathway genes. Finally, our resource enables detection of crosstalk between piRNA and siRNA populations in mosquito cells during a response to virus infection. The MSRG resource will aid efforts to dissect and combat the capacity of mosquitoes to tolerate and spread arboviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastav, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa-Suntheimer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colpitts, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasgon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated mosquito small RNA genomics resource reveals dynamic evolution and host responses to viruses and transposons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenome analytics reveal two-component systems as conserved targets in ESKAPEE pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria sense and respond to environmental stimuli through two-component systems (TCSs), that are composed of histidine kinase sensing and response regulator elements. TCSs are ubiquitous and participate in numerous cellular functions. TCSs across the ESKAPEE pathogens, representing the leading causes of nosocomial infections, were characterized using pangenome analytics, including annotation, mapping, pangenomic status, gene orientation, sequence variation, and structure. Our findings fall into two categories. 1) phylogenetic distribution of TCSs: (i) the number and types of TCSs varies between species of the ESKAPEE pathogens; (ii) TCSs are group-specific, i.e., Gram-positive and Gram-negative, except for KdpDE; (iii) most TCSs are conserved among genomes of an ESKAPEE, except in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2) sequence variation: (i) at the operon level, the genomic architecture of a TCS operon stratifies into a few discrete classes; and (ii) at the gene sequence level, histidine kinases, responsible for signal sensing, show sequence and structural variability as compared to response regulators that show a high degree of conservation. Taken together, this first comprehensive pangenomic assessment of TCSs reveals a range of strategies deployed by the ESKAPEE pathogens to manifest pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. It further suggests that the conserved features of TCSs makes them an attractive group of potential targets with which to address antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalldorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenome analytics reveal two-component systems as conserved targets in ESKAPEE pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.057943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What does your cell really do? Model-based assessment of mammalian cells metabolic functionalities using omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.057943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale omics experiments have become standard in biological studies, leading to a deluge of data. However, researchers still face the challenge of connecting changes in the omics data to changes in cell functions, due to the complex interdependencies between genes, proteins and metabolites. Here we present a novel framework that begins to overcome this problem by allowing users to infer how metabolic functions change, based on omics data. To enable this, we curated and standardized lists of metabolic tasks that mammalian cells can accomplish. We then used genome-scale metabolic networks to define gene modules responsible for each specific metabolic task. We further developed a framework to overlay omics data on these modules to predict pathway usage for each metabolic task. The proposed approach allows one to directly predict how changes in omics experiments change cell or tissue function. We further demonstrated how this new approach can be used to leverage the metabolic functions of biological entities from the single cell to their organization in tissues and organs using multiple transcriptomic datasets (human and mouse). Finally, we created a web-based CellFie module that has been integrated into the list of tools available in GenePattern (www.genepattern.org) to enable adoption of the approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heirendt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robasky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.057943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What does your cell really do? Model-based assessment of mammalian cells metabolic functionalities using omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning uncovers independently regulated modules in the Bacillus subtilis transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of Bacillus subtilis coordinates cellular functions of fundamental interest, including metabolism, biofilm formation, and sporulation. Here, we use unsupervised machine learning to modularize the transcriptome and quantitatively describe regulatory activity under diverse conditions, creating an unbiased summary of gene expression. We obtain 83 independently modulated gene sets that explain most of the variance in expression, and demonstrate that 76% of them represent the effects of known regulators. The TRN structure and its condition-dependent activity uncover novel or recently discovered roles for at least 5 regulons, such as a relationship between histidine utilization and quorum sensing. The TRN also facilitates quantification of population-level sporulation states, revealing a putative anaerobic metabolism role for SigG. As this TRN covers the majority of the transcriptome and concisely characterizes the global expression state, it could inform research on nearly every aspect of transcriptional regulation in B. subtilis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning uncovers independently regulated modules in the Bacillus subtilis transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human iPSC-derived motor neurons resolves early and predictive ALS signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neural cultures from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients can reflect disease phenotypes targetable by treatments. However, widely used differentiation protocols produce mixtures of progenitors, neurons, glia, and other cells at various developmental stages and rostrocaudal neural tube segments. Here we present a methodology using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to distinguish cell type expression in C9orf72 ALS, sporadic ALS, control, and genome-edited cultures across multiple subjects, experiments, and commercial platforms. Combinations of HOX and developmental gene expression with global clustering classified rostrocaudal, progenitor, and mantle zone fates. This demonstrated that iPSC-differentiated cells recapitulate fetal hindbrain and spinal cord development and resolved early, reproducible, and motor neuron-specific signatures of familial and sporadic ALS. This includes downregulated ELAVL3 expression, which persists into disease endstages. Single-cell analysis thus yielded predictive ALS markers in other human and mouse models which were otherwise undiscovered through bulk omics assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ORourke, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banuelos, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aladesuyi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oheb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khrebtukova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baloh, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human iPSC-derived motor neurons resolves early and predictive ALS signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PtrR (YneJ) is a novel E. coli transcription factor regulating the putrescine stress response and glutamate utilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although polyamines, such as putrescine (Ptr), induce envelope stress for bacteria, they are important as nitrogen and carbon sources. Ptr utilization in Escherichia coli involves protein glutamylation, and glutamate stands at a crossroads between catabolism and anabolism. This communication reports that the transcription factor YneJ, here renamed PtrR, is involved in the regulation of a small regulatory RNA gene, fnrS, and an operon, yneIHGF, encoding succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Sad (YneI), glutaminase, GlsB (YneH), and several other genes. The yneI promoter is activated during putrescine utilization under nitrogen/carbon starvation conditions, and we show that PtrR is important for the putrescine stress response. It is also a repressor of fnrS gene expression, involved in the cascade regulation of mRNA synthesis for the marA and sodB genes, involved in antibiotic responses. PtrR transcriptional regulation of fnrS leads to a regulatory cascade induced by this small RNA that affects mRNA levels of ompF and the multidrug resistance regulator, MarA. We propose that PtrR functions as a dual activator/repressor, and that its regulation is important for the responses to different stress conditions involving L-glutamine/L-glutamate and putrescine utilization.

IMPORTANCEPutrescine is an important source of nitrogen for many organisms, but it also induces stress. Although its metabolism has been studied extensively, the regulatory mechanisms that control the stress response are still poorly understood. This study reveals that the HTH-type transcriptional regulator, YneJ in Escherichia coli, here re-named PtrR, is important for the putrescine stress response, in part because it plays a role in outer membrane porin regulation as a sensor in a regulatory cascade. Direct PtrR transcriptional regulation of the fnrS, yneI (sad), gltS and ptrR genes is documented and rationalized, and nine PtrR binding sites were identified using ChIP-Exo. A ptrR mutant exhibited altered resistance to a tetracycline group of antibiotics under microaerophilic conditions, suggesting that PtrR indirectly controls expression of porin genes such as ompF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wong, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.065417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PtrR (YneJ) is a novel E. coli transcription factor regulating the putrescine stress response and glutamate utilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TAT Protein Transduction Domain as an Intra-articular Drug-Delivery Technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveIntra-articular drug delivery holds great promise for the treatment of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the TAT peptide transduction domain (TAT-PTD) as a potential intra-articular drug delivery technology for synovial joints.

DesignExperiments examined the ability of TAT conjugates to associate with primary chondrocytes and alter cellular function both in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments examined the ability of the TAT-PTD to bind to human osteoarthritic cartilage.

ResultsThe results show that the TAT-PTD associates with chondrocytes, is capable of delivering siRNA for chondrocyte gene knockdown, and that the recombinant enzyme TAT-Cre is capable of inducing in vivo genetic recombination within the knee joint in a reporter mouse model. Lastly, binding studies show that osteoarthritic cartilage preferentially uptakes the TAT-PTD from solution.

ConclusionsThe results suggest that the TAT-PTD is a promising delivery strategy for intra-articular therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mailhiot, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinkel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowdy, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TAT Protein Transduction Domain as an Intra-articular Drug-Delivery Technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-selective reconstruction of causal and direct connectivity with application to in-vitro iPSC neuronal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advancements in the development of cell-based in-vitro neuronal network models, the lack of appropriate computational tools limits their analyses. Methods aimed at deciphering the effective connections between neurons from extracellular spike recordings would increase utility of in-vitro local neural circuits, especially for studies of human neural development and disease based on induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Current techniques allow statistical inference of functional couplings in the network but are fundamentally unable to correctly identify indirect and apparent connections between neurons, generating redundant maps with limited ability to model the causal dynamics of the network. In this paper, we describe a novel mathematically rigorous, model-free method to map effective - direct and causal - connectivity of neuronal networks from multi-electrode array data. The inference algorithm uses a combination of statistical and deterministic indicators which, first, enables identification of all existing functional links in the network and then, reconstructs the directed and causal connection diagram via a super-selective rule enabling highly accurate classification of direct, indirect and apparent links. Our method can be generally applied to the functional characterization of any in-vitro neuronal networks. Here, we show that, given its accuracy, it can offer important insights into the functional development of in-vitro iPSC-derived neuronal cultures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puppo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PrTh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.067124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-selective reconstruction of causal and direct connectivity with application to in-vitro iPSC neuronal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of Selective Fidelity in Diversity-Generating Retroelements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) vary protein sequences to the greatest extent known in the natural world. These elements are encoded by constituents of the human microbiome and the microbial  dark matter. Variation occurs through adenine-mutagenesis, in which genetic information in RNA is reverse transcribed faithfully to cDNA for all template bases but adenine. We investigated the determinants of adenine-mutagenesis in the prototypical Bordetella bacteriophage DGR through an in vitro system composed of the reverse transcriptase bRT, Avd protein, and a specific RNA. We found that the catalytic efficiency for correct incorporation during reverse transcription by the bRT-Avd complex was strikingly low for all template bases, with the lowest occurring for adenine. Misincorporation across a template adenine was only somewhat lower in efficiency than correct incorporation. We found that the C6, but not the N1 or C2, purine substituent was a key determinant of adenine-mutagenesis. bRT-Avd was insensitive to the C6 amine of adenine but recognized the C6 carbonyl of guanine. We also identified two bRT amino acids predicted to nonspecifically contact incoming dNTPs, R74 and I181, as promoters of adenine-mutagenesis. Our results suggest that the overall low catalytic efficiency of bRT-Avd is intimately tied to its ability to carry out adenine-mutagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiryaman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of Selective Fidelity in Diversity-Generating Retroelements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.069377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Methylation Atlas of the Mouse Brain at Single-Cell Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.069377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian brain cells are remarkably diverse in gene expression, anatomy, and function, yet the regulatory DNA landscape underlying this extensive heterogeneity is poorly understood. We carried out a comprehensive assessment of the epigenomes of mouse brain cell types by applying single nucleus DNA methylation sequencing to profile 110,294 nuclei from 45 regions of the mouse cortex, hippocampus, striatum, pallidum, and olfactory areas. We identified 161 cell clusters with distinct spatial locations and projection targets. We constructed taxonomies of these epigenetic types, annotated with signature genes, regulatory elements, and transcription factors. These features indicate the potential regulatory landscape supporting the assignment of putative cell types, and reveal repetitive usage of regulators in excitatory and inhibitory cells for determining subtypes. The DNA methylation landscape of excitatory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus varied continuously along spatial gradients. Using this deep dataset, an artificial neural network model was constructed that precisely predicts single neuron cell-type identity and brain area spatial location. Integration of high-resolution DNA methylomes with single-nucleus chromatin accessibility data allowed prediction of high-confidence enhancer-gene interactions for all identified cell types, which were subsequently validated by cell-type-specific chromatin conformation capture experiments. By combining multi-omic datasets (DNA methylation, chromatin contacts, and open chromatin) from single nuclei and annotating the regulatory genome of hundreds of cell types in the mouse brain, our DNA methylation atlas establishes the epigenetic basis for neuronal diversity and spatial organization throughout the mouse brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.069377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Methylation Atlas of the Mouse Brain at Single-Cell Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling the effect of nafcillin on HA-MRSA D592 using bacteriological and physiological media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.070904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading human pathogen associated with both hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections. The bacterium has steadily gained resistance to {beta}-lactams and other important first-line antibiotics culminating in its categorization as an urgent threat by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Observations of a varying response to antimicrobial exposure as a function of media type has revealed that clinical susceptibility testing performed in standard bacteriological media might not adequately represent pharmacological responses in the patient. Such observations have encouraged research designed to identify media types that more closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this study, we examine the response of a hospital-acquired USA100 lineage methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (MRSA/VISA) strain (D592) to nafcillin in a bacteriological compared to a more physiological tissue culture-based medium. We performed multi-dimensional analysis including growth and bacterial cytological profiling, RNA sequencing, and exo-metabolomics measurements (both HPLC and LC/MS) to shed light on the media-dependent activity of the commonly prescribed {beta}-lactam antibiotic nafcillin.



O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@85b95borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14c1504org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f7e976org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@100598dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f770e9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.070904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling the effect of nafcillin on HA-MRSA D592 using bacteriological and physiological media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.053983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep Deficits and Cannabis Use Behaviors: An Analysis of Shared Genetics Using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Polygenic Risk Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.053983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study ObjectivesEstimate the genetic relationship of cannabis use with sleep deficits and eveningness chronotype.

MethodsWe used linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) to analyze genetic correlations between sleep deficits and cannabis use behaviors. Secondly, we generated sleep deficit polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and estimated their ability to predict cannabis use behaviors using logistic regression. Summary statistics came from existing genome wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry that were focused on sleep duration, insomnia, chronotype, lifetime cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder (CUD). A target sample for PRS prediction consisted of high-risk participants and participants from twin/family community-based studies (n = 796, male = 66%; mean age = 26.81). Target data consisted of self-reported sleep (sleep duration, feeling tired, and taking naps) and cannabis use behaviors (lifetime use, number of lifetime uses, past 180-day use, age of first use, and lifetime CUD symptoms).

ResultsSignificant genetic correlation between lifetime cannabis use and eveningness chronotype (rG = 0.24, p < 0.01), as well as between CUD and both short sleep duration (<7 h) (rG = 0.23, p = 0.02) and insomnia (rG = 0.20, p = 0.02). Insomnia PRS predicted earlier age of first cannabis use ({beta} = -0.09, p = 0.02) and increased lifetime CUD symptom count use ({beta} = 0.07, p = 0.03).

ConclusionCannabis use is genetically associated with both sleep deficits and an eveningness chronotype, suggesting that there are genes that predispose individuals to both cannabis use and sleep deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winiger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellingson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corley, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopfer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.053983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep Deficits and Cannabis Use Behaviors: An Analysis of Shared Genetics Using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Polygenic Risk Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposition of transcriptional responses provides insights into differential antibiotic susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responses of bacteria to antibiotic treatments depend on their environments. Differences between in vitro testing conditions and the physiological environments inside patients have resulted in poor antibiotic susceptibility predictions, contributing to treatment failures in the clinic. Here, we investigate how media composition affects antibiotic susceptibility in the laboratory strain E. coli K-12 MG1655, and contextualize these changes through machine learning of transcriptomics data. We show that complex transcriptional changes induced by different media or antibiotic treatment can be traced back to a few key regulators. Integration of results from machine learning with biochemical knowledge reveals fundamental shifts in respiration and iron availability that may explain media-dependent differential susceptibility to antibiotics. The data generation and analytical workflow used here can interrogate the regulatory state of a pathogen under any condition, and can be extended to additional strains and organisms for which data is available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposition of transcriptional responses provides insights into differential antibiotic susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemically-informed Analyses of Metabolomics Mass Spectrometry Data with Qemistree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.077636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Untargeted mass spectrometry is employed to detect small molecules in complex biospecimens, generating data that are difficult to interpret. We developed Qemistree, a data exploration strategy based on hierarchical organization of molecular fingerprints predicted from fragmentation spectra, represented in the context of sample metadata and chemical ontologies. By expressing molecular relationships as a tree, we can apply ecological tools, designed around the relatedness of DNA sequences, to study chemical composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhrkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito-Nothias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NOTHIAS, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.077636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemically-informed Analyses of Metabolomics Mass Spectrometry Data with Qemistree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision does not impact walking performance in Argentine ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many walking insects use vision for long-distance navigation, but the influence of vision in detecting close-range obstacles and directing the limbs to maintain stability remains largely untested. We compared Argentine ant workers in light versus darkness while traversing flat and uneven terrain. In darkness, ants reduced flat-ground walking speeds by only 5%. Similarly, neither the approach speed nor the time to cross a step obstacle was affected by lighting. To determine if tactile sensing might compensate for vision loss, we tracked antennal motion and observed shifts in spatiotemporal activity due to terrain structure but not illumination. Together, these findings suggest that vision does not impact walking performance in Argentine ant workers. Our results help contextualize eye variation across ants, including subterranean, nocturnal, and eyeless species that walk in complete darkness. More broadly, our findings highlight the importance of integrating vision, proprioception, and tactile sensing for robust locomotion in unstructured environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clifton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holway, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision does not impact walking performance in Argentine ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.079640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the effect of vancomycin on HA-MRSA strains using bacteriological and physiological media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.079640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) USA100 strains are of major concern due to their evolving antibiotic resistant. They are resistant to a broad class of antibiotics like macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and many more. The selection of appropriate antibiotic susceptibility examination media is very important. Thus, we use bacteriological (CA-MHB) as well as physiological (R10LB) media to determine the effect of vancomycin on USA100 strains. The study includes the profiling behaviour of HA-MRSA USA100 D592 and D712 strains in the presence of vancomycin through various high-throughput assays. The US100 D592 and D712 strains were characterized at sub-inhibitory concentrations through growth curves, RNA sequencing, bacterial cytological profiling, and exo-metabolomics high throughput experiments. The study reveals the vancomycin resistance behavior of USA100 strains in dual media conditions using wide-ranging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.079640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the effect of vancomycin on HA-MRSA strains using bacteriological and physiological media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ detection of protein interactions for recombinant therapeutic enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their therapeutic potential, many protein drugs remain inaccessible to patients since they are difficult to secrete. Each recombinant protein has unique physicochemical properties and requires different machinery for proper folding, assembly, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here we aimed to identify the machinery supporting recombinant protein secretion by measuring the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of four different recombinant proteins (SERPINA1, SERPINC1, SERPING1 and SeAP) with various PTMs and structural motifs using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) method. We identified PPIs associated with specific features of the secreted proteins using a Bayesian statistical model, and found proteins involved in protein folding, disulfide bond formation and N-glycosylation were positively correlated with the corresponding features of the four model proteins. Among others, oxidative folding enzymes showed the strongest association with disulfide bond formation, supporting their critical roles in proper folding and maintaining the ER stability. Knockdown of disulfide-isomerase PDIA4, a measured interactor with significance for SERPINC1 but not SERPINA1, led to the decreased secretion of SERPINC1, which relies on its extensive disulfide bonds, compared to SERPINA1, which has no disulfide bonds. Proximity-dependent labeling successfully identified the transient interactions supporting synthesis of secreted recombinant proteins and refined our understanding of key molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway during recombinant protein production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samoudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams-Ud-Doha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinn, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen Bjorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voldborg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa Campos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ detection of protein interactions for recombinant therapeutic enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic CRISPR-Cas9 screen in Chinese hamster ovary cells identifies glutamine-sensitive genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.081604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decades, optimization of media formulation and feeding strategies have fueled a many-fold improvement in CHO-based biopharmaceutical production. While Design of Experiments (DOE) and media screens have led to many advances, genome editing offers another avenue for enhancing cell metabolism and bioproduction. However the complexity of metabolism, involving thousands of genes, makes it unclear which engineering strategies will result in desired traits. Here we developed a comprehensive pooled CRISPR screen for CHO cell metabolism, including [~]16,000 gRNAs against [~]2500 metabolic enzymes and regulators. We demonstrated the value of this screen by identifying a glutamine response network in CHO cells. Glutamine is particularly important since it is often substantially over-fed to drive increased TCA cycle flux but can lead to accumulation of toxic ammonia. Within the glutamine-response network, the deletion of a novel and poorly characterized lipase, Abhd11, was found to substantially increase growth in glutamine-free media by altering the regulation of the TCA cycle. Thus, the screen provides an invaluable targeted platform to comprehensively study genes involved in any metabolic trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karottki, K. J. l. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruckerbauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bort, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildegaard, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.081604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic CRISPR-Cas9 screen in Chinese hamster ovary cells identifies glutamine-sensitive genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comment on 'Initiation of chromosome replication controls both division and replication cycles in E. coli through a double-adder mechanism' 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Witz et al. recently performed single-cell mother machine experiments to track growth and the replication cycle in E. coli. They analyzed the correlation structure of selected parameters using both their data and published data, and concluded that E. coli cell-size control is implemented at replication initiation, which challenged the newly emerged division-centric mechanism of cell-size control in bacteria. We repeated Witz et al.s analysis, and performed additional experiments and analytical calculations. These results explain Witz et al.s observation and in fact support the division-centric model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Treut, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comment on 'Initiation of chromosome replication controls both division and replication cycles in E. coli through a double-adder mechanism']]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing temporal sequences associated with dynamic patterns on the C. elegans connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the structural connectivity of a network constrains the dynamics it is able to support is a very active and open area of research. We simulated the plausible dynamics resulting from the known C. elegans connectome using a recent model and theoretical analysis that computes the dynamics of neurobiological networks by focusing on how local interactions among connected neurons give rise to the global dynamics in an emergent way, independent of the biophysical or molecular details of the cells themselves. We studied the dynamics which resulted from stimulating a chemosensory neuron (ASEL) in a known feeding circuit, both in isolation and embedded in the full connectome. We show that contralateral motor neuron activations in ventral (VB) and dorsal (DB) classes of motor neurons emerged from the simulations, which are qualitatively similar to rhythmic motor neuron firing pattern associated with locomotion of the worm. One interpretation of these results is that there is an inherent - and we propose - purposeful structural wiring to the C. elegans connectome that has evolved to serve specific behavioral functions. To study network signaling pathways responsible for the dynamics we developed an analytic framework that constructs Temporal Sequences (TSeq), time-ordered walks of signals on graphs. We found that only 5% of TSeq are preserved between the isolated feeding network relative to its embedded counterpart. The remaining 95% of signaling pathways computed in the isolated network are not present in the embedded network. This suggests a cautionary note for computational studies of isolated neurobiological circuits and networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puppo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.085191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing temporal sequences associated with dynamic patterns on the C. elegans connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is a powerful technology to study the genetics of rising model organisms, such as the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. However, current methods involving embryonic microinjection of CRISPR reagents are challenging. Delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into female ovaries is an alternative that has only been explored in a small handful of insects, such as mosquitoes and whiteflies. Here, we developed a simple protocol for germline gene editing by injecting Cas9 ribonucleoprotein in adult N. vitripennis females using either ReMOT control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) or BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules) as ovary delivery methods. We demonstrate efficient delivery of protein cargo such as EGFP and Cas9 into developing oocytes via P2C peptide and BAPC. Additionally, somatic and germline gene editing have been demonstrated. This approach will greatly facilitate CRISPR-applied genetic manipulation in this and other rising model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Benetta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasgon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferree, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Atlas of Gene Regulatory Elements in Adult Mouse Cerebrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebrum performs high level sensory, motor control and cognitive functions through highly specialized cortical networks and subcortical nuclei. Recent surveys of mouse and human brains with single cell transcriptomics1-3 and high-throughput imaging technologies4,5 have uncovered hundreds of neuronal cell types and a variety of non-neuronal cell types distributed in different brain regions, but the cell-type-specific transcriptional regulatory programs responsible for the unique identity and function of each brain cell type have yet to be elucidated. Here, we probe the accessible chromatin in >800,000 individual nuclei from 45 regions spanning the adult mouse isocortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebral nuclei, and use the resulting data to define 491,818 candidate cis regulatory DNA elements in 160 distinct sub-types. We link a significant fraction of them to putative target genes expressed in diverse cerebral cell types and uncover transcriptional regulators involved in a broad spectrum of molecular and cellular pathways in different neuronal and glial cell populations. Our results provide a foundation for comprehensive analysis of gene regulatory programs of the mammalian brain and assist in the interpretation of non-coding risk variants associated with various neurological disease and traits in humans. To facilitate the dissemination of information, we have set up a web portal (http://catlas.org/mousebrain).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Atlas of Gene Regulatory Elements in Adult Mouse Cerebrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoproteomics identifies microglial Siglec-F inflammatory response during neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by the appearance of amyloid-{beta} plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammation in brain regions involved in memory. Using mass spectrometry, we have quantified the phosphoproteome of the CK-p25, 5XFAD, and Tau P301S mouse models of neurodegeneration. We identified a shared response involving Siglec-F which was upregulated on a subset of reactive microglia. The human paralog Siglec-8 was also upregulated on microglia in AD. Siglec-F and Siglec-8 were upregulated following microglial activation with interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) in BV-2 cell line and human stem-cell derived microglia models. Siglec-F overexpression activates an endocytic and pyroptotic inflammatory response in BV-2 cells, dependent on its sialic acid substrates and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) phosphorylation sites. Related human Siglecs induced a similar response in BV-2 cells. Collectively, our results point to an important role for mouse Siglec-F and human Siglec-8 in regulating microglial activation during neurodegeneration.

HighlightsO_LIPhosphoproteomics analysis of CK-p25, 5XFAD, and Tau P301S mouse models finds dysregulated signaling networks associated with Alzheimers disease pathologies.
C_LIO_LIA phosphorylation site on Siglec-F is found to be upregulated across all three models of disease.
C_LIO_LIExpression of Siglec-F and its human paralog Siglec-8 is increased in reactive microglia.
C_LIO_LIOverexpression of Siglec-F and Siglec-8 in vitro drives an endocytic and pyroptotic inflammatory response.
C_LI

In BriefPhosphoproteome signaling changes associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) are poorly characterized. Here, Morshed et al. apply phosphoproteomics to mouse models of AD to uncover a novel microglial receptor, Siglec-F, that is upregulated on a subset of inflammatory microglia across models of neurodegeneration. The human paralog, Siglec-8 is also found to be upregulated in late-onset AD microglia. Overexpression of Siglec-F and related human Siglecs activates pro-inflammatory signaling responses in BV-2 cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morshed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralvenius, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akay, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joughin, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRocque, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastroeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoproteomics identifies microglial Siglec-F inflammatory response during neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.092254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catestatin (CST) is a key mediator of the immunoendocrine regulation of cardiovascular function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.092254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertension (HTN) is associated with inflammation and excessive production of catecholamines. Hypertensive patients have reduced plasma levels of Catestatin (CST), a bioactive cleavage product of the prohormone Chromogranin A (CgA). In mouse models, HTN symptoms can be reduced by administration of CST, but the role of CST in the regulation of cardiovascular function is unknown. In this study, we generated mice with knockout (KO) of the region of the CgA gene coding for CST (CST-KO) and found that CST-KO mice are not only hypertensive as predicted, but also display left ventricular hypertrophy, have marked macrophage infiltration of the heart and adrenal gland, and have elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines. Intraperitoneal injection with CST reversed these phenotypes, and ischemic pre-conditioning-induced cardioprotection was also abolished in CST-KO mice. Experiments with chlodronate depletion of macrophages and bone-marrow transfer showed that macrophages produce CST and that the anti-hypertensive effects of CST are mediated in part via CSTs immunosuppression of macrophages as a form of feedback inhibition. The data thus implicate CST as a key autocrine attenuator of the cardiac inflammation in HTN by reducing macrophage inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avolio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.092254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catestatin (CST) is a key mediator of the immunoendocrine regulation of cardiovascular function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and Dynamic Basis of Molecular Recognition between Acyltransferase and Carrier Protein in E. coli Fatty Acid Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) iteratively elongate and often reduce two-carbon ketide units in de novo fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. Cycles of chain extensions in FAS and PKS are initiated by an acyltransferase (AT), which loads monomer units onto acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), small, flexible proteins that shuttle covalently linked intermediates between catalytic partners. Formation of productive ACP-AT interactions is required for catalysis and specificity within primary and secondary FAS and PKS pathways. Here, we use the Escherichia coli FAS AT, FabD, and its cognate ACP, AcpP, to interrogate type II FAS ACP-AT interactions. We utilize a covalent crosslinking probe to trap transient interactions between AcpP and FabD to elucidate the first x-ray crystal structure of a type II ACP-AT complex. Our structural data are supported using a combination of mutational, crosslinking, and kinetic analyses, and long timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Together, these complementary approaches reveal key catalytic features of FAS ACP-AT interactions. These mechanistic inferences suggest that AcpP adopts multiple, productive conformations at the AT binding interface, allowing the complex to sustain high transacylation rates. Furthermore, MD simulations support rigid body subdomain motions within the FabD structure that may play a key role in AT activity and substrate selectivity.

Significance StatementThe essential role of acyltransferases (ATs) in fatty acid synthase (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways, namely the selection and loading of starter and extender units onto acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), relies on catalytically productive ACP-AT interactions. Here, we describe and interrogate the first structure of a type II FAS malonyl-CoA:ACP-transacylase (MAT) in covalent complex with its cognate ACP. We combine structural, mutational, crosslinking and kinetic data with molecular dynamics simulations to describe a highly flexible and robust protein-protein interface, substrate-induced active site reorganization, and key subdomain motions that likely govern FAS function. These findings strengthen a mechanistic understanding of molecular recognitions between ACPs and partner enzymes and provide new insights for engineering AT-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Misson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindrebo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkart, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and Dynamic Basis of Molecular Recognition between Acyltransferase and Carrier Protein in E. coli Fatty Acid Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture and self-assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-2019 pandemic is the most severe acute public health threat of the twenty-first century. To properly address this crisis with both robust testing and novel treatments, we require a deep understanding of the life cycle of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Here, we examine the architecture and self-assembly properties of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, which packages viral RNA into new virions. We determined a 1.4 [A] resolution crystal structure of this proteins N2b domain, revealing a compact, intertwined dimer similar to that of related coronaviruses including SARS-CoV. While the N2b domain forms a dimer in solution, addition of the C-terminal spacer B/N3 domain mediates formation of a homotetramer. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we find evidence that at least part of this putatively disordered domain is structured, potentially forming an -helix that self-associates and cooperates with the N2b domain to mediate tetramer formation. Finally, we map the locations of amino acid substitutions in the N protein from over 38,000 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. We find that these substitutions are strongly clustered in the proteins N2a linker domain, and that substitutions within the N1b and N2b domains cluster away from their functional RNA binding and dimerization interfaces. Overall, this work reveals the architecture and self-assembly properties of a key protein in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, with implications for both drug design and antibody-based testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silletti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture and self-assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic progenitor epigenome maps prioritize type 2 diabetes risk genes with roles in development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk affect gene regulation in metabolically relevant tissues, such as pancreatic islets. Here, we investigated contributions of regulatory programs active during pancreatic development to T2D risk. Generation of chromatin maps from developmental precursors throughout pancreatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) identifies enrichment of T2D variants in pancreatic progenitor-specific stretch enhancers that are not active in islets. Genes associated with progenitor-specific stretch enhancers are predicted to regulate developmental processes, most notably tissue morphogenesis. Through gene editing in hESCs, we demonstrate that progenitor-specific enhancers harboring T2D-associated variants regulate cell polarity genes LAMA1 and CRB2. Knockdown of lama1 or crb2 in zebrafish embryos causes a defect in pancreas morphogenesis and impairs islet cell development. Together, our findings reveal that a subset of T2D risk variants specifically affects pancreatic developmental programs, suggesting that dysregulation of developmental processes can predispose to T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geusz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefalopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic progenitor epigenome maps prioritize type 2 diabetes risk genes with roles in development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution of multiple E. coli strains reveals unifying principles of adaptation but diversity in driving genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.104992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitness landscapes are a central concept in evolutionary biology and have been thoroughly detailed in terms of genotypes. However, our understanding of the selected metabolic and gene expression adaptations, and their dependence on genetic background, remains limited. Here, we reveal multi-scale adaptation principles in the E. coli species by taking multi-omics measurements of six different strains throughout their adaptive evolution to glucose minimal media. Statistics and matrix factorization is applied to yield four key results. First, analysis of the metabolic and physiological data shows evolutionary convergence in growth rate, glucose uptake rate, glycolytic ATP and NADH production but divergence in NADPH production strategies. Second, factorization-based analysis of the transcriptome revealed six conserved transcriptomic adaptations describing increased expression of ribosome and amino acid biosynthetic genes and decreased expression of stress response and structural genes. Third, correlation analysis identifies five tradeoffs underlying the transcriptomic profiles. Fourth, statistical tests leveraging ALE design identify four mutation-flux correlates and eight mutation-transcriptomic correlates that link mutations to systems level adaptation principles. Our total results reveal the dominant metabolic and regulatory constraints governing E. coli growth adaptation that either distinguish strains or are conserved principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavvas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniewicz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.104992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution of multiple E. coli strains reveals unifying principles of adaptation but diversity in driving genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.079152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Travelling spindles create necessary conditions for spike-timing-dependent plasticity in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.079152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep spindles facilitate memory consolidation in the cortex during mammalian non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In rodents, phase-locked firing during spindles may facilitate spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) by grouping pre- and post-synaptic cell firing within [~]25ms. Currently, microphysiological evidence in humans for conditions conducive for STDP during spindles is absent. We analyzed local field potentials and supragranular unit spiking during spindles from 10x10 arrays of microelectrodes at 400{micro}m pitch in humans. We found strong tonic and phase-locked increases in firing and co-firing within 25ms during spindles. Co-firing, spindle co-occurrence, and spindle coherence were greatest between sites within [~]2mm, and high co-firing of units on different electrodes was largely restricted to moments of high spindle coherence between those electrodes. Spindles propagated at [~]0.23m/s in distinct patterns, with correlated cell co-firing sequences. These results suggest that spindles may organize spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal co-firing which promote memory consolidation during NREM sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargsyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.079152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Travelling spindles create necessary conditions for spike-timing-dependent plasticity in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Confidence Sets for Standardized Effect Size Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current statistical inference methods for task-fMRI suffer from two fundamental limitations. First, the focus is solely on detection of non-zero signal or signal change, a problem that is exasperated for large scale studies (e.g. UK Biobank, N = 40, 000+) where the  null hypothesis fallacy causes even trivial effects to be determined as significant. Second, for any sample size, widely used cluster inference methods only indicate regions where a null hypothesis can be rejected, without providing any notion of spatial uncertainty about the activation. In this work, we address these issues by developing spatial Confidence Sets (CSs) on clusters found in thresholded Cohens d effect size images. We produce an upper and lower CS to make confidence statements about brain regions where Cohens d effect sizes have exceeded and fallen short of a non-zero threshold, respectively. The CSs convey information about the magnitude and reliability of effect sizes that is usually given separately in a t-statistic and effect estimate map. We expand the theory developed in our previous work on CSs for %BOLD change effect maps (Bowring et al., 2019) using recent results from the bootstrapping literature. By assessing the empirical coverage with 2D and 3D Monte Carlo simulations resembling fMRI data, we find our method is accurate in sample sizes as low as N = 60. We compute Cohens d CSs for the Human Connectome Project working memory taskfMRI data, illustrating the brain regions with a reliable Cohens d response for a given threshold. By comparing the CSs with results obtained from a traditional statistical voxelwise inference, we highlight the improvement in activation localization that can be gained with the Confidence Sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telschow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Confidence Sets for Standardized Effect Size Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of Fur pan-regulon uncovers the complexity and diversity of transcriptional regulation in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulons for many transcription factors have been elucidated in model strains leading to an understanding of their role in producing physiological states. Comparative analysis of a regulon and its target genes between different strains of the same species is lacking. Ferric uptake regulator (Fur), involved in iron homeostasis, is one of the most conserved TFs, and is present in a wide range of bacteria. Using ChIP-exo experiments, we performed a comprehensive study of Fur binding sites in nine Escherichia coli strains with different lifestyles. 79 of the 431 target genes (18%) found belong to Fur core regulon, comprising genes involved in ion transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, and amino acid metabolism and transport. 179 of the target genes (42%) comprise the accessory regulon, most of which were related to cell wall structure and biogenesis, and virulence factor pathways. The remaining target genes (173 or 40%) were in the unique regulon, with gene functions that were largely unknown. Furthermore, deletion of the fur gene led to distinct phenotypes in growth, motility, antibiotic resistance, and the change of siderophore production. These results provide a more complete understanding of how Fur regulates a set of target genes with surprising variation in closely related bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of Fur pan-regulon uncovers the complexity and diversity of transcriptional regulation in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are only available for a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling the most accurate and complete reference genomes to date. Here we summarize these developments, introduce a set of quality standards, and present lessons learned from sequencing and assembling 16 species representing major vertebrate lineages (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, teleost fishes and cartilaginous fishes). We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of error in assemblies. Our new assemblies identify and correct substantial errors in some of the best historical reference genomes. Adopting these lessons, we have embarked on the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), an effort to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes for all ~70,000 extant vertebrate species and help enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliano-Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedman, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bista, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzner, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorns, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eason, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kautt, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detrich, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svardal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylor, G. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explication of CB1 receptor contributions to the hypothermic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) when delivered by vapor inhalation or parenteral injection in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by inhalation using e-cigarette technology grows increasingly popular for medical and recreational purposes. This has led to development of e-cigarette based techniques to study the delivery of THC by inhalation in laboratory rodents. Inhaled THC reliably produces hypothermic and antinociceptive effects in rats, similar to effects of parenteral injection of THC. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which the hypothermic response depends on interactions with the CB1 receptor, using pharmacological antagonist (SR141716, AM-251) approaches. Groups of rats were implanted with radiotelemetry devices capable of reporting activity and body temperature, which were assessed after THC inhalation or injection. SR141716 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked or attenuated antinociceptive effects of acute THC inhalation in male and female rats. SR141716 was unable to block the initial hypothermia caused by THC inhalation, but temperature was restored to normal more quickly. Alterations in antagonist pre-treatment time, dose and the use of a rat strain with less sensitivity to THC-induced hypothermia did not change this pattern. Pre-treatment with SR141716 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked hypothermia induced by i.v. THC and reversed hypothermia when administered 45 or 90 minutes after THC (i.p.). SR141716 and AM-251 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) sped recovery from, but did not block, hypothermia caused by vapor THC in female rats made tolerant by prior repeated THC vapor inhalation. The CB2 antagonist AM-630, had no effect. These results suggest that hypothermia consequent to THC inhalation is induced by other mechanisms in addition to CB1 receptor activation.Competing Interest StatementAuthor SAV has consulted for La Jolla Alcohol Research, Inc., the vendor that supplies our vapor inhalation equipment.AbbreviationsPGpropylene glycol;SR141716 (SR)5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide;AM-251N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide;AM-6306-Iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)methanone;THCΔ9-tetrahydrocannabinol;View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandewater, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explication of CB1 receptor contributions to the hypothermic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) when delivered by vapor inhalation or parenteral injection in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism genetics perturb prenatal neurodevelopment through a hierarchy of broadly-expressed and brain-specific genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous genes are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it remains unclear how most ASD risk genes influence neurodevelopment and result in similar traits. Recent genetic models of complex traits suggest non-tissue-specific genes converge on core disease genes; so we analyzed ASD genetics in this context. We found ASD risk genes partition cleanly into broadly-expressed and brain-specific genes. The two groups show sequential roles during neurodevelopment with broadly-expressed genes modulating chromatin remodeling, proliferation, and cell fate, while brain-specific risk genes are involved in neural maturation and synapse functioning. Broadly-expressed risk genes converge onto brain-specific risk genes and core neurodevelopmental genes through regulatory networks including PI3K/AKT, RAS/ERK, and WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling pathways. Broadly-expressed and brain-specific risk genes show unique properties, wherein the broadly-expressed risk gene network is expressed prenatally and conserved in non-neuronal cells like microglia. However, the brain-specific gene network expression is limited to excitatory and inhibitory neurons, spanning prenatal to adulthood. Furthermore, the two groups are linked differently to comorbidities associated with ASD. Collectively, we describe here the organization of the genetic architecture of ASD as a hierarchy of broadly-expressed and brain-specific genes that disrupt successive stages of core neurodevelopmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazestani, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism genetics perturb prenatal neurodevelopment through a hierarchy of broadly-expressed and brain-specific genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and Propagation of Epistasis in Metabolic Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epistasis is often used to probe functional relationships between genes, and it plays an important role in evolution. However, we lack theory to understand how functional relationships at the molecular level translate into epistasis at the level of whole-organism phenotypes, such as fitness. Here, I derive two rules for how epistasis between mutations with small effects propagates from lower-to higher-level phenotypes in a hierarchical metabolic network with first-order kinetics and how such epistasis depends on topology. Most importantly, weak epistasis at a lower level may be distorted as it propagates to higher levels. Computational analyses show that epistasis in more realistic models likely follows similar, albeit more complex, patterns. These results suggest that pairwise inter-gene epistasis should be common and it should generically depend on the genetic background and environment. Furthermore, the epistasis coefficients measured for high-level phenotypes may not be sufficient to fully infer the underlying functional relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and Propagation of Epistasis in Metabolic Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable Number Tandem Repeats mediate the expression of proximal genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) account for a significant amount of human genetic variation. VNTRs have been implicated in both Mendelian and Complex disorders, but are largely ignored by whole genome analysis pipelines due to the complexity of genotyping and the computational expense. We describe adVNTR-NN, a method that uses shallow neural networks for fast read recruitment. On 55X whole genome data, adVNTR-NN genotyped each VNTR in less than 18 cpu-seconds, while maintaining 100% accuracy on 76% of VNTRs.

We used adVNTR-NN to genotype 10,264 VNTRs in 652 individuals from the GTEx project and associated VNTR length with gene expression in 46 tissues. We identified 163  eVNTR loci that were significantly associated with gene expression. Of the 22 eVNTRs in blood where independent data was available, 21 (95%) were replicated in terms of significance and direction of association. 49% of the eVNTR loci showed a strong and likely causal impact on the expression of genes and 80% had maximum effect size at least 0.3. The impacted genes have important role in complex phenotypes including Alzheimers, obesity and familial cancers. Our results point to the importance of studying VNTRs for understanding the genetic basis of complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakhtiari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shleizer-Burko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halldorsson, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable Number Tandem Repeats mediate the expression of proximal genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.115378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic and shaped by cortical microarchitecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.115378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cognitive functions such as working memory and decision-making require information maintenance over many timescales, from transient sensory stimuli to long-term contextual cues. While theoretical accounts predict the emergence of a corresponding hierarchy of neuronal timescales, direct electrophysiological evidence across the human cortex is lacking. Here, we infer neuronal timescales from invasive intracranial recordings. Timescales increase along the principal sensorimotor-to-association axis across the entire human cortex, and scale with single-unit timescales within macaques. Cortex-wide transcriptomic analysis shows direct alignment between timescales and expression of excitation- and inhibition-related genes, as well as genes specific to voltage-gated transmembrane ion transporters. Finally, neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic: prefrontal cortex timescales expand during working memory maintenance and predict individual performance, while cortex-wide timescales compress with aging. Thus, neuronal timescales follow cytoarchitectonic gradients across the human cortex, and are relevant for cognition in both short- and long-terms, bridging microcircuit physiology with macroscale dynamics and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.115378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic and shaped by cortical microarchitecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many photosynthetic organisms employ a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to increase the rate of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. CCMs catalyze ≈50% of global photosynthesis, yet it remains unclear which genes and proteins are required to produce this complex adaptation. We describe the construction of a functional CCM in a non-native host, achieved by expressing genes from an autotrophic bacterium in an engineered E. coli strain. Expression of 20 CCM genes enabled E. coli to grow by fixing CO2 from ambient air into biomass, with growth depending on CCM components. Bacterial CCMs are therefore genetically compact and readily transplanted, rationalizing their presence in diverse bacteria. Reconstitution enabled genetic experiments refining our understanding of the CCM, thereby laying the groundwork for deeper study and engineering of the cell biology supporting CO2 assimilation in diverse organisms.One Sentence Summary A bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism enables E. coli to fix CO2 from ambient air.Competing Interest StatementD.F.S. is a co-founder of Scribe Therapeutics and a scientific advisory board member of Scribe Therapeutics and Mammoth Biosciences. A.B.-E. is co-founder of b.fab. These companies were not involved in this research in any way. All other authors declare no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Nissan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional reconstitution of a bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A consensus-based and readable extension of Linear Code for Reaction Rules (LiCoRR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems glycobiology aims to provide models and analysis tools that account for the biosynthesis, regulation, and interactions with glycoconjugates. To facilitate these methods, there is a need for a clear glycan representation accessible to both computers and humans. Linear Code, a linearized and readily parsable glycan structure representation, is such a language. For this reason, Linear Code was adapted to represent reaction rules, but the syntax has drifted from its original description to accommodate new and originally unforeseen challenges. Here, we delineate the consensuses and inconsistencies that have arisen through this adaptation. We recommend options for a consensus-based extension of Linear Code that can be used for reaction rule specification going forward. Through this extension and specification of Linear Code to reaction rules, we aim to minimize inconsistent symbology thereby making glycan database queries easier. With a clear guide for generating reaction rule descriptions, glycan synthesis models will be more interoperable and reproducible thereby moving glycoinformatics closer to compliance with FAIR standards. Reaction rule-extended Linear Code is an unambiguous representation for describing glycosylation reactions in both literature and code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logomasini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akases, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogabe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuoka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krambeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki-Kinoshita, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A consensus-based and readable extension of Linear Code for Reaction Rules (LiCoRR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sncRNA-seq of the PPMI cohort to study Parkinson's disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coding and non-coding RNAs have diagnostic and prognostic importance in Parkinsons diseases (PD). We studied circulating small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 7, 003 samples from two longitudinal PD cohorts (Parkinsons Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) and Luxembourg Parkinsons Study (NCER-PD)) and modelled their influence on the transcriptome. First, we sequenced sncRNAs in 5, 450 blood samples of 1, 614 individuals in PPMI. The majority of 323 billion reads (59 million reads per sample) mapped to miRNAs. Other covered RNA classes include piRNAs, rRNAs, snoRNAs, tRNAs, scaRNAs, and snRNAs. De-regulated miRNAs were associated with the disease and disease progression and occur in two distinct waves in the third and seventh decade of live. Originating mostly from a characteristic set of immune cells they resemble a systemic inflammation response and mitochondrial dysfunction, two hallmarks of PD. By profiling 1, 553 samples from 1, 024 individuals in the NCER-PD cohort using an independent technology, we validate relevant findings from the sequencing study. Finally, network analysis of sncRNAs and transcriptome sequencing of the original cohort identified regulatory modules emerging in progressing PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grammes, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sncRNA-seq of the PPMI cohort to study Parkinson's disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.130740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are a diverse family of non-structural viral proteins that, once expressed on the plasma membrane of infected cells, drive fusion with neighboring cells, increasing viral spread and pathogenicity. Unlike viral fusogens with tall ectodomains that pull two membranes together through conformational changes, FAST proteins have short fusogenic ectodomains that cannot bridge the inter-membrane gap between neighboring cells. One orthoreovirus FAST protein, p14, has been shown to hijack the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion, but the actin adaptor-binding motif identified in p14 is not found in any other FAST protein. Here, we report that an evolutionarily divergent FAST protein, p22 from aquareovirus, also hijacks the actin cytoskeleton but does so through different adaptor proteins, Intersectin-1 and Cdc42, that trigger N-WASP-mediated branched actin assembly. We show that despite using different pathways, the cytoplasmic tails of p22 and p14 can be exchanging to create a potent chimeric fusogen, suggesting they are modular and play similar functional roles. When we replace p22s branched actin nucleator, N-WASP, with the parallel filament nucleator, formin, its ability to drive fusion is maintained, indicating that localized mechanical pressure on the plasma membrane coupled to a membrane-disruptive ectodomain is sufficient to drive cell-cell fusion. This work points to a common biophysical strategy used by FAST proteins to push rather than pull membranes together to drive fusion, one that may be harnessed by other short fusogens responsible for physiological cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.130740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental conditions dictate differential evolution of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.138933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While microbiological resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus is rare, clinical vancomycin treatment failures are common, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from patients after prolonged vancomycin treatment failure remain susceptible. Adaptive laboratory evolution was utilized to uncover mutational mechanisms associated with MRSA vancomycin resistance in a bacteriological medium used in clinical susceptibility testing and a physiological medium. Sequencing of resistant clones revealed shared and media-specific mutational outcomes, with an overlap in cell wall regulons (walKRyycHI, vraSRT). Evolved strains displayed similar genetic and phenotypic traits to resistant clinical isolates. Importantly, resistant phenotypes that developed in physiological media did not translate into resistance in bacteriological media. Further, a bacteriological media-specific mechanism for vancomycin resistance enabled by a mutated mprF was confirmed. This study bridges the gap of understanding between clinical and microbiological vancomycin resistance in S. aureus and expands the number of allelic variants that result in vancomycin resistance phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machado, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakoulas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.138933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental conditions dictate differential evolution of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outcomes of the 2019 EMDataResource model challenge: validation of cryo-EM models at near-atomic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper describes outcomes of the 2019 Cryo-EM Map-based Model Metrics Challenge sponsored by EMDataResource (www.emdataresource.org). The goals of this challenge were (1) to assess the quality of models that can be produced using current modeling software, (2) to check the reproducibility of modeling results from different software developers and users, and (3) compare the performance of current metrics used for evaluation of models. The focus was on near-atomic resolution maps with an innovative twist: three of four target maps formed a resolution series (1.8 to 3.1 [A]) from the same specimen and imaging experiment. Tools developed in previous challenges were expanded for managing, visualizing and analyzing the 63 submitted coordinate models, and several novel metrics were introduced. The results permit specific recommendations to be made about validating near-atomic cryo-EM structures both in the context of individual laboratory experiments and holdings of structure data archives such as the Protein Data Bank. Our findings demonstrate the relatively high accuracy and reproducibility of cryo-EM models derived from these benchmark maps by 13 participating teams, representing both widely used and novel modeling approaches. We also evaluate the pros and cons of the commonly used metrics to assess model quality and recommend the adoption of multiple scoring parameters to provide full and objective annotation and assessment of the model, reflective of the observed density in the cryo-EM map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovych, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chojnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowtan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dill, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzik, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monastyrskyy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfab, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintilie, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terashi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwilliger, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaiana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.147033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outcomes of the 2019 EMDataResource model challenge: validation of cryo-EM models at near-atomic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipose tissue macrophages orchestrate β cell adaptation in obesity through secreting miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity induces an adaptive expansion of β cell mass and insulin secretion abnormality. Here, we explore a novel role of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mediating obesity-induced β cell function and proliferation through releasing miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). ATM EVs derived from obese mice notably suppress insulin secretion in both in vivo and in vitro experiments, whereas there are more proliferating β cells in the islets treated with obese ATM EVs. Depletion of miRNAs blunts the ability of obese ATM EVs to regulate β cell responses. miR-155, a highly enriched miRNA within obese ATM EVs, exerts profound regulation on β cell functions, as evidenced by impaired insulin secretion and increased β cell proliferation after miR-155 overexpression in β cells. By contrast, knockout of miR-155 can attenuate the regulation of obese ATM EVs on β cell responses. We further demonstrate that the miR-155-Mafb axis plays a critical role in controlling β cell responses. Taken together, these studies show a novel mechanism by which ATM-derived EVs act as endocrine cargoes delivering miRNAs and subsequently mediating β cell adaptation and functional dysfunction in obesity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipose tissue macrophages orchestrate β cell adaptation in obesity through secreting miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.151555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding of persistent multiscale structures in complex biological networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.151555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In any  omics study, the scale of analysis can dramatically affect the outcome. For instance, when clustering single-cell transcriptomes, is the analysis tuned to discover broad or specific cell types? Likewise, protein communities revealed from protein networks can vary widely in sizes depending on the method. Here we use the concept of "persistent homology", drawn from mathematical topology, to identify robust structures in data at all scales simultaneously. Application to mouse single-cell transcriptomes significantly expands the catalog of identified cell types, while analysis of SARS-COV-2 protein interactions suggests hijacking of WNT. The method, HiDeF, is available via Python and Cytoscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.151555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding of persistent multiscale structures in complex biological networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Models Identify Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic there is an urgent need for the discovery of a treatment for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Drug repurposing is one of the most rapid strategies for addressing this need and numerous compounds have been selected for in vitro testing by several groups already. These have led to a growing database of molecules with in vitro activity against the virus. Machine learning models can assist drug discovery through prediction of the best compounds based on previously published data. Herein we have implemented several machine learning methods to develop predictive models from recent SARS-CoV-2 in vitro inhibition data and used them to prioritize additional FDA approved compounds for in vitro testing selected from our in-house compound library. From the compounds predicted with a Bayesian machine learning model, CPI1062 and CPI1155 showed antiviral activity in HeLa-ACE2 cell-based assays and represent potential repurposing opportunities for COVID-19. This approach can be greatly expanded to exhaustively virtually screen available molecules with predicted activity against this virus as well as a prioritization tool for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug discovery programs. The very latest model for SARS-CoV-2 is available at www.assaycentral.org.Competing Interest StatementSE is CEO and owner of Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc. DHF, KMZ, TRL, AP are employees of Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gawriljuk, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyaw Zin, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foil, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puhl, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrid, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.154765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Models Identify Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mimicry confers robustness in the cyanobacterial circadian clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.158394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The histidine kinase SasA enhances robustness of circadian rhythms in the cyanobacterium S. elongatus by temporally controlling expression of the core clock components, kaiB and kaiC. Here we show that SasA also engages directly with KaiB and KaiC proteins to regulate the period and enhance robustness of the reconstituted circadian oscillator in vitro, particularly under limiting concentrations of KaiB. In contrast to its role regulating gene expression, oscillator function does not require SasA kinase activity; rather, SasA uses structural mimicry to cooperatively recruit the rare, fold-switched conformation of KaiB to the KaiC hexamer to form the nighttime repressive complex. Cooperativity gives way to competition with increasing concentrations of SasA to define a dynamic window by which SasA directly modulates clock robustness.

One Sentence SummarySasA controls the assembly of clock protein complexes through a balance of cooperative and competitive interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagshaw, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.158394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mimicry confers robustness in the cyanobacterial circadian clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.158576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of an intact clock that generates circadian DNA binding in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.158576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks control gene expression in the complex milieu of cells. Here, we reconstituted under defined conditions in vitro the cyanobacterial circadian clock system which includes an oscillator, signal-transduction pathways, transcription factor, and promoter DNA. The system oscillates autonomously with a near 24 h period, remains phase coherent for many days, and allows real-time observation of each component simultaneously without user intervention. This reassembled clock system provides new insights into how a circadian clock exerts control over gene expression and can serve in the area of synthetic biology as a new platform upon which to build even more complexity.

One Sentence SummaryAn autonomously oscillating circadian clock-controlled gene regulatory circuit is studied in vitro using a real-time high-throughput assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.158576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of an intact clock that generates circadian DNA binding in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Using ViReport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Given the current lack of treatments or vaccines available, it may be useful to trace the evolu-tion and spread of the virus to better develop methods of preventative intervention. In this study, we analyzed over 4,000 full genome sequences of human SARS-CoV-2 using novel tool ViReport [13], an automated workflow for performing phylogenetic analyses on viral sequences and generating comprehensive molecular epidemiologi-cal reports. The complete ViReport output can be found at https://github.com/mirandajsong/ViReport-SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Using ViReport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoproteomics after nitrate treatments reveal an important role for PIN2 phosphorylation in control of root system architecture. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrate is an important signaling molecule that commands genome-wide gene expression changes that impact metabolism, physiology, plant growth and development. Although gene expression responses to nitrate at the mRNA level have been characterized in great detail, the impact of nitrate signaling at the proteome level has been much less explored. Most signaling pathways involve post-translational modifications of key protein factors and chiefly among these modifications is protein phosphorylation. In an effort to identify new components involved in nitrate responses in plants, we performed analyses of the Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteome in response to nitrate treatments via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 268 phosphoproteins that show significant changes at 5 min or 20 min after nitrate treatments. The large majority of these proteins (96%) are coded by genes that are not modulated at the expression level in response to nitrate treatments in publicly available transcriptome data. Proteins identified by 5 min include potential signaling-components such as kinases or transcription factors. In contrast, by 20 min, proteins identified were associated with protein binding, transporter activity or hormone metabolism functions. Interestingly, the phosphorylation profile of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) mutant plants in response to nitrate at 5 min was significantly different (95%) as compared to wild-type plants. This result is consistent with the role of NRT1.1 as a key component of a nitrate signaling pathway that involves phosphoproteomic changes. Our integrative bioinformatics analysis highlights auxin transport as an important mechanism modulated by nitrate signaling at the post-translational level. We experimentally validated the role of PIN2 phosphorylation in both primary and lateral root growth responses to nitrate. Our data provide new insights into the phosphoproteome and identifies novel protein components that are regulated post-translationally, such as PIN2, in nitrate responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otvos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoproteomics after nitrate treatments reveal an important role for PIN2 phosphorylation in control of root system architecture.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.162792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ReCodLiver0.9: Overcoming challenges in genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of a non-model species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.162792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of genome sequences, annotations and knowledge of the biochemistry underlying metabolic transformations has led to the generation of metabolic network reconstructions for a wide range of organisms in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. When modeled using mathematical representations, a reconstruction can simulate underlying genotype-phenotype relationships. Accordingly, genome-scale models (GEMs) can be used to predict the response of organisms to genetic and environmental variations. A bottom-up reconstruction procedure typically starts by generating a draft model from existing annotation data on a target organism. For model species, this part of the process can be straightforward, due to the abundant organism-specific biochemical data. However, the process becomes complicated for non-model less-annotated species. In this paper, we present a draft liver reconstruction, ReCodLiver0.9, of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a non-model teleost fish, as a practicable guide for cases with comparably few resources. Although the reconstruction is considered a draft version, we show that it already has utility in elucidating metabolic response mechanisms to environmental toxicants by mapping gene expression data of exposure experiments to the resulting model.Author summary Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are constructed based upon reconstructed networks that are carried out by an organism. The underlying biochemical knowledge in such networks can be transformed into mathematical models that could serve as a platform to answer biological questions. The availability of high-throughput biological data, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data, supports the generation of such models for a large number of organisms. Nevertheless, challenges arise for non-model species which are typically less annotated. In this paper, we discuss these challenges and possible solutions in the context of generation of a draft liver reconstruction of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). We also show how experimental data, here gene expression data, can be mapped to the resulting model to understand the metabolic response of cod liver to environmental toxicants.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furmanek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadetie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goksoyr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonassen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.162792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ReCodLiver0.9: Overcoming challenges in genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of a non-model species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of regulatory modes for five two-component systems in Escherichia coli reveals novel relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli uses two-component systems (TCSs) to respond to environmental signals. TCSs affect gene expression and are parts of E. coli’s global transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). Here, we identified the regulons of five TCSs in E. coli MG1655: BaeSR and CpxAR, which were stimulated by ethanol stress; KdpDE and PhoRB, induced by limiting potassium and phosphate, respectively; and ZraSR, stimulated by zinc. We analyzed RNA-seq data using independent component analysis (ICA). ChIP-exo data was used to validate condition-specific target gene binding sites. Based on this data we (1) identify the target genes for each TCS; (2) show how the target genes are transcribed in response to stimulus; and (3) reveal novel relationships between TCSs, which indicate non-cognate inducers for various response regulators, such as BaeR to iron starvation, CpxR to phosphate limitation, and PhoB and ZraR to cell envelope stress. Our understanding of the TRN in E. coli is thus notably expanded.Importance E. coli is a common commensal microbe found in human gut microenvironment; however, some strains cause diseases like diarrhea, urinary tract infections and meningitis. E. coli’s two-component system (TCS) modulates target gene expression, specially related to virulence, pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptides, in response to environmental stimuli. Thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the transcriptional regulation of the TCSs to infer its environmental adaptation and disease pathogenicity. Utilizing a combinatorial approach integrating RNAseq, independent component analysis, ChIP-exo and data mining, we show that TCSs have five different modes of transcriptional regulation. Our data further highlights non-cognate inducers of TCSs emphasizing cross-regulatory nature of TCSs in E. coli and suggests that TCSs may have a role beyond their cognate functionalities. In summary, these results when further incorporated with genome scale metabolic models can lead to understanding of metabolic capabilities of bacteria and correctly predict complex phenotype under diverse conditions.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinmanns, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of regulatory modes for five two-component systems in Escherichia coli reveals novel relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of parameterization for genome-scale metabolic models of cultured mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale metabolic models describe cellular metabolism with mechanistic detail. Given their high complexity, such models need to be parameterized correctly to yield accurate predictions and avoid overfitting. Effective parameterization has been well-studied for microbial models, but it remains unclear for higher eukaryotes, including mammalian cells. To address this, we enumerated model parameters that describe key features of cultured mammalian cells - including cellular composition, bioprocess performance metrics, mammalian-specific pathways, and biological assumptions behind model formulation approaches. We tested these parameters by building thousands of metabolic models and evaluating their ability to predict the growth rates of a panel of phenotypically diverse Chinese Hamster Ovary cell clones. We found the following considerations to be most critical for accurate parameterization: (1) cells limit metabolic activity to maintain homeostasis, (2) cell morphology and viability change dynamically during a growth curve, and (3) cellular biomass has a particular macromolecular composition. Depending on parameterization, models predicted different metabolic phenotypes, including contrasting mechanisms of nutrient utilization and energy generation, leading to varying accuracies of growth rate predictions. Notably, accurate parameter values broadly agreed with experimental measurements. These insights will guide future investigations of mammalian metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schinn, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of parameterization for genome-scale metabolic models of cultured mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus, which utilizes its highly glycosylated trimeric Spike protein to bind to the cell surface receptor ACE2 glycoprotein and facilitate host cell entry. We utilized glycomics-informed glycoproteomics to characterize site-specific microheterogeneity of glycosylation for a recombinant trimer Spike mimetic immunogen and for a soluble version of human ACE2. We combined this information with bioinformatic analyses of natural variants and with existing 3D-structures of both glycoproteins to generate molecular dynamics simulations of each glycoprotein alone and interacting with one another. Our results highlight roles for glycans in sterically masking polypeptide epitopes and directly modulating Spike-ACE2 interactions. Furthermore, our results illustrate the impact of viral evolution and divergence on Spike glycosylation, as well as the influence of natural variants on ACE2 receptor glycosylation that, taken together, can facilitate immunogen design to achieve antibody neutralization and inform therapeutic strategies to inhibit viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praissman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbalm, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue specific muscle extracellular matrix hydrogel improves skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo over non-matched tissue source 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.181164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels present a novel, clinical intervention for a myriad of regenerative medicine applications. The source of ECM is typically the same tissue to which the treatment is applied; however, the need for tissue specific ECM sources has not been rigorously studied. We hypothesized that tissue specific ECM would improve regeneration through preferentially stimulating physiologically relevant processes (e.g. progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation). One of two decellularized hydrogels (tissue specific skeletal muscle or non mesoderm-derived lung) or saline were injected intramuscularly two days after notexin injection in mice (n=7 per time point) and muscle was harvested at days 5 and 14 for histological and gene expression analysis. Both injectable hydrogels were decellularized using the same detergent and were controlled for donor characteristics (i.e. species, age). At day 5, the skeletal muscle ECM hydrogel significantly increased the density of Pax7+ satellite cells in the muscle. Gene expression analysis at day 5 showed that skeletal muscle ECM hydrogels increased expression of genes implicated in muscle contractility. By day 14, skeletal muscle ECM hydrogels improved muscle regeneration over saline and lung ECM hydrogels as shown through a shift in fiber cross sectional area distribution towards larger fibers. This data indicates a potential role for muscle-specific regenerative capacity of decellularized, injectable muscle hydrogels. Further transcriptomic analysis of whole muscle mRNA indicates the mechanism of tissue specific ECM-mediated tissue repair may be immune and metabolism pathway-driven. Taken together, this suggests there is benefit in using tissue specific ECM for regenerative medicine applications.Competing Interest StatementKLC is co-founder, board member, consultant, receives income, and has equity interest in Ventrix, Inc.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.181164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue specific muscle extracellular matrix hydrogel improves skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo over non-matched tissue source]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-Fast Homomorphic Encryption Models enable Secure Outsourcing of Genotype Imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTGenotype imputation is a fundamental step in genomic data analysis such as GWAS, where missing variant genotypes are predicted using the existing genotypes of nearby ‘tag’ variants. Imputation greatly decreases the genotyping cost and provides high-quality estimates of common variant genotypes. As population panels increase, e.g., the TOPMED Project, genotype imputation is becoming more accurate, but it requires high computational power. Although researchers can outsource genotype imputation, privacy concerns may prohibit genetic data sharing with an untrusted imputation service. To address this problem, we developed the first fully secure genotype imputation by utilizing ultra-fast homomorphic encryption (HE) techniques that can evaluate millions of imputation models in seconds. In HE-based methods, the genotype data is end-to-end encrypted, i.e., encrypted in transit, at rest, and, most importantly, in analysis, and can be decrypted only by the data owner. We compared secure imputation with three other state-of-the-art non-secure methods under different settings. We found that HE-based methods provide full genetic data security with comparable or slightly lower accuracy. In addition, HE-based methods have time and memory requirements that are comparable and even lower than the non-secure methods. We provide five different implementations and workflows that make use of three cutting-edge HE schemes (BFV, CKKS, TFHE) developed by the top contestants of the iDASH19 Genome Privacy Challenge. Our results provide strong evidence that HE-based methods can practically perform resource-intensive computations for high throughput genetic data analysis. In addition, the publicly available codebases provide a reference for the development of secure genomic data analysis methods.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmanci, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossuat, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilotti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froelicher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubaux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohno-Machado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso-Pastoriza, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.183459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-Fast Homomorphic Encryption Models enable Secure Outsourcing of Genotype Imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol Dependence Differentially Alters Orbitofrontal Cortex Representations of Inferred Decision-Making and Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol dependence results in long-lasting deficits in decision-making and behavioral control. Neurobiological investigations have identified orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as important for value contributions to decision-making as well as action control, and alcohol dependence induces long-lasting changes to OFC function that persist into protracted withdrawal. However, it is unclear which contributing OFC computations are disrupted in alcohol dependence. Here, we combined a well-validated mouse model of alcohol dependence with in vivo extracellular recordings during an instrumental task in which lever press duration serves as the contingency, and lever pressing is sensitive to outcome devaluation. We found prior alcohol dependence did not impair use of duration contingency control but did reduce sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Further, alcohol dependence increased OFC activity associated with lever-pressing but decreased OFC activity during outcome-related epochs. Hence, alcohol dependence induces a long-lasting disruption to OFC function such that activity associated with actions is enhanced, but OFC activity in relation to outcomes is diminished. This has important implications for hypotheses regarding compulsive and habitual phenotypes observed in addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol Dependence Differentially Alters Orbitofrontal Cortex Representations of Inferred Decision-Making and Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.Competing Interest StatementThomas G. Beach is a consultant for Prothena, Vivid Genomics and Avid Radiopharmaceuticals. He is a scientific advisory board member for Vivid Genomics. John A. Hardy, Huw R. Morris, Stuart Pickering-Brown, Andrew B. Singleton, and Bryan J. Traynor hold US, EU and Canadian patents on the clinical testing and therapeutic intervention for the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9orf72. Michael A. Nalls is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; as a possible conflict of interest Dr. Nalls also consults for Neuron23 Inc., Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation and Vivid Genomics among others. Jose A. Palma is an editorial board member of Movement Disorders, Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders, BMC Neurology, and Clinical Autonomic Research. Bradley F. Boeve, James Leverenz, and Sonja W. Scholz serve on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Sonja W. Scholz is an editorial board member for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. Bryan J. Traynor is an editorial board member for JAMA Neurology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry; Brain; and Neurobiology of Aging. Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on Abbvie, Inc. (M15-562 and M15-563), Biogen, Inc. (228PD201) grant, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BHV4157-206 and BHV3241-301). Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as the principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Information and Referral Center, and as co-principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic APDA Center for Advanced Research. All other authors report no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.185066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposed Drugs Block Toxin-Driven Platelet Clearance by the Hepatic Ashwell-Morell Receptor to Clear Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus (SA) bloodstream infections cause high morbidity and mortality (20-30%) despite modern supportive care. In a human bacteremia cohort, development of thrombocytopenia was correlated to increased mortality and increased α-toxin expression by the pathogen. Platelet-derived antibacterial peptides are important in bloodstream defense against SA, but α-toxin decreased platelet viability, induced platelet sialidase to cause desialylation of platelet glycoproteins, and accelerated platelet clearance by the hepatic Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR). Ticagrelor (Brilinta®), a commonly prescribed P2Y12 receptor inhibitor used post-myocardial infarction, blocked α-toxin-mediated platelet injury and resulting thrombocytopenia, thus providing protection from lethal SA infection in a murine intravenous challenge model. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of AMR stabilized platelet counts and enhanced resistance to SA infection, and the anti-influenza sialidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) provided similar therapeutic benefit. Thus a “toxin-platelet-AMR” regulatory pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SA bloodstream infection, and its elucidation provides proof-of-concept for repurposing two FDA-approved drugs as adjunctive therapies to improve patient outcomes.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morodomi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornax, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyaw, M. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haste, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakoulas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marth, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.190322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposed Drugs Block Toxin-Driven Platelet Clearance by the Hepatic Ashwell-Morell Receptor to Clear Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF Mediates Dosage and Sequence-context-dependent Transcriptional Insulation through Formation of Local Chromatin Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulators play a critical role in spatiotemporal gene expression in metazoans by separating active and repressive chromatin domains and preventing inappropriate enhancer-promoter contacts. The evolutionarily conserved CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is required for insulator function in mammals, but not all of its binding sites act as insulators. Here, we explore the sequence requirements of CTCF-mediated transcriptional insulation with the use of a sensitive insulator reporter assay in mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that insulation potency depends on the number of CTCF binding sites in tandem. Furthermore, CTCF-mediated insulation is dependent on DNA sequences flanking its core binding motifs, and CTCF binding sites at topologically associating domain(TAD) boundaries are more likely to function as insulators than those outside TAD boundaries, independent of binding strength. Using chromosomal conformation capture assays and high-resolution chromatin imaging techniques, we demonstrate that insulators form local chromatin domain boundaries and reduce enhancer-promoter contacts. Taken together, our results provide strong genetic, molecular, and structural evidence connecting chromatin topology to the action of insulators in the mammalian genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Jussila</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuanyuan Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan Bintu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattia Conte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanxiao Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simona Bianco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Chiariello</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivan Juric</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mario Nicodemi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaowei Zhuang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Ren</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF Mediates Dosage and Sequence-context-dependent Transcriptional Insulation through Formation of Local Chromatin Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference data based insights expand understanding of human metabolomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human metabolome has remained largely unknown, with most studies annotating [~]10% of features. In nucleic acid sequencing, annotating transcripts by source has proven essential for understanding gene function. Here we generalize this concept to stool, plasma, urine and other human metabolomes, discovering that food-based annotations increase the interpreted fraction of molecular features 7-fold, providing a general framework for expanding the interpretability of human metabolomic "dark matter."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julia M Gauglitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wout Bittremieux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candace L Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly C Weldon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan W Panitchpakdi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Di Ottavio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine M Aceves</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole C Sikora</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan K. Jarmusch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron Martino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anupriya Tripathi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erfan Sayyari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Shaffer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roxana Coras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando Vargas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay DeRight Goldasich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tara Schwartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie Bryant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Humphrey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abigail J. Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharina Spengler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro Belda-Ferre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar Diaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel McDonald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiyun Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic S. Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel O. Elijah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingxun Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarisse Marotz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kate E. Sprecher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniela Vargas-Robles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Withrow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail Ackerm</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference data based insights expand understanding of human metabolomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.198069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformation and dynamics of the kinase domain drive subcellular location and activation of LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.198069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a multi-tiered approach, we explored how Parkinsons Disease-related mutations hijack the finely tuned activation process of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) using a construct containing the ROC, Cor, Kinase and WD40 domains (LRRK2RCKW). We hypothesized that the N-terminal domains shield the catalytic domains in an inactive state. PD mutations, type-I LRRK2 inhibitors, or physiological Rab GTPases can unleash the catalytic domains while the active kinase conformation, but not kinase activity, is essential for docking onto microtubules. Mapping solvent accessible regions of LRRK2RCKW employing hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed how inhibitor binding is sensed by the entire protein. Molecular Dynamics simulations of the kinase domain elucidated differences in conformational dynamics between wt and mutants of the DYG{psi} motif. While all domains contribute to regulating kinase activity and spatial distribution, the kinase domain, driven by the DYG{psi} motif, coordinates domain crosstalk and serves as an intrinsic hub for LRRK2 regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoto, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silletti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallbott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komives, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.198069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformation and dynamics of the kinase domain drive subcellular location and activation of LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.201616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.201616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its Receptor Binding Domain. Docking studies suggest a putative heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the domain that binds to ACE2. In vitro, binding of ACE2 and heparin to spike protein ectodomains occurs independently and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a template. Contrary to studies with purified components, spike protein binding to heparan sulfate and ACE2 on cells occurs codependently. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings support a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in which viral attachment and infection involves formation of a complex between heparan sulfate and ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin may represent new therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spliid, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thacker, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majowicz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caradonna, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordts, P. L. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.201616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nef enhances HIV-1 replication and infectivity independently of SERINC3 and SERINC5 in CEM T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lentiviral nef gene encodes several discrete activities aimed at co-opting or antagonizing cellular proteins and pathways to defeat host defenses and maintain persistent infection. Primary functions of Nef include downregulation of CD4 and MHC class-I from the cell surface, disruption or mimicry of T-cell receptor signaling, and enhancement of viral infectivity by counteraction of the host antiretroviral proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5. In the absence of Nef, SERINC5 incorporates into virions and inhibits viral fusion with target cells, decreasing infectivity. However, whether Nefs counteraction of SERINC5 is the cause of its positive influence on viral growth-rate in CD4-positive T cells is unclear. Here, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout SERINC3 and SERINC5 in a leukemic CD4-positive T cell line (CEM) that displays relatively robust nef-related infectivity and growth-rate phenotypes. As previously reported, viral replication was attenuated in CEM cells infected with HIV-1 lacking Nef (HIV-1{Delta}Nef). This attenuated growth-rate phenotype was observed regardless of whether the coding regions of the serinc3 or serinc5 genes were intact. Moreover, knockout of serinc3 or serinc5 failed to restore the infectivity of HIV1{Delta}Nef virions produced from infected CEM cells. Taken together, our results corroborate a similar study using another T-lymphoid cell line (MOLT-3) and indicate that the antagonism of SERINC3 and SERINC5 cannot fully explain the virology of HIV-1 lacking Nef.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angerstein, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollbrecht, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nef enhances HIV-1 replication and infectivity independently of SERINC3 and SERINC5 in CEM T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulations support the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and suggest subtype specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changeux et al. recently suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein may interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Such interactions may be involved in pathology and infectivity. Here, we use molecular simulations of validated atomically detailed structures of nAChRs, and of the S protein, to investigate this  nicotinic hypothesis. We examine the binding of the Y674-R685 loop of the S protein to three nAChRs, namely the human 4{beta}2 and 7 subtypes and the muscle-like {beta}{gamma}d receptor from Tetronarce californica. Our results indicate that Y674-R685 has affinity for nAChRs and the region responsible for binding contains the PRRA motif, a four-residue insertion not found in other SARS-like coronaviruses. In particular, R682 has a key role in the stabilisation of the complexes as it forms interactions with loops A, B and C in the receptors binding pocket. The conformational behaviour of the bound Y674-R685 region is highly dependent on the receptor subtype, adopting extended conformations in the 4{beta}2 and 7 complexes and more compact ones when bound to the muscle-like receptor. In the 4{beta}2 and {beta}{gamma}d complexes, the interaction of Y674-R685 with the receptors forces the loop C region to adopt an open conformation similar to other known nAChR antagonists. In contrast, in the 7 complex, Y674-R685 penetrates deeply into the binding pocket where it forms interactions with the residues lining the aromatic box, namely with TrpB, TyrC1 and TyrC2. Estimates of binding energy suggest that Y674-R685 forms stable complexes with all three nAChR subtypes. Analyses of the simulations of the full-length S protein show that the Y674-R685 region is accessible for binding, and suggest a potential binding orientation of the S protein with nAChRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemark, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessions, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulholland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulations support the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and suggest subtype specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Argo: A 65,536 channel recording system for high density neural recording in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we demonstrate the Argo System, a massively parallel neural recording system based on platinum-iridium microwire electrode arrays bonded to a CMOS voltage amplifier array. The Argo system is the highest channel count in vivo neural recording system built to date, supporting simultaneous recording from 65,536 channels, sampled at over 32 kHz and 12-bit resolution. This system is designed for cortical recordings, compatible with both penetrating and surface microelectrodes. We have validated this system by recording spiking activity from 791 neurons in rats and cortical surface Local Field Potential (LFP) activity from over 30,000 channels in sheep. While currently adapted for head-fixed recording, the microwire-CMOS architecture is well suited for clinical translation. Thus, this demonstration helps pave the way for a future high data rate intracortical implant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabuddhe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaReau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouzzner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boergens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M.-E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgington, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babaie-Fishani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veijalainen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klekachev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luyssaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozai, T. D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierickx, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Argo: A 65,536 channel recording system for high density neural recording in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biased orientation representations can be explained by experience with non-uniform training set statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual acuity is better for vertical and horizontal compared to other orientations. This cross-species phenomenon is often explained by "efficient coding", whereby more neurons show sharper tuning for the orientations most common in natural vision. However, it is unclear if experience alone can account for such biases. Here, we measured orientation representations in a convolutional neural network, VGG-16, trained on modified versions of ImageNet (rotated by 0{degrees}, 22.5{degrees}, or 45{degrees} counter-clockwise of upright). Discriminability for each model was highest near the orientations that were most common in the networks training set. Furthermore, there was an over-representation of narrowly tuned units selective for the most common orientations. These effects emerged in middle layers and increased with depth in the network. Biases emerged early in training, consistent with the possibility that non-uniform representations may play a functional role in the networks task performance. Together, our results suggest that biased orientation representations can emerge through experience with a non-uniform distribution of orientations, supporting the efficient coding hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biased orientation representations can be explained by experience with non-uniform training set statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zinc is an essential cofactor for bacterial metabolism, and many Enterobacteriaceae express the zinc transporters ZnuABC and ZupT to acquire this metal in the host. Unexpectedly, the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 exhibited appreciable growth in zinc-limited media even when these transporters were deleted. By utilizing in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as native spray metal infusion mass spectrometry and ion identity molecular networking, we discovered that Nissle utilizes yersiniabactin as a zincophore. Indeed, yersiniabactin enables Nissle to scavenge zinc in zinc-limited media, to resist calprotectin-mediated zinc sequestration, and to thrive in the inflamed gut. Moreover, we discovered that yersiniabactins affinity for iron or zinc changes in a pH-dependent manner, with higher affinity for zinc as the pH increased. Altogether, we demonstrate that siderophore metal affinity can be influenced by the local environment and reveal a mechanism of zinc acquisition available to many commensal and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjokrosurjo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaldo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treacy-Abarca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilston, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garneau-Tsodikova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrenz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein increases infectivity in an ACE2 receptor dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV2 coronavirus responsible for the current COVID19 pandemic has been reported to have a relatively low mutation rate. Nevertheless, a few prevalent variants have arisen that give the appearance of undergoing positive selection as they are becoming increasingly widespread over time. Most prominent among these is the D614G amino acid substitution in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein, which mediates viral entry. The D614G substitution, however, is in linkage disequilibrium with the ORF1b P314L mutation where both mutations almost invariably co-occur, making functional inferences problematic. In addition, the possibility of repeated new introductions of the mutant strain does not allow one to distinguish between a founder effect and an intrinsic genetic property of the virus. Here, we synthesized and expressed the WT and D614G variant SARS-Cov2 Spike protein, and report that using a SARS-CoV2 Spike protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector we observe that the D614G variant Spike has >1/2 log10 increased infectivity in human cells expressing the human ACE2 protein as the viral receptor. The increased binding/fusion activity of the D614G Spike protein was corroborated in a cell fusion assay using Spike and ACE2 proteins expressed in different cells. These results are consistent with the possibility that the Spike D614G mutant increases the infectivity of SARS-CoV2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonnu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan (Firth), A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein increases infectivity in an ACE2 receptor dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.217067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A zebrafish model of Granulin deficiency reveals essential roles in myeloid cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.217067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Granulin (GRN) is a pleiotropic protein involved in inflammation, wound healing, neurodegenerative disease, and tumorigenesis. These roles in human health have prompted research efforts to utilize Granulin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, frontotemporal dementia, and to enhance wound healing. How granulin contributes to each of these diverse biological functions, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we have uncovered a new role for granulin during myeloid cell differentiation. Using a zebrafish model of granulin deficiency, we reveal that in the absence of granulin a (grna), myeloid progenitors are unable to terminally differentiate into neutrophils and macrophages during normal and emergency myelopoiesis. In addition, macrophages fail to recruit to the wound, resulting in abnormal healing. Our CUT&RUN experiments identify Pu.1, which together with Irf8 positively regulate grna expression. Importantly, we demonstrate functional conservation between the mammalian granulin and the zebrafish orthologue grna. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for granulin during myeloid cell differentiation, opening a new field of study that has the potential to impact different aspects of the human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espin Palazon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fursova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snella, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solchenberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.217067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A zebrafish model of Granulin deficiency reveals essential roles in myeloid cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of cryptic and allosteric pockets within the SARS-CoV-2 protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe, posing an urgent health concern. Many quests to computationally identify treatments against the virus rely on in silico small molecule docking to experimentally determined structures of viral proteins. One limit to these approaches is that protein dynamics are often unaccounted for, leading to overlooking transient, druggable conformational states. Using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics to enhance sampling of conformational space, we identified cryptic pockets within the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, including some within regions far from the active site and assed their druggability. These pockets can aid in virtual screening efforts to identify a protease inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of cryptic and allosteric pockets within the SARS-CoV-2 protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of regulatory signatures in primate cortical neurons at cell type resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cerebral cortex contains many cell types that likely underwent independent functional changes during evolution. However, cell type-specific regulatory landscapes in the cortex remain largely unexplored. Here we report epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses of the two main cortical neuronal subtypes, glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons, in human, chimpanzee and rhesus macaque. Using genome-wide profiling of the H3K27ac histone modification, we identify neuron-subtype-specific regulatory elements that previously went undetected in bulk brain tissue samples. Human-specific regulatory changes are uncovered in multiple genes, including those associated with language, autism spectrum disorder and drug addiction. We observe preferential evolutionary divergence in neuron-subtype-specific regulatory elements and show that a substantial fraction of pan-neuronal regulatory elements undergo subtype-specific evolutionary changes. This study sheds light on the interplay between regulatory evolution and cell-type-dependent gene expression programs, and provides a resource for further exploration of human brain evolution and function.

SIGNIFICANCEThe cerebral cortex of the human brain is a highly complex, heterogeneous tissue that contains many cell types which are exquisitely regulated at the level of gene expression by non-coding regulatory elements, presumably, in a cell-type-dependent manner. However, assessing the regulatory elements in individual cell types is technically challenging, and therefore, most of the previous studies on gene regulation were performed with bulk brain tissue. Here we analyze two major types of neurons isolated from the cerebral cortex of humans, chimpanzees and rhesus macaques, and report complex patterns of cell-type-specific evolution of the regulatory elements in numerous genes. Many genes with evolving regulation are implicated in language abilities as well as psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermunt, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apontes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hof, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ely, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creyghton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dracheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.219881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of regulatory signatures in primate cortical neurons at cell type resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger gut inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E-cigarette and vaping device use continue to rise, particularly in adolescents and young adults, but the safety of inhaling the multitude of chemicals within e-cigarette aerosols has been questioned. While several studies have evaluated vaping effects on the lungs and heart; effects on the gastrointestinal tract remain unknown. Using established murine models of acute (1 week) and chronic (3 month) daily e-cigarette aerosol inhalation, both with nicotine-containing and vehicle control e-liquids, murine colon transcriptomics and organoid co-culture models, we assessed the effects of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier and mucosal health. Histologic analyses revealed that chronic exposure to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols induced mucosal inflammation. Transcriptome analyses revealed that chronic, but not acute, nicotine-free e-cigarette use significantly reduced expression of tight junction markers, including occluding, and drove expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exposure of murine and human enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) to nicotine-free e-cigarette aerosols alone, or in co-culture with invasive E. coli, confirmed that repetitive exposure was sufficient to recapitulate the key findings observed in vivo, i.e., barrier-disruption, downregulation of occludin, inflammation, and an accentuated risk of and response to bacterial infection. These data highlight an unexpected harmful effect of e-cigarette use on the gut barrier and pinpoint non-nicotine chemical components common across >90% of e-cigarette e-liquids as the source of harm. Given the ever-expanding importance of the integrity of the gut barrier for host fitness, and impact of gut mucosal inflammation on a multitude of chronic diseases, these findings are broadly relevant to medicine and public health.

SIGNIFICANCEThe safety of electronic cigarettes has been questioned amidst emerging evidence that they may derail our immune system and increase our susceptibility to infections. Despite these insights, their impact on the most critical entity that separates trillions of microbes from the largest immune system in our body, i.e., the gut barrier, remains unexplored. Using a combination of mouse models, gut transcriptomics, and murine and human gut-derived organoids, here we show that chronic exposure to aerosols of electronic-cigarette disrupts the gut barrier, increases its susceptibility to bacterial infections and triggers inflammation. Given the importance of the gut barrier in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, these findings provide valuable insights into the potential long-term harmful effects of electronic cigarettes on health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeawuchi, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pranadinata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty-Alexander, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger gut inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein forms mutually exclusive condensates with RNA and the membrane-associated M protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multifunctional nucleocapsid (N) protein in SARS-CoV-2 binds the ~30 kb viral RNA genome to aid its packaging into the 80-90 nm membrane-enveloped virion. The N protein is composed of N-terminal RNA-binding and C-terminal dimerization domains that are flanked by three intrinsically disordered regions. Here we demonstrate that a centrally located 40 amino acid intrinsically disordered domain drives phase separation of N protein when bound to RNA, with the morphology of the resulting condensates affected by inclusion in the RNA of the putative SARS-CoV-2 packaging signal. The SARS-CoV-2 M protein, normally embedded in the virion membrane with its C-terminus extending into the virion core, independently induces N protein phase separation that is dependent on the N proteins C-terminal dimerization domain and disordered region. Three-component mixtures of N+M+RNA form condensates with mutually exclusive compartments containing N+M or N+RNA, including spherical annular structures in which the M protein coats the outside of an N+RNA condensate. These findings support a model in which phase separation of the N protein with both the viral genomic RNA and the SARS-CoV-2 M protein facilitates RNA packaging and virion assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein forms mutually exclusive condensates with RNA and the membrane-associated M protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic probe for visualizing glutamatergic synapses and vesicles by 3D electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between neurons relies on the release of diverse neurotransmitters, which represent a key-defining feature of a neurons chemical and functional identity. Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles by specific vesicular transporters. However, tools for labeling and imaging synapses and synaptic vesicles based on their neurochemical identity remain limited. We developed a genetically encoded probe to identify glutamatergic synaptic vesicles at the levels of both light and electron microscopy (EM) by fusing the mini singlet oxygen generator (miniSOG) probe to an intra-lumenal loop of the vesicular glutamate transporter-2. We then used a 3D imaging method, serial block face scanning EM, combined with a deep learning approach for automatic segmentation of labeled synaptic vesicles to assess the subcellular distribution of transporter-defined vesicles at nanometer scale. These tools represent a new resource for accessing the subcellular structure and molecular machinery of neurotransmission and for transmitter-defined tracing of neuronal connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinkellner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberl, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOASSA, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic probe for visualizing glutamatergic synapses and vesicles by 3D electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of Cas9/gRNA-mediated gene-drive systems has bolstered the advancement of genetic technologies for controlling vector-borne pathogen transmission. These include population suppression approaches, genetic analogs of insecticidal techniques that reduce the number of vector insects, and population modification (replacement/alteration) approaches, which interfere with competence to transmit pathogens. We developed a recoded gene-drive rescue system for population modification in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, that relieves the load in females caused by integration of the drive into the kynurenine hydroxylase gene by rescuing its function. Non-functional resistant alleles are eliminated via a dominantly-acting maternal effect combined with slower-acting standard negative selection, and a functional resistant allele does not prevent drive invasion. Small cage trials show that single releases of gene-drive males robustly result in efficient population modification with [&ge;]95% of mosquitoes carrying the drive within 5-11 generations over a range of initial release ratios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasinskiene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terradas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-resolved correlative microscopy and microbial identification reveals dynamic depth- and mineral-dependent anabolic activity in salt marsh sediment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coastal salt marshes are key sites of biogeochemical cycling and ideal systems in which to investigate the community structure of complex microbial communities. Here, we clarify structural-functional relationships among microorganisms and their mineralogical environment, revealing previously undescribed metabolic activity patterns and precise spatial arrangements within salt marsh sediment. Following 3.7-day in situ incubations with a non-canonical amino acid that was incorporated into new biomass, samples were embedded and analyzed by correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy to map the microscale arrangements of anabolically active and inactive organisms alongside mineral grains. Parallel sediment samples were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to link anabolic activity to taxonomic identity. Both approaches demonstrated a rapid decline in the proportion of anabolically active cells with depth into salt marsh sediment, from [~]60% in the top cm to 10-25% between 2-7 cm. From the top to the bottom, the most prominent active community members shifted from sulfur cycling phototrophic consortia, to sulfate-reducing bacteria likely oxidizing organic compounds, to fermentative lineages. Correlative microscopy revealed more abundant (and more anabolically active) organisms around non-quartz minerals including rutile, orthoclase, and plagioclase. Microbe-mineral relationships appear to be dynamic and context-dependent arbiters of biogeochemical cycling.

Statement of SignificanceMicroscale spatial relationships dictate critical aspects of a microbiomes inner workings and emergent properties, such as evolutionary pathways, niche development, and community structure and function. However, many commonly used methods in microbial ecology neglect this parameter - obscuring important microbe-microbe and microbe-mineral interactions - and instead employ bulk-scale methodologies that are incapable of resolving these intricate relationships.

This benchmark study presents a compelling new approach for exploring the anabolic activity of a complex microbial community by mapping the precise spatial configuration of anabolically active organisms within mineralogically heterogeneous sediment through in situ incubation, resin embedding, and correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy. In parallel, active organisms were identified through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, enabling a powerful interpretive framework connecting location, identity, activity, and putative biogeochemical roles of microbial community members.

We deploy this novel approach in salt marsh sediment, revealing quantitative insights into the fundamental principles that govern the structure and function of sediment-hosted microbial communities. In particular, at different sediment horizons, we observed striking changes in the proportion of anabolically active cells, the identities of the most prominent active community members, and the nature of microbe-mineral affiliations. Improved approaches for understanding microscale ecosystems in a new light, such as those presented here, reveal environmental parameters that promote or constrain metabolic activity and clarify the impact that microbial communities have on our world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marlow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spietz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girguis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzenpichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.234146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-resolved correlative microscopy and microbial identification reveals dynamic depth- and mineral-dependent anabolic activity in salt marsh sediment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.221960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral Pallidum GABA Neurons Mediate Motivation Underlying Risky Choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.221960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pursuing rewards while avoiding danger is an essential function of any nervous system. Here, we examine a new mechanism helping rats negotiate the balance between risk and reward when making high-stakes decisions. Specifically, we focus on GABA neurons within an emerging mesolimbic circuit nexus--the ventral pallidum (VP). These neurons play a distinct role from other VP neurons in simple motivated behaviors in mice, but their roles in more complex motivated behaviors is unknown. Here, we interrogate the behavioral functions of VPGABA neurons in male and female transgenic GAD1:Cre rats (and wildtype littermates), using a reversible chemogenetic inhibition approach. Employing a behavioral assay of risky decision making, and of the food-seeking and shock-avoidance components of this task, we show that engaging inhibitory Gi/o signaling specifically in VPGABA neurons suppresses motivation to pursue highly salient palatable foods, and possibly also motivation to avoid being shocked. In contrast, inhibiting these neurons did not affect seeking of low-value food, free consumption of palatable food, or unconditioned affective responses to shock. Accordingly, when rats considered whether to pursue food despite potential for shock in a risky decision-making task, inhibiting VPGABA neurons caused them to more readily select a small but safe reward over a large but dangerous one--an effect not seen in the absence of shock threat. Together, results indicate that VPGABA neurons are critical for high-stakes adaptive responding that is necessary for survival, but which may also malfunction in psychiatric disorders.

Significance StatementIn a dynamic world, it is essential to implement appropriate behaviors under circumstances involving rewards, threats, or both. Here, we demonstrate a crucial role for VPGABA neurons in high-stakes motivated behavior of several types. We show that this VPGABA role in motivation impacts decision making, as inhibiting these neurons yields a conservative, risk-averse strategy not seen when the task is performed without threat of shock. These new roles for VPGABA neurons in behavior may inform future strategies for treating addiction, and other disorders of maladaptive decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faget, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floresco, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahler, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.221960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral Pallidum GABA Neurons Mediate Motivation Underlying Risky Choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of innate defense responses by endoglycosidase HPSE promotes cell survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drive to withstand environmental stresses and defend against invasion is a universal trait extant in all forms of life. While numerous canonical signaling cascades have been characterized in detail, it remains unclear how these pathways interface to generate coordinated responses to diverse stimuli. To dissect these connections, we follow heparanase (HPSE), a protein best known for its endoglycosidic activity at the extracellular matrix but recently recognized to drive various forms of late stage disease through unknown mechanisms. Using herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection as a model cellular perturbation, we demonstrate that HPSE acts beyond its established enzymatic role to restrict multiple forms of cell-intrinsic defense and facilitate host cell reprogramming by the invading pathogen. We reveal that cells devoid of HPSE are innately resistant to infection and counteract viral takeover through multiple amplified defense mechanisms. With a unique grasp of the fundamental processes of transcriptional regulation and cell death, HPSE represents a potent cellular intersection with broad therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agelidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turturice, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryawanshi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koujah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadigal, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyzar, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlodavsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of innate defense responses by endoglycosidase HPSE promotes cell survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.237271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White Matter Disruption in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from ENIGMA Pediatric msTBI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.237271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Annually, approximately 3 million children around the world experience traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), of which up to 20% are characterized as moderate to severe (msTBI) and/or have abnormal imaging findings. Affected children are vulnerable to long-term cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, as injury can disrupt or alter ongoing brain maturation. Post-injury outcomes are highly variable, and there is only limited understanding of how inter-individual differences in outcomes arise. Small sample sizes have also complicated efforts to better understand factors influencing the impact of TBI on the developing brain. White matter (WM) disruption is a critical aspect of TBI neuropathology and diffusion MRI (dMRI) is particularly sensitive to microstructural abnormalities. Here we present the results of a coordinated analysis of dMRI data across ten cohorts from three countries. We had three primary aims: (1) to characterize the nature and extent of WM disruption across key post-injury intervals (acute/subacute - within 2 months, post-acute - 2-6 months, chronic - 6+ months); (2) evaluate the impact of age and sex on WM in the context of injury; and (3) to examine associations between WM and neurobehavioral outcomes. Based on data from 507 children and adolescents (244 with complicated mild to severe TBI and 263 control children), we report widespread WM disruption across all post-injury intervals. As expected, injury severity was a significant contributor to the pattern and extent of WM degradation, but explained less variance in dMRI measures with increasing time since injury, supporting other research indicating that other factors contribute increasingly to outcomes over time. The corpus callosum appears to be particularly vulnerable to injury, an effect that persists years post-TBI. We also report sex differences in the effect of TBI on the uncinate fasciculus (UNC), a structure with a key role in emotion regulation. Females with a TBI had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the UNC than those with no TBI, and this phenomenon was further associated with more frequent parent-reported behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). These effects were not detected in males. With future harmonization of imaging and neurocognitive data, more complex modeling of factors influencing outcomes will be possible and help to identify clinically-meaningful patient subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caeyenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskinson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkley, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suskauer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babikian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartnik-Olson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigler, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing-Cobbs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figaji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giza, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunsaker-Goodrich, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovenden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Königs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Max, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruiell, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeates, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilde, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.237271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White Matter Disruption in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from ENIGMA Pediatric msTBI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.229716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor tyrosine kinases activate heterotrimeric G proteins via phosphorylation within the interdomain cleft of Gαi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.229716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms by which receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G proteins, two major signaling hubs in eukaryotes, independently relay signals across the plasma membrane have been extensively characterized. How these hubs crosstalk has been a long-standing question, but answers remain elusive. Using linear-ion-trap mass spectrometry in combination with biochemical, cellular, and computational approaches, we unravel a mechanism of activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by RTKs and chart the key steps that mediate such activation. Upon growth factor stimulation, the guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator, GIV, dissociates Gi*{beta}{gamma} trimers, scaffolds monomeric Gi with RTKs, and facilitates the phosphorylation on two tyrosines located within the inter-domain cleft of Gi. Phosphorylation triggers the activation of Gi and inhibits second messengers (cAMP). Tumor-associated mutants reveal how constitutive activation of this pathway impacts cells decision to  go vs.  grow. These insights define a tyrosine-based G protein signaling paradigm and reveal its importance in eukaryotes.

Significance StatementGrowth factors and heterotrimeric G proteins are two of the most widely studied signaling pathways in eukaryotes; their crosstalk shapes some of the most fundamental cellular responses in both health and disease. Although mechanisms by which G protein pathways transactivate growth factor RTKs has been well-defined, how the reverse may happen is less understood. This study defines the key steps and cellular consequences of a fundamental mechanism of signal crosstalk that enables RTKs to transactivate heterotrimeric G protein, Gi. Mutations found in tumors shed light on how derailing this mechanism impacts tumor cell behavior. Thus, findings not only show how cells integrate extracellular signals via pathway crosstalk, but also demonstrate the relevance of this pathway in cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalogriopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Marcos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.229716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor tyrosine kinases activate heterotrimeric G proteins via phosphorylation within the interdomain cleft of Gαi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.243634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of the secretory pathway connects Alzheimer's disease genetics to aggregate formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.243634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of amyloid disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, is aggregation of secreted proteins. However, it is largely unclear how the hundreds of secretory pathway proteins contribute to amyloid formation. We developed a systems biology framework that integrates expression data with protein-protein interaction networks to successfully estimate a tissues fitness for producing specific secreted proteins. Using this framework, we analyzed the fitness of the secretory pathway of various brain regions and cell types for synthesizing the Alzheimers disease-associated amyloid-precursor protein (APP). While none of the key amyloidogenic pathway components were differentially expressed in AD brain, we found the deposition of A{beta} is associated with repressed expression of the secretory pathway components proximal to APP. Concurrently, we detected systemic up-regulation of the secretory pathway components proximal to {beta}- and {gamma}-secretases in AD brains. Our analyses suggest that perturbations from 3 high confidence AD risk genes cascade through the secretory machinery support network for APP and into the endocytosis pathway. Thus, we present a model where amyloidogenesis is associated with dysregulation of dozens of secretory pathway components supporting APP, which could yield novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.243634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of the secretory pathway connects Alzheimer's disease genetics to aggregate formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tomato spotted wilt virus benefits its thrips vector by modulating metabolic and plant defense pathways in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several plant viruses modulate vector fitness and behavior in ways that may enhance virus transmission. Previous studies have documented indirect, plant-mediated effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on the fecundity, growth and survival of its principal thrips vector, Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. In this study, we conducted thrips performance and preference experiments combined with plant gene expression, phytohormone and total free amino acid analyses to identify tomato host responses to single and dual challenge with TSWV and F. occidentalis, compared to F. occidentalis alone, to address the question: do systemically-infected, symptomatic tomato plants modulate primary metabolic (photosynthesis and related physiological functions) and defense-related pathways to culminate into a more favorable environment for the vector. In a greenhouse setting, we documented a significant increase in the number of offspring produced by F. occidentalis on TSWV-infected tomato plants compared to mock-inoculated plants, and in choice test assays, females exhibited enhanced settling on TSWV-infected leaves. Microarray analysis combined with phytohormone signaling pathway analysis revealed that TSWV infection, regardless of thrips activity, robustly upregulated salicylic acid (SA) synthesis and downstream defense signaling pathway genes typically known to be associated with execution of defense against pathogens. TSWV alone downregulated a few jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive, anti-herbivore defense genes, however these were limited to wound-induced proteinase inhibitors. While this may indicate a subtle SA-JA antagonistic cross-talk in response to the virus, abscisic acid (ABA, upregulated) and auxin pathways (downregulated) were also perturbed by TSWV infection, regardless of F. occidentalis colonization, and may play roles in coordinating and dampening defense against the vector on infected plants. Frankliniella occidentalis alone triggered JA and ET pathways, phytohormones that have been reported to work cooperatively to enhance induced resistance to microbes and herbivores; however, on infected plants, ET remained unperturbed by the thrips vector. TSWV infection, alone or in combination with thrips, suppressed genes associated with photosynthesis and chloroplast function thereby significantly impacting primary metabolism of the host plant, and hierarchical cluster analysis and network analysis revealed that many of these genes were co-regulated with phytohormone defense signaling genes. Virus infection also altered genes related to cell wall organization which may render plants more susceptible to the penetration of thrips mouthparts. Lastly, TSWV infection increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis and degradation which is reflected in the increased total free amino acid content in virus-infected plants that harbored higher thrips populations. These results suggest coordinated gene networks that regulate plant primary metabolism and defense responses rendering virus-infected plants more conducive host for vectors, a relationship that is beneficial to the vector and the virus when considered within the context of the complex transmission biology of TSWV. To our knowledge this is the first study to identify global transcriptional networks that underlie the TSWV-thrips interaction as compared to a single mechanistic approach. Findings of this study increase our fundamental knowledge of host plant-virus-vector interactions and identifies underlying mechanisms of induced host susceptibility to the insect vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nachappa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challacombe, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolies, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nechols, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.244665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tomato spotted wilt virus benefits its thrips vector by modulating metabolic and plant defense pathways in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic mosaicism in the mature brain reveals clonal cellular distributions during cortical development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of the human neocortex underlies species-specific features and is a reflection of intricate developmental programs. Here we analyzed neocortical cellular lineages through a comprehensive assessment of brain somatic mosaicism--which acts as a neutral recorder of lineage history. We employed deep whole genome and variant sequencing in a single postmortem neurotypical human brain across 25 anatomic regions and three distinct modalities: bulk geographies, sorted cell types, and single nuclei. We identified 259 mosaic variants, revealing remarkable differences in localization, clonal abundance, cell type specificity, and clade distribution. We identified a set of hierarchical cellular diffusion barriers, whereby the left-right axis separation of the neocortex occurs prior to anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axis separation. We also found that stochastic distribution is a driver of clonal dispersion, and that rules regarding cellular lineages and anatomical boundaries are often ignored. Our data provides a comprehensive analysis of brain somatic mosaicism across the human cerebral cortex, deconvolving clonal distributions and migration patterns in the human embryo.

One Sentence SummaryComprehensive evaluation of brain somatic mosaicism in the adult human identifies rules governing cellular distribution during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lana, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang Newmeyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy-Venneri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasillas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Der Kraan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIMH Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.244814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic mosaicism in the mature brain reveals clonal cellular distributions during cortical development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reelin deficiency contributes to long-term behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heavy and frequent use of cannabis during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this vulnerability remain largely unknown. Here, we explore whether adolescent vulnerability to long-term behavioral effects of cannabis is modulated by Reelin, a gene implicated in the development of the brain and of psychiatric disorders. To this aim, heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice, that express reduced level of Reelin, were chronically exposed during adolescence to high doses (10mg/kg) of {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major psychoactive component of cannabis. Mice were tested in early adulthood with multiple behavioral assays, including working memory, social interaction, locomotor activity, anxiety-like responses, stress reactivity, and pre-pulse inhibition. Compared to wild-type (WT), HR mice treated with THC showed impaired social behaviors, elevated disinhibitory phenotypes and increased responsiveness to aversive situations, in a sex-specific manner. Independent of THC exposure, HR mice also spent more time exploring unfamiliar objects, indicating that Reelin modulates novelty seeking behavior. To identify the neuronal ensemble underlying this elevated novelty seeking in HR mice, we mapped the regional brain expression of the immediate early gene, Fos, in mice exposed to novel objects. HR mice exhibited reduced neuronal activation in the lateral septum, a subcortical brain structure implicated in emotions, cognition and reward processes. Overall, these findings show that (1) Reelin deficiency influences behavioral abnormalities caused by heavy consumption of THC during adolescence, and (2) that Reelin plays a role in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying disinhibitory behaviors, such as novelty seeking.

Significant StatementThe link between cannabis abuse and the development psychiatric disorders, especially in adolescents, makes understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cannabis effects on the brain a significant biomedical problem. Reelin is a key signaling molecule in the development of the adolescent brain and of psychiatric disorders, but its role in modulating the behavioral changes induced by cannabis remain unknown. Here, we report an interaction between Reelin deficiency and chronic adolescent exposure to THC, a major psychoactive component of cannabis. This interaction led to cognitive deficits, disinhibitory behaviors and altered emotional reactivity in mice, in a sex-specific manner. These experiments are the first to establish a link between Reelin signaling and the endocannabinoid system targeted by THC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iemolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reelin deficiency contributes to long-term behavioral abnormalities induced by chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.247122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cohesin-independent mechanism modulates recombination activity along meiotic chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.247122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful meiotic recombination, and thus fertility, depends on conserved axis proteins that organize chromosomes into arrays of anchored chromatin loops and provide a protected environment for DNA exchange. Here, we show that the stereotypic chromosomal distribution of axis proteins in S. cerevisiae is the additive result of two independent pathways: a cohesin-dependent pathway, which was previously identified and mediates focal enrichment of axis proteins at gene ends, and a parallel cohesin-independent pathway that recruits axis proteins to broad genomic islands with high gene density. These islands exhibit elevated markers of crossover recombination as well as increased nucleosome density, which we show is a direct consequence of the underlying DNA sequence. A predicted PHD domain in the center of the axis factor Hop1 specifically mediates cohesin-independent axis recruitment. Intriguingly, other chromosome organizers, including cohesin, condensin, and topoisomerases, are differentially depleted from the same regions even in non-meiotic cells, indicating that these DNA sequence-defined chromatin islands exert a general influence on the patterning of chromosome structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heldrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale-Silva, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochwagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.247122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cohesin-independent mechanism modulates recombination activity along meiotic chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iModulonDB: a knowledgebase of microbial transcriptional regulation derived from machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Independent component analysis (ICA) of bacterial transcriptomes has emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining co-regulated, independently-modulated gene sets (iModulons), inferring their activities across a range of conditions, and enabling their association to known genetic regulators. By grouping and analyzing genes based on observations from big data alone, iModulons can provide a novel perspective into how the composition of the transcriptome adapts to environmental conditions. Here, we present iModulonDB (imodulondb.org), a knowledgebase of prokaryotic transcriptional regulation computed from high-quality transcriptomic datasets using ICA. Users select an organism from the home page and then search or browse the curated iModulons that make up its transcriptome. Each iModulon and gene has its own interactive dashboard, featuring plots and tables with clickable, hoverable, and downloadable features. This site enhances research by presenting scientists of all backgrounds with co-expressed gene sets and their activity levels, which lead to improved understanding of regulator-gene relationships, discovery of transcription factors, and the elucidation of unexpected relationships between conditions and genetic regulatory activity. The current release of iModulonDB covers three organisms (E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis) with 204 iModulons, and can be expanded to cover many additional organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.250159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iModulonDB: a knowledgebase of microbial transcriptional regulation derived from machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.238444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial modification of the host glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate modulates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.238444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human microbiota has a close relationship with human disease and it remodels components of the glycocalyx including heparan sulfate (HS). Studies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor binding domain suggest that infection requires binding to HS and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in a codependent manner. Here, we show that commensal host bacterial communities can modify HS and thereby modulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and that these communities change with host age and sex. Common human-associated commensal bacteria whose genomes encode HS-modifying enzymes were identified. The prevalence of these bacteria and the expression of key microbial glycosidases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was lower in adult COVID-19 patients than in healthy controls. The presence of HS-modifying bacteria decreased with age in two large survey datasets, FINRISK 2002 and American Gut, revealing one possible mechanism for the observed increase in COVID-19 susceptibility with age. In vitro, bacterial glycosidases from unpurified culture media supernatants fully blocked SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to human H1299 protein lung adenocarcinoma cells. HS-modifying bacteria in human microbial communities may regulate viral adhesion, and loss of these commensals could predispose individuals to infection. Understanding the impact of shifts in microbial community composition and bacterial lyases on SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to new therapeutics and diagnosis of susceptibility.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/238444v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14ff1ecorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@193d84corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15d6f9eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b16c6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract. Diagram of hypothesis for bacterial mediation of SARS-CoV-2 infection through heparan sulfate (HS).It is well known that host microbes groom the mucosa where they reside. Recent investigations have shown that HS, a major component of mucosal layers, is necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study we examine the impact of microbial modification of HS on viral attachment.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaramela, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salido Benitez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armingol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Ferre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schifanella, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jousilahti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiminen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niiranen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomaa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.238444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial modification of the host glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate modulates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.253443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical genomic patterning of the cerebral cortex in autism with poor early language outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.253443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical regional identities develop through anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) prenatal genomic patterning gradients. Here we find that A-P and D-V genomic patterning of cortical surface area (SA) and thickness (CT) is intact in typically developing and autistic toddlers with good language outcome, but is absent in autistic toddlers with poor early language outcome. Genes driving this effect are prominent in midgestational A-P and D-V gene expression gradients and prenatal cell types driving SA and CT variation (e.g., progenitor cells versus excitatory neurons). These genes are also important for vocal learning, human-specific evolution, and prenatal co-expression networks enriched for high-penetrance autism risk genes. Autism with poor early language outcome may be linked to atypical genomic cortical patterning starting in prenatal periods and which impacts later development of regional functional specialization and circuit formation.

One Sentence SummaryGenomic patterning of the cortex is atypical in autistic toddlers with poor early language outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramparo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazestani, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.253443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical genomic patterning of the cerebral cortex in autism with poor early language outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal changes in aperiodic and periodic activity in electrophysiological recordings in the first seven months of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal oscillations emerge in early human development. These periodic oscillations are thought to rapidly change in infancy and stabilize during maturity. Given their numerous connections to physiological and cognitive processes, as well as their pathological divergence, understanding the trajectory of oscillatory development is important for understanding healthy human brain development. This understanding is complicated by recent evidence that assessment of periodic neuronal oscillations is confounded by aperiodic neuronal activity, which is an inherent feature of electrophysiological neuronal recordings. Recent cross-sectional evidence shows that this aperiodic signal progressively shifts from childhood through early adulthood, and from early adulthood into later life. None of these studies, however, have been performed in infants, nor have they been examined longitudinally. Here, we analyzed non-invasive EEG data from 22 typically developing infants, across multiple time points, ranging between 38 and 203 days old. We show that the progressive flattening of the EEG power spectrum begins in very early development, continuing through the first several months of life. These results highlight the importance of separating the periodic and aperiodic neuronal signals, because the aperiodic signal can bias measurement of neuronal oscillations. Given the infrequent, bursting nature of oscillations in infants, we recommend the use of quantitative time domain approaches that isolate bursts and uncover changes in waveform properties of oscillatory bursts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaworonkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.256016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal changes in aperiodic and periodic activity in electrophysiological recordings in the first seven months of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Color compensation in anomalous trichromats assessed with fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anomalous trichromacy is a common form of congenital color-deficiency resulting from a genetic alteration in the photopigments of the eyes light receptors. The changes reduce sensitivity to reddish and greenish hues, yet previous work suggests that these observers may experience the world to be more colorful than their altered receptor sensitivities would predict, potentially indicating an amplification of post-receptoral signals. However, past evidence suggesting such a gain adjustment rests on subjective measures of color appearance or salience. We directly tested for neural amplification by using fMRI to measure cortical responses in color-anomalous and normal control observers. Color contrast response functions were measured in two experiments with different tasks to control for attentional factors. Both experiments showed a predictable reduction in chromatic responses for anomalous trichromats in primary visual cortex. However, in later areas V2v and V3v, chromatic responses in the two groups were indistinguishable. Our results provide direct evidence for neural plasticity that compensates for the deficiency in the initial receptor color signals and suggest that the site of this compensation is in early visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tregillus, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isherwood, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanston, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, D. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.256701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Color compensation in anomalous trichromats assessed with fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range sequential dependencies precede complex syntactic production in language acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.256792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To convey meaning, human language relies on hierarchically organized, long-range relationships spanning words, phrases, sentences, and discourse. The strength of the relationships between sequentially ordered elements of language (e.g., phonemes, characters, words) decays following a power law as a function of sequential distance. To understand the origins of these relationships, we examined long-range statistical structure in the speech of human children at multiple developmental time points, along with non-linguistic behaviors in humans and phylogenetically distant species. Here we show that adult-like power-law statistical dependencies precede the production of hierarchically-organized linguistic structures, and thus cannot be driven solely by these structures. Moreover, we show that similar long-range relationships occur in diverse non-linguistic behaviors across species. We propose that the hierarchical organization of human language evolved to exploit pre-existing long-range structure present in much larger classes of non-linguistic behavior, and that the cognitive capacity to model long-range hierarchical relationships preceded language evolution. We call this the Statistical Scaffolding Hypothesis for language evolution.

1 Significance StatementHuman language is uniquely characterized by semantically meaningful hierarchical organization, conveying information over long timescales. At the same time, many non-linguistic human and animal behaviors are also often characterized by richly hierarchical organization. Here, we compare the long-timescale statistical dependencies present in language to those present in non-linguistic human and animal behaviors as well as language production throughout childhood. We find adult-like, long-timescale relationships early in language development, before syntax or complex semantics emerge, and we find similar relationships in non-linguistic behaviors like cooking and even housefly movement. These parallels demonstrate that long-range statistical dependencies are not unique to language and suggest a possible evolutionary substrate for the long-range hierarchical structure present in human language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sainburg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.256792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range sequential dependencies precede complex syntactic production in language acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes mediate long-distance dendritic growth by activating CREB/PI3K-mTOR-dependent translation in neuronal cell bodies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) are the primary regulators of dendritic growth in the central nervous system (CNS). After being bound by BDNF, TrkB and p75 are endocytosed into endosomes and continue signaling within the cell soma, dendrites, and axons. We studied the functional role of BDNF axonal signaling in cortical neurons derived from different transgenic mice using compartmentalized cultures in microfluidic devices. We found that axonal BDNF increased dendritic growth from the neuronal cell body in a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent manner. These effects were dependent on axonal TrkB but not p75 activity. Dynein-dependent BDNF-TrkB-containing endosome transport was required for long-distance induction of dendritic growth. Axonal signaling endosomes increased CREB and mTOR kinase activity in the cell body, and this increase in the activity of both proteins was required for general protein translation and the expression of Arc, a plasticity-associated gene, indicating a role for BDNF-TrkB axonal signaling endosomes in coordinating the transcription and translation of genes whose products contribute to learning and memory regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bronfman, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Alvarado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes mediate long-distance dendritic growth by activating CREB/PI3K-mTOR-dependent translation in neuronal cell bodies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of an N-acetylneuraminic acid-presenting bacteria isolated from a healthy human microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-acetylneuraminic acid is the most abundant sialic acid in humans and is generally expressed as the terminal sugar on intestinal mucus glycans. Several pathogenic bacterial species harvest sialic acid from the mucus, diet, as well as other intestinal sources and display this sugar on their own surface to evade sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec)-mediated host immune surveillance. While previous studies have identified bacterial enzymes associated with sialic acid catabolism, no reported methods permit the selective labeling, tracking, and quantitation of sialic acid-presenting microbes within complex multi-microbial systems. Here, we apply an interdisciplinary approach combining metabolic labeling, click chemistry, metagenomic, and whole-genome sequencing to selectively track and identify sialic acid-presenting microbes from a cultured healthy human fecal microbiome. We isolated and identified a new strain of Escherichia coli that incorporates sialic acid onto its own surface. Analysis of the sequence data reveals that this E. coli strain encodes for the NanT, NeuA, and NeuS genes necessary for harvesting environmental sialic acid and generating the capsular polysialic acid. We envision that this method is applicable to the detection and quantitation of sialic acid-presenting bacteria from human, animal, and environmental microbiomes, as well as investigating the importance of other carbohydrates to commensal and pathogenic bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuy-Boun, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartabedian, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.265504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of an N-acetylneuraminic acid-presenting bacteria isolated from a healthy human microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterologous expression of cryptomaldamide in a cyanobacterial host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.267179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamentous marine cyanobacteria make a variety of bioactive molecules that are produced by polyketide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and hybrid pathways that are encoded by large biosynthetic gene clusters. These cyanobacterial natural products represent potential drugs leads; however, thorough pharmacological investigations have been impeded by the limited quantity of compound that is typically available from the native organisms. Additionally, investigations of the biosynthetic gene clusters and enzymatic pathways have been difficult due to the inability to conduct genetic manipulations in the native producers. Here we report a set of genetic tools for the heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters in the cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and Anabaena (Nostoc) PCC 7120. To facilitate the transfer of gene clusters in both strains, we engineered a strain of Anabaena that contains S. elongatus homologous sequences for chromosomal recombination at a neutral site and devised a CRISPR-based strategy to efficiently obtain segregated double recombinant clones of Anabaena. These genetic tools were used to express the large 28.7 kb cryptomaldamide biosynthetic gene cluster from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena (Moorea) producens JHB in both model strains. S. elongatus did not produce cryptomaldamide, however high-titer production of cryptomaldamide was obtained in Anabaena. The methods developed in this study will facilitate the heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters isolated from marine cyanobacteria and complex metagenomic samples.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/267179v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@660caforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cab871org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130de4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f50c64_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leao, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkovsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.267179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterologous expression of cryptomaldamide in a cyanobacterial host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.269282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Vacuole Morphology by PIEZO Channels in Spreading Earth Moss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.269282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perception of mechanical force is a fundamental property of most, if not all cells. PIEZO channels are plasma membrane-embedded mechanosensitive calcium channels that play diverse and essential roles in mechanobiological processes in animals1,2. PIEZO channel homologs are found in plants3,4, but their role(s) in the green lineage are almost completely unknown. Plants and animals diverged approximately 1.5 billion years ago, independently evolved multicellularity, and have vastly different cellular mechanics5. Here, we investigate PIEZO channel function in the moss Physcomitrium patens, a representative of one of the first land plant lineages. PpPIEZO1 and PpPIEZO2 were redundantly required for normal growth, size, and shape of tip-growing caulonema cells. Both were localized to vacuolar membranes and facilitated the release of calcium into the cytosol in response to hypoosmotic shock. Loss-of-function ({Delta}Pppiezo1/2) and gain-of-function (PpPIEZO2-R2508K and -R2508H) mutants revealed a role for moss PIEZO homologs in regulating vacuole morphology. Our work here shows that plant and animal PIEZO homologs have diverged in both subcellular localization and in function, likely co-opted to serve different needs in each lineage. The plant homologs of PIEZO channels thus provide a compelling lens through which to study plant mechanobiology and the evolution of mechanoperceptive strategies in multicellular eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bascom, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.269282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Vacuole Morphology by PIEZO Channels in Spreading Earth Moss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperbolic geometry of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the patterns of gene expression is key to elucidating the differences between cell types and across disease conditions. The overwhelmingly large number of genes involved generally makes this problem intractable. Yet, we find that gene expression patterns in five different data datasets can all be described using a small number of variables. These variables describe differences between cells according to a hyperbolic metric. We reach this conclusion by developing methods that, starting with an initial assumption of a Euclidean geometry, can detect the presence of other geometries in the data. The Euclidean metric is used in most of current studies of gene expression, primarily because it is difficult to use other non-linear metrics in high dimensional spaces. The hyperbolic metric is much more suitable for describing data produced by a hierarchically organized network, which is relevant for many biological processes. We find that the hyperbolic effects, but not the space dimensionality, increase with the number of genes that are taken into account. The hyperbolic curvature was the smallest for mouse embryonic stem cells, stronger for mouse kidney, lung and brain cells, and reached the largest value in a set of human cells integrated from multiple sources. We show that taking into account hyperbolic geometry strongly improves the visualization of gene expression data compared to leading visualization methods. These results demonstrate the advantages of knowing the underlying geometry when analyzing high-dimensional data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperbolic geometry of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.263020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual mechanism of enhancer activation by FOXA pioneer factors induces endodermal organ fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.263020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FOXA pioneer transcription factors (TFs) displace nucleosomes and prime chromatin across enhancers of different endodermal organs in multipotent precursors before lineage induction. Here, we examined patterns and mechanisms of FOXA target site engagement using human pluripotent stem cell models of endodermal organ development. Unexpectedly, we find that only a subset of pancreatic, hepatic, and alveolar enhancers are FOXA-primed, whereas the majority are unprimed and engage FOXA only upon lineage induction. Analysis of sequence architecture revealed more abundant and stronger FOXA motifs at primed than unprimed enhancers and enrichment for lineage-specific TF motifs at unprimed enhancers. We show that FOXA recruitment to unprimed enhancers specifically depends on lineage-specific TFs, suggesting that regulatory DNA sequence logic governs temporal FOXA recruitment. Our findings suggest that FOXA-mediated enhancer priming broadly facilitates initiation of organ lineage programs, while secondary FOXA recruitment by lineage-specific TFs to the majority of enhancers confers organ specificity to gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geusz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinckier, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alysandratos, K.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefalopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.263020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual mechanism of enhancer activation by FOXA pioneer factors induces endodermal organ fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TLR4 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses are dampened by GIV/Girdin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensing of pathogens by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces an inflammatory response; controlled responses confer immunity but uncontrolled responses cause harm. Here we define how a multi-modular scaffold, GIV (a.k.a Girdin) titrates such inflammatory response in macrophages. Upon challenge with either live microbes or microbe-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS, a ligand for TLR4), macrophages with GIV mount a more tolerant (hypo-reactive) transcriptional response and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways (i.e., NFkB and CREB) downstream of TLR4 compared to their GIV-depleted counterparts. Myeloid-specific gene depletion studies confirmed that the presence of GIV ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and sepsis-induced death. The anti-inflammatory actions of GIV are mediated via its C-terminally located TIR-like BB-loop (TILL)-motif which binds the cytoplasmic TIR-modules of TLR4 in a manner that precludes receptor dimerization; the latter is a pre-requisite for pro-inflammatory signaling. Binding of GIVs TILL motif to other TIR modules inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling via other TLRs, suggesting a convergent paradigm for fine-tuning macrophage inflammatory responses.

SignificanceTo ensure immunity, and yet limit pathology, inflammatory responses must be confined within the proverbial  Goldilocks zone. TLR4 is the prototypical sensor that orchestrates inflammatory responses through a series of well characterized downstream cascades. How TLR4 signals are confined remain incompletely understood. Using trans-scale approaches ranging from disease modeling in live animals, through cell-based interventional studies, to structure-guided biochemical studies that offer an atomic-level resolution, this study unravels the existence of a  brake within the TLR4 signaling cascade, i.e., GIV; the latter is a prototypical member of an emerging class of scaffold proteins. By showing that GIV uses conserved mechanisms to impact multi-TLR signaling, this work unravels a multi-scale point of convergence of immune signaling of broader impact beyond TLR4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swanson, L. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pranadinata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chareddy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amandachar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TLR4 signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses are dampened by GIV/Girdin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies Host Factors Essential for Optimal Plasmodium Liver Stage Development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior to initiating symptomatic malaria, a single Plasmodium sporozoite infects a hepatocyte and develops into thousands of merozoites, in part by scavenging host resources. We show that host microtubules dynamically reorganize around the developing liver stage (LS) parasite. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified host regulators of cytoskeleton organization, vesicle trafficking, ER/Golgi stress and lipid biogenesis that regulate Plasmodium LS development. These novel regulators of infection, including Centromere Protein J (CENPJ), led us to interrogate how microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) are regulated during infection. Foci of {gamma}-tubulin localized to the parasite periphery; depletion of CENPJ exacerbated this re-localization and increased infection. Further, we show that the Golgi acts as a non-centrosomal MTOC by organizing {gamma}-tubulin and stimulating microtubule nucleation at the parasite periphery. Collectively, we show that the Plasmodium LS recruits the host Golgi to form MT mediated conduits along which host organelles are recruited to the PVM, to support liver stage development. Our findings suggest many host-targeted pharmacological inhibitors may inhibit LS infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mast, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitchison, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aderem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Identifies Host Factors Essential for Optimal Plasmodium Liver Stage Development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupled Control of Distal Axon Integrity and Somal Responses to Axonal Damage by the Palmitoyl Acyltransferase ZDHHC17 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After optic nerve crush (ONC), the cell bodies and distal axons of most retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate. RGC somal and distal axon degeneration were previously thought to be controlled by two distinct pathways, involving activation of the kinase DLK and loss of the axon survival factor NMNAT2, respectively. However, we found that mutual palmitoylation by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC17 couples the DLK and NMNAT2 signals, which together form a "trust, but verify system". In healthy optic nerves, ZDHHC17-dependent palmitoylation ensures NMNAT-dependent distal axon integrity, while following ONC, ZDHHC17-dependent palmitoylation is critical for DLK-dependent somal degeneration. We found that ZDHHC17 also controls survival-versus-degeneration decisions in sensory neurons and identified motifs in NMNAT2 and DLK that govern their ZDHHC17-dependent regulation. These findings suggest that the control of somal and distal axon integrity should be considered as a single, holistic process, involving two palmitoylation-dependent pathways acting in concert.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupled Control of Distal Axon Integrity and Somal Responses to Axonal Damage by the Palmitoyl Acyltransferase ZDHHC17]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and childrens health in the United States. A cohort of n= 11,880 children aged 9-10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping. Here, we describe the ABCD Study aims and design, as well as issues surrounding estimation of meaningful associations using its data, including population inferences, hypothesis testing, power and precision, control of covariates, interpretation of associations, and recommended best practices for reproducible research, analytical procedures and reporting of results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeringa, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariyadath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meaningful Effects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neuron Phenotype Ontology: A FAIR Approach to Proposing and Classifying Neuronal Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The challenge of defining and cataloging the building blocks of the brain requires a standardized approach to naming neurons and organizing knowledge about their properties. The US Brain Initiative Cell Census Network, Human Cell Atlas, Blue Brain Project, and others are generating vast amounts of data and characterizing large numbers of neurons throughout the nervous system. The neuroscientific literature contains many neuron names (e.g. parvalbumin-positive interneuron or layer 5 pyramidal cell) that are commonly used and generally accepted. However, it is often unclear how such common usage types relate to the many proposed evidence-based types that are based on the results of new techniques. Further, comparing different models across labs remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose an interoperable knowledge representation, the Neuron Phenotype Ontology (NPO) that provides a standardized and machine computable approach for naming and normalizing phenotypes in cell types by using community ontology identifiers as a common language. The NPO provides a framework for systematically organizing knowledge about cellular properties and enables interoperability with existing neuron naming schemes. We evaluate the NPO by populating a knowledge base with three independent cortical neuron classifications derived from published data sets that describe neurons according to molecular, morphological, electrophysiological and synaptic properties. Competency queries to this knowledge base demonstrate that this knowledge model enables interoperability between the three test cases and common usage neuron names from the literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sy, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neuron Phenotype Ontology: A FAIR Approach to Proposing and Classifying Neuronal Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.278663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating Human Milk Oligosaccharide biosynthetic genes through network-based multi-omics integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.278663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHuman Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant carbohydrates fundamental to infant health and development. Although these oligosaccharides were discovered more than half a century ago, their biosynthesis in the mammary gland remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we used a systems biology framework that integrated glycan and RNA expression data to construct an HMO biosynthetic network and predict glycosyltransferases involved. To accomplish this, we constructed models describing the most likely pathways for the synthesis of the oligosaccharides accounting for >95% of the HMO content in human milk. Through our models, we propose candidate genes for elongation, branching, fucosylation, and sialylation of HMOs. We further explored selected enzyme activities through kinetic assay and their co-regulation through transcription factor analysis. These results provide the molecular basis of HMO biosynthesis necessary to guide progress in HMO research and application with the ultimate goal of understanding and improving infant health and development.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSTATEMENTC_SCPLOWWith the HMO biosynthesis network resolved, we can begin to connect genotypes with milk types and thereby connect clinical infant, child and even adult outcomes to specific HMOs and HMO modifications. Knowledge of these pathways can simplify the work of synthetic reproduction of these HMOs providing a roadmap for improving infant, child, and overall human health with the specific application of a newly limitless source of nutraceuticals for infants and people of all ages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruntse, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haymond, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.278663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating Human Milk Oligosaccharide biosynthetic genes through network-based multi-omics integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and developmental disorders share specific disruptive coding mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes enriched for rare disruptive coding variants in schizophrenia overlap those in which disruptive mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), particularly autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. However, it is unclear whether this implicates the same specific variants, or even variants with the same functional effects on shared risk genes. Here, we show that de novo mutations in schizophrenia are generally of the same functional category as those that confer risk for NDDs, and that the specific de novo mutations in NDDs are enriched in schizophrenia. These findings indicate that, in part, NDDs and schizophrenia have shared molecular aetiology, and therefore likely overlapping pathophysiology. We also observe pleiotropic effects for variants known to be pathogenic for several syndromic developmental disorders, suggesting that schizophrenia should be included among the phenotypes associated with these mutations. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that at least some forms of schizophrenia lie within a continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rees, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and developmental disorders share specific disruptive coding mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale metabolic network model synergizes with statistical learning to predict amino acid concentrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The control of nutrient availability is critical to large-scale manufacturing of biotherapeutics. However, the quantification of proteinogenic amino acids is time-consuming and thus is difficult to implement for real-time in situ bioprocess control. Genome-scale metabolic models describe the metabolic conversion from media nutrients to proliferation and recombinant protein production, and therefore are a promising platform for in silico monitoring and prediction of amino acid concentrations. This potential has not been realized due to unresolved challenges: (1) the models assume an optimal and highly efficient metabolism, and therefore tend to underestimate amino acid consumption, and (2) the models assume a steady state, and therefore have a short forecast range. We address these challenges by integrating machine learning with the metabolic models. Through this we demonstrate accurate and time-course dependent prediction of individual amino acid concentration in culture medium throughout the production process. Thus, these models can be deployed to control nutrient feeding to avoid premature nutrient depletion or provide early predictions of failed bioreactor runs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schinn, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale metabolic network model synergizes with statistical learning to predict amino acid concentrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.868505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A balance between matrix deformation and the coordination of turning events governs directed neutrophil migration in 3-D matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.868505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3-D) neutrophil migration is essential for immune surveillance and inflammatory responses. During 3-D migration, especially through extravascular spaces, neutrophils rely on frontal protrusions and rear contractions to squeeze and maneuver through extracellular matrices containing narrow pores. However, the role of matrix density and the cells ability to probe and remodel matrix pores during 3-D chemotaxis are far from being understood. We investigated these processes by tracking the trajectories of over 20,000 neutrophils in a 3-D migration device containing collagen matrices of varying concentrations and analyzing the shape of these trajectories at multiple scales. Additionally, we quantified the transient 3-D matrix deformations caused by the migrating cells. The mean pore size of our reconstituted collagen matrices decreased when the collagen concentration ([col]) was increased. In low-[col] matrices, neutrophils exerted large transient deformations and migrated in relatively straight trajectories. In contrast, they were not able to appreciably deform high- [col] matrices and adapted to this inability by turning more often to circumvent these narrow matrix pores. While this adaptation resulted in slower migration, the cells were able to balance the more frequent turning with the long-range directional bias necessary for chemotaxis. Based on our statistical analysis of cell trajectories, we postulate that neutrophils achieve this balance by using matrix obstacles as pivoting points to steer their motion towards the chemoattractant. Inhibiting myosin-II contractility or Arp2/3-mediated pseudopod protrusions not only compromised the cells ability to deform the matrix, but also made them switch to increased turning in more restrictive matrices when compared to untreated control cells. Both myosin-II contractility and Arp2/3-mediated branched polymerization of actin played a role in fast migration, but Arp2/3 was also crucial for neutrophils when coordinating the orientations of successive turns to prevent veering away from the chemotactic path. These results may contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms employed by migrating neutrophils in confined 3-D environments, as well as the molecular and environmental regulators for maintaining persistent motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meili, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasheras, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.868505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A balance between matrix deformation and the coordination of turning events governs directed neutrophil migration in 3-D matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vapor inhalation method for delivering heroin alters nociception, body temperature and spontaneous activity in female and male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe ongoing crisis related to non-medical use of opioids makes it of continued importance to understand the risk factors for opioid addiction, the behavioral and neurobiological consequences of opioid exposure and to seek potential avenues for therapy. Pre-clinical rodent models have been critical to advancing understanding of opioid consequences for decades, but have been mostly limited to drug delivery by injection or by oral dosing. Inhalation, a significant route for many human users, has not been as well-established.

MethodWe adapted an e-cigarette based exposure system, previously shown efficacious for delivery of other drugs to rats, to deliver heroin vapor. Effects in vivo were assessed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats using a warm-water assay for anti-nociception and an implanted radiotelemetry system for evaluating changes in body temperature and spontaneous activity rate.

ResultsInhalation of vapor created by heroin 100 mg/mL in the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle significantly slowed tail-withdrawal from a 52{degrees}C water bath, bi-phasically altered activity, and increased temperature in male and female rats. Inhalation of heroin 50 mg/mL for 15 minutes produced significant effects, as the lower bound on efficacy, whereas inhalation of heroin 100 mg/mL for 30 minutes produced robust effects across all endpoints and groups.

ConclusionsThis work shows that e-cigarette devices deliver psychoactive doses of heroin to rats, using concentrations of [~]50-100 mg/mL and inhalation durations of 15-30 minutes. This technique may be useful to assess the health consequences of inhaled heroin and other opioid drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vapor inhalation method for delivering heroin alters nociception, body temperature and spontaneous activity in female and male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.285395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure, function, and evolution of a complete human chromosome 8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.285395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complete assembly of each human chromosome is essential for understanding human biology and evolution. Using complementary long-read sequencing technologies, we complete the first linear assembly of a human autosome, chromosome 8. Our assembly resolves the sequence of five previously long-standing gaps, including a 2.08 Mbp centromeric -satellite array, a 644 kbp defensin copy number polymorphism important for disease risk, and an 863 kbp variable number tandem repeat at chromosome 8q21.2 that can function as a neocentromere. We show that the centromeric -satellite array is generally methylated except for a 73 kbp hypomethylated region of diverse higher-order -satellite enriched with CENP-A nucleosomes, consistent with the location of the kinetochore. Using a dual long-read sequencing approach, we complete the assembly of the orthologous chromosome 8 centromeric regions in chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque for the first time to reconstruct its evolutionary history. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses show that the higher-order -satellite structure evolved specifically in the great ape ancestor, and the centromeric region evolved with a layered symmetry, with more ancient higher-order repeats located at the periphery adjacent to monomeric -satellites. We estimate that the mutation rate of centromeric satellite DNA is accelerated at least 2.2-fold, and this acceleration extends beyond the higher-order -satellite into the flanking sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liskovykh, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercuri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremitzki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorenson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surti, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larionov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.285395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure, function, and evolution of a complete human chromosome 8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.273011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protecting synapses from amyloid β-associated degeneration by manipulations of Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.273011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse loss is an early event in Alzheimers disease and is thought to be associated with amyloid pathology and caused by Amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) oligomers. Whether and how A{beta} oligomers directly target signaling pathways for glutamatergic synapse maintenance is unknown. Glutamatergic synapse development is controlled by the opposing functions of Celsr3 and Vangl2, core components of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway, functioning directly in the synapses. Celsr3 promotes synapse formation, whereas Vangl2 inhibits synapse formation. Here we show that oligomeric A{beta} binds to Celsr3 and assists Vangl2 in disassembling synapses by disrupting the intercellular Celsr3/Frizzled3-Celsr3 complex, essential for PCP signaling. Together with Vangl2, a Wnt receptor, Ryk, is also required for A{beta} oligomer-induced synapse loss in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, 5XFAD, where conditional Ryk knockout protected synapses and preserved cognitive function. Our study reveals a fine balance of Wnt/PCP signaling components in glutamatergic synapse maintenance and suggests that overproduced A{beta} oligomers may lead to excessive synapse loss by tipping this balance. Together with previous reports that an inhibitor of Wnt/Ryk signaling, WIF1, is found reduced in Alzheimers disease patients, our results suggest that the imbalance of PCP signaling in these patients may contribute to synapse loss in Alzheimers disease and manipulating Wnt/PCP signaling may preserve synapses and cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.273011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protecting synapses from amyloid β-associated degeneration by manipulations of Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.291724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac Cell Type-Specific Gene Regulatory Programs and Disease Risk Association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.291724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCis-regulatory elements such as enhancers and promoters are crucial for directing gene expression in the human heart. Dysregulation of these elements can result in many cardiovascular diseases that are major leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, genetic variants associated with cardiovascular disease risk are enriched within cis-regulatory elements. However, the location and activity of these cis-regulatory elements in individual cardiac cell types remains to be fully defined.

MethodsWe performed single nucleus ATAC-seq and single nucleus RNA-seq to define a comprehensive catalogue of candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) and gene expression patterns for the distinct cell types comprising each chamber of four non-failing human hearts. We used this catalogue to computationally deconvolute dynamic enhancers in failing hearts and to assign cardiovascular disease risk variants to cCREs in individual cardiac cell types. Finally, we applied reporter assays, genome editing and electrophysiogical measurements in in vitro differentiated human cardiomyocytes to validate the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease risk variants.

ResultsWe defined >287,000 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) in human hearts at single-cell resolution, which notably revealed gene regulatory programs controlling specific cell types in a cardiac region/structure-dependent manner and during heart failure. We further report enrichment of cardiovascular disease risk variants in cCREs of distinct cardiac cell types, including a strong enrichment of atrial fibrillation variants in cardiomyocyte cCREs, and reveal 38 candidate causal atrial fibrillation variants localized to cardiomyocyte cCREs. Two such risk variants residing within a cardiomyocyte-specific cCRE at the KCNH2/HERG locus resulted in reduced enhancer activity compared to the non-risk allele. Finally, we found that deletion of the cCRE containing these variants decreased KCNH2 expression and prolonged action potential repolarization in an enhancer dosage-dependent manner.

ConclusionsThis comprehensive atlas of human cardiac cCREs provides the foundation for not only illuminating cell type-specific gene regulatory programs controlling human hearts during health and disease, but also interpreting genetic risk loci for a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hocker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.291724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac Cell Type-Specific Gene Regulatory Programs and Disease Risk Association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time structural motif searching in proteins using an inverted index strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical and biological functions of proteins are the product of both the overall fold of the polypeptide chain, and, typically, structural motifs made up of smaller numbers of amino acids constituting a catalytic center or a binding site. Detection of such structural motifs can provide valuable insights into the function(s) of previously uncharacterized proteins. Technically, this remains an extremely challenging problem because of the size of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive. Existing methods depend on a clustering by sequence similarity and can be computationally slow. We have developed a new approach that uses an inverted index strategy capable of analyzing >160,000 PDB structures with unmatched speed. The efficiency of the inverted index method depends critically on identifying the small number of structures containing the query motif and ignoring most of the structures that are irrelevant. Our approach (implemented at motif.rcsb.org) enables real-time retrieval and superposition of structural motifs, either extracted from a reference structure or uploaded by the user. Herein, we describe the method and present five case studies that exemplify its efficacy and speed for analyzing 3D structures of both proteins and nucleic acids.

Author summaryThe Protein Data Bank (PDB) provides open access to more than 160,000 three-dimensional structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and biological complexes. Similarities between PDB structures give valuable functional and evolutionary insights but such resemblance may not be evident at sequence or global structure level. Throughout the database, there are recurring structural motifs - groups of modest numbers of residues in proximity that, for example, support catalytic activity. Identification of common structural motifs can unveil subtle similarities between proteins and serve as fingerprints for configurations such as the His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad found in serine proteases or the zinc coordination site found in Zinc Finger DNA-binding domains. We present a highly efficient yet flexible strategy that allows users for the first time to search for arbitrary structural motifs across the entire PDB archive in real-time. Our approach scales favorably with the increasing number and complexity of deposited structures, and, also, has the potential to be adapted for other applications in a macromolecular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.293977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time structural motif searching in proteins using an inverted index strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Mitochondrial Maintenance in Extended Neuronal Projections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons rely on localized mitochondria to fulfill spatially heterogeneous metabolic demands. Mitochondrial aging occurs on timescales shorter than the neuronal lifespan, necessitating transport of fresh material from the soma. Maintaining an optimal distribution of healthy mitochondria requires an interplay between a stationary pool localized to sites of high metabolic demand and a motile pool capable of delivering new material. Interchange between these pools can occur via transient fusion / fission events or by halting and restarting entire mitochondria. Our quantitative model of neuronal mitostasis identifies key parameters that govern steady-state mitochondrial health at discrete locations. Very infrequent exchange between stationary and motile pools optimizes this system. Exchange via transient fusion allows for robust maintenance, which can be further improved by selective recycling through mitophagy. These results provide a framework for quantifying how perturbations in organelle transport and interactions affect mitochondrial homeostasis in neurons, a key aspect underlying many neurodegenerative disorders.

Author summaryNeurons contain long projections termed axons and dendrites and a small central body that is responsible for much of cellular biosynthesis. Mitochondria, the energy hubs of a cell, are synthesized in the soma and actively transported to distant sites of high energy demand. Given the extreme distances between these sites and the soma, maintaining distal mitochondrial health poses a substantial challenge. Defects in mitochondrial transport and maintenance are associated with several neurological disorders.

Fortunately, mitochondria stationed at distant sites can be  serviced by passing mitochondria that emerge from the soma and move around the neuron, as well as through low levels of local protein synthesis. We develop mathematical models for two strategies of mitochondrial maintenance: one with direct protein exchange between moving and stationary mitochondria ( Space Station) and the other with moving mitchondria occasionally replacing stationary ones at the demand sites ( Changing of the Guard). We find that only a few servicing events and a small motile pool form optimal conditions for maintaining mitochondrial health. The system can be improved further by selectively removing and recycling some unhealthy mitochondria. Our results are consistent with observations of mitochondrial behavior in neurons and form a basis for future quantitative study of mitochondrial maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Mitochondrial Maintenance in Extended Neuronal Projections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.292391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context influences how individuals with misophonia respond to sounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.292391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misophonia is a newly researched condition in which specific sounds cause an intense, aversive response in individuals, characterized by negative emotions and autonomic arousal. Although virtually any sound can become a misophonic "trigger," the most common sounds appear to be bodily sounds related to chewing and eating as well as other repetitive sounds. An intriguing aspect of misophonia is the fact that many misophonic individuals report that they are triggered more, or even only, by sounds produced by specific individuals, and less, or not at all, by sounds produced by animals (although there are always exceptions).

In general, anecdotal evidence suggests that misophonic triggers involve a combination of sound stimuli and contextual cues. The aversive stimulus is more than just a sound and can be thought of as a Gestalt of features which includes sound as a necessary component as well as additional contextual information. In this study, we explore how contextual information influences misophonic responses to human chewing, as well as sonically similar sounds produced by non-human sources. The current study revealed that the exact same sound can be perceived as being much more or less aversive depending on the contextual information presented alongside the auditory information. The results of this study provide a foundation for potential cognitive based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edelstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.292391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context influences how individuals with misophonia respond to sounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the postsynaptic calcium-mediated energy homeostasis through mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites using systems modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal compartmentation of calcium dynamics is critical for neuronal function, particularly in post-synaptic spines. This exquisite level of Ca2+ compartmentalization is achieved through the storage and release of Ca2+ from various intracellular organelles particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria. Mitochondria and ER are established storage organelles controlling Ca2+ dynamics in neurons. Mitochondria also generate a majority of energy used within postsynaptic spines to support the downstream events associated with neuronal stimulus. Recently, high resolution microscopy has unveiled direct contact sites between the ER and the mitochondria, which directly channel Ca2+ release from the ER into the mitochondrial membrane. In this study, we develop a computational 3D reaction-diffusion model to investigate the role of MERCs in regulating Ca2+ and ATP dynamics. This spatiotemporal model accounts for Ca2+ oscillations initiated by glutamate stimulus of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors and Ca2+ changes in four different compartments: cytosol, ER, mitochondria, and the MERC microdomain. Our simulations predict that the organization of these organelles and differential distribution of key Ca2+ channels such as IP3 receptor and ryanodine receptor modulate Ca2+ dynamics in response to different stimuli. We further show that the crosstalk between geometry (mitochondria and MERC) and metabolic parameters (cytosolic ATP hydrolysis, ATP generation) influences the cellular energy state. Our findings shed light on the importance of organelle interactions in predicting Ca2+ dynamics in synaptic signaling. Overall, our model predicts that a combination of MERC linkage and mitochondria size is necessary for optimal ATP production in the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekkurnaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the postsynaptic calcium-mediated energy homeostasis through mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites using systems modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.276923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) maintains cardiovascular and renal homeostasis but also serves as the entry receptor for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. COVID-19 disease severity, while highly variable, is typically lower in pediatric patients than adults (particularly the elderly), but increased rates of hospitalizations requiring intensive care are observed in infants than in older children. The reasons for these differences are unknown. To detect potential age-based correlates of disease severity, we measured ACE2 protein expression at the single cell level in human lung tissue specimens from over 100 donors from [~]4 months to 75 years of age. We found that expression of ACE2 in distal lung epithelial cells generally increases with advancing age but exhibits extreme intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity. Notably, we also detected ACE2 expression on neonatal airway epithelial cells and within the lung parenchyma. Similar patterns were found at the transcript level: ACE2 mRNA is expressed in the lung and trachea shortly after birth, downregulated during childhood, and again expressed at high levels in late adulthood in alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, we find that apoptosis, which is a natural host defense system against viral infection, is also dynamically regulated during lung maturation, resulting in periods of heightened apoptotic priming and dependence on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins including MCL-1. Infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2 triggers an unfolded protein stress response and upregulation of the endogenous MCL-1 inhibitor Noxa; in juveniles, MCL-1 inhibition is sufficient to trigger apoptosis in lung epithelial cells - this may limit virion production and inflammatory signaling. Overall, we identify strong and distinct correlates of COVID-19 disease severity across lifespan and advance our understanding of the regulation of ACE2 and cell death programs in the mammalian lung. Furthermore, our work provides the framework for potential translation of apoptosis modulating drugs as novel treatments for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inde, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deskin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghelfi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarosiek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.276923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent regulation of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry genes and cell death programs correlates with COVID-19 disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The flexibility of ACE2 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has swept over the world in the past months, causing significant loss of life and consequences to human health. Although numerous drug and vaccine developments efforts are underway, many questions remain outstanding on the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 viral association to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), its main host receptor, and entry in the cell. Structural and biophysical studies indicate some degree of flexibility in the viral extracellular Spike glycoprotein and at the receptor binding domain-receptor interface, suggesting a role in infection. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the glycosylated, full-length membrane-bound ACE2 receptor, in both an apo and spike receptor binding domain (RBD) bound state, in order to probe the intrinsic dynamics of the ACE2 receptor in the context of the cell surface. A large degree of fluctuation in the full length structure is observed, indicating hinge bending motions at the linker region connecting the head to the transmembrane helix, while still not disrupting the ACE2 homodimer or ACE2-RBD interfaces. This flexibility translates into an ensemble of ACE2 homodimer conformations that could sterically accommodate binding of the spike trimer to more than one ACE2 homodimer, and suggests a mechanical contribution of the host receptor towards the large spike conformational changes required for cell fusion. This work presents further structural and functional insights into the role of ACE2 in viral infection that can be exploited for the rational design of effective SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.

Statement of SignificanceAs the host receptor of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 has been the subject of extensive structural and antibody design efforts in aims to curtail COVID-19 spread. Here, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of the homodimer ACE2 full-length structure to study the dynamics of this protein in the context of the cellular membrane. The simulations evidence exceptional plasticity in the protein structure due to flexible hinge motions in the head-transmembrane domain linker region and helix mobility in the membrane, resulting in a varied ensemble of conformations distinct from the experimental structures. Our findings suggest a dynamical contribution of ACE2 to the spike glycoprotein shedding required for infection, and contribute to the question of stoichiometry of the Spike-ACE2 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barros, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raguette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerling, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The flexibility of ACE2 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Models of Antibody Evolution and Benchmarking of Clonal Tree Reconstruction Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWAffinity maturation (AM) of antibodies through somatic hypermutations (SHMs) enables the immune system to evolve to recognize diverse pathogens. The accumulation of SHMs leads to the formation of clonal trees of antibodies produced by B cells that have evolved from a common naive B cell. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled deep scans of antibody repertoires, paving the way for reconstructing clonal trees. However, it is not clear if clonal trees, which capture micro-evolutionary time scales, can be reconstructed using traditional phylogenetic reconstruction methods with adequate accuracy. In fact, several clonal tree reconstruction methods have been developed to fix supposed shortcomings of phylogenetic methods. Nevertheless, no consensus has been reached regarding the relative accuracy of these methods, partially because evaluation is challenging. Benchmarking the performance of existing methods and developing better methods would both benefit from realistic models of clonal tree evolution specifically designed for emulating B cell evolution. In this paper, we propose a model for modeling B cell clonal tree evolution and use this model to benchmark several existing clonal tree reconstruction methods. Our model, designed to be extensible, has several features: by evolving the clonal tree and sequences simultaneously, it allows modelling selective pressure due to changes in affinity binding; it enables scalable simulations of millions of cells; it enables several rounds of infection by an evolving pathogen; and, it models building of memory. In addition, we also suggest a set of metrics for comparing clonal trees and for measuring their properties. Our benchmarking results show that while maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction methods can fail to capture key features of clonal tree expansion if applied naively, a very simple postprocessing of their results, where super short branches are contracted, leads to inferences that are better than alternative methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.302505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Models of Antibody Evolution and Benchmarking of Clonal Tree Reconstruction Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromogranin A regulates gut permeability via the antagonistic actions of its proteolytic peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimA  leaky gut barrier has been implicated in the initiation and progression of a multitude of diseases, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and colorectal cancers. Here we show how pro-hormone Chromogranin A (CgA), produced by the enteroendocrine cells, and Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372), the most abundant CgA-derived proteolytic peptide, affect the gut barrier.

MethodsColon tissues from region-specific CST-knockout (CST-KO) mice, CgA-knockout (CgA-KO) and WT mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural and flowcytometry studies. FITC-dextran assays were used to measure intestinal barrier function. Mice were supplemented with CST or CgA fragment pancreastatin (PST: CgA250-301). The microbial composition of cecum was determined. CgA and CST levels were measured in blood of IBD patients.

ResultsCST-KO mice displayed (i) elongated tight, adherens junctions and desmosomes similar to IBD patients, and (ii) gut inflammation. Consistently, plasma FITC-dextran measurements showed increased intestinal paracellular permeability in the CST-knockout mice. This correlated with a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, a dysbiotic pattern commonly encountered in various diseases. Supplementation of CST-knockout mice with recombinant CST restored paracellular permeability and reversed inflammation, whereas CgA-knockout mice supplementation with CST and/or PST in CgA-KO mice showed that intestinal paracellular permeability is regulated by the antagonistic roles of these two peptides: CST reduces and PST increases permeability.

ConclusionThe pro-hormone CgA regulates the intestinal paracellular permeability. CST is both necessary and sufficient to reduce permeability and primarily acts via antagonizing the effects of PST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muntjewerff, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoffersson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolasen, M. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beest, M. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Aidy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bogaart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.304303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromogranin A regulates gut permeability via the antagonistic actions of its proteolytic peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sought to define the host immune response, a.k.a, the "cytokine storm" that has been implicated in fatal COVID-19 using an AI-based approach. Over 45,000 transcriptomic datasets of viral pandemics were analyzed to extract a 166-gene signature using ACE2 as a  seed gene; ACE2 was rationalized because it encodes the receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) into host cells. Surprisingly, this 166-gene signature was conserved in all viral pandemics, including COVID-19, and a subset of 20-genes classified disease severity, inspiring the nomenclatures ViP and severe-ViP signatures, respectively. The ViP signatures pinpointed a paradoxical phenomenon wherein lung epithelial and myeloid cells mount an IL15 cytokine storm, and epithelial and NK cell senescence and apoptosis determines severity/fatality. Precise therapeutic goals were formulated and subsequently validated in high-dose SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamsters using neutralizing antibodies that abrogate SARS-CoV-2*ACE2 engagement or a directly acting antiviral agent, EIDD-2801. IL15/IL15RA were elevated in the lungs of patients with fatal disease, and plasma levels of the cytokine tracked with disease severity. Thus, the ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for titrating the immune response in viral pandemics and may serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs.

One Sentence SummaryThe host immune response in COVID-19.

PANEL: RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired many groups to find innovative methodologies that can help us understand the host immune response to the virus; unchecked proportions of such immune response have been implicated in fatality. We searched GEO and ArrayExpress that provided many publicly available gene expression data that objectively measure the host immune response in diverse conditions. However, challenges remain in identifying a set of host response events that are common to every condition. There are no studies that provide a reproducible assessment of prognosticators of disease severity, the host response, and therapeutic goals. Consequently, therapeutic trials for COVID-19 have seen many more  misses than  hits. This work used multiple (> 45,000) gene expression datasets from GEO and ArrayExpress and analyzed them using an unbiased computational approach that relies upon fundamentals of gene expression patterns and mathematical precision when assessing them.

Added value of this studyThis work identifies a signature that is surprisingly conserved in all viral pandemics, including Covid-19, inspiring the nomenclature ViP-signature. A subset of 20-genes classified disease severity in respiratory pandemics. The ViP signatures pinpointed the nature and source of the  cytokine storm mounted by the host. They also helped formulate precise therapeutic goals and rationalized the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs.

Implications of all the available evidenceThe ViP signatures provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for assessing the immune response in viral pandemics when creating pre-clinical models; they serve as a powerful unbiased tool to rapidly assess disease severity and vet candidate drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behroozikhah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pretorius, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-guided discovery of the invariant host response to viral pandemics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid changes in chromatin structure during dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary hepatocytes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to screen drug candidates for hepatotoxicity, but isolated hepatocytes quickly dedifferentiate and lose their mature metabolic function in culture. Attempts have been made to better recapitulate the in vivo liver environment in culture, but the full spectrum of signals required to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro remains elusive. Here we studied the dedifferentiation process in detail through RNA-sequencing of hepatocytes cultured over eight days. We identified three distinct phases of dedifferentiation. An early phase, where mature hepatocyte genes are rapidly downregulated in a matter of hours. A middle phase, where fetal genes are activated, leading to hepatocytes with a fetal phenotype. A late phase, where initially rare contaminating non-parenchymal cells over-grow the culture as the hepatocytes gradually die. Using genetically tagged hepatocytes, we demonstrate that the cells reactivating fetal marker alpha-fetoprotein arise from cells previously expressing the mature hepatocyte marker albumin, and not from albumin negative precursor cells, proving that hepatocytes undergo true dedifferentiation. To better understand the signaling events that result in the rapid down-regulation of mature hepatocyte genes, we examined changes in chromatin accessibility of hepatocytes during the first 24h of culture using ATAC-seq. We find that drastic and rapid changes in chromatin accessibility occurs immediately upon start of culture. Using binding motif analysis of the areas of open chromatin sharing similar temporal profiles, we identify several candidate transcription factors potentially involved in the dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seirup, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.307363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid changes in chromatin structure during dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical interpretation of integrative molecular profiles to guide precision cancer medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual tumor molecular profiling is routinely used to detect single gene-variant ("first-order") genomic alterations that may inform therapeutic actions -- for instance, a tumor with a BRAF p.V600E variant might be considered for RAF/MEK inhibitor therapy. Interactions between such first-order events (e.g., somatic-germline) and global molecular features (e.g. mutational signatures) are increasingly associated with clinical outcomes, but these "second order" alterations are not yet generally accounted for in clinical interpretation algorithms and knowledge bases. Here, we introduce the Molecular Oncology Almanac (MOAlmanac), a clinical interpretation algorithm paired with a novel underlying knowledge base to enable integrative interpretation of genomic and transcriptional cancer data for point-of-care treatment decision-making and translational hypothesis generation. We compared MOAlmanac to first-order interpretation methodology in multiple retrospective patient cohorts and observed that the inclusion of preclinical and inferential evidence as well as second-order molecular features increased the number of nominated clinical hypotheses. MOAlmanac also performed matchmaking between patient molecular profiles and cancer cell lines to further expand individualized clinical actionability. When applied to a prospective precision oncology trial cohort, MOAlmanac nominated a median of two therapies per patient and identified therapeutic strategies administered in 46% of patient profiles. Overall, we present a novel computational method to perform integrative clinical interpretation of individualized molecular profiles. MOAlmanc increases clinical actionability over conventional approaches by considering second-order molecular features and additional evidence sources, and is available as an open-source framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reardon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kofman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldubayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmarakeby, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamran, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keliher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konieczkowski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietlein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Allen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical interpretation of integrative molecular profiles to guide precision cancer medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-reactive serum and memory B cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-existing immune responses to seasonal endemic coronaviruses could have profound consequences for antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, either induced in natural infection or through vaccination. Such consequences are well established in the influenza and flavivirus fields. A first step to establish whether pre-existing responses can impact SARS-CoV-2 infection is to understand the nature and extent of cross-reactivity in humans to coronaviruses. We compared serum antibody and memory B cell responses to coronavirus spike (S) proteins from pre-pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors using a series of binding and functional assays. We found weak evidence of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive serum antibodies in pre-pandemic donors. However, we found stronger evidence of pre-existing cross-reactive memory B cells that were activated on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from the donors showed varying degrees of cross-reactivity with betacoronaviruses, including SARS and endemic coronaviruses. None of the cross-reactive mAbs were neutralizing except for one that targeted the S2 subunit of the S protein. The results suggest that pre-existing immunity to endemic coronaviruses should be considered in evaluating antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-reactive serum and memory B cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impacted Spike Frequency Adaptation Associated with Reduction of KCNQ2/3 Promotes Seizure Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although numerous epilepsy-related genes have been identified by unbiased genome-wide screening based on samples from both animal models and patients, the druggable targets for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are still limited. Meanwhile, a large number of candidate genes that might promote or inhibit seizure activities are waiting for further validation. In this study, we first analyzed two public databases and determined the significant down-regulations of two M-type potassium channel genes (KCNQ2/3) expressions in hippocampus samples from TLE patients. Then we reproduced the similar pathological changes in the pilocarpine mouse model of TLE and further detected the decrease of spike frequency adaptation driven by impacted M-currents on dentate gyrus granule neurons. Finally, we employed a small-scale simulation of dentate gyrus network to investigate potential functional consequences of disrupted neuronal excitability. We demonstrated that the impacted spike frequency adaptation of granule cells facilitated the epileptiform activity among the entire network, including prolonged seizure duration and reduced interictal intervals. Our results identify a new mechanism contributing to ictogenesis in TLE and suggest a novel target for the anti-epileptic drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rong, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, W. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impacted Spike Frequency Adaptation Associated with Reduction of KCNQ2/3 Promotes Seizure Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue topography steers migrating Drosophila border cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving cells can sense and respond to physical features of the microenvironment, however in vivo the significance of tissue topography is mostly unknown. Here we use the Drosophila border cells, an established model for in vivo cell migration, to study how chemical and physical information influence migration path selection. Live imaging, genetics, modeling, and simulations show that, although chemical cues were thought to be sufficient, microtopography is also important. Chemoattractants promote predominantly posterior movement, whereas tissue architecture presents orthogonal information, a path of least resistance concentrated near the center of the egg chamber. E-cadherin supplies a permissive haptotactic cue. Our results provide insight into how cells integrate and prioritize topographical, adhesive, and chemoattractant cues to choose one path amongst many.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campanale, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrous, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streichan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.316117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue topography steers migrating Drosophila border cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Modularity, Interactome and Functions of GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) from Invertebrates to Vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PDZ domains are one of the most abundant protein domains in eukaryotes and frequently found on junction-localized scaffold proteins. Various signaling molecules bind to PDZ proteins via PDZ-binding motifs (PBM) and finetune cellular signaling. Here we describe the presence of a PBM on GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) that is conserved throughout evolution, from invertebrates to vertebrates, and is generated as a long isoform-variant in humans, which we named GIV-L. Unlike GIV, which lacks PBM and is cytosolic, GIV-L localizes to the cell junctions, and has a unique PDZ-interactome, which impacts GIV-Ls ability to bind and activate trimeric G-protein, Gi through its guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM) module; the GEM module is found exclusively in vertebrates. Thus, the two functional modules in GIV evolved sequentially: the ability to bind PDZ proteins via the PBM evolved earlier in invertebrates, whereas G-protein binding and activation may have evolved later only among vertebrates. Phenotypic studies in Caco-2 cells revealed that GIV and GIV-L may have antagonistic effects on cell growth, proliferation (cell cycle), and survival. Immunohistochemical analyses in human colon tissues showed that GIV expression increases with a concomitant decrease in GIV-L during cancer initiation. Taken together, these findings reveal how GIV/CCDC88A in humans displays evolutionary flexibility in modularity, which allows the resultant isoforms to play opposing roles either as a tumor suppressor (GIV-L) or as an oncogene (GIV).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Abd El-Hafeez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Modularity, Interactome and Functions of GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) from Invertebrates to Vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A deficient interferon response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe COVID-19. To identify the molecular effectors that govern interferon control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors that inhibited viral entry, nucleic acid binding proteins that suppressed viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of ER and Golgi-resident ISGs that inhibited viral translation and egress. These included the type II integral membrane protein BST2/tetherin, which was found to impede viral release, and is targeted for immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data define the molecular basis of early innate immune control of viral infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sancho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YIN, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounder, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miorin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Frandsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
History-driven modulations of population codes in early visual cortex during visual search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To find important objects, we must focus on our goals, ignore distractions, and take our changing environment into account. This is formalized in models of visual search whereby goal-driven, stimulus-driven and history-driven factors are integrated into a priority map that guides attention. Stimulus history robustly influences where attention is allocated even when the physical stimulus is the same: when a salient distractor is repeated over time, it captures attention less effectively. A key open question is how we come to ignore salient distractors when they are repeated. Goal-driven accounts propose that we use an active, expectation-driven mechanism to attenuate the distractor signal (e.g., predictive coding), whereas stimulus-driven accounts propose that the distractor signal is attenuated due to passive changes to neural activity and inter-item competition (e.g., adaptation). To test these competing accounts, we measured item-specific fMRI responses in human visual cortex during a visual search task where trial history was manipulated (colors unpredictably switched or were repeated). Consistent with a stimulus-driven account of history-based distractor suppression, we found that repeated singleton distractors were suppressed starting in V1, and distractor suppression did not increase in later visual areas. In contrast, we observed signatures of goal-driven target enhancement that were absent in V1, increased across visual areas, and were not modulated by stimulus history. Our data suggest that stimulus history does not alter goal-driven expectations, but rather modulates canonically stimulus-driven sensory responses to contribute to a temporally-integrated representation of priority.

Significance StatementVisual search refers to our ability to find what we are looking for in a cluttered visual world (e.g., finding your keys). To perform visual search, we must integrate information about our goals (e.g.,  find the red key-chain), the environment (e.g., salient items capture your attention), and changes to the environment (i.e., stimulus history). Although stimulus history impacts behavior, the neural mechanisms that mediate history-driven effects remain debated. Here, we leveraged fMRI and multivariate analysis techniques to measure history-driven changes to the neural representation of items during visual search. We found that stimulus history influenced the representation of a salient  pop-out distractor starting in V1, suggesting that stimulus history operates via modulations in early sensory processing rather than goal-driven expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[History-driven modulations of population codes in early visual cortex during visual search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut metabolites are more predictive of disease- and cohoused- states than gut bacterial features in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) impacts [~]10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. In addition to infertility, women with PCOS suffer from metabolic dysregulation which increases their risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies have shown differences in the gut microbiome of women with PCOS compared to controls, a pattern replicated in mouse models. Recently, using a letrozole-induced mouse model of PCOS, we demonstrated that cohousing was protective against development of metabolic and reproductive phenotypes and showed via 16S amplicon sequencing that this protection correlated with time-dependent shifts in gut bacteria. Here, we applied untargeted metabolomics and shotgun metagenomics approaches to further analyze the longitudinal samples from the cohousing experiment. Analysis of beta diversity found that untargeted metabolites had the strongest correlation to both disease and cohoused states and that shifts in metabolite diversity were detected prior to shifts in bacterial diversity. In addition, log2-fold analyses found numerous metabolite features, particularly bile acids (BA), to be highly differentiated between placebo (P) and letrozole (LET), as well as cohoused LET versus LET. Our results indicate that changes in gut metabolites, particularly BAs, are associated with a PCOS-like phenotype in the LET mouse model as well as the protective effect of cohousing. Our results also suggest that transfer of metabolites via coprophagy occurs rapidly and may precipitate changes in bacterial diversity. This study joins a growing body of research highlighting changes in primary and secondary bile acids that may provide a link between host metabolism and gut microbes relevant to the pathology of PCOS.

IMPORTANCEUsing a combination of untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics, we performed a comparative longitudinal analysis of the feces collected in a cohousing study with a PCOS mouse model. Our results showed that gut metabolite composition experienced earlier and more pronounced differentiation in both the disease model and cohoused mice compared with the microbial composition. Notably, statistical and machine learning approaches identified shifts in the relative abundance of primary and secondary BA, which have been implicated as modifiers of gut microbial growth and diversity. Network correlation analysis showed strong associations between particular BA and bacterial species, particularly members of Lactobacillus, and that these correlations were time and treatment dependent. Our results provide novel insights into host/microbe relationships related to hyperandrogenism in females and indicate that focused research into small molecule control of gut microbial diversity and host physiology may provide new therapeutic options for the treatment of PCOS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryback, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut metabolites are more predictive of disease- and cohoused- states than gut bacterial features in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Anatomy of the Mouse Primary Motor Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An essential step toward understanding brain function is to establish a cellular-resolution structural framework upon which multi-scale and multi-modal information spanning molecules, cells, circuits and systems can be integrated and interpreted. Here, through a collaborative effort from the Brain Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN), we derive a comprehensive cell type-based description of one brain structure - the primary motor cortex upper limb area (MOp-ul) of the mouse. Applying state-of-the-art labeling, imaging, computational, and neuroinformatics tools, we delineated the MOp-ul within the Mouse Brain 3D Common Coordinate Framework (CCF). We defined over two dozen MOp-ul projection neuron (PN) types by their anterograde targets; the spatial distribution of their somata defines 11 cortical sublayers, a significant refinement of the classic notion of cortical laminar organization. We further combine multiple complementary tracing methods (classic tract tracing, cell type-based anterograde, retrograde, and transsynaptic viral tracing, high-throughput BARseq, and complete single cell reconstruction) to systematically chart cell type-based MOp input-output streams. As PNs link distant brain regions at synapses as well as host cellular gene expression, our construction of a PN type resolution MOp-ul wiring diagram will facilitate an integrated analysis of motor control circuitry across the molecular, cellular, and systems levels. This work further provides a roadmap towards a cellular resolution description of mammalian brain architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Castaneda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matho, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirokawa, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobkova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienkowski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attili, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bludova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbavy, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatfield, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintiryan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesnar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nae</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Anatomy of the Mouse Primary Motor Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multiscale Coarse-grained Model of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Computer simulations of complete viral particles can provide theoretical insights into large-scale viral processes including assembly, budding, egress, entry, and fusion. Detailed atomistic simulations, however, are constrained to shorter timescales and require billion-atom simulations for these processes. Here, we report the current status and on-going development of a largely "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) model of the SARS-CoV-2 virion. Structural data from a combination of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), x-ray crystallography, and computational predictions were used to build molecular models of structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which were then assembled into a complete virion model. We describe how CG molecular interactions can be derived from all-atom simulations, how viral behavior difficult to capture in atomistic simulations can be incorporated into the CG models, and how the CG models can be iteratively improved as new data becomes publicly available. Our initial CG model and the detailed methods presented are intended to serve as a resource for researchers working on COVID-19 who are interested in performing multiscale simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 virion.

Significance StatementThis study reports the construction of a molecular model for the SARS-CoV-2 virion and details our multiscale approach towards model refinement. The resulting model and methods can be applied to and enable the simulation of SARS-CoV-2 virions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje-Galvan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multiscale Coarse-grained Model of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking ensemble docking methods as a scientific outreach project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of new drugs is a time consuming and expensive process. Methods such as virtual screening, which can filter out ineffective compounds from drug libraries prior to expensive experimental study, have become popular research topics. As the computational drug discovery community has grown, in order to benchmark the various advances in methodology, organizations such as the Drug Design Data Resource have begun hosting blinded grand challenges seeking to identify the best methods for ligand pose-prediction, ligand affinity ranking, and free energy calculations. Such open challenges offer a unique opportunity for researchers to partner with junior students (e.g., high school and undergraduate) to validate basic yet fundamental hypotheses considered to be uninteresting to domain experts. Here, we, a group of high school-aged students and their mentors, present the results of our participation in Grand Challenge 4 where we predicted ligand affinity rankings for the Cathepsin S protease, an important protein target for autoimmune diseases. To investigate the effect of incorporating receptor dynamics on ligand affinity rankings, we employed the Relaxed Complex Scheme, a molecular docking method paired with molecular dynamics-generated receptor conformations. We found that CatS is a difficult target for molecular docking and we explore some advanced methods such as distance-restrained docking to try to improve the correlation with experiments. This project has exemplified the capabilities of high school students when supported with a rigorous curriculum, and demonstrates the value of community-driven competitions for beginners in computational drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagger, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking ensemble docking methods as a scientific outreach project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.315820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell data and correlation analysis support the independent double adder model in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.315820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reference point for cell-size control in the cell cycle is a fundamental biological question. We previously reported that we were unable to reproduce the conclusions of Witz et al.s eLife paper (Witz, van Nimwegen, and Julou 2019) entitled, "Initiation of chromosome replication controls both division and replication cycles in E. coli through a double-adder mechanism", despite extensive efforts. In this  replication double adder (RDA) model, both replication and division cycles are determined via replication initiation as the sole implementation point of size control. Witz et al. justified the RDA model using a type of correlation analysis (the "I-value analysis") that they developed. By contrast, we previously showed that, in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, replication initiation and cell division are determined by balanced biosynthesis of key cell cycle proteins (e.g., DnaA for initiation and FtsZ for cell division) and their accumulation to their respective threshold numbers, which Witz et al. coined the  independent double adder (IDA) model. The adder phenotype is a natural quantitative consequence of these mechanistic principles. In a recent bioRxiv response to our report, Witz and colleagues explicitly confirmed two important limitations of the I-value analysis: (1) it is only applicable to non-overlapping cell cycles, wherein E. coli is known to deviate from the adder principle, and (2) it is only applicable to select biological models and, for example, cannot evaluate the IDA model. These limitations of the I-value analysis were not explained in the original eLife paper and were overlooked during the review process. In this report, we show using data analysis, mathematical modeling, and experiments why the I-value analysis - in its current implementation - cannot compare different biological models. Furthermore, the RDA model is incompatible with the adder principle and is not broadly supported by experimental data. For completeness, we also provide a detailed point-by-point response to Witz et al.s response (Witz, Julou, and van Nimwegen 2020) in the Supplemental Information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Treut, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.315820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell data and correlation analysis support the independent double adder model in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EMPress enables tree-guided, interactive, and exploratory analyses of multi-omic datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard workflows for analyzing microbiomes often include the creation and curation of phylogenetic trees. Here we present EMPress, an interactive tool for visualizing trees in the context of microbiome, metabolome, etc. community data scalable beyond modern large datasets like the Earth Microbiome Project. EMPress provides novel functionality--including ordination integration and animations--alongside many standard tree visualization features, and thus simplifies exploratory analyses of many forms of  omic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedarko, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaw, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiminen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayyari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteson, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>martino, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrieri, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PARIDA, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EMPress enables tree-guided, interactive, and exploratory analyses of multi-omic datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase 1 independently controls microtubule-nucleating capacity and size of the centrosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosomes are composed of a centriolar core surrounded by a pericentriolar material (PCM) matrix that docks microtubule-nucleating {gamma}-tubulin complexes. During mitotic entry, the PCM matrix increases in size and nucleating capacity in a process called centrosome maturation. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to centrosomes and phosphorylates PCM matrix proteins to drive their self-assembly, which leads to PCM expansion; this expansion has been assumed to passively increase microtubule nucleation to support spindle assembly. Here, we show that PLK1 directly controls the generation of binding sites for {gamma}-tubulin complexes on the PCM matrix, independently of PCM expansion. Selective inhibition of PLK1-dependent {gamma}-tubulin docking leads to spindle defects and impaired chromosome segregation, without affecting PCM expansion, highlighting the importance of phospho-regulated centrosomal {gamma}-tubulin docking sites in spindle assembly. Inhibiting both {gamma}-tubulin docking and PCM expansion by mutating substrate target sites fully accounts for the actions of PLK-1 in transforming the centrosome during mitotic entry.

Summary StatementPolo-like kinase 1-mediated physical expansion of centrosomes during mitotic entry is proposed to passively increase their microtubule nucleating capacity. Ohta et al. show instead that generation of microtubule-nucleating sites is directly controlled by Polo-like kinase 1, independently of centrosome size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cavazos, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.328740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polo-like kinase 1 independently controls microtubule-nucleating capacity and size of the centrosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased identification of nanoparticle cell uptake mechanism via a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major bottleneck in nanocarrier and macromolecule development for therapeutic delivery is our limited understanding of the processes involved in their uptake into target cells. This includes their active interactions with membrane transporters that co-ordinate cellular uptake and processing. Current strategies to elucidate the mechanism of uptake, such as painstaking manipulation of individual effectors with pharmacological inhibitors or specific genetic knockdowns, are limited in scope and biased towards previously studied pathways or the intuition of the investigators. Furthermore, each of these approaches present significant off-target effects, clouding the outcomes. We set out to develop and examine an unbiased whole-genome screening approach using pooled CRISPR/Cas9 libraries for its ability to provide a robust and rapid approach to identify novel effectors of material uptake. Enabling this, we developed a methodology termed fast-library of inserts (FLI)-seq for library preparation and quantitative readout of pooled screens that shows improved technical reproducibility and is easier to perform than existing methods. In this proof-of-concept study we use FLI-seq to identify a solute carrier protein family member, SLC18B1, as a transporter for polymeric micellar nanoparticles, confirming the viability for this approach to yield novel insights into uptake mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianneschi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.332510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased identification of nanoparticle cell uptake mechanism via a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of MAP3K DLK and LZK in Purkinje Cells Causes Rapid and Slow Degeneration Depending on Signaling Strength 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved MAP3K Dual leucine zipper kinases can activate JNK via MKK4 or MKK7. Vertebrate DLK and LZK share similar biochemical activities and undergo auto-activation upon increased expression. Depending on cell-type and nature of insults DLK and LZK can induce pro-regenerative, pro-apoptotic or pro-degenerative responses, although the mechanistic basis of their action is not well understood. Here, we investigated these two MAP3Ks in cerebellar Purkinje cells using loss- and gain-of function mouse models. While loss of each or both kinases does not cause discernible defects in Purkinje cells, activating DLK causes rapid death and activating LZK leads to slow degeneration. Each kinase induces JNK activation and caspase-mediated apoptosis independent of each other. Significantly, deleting CELF2, which regulates alternative splicing of Mkk7, strongly attenuates Purkinje cell degeneration induced by activation of LZK, but not DLK. Thus, controlling the activity levels of DLK and LZK is critical for neuronal survival and health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinke, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.332940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of MAP3K DLK and LZK in Purkinje Cells Causes Rapid and Slow Degeneration Depending on Signaling Strength]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal immune activation (MIA) increases likelihood of altered neurodevelopmental outcomes. Maternal cytokines are proposed to affect fetal brain development in mice; however, the contribution of fetal immunity to neurodevelopmental disorders is largely unexplored. Here, we show that MIA mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), but not other TLRs, induces a specific set of behavioral phenotypes including decreased sociability and increased restricted repetitive behavior in offspring. Accordingly, these behavioral phenotypes were absent when offspring were deficient for Trif, the downstream adapter molecule of TLR3. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified clusters of border-associated macrophages that were significantly enriched in the fetal brain following TLR3-MIA, and these clusters were diminished in Trif-/- fetal brains.Moreover, we found that triggering TLR3-TRIF in offspring can occur through transplacental viral infection, resulting in altered behavioral phenotypes. Collectively, our data indicate that fetal innate immunity contributes to MIA-induced atypical behaviors in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fetal innate immunity contributes to the induction of atypical behaviors in a mouse model of maternal immune activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chinese hamster transcription start site atlas that enables targeted editing of CHO cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.334045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with their human-compatible glycosylation and high protein titers, are the most widely used cells for producing biopharmaceuticals. Engineering gene expression in CHO is key to improving drug quality and affordability. However, engineering gene expression or activating silent genes requires accurate annotation of the underlying regulatory elements and transcription start sites (TSSs). Unfortunately, most TSSs in the Chinese hamster genome were computationally predicted and are frequently inaccurate. Here, we revised TSS annotations for 15,308 Chinese hamster genes and 4,478 non-coding RNAs based on experimental data from CHO-K1 cells and 10 hamster tissues. The experimental realignment and discovery of TSSs now expose previously hidden motifs, such as the TATA box. We further demonstrate, by targeting the glycosyltransferase gene Mgat3, how accurate annotations readily facilitate activating silent genes by CRISPRa to obtain more human-like glycosylation. Together, we envision our annotation and data will provide a rich resource for the CHO community, improve genome engineering efforts and aid comparative and evolutionary studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamie, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duttke, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>la Cour Karottki, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildegaard, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.334045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chinese hamster transcription start site atlas that enables targeted editing of CHO cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.330522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Epithelial Differentiation Contributes to Pathogenesis in a Murine Model of Congenital Tufting Enteropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.330522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsCongenital Tufting Enteropathy (CTE) is an intractable diarrheal disease of infancy caused by mutation of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM). The cellular and molecular basis of CTE pathology has been elusive. We hypothesized that the loss of EpCAM in CTE results in altered lineage differentiation and defects in absorptive enterocytes thereby contributing to CTE pathogenesis.

MethodsIntestine from CTE mice was evaluated for specific markers by RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunostaining. Body weight, blood glucose and intestinal enzyme activity were also investigated. A CTE enteroid model was used to assess whether the decreased census of secretory cells could be rescued.

ResultsCTE mice exhibited alterations in brush-border function, disaccharidase activity and glucose absorption, potentially contributing to nutrient malabsorption and impaired weight gain. Altered cell differentiation in CTE mice led to decreased secretory cells and increased numbers of absorptive cells, though the absorptive enterocytes lacked key features, causing brush border malfunction. Further, treatment with Notch signaling inhibitor, DAPT, increased the numbers of major secretory cell types in CTE enteroids (Graphical abstract 1).

ConclusionsAlterations in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in CTE mice favor an increase in absorptive cells at the expense of secretory cells. Although the proportion of absorptive enterocytes is increased, they lack key functional properties. We conclude that these effects underlie pathogenic features of CTE such as malabsorption and diarrhea, and ultimately the failure to thrive seen in patients. The ability of DAPT to reverse aberrant differentiation suggests a possible therapeutic strategy.

SynopsisA murine model of Congenital Tufting Enteropathy exhibits altered intestinal cell differentiation, leading to increased absorptive and decreased secretory cells, which can be reversed with DAPT. Absorptive enterocytes in these mice are also dysfunctional, contributing to disease pathogenesis.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=196 SRC="FIGDIR/small/330522v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (33K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6700d7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6855b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d41207org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1eb9f05_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabalais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagnanam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.330522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Epithelial Differentiation Contributes to Pathogenesis in a Murine Model of Congenital Tufting Enteropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-modal orienting of exogenous attention results in visual-cortical facilitation, not suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention may be oriented exogenously (i.e., involuntarily) to the location of salient stimuli, resulting in improved perception. However, it is unknown whether exogenous attention improves perception by facilitating processing of attended information, suppressing processing of unattended information, or both. To test this question, we measured behavioral performance and cue-elicited neural changes in the electroencephalogram as participants (N = 19) performed a task in which a spatially non-predictive auditory cue preceded a visual target. Critically, this cue was either presented at a peripheral target location or from the center of the screen, allowing us to isolate spatially specific attentional activity. We find that both behavior and attention-mediated changes in visual-cortical activity are enhanced at the location of a cue prior to the onset of a target, but that behavior and neural activity at an unattended target location are equivalent to that following a central cue that does not direct attention (i.e., baseline). These results suggest that exogenous attention operates solely via facilitation of information at an attended location.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keefe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoermer, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.338210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-modal orienting of exogenous attention results in visual-cortical facilitation, not suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted millisecond-scale activation of cells using non-invasive Sonogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.338699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound has been used to non-invasively manipulate neuronal functions in humans and other animals1-4. However, this approach is limited as it has been challenging to target specific cells within the brain or body5-8. Here, we identify human Transient Receptor Potential A1 (hsTRPA1) as a candidate that confers ultrasound sensitivity to mammalian cells. Ultrasound-evoked gating of hsTRPA1 specifically requires its N-terminal tip region and cholesterol interactions; and target cells with an intact actin cytoskeleton, revealing elements of the sonogenetic mechanism. Next, we use calcium imaging and electrophysiology to show that hsTRPA1 potentiates ultrasound-evoked responses in primary neurons. Furthermore, unilateral expression of hsTRPA1 in mouse layer V motor cortical neurons leads to c-fos expression and contralateral limb responses in response to ultrasound delivered through an intact skull. Collectively, we demonstrate that hsTRPA1-based sonogenetics can effectively manipulate neurons within the intact mammalian brain, a method that could be used across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Kubli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufail, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magaram, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edsinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friend, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.338699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted millisecond-scale activation of cells using non-invasive Sonogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal stability of human sperm mosaic mutations results in life-long threat of transmission to offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every newborn harbors scores of new single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that may impact health and disease1-4; the majority of these are contributed by the paternal germ cells5. In some cases, these mutations are identifiable in a subset of the parents cells--a phenomenon called mosaicism, which is capable of producing disease recurrence6-8. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of male gonadal mosaic mutations, employing 300x whole genome sequencing (WGS) of blood and sperm in 17 healthy individuals, including assessment across multiple samples and age groups. Approximately 1 in 15 healthy males is predicted to harbor a transmissible, likely pathogenic exonic variant that is mosaic in his sperm. In general, only a third of sperm mosaic mutations were detectable in blood cells, all were remarkably stable over the course of months to years, and 23% were present in 5% or more of sperm cells. There was no evidence of age-dependent clonal expansion or collapse, as seen in hematopoiesis. Thus, despite the observed increase of mutations in offspring of men with advanced paternal age, detectable sperm mosaicism remains stable, represents a life-long transmission risk to offspring, and suggests a testis stem cell niche that prevents widespread clonality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy-Venneri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Der Kraan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.339796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal stability of human sperm mosaic mutations results in life-long threat of transmission to offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.343426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation. Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin (LeTx) protease, resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain, which includes the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). However, a natural pathogen-derived effector that can activate human NLRP1 remains unknown. Here, we use an evolutionary model to identify several proteases from diverse picornaviruses that cleave human NLRP1 within a rapidly evolving region of the protein, leading to host-specific and virus-specific activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Our work demonstrates that NLRP1 acts as a "tripwire" to recognize the enzymatic function of a wide range of viral proteases, and suggests that host mimicry of viral polyprotein cleavage sites can be an evolutionary strategy to activate a robust inflammatory immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.343426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.343129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (MOp or M1) as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties, and cellular resolution input-output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell type organization: First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that congruently integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a unified taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that are conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the epigenomic, transcriptomic, and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types and subtypes. Fourth, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially-resolved cell type atlas of the motor cortex. Fifth, integrated transcriptomic, epigenomic and anatomical analyses reveal the correspondence between neural circuits and transcriptomic cell types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting and fate mapping glutamatergic projection neuron types toward linking their developmental trajectory to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unified and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernaerts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertagnolli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancalani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booeshaghi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chance, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cric</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.344077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive deletion landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 identifies minimal RNA-guided DNA-binding modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.344077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins evolve through the modular rearrangement of elements known as domains. It is hypothesized that extant, multidomain proteins are the result of domain accretion, but there has been limited experimental validation of this idea. Here, we introduce a technique for genetic minimization by iterative size-exclusion and recombination (MISER) that comprehensively assays all possible deletions of a protein. Using MISER, we generated a deletion landscape for the CRISPR protein Cas9. We found that Cas9 can tolerate large single deletions to the REC2, REC3, HNH, and RuvC domains, while still functioning in vitro and in vivo, and that these deletions can be stacked together to engineer minimal, DNA-binding effector proteins. In total, our results demonstrate that extant proteins retain significant modularity from the accretion process and, as genetic size is a major limitation for viral delivery systems, establish a general technique to improve genome editing and gene therapy-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukarska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staahl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.344077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive deletion landscape of CRISPR-Cas9 identifies minimal RNA-guided DNA-binding modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Markov State Models and NMR Uncover an Overlooked Allosteric Loop in p53 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, and thus reactivation of mutated p53 is a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Analysis of wildtype p53 and the Y220C cancer mutant long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations with Markov state models and validation by NMR relaxation studies has uncovered the involvement of loop L6 in the slowest motions of the protein. Due to its distant location from the DNA-binding surface, the conformational dynamics of this loop has so far remained largely unexplored. We observe mutation-induced stabilization of alternate L6 conformations, distinct from all experimentally-determined structures, in which the loop is both extended and located further away from the DNA-interacting surface. Additionally, the effect of the L6-adjacent Y220C mutation on the conformational landscape of the functionally-important loop L1 suggests an allosteric role to this dynamic loop and the inactivation mechanism of the mutation. Finally, the simulations reveal a novel Y220C cryptic pocket that can be targeted for p53 rescue efforts. Our approach exemplifies the power of the MSM methodology for uncovering intrinsic dynamic and kinetic differences among distinct protein ensembles, such as for the investigation of mutation effects on protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barros, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Markov State Models and NMR Uncover an Overlooked Allosteric Loop in p53]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking changes in behavioural dynamics using prediction error 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated analysis of video can now generate extensive time series of pose and motion in freely-moving organisms. This requires new quantitative tools to characterize behavioural dynamics. For the model roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, body pose can be accurately quantified from video as coordinates in a single low-dimensional space. We focus on this well-established case as an illustrative example and propose a method to reveal subtle variations in behaviour at high time resolution. Our data-driven method, based on empirical dynamic modeling, quantifies behavioural change as prediction error with respect to a time-delay-embedded  attractor of behavioural dynamics. Because this attractor is constructed from a user-specified reference data set, the approach can be tailored to specific behaviours of interest at the individual or group level. We validate the approach by detecting small changes in the movement dynamics of C. elegans at the initiation and completion of delta turns. We then examine an escape response initiated by an aversive stimulus and find that the method can track return to baseline behaviour in individual worms and reveal variations in the escape response between worms. We suggest that this general approach - defining dynamic behaviours using reference attractors and quantifying dynamic changes using prediction error - may be of broad interest and relevance to behavioural researchers working with video-derived time series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lorimer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodridge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking changes in behavioural dynamics using prediction error]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Connectome Fingerprinting Using Shallow Feedforward Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although individual subjects can be identified with high accuracy using correlation matrices computed from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data, the performance significantly degrades as the scan duration is decreased. Recurrent neural networks can achieve high accuracy with short duration (72s) data segments but are designed to use temporal features not present in the correlation matrices. Here we show that shallow feedforward neural networks that rely solely on the information in rsfMRI correlation matrices can achieve state-of-the-art identification accuracies ([&ge;] 99.5%) with data segments as short as 20s and across a range of input data-size combinations when the total number of data points (# regions x # time points) is on the order of 10,000.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Connectome Fingerprinting Using Shallow Feedforward Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.340364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-order hub cells involved in feedforward motifs as critical factors in epileptic network instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.340364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurological and psychiatric disorders are associated with pathological neural dynamics. The fundamental connectivity patterns of cell-cell communication networks that enable pathological dynamics to emerge remain unknown. We studied epileptic circuits using a newly developed integrated computational pipeline applied to cellular resolution functional imaging data. Control and preseizure neural dynamics in larval zebrafish and in chronically epileptic mice were captured using large-scale cellular-resolution calcium imaging. Biologically constrained effective connectivity modeling extracted the underlying cell-cell communication network. Novel analysis of the higher-order network structure revealed the existence of  superhub cells that are unusually richly connected to the rest of the network through feedforward motifs. Instability in epileptic networks was causally linked to superhubs whose involvement in feedforward motifs critically enhanced downstream excitation. Disconnecting individual superhubs was significantly more effective in stabilizing epileptic networks compared to disconnecting hub cells defined traditionally by connection count. Collectively, these results predict a new, maximally selective and minimally invasive cellular target for seizure control.

HighlightsO_LIHigher-order connectivity patterns of large-scale neuronal communication networks were studied in zebrafish and mice
C_LIO_LIControl and epileptic networks were modeled from in vivo cellular resolution calcium imaging data
C_LIO_LIRare  superhub cells unusually richly connected to the rest of the network through higher-order feedforward motifs were identified
C_LIO_LIDisconnecting single superhub neurons more effectively stabilized epileptic networks than targeting conventional hub cells defined by high connection count.
C_LIO_LIThese data predict a maximally selective novel single cell target for minimally invasive seizure control
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadjiabadi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett-Barron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baraban, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losonczy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.340364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-order hub cells involved in feedforward motifs as critical factors in epileptic network instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinsons Disease (PD); however, pathways regulating LRRK2 subcellular localization, function, and turnover are not fully defined. We performed quantitative mass spectrometry-based interactome studies to identify 48 novel LRRK2 interactors, including the microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM1 (Tripartite Motif Family 1). TRIM1 recruits LRRK2 to the microtubule cytoskeleton for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by binding LRRK2911-920, a nine amino acid segment within a flexible interdomain region (LRRK2853-981), which we designate the "Regulatory Loop" (RL). Phosphorylation of LRRK2 Ser910/Ser935 within LRRK2 RL serves as a molecular switch controlling LRRK2s association with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 versus microtubule-bound TRIM1. Association with TRIM1 modulates LRRK2s interaction with Rab29 and prevents upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by Rab29 in an E3-ligase-dependent manner. Finally, TRIM1 rescues neurite outgrowth deficits caused by PD-driving mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Our data suggest that TRIM1 is a critical regulator of LRRK2, controlling its degradation, localization, binding partners, kinase activity, and cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stormo, A. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGibbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavarebi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skibinski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravisankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Haren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Dollen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirescu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiniker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.336578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.347534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.347534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
K777 is a di-peptide analog that contains an electrophilic vinyl-sulfone moiety and is a potent, covalent inactivator of cathepsins. Vero E6, HeLa/ACE2, Caco-2, A549/ACE2, and Calu-3, cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2, and then treated with K777. K777 reduced viral infectivity with EC50 values of inhibition of viral infection of: 74 nM for Vero E6, <80 nM for A549/ACE2, and 4 nM for HeLa/ACE2 cells. In contrast, Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells had EC50 values in the low micromolar range. No toxicity of K777 was observed for any of the host cells at 10-100 M inhibitor. K777 did not inhibit activity of the papain-like cysteine protease and 3CL cysteine protease, encoded by SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations of [&le;] 100 M. These results suggested that K777 exerts its potent anti-viral activity by inactivation of mammalian cysteine proteases which are essential to viral infectivity. Using a propargyl derivative of K777 as an activity-based probe, K777 selectively targeted cathepsin B and cathepsin L in Vero E6 cells. However only cathepsin L cleaved the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and K777 blocked this proteolysis. The site of spike protein cleavage by cathepsin L was in the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2, differing from the cleavage site observed in the SARS CoV-1 spike protein. These data support the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of K777 is mediated through inhibition of the activity of host cathepsin L and subsequent loss of viral spike protein processing.

SIGNIFICANCEThe virus causing COVID-19 is highly infectious and has resulted in a global pandemic. We confirm that a cysteine protease inhibitor, approved by the FDA as a clinical-stage compound, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of several human and monkey cell lines with notable(nanomolar) efficacy. The mechanism of action of this inhibitor is identified as a specific inhibition of host cell cathepsin L. This in turn inhibits host cell processing of the coronaviral spike protein, a step required for cell entry. Neither of the coronaviral proteases are inhibited, and the cleavage site of spike protein processing is different from that reported in other coronaviruses. Hypotheses to explain the differential activity of the inhibitor with different cell types are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mellott, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drelich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenna, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostomiris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzfuss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardini, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berreta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maneval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocurek, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raushel, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meek, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.347534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep spindles coordinate corticostriatal reactivations during the emergence of automaticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.354282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity within the corticostriatal network is known to regulate the balance between behavioral flexibility and automaticity. Repeated training of an action has been shown to bias behavior towards automaticity, suggesting that training may trigger activity-dependent corticostriatal plasticity. However, surprisingly little is known about the natural activity patterns that may drive plasticity or when they occur during long-term training. Here we chronically monitored neural activity from primary motor cortex (M1) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) during both training and offline periods, i.e., time away from training including sleep, throughout the development of an automatic reaching action. We first show that blocking striatal NMDA receptors during offline periods prevents the emergence of behavioral consistency, a hallmark of automaticity. We then show that, throughout the development of an automatic reaching action, corticostriatal functional connectivity increases during offline periods. Such increases track the emergence of consistent behavior and predictable cross-area neural dynamics. We then identify sleep spindles during non-REM sleep (NREM) as uniquely poised to mediate corticostriatal plasticity during offline periods. We show that sleep spindles are periods of maximal corticostriatal transmission within offline periods, that sleep spindles in post-training NREM reactivate neurons across areas, and that sleep-spindle modulation in post-training NREM is linked to observable changes in spiking relationships between individual pairs of M1 and DLS neurons. Our results indicate that offline periods, in general, and sleep spindles, specifically, play an important role in regulating behavioral flexibility through corticostriatal network plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemke, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darevsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.354282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep spindles coordinate corticostriatal reactivations during the emergence of automaticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic editing of the RNA N6-methyladenosine modification by dCasRx conjugated methyltransferase and demethylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common modification on endogenous RNA transcripts in mammalian cells. Currently, the lack of precise single-nucleotide RNA modification tools makes it challenging to understand the relationship between site-specific RNA methylation and the corresponding phenotypic outcomes. Here, we developed a bidirectional dCasRx epitranscriptome editing platform composed of a nucleus-localized dCasRx conjugated with either a methyltransferase, METTL3, or a demethylase, ALKBH5, to manipulate methylation events at targeted m6A sites in HEK293T and glioma stem cells. This platform specifically and efficiently edited m6A modifications at targeted sites, modulating both gene expression and cell proliferation. We then employed the dCasRx epitranscriptomic editor to further elucidate the molecular function of m6A-binding proteins YTH (DF1, DF2, DF3) family and found that the YTH paralogs act together to mediate RNA degradation. These findings collectively demonstrate that the dCasRx epitranscriptome perturbation platform reported in this study can be employed as site-specific m6A editors for delineating the functional roles of individual m6A modifications in the mammalian epitranscriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimple, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitranscriptomic editing of the RNA N6-methyladenosine modification by dCasRx conjugated methyltransferase and demethylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainGENIE: The Brain Gene Expression and Network Imputation Engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo experimental analysis of human brain tissue poses substantial challenges and ethical concerns. We developed a novel method called the Brain Gene Expression and Network Imputation Engine (BrainGENIE) that uses peripheral-blood transcriptomes to predict brain-tissue-specific gene-expression levels. BrainGENIE reliably predicted brain-tissue-specific expression levels for 1,733 - 11,569 genes (false-discovery rate-adjusted p<0.05), including many transcripts that cannot be predicted reliably by a transcriptome imputation method such as PrediXcan. We tested the generalizability of BrainGENIE in external within-individual data from ex vivo peripheral blood and postmortem brain samples from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project, wherein we validated 39% of predicted gene expression levels as concordant with observed expression levels in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and 23% in caudate. BrainGENIE recapitulated diagnosis-related gene expression changes in brain better than direct correlations from blood and predictions from PrediXcan. BrainGENIE complements and, in some ways, outperforms existing transcriptome-imputation tools, providing biologically meaningful predictions and opening new research avenues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hess, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuropsychiatric Consortium for Analysis and Sharing of Transcriptomes,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainGENIE: The Brain Gene Expression and Network Imputation Engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Biophysically-Based Neuromorphic Computing at Scale: Markov Abstractions of Electrochemical Reaction-Diffusion in Synaptic Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in computational neuroscience towards understanding brain function is challenged both by the complexity of molecular-scale electrochemical interactions at the level of individual neurons and synapses and the dimensionality of network dynamics across the brain covering a vast range of spatial and temporal scales. Our work abstracts an existing highly detailed, biophysically realistic 3D reaction-diffusion model of a chemical synapse to a compact internal state space representation that maps onto parallel neuromorphic hardware for efficient emulation at a very large scale and offers near-equivalence in input-output dynamics while preserving biologically interpretable tunable parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauwenberghs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Biophysically-Based Neuromorphic Computing at Scale: Markov Abstractions of Electrochemical Reaction-Diffusion in Synaptic Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.363481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catestatin reduces hyperglycemia in insulin-resistant mice by redirecting glucose-6-phosphate from the gluconeogenic to the glycogenic pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.363481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimDefects in hepatic glycogen synthesis contribute to postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372) has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant mice. Here, we seek to determine whether CST also reduces hyperglycemia by increasing hepatic glycogen synthesis.

MethodsWe determined liver glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG), and glycogen synthase (GYS2) activities; plasma insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI) levels in fed and fasted liver of lean and obese mice as well as in CST knockout (CST-KO) mice after treatments with saline, CST, or insulin. We also determined glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis in primary hepatocytes. In addition, we analyzed phosphorylation signals of Insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), GYS2, glycogen synthase kinase-3{beta} (GSK-3{beta}), AKT (an enzyme in AKR mouse that produces Thymoma)/PKB (protein kinase B) and mTOR (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin) by immunoblotting.

ResultsCST stimulated glycogen accumulation in fed and fasted liver and in primary hepatocytes. CST reduced plasma NE and EPI levels, suggesting that CST promotes glycogenesis by inhibiting catecholamine-induced glycogenolysis. CST also directly stimulated glycogenesis and inhibited NE and EPI-induced glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. CST elevated the levels of UDPG and increased GYS2 activity, thus redirecting G6P to the glycogenic pathway. CST-KO mice had decreased liver glycogen that was restored by treatment with CST, reinforcing the crucial role of CST in hepatic glycogenesis. CST can improve insulin signals downstream of insulin receptor IR and IRS-1 by enhancing phospho-AKT signals through stimulation of PDK-1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) activities.

ConclusionsWe conclude that CST directly promotes the glycogenic pathway and reduces plasma glucose levels in insulin-resistant mice by (i) reducing glucose production, (ii) increasing glycogen synthesis from UDPG, and (iii) reducing glycogenolysis. This is achieved by enhancing downstream insulin signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bogaart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.363481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catestatin reduces hyperglycemia in insulin-resistant mice by redirecting glucose-6-phosphate from the gluconeogenic to the glycogenic pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between Early Midlife Lifestyle Behaviors, Young Adult Cognitive Reserve and Advanced Predicted Brain Age in Late Midlife 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.362780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceBoth cognitive reserve and modifiable lifestyle behaviors are associated with dementia risk. The effect of early lifestyle behaviors and cognitive reserve on late midlife brain aging could inform early identification and risk reduction of future dementia.

ObjectiveDetermine associations of young adult cognitive reserve, early midlife lifestyle behaviors, and the reserve-by-lifestyle interaction on late midlife brain age. Examine the relationship between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and brain age.

DesignParticipants were from the nationally representative Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). Cognitive reserve was assessed at median age 20 years (IQR=1.38) with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). Lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and social engagement) were assessed at median age 41 (IQR=5.00). Structural brain imaging conducted at median age 69 (IQR=4.74) was used to construct predicted brain age difference scores (PBAD=chronological age minus predicted brain age) and MCI was ascertained.

SettingIn-person cognitive testing (ages 20 and 69); mailed survey (age 41); structural MRI, MCI diagnosis at University of California, San Diego (age 69).

Participants431 community-dwelling men.

ExposuresAFQT; self-reported health and lifestyle behaviors.

Main outcomes and measuresPBAD scores; MCI.

ResultsIn fully adjusted mixed linear models, age 20 cognitive reserve and the age 41 lifestyle composite were associated with age 69 PBAD [t (104)=2.62, p=0.01, 95%CI 0.874, 6.285; t (104)=3.37, p=0.001, 95%CI 0.583, 2.249 respectively] as was the reserve-by-lifestyle interaction [t (104) = -2.29, p=0.02, 95%CI -2.330, -0.167]. Unfavorable lifestyle predicted more advanced brain age, but only for those with lower young adult cognitive reserve. The MCI group had more advanced brain age (F (2,130) = 3.13; p=0.05).

Conclusions and relevanceFavorable lifestyle behaviors promoted resistance to accelerated brain aging 3 decades later for those with lower young adult cognitive reserve. High reserve appeared to be protective regardless of lifestyle. The association with MCI suggests that advanced PBAD scores reflect poorer brain integrity, although it is unclear if PBAD is related to Alzheimers dementia specifically. Lower cognitive reserve increases risk for dementia, but early lifestyle modification may promote healthier brain aging and dementia risk reduction, particularly in those with lower reserve.

Study TypeCohort Study

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDo modifiable lifestyle behaviors in early midlife predict later accelerated brain aging and is that association moderated by cognitive reserve?

FindingsA lifestyle composite of smoking, alcohol consumption and social engagement at age 41 was associated with estimated brain age in late midlife. There was a significant moderation effect whereby more unfavorable lifestyle behaviors predicted more advanced brain aging, but only in those with low-to-moderate cognitive reserve.

MeaningFavorable lifestyle behaviors appear to be protective for brain integrity especially among those with lower cognitive reserve. Early midlife efforts at prevention could be prioritized among those with lower cognitive reserve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puckett, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyler, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennema-Notestine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauger, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson-Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.362780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between Early Midlife Lifestyle Behaviors, Young Adult Cognitive Reserve and Advanced Predicted Brain Age in Late Midlife]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms underlying divergent responses of genetically distinct macrophages to IL-4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation influences gene expression remain only partially understood but are considered to be major determinants of phenotypic diversity and disease risk. Here, we evaluated effects of >50 million SNPs and InDels provided by five inbred strains of mice on the responses of macrophages to interleukin 4 (IL-4), a cytokine that plays pleiotropic roles in immunity and tissue homeostasis. Remarkably, of >600 genes induced >2-fold by IL-4 across the five strains, only 26 genes reached this threshold in all strains. By applying deep learning and motif mutation analyses to epigenetic data for macrophages from each strain, we identified the dominant combinations of lineage determining and signal-dependent transcription factors driving late enhancer activation. These studies further revealed mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation influences absolute levels of enhancer activity and their dynamic responses to IL-4, thereby contributing to strain-differential patterns of gene expression and phenotypic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoeksema, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtman, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms underlying divergent responses of genetically distinct macrophages to IL-4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti employs olfaction to locate humans. We applied neural activity mapping to define the molecular and cellular logic of how the mosquito brain is wired to detect two human odorants that are attractive when blended together. We determined that the human breath volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected by the largest unit of olfactory coding in the antennal lobe of the mosquito brain. Synergistically, CO2 detection gates pre-synaptic calcium signaling in olfactory sensory neuron axon terminals that innervate unique antennal lobe regions tuned to the human sweat odorant L-(+)-lactic acid. We propose that simultaneous detection of the signature human volatiles CO2 and L-(+)-lactic acid disinhibits a multimodal olfactory network for hunting humans in the mosquito brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauxe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spikol, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMeniman, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Coding of Human Odorants in the Mosquito Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elemental Mapping of Labeled Biological Specimens at Intermediate Energy Loss in an Energy-Filtered TEM acquired using a Direct Detection Device 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multi-color or single-color EM that was developed previously, by the pseudo-colored overlay of the core-loss or high-loss EFTEM elemental map/s of the lanthanide onto the conventional image, the lanthanide chelates conjugated to diaminobenzidine being sequentially deposited as a result of selective oxidization by orthogonal photosensitizers / peroxidases. The synthesis of the new second generation lanthanide DABs, which contains 4 times more lanthanide per DAB, gives significant signal amplification and enabling collection of elemental maps at much lower energy-loss regions more favorable. Under the same experimental conditions, acquiring EFTEM elemental maps for the lanthanides at the lower energy-loss of N4,5 edge instead of the core-loss M4,5 edge, provides ~4x increase in signal-to-noise and ~2x increase in resolution. The higher signal at the N4,5 edge, also allows for more sophisticated technique of EFTEM spectrum Image for the acquisition of elemental maps with very high signal fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Huu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elemental Mapping of Labeled Biological Specimens at Intermediate Energy Loss in an Energy-Filtered TEM acquired using a Direct Detection Device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Structural Alignments From Sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computing sequence similarity is a fundamental task in biology, with alignment forming the basis for the annotation of genes and genomes and providing the core data structures for evolutionary analysis. Standard approaches are a mainstay of modern molecular biology and rely on variations of edit distance to obtain explicit alignments between pairs of biological sequences. However, sequence alignment algorithms struggle with remote homology tasks and cannot identify similarities between many pairs of proteins with similar structures and likely homology. Recent work suggests that using machine learning language models can improve remote homology detection. To this end, we introduce DeepBLAST, that obtains explicit alignments from residue embeddings learned from a protein language model integrated into an end-to-end differentiable alignment framework. This approach can be accelerated on the GPU architectures and outperforms conventional sequence alignment techniques in terms of both speed and accuracy when identifying structurally similar proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gligorijevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.365932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Structural Alignments From Sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor for probing lysosomal pH in mammalian cells and C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes are important sites for macromolecular degradation, defined by an acidic lumenal pH of [~]4.5. To better understand lysosomal pH, we designed a novel, genetically encoded, fluorescent protein (FP) based pH biosensor called FIRE-pHLy (Fluorescence Indicator REporting pH in Lysosomes). This biosensor was targeted to lysosomes with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and reported lumenal pH between 3.5 and 6.0 with monomeric teal fluorescent protein 1 (mTFP1), a bright cyan pH sensitive FP variant with a pKa of 4.3. Ratiometric quantification was enabled with cytosolically oriented mCherry using high-content quantitative imaging. We expressed FIRE-pHLy in several cellular models and quantified the alkalinizing response to bafilomycin A1, a specific V-ATPase inhibitor. In summary, we have engineered FIRE-pHLy, a specific, robust and versatile lysosomal pH biosensor that has broad applications for investigating pH dynamics in aging and lysosome-related diseases, as well as in lysosome-based drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquezar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor for probing lysosomal pH in mammalian cells and C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NASA GeneLab RNA-Seq Consensus Pipeline: Standardized Processing of Short-Read RNA-Seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the development of transcriptomic technologies, we are able to quantify precise changes in gene expression profiles from astronauts and other organisms exposed to spaceflight. Members of NASA GeneLab and GeneLab-associated analysis working groups (AWGs) have developed a consensus pipeline for analyzing short-read RNA-sequencing data from spaceflight-associated experiments. The pipeline includes quality control, read trimming, mapping, and gene quantification steps, culminating in the detection of differentially expressed genes. This data analysis pipeline and the results of its execution using data submitted to GeneLab are now all publicly available through the GeneLab database. We present here the full details and rationale for the construction of this pipeline in order to promote transparency, reproducibility and reusability of pipeline data, to provide a template for data processing of future spaceflight-relevant datasets, and to encourage cross-analysis of data from other databases with the data available in GeneLab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overbey, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silveira, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cekanaviciute, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davin, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebre, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geniza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidane, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, C. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinsch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szewczyk, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahimic, C. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbrink, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villacampa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weging, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolverton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wya</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NASA GeneLab RNA-Seq Consensus Pipeline: Standardized Processing of Short-Read RNA-Seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unfolded protein response links tumor aneuploidy to local immune dysregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is a chromosomal abnormality associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. Here we tested the hypothesis that the unfolded protein response (UPR) links mechanistically aneuploidy and local immune dysregulation. Using a single somatic copy-number alteration (SCNA) score inclusive of whole-chromosome, arm and focal chromosome alterations in a pan-cancer analysis of 9,375 samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found an inverse correlation with a cytotoxicity (CYT) score across disease stages. Co-expression patterns of UPR genes changed substantially between SCNAlow and SCNAhigh groups. Pathway activity scores showed increased activity by multiple branches of the UPR in response to aneuploidy. The PERK branch showed the strongest association with a reduced CYT score. The conditioned medium of aneuploid cells transmitted XBP1 splicing and caused IL-6 and Arginase1 transcription in receiver bone marrow-derived macrophages. We propose the UPR as a mechanistic link between aneuploidy and immune dysregulation in the tumor microenvironment.

Statement of SignificanceAneuploidy accumulates over the life of a tumor and is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor progression is also associated with a progressive immune dysregulation. To explain these complex and concurrent disorders we tested the hypothesis that the unfolded protein could represent the link between aneuploidy and a dysregulation of local immunity favoring tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searles, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unfolded protein response links tumor aneuploidy to local immune dysregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoaTran: Coalescent tree simulation along a transmission network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe ability to simulate coalescent viral phylogenies constrained by a given transmission network can enable the benchmarking of computational tools used in molecular epidemiology as well as the ability to gain insights into unobservable aspects of the virology of a novel pathogen. However, such simulation experiments require generating a large number of technical simulation replicates, and existing tools for coalescent simulations along a transmission network are too slow to conduct such experiments at the scale of the global population.

ResultsCoaTran is a massively scalable tool that simulates a coalescent viral phylogeny constrained by a user-provided transmission network. CoaTran is written in highly-optimized C++ code and can generate global population scale phylogenetic coalescent simulations in seconds to minutes.

AvailabilityCoaTran is freely available at https://github.com/niemasd/CoaTran as an open-source software project.

Contactniema@ucsd.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoaTran: Coalescent tree simulation along a transmission network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VGLUT modulates sex differences in dopamine neuron vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the greatest risk factor for Parkinsons disease (PD) which causes progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons, with males at greater risk than females. We found that vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) expression mediates vulnerability to age-related DA neurodegeneration in a sex-dependent manner, providing a new mechanism for sex differences in selective DA neuron vulnerability. These findings lay the groundwork for novel therapeutic strategies to boost neuronal resilience throughout aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinkellner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslanoglou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatte, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childers, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neureiter, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogle, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenamyre, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.379008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VGLUT modulates sex differences in dopamine neuron vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome quality control activity potentiates vaccinia virus protein synthesis during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomes are highly abundant cellular machines that perform the essential task of translating the genetic code into proteins. Cellular translation activity is finely tuned and proteostasis insults, such as those incurred upon viral infection, activate stress signaling pathways that result in translation reprogramming. Viral infection selectively shuts down host mRNA while redistributing ribosomes for selective translation of viral mRNAs. The intricacies of this selective ribosome shuffle from host to viral mRNAs are poorly understood. Here, we uncover a role for the ribosome associated quality control (RQC) factor ZNF598, a sensor for collided ribosomes, as a critical factor for vaccinia virus mRNA translation. Collided ribosomes are sensed by ZNF598, which ubiquitylates 40S subunit proteins uS10 and eS10 and thereby initiates RQC-dependent nascent chain degradation and ribosome recycling. We show that vaccinia infection in human cells enhances uS10 ubiquitylation indicating an increased burden on RQC pathways during viral propagation. Consistent with an increased RQC demand, we demonstrate that vaccinia virus replication is impaired in cells which either lack ZNF598 or contain a ubiquitylation deficient version of uS10. Using SILAC-based proteomics and concurrent RNAseq analysis, we determine that host translation of vaccinia virus mRNAs is compromised in cells that lack RQC activity as compared to control cells whereas there was little evidence of differences in host or viral transcription. Additionally, vaccinia virus infection resulted in a loss of cellular RQC activity, suggesting that ribosomes engaged in viral protein production recruit ZNF598 away from its function in host translation. Thus, co-option of ZNF598 by vaccinia virus plays a critical role in translational reprogramming that is needed for optimal viral propagation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundaramoorthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulzele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome quality control activity potentiates vaccinia virus protein synthesis during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the ultrastructure of the hematopoietic stem cell niche by correlative light and electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood system is supported by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) found in a specialized microenvironment called the niche. Many different niche cell types support HSPCs, however how they interact and their ultrastructure has been difficult to define. Here we show that single endogenous HSPCs can be tracked by light microscopy, then identified by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) at multiscale levels. Using the zebrafish larval kidney marrow (KM) niche as a model, we followed single fluorescently-labeled HSPCs by light sheet microscopy, then confirmed their exact location in a 3D SBEM dataset. Our approach allowed us to identify dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dbh) positive ganglia cells as a previously uncharacterized functional cell type in the HSPC niche. By integrating multiple imaging modalities, we could resolve the ultrastructure of single rare cells deep in live tissue and define all contacts between an HSPC and its surrounding niche cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamplin, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the ultrastructure of the hematopoietic stem cell niche by correlative light and electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.370387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of DNA/RNA extraction protocols for high-throughput sequencing of microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.370387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One goal among microbial ecology researchers is to capture the maximum amount of information from all organisms in a sample. The recent COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, has highlighted a gap in traditional DNA-based protocols, including the high-throughput methods we previously established as field standards. To enable simultaneous SARS-CoV-2 and microbial community profiling, we compare the relative performance of two total nucleic acid extraction protocols and our previously benchmarked protocol. We included a diverse panel of environmental and host-associated sample types, including body sites commonly swabbed for COVID-19 testing. Here we present results comparing the cost, processing time, DNA and RNA yield, microbial community composition, limit of detection, and well-to-well contamination, between these protocols.

Accession numbersRaw sequence data were deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (accession#: ERP124610) and raw and processed data are available at Qiita (Study ID: 12201). All processing and analysis code is available on GitHub (github.com/justinshaffer/Extraction_test_MagMAX).

Methods summaryTo allow for downstream applications involving RNA-based organisms such as SARS-CoV-2, we compared the two extraction protocols designed to extract DNA and RNA against our previously established protocol for extracting only DNA for microbial community analyses. Across 10 diverse sample types, one of the two protocols was equivalent or better than our established DNA-based protocol. Our conclusion is based on per-sample comparisons of DNA and RNA yield, the number of quality sequences generated, microbial community alpha- and beta-diversity and taxonomic composition, the limit of detection, and extent of well-to-well contamination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Ferre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salido, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaramela, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraraccio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Montgomery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.370387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of DNA/RNA extraction protocols for high-throughput sequencing of microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepMosaic: Control-independent mosaic single nucleotide variant detection using deep convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphMosaic variants (MVs) reflect mutagenic processes during embryonic development1 and environmental exposure2, accumulate with aging, and underlie diseases such as cancer and autism3. The detection of MVs has been computationally challenging due to sparse representation in non-clonally expanded tissues. While heuristic filters and tools trained on clonally expanded MVs with high allelic fractions are proposed, they show relatively lower sensitivity and more false discoveries4-9. Here we present DeepMosaic, combining an image-based visualization module for single nucleotide MVs, and a convolutional neural networks-based classification module for control-independent MV detection. DeepMosaic achieved higher accuracy compared with existing methods on biological and simulated sequencing data, with a 96.34% (158/164) experimental validation rate. Of 932 mosaic variants detected by DeepMosaic in 16 whole genome sequenced samples, 21.89-58.58% (204/932-546/932) MVs were overlooked by other methods. Thus, DeepMosaic represents a highly accurate MV classifier that can be implemented as an alternative or complement to existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.382473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepMosaic: Control-independent mosaic single nucleotide variant detection using deep convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges in Benchmarking Metagenomic Profilers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.382994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate microbial identification and abundance estimation are crucial for metagenomics analysis. Various methods for classifying metagenomic data and estimating taxonomic profiles, broadly referred to as metagenomic profilers, have been developed. Yet, benchmarking metagenomic profilers remains challenging because some tools are designed to report relative sequence abundance while others report relative taxonomic abundance. Here, we show how misleading conclusions can be drawn by neglecting this distinction between relative abundance types when benchmarking metagenomic profilers. Moreover, we show compelling evidence that interchanging sequence abundance and taxonomic abundance will influence both per-sample summary statistics and cross-sample comparisons. We suggest that the microbiome research community should pay attention to potentially misleading biological conclusions arising from this issue when benchmarking metagenomic profilers, by carefully considering the type of abundance data that was analyzed and interpreted, and clearly stating the strategy used for metagenomic profiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiminen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrieri, A.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.382994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges in Benchmarking Metagenomic Profilers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.383141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
osr1 couples intermediate mesoderm cell fate with temporal dynamics of vessel progenitor cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.383141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulatory networks refine gene expression boundaries throughout embryonic development to define the precise dimensions of organ progenitor territories. Kidney progenitors originate within the intermediate mesoderm (IM), but the pathways that establish the boundary between the IM and its neighboring vessel progenitors are poorly understood. Here, we delineate new roles for the zinc finger transcription factor Osr1 in kidney and vessel progenitor development. Zebrafish osr1 mutants display decreased IM formation and premature emergence of neighboring lateral vessel progenitors (LVPs). These phenotypes contrast with the increased IM and absent LVPs observed with loss of the bHLH transcription factor Hand2, and loss of hand2 partially suppresses the osr1 mutant phenotypes. hand2 and osr1 are both expressed in the posterior lateral mesoderm, but osr1 expression decreases dramatically prior to LVP emergence. Overexpressing osr1 inhibits LVP development while enhancing IM formation. Together, our data demonstrate that osr1 modulates both the extent of IM formation and the temporal dynamics of LVP development, suggesting that a balance between levels of osr1 and hand2 expression is essential to demarcate the dimensions of kidney and vessel progenitor territories.

SUMMARY STATEMENTAnalysis of the osr1 mutant phenotype reveals roles in determining the extent of intermediate mesoderm formation while inhibiting premature differentiation of neighboring vessel progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.383141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[osr1 couples intermediate mesoderm cell fate with temporal dynamics of vessel progenitor cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines, and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at [&ge;] 6 months post-infection. IgG to the Spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month post symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells declined with a half-life of 3-5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faliti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.385757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DrugOrchestra: Jointly predicting drug response, targets, and side effects via deep multi-task learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.385757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively accumulated pharmacogenomics, chemogenomics, and side effect datasets offer an unprecedented opportunity for drug response prediction, drug target identification and drug side effect prediction. Existing computational approaches limit their scope to only one of these three tasks, inevitably overlooking the rich connection among them. Here, we propose DrugOrchestra, a deep multi-task learning framework that jointly predicts drug response, targets and side effects. DrugOrchestra leverages pre-trained molecular structure-based drug representation to bridge these three tasks. Instead of directly fine-tuning on an individual task, DrugOrchestra uses deep multi-task learning to obtain a phenotype-based drug representation by simultaneously fine-tuning on drug response, target and side effect prediction. By coupling these three tasks together, DrugOrchestra is able to make predictions for unseen drugs by only knowing their molecular structures. We constructed a heterogeneous drug discovery dataset of over 21k drugs by integrating 8 datasets across three tasks. Our method obtained significant improvement in comparison to methods that were trained on a single task or a single dataset. We further revealed the transferability across 8 datasets and 3 tasks, providing novel insights for understanding drug mechanisms.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/jiangdada1221/DrugOrchestra
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rensi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.385757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DrugOrchestra: Jointly predicting drug response, targets, and side effects via deep multi-task learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient genomic instability drives tumorigenesis through accelerated clonal evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal numerical and structural chromosome content is frequently found in human cancer. To test the role of aneuploidy in tumor initiation and progression, we compared tumor development in mice with chronic chromosome instability (CIN) induced by inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (produced by Mad2 deficiency) and mice with transient CIN through transiently increased expression of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a master regulator of centrosome number. Tumors forming under chronic CIN gradually trended toward chromosomal gains producing a specific karyotype profile that could only be partially maintained in end-stage tumors, as determined by single-cell whole genome DNA sequencing. Short term CIN from transient PLK4 induction generated significant centrosome amplification and aneuploidy resulting in formation of aggressive T cell lymphomas in mice with heterozygous inactivation of one p53 allele or accelerated tumor development in the absence of p53. Transient CIN increased the frequency of lymphomainitiating cells (as revealed by T cell receptor sequencing) with a specific karyotype profile containing triploid chromosomes 4, 5, 14, and 15 occurring early in tumorigenesis. Overall, our evidence demonstrates that distinct CIN mechanisms drive cancers presenting specific, complex chromosomal alterations with transient CIN rapidly enhancing tumor formation by accelerating the generation of such events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoshani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarest, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhengyu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardenaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spierings, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foijer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient genomic instability drives tumorigenesis through accelerated clonal evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.387639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant gliogenesis and excitation in MEF2C autism patient hiPSC-neurons and cerebral organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.387639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MEF2C has been shown to be a critical transcription factor for neurodevelopment, whose loss-of-function mutation in humans results in MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MHS), a severe form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)/intellectual disability (ID). Here, we use patient hiPSC-derived cerebrocortical neurons and cerebral organoids to characterize MHS deficits. Unexpectedly, we found an aberrant micro-RNA-mediated gliogenesis pathway that contributes to decreased neurogenesis. We also demonstrate network-level hyperexcitability in neurons, as evidenced by excessive synaptic and extrasynaptic activity contributing to excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance. Notably, the extrasynaptic NMDA receptor antagonist, NitroSynapsin, corrects this aberrant electrical activity associated with abnormal phenotypes. During neurodevelopment, MEF2C regulates many ASD-associated gene networks suggesting that our approach may lead to personalized therapy for multiple forms of ASD.

One sentence summaryAutism-like MEF2C+/- patient hiPSC models show miRNA-mediated overproduction of astrocytes and hyperactivity of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trudler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talantova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabauskas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noveral, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teranaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luevanos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolatabadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankiewicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bassets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozbial, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakanishi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambasudhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.387639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant gliogenesis and excitation in MEF2C autism patient hiPSC-neurons and cerebral organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a generalizable AI-driven workflow that leverages heterogeneous HPC resources to explore the time-dependent dynamics of molecular systems. We use this workflow to investigate the mechanisms of infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the main viral infection machinery. Our workflow enables more efficient investigation of spike dynamics in a variety of complex environments, including within a complete SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope simulation, which contains 305 million atoms and shows strong scaling on ORNL Summit using NAMD. We present several novel scientific discoveries, including the elucidation of the spikes full glycan shield, the role of spike glycans in modulating the infectivity of the virus, and the characterization of the flexible interactions between the spike and the human ACE2 receptor. We also demonstrate how AI can accelerate conformational sampling across different systems and pave the way for the future application of such methods to additional studies in SARS-CoV-2 and other molecular systems.

ACM Reference FormatLorenzo Casalino1{dagger}, Abigail Dommer1{dagger}, Zied Gaieb1{dagger}, Emilia P. Barros1, Terra Sztain1, Surl-Hee Ahn1, Anda Trifan2,3, Alexander Brace2, Anthony Bogetti4, Heng Ma2, Hyungro Lee5, Matteo Turilli5, Syma Khalid6, Lillian Chong4, Carlos Simmerling7, David J. Hardy3, Julio D. C. Maia3, James C. Phillips3, Thorsten Kurth8, Abraham Stern8, Lei Huang9, John McCalpin9, Mahidhar Tatineni10, Tom Gibbs8, John E. Stone3, Shantenu Jha5, Arvind Ramanathan2*, Rommie E. Amaro1*. 2020. AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics. In Supercomputing 20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/finalDOI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalpain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetENP/MetENPWeb: An R package and web application for metabolomics enrichment and pathway analysis in Metabolomics Workbench 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high throughput mass spectrometric methods, metabolomics has emerged as an essential area of research in biomedicine with the potential to provide deep biological insights into normal and diseased functions in physiology. However, to achieve the potential offered by metabolomics measures, there is a need for biologist-friendly integrative analysis tools that can transform data into mechanisms that relate to phenotypes. Here, we describe MetENP, an R package, and a user-friendly web application deployed at the Metabolomics Workbench site extending the metabolomics enrichment analysis to include species-specific pathway analysis, pathway enrichment scores, gene-enzyme information, and enzymatic activities of the significantly altered metabolites. MetENP provides a highly customizable workflow through various user-specified options and includes support for all metabolite species with available KEGG pathways. MetENPweb is a web application for calculating metabolite and pathway enrichment analysis.

Availability and ImplementationThe MetENP package is freely available from Metabolomics Workbench GitHub: (https://github.com/metabolomicsworkbench/MetENP), the web application, is freely available at (https://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org/data/analyze.php)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coakley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetENP/MetENPWeb: An R package and web application for metabolomics enrichment and pathway analysis in Metabolomics Workbench]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans junctophilin has tissue-specific functions and regulates neurotransmission with extended-synaptotagmin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The junctophilin family of proteins tether together plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, and couple PM- and ER-localized calcium channels. Understanding in vivo functions of junctophilins is of great interest for dissecting the physiological roles of ER-PM contact sites. Here, we show that the sole C. elegans junctophilin JPH-1 localizes to discrete membrane contact sites in neurons and muscles and has important tissue-specific functions. jph-1 null mutants display slow growth and development due to weaker contraction of pharyngeal muscles, leading to reduced feeding. In the body wall muscle, JPH-1 co-localizes with the PM-localized EGL-19 voltage-gated calcium channel and ER-localized UNC-68/RyR calcium channel, and is required for animal movement. We also find an unexpected cell non-autonomous effect of jph-1 in axon regrowth after injury. In neurons, JPH-1 co-localizes with the membrane contact site protein Extended-SYnaptoTagmin 2 (ESYT-2) and modulates neurotransmission. Interestingly, jph-1 and esyt-2 null mutants display mutual suppression in their response to aldicarb, suggesting that JPH-1 and ESYT-1 have antagonistic roles in neuromuscular synaptic transmission. Our genetic double mutant analysis also reveals that jph-1 functions in overlapping pathways with two PM-localized voltage-gated calcium channels, egl-19 and unc-2, and unc-68/RyR for animal health and development. Finally, we show that unc-68/RyR is required for JPH-1 localization to ER-PM puncta. Our data demonstrate important roles for junctophilin in cellular physiology, and also provide insights into how junctophilin functions together with other calcium channels in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piggott, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurrish, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis elegans junctophilin has tissue-specific functions and regulates neurotransmission with extended-synaptotagmin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.392217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring the spatial code of cell-cell interactions and communication across a whole animal body 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.392217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell interactions shape cellular function and ultimately organismal phenotype. However, the code embedded in the molecular interactions driving and sustaining the spatial organization of cells remains to be elucidated. Here we present a computational framework to infer the spatial code underlying cell-cell interactions from the transcriptomes of the cell types across the whole body of a multicellular organism. As core of this framework, we introduce our tool cell2cell, which uses the coexpression of ligand-receptor pairs to compute the potential for intercellular interactions, and we test it across the Caenorhabditis elegans body. Leveraging a 3D atlas of C. elegans cells, we also implement a genetic algorithm to identify the ligand-receptor pairs most informative of the spatial organization of cells. Validating the spatial code extracted with this strategy, the resulting intercellular distances are negatively correlated with the inferred cell-cell interactions. Furthermore, for selected cell-cell and ligand-receptor pairs, we experimentally confirm the communicatory behavior inferred with cell2cell and the genetic algorithm. Thus, our framework helps identify a code that predicts the spatial organization of cells across a whole-animal body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armingol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.392217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring the spatial code of cell-cell interactions and communication across a whole animal body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEPIA: Simulation-based Evaluation of Prioritization Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe ability to prioritize people living with HIV by risk of future transmissions could aid public health officials in optimizing epidemiological intervention. While methods exist to perform such prioritization based on molecular data, their effectiveness and accuracy are poorly understood, and it is unclear how one can directly compare the accuracy of different methods. We introduce SEPIA (Simulation-based Evaluation of PrIoritization Algorithms), a novel simulation-based framework for determining the effectiveness of prioritization algorithms. Under several metrics of effectiveness that we propose, we utilize various properties of the simulated contact networks and transmission histories to compare existing prioritization approaches: one phylogenetic (ProACT) and one distance-based (growth of HIV-TRACE transmission clusters).

ResultsUsing all metrics of effectiveness that we propose, ProACT consistently slightly outperformed the transmission cluster growth approach. However, both methods consistently performed just marginally better than random, suggesting that there is significant room for improvement in prioritization tools.

ConclusionWe hope that, by providing ways to quantify the effectiveness of prioritization methods in simulation, SEPIA will aid researchers in developing novel tools for prioritizing people living with HIV by risk of future transmissions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almaraz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEPIA: Simulation-based Evaluation of Prioritization Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Evaluation of Phylogenetic Workflows in Viral Molecular Epidemiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of computational techniques to analyze viral sequence data and ultimately inform public health intervention has become increasingly common in the realm of epidemiology. These methods typically attempt to make epidemiological inferences based on multiple sequence alignments and phylogenies estimated from the raw sequence data. Like all estimation techniques, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic inference tools are error-prone, and the impacts of such imperfections on downstream epidemiological inferences are poorly understood. To address this, we executed multiple commonly-used workflows for conducting viral phylogenetic analyses on simulated viral sequence data modeling HIV, HCV, and Ebola, and we computed multiple methods of accuracy motivated by transmission clustering techniques. For multiple sequence alignment, MAFFT consistently outperformed MUSCLE and Clustal Omega in both accuracy and runtime. For phylogenetic inference, FastTree 2, IQ-TREE, RAxML-NG, and PhyML had similar topological accuracies, but branch lengths and pairwise distances were consistently most accurate in phylogenies inferred by RAxML-NG. However, FastTree 2 was orders of magnitude faster than the other tools, and when the other tools were used to optimize branch lengths along a fixed topology provided by FastTree 2 (i.e., no tree search), the resulting phylogenies had accuracies that were indistinguishable from their original counterparts, but with a fraction of the runtime. Our results indicate that an ideal workflow for viral phylogenetic inference is to (1) use MAFFT to perform MSA, (2) use FastTree 2 under the GTR model with discrete gamma-distributed site-rate heterogeneity to quickly obtain a reasonable tree topology, and (3) use RAxML-NG to optimize branch lengths along the fixed FastTree 2 topology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Evaluation of Phylogenetic Workflows in Viral Molecular Epidemiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective transport of fluorescent proteins into the phage nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon infection of Pseudomonas cells, jumbo phages 201{Phi}2-1, {Phi}PA3, and {Phi}KZ assemble a phage nucleus. Viral DNA is enclosed within the phage-encoded proteinaceous shell along with proteins associated with DNA replication, recombination and transcription. Ribosomes and proteins involved in metabolic processes are excluded from the nucleus. RNA synthesis occurs inside the phage nucleus and messenger RNA is presumably transported into the cytoplasm to be translated. Newly synthesized proteins either remain in the cytoplasm or specifically translocate into the nucleus. The molecular mechanisms governing selective protein sorting and nuclear import in these phage infection systems are currently unclear. To gain insight into this process, we studied the localization of five reporter fluorescent proteins (GFP+, sfGFP, GFPmut1, mCherry, CFP). During infection with {Phi}PA3 or 201{Phi}2-1, all five fluorescent proteins were excluded from the nucleus as expected; however, we have discovered an anomaly with the {Phi}KZ nuclear transport system. The fluorescent protein GFPmut1, expressed by itself, was transported into the {Phi}KZ phage nucleus. We identified the amino acid residues on the surface of GFPmut1 required for nuclear targeting. Fusing GFPmut1 to any protein, including proteins that normally reside in the cytoplasm, resulted in transport of the fusion into the nucleus. Although the mechanism of transport is still unknown, we demonstrate that GFPmut1 is a useful tool that can be used for fluorescent labelling and targeting of proteins into the {Phi}KZ phage nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKennon, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkholz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective transport of fluorescent proteins into the phage nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent dynamics of prefrontal cortex during context-dependent decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key problem in systems neuroscience is to understand how neural populations integrate relevant sensory inputs during decision-making. Here, we address this problem by training a structured recurrent neural network to reproduce both psychophysical behavior and neural responses recorded from monkey prefrontal cortex during a context-dependent per-ceptual decision-making task. Our approach yields a one-to-one mapping of model neurons to recorded neurons, and explicitly incorporates sensory noise governing the animals performance as a function of stimulus strength. We then analyze the dynamics of the resulting model in order to understand how the network computes context-dependent decisions. We find that network dynamics preserve both relevant and irrelevant stimulus information, and exhibit a grid of fixed points for different stimulus conditions as opposed to a one-dimensional line attractor. Our work provides new insights into context-dependent decision-making and offers a powerful framework for linking cognitive function with neural activity within an artificial model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent dynamics of prefrontal cortex during context-dependent decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent pallidal pathways underlying distinct Parkinsonian behavioral deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.27.401554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that regulates motor and cognitive functions1,2. Recent identification of neuronal heterogeneity in the basal ganglia suggests that functionally distinct neural circuits defined by their efferent projections exist even within the same nuclei3-5. This distinction may account for a multitude of symptoms associated with basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinsons disease (PD)6,7. However, our incomplete understanding of the basal ganglia functional organization has hindered further investigation of individual circuits that may underlie different behavioral symptoms in disease states. Here we functionally define two distinct classes of parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the mouse external globus pallidus (GPe-PV) embedded within discrete neural pathways and establish their contributions to different Parkinsonian behavioral deficits. We find that GPe-PV neurons projecting to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) or parafascicular thalamus (PF) undergo different electrophysiological adaptations in response to dopamine depletion. Furthermore, counteracting these adaptations in each population can selectively alleviate movement deficits or behavioral inflexibility in a Parkinsonian mouse model. Our findings provide a novel framework to understand the circuit basis of separate behavioral symptoms in Parkinsonian state which could provide better strategies for the treatment of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilascharoen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pate, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent pallidal pathways underlying distinct Parkinsonian behavioral deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multielectrode Cortical Stimulation Selectively Induces Unidirectional Wave Propagation in Biophysical/Neural Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.402289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical stimulation is emerging as an experimental tool in basic research and a promising therapy for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. As multielectrode arrays enter clinical practice, the possibility of using spatiotemporal patterns of electrical stimulation to induce desired physiological patterns has become theoretically possible, but in practice can only be implemented by trial-and-error because of a lack of predictive models. Experimental evidence increasingly establishes travelling waves as fundamental to cortical information-processing, but we lack understanding how to control wave properties despite rapidly improving technologies. This study uses a hybrid biophysical-anatomical and neural-computational model to predict and understand how a simple pattern of cortical surface stimulation could induce directional traveling waves via asymmetric activation of inhibitory interneurons. It reveals local circuit mechanisms to control spatiotemporal cortical dynamics and predicts interventions that can be developed to treat a broad range of cognitive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.402289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multielectrode Cortical Stimulation Selectively Induces Unidirectional Wave Propagation in Biophysical/Neural Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.400614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Layers: Uncovering clustering structure and knowledge in unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.400614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationUnsupervised clustering of single-cell transcriptomics is a powerful method for identifying cell populations. Static visualization techniques for single-cell clustering only display results for a single resolution parameter. Analysts will often evaluate more than one resolution parameter, but then only report one.

ResultsWe developed Cell Layers, an interactive Sankey tool for the quantitative investigation of gene expression, coexpression, biological processes, and cluster integrity across clustering resolutions. Cell Layers enhances the interpretability of single-cell clustering by linking molecular data and cluster evaluation metrics, to provide novel insight into cell populations.

Availability and implementationUpon request
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiriya, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.400614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Layers: Uncovering clustering structure and knowledge in unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAPER: Pinpointing errors in multiple sequence alignments despite varying rates of evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWErroneous data can creep into sequence datasets for reasons ranging from contamination to annotation and alignment mistakes. These errors can reduce the accuracy of downstream analyses such as tree inference and will diminish the confidence of the community in the results even when they do not impact the analysis. As datasets keep getting larger, it has become difficult to visually check for errors, and thus, automatic error detection methods are needed more than ever before. Alignment masking methods, which are widely used, completely remove entire aligned sites. Therefore, they may reduce signal as much as or more than they reduce the noise. An alternative is designing targeted methods that look for errors in small species-specific stretches of the alignment by detecting outliers. Crucially, such a method should attempt to distinguish the real heterogeneity, which includes signal, from errors. This type of error filtering is surprisingly under-explored. In this paper, we introduce TAPER, an automatic algorithm that looks for small stretches of error in sequence alignments. Our results show that TAPER removes very little data yet finds much of the error and cleans up the alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.405589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAPER: Pinpointing errors in multiple sequence alignments despite varying rates of evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-activated tetrazines enable live-cell spatiotemporal control of bioorthogonal reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioorthogonal ligations encompass coupling chemistries that have considerable utility in living systems.1-3 Among the numerous bioorthogonal chemistries described to date, cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and strained dienophiles are widely used in proteome, lipid, and glycan labeling due to their extremely rapid kinetics.4,5 In addition, a variety of functional groups can be released after the cycloaddition reaction,6,7 and drug delivery triggered by in vivo tetrazine ligation8 is in human phase I clinical trials.9 While applications of tetrazine ligations are growing in academia and industry, it has so far not been possible to control this chemistry to achieve the high degrees of spatial and temporal precision necessary for modifying mammalian cells with single-cell resolution. Here we demonstrate visible light-activated formation of tetrazines from photocaged dihydrotetrazines, which enables live-cell spatiotemporal control of rapid biorthogonal cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and dienophiles such as trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs). Photocaged dihydrotetrazines are stable in conditions that normally degrade tetrazines, enabling efficient early-stage incorporation of bioorthogonal handles into biomolecules such as peptides. Photocaged dihydrotetrazines allow the use of non-toxic visible light to trigger tetrazine ligations on live mammalian cells. By tagging reactive phospholipids with fluorophores, we demonstrate modification of HeLa cell membranes with single-cell spatial resolution. Finally, we show that photo-triggered therapy is possible by coupling tetrazine photoactivation with strategies that uncage prodrugs in response to tetrazine ligation, opening up new methods for photopharmacology and precision drug delivery using bioorthogonal chemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-activated tetrazines enable live-cell spatiotemporal control of bioorthogonal reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease related mutations in PI3Kγ disrupt regulatory C-terminal dynamics and reveals a path to selective inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class I Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are master regulators of cellular functions, with the p110{gamma} subunit playing a key role in immune signalling. PI3K{gamma} is a key factor in inflammatory diseases, and has been identified as a therapeutic target for cancers due to its immunomodulatory role. Using a combined biochemical/biophysical approach, we have revealed insight into regulation of kinase activity, specifically defining how immunodeficiency and oncogenic mutations of R1021 in the c-terminus can inactivate or activate enzyme activity. Screening of small molecule inhibitors using HDX-MS revealed that activation loop binding inhibitors induce allosteric conformational changes that mimic those seen for the R1021C mutant. Structural analysis of clinically advanced PI3K inhibitors revealed novel binding pockets that can be exploited for further therapeutic development. Overall this work provides unique insight into the regulatory mechanisms that control PI3K{gamma} kinase activity, and shows a framework for the design of PI3K isoform and mutant selective inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rathinaswamy, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wymann, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease related mutations in PI3Kγ disrupt regulatory C-terminal dynamics and reveals a path to selective inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.387894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping genetic effects on cell type-specific chromatin accessibility and annotating complex trait variants using single nucleus ATAC-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.387894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation is highly cell type-specific and understanding the function of non-coding genetic variants associated with complex traits requires molecular phenotyping at cell type resolution. In this study we performed single nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and genotyping in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 individuals. Clustering chromatin accessibility profiles of 66,843 total nuclei identified 14 immune cell types and sub-types. We mapped chromatin accessibility QTLs (caQTLs) in each immune cell type and sub-type which identified 6,248 total caQTLs, including those obscured from assays of bulk tissue such as with divergent effects on different cell types. For 3,379 caQTLs we further annotated putative target genes of variant activity using single cell co-accessibility, and caQTL variants were significantly correlated with the accessibility level of linked gene promoters. We fine-mapped loci associated with 16 complex immune traits and identified immune cell caQTLs at 517 candidate causal variants, including those with cell type-specific effects. At the 6q15 locus associated with type 1 diabetes, in line with previous reports, variant rs72928038 was a naive CD4+ T cell caQTL linked to BACH2 and we validated the allelic effects of this variant on regulatory activity in Jurkat T cells. These results highlight the utility of snATAC-seq for mapping genetic effects on accessible chromatin in specific cell types and provide a resource for annotating complex immune trait loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okino, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.387894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping genetic effects on cell type-specific chromatin accessibility and annotating complex trait variants using single nucleus ATAC-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.409144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.409144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) includes the cardiovascular complications in addition to respiratory disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs endothelial function and induces vascular inflammation, leading to endotheliitis. SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on the binding of Spike glycoprotein (S protein) to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cells. We show here that S protein alone can damage vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro and in vivo, manifested by impaired mitochondrial function, decreased ACE2 expression and eNOS activity, and increased glycolysis. The underlying mechanism involves S protein downregulation of AMPK and upregulation of MDM2, causing ACE2 destabilization. Thus, the S protein-exerted vascular endothelial damage via ACE2 downregulation overrides the decreased virus infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadel, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepokoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J. X.- J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyy, J. Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.409144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism for differential recruitment of orbitostriatal transmission during outcomes and actions in alcohol dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychiatric disease often produces symptoms that have divergent effects on neural activity. For example, in drug dependence, dysfunctional value-based decision-making and compulsive-like actions have been linked to hypo- and hyper-activity of orbital frontal cortex (OFC)-basal ganglia circuits, respectively, however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that alcohol dependence enhanced activity in OFC terminals in dorsal striatum (OFC-DS) associated with actions, but reduced activity of the same terminals during periods of outcome retrieval, corresponding with a loss of outcome control over decision-making. Disrupted OFC-DS terminal activity was due to a dysfunction of dopamine-type 1 receptors on spiny projection neurons (D1R SPNs) that resulted in increased retrograde endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling at OFC-D1R SPN synapses reducing OFC-DS transmission. Blocking CB1 receptors restored OFC-DS activity in vivo and rescued outcome-based control over decision-making. These findings demonstrate a circuit-, synapse-, and computation specific mechanism gating OFC activity following the induction of alcohol dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gremel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltz, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcinbas, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinkellner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism for differential recruitment of orbitostriatal transmission during outcomes and actions in alcohol dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-specific overmethylation of histone H3 lysines is necessary for methionine addiction and malignancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine addiction is a fundamental and general hallmark of cancer and is an area of current intense interest. Methionine addiction results from the overuse of methionine by cancer cells for excess transmethylation reactions. In order to identify excess transmethylation reactions in cancer and further understand the basis of methionine addiction, we compared the histone H3 lysine-methylation status and malignancy between methionine-addicted cancer cells and their methionine-independent revertants which have regained the ability to grow on low levels of methionine or independently of exogenous methionine. The levels of trimethylated histone H3 lysine marks were reduced in methionine-independent revertants compared to parental cancer cells in vitro. Tumorigenicity and experimental metastatic potential in nude mice were also highly reduced in the methionine-independent revertants compared to the parental cells. Our present results demonstrate that overmethylation of histone H3 lysines is linked with methionine addiction of cancer and to malignancy which suggests a possible causal relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inubushi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashiro, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugisawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-specific overmethylation of histone H3 lysines is necessary for methionine addiction and malignancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.413781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hawkmoths use wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation for aerial recovery to vortex ring perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.413781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centimeter-scale fliers that combine wings with springy elements must contend with the high power requirements and mechanical constraints of flapping wing flight. Insects utilize elastic energy exchange to reduce the inertial costs of flapping wing flight and potentially match wingbeat frequencies to a mechanical resonance. Flying at resonance may be energetically favorable under steady conditions, but it is difficult to modulate the frequency of a resonant system. Evidence suggests that insects utilize frequency modulation over long time scales to adjust aerodynamic forces, but it remains an open question the extent to which insects can modulate frequency on the wingstroke-to-wingstroke timescale. If wingbeat frequencies deviate from resonance, the musculature must work against the elastic flight system, thereby potentially increasing energetic costs. To assess how insects address the simultaneous needs for power and control, we tested the capacity for wingstroke-to-wingstroke wingbeat frequency modulation by perturbing free hovering Manduca sexta with vortex rings while recording high-speed video at 2000 fps. Because hawkmoth flight muscles are synchronous, there is at least the potential for the nervous system to modulate frequency on each wingstroke. We observed {+/-} 16% wingbeat frequency modulation in just a few wing strokes. Via instantaneous phase analysis of wing kinematics, we found that over 85% of perturbation responses required active changes in motor input frequency. Unlike their robotic counterparts that explicitly abdicate frequency modulation in favor of energy efficiency, we find that wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation is an underappreciated control strategies that complements other strategies for maneuverability and stability in insect flight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemilere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LDS-VIP FM subteam,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.413781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hawkmoths use wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation for aerial recovery to vortex ring perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying liquid-liquid phase separation property of chromatin under physiological conditions using Hi-MS and Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLiquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an important organizing principle for biomolecular condensation and chromosome compartmentalization. However, while many proteins have been reported to undergo LLPS, quantitative and global analysis of chromatin LLPS property remains absent.

ResultsHere, by combing chromatin associated protein pull-down, quantitative proteomics and 1,6-hexanediol treatment, we developed Hi-MS and defined anti-1,6-HD index of chromatin-associated proteins (AICAP) to quantitative measurement of LLPS property of chromatin-associated proteins in their endogenous state and physiological abundance. The AICAP values were verified by previously reported experiments and were reproducible across different MS platforms. Moreover, the AICAP values were highly correlate with protein functions. Proteins act in active/regulatory biological process often exhibit low AICAP values, while proteins act in structural and repressed biological process often exhibit high AICAP values. We further revealed that chromatin organization changes more in compartment A than B, and the changes in chromatin organization at various levels, including compartments, TADs and loops are highly correlated to the LLPS properties of their neighbor nuclear condensates.

ConclusionsOur work provided the first global quantitative measurement of LLPS properties of chromatin-associated proteins and higher-order chromatin structure, and demonstrate that the active/regulatory chromatin components, both protein (trans) and DNA (cis), exhibit more hydrophobicity-dependent LLPS properties than the repressed/structural chromatin components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying liquid-liquid phase separation property of chromatin under physiological conditions using Hi-MS and Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of T cell immunodominance and immunoprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-19 cases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells are involved in control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To establish the patterns of immunodominance of different SARS-CoV-2 antigens, and precisely measure virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, we studied epitope-specific T cell responses of approximately 100 convalescent COVID-19 cases. The SARS-CoV-2 proteome was probed using 1,925 peptides spanning the entire genome, ensuring an unbiased coverage of HLA alleles for class II responses. For HLA class I, we studied an additional 5,600 predicted binding epitopes for 28 prominent HLA class I alleles, accounting for wide global coverage. We identified several hundred HLA-restricted SARS-CoV-2-derived epitopes. Distinct patterns of immunodominance were observed, which differed for CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and antibodies. The class I and class II epitopes were combined into new epitope megapools to facilitate identification and quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of T cell immunodominance and immunoprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-19 cases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.416586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a Novel Susceptibility Marker for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Subjects and Risk Mitigation with a Clinically Approved JAK Inhibitor in Human/Mouse Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.416586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has affected over 65 million individuals and killed over 1.5 million persons (December 8, 2020; www.who.int)1. While fatality rates are higher among the elderly and those with underlying comorbidities2, host factors that promote susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease are poorly understood. Although individuals with certain autoimmune/inflammatory disorders show increased susceptibility to viral infections, there is incomplete knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in these diseases.3-7 We report that the autoimmune PTPN2 risk variant rs1893217 promotes expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and increases cellular entry mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Elevated ACE2 expression and viral entry were mediated by increased JAK-STAT signalling, and were reversed by the JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel risk biomarker for increased expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and viral entry, and identify a clinically approved therapeutic agent to mitigate this risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spalinger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordgren, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCole, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.416586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a Novel Susceptibility Marker for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Subjects and Risk Mitigation with a Clinically Approved JAK Inhibitor in Human/Mouse Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated scRNA-seq analysis identifies conserved transcriptomic features of mononuclear phagocytes in mouse and human atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.417535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAccumulation of mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) in the vessel wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Although single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has shed new light on immune cell transcriptional diversity in atherosclerosis, it is still unknown whether the transcriptional states of mononuclear phagocytes are conserved between mouse and human atherosclerosis.

ObjectiveTo integrate and compare macrophage and dendritic cell transcriptomes in mouse and human atherosclerosis.

Methods and resultsWe integrated 12 scRNA-seq datasets of immune cells isolated from healthy or atherosclerotic mouse aortas, and scRNA-seq data from 11 patients (n=4 coronary vessels, n=7 carotid endarterectomy specimens) from two independent studies. Integration of mouse data recovered previously described macrophage populations and identified novel subpopulations with discrete transcriptomic signatures within populations of aortic resident (Lyve1), inflammatory (Il1b), as well as foamy (Trem2hi) macrophages. We identified unique transcriptomic features distinguishing aortic intimal resident macrophages from atherosclerosis-associated Trem2hi macrophages. Also, populations of Xcr1+ type 1 classical dendritic cells (cDC1), Cd209a+ cDC2 and mature DCs (Ccr7, Fscn1) were detected. In humans, we uncovered macrophage and dendritic cell populations with gene expression patterns similar to those observed in mice in both vascular beds. In particular, core transcripts of the foamy/Trem2hi signature (TREM2, SPP1, GPNMB, CD9) mapped to a specific population of macrophages in human lesions. Cross-species data integration demonstrated transcriptionally proximal macrophage and dendritic cell populations in mice and humans.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate conserved transcriptomics features of macrophages and dendritic cells in atherosclerosis in mice and humans, emphasizing the relevance of mouse models to study mononuclear phagocytes in atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zernecke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erhard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.417535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated scRNA-seq analysis identifies conserved transcriptomic features of mononuclear phagocytes in mouse and human atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.418095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.418095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adverse experiences during early life exert important effects on development, health, reproduction, and social bonds, with consequences often persisting across generations. A mothers early life experiences can impact her offsprings development through a number of pathways, such as maternal care, physiological signaling through glucocorticoids, or even intergenerational effects like epigenetic inheritance. Early life adversity in female yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) predicts elevated glucocorticoids, reduced sociality, shortened lifespan, and higher offspring mortality. If baboon mothers with more early life adversity, experience poorer condition and struggle to provide for their offspring, this could contribute to the persisting transgenerational effects of adversity. Here, we examined the effects of mothers early life adversity on their maternal effort, physiology, and offspring survivability in a population of olive baboons, Papio anubis. Mothers who experienced more adversity in their own early development exerted greater maternal effort (i.e., spent more time nursing and carrying) and had higher glucocorticoid metabolites than mothers with less early life adversity. Offspring of mothers with more early life adversity had reduced survivability compared to offspring of mothers with less early life adversity. There was no evidence that high maternal social rank buffered against the effects of early life adversity. Our data suggest early life experiences can have lasting consequences on maternal effort and physiology, which may function as proximate mechanisms for intergenerational effects of maternal experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumble, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strum, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.418095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.418426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCRMatch: Predicting T-cell receptor specificity based on sequence similarity to previously characterized receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.418426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptive immune system in vertebrates has evolved to recognize non-self-antigens, such as proteins expressed by infectious agents and mutated cancer cells. T cells play an important role in antigen recognition by expressing a diverse repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, which bind epitopes to mount targeted immune responses. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled the routine generation of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data. Identifying the specific epitopes targeted by different TCRs in these data would be valuable. To accomplish that, we took advantage of the ever-increasing number of TCRs with known epitope specificity curated in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) since 2004. We compared six metrics of sequence similarity to determine their power to predict if two TCRs have the same epitope specificity. We found that a comprehensive k-mer matching approach produced the best results, which we have implemented into TCRMatch, an openly accessible tool (http://tools.iedb.org/tcrmatch/) that takes TCR {beta}-chain CDR3 sequences as an input, identifies TCRs with a match in the IEDB, and reports the specificity of each match. We anticipate that this tool will provide new insights into T cell responses captured in receptor repertoire and single cell sequencing experiments and will facilitate the development of new strategies for monitoring and treatment of infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, as well as cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chronister, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crinklaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosaloglu-Yalcin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowell, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.418426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCRMatch: Predicting T-cell receptor specificity based on sequence similarity to previously characterized receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-coding loci without epigenomic signals can be essential for maintaining global chromatin organization and cell viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of the non-coding regions in the human genome do not harbor any annotated element and are even not marked with any epigenomic signal or protein binding. An understudied aspect of these regions is their possible roles in stabilizing the 3D chromatin organization. To illuminate their "structural importance", we chose to start with the non-coding regions forming many 3D contacts (referred to as hubs) and identified dozens of hubs essential for cell viability. Hi-C and single cell transcriptomic analyses showed that their deletion could significantly alter chromatin organization and impact gene expression located distal in the genome. This study revealed the 3D structural importance of non-coding loci that are not associated with any functional element, providing a new mechanistic understanding of the disease-associated genetic variations (GVs). Furthermore, our analyses also suggested a powerful approach to develop "one-drug-multiple-targets" therapeutics targeting the disease-specific non-coding regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-coding loci without epigenomic signals can be essential for maintaining global chromatin organization and cell viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SnapHiC: a computational pipeline to map chromatin contacts from single cell Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell Hi-C (scHi-C) analysis has been increasingly used to map the chromatin architecture in diverse tissue contexts, but computational tools to define chromatin contacts at high resolution from scHi-C data are still lacking. Here, we describe SnapHiC, a method that can identify chromatin loops at high resolution and accuracy from scHi-C data. We benchmark SnapHiC against HiCCUPS, a common tool for mapping chromatin contacts in bulk Hi-C data, using scHi-C data from 742 mouse embryonic stem cells. We further demonstrate its utility by analyzing single-nucleus methyl-3C-seq data from 2,869 human prefrontal cortical cells. We uncover cell-type-specific chromatin loops and predict putative target genes for non-coding sequence variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results suggest that SnapHiC could facilitate the analysis of cell-type-specific chromatin architecture and gene regulatory programs in complex tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SnapHiC: a computational pipeline to map chromatin contacts from single cell Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory elements can be essential for maintaining broad chromatin organization and cell viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence shows that promoters and enhancers could be related to 3D chromatin structure, thus affecting cellular functions. Except for functioning through the canonical chromatin loops formed by promoters and enhancers, their roles in maintaining broad chromatin organization have not been well studied. Here, we focused on the active promoters/enhancers (referred to as hotspots) predicted to form many 3D contacts with other active promoters/enhancers, and identified dozens of loci critical for cell survival. While the essentiality of hotspots is not resulted from their association with essential genes, deletion of an essential hotspot could lead to change of broad chromatin organization and expressions of distal genes. We demonstrated that multiple affected genes that are individually non-essential could have synergistic effects to cause cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory elements can be essential for maintaining broad chromatin organization and cell viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing the behavioral potencies of α-pyrrolidino-phenone cathinone stimulants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The -pyrrolidino-phenone cathinone stimulants first came to widespread attention because of bizarre behavior consequent to the use of -pyrrolidinopentiophenone (-PVP, "flakka") reported in the popular press. As with other designer drugs, diversification of cathiones has been driven by desireable subjective effects, but also by attempts to stay ahead of legal controls of specific molecules. The -pyrrolidinohexiophenone (-PHP) and -pyrrolidinopropiophenone (-PPP) compounds have been relatively under-investigated relative to -PVP and provide a key opportunity to also investigate structure-activity relationships, i.e., how the extension of the alpha carbon chain may affect potency or efficacy. Male and female rats were used to contrast the effects of -PHP and -PPP with those of -PVP in altering wheel activity and effects on spontaneous locomotion and body temperature were assessed in female rats. The -PHP and -PVP compounds (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed wheel activity in female and male rats, whereas -PPP was only effective in female rats. Inhalation of -PHP or -PVP by female rats suppressed wheel activity for an abbreviated duration, compared with the injection route. Spontaneous activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner by all three compounds in female rats, and a small decrements in body temperature were observed after the highest dose of all three compounds. These data show that all three of the -pyrrolidino-phenone cathinones exhibit significant stimulant-like activity in both male and female rats. Differences were minor and were mostly in potency and the duration of activity. Abuse liability is therefore likely to be equivalent for all three pyrrolidino-phenones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandewater, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing the behavioral potencies of α-pyrrolidino-phenone cathinone stimulants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXO1 mitigates the SMAD3/FOXL2C134W Transcriptomic Effect in a Model of Human Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdult granulosa cell tumor (aGCT) is a rare type of stromal cell malignant cancer of the ovary characterized by elevated estrogen levels. aGCTs ubiquitously harbor a somatic mutation in FOXL2 gene, Cys134Trp (c.402C<G); however, the general molecular effect of this mutation and its putative pathogenic role in aGCT tumorigenesis is not completely understood. We previously studied the role of FOXL2C134W, its partner SMAD3 and its antagonist FOXO1 in cellular models of aGCT.

MethodsIn this work, seeking more comprehensive profiling of FOXL2C134W transcriptomic effects, we performed an RNA-seq analysis comparing the effect of FOXL2WT/SMAD3 and FOXL2C143W/SMAD3 overexpression in an established human GC line (HGrC1), which is not luteinized, and bears normal alleles of FOXL2.

ResultsOur data shows that FOXL2C143W/SMAD3 overexpression alters the expression of 717 genes. These genes include known and novel FOXL2 targets (TGFB2, SMARCA4, HSPG2, MKI67, NFKBIA) and are enriched for neoplastic pathways (Proteoglycans in Cancer, Chromatin remodeling, Apoptosis, Tissue Morphogenesis, Tyrosine Kinase Receptors). We additionally expressed the FOXL2 antagonistic Forkhead protein, FOXO1. Surprisingly, overexpression of FOXO1 mitigated 40% of the altered genome-wide effects specifically related to FOXL2C134W, suggesting it can be a new target for aGCT treatment.

Conclusionsour transcriptomic data provide novel insights into potential genes (FOXO1 regulated) that could be used as biomarkers of efficacy in aGCT patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Secchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXO1 mitigates the SMAD3/FOXL2C134W Transcriptomic Effect in a Model of Human Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Theory of Synaptic Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid and precise neuronal communication is enabled through a highly synchronous release of signaling molecules neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft within just milliseconds of the action potential. Yet neurotransmitter release lacks a theoretical framework that is both phenomenologically accurate and mechanistically realistic. Here, we formulate an analytic theory of the action-potential-triggered neurotransmitter release at a chemical synapse. The theory captures general principles of synaptic transmission while generating concrete predictions for particular synapses. A universal scaling in synaptic transmission is established, and demonstrated through a collapse of experimental data from different synapses onto a universal curve. The theory shows how key characteristics of synaptic function - plasticity, fidelity, and efficacy - emerge from molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Theory of Synaptic Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.19.423589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive integration of self-motion and goals in posterior parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.19.423589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals engage in a variety of navigational behaviors that require different regimes of behavioral control. In the wild, rats readily switch between foraging and more complex behaviors such as chase, wherein they pursue other rats or small prey. These tasks require vastly different tracking of multiple behaviorally-significant variables including self-motion state. It is unknown whether changes in navigational context flexibly modulate the encoding of these variables. To explore this possibility, we compared self-motion processing in the multisensory posterior parietal cortex while rats performed alternating blocks of free foraging and visual target pursuit. Animals performed the pursuit task and demonstrated predictive processing by anticipating target trajectories and intercepting them. Relative to free exploration, pursuit sessions yielded greater proportions of parietal cortex neurons with reliable sensitivity to self-motion. Multiplicative gain modulation was observed during pursuit which increased the dynamic range of tuning and led to enhanced decoding accuracy of self-motion state. We found that self-motion sensitivity in parietal cortex was history-dependent regardless of behavioral context but that the temporal window of self-motion tracking was extended during target pursuit. Finally, many self-motion sensitive neurons conjunctively tracked the position of the visual target relative to the animal in egocentric coordinates, thus providing a potential coding mechanism for the observed gain changes to self-motion signals. We conclude that posterior parietal cortex dynamically integrates behaviorally-relevant information in response to ongoing task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselmo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.19.423589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive integration of self-motion and goals in posterior parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by gallinamide A and analogues via inhibition of cathepsin L 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic, has led to substantial mortality, together with mass global disruption. There is an urgent need for novel antiviral drugs for therapeutic or prophylactic application. Cathepsin L is a key host cysteine protease utilized by coronaviruses for cell entry and is recognized as a promising drug target. The marine natural product, gallinamide A and several synthetic analogues, were identified as potent inhibitors of cathepsin L activity with IC50 values in the picomolar range. Lead molecules possessed selectivity over cathepsin B and other related human cathepsin proteases and did not exhibit inhibitory activity against viral proteases Mpro and PLpro. We demonstrate that gallinamide A and two lead analogues potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, with EC50 values in the nanomolar range, thus further highlighting the potential of cathepsin L as a COVID-19 antiviral drug target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashhurst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beretta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drelich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by gallinamide A and analogues via inhibition of cathepsin L]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminal Tail of C. elegans CENP-A Interacts with KNL-2 and is Essential for Centromeric Chromatin Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are epigenetically defined by the presence of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. A specialized loading machinery, including the histone chaperone HJURP/Scm3, participates in CENP-A nucleosome assembly. However, Scm3/HJURP is missing from multiple lineages, including nematodes, which rely on a CENP-A-dependent centromere. Here, we show that the extended N-terminal tail of C. elegans CENP-A contains a predicted structured region that is essential for centromeric chromatin assembly. Removal of this region of the CENP-A N-Tail prevents loading, resulting in failure of kinetochore assembly and defective chromosome condensation. By contrast, the N-Tail mutant CENP-A localizes normally in the presence of endogenous CENP-A. The portion of the N-Tail containing the predicted structured region binds to KNL-2, a conserved SANTA and Myb domain-containing protein (referred to as M18BP1 in vertebrates), that is specifically involved in CENP-A chromatin assembly. This direct interaction is conserved in the related nematode C. briggsae, despite divergence of the N-Tail and KNL-2 primary sequences. Thus, the extended N-Tail of CENP-A is essential for CENP-A chromatin assembly in C. elegans and partially substitutes for the function of Scm3/HJURP, in that it mediates an interaction of the specialized histone fold of CENP-A with KNL-2. These results highlight an evolutionary variation on centromeric chromatin assembly in the absence of a dedicated CENP-A-specific chaperone/targeting factor of the Scm3/HJURP family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Groot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson-Gurwitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminal Tail of C. elegans CENP-A Interacts with KNL-2 and is Essential for Centromeric Chromatin Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing post-surgical cardiac adhesions with a catechol-functionalized oxime hydrogel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-surgical cardiac adhesions represent a significant problem during routine cardiothoracic procedures. This fibrous tissue can impair heart function and inhibit surgical access in reoperation procedures. Here, we propose a novel hydrogel barrier composed of oxime crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with the inclusion of a catechol (Cat) group to improve retention on the heart for pericardial adhesion prevention. This three component system is comprised of aldehyde (Ald), aminooxy (AO), and Cat functionalized PEG mixed to form the final gel (Ald-AO-Cat). Ald-AO-Cat has favorable mechanical properties, degradation kinetics, and minimal swelling, as well as superior tissue retention compared to an initial Ald-AO gel formulation. We show that the material is cytocompatible, resists cell adhesion, and led to a reduction in the severity of adhesion in an in vivo rat model and a pilot porcine study. The Ald-AO-Cat hydrogel barrier may therefore serve as a promising solution for preventing post-surgical cardiac adhesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Policastro, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braden, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omens, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing post-surgical cardiac adhesions with a catechol-functionalized oxime hydrogel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An amiRNA screen uncovers redundant CBF & ERF34/35 transcription factors that differentially regulate arsenite and cadmium responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arsenic stress causes rapid transcriptional responses in plants. However, transcriptional regulators of arsenic-induced gene expression in plants remain less well known. To date, forward genetic screens have proven limited for dissecting arsenic response mechanisms. We hypothesized that this may be due to the extensive genetic redundancy present in plant genomes. To overcome this limitation, we pursued a forward genetics screen for arsenite tolerance using a randomized library of plants expressing >2,000 artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). This library was designed to knock-down diverse combinations of homologous gene family members within sub-clades of transcription factor and transporter gene families. We identified six transformant lines showing an altered response to arsenite in root growth assays. Further characterization of an amiRNA line targeting closely homologous CBF and ERF transcription factors show that the CBF1,2 and 3 transcription factors negatively regulate arsenite sensitivity. Furthermore, the ERF34 and ERF35 transcription factors are required for cadmium resistance. Generation of CRISPR lines, higher-order T-DNA mutants, and gene expression analyses, further support our findings. These ERF transcription factors differentially regulate arsenite sensitivity and cadmium tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobe, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An amiRNA screen uncovers redundant CBF & ERF34/35 transcription factors that differentially regulate arsenite and cadmium responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical features of human antibodies recognizing the influenza hemagglutinin trimer interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly reactive antibodies targeting the influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) head domain are thought to be rare and to require extensive somatic mutations or unusual structural features to achieve breadth against divergent HA subtypes. Here we describe common genetic and structural features of diverse human antibodies from several individuals recognizing the trimer interface (TI) of the influenza HA head, a recently identified site of vulnerability1-3. We examined the sequence of TI-reactive antibodies, determined crystal structures for TI antibody-antigen complexes, and analyzed the contact residues of the antibodies on HA to discover common genetic and structural features of TI antibodies. Our data reveal that many TI antibodies are encoded by a light chain variable gene segment incorporating a shared somatic mutation. In addition, these antibodies have a shared acidic residue in the heavy chain despite originating from diverse heavy chain variable gene segments. These studies show that the TI region of influenza HA is a major antigenic site with conserved structural features that are recognized by a common human B cell public clonotype. The canonical nature of this antibody-antigen interaction suggests that the TI epitope might serve as an important new target for structure-based vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westover, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical features of human antibodies recognizing the influenza hemagglutinin trimer interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive multi-omics study of the molecular perturbations induced by simulated diabetes on coronary artery endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary artery endothelial cells (CAEC) exert an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Dysfunction of CAEC is associated with cardiovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, comprehensive studies of the effects that a diabetic environment exerts on this cellular type scarce. The present study characterized the molecular perturbations occurring on cultured bovine CAEC subjected to a prolonged diabetic environment (high glucose [HG] and high insulin [HI]). Changes at the metabolite and peptide level were assessed by untargeted metabolomics and chemoinformatics, and the results were integrated with proteomics data using published SWATH-based proteomics on the same in vitro model. Our findings were consistent with reports on other endothelial cell types, but also identified novel signatures of DNA/RNA, aminoacid, peptide, and lipid metabolism in cells under a diabetic environment. Manual data inspection revealed disturbances on tryptophan catabolism and biosynthesis of phenylalanine-based, glutathione-based, and proline-based peptide metabolites. Fluorescence microscopy detected an increase in binucleation in cells under treatment that also occurred when human CAEC were used. This multi-omics study identified particular molecular perturbations in an induced diabetic environment that could help unravel the mechanisms underlying the development of cardiovascular disease in subjects with T2DM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Ulloa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado De la Herran, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Delgado, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza Porras, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carballo Castaneda, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive multi-omics study of the molecular perturbations induced by simulated diabetes on coronary artery endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of deficient DNA Repair Genes Mitigates Genome Instability and Increases Productivity of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the primary host used for manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. However, production instability of high-titer cell lines is a major problem and is associated with genome instability, as chromosomal aberrations reduce transgene copy number and decrease protein titer. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from 11 CHO cell lines and found deleterious single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes. Comparison with other mammalian cells confirmed DNA repair is compromised in CHO. Restoration of key DNA repair genes by SNP reversal or expression of intact cDNAs improved DNA repair and genome stability. Moreover, the restoration of LIG4 and XRCC6 in a CHO cell line expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase mitigated transgene copy loss and improved protein titer retention. These results show for the first time that correction of key DNA repair genes yields considerable improvements in stability and protein expression in CHO, and provide new opportunities for cell line development and a more efficient and sustainable production of therapeutic proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spahn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamaker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of deficient DNA Repair Genes Mitigates Genome Instability and Increases Productivity of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the CodY regulon in Staphylococcus aureus USA300 substrains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CodY is a conserved broad acting transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes related to amino acid metabolism and virulence in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). CodY target genes have been studied by using in vitro DNA affinity purification and deep sequencing (IDAP-Seq). Here we performed the first in vivo determination of CodY target genes using a novel CodY monoclonal antibody in established ChIP-exo protocols. Our results showed, 1) the same 135 CodY promoter binding sites regulating 165 target genes identified in two closely related virulent S. aureus USA300 TCH1516 and LAC strains; 2) The differential binding intensity for the same target genes under the same conditions was due to sequence differences in the same CodY binding site in the two strains; 3) Based on transcriptomic data, a CodY regulon comprising 72 target genes that are differentially regulated relative to a CodY deletion strain, representing genes that are mainly involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, transcription and translation, and virulence; and 4) CodY systematically regulated central metabolic flux to generate branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) by mapping the CodY regulon onto a genome-scale metabolic model of S. aureus. Our study performed the first system-level analysis of CodY in two closely related USA300 TCH1516 and LAC strains giving new insights into the similarities and differences of CodY regulatory roles between the closely related strains.

ImportanceWith the increasing availability of whole genome sequences for many strains within the same pathogenic species, a comparative analysis of key regulators is needed to understand how the different strains uniquely coordinate metabolism and expression of virulence. To successfully infect the human host, Staphylococcus aureus USA300 relies on the transcription factor CodY to reorganize metabolism and express virulence factors. While CodY is a known key transcription factor, its target genes are not characterized on a genome-wide basis. We performed a comparative analysis to describe the transcriptional regulation of CodY between two dominant USA300 strains. This study motivates the characterization of common pathogenic strains and an evaluation of the possibility of developing specialized treatments for major strains circulating in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.426013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the CodY regulon in Staphylococcus aureus USA300 substrains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.425739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens neurons encode initiation and vigor of reward approach behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.425739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is considered an interface between motivation and action, with NAc neurons playing an important role in promoting reward approach. However, the encoding by NAc neurons that contribute to this role remains unknown. Here, we trained male rats to find rewards in an 8-arm radial maze. The activity of 62 neurons, mostly in the shell of the NAc, were recorded while rats ran towards each reward place. General linear model (GLM) analysis showed that variables related to the vigor of the locomotor approach, like speed and acceleration, and the fraction of the approach run completed were the best predictors of the firing rate for most NAc neurons. Nearly 23% of the recorded neurons, here named locomotion-off cells, were inhibited during the entire approach run, suggesting that reduction in firing of these neurons promotes initiation of locomotor approach. Another 24% of the neurons presented a peak of activity during acceleration followed by a valley during deceleration (peak-valley cells). Together, these neurons accounted for most of the speed and acceleration encoding identified in the GLM analysis. Cross-correlations between firing and speed indicated that the spikes of peak-valley cells were followed by increases in speed, suggesting that the activity of these neurons drives acceleration. In contrast, a further 19% of neurons presented a valley during acceleration followed by a peak just prior to or after reaching reward (valley-peak cells). These findings suggest that these three classes of NAc neurons control the initiation and vigor of the locomotor approach to reward.

Significance StatementDeciphering the mechanisms by which the NAc controls the vigor of motivated behavior is critical to better understand and treat psychiatric conditions in which motivation is dysregulated. Manipulations of the NAc profoundly impair subjects ability to spontaneously approach reward-associated locations, preventing them from exerting effort to obtain reward. Here, we identify for the first time specific activity of NAc neurons in relation to spontaneous approach behavior. We discover three classes of neurons that could control initiation of movement and the speed vs. time trajectory during locomotor approach. These results suggest a prominent but heretofore unknown role for the NAc in regulating the kinematics of reward approach locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levcik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochapski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltazar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulido, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villas-Boas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Rivera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Flores, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Cunha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.425739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens neurons encode initiation and vigor of reward approach behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SLIM1 transcription factor regulates arsenic sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional regulators of arsenic-induced gene expression remain largely unknown. Sulfur assimilation is tightly linked with arsenic detoxification. Here we report that mutant alleles in the SLIM1 transcription factor are substantially more sensitive to arsenic than cadmium. Arsenic treatment caused high levels of oxidative stress in the slim1 mutants, and slim1 alleles were impaired in both thiol and sulfate accumulation. We further found enhanced arsenic accumulation in roots of slim1 mutants. Transcriptome analyses indicate an important role for SLIM1 in arsenic-induced tolerance mechanisms. The present study identifies the SLIM1 transcription factor as an essential component in arsenic tolerance and arsenic-induced gene expression. Our results suggest that the severe arsenic sensitivity of the slim1 mutants is caused by altered redox status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jobe, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maassen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopriva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SLIM1 transcription factor regulates arsenic sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale genetic association and single cell accessible chromatin mapping defines cell type-specific mechanisms of type 1 diabetes risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex disease into mechanistic insight requires a comprehensive understanding of risk variant effects on disease-relevant cell types. To uncover cell type-specific mechanisms of type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk, we combined genetic association mapping and single cell epigenomics. We performed the largest to-date GWAS of T1D in 489,679 samples imputed into 59.2M variants, which identified 74 novel association signals including several large-effect rare variants. Fine-mapping of 141 total signals substantially improved resolution of causal variant credible sets, which primarily mapped to non-coding sequence. To annotate cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms of T1D risk variants, we mapped 448,142 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) in pancreas and peripheral blood mononuclear cell types using snATAC-seq of 131,554 nuclei. T1D risk variants were enriched in cCREs active in CD4+ T cells as well as several additional cell types including pancreatic exocrine acinar and ductal cells. High-probability T1D risk variants at multiple signals mapped to exocrine-specific cCREs including novel loci near CEL, GP2 and CFTR. At the CFTR locus, the likely causal variant rs7795896 mapped in a ductal-specific distal cCRE which regulated CFTR and the risk allele reduced transcription factor binding, enhancer activity and CFTR expression in ductal cells. These findings support a role for the exocrine pancreas in T1D pathogenesis and highlight the power of combining large-scale GWAS and single cell epigenomics to provide insight into the cellular origins of complex disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geusz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okino, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale genetic association and single cell accessible chromatin mapping defines cell type-specific mechanisms of type 1 diabetes risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modality-specific tracking of attention and sensory statistics in the human electrophysiological spectral exponent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of electrophysiological brain activity is its 1/f-like spectrum - power decreases with increasing frequency. The steepness of this "roll-off" is approximated by the spectral exponent, which in invasively recorded neural populations reflects the balance of excitatory to inhibitory neural activity (E:I balance). Here, we first establish that the spectral exponent of non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) recordings is highly sensitive to general (i.e., anaesthesia-driven) changes in E:I balance. Building on the EEG spectral exponent as a viable marker of E:I, we then demonstrate its sensitivity to the focus of selective attention in an EEG experiment during which participants detected targets in simultaneous audio-visual noise. In addition to these endogenous changes in E:I balance, EEG spectral exponents over auditory and visual sensory cortices also tracked auditory and visual stimulus spectral exponents, respectively. Individuals degree of this selective stimulus-brain coupling in spectral exponents predicted behavioural performance. Our results highlight the rich information contained in 1/f-like neural activity, providing a window into diverse neural processes previously thought to be inaccessible in non-invasive human recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waschke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obleser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modality-specific tracking of attention and sensory statistics in the human electrophysiological spectral exponent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A triple-negative matrix-producing breast carcinoma is arrested by tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R in a PDOX model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/AimMatrix-producing breast carcinoma (MPBC), is a rare, recalcitrant and highly aggressive. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) A1-R on a triple-negative MPBC in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model.

MethodsThe PDOX model was established in the left second mammary gland of a nude mouse by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) of the patient triple-negative MPBC PDOX models were randomized into two groups: G1, control group (n=6); G2, tumor-targeting S. typhimurium A1-R group (n=7, intravenous (i.v.) injection via tail vein, weekly, for two weeks). All mice were sacrificed on day 15. Tumor volume and body weight were measured one time per week.

ResultsS. typhimurium A1-R arrested tumor growth compared to the control group (P = 0.016).

ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that S. typhimurium A1-R has future clinical potential in triple-negative MPBC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hozumi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugisawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunoda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A triple-negative matrix-producing breast carcinoma is arrested by tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R in a PDOX model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging and "all-optical electrophysiology" in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons have opened unprecedented opportunities for high-throughput phenotyping of activity in neurons possessing unique genetic backgrounds of individual patients. While prior all-optical electrophysiology studies relied on genetically encoded voltage indicators, viral transduction of human neurons with large or multiple expression vectors can impact cell function and often lead to massive cell death. Here, we demonstrate an alternative protocol using a synthetic voltage sensor and genetically encoded optogenetic actuator that generate robust and reproducible results. We demonstrate the functionality of this method by measuring spontaneous and evoked activity in three independent hiPSC-derived neuronal cell lines with distinct genetic backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puppo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadegh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thunemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkouh, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-optical electrophysiology in hiPSC-derived neurons with synthetic voltage sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment of biomedical data repositories with open, FAIR, citable and trustworthy principles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing attention is being paid to the operation of biomedical data repositories in light of efforts to improve how scientific data is handled and made available for the long term. Multiple groups have produced recommendations for functions that biomedical repositories should support, with many using requirements of the FAIR data principles as guidelines. However, FAIR is but one set of principles that has arisen out of the open science community. They are joined by principles governing open science, data citation and trustworthiness, all of which are important aspects for biomedical data repositories to support. Together, these define a framework for data repositories that we call OFCT: Open, FAIR, Citable and Trustworthy. Here we developed an instrument using the open source PolicyModels toolkit that attempts to operationalize key aspects of OFCT principles and piloted the instrument by evaluating eight biomedical community repositories listed by the NIDDK Information Network (dkNET.org). Repositories included both specialist repositories that focused on a particular data type or domain, in this case diabetes and metabolomics, and generalist repositories that accept all data types and domains. The goal of this work was both to obtain a sense of how much the design of current biomedical data repositories align with these principles and to augment the dkNET listing with additional information that may be important to investigators trying to choose a repository, e.g., does the repository fully support data citation? The evaluation was performed from March to November 2020 through inspection of documentation and interaction with the sites by the authors. Overall, although there was little explicit acknowledgement of any of the OFCT principles in our sample, the majority of repositories provided at least some support for their tenets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Sinai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment of biomedical data repositories with open, FAIR, citable and trustworthy principles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MrHAMER yields highly accurate single molecule viral sequences enabling analysis of intra-host evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technical challenges remain in the sequencing of RNA viruses due to their high intra-host diversity. This bottleneck is particularly pronounced when interrogating long-range co-evolution given the read-length limitations of next-generation sequencing platforms. This has hampered the direct observation of long-range genetic interactions that code for protein-protein interfaces with relevance in both drug and vaccine development. Here we overcome these technical limitations by developing a nanopore-based long-range viral sequencing pipeline that yields accurate single molecule sequences of circulating virions from clinical samples. We demonstrate its utility in observing the evolution of individual HIV Gag-Pol genomes in response to antiviral pressure. Our pipeline, called Multi-read Hairpin Mediated Error-correction Reaction (MrHAMER), yields >1000s viral genomes per sample at 99.9% accuracy, maintains the original proportion of sequenced virions present in a complex mixture, and allows the detection of rare viral genomes with their associated mutations present at <1% frequency. This method facilitates scalable investigation of genetic correlates of resistance to both antiviral therapy and immune pressure, and enable the identification of novel host-viral and viral-viral interfaces that can be modulated for therapeutic benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montiel-Garcia, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torbett, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MrHAMER yields highly accurate single molecule viral sequences enabling analysis of intra-host evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage Cocktails can Prevent the Evolution of Phage-Resistant Enterococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistant Enterococcus infections are a major health crisis that requires the development of alternative therapies. Phage therapy could be an alternative to antibiotics and has shown promise in in vitro and in early clinical studies. Phage therapy is often deployed as a cocktail of phages, but there is little understanding of how to most effectively combine phages. Here we utilized a collection of 20 Enterococcus phages to test principles of phage cocktail design and determine the phenotypic effects of evolving phage resistance in Enterococcus isolates that were susceptible or resistant to antibiotics (e.g., Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)). We tested the ability of each phage to clear Enterococcus host cultures and prevent the emergence of phage resistant Enterococcus. We found that some phages which were ineffective individually were effective at clearing the bacterial culture when used in cocktails. To understand the dynamics within phage cocktails, we used qPCR to track which phages increased in abundance in each cocktail, and saw dynamics ranging from one dominant phage to even phage growth. Further, we isolated several phage-resistant mutants to test for altered Vancomycin sensitivity. We found that mutants tended to have no change or slightly increased resistance to Vancomycin. By demonstrating the efficacy of phage cocktails in suppressing growth of antibiotic susceptible and VRE clinical isolates when exposed to phages, this work will help to inform cocktail design for future phage therapy applications.

IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistant Enterococcus infections are a major health crisis that requires the development of alternative therapies. Phage therapy could be an alternative to antibiotics and has shown promise in in vitro and in early clinical studies. Phage therapy in the form of cocktails is often suggested, with similar goals as the combination therapy that has been successful in the treatment of HIV infection, but there is little understanding about how to combine phages most effectively. Here we utilized a collection of 20 Enterococcus phages to test whether several phage cocktails could prevent the host from evolving resistance to therapy and to determine whether evolving resistance to phages affected host susceptibility to antibiotics. We showed that cocktails of two or three unrelated phages often prevented the growth of phage-resistant mutants, when the same phages applied individually were not able to.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wandro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatbale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samillano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pride, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage Cocktails can Prevent the Evolution of Phage-Resistant Enterococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomembranes undergo complex, non-axisymmetric deformations governed by Kirchhoff-Love kinematics and revealed by a three dimensional computational framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomembranes play a central role in various phenomena like locomotion of cells, cell-cell interactions, packaging and transport of nutrients, transmission of nerve impulses, and in maintaining organelle morphology and functionality. During these processes, the membranes undergo significant morphological changes through deformation, scission, and fusion. Modeling the underlying mechanics of such morphological changes has traditionally relied on reduced order axisymmetric representations of membrane geometry and deformation. Axisymmetric representations, while robust and extensively deployed, suffer from their inability to model symmetry breaking deformations and structural bifurcations. To address this limitation, a three-dimensional computational mechanics framework for high fidelity modeling of biomembrane deformation is presented. The proposed framework brings together Kirchhoff-Love thin-shell kinematics, Helfrich-energy based mechanics, and state-of-the-art numerical techniques for modeling deformation of surface geometries. Lipid bilayers are represented as spline-based surface discretizations immersed in a three-dimensional space; this enables modeling of a wide spectrum of membrane geometries, boundary conditions, and deformations that are physically admissible in a 3D space. The mathematical basis of the framework and its numerical machinery are presented, and their utility is demonstrated by modeling three classical, yet non-trivial, membrane deformation problems: formation of tubular shapes and their lateral constriction, Piezo1-induced membrane footprint generation and gating response, and the budding of membranes by protein coats during endocytosis. For each problem, the full three dimensional membrane deformation is captured, potential symmetry-breaking deformation paths identified, and various case studies of boundary and load conditions are presented. Using the endocytic vesicle budding as a case study, we also present a "phase diagram" for its symmetric and broken-symmetry states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auddya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garikipati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudraraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomembranes undergo complex, non-axisymmetric deformations governed by Kirchhoff-Love kinematics and revealed by a three dimensional computational framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant production of a functional SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant production of viral proteins can be used to produce vaccine antigens or reagents to identify antibodies in patient serum. Minimally, these proteins must be correctly folded and have appropriate post-translation modifications. Here we report the production of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in the green algae Chlamydomonas. RBD fused to a fluorescent reporter protein accumulates as an intact protein when targeted for ER-Golgi retention or secreted from the cell, while a chloroplast localized version is truncated, lacking the amino terminus. The ER-retained RBD fusion protein was able to bind the human ACE2 receptor, the host target of SARS-CoV-2, and was specifically out-competed by mammalian cell-produced recombinant RBD, suggesting that the algae produced proteins are sufficiently post-translationally modified to act as authentic SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Because algae can be grown at large scale very inexpensively, this recombinant protein may be a low cost alternative to other expression platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berndt, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smalley, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Tiji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heredia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant production of a functional SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non cell-autonomous effect of astrocytes on cerebral cavernous malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are common neurovascular lesions caused by loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes, including KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10 (CCM3), and generally regarded as an endothelial cell-autonomous disease. Here we report that proliferative astrocytes play a critical role in CCM pathogenesis by serving as a major source of VEGF during CCM lesion formation. An increase in astrocyte VEGF synthesis is driven by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generated as a consequence of KLF2 and KLF4-dependent elevation of eNOS in CCM endothelium. The increased brain endothelial production of NO stabilizes HIF-1 in astrocytes, resulting in increased VEGF production and expression of a "hypoxic" program under normoxic conditions. We show that the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a direct HIF-1 target gene and a known component of the hypoxic program, contributes to the development of CCM lesions because the administration of a COX-2 inhibitor significantly prevents progression of CCM lesions. Thus, non-cell-autonomous crosstalk between CCM endothelium and astrocytes propels vascular lesion development, and components of the hypoxic program represent potential therapeutic targets for CCMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarrigue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non cell-autonomous effect of astrocytes on cerebral cavernous malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary Maps for Location and Environmental Structure in CA1 and Subiculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsal subiculum lies among a network of interconnected brain regions that collectively map multiple spatial and orientational relationships between an organism and the boundaries and pathways composing its environment. A unique role of the subiculum in spatial information processing has yet to be defined despite reports of small neuron subpopulations that encode relationships to specific boundaries, axes of travel, or locations. We examined the activity patterns among populations of subiculum neurons during performance of a spatial working memory task performed within a complex network of interconnected pathways. Compared to neurons in hippocampal sub-region CA1, a major source of its afferents, subiculum neurons were far more likely to exhibit multiple firing fields at locations that were analogous with respect to path structure and function. Subiculum neuron populations were also found to exhibit a greater dynamic range in scale of spatial representation and for persistent patterns of spiking activity to be aligned to transitions between maze segments. Together, the findings indicate that the subiculum plays a unique role in spatial mapping, one that complements the location-specific firing of CA1 neurons with the encoding of emergent and recurring structural features of a complex path network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary Maps for Location and Environmental Structure in CA1 and Subiculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential global impact of the N501Y mutation on MHC-II presentation and immune escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant, characterized by the N501Y mutation, is rapidly emerging, raising concerns about its effectiveness on natural as well as vaccine-induced adaptive viral immunity at the population level. Since CD4 T cell responses are of critical importance to the antibody response, we examined the global effects of N501Y mutation on MHC-II presentation compared to the N501 wildtype and found poorer presentation across the majority of MHC-II alleles. This suggests that the N501Y mutation may not only diminish binding of antibodies to the RBD but also interfere with their production by weakening the cooperation between T and B cells, facilitating immune escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential global impact of the N501Y mutation on MHC-II presentation and immune escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central obesity with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major global contributor to human disease, and effective therapies are needed. Here, we show inhibiting cyclic-GMP selective phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9-I) suppresses established diet-induced obesity and CMS in ovariectomized female and male mice. PDE9-I reduces abdominal, hepatic, and myocardial fat accumulation, stimulates mitochondrial activity in brown and white fat, and improves CMS, without altering activity or food intake. PDE9 localizes to mitochondria, and its inhibition stimulates lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration coupled to PPAR-dependent gene regulation. PPAR upregulation is required for PDE9-I metabolic efficacy and is absent in non-ovariectomized females that also display no metabolic benefits from PDE9-I. The latter is compatible with estrogen receptor- altering PPAR chromatin binding identified by ChIPSeq. In humans with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, myocardial expression of PPARA and its regulated genes is reduced versus control. These findings support testing PDE9-I to treat obesity/CMS in men and postmenopausal women.

SummaryOral inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 9 stimulates mitochondrial fat metabolism and lipolysis, reducing central obesity without changing appetite
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangoiti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 regulates epithelial cell resistance to infection  in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial cells are subject to attack by a diverse array of microbes, including intracellular as well as extracellular pathogens. While defense in epithelial cells can be triggered by pattern recognition receptor-mediated detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns, there is much to be learned about how they sense infection via perturbations of host physiology, which often occur during infection. A recently described host defense response in the nematode C. elegans called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) can be triggered by infection with diverse natural intracellular pathogens, as well as by perturbations to protein homeostasis. From a forward genetic screen, we identified the C. elegans ortholog of purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 as a negative regulator of IPR gene expression, as well as a negative regulator of genes induced by extracellular pathogens. Accordingly, pnp-1 mutants have resistance to both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Metabolomics analysis indicates that C. elegans pnp-1 likely has enzymatic activity similar to its human ortholog, serving to convert purine nucleosides into free bases. Classic genetic studies have shown how mutations in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase cause immunodeficiency due to T-cell dysfunction. Here we show that C. elegans pnp-1 acts in intestinal epithelial cells to regulate defense. Altogether, these results indicate that perturbations in purine metabolism are likely monitored as a cue to promote defense against epithelial infection in the nematode C. elegans.

Author summaryAll life requires purine nucleotides. However, obligate intracellular pathogens are incapable of generating their own purine nucleotides and thus have evolved strategies to steal these nucleotides from host cells in order to support their growth and replication. Using the small roundworm C. elegans, we show that infection with natural obligate intracellular pathogens is impaired by loss of pnp-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the vertebrate purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), which is an enzyme involved in salvaging purines. Loss of pnp-1 leads to altered levels of purine nucleotide precursors and increased expression of Intracellular Pathogen Response genes, which are induced by viral and fungal intracellular pathogens of C. elegans. In addition, we find that loss of pnp-1 increases resistance to extracellular pathogen infection and increases expression of genes involved in extracellular pathogen defense. Interestingly, studies from 1975 found that mutations in human PNP impair T-cell immunity, whereas our findings here indicate C. elegans pnp-1 regulates intestinal epithelial immunity. Overall, our work indicates that host purine homeostasis regulates resistance to both intracellular and extracellular pathogen infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tecle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhan, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna-Rose, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The purine nucleoside phosphorylase pnp-1 regulates epithelial cell resistance to infection  in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and Functional Characterization of Pro-growth Enhancers in Human Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine depends critically on developing treatment strategies that can selectively target cancer cells with minimal adverse effects. Identifying unique transcriptional regulators of oncogenic signaling, and targeting cancer-cell-specific enhancers that may be active only in specific tumor cell lineages, could provide the necessary high specificity, but a scarcity of functionally validated enhancers in cancer cells presents a significant hurdle to this strategy. We address this limitation by carrying out large-scale functional screens for pro-growth enhancers using highly multiplexed CRISPR-based perturbation and sequencing in multiple cancer cell lines. We used this strategy to identify 488 pro-growth enhancers in a colorectal cancer cell line and 22 functional enhancers for the MYC and MYB key oncogenes in an additional nine cancer cell lines. The majority of pro-growth enhancers are accessible and presumably active only in cancer cells but not in normal tissues, and are enriched for elements associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. We further identify master transcriptional regulators and demonstrate that the cancer pro-growth enhancers are modulated by lineage-specific transcription factors acting downstream of growth signaling pathways. Our results uncover context-specific, potentially actionable pro-growth enhancers from cancer cells, yielding insight into altered oncogenic transcription and revealing potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicker, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and Functional Characterization of Pro-growth Enhancers in Human Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derived loss of signal complexity and plasticity in a genus of weakly electric fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.430027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal plasticity can maximize the usefulness of costly animal signals such as the electric organ discharges (EODs) of weakly electric fishes. Some species of the order Gymnotiformes rapidly alter their EOD amplitude and duration in response to circadian cues and social stimuli. How this plasticity is maintained across related species with different degrees of signal complexity is poorly understood. In one genus of weakly electric gymnotiform fish (Brachyhypopomus) only one species, B. bennetti, produces a monophasic signal while all other species emit complex biphasic or multiphasic EOD waveforms produced by two overlapping but asynchronous action potentials in each electric organ cell (electrocyte). One consequence of this signal complexity is the suppression of low-frequency signal content that is detectable by electroreceptive predators. In complex EODs, reduction of the EOD amplitude and duration during daytime inactivity can decrease both predation risk and the metabolic cost of EOD generation. We compared EOD plasticity and its underlying physiology in Brachyhypopomus focusing on B. bennetti. We found that B. bennetti exhibits minimal EOD plasticity, but that its electrocytes retained vestigial mechanisms of biphasic signaling and vestigial mechanisms for modulating the EOD amplitude. These results suggest that this species represents a transitional phenotypic state within a clade where signal complexity and plasticity were initially gained and then lost. We discuss potential the roles of signal mimicry, species recognition, and sexual selection in maintaining the monophasic EOD phenotype in the face of detection by electroreceptive predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saenz, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winemiller, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.06.430027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derived loss of signal complexity and plasticity in a genus of weakly electric fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPARC Data Structure: Rationale and Design of a FAIR Standard for Biomedical Research Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NIH Common Funds Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions (SPARC) initiative is a large-scale program that seeks to accelerate the development of therapeutic devices that modulate electrical activity in nerves to improve organ function. Integral to the SPARC program are the rich anatomical and functional datasets produced by investigators across the SPARC consortium that provide key details about organ-specific circuitry, including structural and functional connectivity, mapping of cell types and molecular profiling. These datasets are provided to the research community through an open data platform, the SPARC Portal. To ensure SPARC datasets are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), they are all submitted to the SPARC portal following a standard scheme established by the SPARC Curation Team, called the SPARC Data Structure (SDS). Inspired by the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), the SDS has been designed to capture the large variety of data generated by SPARC investigators who are coming from all fields of biomedical research. Here we present the rationale and design of the SDS, including a description of the SPARC curation process and the automated tools for complying with the SDS, including the SDS validator and Software to Organize Data Automatically (SODA) for SPARC. The objective is to provide detailed guidelines for anyone desiring to comply with the SDS. Since the SDS are suitable for any type of biomedical research data, it can be adopted by any group desiring to follow the FAIR data principles for managing their data, even outside of the SPARC consortium. Finally, this manuscript provides a foundational framework that can be used by any organization desiring to either adapt the SDS to suit the specific needs of their data or simply desiring to design their own FAIR data sharing scheme from scratch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surles-Zeiglera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPARC Data Structure: Rationale and Design of a FAIR Standard for Biomedical Research Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adjuvanting a subunit SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccine to induce protective immunity in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of a portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to vaccinate the global population remains an urgent public health imperative. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of a subunit vaccine under clinical development, comprising the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain displayed on a two-component protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP), to stimulate robust and durable neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. We evaluated five different adjuvants combined with RBD-NP including Essai O/W 1849101, a squalene-in-water emulsion; AS03, an alpha-tocopherol-containing squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion used in pandemic influenza vaccines; AS37, a TLR-7 agonist adsorbed to Alum; CpG 1018-Alum (CpG-Alum), a TLR-9 agonist formulated in Alum; or Alum, the most widely used adjuvant. All five adjuvants induced substantial nAb and CD4 T cell responses after two consecutive immunizations. Durable nAb responses were evaluated for RBD-NP/AS03 immunization and the live-virus nAb response was durably maintained up to 154 days post-vaccination. AS03, CpG-Alum, AS37 and Alum groups conferred significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pharynges, nares and in the bronchoalveolar lavage. The nAb titers were highly correlated with protection against infection. Furthermore, RBD-NP when used in conjunction with AS03 was as potent as the prefusion stabilized Spike immunogen, HexaPro. Taken together, these data highlight the efficacy of the RBD-NP formulated with clinically relevant adjuvants in promoting robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>S Arunachalam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atyeo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edara, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roltgen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirreff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrenn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydeman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trisal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell-Lodrigue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monjure, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle-Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Hagan, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Most, R. V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappuoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffma</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adjuvanting a subunit SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccine to induce protective immunity in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What are housekeeping genes? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concept of "housekeeping genes" has been used for four decades but remains loosely defined. Housekeeping genes are commonly described as "essential for cellular existence regardless of their specific function in the tissue or organism", and "stably expressed irrespective of tissue type, developmental stage, cell cycle state, or external signal". However, experimental support for the tenet that gene essentiality is linked to stable expression across cell types, conditions, and organisms has been limited. Here we use genome-scale functional genomic screens, bulk and single-cell sequencing technologies to test this link and optimize a quantitative and experimentally validated definition of housekeeping gene. Using the optimized definition, we identify, characterize, and provide as resources, housekeeping gene lists extracted from several human datasets, and 12 other animal species that include primates, chicken, and C. elegans. We find that stably expressed genes are not necessarily essential, and that the individual genes that are essential and stably expressed can considerably differ across organisms; yet the pathways enriched among these genes are conserved. Further, the level of conservation of housekeeping genes across the analyzed organisms captures their taxonomic groups, showing evolutionary relevance for our definition. Therefore, we here present a quantitative and experimentally validated definition of housekeeping genes that can contribute to better understanding of their unique biological and evolutionary characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drangowska-Way, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What are housekeeping genes?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APPLES-2: Faster and More Accurate Distance-based Phylogenetic Placement using Divide and Conquer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic placement of query samples on an existing phylogeny is increasingly used in molecular ecology, including sample identification and microbiome environmental sampling. As the size of available reference trees used in these analyses continues to grow, there is a growing need for methods that place sequences on ultra-large trees with high accuracy. Distance-based placement methods have recently emerged as a path to provide such scalability while allowing flexibility to analyze both assembled and unassembled environmental samples. In this paper, we introduce a distance-based phylogenetic placement method, APPLES-2, that is more accurate and scalable than existing distance-based methods and even some of the leading maximum likelihood methods. This scalability is owed to a divide-and-conquer technique that limits distance calculation and phylogenetic placement to parts of the tree most relevant to each query. The increased scalability and accuracy enables us to study the effectiveness of APPLES-2 for placing microbial genomes on a data set of 10,575 microbial species using subsets of 381 marker genes. APPLES-2 has very high accuracy in this setting, placing 97% of query genomes within three branches of the optimal position in the species tree using 50 marker genes. Our proof of concept results show that APPLES-2 can quickly place metagenomic scaffolds on ultra-large backbone trees with high accuracy as long as a scaffold includes tens of marker genes. These results pave the path for a more scalable and widespread use of distance-based placement in various areas of molecular ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APPLES-2: Faster and More Accurate Distance-based Phylogenetic Placement using Divide and Conquer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A glycan gate controls opening of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection is controlled by the opening of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), which transitions from a glycan-shielded "down" to an exposed "up" state in order to bind the human ACE2 receptor and infect cells. While snapshots of the "up" and "down" states have been obtained by cryoEM and cryoET, details of the RBD opening transition evade experimental characterization. Here, over 130 s of weighted ensemble (WE) simulations of the fully glycosylated spike ectodomain allow us to characterize more than 300 continuous, kinetically unbiased RBD opening pathways. Together with ManifoldEM analysis of cryo-EM data and biolayer interferometry experiments, we reveal a gating role for the N-glycan at position N343, which facilitates RBD opening. Residues D405, R408, and D427 also participate. The atomic-level characterization of the glycosylated spike activation mechanism provided herein achieves a new high-water mark for ensemble pathway simulations and offers a foundation for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogetti, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A glycan gate controls opening of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant trait heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression heterosis of plastid ribosomal proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to the known higher photosynthetic capacity of maize hybrids, we analyzed proteomic and transcriptomic data from seedling leaf tissues of the hybrid, B73xMo17, and its inbred parents. Subunits of complexes required for protein synthesis in the chloroplast and for the light reactions of photosynthesis were expressed above mid-parent and high-parent levels, respectively. Nuclear and plastid-encoded subunits were expressed similarly and in a dominant pattern with B73 as the high-parent for most proteins. The reciprocal hybrid displayed the same pattern with B73 still the dominant parent. Protein expression patterns were mostly the same in the adult leaf blade. To rank the relevance of expression differences to trait heterosis, we compared seedling leaf protein levels to adult plant heights of 15 hybrids. Expression heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent expression levels) was most positively correlated with plant height heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent plant height) for the plastid-encoded and nuclear-encoded chloroplast ribosomal proteins; the cytosolic ribosomal proteins were slightly less correlated. Ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below mid-parent levels in the hybrids, and the ethylene biosynthesis mutant, acs2/acs6, largely phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may mediate the differences between inbreds and their hybrids. Levels of jasmonic acid biosynthetic enzymes were reduced in both acs2/acs6 and the hybrid, and expression heterosis levels of these proteins were the most negatively correlated with plant height heterosis.

Significance StatementHeterosis (hybrid vigor) boosts the productivity and resilience of crops and livestock above the levels of both parents, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We analyzed expression patterns of proteins in maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Differences in several molecular machines and biochemical pathways were found and quantitatively assessed using a panel of 15 hybrids. Seedling leaf chloroplast ribosomal proteins were able to quantitatively infer levels of adult plant heterosis. Expression levels of biosynthetic enzymes for the stress hormone, ethylene, were reduced in hybrids as was previously reported for the dicot Arabidopsis. Mutation of these genes in a maize inbred caused the proteome to resemble a hybrid. Repression of ethylene biosynthesis may be a conserved component of heterosis physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birdseye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Boer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant trait heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression heterosis of plastid ribosomal proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current theories propose that the short-term retention of information in working memory (WM) and the recall of information from long-term memory (LTM) are supported by overlapping neural mechanisms in occipital and parietal cortex. Both are thought to rely on reinstating patterns of sensory activity evoked by the perception of the remembered item. However, the extent of the shared representations between WM and LTM are unclear, and it is unknown how WM and LTM representations may differ across cortical regions. We designed a spatial memory task that allowed us to directly compare the representations of remembered spatial information in WM and LTM. Critically, we carefully matched the precision of behavioral responses in these tasks. We used fMRI and multivariate pattern analyses to examine representations in (1) retinotopic cortex and (2) lateral parietal cortex (LPC) regions previously implicated in LTM. We show that visual memories were represented in a sensory-like code in both tasks across retinotopic regions in occipital and parietal cortex. LPC regions also encoded remembered locations in both WM and LTM, but in a format that differed from the sensory-evoked activity. These results suggest a striking correspondence in the format of WM and LTM representations across occipital and parietal cortex. On the other hand, we show that activity patterns in nearly all parietal regions, but not occipital regions, contained information that could discriminate between WM trials and LTM trials. Our data provide new evidence for theories of memory systems and the representation of mnemonic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell atlas of chromatin accessibility across 25 adult human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current catalogs of regulatory sequences in the human genome are still incomplete and lack cell type resolution. To profile the activity of human gene regulatory elements in diverse cell types and tissues in the human body, we applied single cell chromatin accessibility assays to 25 distinct human tissue types from multiple donors. The resulting chromatin maps comprising [~]500,000 nuclei revealed the status of open chromatin for over 750,000 candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) in 54 distinct cell types. We further delineated cell type-specific and tissue-context dependent gene regulatory programs, and developmental stage specificity by comparing with a recent human fetal chromatin accessibility atlas. We finally used these chromatin maps to interpret the noncoding variants associated with complex human traits and diseases. This rich resource provides a foundation for the analysis of gene regulatory programs in human cell types across tissues and organ systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell atlas of chromatin accessibility across 25 adult human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyrazinamide action is driven by the cell envelope stress response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrazinamide (PZA) plays a crucial role in first-line tuberculosis drug therapy. Unlike other antimicrobial agents, PZA is only active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at low pH. The basis for this conditional drug susceptibility remains undefined. In this study, we utilized a genome-wide approach to interrogate potentiation of PZA action. We find that mutations in numerous genes involved in central metabolism as well as cell envelope maintenance and stress response are associated with PZA resistance. Further, we demonstrate that constitutive activation of the cell envelope stress response can drive PZA susceptibility independent of environmental pH. Consequently, treatment with peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors, such as beta-lactams and D-cycloserine, potentiate PZA action through triggering this response. These findings illuminate a regulatory mechanism for conditional PZA susceptibility and reveals new avenues for enhancing potency of this important drug through targeting activation of the cell envelope stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiede, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modlin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aflakpui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valafar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughn, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyrazinamide action is driven by the cell envelope stress response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing An Adult Orofacial Premotor Atlas In Allen Mouse CCF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premotor circuits in the brainstem control pools of orofacial motoneurons to execute essential functions such as drinking, eating, breathing, and in rodent, whisking. Previous transsynaptic tracing studies only mapped orofacial premotor circuits in neonatal mice but the adult circuits remain unknown due to technical difficulties. Here we developed a three-step monosynaptic transsynaptic tracing strategy to identify premotor neurons controlling whisker, tongue protrusion, and jaw-closing muscles in the adult. We registered these different groups of premotor neurons onto the Allen mouse brain common coordinate framework (CCF) and consequently generated a combined 3D orofacial premotor atlas, revealing unique spatial organizations of distinct premotor circuits. We also uncovered premotor neurons simultaneously innervating multiple motor nuclei and, thus, likely coordinating different muscles involved in the same orofacial behaviors. Our method for tracing adult premotor circuits and registering to Allen CCF is generally applicable and should facilitate the investigations of motor controls of diverse behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takatoh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing An Adult Orofacial Premotor Atlas In Allen Mouse CCF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Characterization of cis-Regulatory Elements for Multiple Genes UsingCRISPRpath 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.431931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current pooled CRISPR screens for cis-regulatory elements (CREs) can only accommodate one gene based on its expression level. Here, we describe CRISPRpath, a scalable screening strategy for parallelly characterizing CREs of genes linked to the same biological pathway and converging phenotypes. We demonstrate the ability of CRISPRpath for simultaneously identifying functional enhancers of six genes in the 6-thioguanine-induced DNA mismatch repair pathway using both CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR nuclease (CRISPRn) approaches. 60% of the identified enhancers are known promoters with distinct epigenomic features compared to other active promoters, including increased chromatin accessibility and interactivity. Furthermore, by imposing different levels of selection pressure, CRISPRpath can distinguish enhancers exerting strong impact on gene expression from those exerting weak impact. Our results offer a nuanced view of cis-regulation and demonstrate that CRISPRpath can be leveraged for understanding the complex gene regulatory program beyond transcriptional output at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliskova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.431931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Characterization of cis-Regulatory Elements for Multiple Genes UsingCRISPRpath]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision Diffusion Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) aims to non-invasively characterize the anatomy and integrity of the brains white matter fibers. To establish individual-specific precision approaches for DTI, we defined its reliability and accuracy as a function of data quantity and analysis method, using both simulations and highly sampled individual-specific data (927-1442 diffusion weighted images [DWIs] per individual). DTI methods that allow for crossing fibers (BedpostX [BPX], Q-Ball Imaging [QBI]) estimated excess fibers when insufficient data was present and when the data did not match the model priors. To reduce such overfitting, we developed a novel crossing-fiber diffusion imaging method, Bayesian Multi-tensor Model-selection (BaMM), that is designed for high-quality repeated sampling data sets. BaMM was robust to overfitting, showing high reliability and the relatively best crossing-fiber accuracy with increasing amounts of diffusion data. Thus, the choice of diffusion imaging analysis method is important for the success of individual-specific diffusion imaging. Importantly, for potential clinical applications of individual-specific precision DTI, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), other forms of neuromodulation or neurosurgical planning, the data quantities required to achieve DTI reliability are lower than for functional MRI measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidter, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretthorst, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaggar, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimony, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision Diffusion Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Cytological Profiling Identifies Rhodanine-containing PAINS Analogs as Specific Inhibitors of E. coli Thymidylate Kinase in Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we conducted an activity screen of 31 structural analogs of rhodanine-containing pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS). We identified nine active molecules inhibiting the growth of E. coli and classified them according to their in vivo mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action of PAINS are generally difficult to identify due to their promiscuity. However, we leveraged bacterial cytological profiling, a fluorescence microscopy technique, to study these complex mechanisms. Ultimately, we found that although some of our molecules promiscuously inhibit multiple cellular pathways, a few molecules specifically inhibit DNA replication despite their structural similarity to related PAINS. A genetic analysis of resistant mutants revealed that thymidylate kinase (an enzyme essential for DNA synthesis) is an intracellular target of some of these rhodanine-containing antibiotics. This finding was supported by assays of in vitro activity as well as experiments utilizing a thymidylate kinase overexpression system. The analog that demonstrated the lowest IC50 in vitro and MIC in vivo displayed the greatest specificity for the inhibition of DNA replication in E. coli, despite containing a rhodamine moiety. While its generally thought that PAINS cannot be developed as antibiotics, this work highlights the utility of bacterial cytological profiling for studying the in vivo specificity of antibiotics, and it showcases novel inhibitors of E. coli thymidylate kinase.

ImportanceWe demonstrate that bacterial cytological profiling is a powerful tool for directing antibiotic discovery efforts because it can be used to determine the specificity of an antibiotics in vivo mechanism of action. By assaying analogs of PAINS, molecules that are notoriously intractable and non-specific, we (surprisingly) identify molecules with specific activity against E. coli thymidylate kinase. This suggests that structural modifications to PAINS can confer stronger inhibition by targeting a specific cellular pathway. While in vitro inhibition assays are susceptible to false positive results (especially from PAINS), bacterial cytological profiling provides the resolution to identify molecules with specific in vivo activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montano, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nideffer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Cytological Profiling Identifies Rhodanine-containing PAINS Analogs as Specific Inhibitors of E. coli Thymidylate Kinase in Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical Phage Microbiology:A suggested framework and recommendations for the in-vitro matching steps ‎of phage therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Personalized-phage-therapy is a promising solution for the emerging crisis of bacterial infections that fail to be eradicated by conventional antibiotics.

One of the most crucial elements of personalized-phage-therapy is the proper matching of phages and antibiotics to the target bacteria in a given clinical setting. However, to date, there is no consensus guideline for laboratory procedures that enable in vitro evaluation of phages intended for treatment.

In this work, we suggest a framework and strategies identify appropriate phages and combine them with antibiotics in clinical microbiology laboratories. This framework, which we term here "Clinical Phage Microbiology" is based on our experience and other previously reported cases of both, successful and failed phage treatments.

Additionally, we discuss troubleshooting methodologies for possible pitfalls and special cases that may need to be assessed before treatment including interactions with the host immune system, biofilms, and polymicrobial infections.

We believe that the "Clinical Phage Microbiology" pipeline presented here should serve as the basis for standardization of laboratory protocols to match phages for personalized therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerushalmy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Porat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkalay-Oren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalrhman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppenhagen-Glazer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir-Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical Phage Microbiology:A suggested framework and recommendations for the in-vitro matching steps ‎of phage therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread ripples synchronize human cortical activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Declarative memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval require the integration of elements encoded in widespread cortical locations. The mechanism whereby such  binding of different components of mental events into unified representations occurs is unknown. The  binding-bysynchrony theory proposes that distributed encoding areas are bound by synchronous oscillations enabling enhanced communication. However, evidence for such oscillations is sparse. Brief high-frequency oscillations ( ripples) occur in the hippocampus and cortex, and help organize memory recall and consolidation. Here, using intracranial recordings in humans, we report that these ~70ms duration 90Hz ripples often couple (within {+/-}500ms), co-occur ([&ge;]25ms overlap), and crucially, phase-lock (have consistent phase-lags) between widely distributed focal cortical locations during both sleep and waking, even between hemispheres. Cortical ripple co-occurrence is facilitated through activation across multiple sites, and phaselocking increases with more cortical sites co-rippling. Ripples in all cortical areas co-occur with hippocampal ripples but do not phase-lock with them, further suggesting that cortico-cortical synchrony is mediated by cortico-cortical connections. Ripple phase-lags vary across sleep nights, consistent with participation in different networks. During waking, we show that hippocampo-cortical and cortico-cortical co-ripples increase preceding successful delayed memory recall, when binding between the cue and response is essential. Ripples increase and phase-modulate unit firing, and co-ripples increase high-frequency correlations between areas, suggesting synchronized unit-spiking facilitating information exchange. Co-occurrence, phasesynchrony, and high-frequency correlation are maintained with little decrement over very long distances (25cm). Hippocampo-cortico-cortical co-ripples appear to possess the essential properties necessary to support binding-by-synchrony during memory retrieval, and perhaps generally in cognition.

Significance StatementDifferent elements of a memory, or any mental event, are encoded in locations distributed across the cortex. A prominent hypothesis proposes that widespread networks are integrated with bursts of synchronized high-frequency oscillations called  ripples, but evidence is limited. Here, using recordings inside the human brain, we show that ripples occur simultaneously in multiple lobes in both cortical hemispheres, and the hippocampus, generally during sleep and waking, and especially during memory recall. Ripples phase-lock local cell firing, and phase-synchronize with little decay between locations separated by up to 25cm, enabling long-distance integration. Indeed, co-rippling sites have increased correlation of very high-frequency activity which reflects cell firing. Thus, ripples may help bind information across the cortex in memory and other mental events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzhbinsky, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajfez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stedelin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Haim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raslan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread ripples synchronize human cortical activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Csf1r-GCaMP5 Reporter Mice Reveal Immune Cell Communication in Vitro and in Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interconnected cells are responsible for emergent functions ranging from cognition in the brain to cyclic contraction in the heart. In electrically excitable cells, methods for studying cell communication are highly advanced, but in non-excitable cells, generalized methods for studying cell communication are less mature. Immune cells have generally been classified as non-excitable cells with diverse pathophysiologic roles that span every tissue in the body, yet little is known about their interconnectedness because assays are destructive and have low temporal resolution. In this work, we hypothesize that non-excitable immune cells are functionally interconnected in previously unrecognized cell communication networks. To test the hypothesis, we created a hematopoietic calcium reporter mouse (Csf1r-Cre x GCaMP5) and non-destructively quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular calcium in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, bone marrow derived macrophages calcium reporters reveal that fatal immune stimulatory DNA-sensing induces rapid intercellular communication to neighboring cells. In vivo, using intravital microscopy through a dorsal window chamber in the context of MC38-H2B-mCherry tumors, Csf1r-GCaMP5 reporters exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics consistent with cell communication. We present a theoretical framework and analysis pipeline for identifying spatiotemporal locations of "excess synchrony" of calcium spiking as a means of inferring previously unrecognized cell communication events. Together, these methods provide a toolkit for investigating known and as-yet-undiscovered cell communication events in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taghdiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcagno, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissleder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Csf1r-GCaMP5 Reporter Mice Reveal Immune Cell Communication in Vitro and in Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering single nucleotide variants and indels from bulk and single-cell ATAC-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants and de novo mutations in regulatory regions of the genome are typically discovered by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), however WGS is expensive and most WGS reads come from non-regulatory regions. The Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) generates reads from regulatory sequences and could potentially be used as a low-cost  capture method for regulatory variant discovery, but its use for this purpose has not been systematically evaluated. Here we apply seven variant callers to bulk and single-cell ATAC-seq data and evaluate their ability to identify single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (indels). In addition, we develop an ensemble classifier, VarCA, which combines features from individual variant callers to predict variants. The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) is the best-performing individual caller with precision/recall on a bulk ATAC test dataset of 0.92/0.97 for SNVs and 0.87/0.82 for indels. On bulk ATAC-seq reads, VarCA achieves superior performance with precision/recall of 0.99/0.95 for SNVs and 0.93/0.80 for indels. On single-cell ATAC-seq reads, VarCA attains precision/recall of 0.98/0.94 for SNVs and 0.82/0.82 for indels. In summary, ATAC-seq reads can be used to accurately discover non-coding regulatory variants in the absence of whole-genome sequencing data and our ensemble method, VarCA, has the best overall performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massarat, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaureguy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyndale, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erikson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering single nucleotide variants and indels from bulk and single-cell ATAC-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing oscillations in intracranial electrophysiological recordings with data-driven spatial filters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In invasive electrophysiological recordings, a variety of neuronal oscillations can be detected across the cortex, with overlap in space and time. This overlap complicates measurement of neuronal oscillations using standard referencing schemes, like common average or bipolar referencing. Here, we illustrate the effects of spatial mixing on measuring neuronal oscillations in invasive electrophysiological recordings and demonstrate the benefits of using data-driven referencing schemes in order to improve measurement of neuronal oscillations. We discuss referencing as the application of a spatial filter. Spatio-spectral decomposition is used to estimate data-driven spatial filters, a computationally fast method which specifically enhances signal-to-noise ratio for oscillations in a frequency band of interest. We show that application of these data-driven spatial filters has benefits for data exploration, investigation of temporal dynamics and assessment of peak frequencies of neuronal oscillations. We demonstrate multiple use cases, exploring between-participant variability in presence of oscillations, spatial spread and waveform shape of different rhythms as well as narrowband noise removal with the aid of spatial filters. We find high between-participant variability in the presence of neural oscillations, a large variation in spatial spread of individual rhythms and many non-sinusoidal rhythms across the cortex. Improved measurement of cortical rhythms will yield better conditions for establishing links between cortical activity and behavior, as well as bridging scales between the invasive intracranial measurements and noninvasive macroscale scalp measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaworonkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing oscillations in intracranial electrophysiological recordings with data-driven spatial filters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetraspanin immunocapture phenotypes extracellular vesicles according to biofluid source but may limit identification of multiplexed cancer biomarkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetraspanin expression of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is often used as a surrogate for their general detection and classification from background contaminants. This common practice typically assumes a consistent expression of tetraspanins across EV sources, thus obscuring subpopulations of variable or limited tetraspanin expression. While some recent studies indicate differential expression of tetraspanins across bulk isolated EVs, here we present analysis of single EVs isolated using various field-standard methods from a variety of in vitro and in vivo sources to identify distinct patterns in colocalization of tetraspanin expression. We report an optimized method for the use of antibodycapture single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS) and fluorescence detection to identify subpopulations according to tetraspanin expression and compare our findings with nanoscale flow cytometry. Using SP-IRIS and immunofluorescence, we report that tetraspanin profile is consistent from a given EV source regardless of isolation method, but that tetraspanin profiles are distinct across various sources. Tetraspanin profiles as measured by flow cytometry do not share similar trends, suggesting that limitations in subpopulation detection significantly impact apparent protein expression. We further analyzed tetraspanin expression of single EVs captured non-specifically, revealing that tetraspanin capture can bias the apparent multiplexed tetraspanin profile. Finally, we demonstrate that this bias can have significant impact on diagnostic sensitivity for tumor-associated EV surface markers. Our findings may reveal key insights into the complexities of the EV biogenesis and signaling pathways and better inform EV capture and detection platforms for diagnostic or other downstream use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizenko, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brostoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojalin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koster, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swindell, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserowitz, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetraspanin immunocapture phenotypes extracellular vesicles according to biofluid source but may limit identification of multiplexed cancer biomarkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Biofilm of MDR Providencia stuartii by Phages Using a Catheter Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Providencia spp. are emerging pathogens mainly in nosocomial infections. Providencia stuartii in particular is involved in urinary tract infections and contributes significantly to the high incidence of biofilm-formation in catheterized patients. Furthermore, recent reports suggested a role for multiple drug resistant (MDR) P. stuartii in hospital-associated outbreaks which leads to excessive complications resulting in challenging treatments. Phage therapy is currently one of the most promising solutions to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the number of available phages targeting Providencia spp. is extremely limited, restricting the use of phage therapy in such cases. In the present study, we describe the isolation and characterization of 17 lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages targeting clinical isolates of Providencia spp. as part of the Israeli Phage Bank (IPB). These phages, isolated from sewage samples, were evaluated for host range activity and effectively eradicated 95% of the tested bacterial strains isolated from different geographic locations and displaying a wide range of antibiotic resistance. Their lytic activity is demonstrated on agar plates, planktonic cultures, and biofilm formed in a catheter model. The results suggest that these bacteriophages can potentially be used for treatment of antibiotic-resistant Providencia spp. infections in general and of urinary tract infections in particular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Porat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkalay-Oren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerushalmy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalrhman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pride, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppenhagen-Glazer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Biofilm of MDR Providencia stuartii by Phages Using a Catheter Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting functional consequences of mutations using molecular interaction network features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variant interpretation remains a central challenge for precision medicine. Missense variants are particularly difficult to understand as they change only a single amino acid in protein sequence yet can have large and varied effects on protein activity. Numerous tools have been developed to identify missense variants with putative disease consequences from protein sequence and structure. However, biological function arises through higher order interactions among proteins and molecules within cells. We therefore sought to capture information about the potential of missense mutations to perturb protein interaction networks by integrating protein structure and interaction data. We developed 16 network-based annotations for missense mutations that provide orthogonal information to features classically used to prioritize variants. We then evaluated them in the context of a proven machine-learning framework for variant effect prediction across multiple benchmark datasets to demonstrate their potential to improve variant classification. Interestingly, network features resulted in larger performance gains for classifying somatic mutations than for germline variants, possibly due to different constraints on what mutations are tolerated at the cellular versus organismal level. Our results suggest that modeling variant potential to perturb context-specific interactome networks is a fruitful strategy to advance in silico variant effect prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.433991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting functional consequences of mutations using molecular interaction network features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.432323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antimicrobials from a feline commensal bacterium inhibit skin infection by drug-resistant S. pseudintermedius. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.432323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an important emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe skin infections. To combat infections from drug-resistant bacteria, the transplantation of commensal antimicrobial bacteria as a therapeutic has shown clinical promise. We screened a collection of diverse staphylococcus species from domestic dogs and cats for antimicrobial activity against MRSP. A unique strain (S. felis C4) was isolated from feline skin that inhibited MRSP and multiple gram-positive pathogens. Competition experiments in mice showed that S. felis significantly reduced MRSP skin colonization and an antimicrobial extract from S. felis significantly reduced necrotic skin injury from MRSP infection. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that S. felis antimicrobials disrupted bacterial but not eukaryotic cell membranes. LC/MS identified several S. felis phenol-soluble modulin beta (PSM{beta}) peptides that exhibited antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings indicate a feline commensal bacterium that could be utilized in bacteriotherapy against difficult-to-treat animal and human skin infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthing, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatsuji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.432323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antimicrobials from a feline commensal bacterium inhibit skin infection by drug-resistant S. pseudintermedius.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic H3K9ac is controlled by phase-specific activity of HDAC2, HDAC3 and SIRT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone acetylation levels are reduced during mitosis. To study the mitotic regulation of H3K9ac we used an array of inhibitors targeting specific histone deacetylases. We evaluated the involvement of the targeted enzymes in regulating H3K9ac during all mitotic stages by immunofluorescence and immunoblots. We identified HDAC2, HDAC3 and SIRT1 as modulators of H3K9ac mitotic levels. HDAC2 inhibition increased H3K9ac levels in prophase, whereas HDAC3 or SIRT1 inhibition increased H3K9ac levels in metaphase. Next, we performed ChIP-seq on mitotic-arrested cells following targeted inhibition of these histone deacetylases. We found that both HDAC2 and HDAC3 have a similar impact on H3K9ac, and inhibiting either of these two HDACs substantially increases the levels of this histone acetylation in promoters, enhancers and insulators. Altogether, our results support a model in which H3K9 deacetylation is a stepwise process - at prophase HDAC2 modulates most transcription-associated H3K9ac-marked loci and at metaphase HDAC3 maintains the reduced acetylation, whereas SIRT1 potentially regulates H3K9ac by impacting HAT activity.

Summary blurbCombination of immunofluorescence, western blot and ChIP-seq revealed the interplay between HDAC2, HDAC3 and SIRT1 in H3K9 deacetylation during mitosis of mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitterhoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic H3K9ac is controlled by phase-specific activity of HDAC2, HDAC3 and SIRT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of chronic JUUL aerosol inhalation on inflammatory states of the brain, lung, heart and colon in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While health effects of conventional tobacco are well defined, data on vaping devices, including the most popular e-cigarette JUUL, are less established. Prior acute e-cigarette studies demonstrated inflammatory and cardiopulmonary physiology changes while chronic studies demonstrated extra-pulmonary effects, including neurotransmitter alterations in reward pathways. In this study we investigated effects of chronic flavored JUUL aerosol inhalation on inflammatory markers in brain, lung, heart, and colon. JUUL induced upregulation of cytokine and chemokine gene expression and increased HMGB1 and RAGE in the nucleus accumbens. Inflammatory gene expression increased in colon, and cardiopulmonary inflammatory responses to acute lung injury with lipopolysaccharide were exacerbated in the heart. Flavor-dependent changes in several responses were also observed. Our findings raise concerns regarding long-term risks of e-cigarette use as neuroinflammation may contribute to behavioral changes and mood disorders, while gut inflammation has been tied to poor systemic health and cardiac inflammation to development of heart disease.

One Sentence SummaryChronic, daily inhalation of pod-based e-cigarette aerosols alters the inflammatory state across multiple organ systems in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhaddad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masso-Silva, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilaad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almarghalani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Kolla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty Alexander, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of chronic JUUL aerosol inhalation on inflammatory states of the brain, lung, heart and colon in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural connectome quantifies tumor invasion and predicts survival in glioblastoma patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma widely affects brain structure and function, and remodels neural connectivity. Characterizing the neural connectivity in glioblastoma may provide a tool to understand tumor invasion. Here, using a structural connectome approach based on diffusion MRI, we quantify the global and regional connectome disruptions in individual glioblastoma patients and investigate the prognostic value of connectome disruptions and topological properties. We show that the disruptions in the normal-appearing brain beyond the lesion could mediate the topological alteration of the connectome (P <0.001), associated with worse patient performance (P <0.001), cognitive function (P <0.001), and survival (overall survival: HR: 1.46, P = 0.049; progression-free survival: HR: 1.49, P = 0.019). Further, the preserved connectome in the normal-appearing brain demonstrates evidence of remodeling, where increased connectivity is associated with better overall survival (log-rank P = 0.005). Our approach reveals the glioblastoma invasion invisible on conventional MRI, promising to benefit patient stratification and precise treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrand, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. L. K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matys, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schönlieb, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural connectome quantifies tumor invasion and predicts survival in glioblastoma patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of face memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to recognize familiar visual objects is critical to survival. A central assumption of neuroscience is that long-term memories are represented by the same brain areas that encode sensory stimuli (1). Neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex represent the sensory percept of visual objects using a distributed axis code (2-4). Whether and how the same IT neural population represents the long-term memory of visual objects remains unclear. Here, we examined how familiar faces are encoded in face patch AM and perirhinal cortex. We found that familiar faces were represented in a distinct subspace from unfamiliar faces. The familiar face subspace was shifted relative to the unfamiliar face subspace at short latency and then distorted to increase neural distances between familiar faces at long latency. This distortion enabled markedly improved discrimination of familiar faces in both AM and PR. Inactivation of PR did not affect these memory traces in AM, suggesting that the memory traces arise from intrinsic recurrent processes within IT cortex or interactions with downstream regions outside the medial temporal lobe (5, 6). Overall, our results reveal that memories of familiar faces are represented in IT and perirhinal cortex by a distinct long-latency code that is optimized to distinguish familiar identities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>She, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of face memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are established biomarkers of brain pathology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Structural covariance networks (SCN) constructed from CT and SA may represent developmental associations, or unique interactions between brain regions, possibly influenced by a common causal antecedent. The ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working Group aggregated PTSD and control subjects data from 29 cohorts in five countries (n=3439).

MethodsUsing Destrieux Atlas, we built SCNs and compared centrality measures between PTSD subjects and controls. Centrality is a graph theory measure derived using SCN.

ResultsNotable nodes with higher CT-based centrality in PTSD compared to controls were left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. We found sex-based centrality differences in bilateral frontal lobe regions, left anterior cingulate, left superior occipital cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Comorbid PTSD and MDD showed higher CT-based centrality in the right anterior cingulate gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and lower SA-based centrality in left insular gyrus.

ConclusionUnlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes ([&le;]318), our study found differences in centrality measures using a sample size of 3439 subjects. This is the first cross-sectional study to examine SCN interactions with age, sex, and comorbid MDD. Although limited to group level inferences, centrality measures offer insights into a nodes relationship to the entire functional connectome unlike approaches like seed-based connectivity or independent component analysis. Nodes having higher centrality have greater structural or functional connections, lending them invaluable for translational treatments like neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winternitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.432212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using synthetic MR images for field map-less distortion correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional MRI (fMRI) data acquired using echo-planar imaging (EPI) are highly distorted by magnetic field inhomogeneities. Distortion combined with underlying differences in image contrast between EPI and T1-weighted and T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) structural images makes the alignment of functional and anatomical images a challenge. Typically, separately acquired field map data are used to correct fMRI distortions and a flexible cost function insensitive to cross-modal differences in image contrast and intensity is used for aligning fMRI and anatomical images. The quality of alignment achieved with this approach can vary greatly and depends on the quality of field map data. In addition, many publicly available datasets lack field map data entirely. To address this issue, we developed Synth, a software package for distortion correction and cross-modal image registration that does not require separately acquired field map data. Synth combines information from T1w and T2w anatomical images to construct an idealized undistorted synthetic image that has similar contrast properties to fMRI data. The undistorted synthetic image then serves as an effective reference for individual-specific nonlinear unwarping to correct fMRI distortions. We demonstrate, in both pediatric (ABCD: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) and adult (MSC: Midnight Scan Club) data that Synth performs comparably well to other leading distortion correction approaches that utilize field map data, and often outperforms them. Field map-less distortion correction with Synth allows accurate and precise registration of fMRI data with missing or corrupted field map information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda Dominguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kouwe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.435270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using synthetic MR images for field map-less distortion correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open Data Commons for Preclinical Traumatic Brain Injury Research: Empowering Data Sharing and Big Data Analytics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major unsolved public health problem worldwide with considerable preclinical research dedicated to recapitulating clinical TBI, deciphering the underlying pathophysiology, and developing therapeutics. However, the heterogeneity of clinical TBI and correspondingly in preclinical studies have made translation from bench to bedside difficult. Here, we present the potential of data sharing, data aggregation, and multivariate analytics to integrate heterogeneity and empower researchers. We introduce the Open Data Commons for Traumatic Brain Injury (ODC-TBI.org) as a user-centered web platform and cloudbased repository focused on preclinical TBI research that enables data citation with persistent identifiers, promotes data element harmonization, and follows FAIR data sharing principles. Importantly, the ODC-TBI implements data sharing at the level of individual subjects, thus enabling data reuse for granular big data analytics and data-hungry machine learning approaches. We provide use cases applying descriptive analytics and unsupervised machine learning on pooled ODC-TBI data. Descriptive statistics included subject-level data for 11 published papers (N = 1250 subjects) representing six distinct TBI models across mice and rats (implementing controlled cortical impact, closed head injury, fluid percussion injury, and CHIMERA TBI modalities). We performed principal component analysis (PCA) on cohorts of animals combined through the ODC-TBI to identify persistent inflammatory patterns across different experimental designs. Our workflow ultimately improved the sensitivity of our analyses in uncovering patterns of pro- vs anti-inflammation and oxidative stress without the multiple testing problems of univariate analyses. As the practice of open data becomes increasingly required by the scientific community, ODC-TBI provides a foundation that creates new scientific opportunities for researchers and their work, facilitates multi-dataset and multidimensional analytics, and drives collaboration across molecular and computational biologists to bridge preclinical research to the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Espin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huie, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krukowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglielmetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaumeil, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresnahan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open Data Commons for Preclinical Traumatic Brain Injury Research: Empowering Data Sharing and Big Data Analytics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological principles of neuronal mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the highly dynamic metabolic landscape of a neuron, mitochondrial membrane architectures can provide critical insight into the unique energy balance of the cell. Current theoretical calculations of functional outputs like ATP and heat often represent mitochondria as idealized geometries and therefore can miscalculate the metabolic fluxes. To analyze mitochondrial morphology in neurons of mouse cerebellum neuropil, 3D tracings of complete synaptic and axonal mitochondria were constructed using a database of serial TEM tomography images and converted to watertight meshes with minimal distortion of the original microscopy volumes with a granularity of 1.6 nanometer isotropic voxels. The resulting in silico representations were subsequently quantified by differential geometry methods in terms of the mean and Gaussian curvatures, surface areas, volumes, and membrane motifs, all of which can alter the metabolic output of the organelle. Finally, we identify structural motifs that are present across this population of mitochondria; observations which may contribute to future modeling studies of mitochondrial physiology and metabolism in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skupin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological principles of neuronal mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic Cas9 expression mediates genotype conversion in the male and female mouse germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly efficient genotype conversion systems have potential to facilitate the study of complex genetic traits using laboratory mice and to limit loss of biodiversity and disease transmission caused by wild rodent populations. We previously showed that such a system of genotype conversion from heterozygous to homozygous after a sequence targeted CRISPR/Cas9 double strand DNA break is feasible in the female mouse germline. In the male germline, however, all double strand breaks were instead repaired by end joining mechanisms to form an  insertion/deletion (indel) mutation. These observations suggested that timing Cas9 expression to coincide with meiosis I is critical to favor conditions when homologous chromosomes are aligned and interchromosomal homology directed repair (HDR) mechanisms predominate. Here, using a Cas9 knock-in allele at the Spo11 locus, we show that meiotic expression of Cas9 does indeed mediate genotype conversion in the male as well as in the female germline. However, the low frequency of both HDR and indel mutation in both male and female germlines suggests that Cas9 may be expressed from the Spo11 locus at levels too low for efficient double strand DNA break formation. We suggest that more robust Cas9 expression initiated during early meiosis I may improve the efficiency of genotype conversion and further increase the rate of  super-Mendelian inheritance from both male and female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic Cas9 expression mediates genotype conversion in the male and female mouse germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors are an optimal model system to study T2D regulatory variants active during fetal development of the pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of genetic regulatory variation active in early pancreatic development on adult pancreatic disease and traits is not well understood. Here, we generate a panel of 107 fetal-like iPSC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells (iPSC-PPCs) from whole genome-sequenced individuals and identify 4,065 genes and 4,016 isoforms whose expression and/or alternative splicing are affected by regulatory variation. We integrate eQTLs identified in adult islets and whole pancreas samples, which reveal 1,805 eQTL associations that are unique to the fetal-like iPSC-PPCs and 1,043 eQTLs that exhibit regulatory plasticity across the fetal-like and adult pancreas tissues. Colocalization with GWAS risk loci for pancreatic diseases and traits show that some putative causal regulatory variants are active only in the fetal-like iPSC-PPCs and likely influence disease by modulating expression of disease-associated genes in early development, while others with regulatory plasticity likely exert their effects in both the fetal and adult pancreas by modulating expression of different disease genes in the two developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors are an optimal model system to study T2D regulatory variants active during fetal development of the pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Organellar Mapping Reveals Modulation of Peroxisomes by HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As systems biology approaches to virology have become more tractable, highly studied viruses such as HIV can now be analyzed in new, unbiased ways, including spatial proteomics. We employed here a differential centrifugation protocol to fractionate Jurkat T cells for proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry; these cells contain inducible HIV-1 genomes, enabling us to look for changes in the spatial proteome induced by viral gene expression. Using these proteomics data, we evaluated the merits of several reported machine learning pipelines for classification of the spatial proteome and identification of protein translocations. From these analyses we found that classifier performance in this system was organelle-dependent, with Bayesian t-augmented Gaussian mixture modeling outperforming support vector machine (SVM) learning for mitochondrial and ER proteins, but underperforming on cytosolic, nuclear, and plasma membrane proteins by QSep analysis. We also observed a generally higher performance for protein translocation identification using a Bayesian model, BANDLE, on SVM-classified data. Comparative BANDLE analysis of cells induced to express the wild-type viral genome vs. cells induced to express a genome unable to express the accessory protein Nef identified known Nef-dependent interactors such as TCR signaling components and coatomer complex. Lastly, we found that SVM classification showed higher consistency and was less sensitive to HIV-dependent noise. These findings illustrate important considerations for studies of the spatial proteome following viral infection or viral gene expression and provide a reference for future studies of HIV-gene-dropout viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Organellar Mapping Reveals Modulation of Peroxisomes by HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CONSULT: Accurate contamination removal using locality-sensitive hashing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question appears in many bioinformatics applications: Does a sequencing read belong to a large dataset of genomes from some broad taxonomic group, even when the closest match in the set is evolutionarily divergent from the query? For example, low-coverage genome sequencing (skimming) projects either assemble the organelle genome or compute genomic distances directly from unassembled reads. Using unassembled reads needs contamination detection because samples often include reads from unintended groups of species. Similarly, assembling the organelle genome needs distinguishing organelle and nuclear reads. While k-mer-based methods have shown promise in read-matching, prior studies have shown that existing methods are insufficiently sensitive for contamination detection. Here, we introduce a new read-matching tool called CONSULT that tests whether k-mers from a query fall within a user-specified distance of the reference dataset using locality-sensitive hashing. Taking advantage of large memory machines available nowadays, CONSULT libraries accommodate tens of thousands of microbial species. Our results show that CONSULT has higher true-positive and lower false-positive rates of contamination detection than leading methods such as Kraken-II and improves distance calculation from genome skims. We also demonstrate that CONSULT can distinguish organelle reads from nuclear reads, leading to dramatic improvements in skims-based mitochondrial assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachtman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CONSULT: Accurate contamination removal using locality-sensitive hashing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EMBED: a low dimensional reconstruction of gut microbiome dynamics based on ecological normal modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction can offer unique insights into high dimensional microbiome dynamics by leveraging collective abundance fluctuations of multiple bacteria driven by similar ecological perturbations. However, methods providing lower-dimensional representations of microbiome dynamics both at the community and individual taxa level are not currently available. To that end, we present EMBED: Essential MicroBiomE Dynamics, a probabilistic non-linear tensor factorization approach. Similar to normal mode analysis in structural biophysics, EMBED infers ecological normal modes (ECNs), which represent the unique orthogonal modes capturing the collective behavior of microbial communities. A very small number of ECNs can accurately approximate microbiome dynamics across multiple data sets. Inferred ECNs reflect specific ecological behaviors, providing natural templates along which the dynamics of individual bacteria may be partitioned. Moreover, the multi-subject treatment in EMBED systematically identifies subject-specific and universal abundance dynamics that are not detected by traditional approaches. Collectively, these results highlight the utility of EMBED as a versatile dimensionality reduction tool for studies of microbiome dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EMBED: a low dimensional reconstruction of gut microbiome dynamics based on ecological normal modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-Loop Control between Two GTPase Switches makes the Secretory Functions of the Golgi Responsive to Growth Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers represent complex autonomous systems, displaying self-sufficiency in growth signaling. Autonomous growth is fueled by a cancer cells ability to  secrete-and-sense growth factors: a poorly understood phenomenon. Using an integrated systems and experimental approach, here we dissect the impact of a feedback-coupled GTPase circuit within the secretory pathway that imparts secretion-coupled autonomy. The circuit is assembled when the Ras-superfamily monomeric GTPase Arf1, and the heterotrimeric GTPase Gi{beta}{gamma} and their corresponding GAPs and GEFs are coupled by GIV/Girdin, a protein that is known to fuel aggressive traits in diverse cancers. One forward and two key negative feedback loops within the circuit create closed-loop control (CLC), allow the two GTPases to coregulate each other, and convert the expected switch-like behavior of Arf1-dependent secretion into an unexpected dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion. Such behavior translates into cell survival that is self-sustained by stimulus-proportionate secretion. Proteomic studies and protein-protein interaction network analyses pinpoint growth factors (e.g., the epidermal growth factor; EGF) as a key stimuli for such self-sustenance. Findings highlight how enhanced coupling of two biological switches in cancer cells is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy of growth factors.

SYNOPSIS IMAGE O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY

STANDFIRST TEXTThis work defines the inner workings of a Golgi-localized molecular circuitry comprised of coupled GTPases, which empowers cells to achieve self-sufficiency in growth factor signaling by creating a secrete-and-sense autocrine loop.

HIGHLIGHTS/MAIN FINDINGSO_LIModeling and experimental approaches were used to dissect a coupled GTPase circuit.
C_LIO_LICoupling enables closed loop feedback and mutual control of GTPases.
C_LIO_LICoupling generates dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion of growth factors.
C_LIO_LICoupling is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abd El-Hafeez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farquhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-Loop Control between Two GTPase Switches makes the Secretory Functions of the Golgi Responsive to Growth Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCL28 modulates neutrophil responses and impacts the trajectory of mucosal infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chemokine CCL28 is highly expressed in mucosal tissues, but its role during infection is not well understood. Here we show that CCL28 promotes neutrophil accumulation to the gut of mice infected with Salmonella and to the lung of mice infected with Acinetobacter. Neutrophils isolated from the infected mucosa expressed the CCL28 receptors CCR3 and, to a lesser extent, CCR10, on their surface. The functional consequences of CCL28 deficiency were different between the two infections, as Ccl28-/- mice were highly susceptible to Salmonella gut infection, but highly resistant to otherwise lethal Acinetobacter lung infection. In vitro, unstimulated neutrophils harbored pre-formed intracellular CCR3 that was rapidly mobilized to the cell surface following phagocytosis or inflammatory stimuli. Moreover, CCL28 stimulation enhanced neutrophil antimicrobial activity, production of reactive oxygen species, and formation of extracellular traps, all processes that were largely dependent on CCR3. Consistent with the different outcomes in the two infection models, neutrophil stimulation with CCL28 boosted the killing of Salmonella but not of Acinetobacter. CCL28 thus plays a critical role in the immune response to mucosal pathogens by increasing neutrophil accumulation and activation, which can enhance pathogen clearance but also exacerbate disease depending on the mucosal site and the infectious agent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa-Hernandez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes-Diaz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Fragoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maravillas-Montero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCL28 modulates neutrophil responses and impacts the trajectory of mucosal infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novelty-related engagement of VTA and anterior hippocampus propagate changes in cortical network plasticity at different scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection of novelty indicates changes in the environment and the need to update existing representations. In response to novelty, interactions across the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-hippocampal circuit support experience-dependent plasticity in the hippocampus. While theories have broadly suggested plasticity-related changes are also instantiated in the cortex, research has also shown evidence for functional heterogeneity in cortical networks. It therefore remains unclear how the hippocampal-VTA circuit engages cortical networks, and whether novelty targets specific cortical regions or diffuse, large-scale cortical networks. To adjudicate the role of the VTA and hippocampus in cortical network plasticity, we used human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare resting state functional coupling before and following exposure to novel scene images. Functional coupling between right anterior hippocampus and VTA was enhanced following novelty exposure. However, we also found evidence for a double dissociation, with anterior hippocampus and VTA showing distinct patterns of post-novelty functional coupling enhancements, targeting task-relevant regions versus large-scale networks, respectively. Further, significant correlations between these networks and the novelty-related plasticity in the anterior hippocampal-VTA functional network suggest the central hippocampal-VTA network may facilitate the interactions with the cortex. These findings support an extended model of novelty-induced plasticity, in which novelty elicits plasticity-related changes in both local and global cortical networks.

Significance StatementNovelty detection is critical for adaptive behavior, signaling the need to update existing representations. By engaging the bi-directional hippocampal-VTA circuit, novelty has been shown to induce plasticity-related changes in the hippocampus. However, it remains an open question how novelty targets such plasticity-related changes in cortical networks. We show that anterior hippocampus and VTA target cortical networks at different spatial scales, with respective enhancements in post-novelty functional coupling with a task-relevant cortical region and a large-scale memory network. The results presented here support an extended model of novelty-related plasticity, in which engaging the anterior hippocampal-VTA circuit through novelty exposure propagates cortical plasticity through hippocampal and VTA functional pathways at distinct scales, targeting specific or diffuse cortical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fain, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murty, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novelty-related engagement of VTA and anterior hippocampus propagate changes in cortical network plasticity at different scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Halofuginone Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphWe identify the prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) inhibitor halofuginone1, a compound in clinical trials for anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory applications2, as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry3. We find that halofuginone reduces HS biosynthesis, thereby reducing spike protein binding, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Halofuginone also potently suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication post-entry and is 1,000-fold more potent than Remdesivir4. Inhibition of HS biosynthesis and SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on specific inhibition of PRS, possibly due to translational suppression of proline-rich proteins. We find that pp1a and pp1ab polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2, as well as several HS proteoglycans, are proline-rich, which may make them particularly vulnerable to halofuginones translational suppression. Halofuginone is orally bioavailable, has been evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in humans and distributes to SARS-CoV-2 target organs, including the lung, making it a near-term clinical trial candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel Clausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nora, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magida, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cribbs, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, J. K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majowicz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spliid, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piermatteo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunddal, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caradonna, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicar, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimikas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballatore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazitsch</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Halofuginone Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parasitic nematode fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins compromise host immunity by interfering with host lipid signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasitic nematodes cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Excretory/secretory products (ESPs) such as fatty acid- and retinol- binding proteins (FARs) are hypothesized to suppress host immunity during infection, yet little is known about their interactions with host tissues. Leveraging the insect parasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, we provide the first in vivo study that shows FARs modulate animal immunity, causing an increase in susceptibility to bacterial infection. Next we determined that FARs dampen various aspects of the fly immune response including the phenoloxidase cascade and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. Finally, we found that FARs deplete lipid signaling precursors in vivo as well as bind to these fatty acids in vitro, suggesting that FARs elicit their immunomodulatory effects by altering the availability of lipid signaling molecules necessary for a functional immune response. Collectively, these data reveal a complex role for FARs in immunosuppression and provide detailed mechanistic insight into parasitism in phylum Nematoda.

SignificanceA central aspect of parasitic nematode success is their ability to modify host biology, including evasion and/or subversion of host immunity. Modulation of host biology and the pathology caused by parasitic nematodes is largely effected through the release of proteins and small molecules. There are hundreds of proteins released by nematodes during an infection and few have been studied in detail. Fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins (FARs) are a unique protein family released during infection. We report that nematode FARs from S. carpocapsae, C. elegans and A. ceylanicum dampen fly immunity decreasing resistance to infection. Mechanistically, this is achieved through modulation of the phenoloxidase cascade and antimicrobial peptide production. Furthermore, FARs alter the availability of lipid immune signaling precursors in vivo and show binding specificity in vitro.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=187 SRC="FIGDIR/small/436866v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@48f582org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ee4292org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1548248org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13574d6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrolahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juncaj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanaka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parasitic nematode fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins compromise host immunity by interfering with host lipid signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
aPC/PAR1 confers endothelial anti-apoptotic activity via a discrete β-arrestin-2 mediated SphK1-S1PR1-Akt signaling axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with multiple vascular diseases and lacks effective treatments. Activated Protein C (aPC) is a promising biotherapeutic that signals via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) to promote diverse cytoprotective responses, including endothelial barrier stabilization, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, which is facilitated by co-receptors. We showed that aPC-activated PAR1 signals preferentially via {beta}-arrestin-2 ({beta}-arr2) and dishevelled-2 (Dvl2) scaffolds rather than G proteins to enhance barrier protection. However, the mechanisms by which aPC/PAR1 promotes other cytoprotective responses are poorly understood. Here we define a novel {beta}-arr2-mediated sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1)-sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-Akt signaling axis that confers aPC/PAR1-mediated protection against cell death. We show that PAR1 and S1PR1 co-exist in caveolin-1-rich microdomains basally and aPC markedly increases S1PR1-caveolin-1 co-association. Moreover, aPC stimulates {beta}-arr2-dependent SphK1 activation independent of Dvl2, which is critical for S1PR1 transactivation. These studies reveal that different aPC/PAR1 cytoprotective responses are mediated by discrete {beta}-arr2-driven signaling pathways in caveolae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molinar-Inglis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimsey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Menzies, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.437291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[aPC/PAR1 confers endothelial anti-apoptotic activity via a discrete β-arrestin-2 mediated SphK1-S1PR1-Akt signaling axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protective broadly cross-reactive human antibody defines a conserved site of vulnerability on beta-coronavirus spikes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to coronaviruses (CoVs) are valuable in their own right as prophylactic and therapeutic reagents to treat diverse CoVs and, importantly, as templates for rational pan-CoV vaccine design. We recently described a bnAb, CC40.8, from a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-convalescent donor that exhibits broad reactivity with human beta-coronaviruses ({beta}-CoVs). Here, we showed that CC40.8 targets the conserved S2 stem-helix region of the coronavirus spike fusion machinery. We determined a crystal structure of CC40.8 Fab with a SARS-CoV-2 S2 stem-peptide at 1.6 [A] resolution and found that the peptide adopted a mainly helical structure. Conserved residues in {beta}-CoVs interacted with CC40.8 antibody, thereby providing a molecular basis for its broad reactivity. CC40.8 exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in two animal models. In both models, CC40.8-treated animals exhibited less weight loss and reduced lung viral titers compared to controls. Furthermore, we noted CC40.8-like bnAbs are relatively rare in human COVID-19 infection and therefore their elicitation may require rational structure-based vaccine design strategies. Overall, our study describes a target on {beta}-CoV spike proteins for protective antibodies that may facilitate the development of pan-{beta}-CoV vaccines.

SUMMARYA human mAb isolated from a COVID-19 donor defines a protective cross-neutralizing epitope for pan-{beta}-CoV vaccine design strategies
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaabani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protective broadly cross-reactive human antibody defines a conserved site of vulnerability on beta-coronavirus spikes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ammonium transporter is a non-canonical olfactory receptor for ammonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two families of ligand-gated ion channels function as olfactory receptors in insects. Here, we show that these canonical olfactory receptors are not necessary for responses to ammonia, a key ecological odor that is attractive to many insects including disease vectors and agricultural pests. Instead, we show that a member of the ancient electrogenic ammonium transporter family, Amt, is a new type of olfactory receptor. We report two hitherto unidentified olfactory neuron populations that mediate neuronal and behavioral responses to ammonia. Their endogenous ammonia responses are Amt-dependent, and ectopic expression of either Drosophila or Anopheles Amt confers ammonia sensitivity. Amt is the first transporter known to function as an olfactory receptor in animals, and its role may be conserved across insect species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vulpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava Gonzales, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ammonium transporter is a non-canonical olfactory receptor for ammonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SPARC DRC: Building a resource for the autonomic nervous system community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Data and Resource Center (DRC) of the NIH-funded SPARC program is developing databases, connectivity maps and simulation tools for the mammalian autonomic nervous system. The experimental data and mathematical models supplied to the DRC by the SPARC consortium are curated, annotated and semantically linked via a single knowledgebase. A data portal has been developed that allows discovery of data and models both via semantic search and via an interface that includes Google Map-like 2D flatmaps for displaying connectivity, and 3D anatomical organ scaffolds that provide a common coordinate framework for cross-species comparisons. We discuss examples that illustrate the data pipeline, which includes data upload, curation, segmentation (for image data), registration against the flatmaps and scaffolds, and finally display via the web portal, including the link to freely available online computational facilities that will enable neuromodulation hypotheses to be investigated by the autonomic neuroscience community and device manufacturers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osanlouy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bono, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassara, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guercio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuster, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SPARC DRC: Building a resource for the autonomic nervous system community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 proofreading exoribonuclease ExoN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-fidelity replication of the large RNA genome of coronaviruses (CoVs) is mediated by a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) in non-structural protein 14 (nsp14), which excises nucleotides including antiviral drugs mis-incorporated by the low-fidelity viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and has also been implicated in viral RNA recombination and resistance to innate immunity. Here we determined a 1.6-[A] resolution crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 ExoN in complex with its essential co-factor, nsp10. The structure shows a highly basic and concave surface flanking the active site, comprising several Lys residues of nsp14 and the N-terminal amino group of nsp10. Modeling suggests that this basic patch binds to the template strand of double-stranded RNA substrates to position the 3' end of the nascent strand in the ExoN active site, which is corroborated by mutational and computational analyses. Molecular dynamics simulations further show remarkable flexibility of multi-domain nsp14 and suggest that nsp10 stabilizes ExoN for substrate RNA-binding to support its exoribonuclease activity. Our high-resolution structure of the SARS-CoV-2 ExoN-nsp10 complex serves as a platform for future development of anti-coronaviral drugs or strategies to attenuate the viral virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moeller, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 proofreading exoribonuclease ExoN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OGUs enable effective, phylogeny-aware analysis of even shallow metagenome community structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Operational Genomic Unit (OGU), a metagenome analysis strategy that directly exploits sequence alignment hits to individual reference genomes as the minimum unit for assessing the diversity of microbial communities and their relevance to environmental factors. This approach is independent from taxonomic classification, granting the possibility of maximal resolution of community composition, and organizes features into an accurate hierarchy using a phylogenomic tree. The outputs are suitable for contemporary analytical protocols for community ecology, differential abundance and supervised learning while supporting phylogenetic methods, such as UniFrac and phylofactorization, that are seldomly applied to shotgun metagenomics despite being prevalent in 16S rRNA gene amplicon studies. As demonstrated in one synthetic and two real-world case studies, the OGU method produces biologically meaningful patterns from microbiome datasets. Such patterns further remain detectable at very low metagenomic sequencing depths. Compared with taxonomic unit-based analyses implemented in currently adopted metagenomics tools, and the analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants, this method shows superiority in informing biologically relevant insights, including stronger correlation with body environment and host sex on the Human Microbiome Project dataset, and more accurate prediction of human age by the gut microbiomes in the Finnish population. We provide Woltka, a bioinformatics tool to implement this method, with full integration with the QIIME 2 package and the Qiita web platform, to facilitate OGU adoption in future metagenomics studies.

ImportanceShotgun metagenomics is a powerful, yet computationally challenging, technique compared to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing for decoding the composition and structure of microbial communities. However, current analyses of metagenomic data are primarily based on taxonomic classification, which is limited in feature resolution compared to 16S rRNA amplicon sequence variant analysis. To solve these challenges, we introduce Operational Genomic Units (OGUs), which are the individual reference genomes derived from sequence alignment results, without further assigning them taxonomy. The OGU method advances current read-based metagenomics in two dimensions: (i) providing maximal resolution of community composition while (ii) permitting use of phylogeny-aware tools. Our analysis of real-world datasets shows several advantages over currently adopted metagenomic analysis methods and the finest-grained 16S rRNA analysis methods in predicting biological traits. We thus propose the adoption of OGU as standard practice in metagenomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiminen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuczynski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepich-Poore, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejzerowicz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Ferre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meric, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niiranen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomaa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inouye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OGUs enable effective, phylogeny-aware analysis of even shallow metagenome community structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GNPS Dashboard: Collaborative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data in the Web Browser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Access to web-based platforms has enabled scientists to perform research remotely. A critical aspect of mass spectrometry data analysis is the inspection, analysis, and visualization of the raw data to validate data quality and confirm statistical observations. We developed the GNPS Dashboard, a web-based data visualization tool, to facilitate synchronous collaborative inspection, visualization, and analysis of private and public mass spectrometry data remotely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belle-Oudry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Hoyos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marty, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neve, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thukral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Castro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GNPS Dashboard: Collaborative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data in the Web Browser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory readout accounts for adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory responses and behavior are strongly shaped by stimulus history. For instance, perceptual reports are sometimes biased towards previously viewed stimuli (serial dependence). While behavioral studies have pointed to both perceptual and post-perceptual origins of this phenomenon, neural data that could elucidate where these biases emerge is limited. We recorded fMRI responses while human participants (male and female) performed a delayed orientation discrimination task. While behavioral reports were attracted to the previous stimulus, response patterns in visual cortex were repelled. We reconciled these opposing neural and behavioral biases using a model where both sensory encoding and readout are shaped by stimulus history. First, neural adaptation reduces redundancy at encoding and leads to the repulsive biases that we observed in visual cortex. Second, our modeling work suggest that serial dependence is induced by readout mechanisms that account for adaptation in visual cortex. According to this account, the visual system can simultaneously improve efficiency via adaptation while still optimizing behavior based on the temporal structure of natural stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory readout accounts for adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitin specific protease 1 expression and function in T cell immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells are essential mediators of the immune responses against infectious diseases and provide long-lived protection from reinfection. The differentiation of naive T cells to effector T cells and subsequent differentiation and persistence of memory T cell populations in response to infection is a highly regulated process. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, are important regulators of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses; however, their regulation at the protein level has not been explored. Recently, the deubiquitinase USP1 was shown to stabilize Id2 and modulate cellular differentiation in osteosarcomas. Here, we investigated a role for Usp1 in posttranslational control of Id2 and Id3 in T cells. We show that Usp1 was upregulated in T cells following activation in vitro or following infection in vivo, and the extent of Usp1 expression correlated with the degree of T cell expansion. Usp1 directly interacted with Id2 and Id3 following T cell activation. However, Usp1-deficiency did not impact Id protein abundance in effector T cells or alter effector CD8+ T cell expansion or differentiation following a primary infection. Usp1 deficiency did result in a gradual loss of memory cells over time and impaired accumulation and altered differentiation following a secondary infection. Together, these results identify Usp1 as a player in modulating recall responses at the protein level and highlight differences in regulation of T cell responses between primary and subsequent infection encounters. Finally, our observations reveal that differential regulation of Id2/3 proteins between immune vs non-immune cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omilusik, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadjsombati, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitin specific protease 1 expression and function in T cell immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRECISE 2.0: an expanded high-quality RNA-seq compendium for Escherichia coli K-12 reveals high-resolution transcriptional regulatory structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic data is accumulating rapidly; thus, development of scalable methods for extracting knowledge from this data is critical. We assembled a top-down transcriptional regulatory network for Escherichia coli from a 1035-sample, single-protocol, high-quality RNA-seq compendium. The compendium contains diverse growth conditions, including: 4 temperatures; 9 media; 39 supplements, including antibiotics; and 76 unique gene knockouts. Using unsupervised machine learning, we extracted 117 regulatory modules that account for 86% of known regulatory network interactions. We also identified two novel regulons. After expanding the compendium with 1675 publicly available samples, we extracted similar modules, highlighting the methods scalability and stability. We provide workflows to enable analysis of new user data against this knowledge base, and demonstrate its utility for experimental design. This work provides a blueprint for top-down regulatory network elucidation across organisms using existing data, without any prior annotation and using existing data.

Highlights- Single protocol, high quality RNA-seq dataset contains 1035 samples from Escherichia coli covering a wide range of growth conditions
- Machine learning identifies 117 regulatory modules that capture the majority of known regulatory interactions
- Resulting knowledge base combines expression levels and module activities to enable regulon discovery and empower novel experimental design
- Standard workflows provided to enable application of knowledge base to new user data


Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRECISE 2.0: an expanded high-quality RNA-seq compendium for Escherichia coli K-12 reveals high-resolution transcriptional regulatory structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NaCT (SLC13A5) facilitates citrate import and metabolism under nutrient-limited conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Citrate lies at a critical node of metabolism linking tricarboxylic acid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis via acetyl-coenzyme A. Recent studies have linked the sodium citrate transporter (NaCT), encoded by SLC13A5, to dysregulated hepatic metabolism and pediatric epilepsy. To examine how NaCT-mediated citrate metabolism contributes to the pathophysiology of these diseases we applied 13C isotope tracing to SLC13A5-deficient hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and primary rat cortical neurons. Exogenous citrate contributed to intermediary metabolism at appreciable levels only under hypoxic conditions. In the absence of glutamine, citrate supplementation increased de novo lipogenesis and growth of HCC cells. Knockout of SLC13A5 in Huh7 cells compromised citrate uptake and catabolism. Citrate supplementation rescued Huh7 cell viability in response to glutamine deprivation and Zn2+ treatment, and these effects were mitigated by NaCT deficiency. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NaCT-mediated citrate uptake is metabolically important under nutrient limited conditions and may facilitate resistance to metal toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalacker-Mercer, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NaCT (SLC13A5) facilitates citrate import and metabolism under nutrient-limited conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons represent changes in external and internal environments by altering their activity patterns. While coherent brain-wide patterns of neural activity have been observed in neuronal populations, very little is known about their dimensionality, geometry, and how they are correlated with sensory inputs. Here, we recorded the activity of most head neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans experiencing changes in bacterial or control buffer stimuli around their nose. We first classified active neurons into six functional clusters: two sensory neuron clusters (ON and OFF responding to addition and removal of stimuli, respectively) and four motor/command neuron clusters (AVA, RME, SMDD and SMDV). Next, we estimated stimulus selectivity for each cluster and found that while sensory neurons exhibit their maximal responses within 15 seconds, changes in bacterial stimuli drive maximal responses in command and motor neuron clusters after tens of seconds. Furthermore, we show that bacterial stimuli induce neural dynamics that are best described by a hyperbolic, not Euclidean, space, of dimensionality eight. The hyperbolic space provided a better description of neural activity than the standard Euclidean space. This space can be separated into three components - one sensory, and two motor directions (forward-backward and dorsal-ventral). Collectively, we show that C. elegans neural activity can be effectively represented in low-dimensional hyperbolic space to describe a sensorimotor transformation.

Significance statementA major function of a nervous system is to transform sensory information into behavioral outputs. As the first receiver of sensory input, sensory neuronal activity is often most correlated with stimulus features. However, this sensory activity is modified as it travels to other neurons, where it integrates with network activity before altering motor neurons and driving corresponding behavior. Activity in non-sensory neurons is driven by ongoing network activity and sensory input, but distinguishing between their relative contributions is often difficult. Here, we identify two sensory and four command/motor neuron clusters in the C. elegans neural network responding to bacterial stimuli and define their receptive fields. We then use a hyperbolic embedding to identify how these clusters interact with each other and identify the relevant dimensions that might alter behavior. Our method is fully scalable to other systems, including those without neuronal identities, and allows us to attribute neural activity to network states and behavioral outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cecere, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State dependence of neural networks on past history and stimulus presentation in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Neuronal Activation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Shapes the Environment of the Gut in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is extensively innervated by intrinsic neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and extrinsic neurons of the central nervous system and peripheral ganglia, which together regulate gut physiology. The GI tract also harbors a diverse microbiome, but interactions between the ENS and the microbiome remain poorly understood. Herein, we activate choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing gut-associated neurons in mice to determine effects on intestinal microbial communities and their metabolites, as well as on host physiology. The resulting multi-omics datasets support broad roles for discrete peripheral neuronal subtypes in shaping microbiome structure, including modulating bile acid profiles and fungal colonization. Physiologically, activation of either ChAT+ or TH+ neurons increases fecal output, while only ChAT+ activation results in increased colonic migrating motor complexes and diarrhea-like fluid secretion. These findings suggest that specific subsets of peripherally-activated ENS neurons differentially regulate the gut microbiome and GI physiology in mice, without involvement of signals from the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuy-Boun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweredoski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Neuronal Activation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Shapes the Environment of the Gut in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Binge Drinking is Associated with Accelerated Decline of Gray Matter Volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The age- and time-dependent effects of binge-drinking on adolescent brain development have not been well characterized even though binge drinking is a health crisis among adolescents. The impact of binge drinking on gray matter volume development was examined using longitudinal data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA). Non-binge drinkers (n=177) were matched to binge drinkers (n=164) on potential confounders. Number of binge drinking episodes in the past year was linked to decreased volumes for total gray matter, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (ps<.001). Interactions of binge drinking episodes and age demonstrated stronger effects in younger subjects for total gray matter, frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes (ps<.001). Subsequent models included binge drinking coded in multiple ways. Models sensitive to number of episodes and temporal proximity to outcomes provided the best fits. Declines in gray matter volume association with binge drinking are potentially related to changes in cognition frequently reported among binge drinking adolescents. Results underscore the potential importance of delaying initiation of binge drinking and provide evidence for a dose-response relationship of binge drinking to gray matter decline. Temporally proximal binge drinking was associated more strongly with gray matter decline, suggesting the potential for recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Infante, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumback, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colrain, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nooner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfefferbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Binge Drinking is Associated with Accelerated Decline of Gray Matter Volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.436660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline variants that influence the tumor immune microenvironment also drive response to immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.436660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the continued promise of immunotherapy as an avenue for treating cancer, understanding how host genetics contributes to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is essential to tailoring cancer screening and treatment strategies. Approaches that intersect SNP modifiers of molecular phenotype, such as gene expression, with disease phenotypes have shown promise for implicating causal genetic factors. Here we evaluated 194 literature-curated TIME associations and 890 associations detected with 157 immune phenotype (IP) components found using genotypes from over 8,000 individuals in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Of these 1084, 233 associations comprising 219 unique TIME-SNPs were also cancer relevant, associating with cancer risk, survival, and/or immunotherapy treatment response. Many cancer relevant TIME-SNPS overlapped regions of active transcription, and were associated with gene expression in specific immune cell subsets, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. TIME-SNPs associated with cancer risk and response to immunotherapy implicated genes involved in antigen presentation, especially by antigen presenting cells. The strongest associations with survival were with PD-L1 and CTLA-4, suggesting that SNPs modifying the potential for immune evasion could contribute to disease progression. To assess whether our approach could reveal novel cancer immunotherapy targets, we inhibited CTSS, a gene implicated by cancer risk and immunotherapy response-associated TIME-SNPs; CTSS inhibition resulted in slowed tumor growth and extended survival in vivo. These results validate the potential of cancer relevant TIME-SNPs to implicate target genes for countering immune suppressive characteristics of the TIME and set the stage for future host genetics analysis integrating germline variation and TIME characteristics.

SignificanceA systematic screen for common germline variants associated with the tumor immune microenvironment across > 8000 tumors reveals novel cancer risk factors and targets for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagadala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Guijarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talwar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Colin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.436660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline variants that influence the tumor immune microenvironment also drive response to immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiscale model predicts the sensitivity of Chlorella vulgaris to light and nitrogen levels in photobioreactors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maximization of lipid productivity in microalgae is crucial for the biofuel industry, and it can be achieved by manipulating their metabolism. However, little efforts have been made to apply metabolic models in a dynamic framework to predict possible outcomes to scenarios observed at an industrial scale. Here, we present a dynamic framework for the simulation of large-scale photobioreactors. The framework was generated by merging the genome-scale metabolic model of Chlorella vulgaris (iCZ843) with reactor-scale parameters, thus yielding a multiscale model. This multiscale model was employed to predict the sensitivity of growth and composition variation of C. vulgaris on light and nitrogen levels. Simulations of lipid accumulation quantified the tradeoff between growth and lipid biosynthesis under nitrogen limitation. Moreover, our modeling approach quantitatively predicted the dependence of microalgal metabolism on light intensity and circadian oscillations. Finally, we use the model to design a reactor irradiance profile that maximized lipid accumulation, thus achieving a lipid productivity increase of 46% at a constant intensity of 966 E m-2 s-1. Our modeling framework elucidated how metabolism and external factors can be combined to predict optimized parameters for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tibocha-Bonilla, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broddrick, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy-Silva, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiscale model predicts the sensitivity of Chlorella vulgaris to light and nitrogen levels in photobioreactors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.439387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindfulness Training Alters Resting-State EEG Dynamics in Novice Practitioners via Mindful Breathing and Body-scan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.439387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been proven to improve mental health and quality of life. This study examined how mindfulness training and various types of mindfulness practices altered brain activity. Specifically, the spectral powers of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) of the MBSR group who underwent an 8-week mindfulness training--including mindful breathing and body-scan--were evaluated and compared with those of the waitlist controls. Empirical results indicated that the long-term mindfulness intervention effect significantly elevated the resting-state beta powers and reduced resting-state delta powers in both practices; such changes were not observed in the waitlist control. Compared with mindful breathing, body-scanning resulted in an overall decline in EEG spectral powers at both delta and gamma bands among trained participants. Together with our preliminary data of expert mediators, the aforementioned spectral changes were salient after intervention, but mitigated along with expertise. Additionally, after receiving training, the MBSR groups mindfulness and emotion regulation levels improved significantly, which were correlated with the EEG spectral changes in the theta, alpha, and low-beta bands. This study elaborated the neurophysiological correlates of mindfulness practices, suggesting that MBSR might function as a unique internal processing that involves increased vigilant capability and induces alterations similar to other cognitive training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, H.-Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guu, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.439387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindfulness Training Alters Resting-State EEG Dynamics in Novice Practitioners via Mindful Breathing and Body-scan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
System-level effects of CO2 and RuBisCO concentration on carbon isotope fractionation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the Precambrian geologic record are primarily interpreted to reflect ancient cyanobacterial carbon fixation catalyzed by Form I RuBisCO enzymes. The average range of isotopic biosignatures generally follows that produced by extant cyanobacteria. However, this observation is difficult to reconcile with several environmental (e.g., temperature, pH, and CO2 concentrations), molecular, and physiological factors that likely would have differed during the Precambrian and can produce fractionation variability in contemporary organisms that meets or exceeds that observed in the geologic record. To test a range of genetic and environmental factors that may have impacted ancient carbon isotope biosignatures, we engineered a mutant strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that overexpresses RuBisCO and characterized the resultant physiological and isotope fractionation effects. We specifically investigated how both increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and RuBisCO regulation influence cell growth, oxygen evolution rate, and carbon isotope fractionation in cyanobacteria. We found that elevated CO2 increases the growth rate of wild-type and mutant strains, and that the pool of active RuBisCO enzyme increases with increased expression. RuBisCO overexpression in our engineered strain does not significantly affect isotopic discrimination at all tested CO2 concentrations, yielding cellular 13C/12C isotope discrimination ({varepsilon}p) of [~]24{per thousand} for both wild-type and mutant strains at elevated CO2. Understanding the environmental factors that impact gene regulation, physiology, and evolution is crucial for reconciling microbially driven carbon isotope fractionation with the geologic record carbon biosignatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedzior, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[System-level effects of CO2 and RuBisCO concentration on carbon isotope fractionation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoenzymatic Generation of Phospholipid Membranes Mediated by Type I Fatty Acid Synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The de novo formation of lipid membranes from minimal reactive precursors is a major goal in synthetic cell research. In nature, the synthesis of membrane phospholipids is orchestrated by numerous enzymes, including fatty acid synthases and membrane-bound acyltransferases. However, these enzymatic pathways are difficult to fully reproduce in vitro. As such, the reconstitution of phospholipid membrane synthesis from simple metabolic building blocks remains a challenge. Here, we describe a chemoenzymatic strategy for lipid membrane generation that utilizes a soluble bacterial fatty acid synthase (cgFAS I) to synthesize palmitoyl-CoA in situ from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The fatty acid derivative spontaneously reacts with a cysteine-modified lysophospholipid by native chemical ligation (NCL), affording a non-canonical amidophospholipid that self-assembles into micron-sized membrane-bound vesicles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of reconstituting phospholipid membrane formation directly from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Our results demonstrate that combining the specificity and efficiency of a type I fatty acid synthase with a highly selective bioconjugation reaction provides a biomimetic route for the de novo formation of membrane-bound vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brea Fernandez, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoenzymatic Generation of Phospholipid Membranes Mediated by Type I Fatty Acid Synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of fatty acyl-CoA ligase drives one-pot de novo synthesis of membrane-bound vesicles in a cell free transcription-translation system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the central importance of lipid membranes in cellular organization, it is challenging to reconstitute their de novo formation from minimal chemical and biological elements. Here we describe a chemoenzymatic route to membrane-forming non-canonical phospholipids in which cysteine-modified lysolipids undergo spontaneous coupling with fatty acyl-CoA thioesters generated enzymatically by a fatty acyl-CoA ligase. Due to the high efficiency of the reaction, we were able to optimize phospholipid membrane formation in a cell-free transcription-translation (TX-TL) system. Combining DNA encoding for the fatty acyl-CoA ligase with suitable lipid precursors, enabled spontaneous one-pot de novo synthesis of membrane-bound vesicles. Non-canonical sphingolipid synthesis was also possible by using a cysteine-modified lysosphingomyelin as a precursor. When the sphingomyelin-interacting protein lysenin is co-expressed alongside the acyl CoA ligase, the in situ assembled membranes were spontaneously modified with protein. Our strategy of coupling gene expression with membrane lipid synthesis in a one-pot fashion could facilitate the generation of proteoliposomes and brings us closer to the bottom-up generation of synthetic cells using recombinant synthetic biology platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brea, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of fatty acyl-CoA ligase drives one-pot de novo synthesis of membrane-bound vesicles in a cell free transcription-translation system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid blood acid-base regulation by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in response to sudden exposure to high environmental CO2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fish in coastal ecosystems can be exposed to acute variations in CO2 that can approach 1 kPa CO2 (10,000 atm). Coping with this environmental challenge will depend on the ability to rapidly compensate the internal acid-base disturbance caused by sudden exposure to high environmental CO2 (blood and tissue acidosis); however, studies about the speed of acid-base regulatory responses in marine fish are scarce. We observed that upon exposure to ~1 kPa CO2, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) completely regulate erythrocyte intracellular pH within ~40 minutes, thus restoring haemoglobin-O2 affinity to pre-exposure levels. Moreover, blood pH returned to normal levels within ~2 hours, which is one of the fastest acid-base recoveries documented in any fish. This was achieved via a large upregulation of net acid excretion and accumulation of HCO3- in blood, which increased from ~4 to ~22 mM. While the abundance and intracellular localisation of gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) remained unchanged, the apical surface area of acid-excreting gill ionocytes doubled. This constitutes a novel mechanism for rapidly increasing acid excretion during sudden blood acidosis. Rapid acid-base regulation was completely prevented when the same high CO2 exposure occurred in seawater with experimentally reduced HCO3- and pH, likely because reduced environmental pH inhibited gill H+ excretion via NHE3. The rapid and robust acid-base regulatory responses identified will enable European sea bass to maintain physiological performance during large and sudden CO2 fluctuations that naturally occur in coastal environments.

Summary statementEuropean sea bass exposed to 1 kPa (10,000 atm) CO2 regulate blood and red cell pH within 2 hours and 40 minutes, respectively, protecting O2 transport capacity, via enhanced gill acid excretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finlay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhard, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birchenough, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresguerres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid blood acid-base regulation by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in response to sudden exposure to high environmental CO2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-CLAMP Enables Photo-activated Control of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing by Site-specific Intramolecular Cross-linking of the sgRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce RNA-CLAMP, a technology which enables site-specific and enzymatic cross-linking (clamping) of two selected stem loops within an RNA of interest. Intramolecular clamping of the RNA can disrupt normal RNA function, whereas subsequent photo-cleavage of the crosslinker restores activity. We applied the RNA-CLAMP technique to the single guide RNA of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. By clamping two stem loops of the single-guide RNA (sgRNA) with a photo-cleavable cross-linker, gene editing was completely silenced. Visible light irradiation cleaved the crosslinker and restored gene editing with high spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, by designing two photo-cleavable linkers which are responsive to different wavelength of lights, we achieved multiplexed photo-activation of gene editing in mammalian cells. Notably, although the Cas9-sgRNA RNP is not capable of DNA cleavage activity upon clamping, it maintained the capability to bind to the target DNA. The RNA-CLAMP enabled photo-activated CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing platform offers clean background, free choice of activation wavelength and multiplexing capability. We believe that this technology to precisely and rapidly control gene editing will serve as a versatile tool in the future development of stimuli responsive gene editing technologies. Beyond gene editing, RNA-CLAMP provides a site-specific tool for manipulating the internal structure of functional RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tota, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-CLAMP Enables Photo-activated Control of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing by Site-specific Intramolecular Cross-linking of the sgRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalization of Cortical Multivariate Genome-Wide Associations Within and Across Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Association studies have typically been limited to single phenotypes, given that high dimensional phenotypes incur a large multiple comparisons burden: ~1 million tests across the genome times the number of phenotypes. Recent work demonstrates that a Multivariate Omnibus Statistic Test (MOSTest) is well powered to discover genomic effects distributed across multiple phenotypes. Applied to cortical brain MRI morphology measures, MOSTest has resulted in a drastic improvement in power to discover loci when compared to established approaches (min-P). One question that arises is how well these discovered loci replicate in independent data. Here we perform 10 times cross validation within 35,644 individuals from UK Biobank for imaging measures of cortical area, thickness and sulcal depth (>1,000 dimensionality for each). By deploying a replication method that aggregates discovered effects distributed across multiple phenotypes, termed PolyVertex Score (PVS), we demonstrate a higher replication yield and comparable replication rate of discovered loci for MOSTest (# replicated loci: 348-845, replication rate: 94-95%) in independent data when compared with the established min-P approach (# replicated loci: 31-68, replication rate: 65-80%). An out-of-sample replication of discovered loci was conducted with a sample of 8,336 individuals from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development(R) (ABCD) study, who are on average 50 years younger than UK Biobank individuals. We observe a higher replication yield and comparable replication rate of MOSTest compared to min-P. This finding underscores the importance of using well-powered multivariate techniques for both discovery and replication of high dimensional phenotypes in Genome-Wide Association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalization of Cortical Multivariate Genome-Wide Associations Within and Across Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nematode worm C. elegans chooses between bacterial foods exactly as if maximizing economic utility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.441352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In value-based decision making, options are selected according to subjective values assigned by the individual to available goods and actions. Despite the importance of this faculty of the mind, the neural mechanisms of value assignments, and how choices are directed by them, remain obscure. To investigate this problem, we used a classic measure of utility maximization, the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference, to quantify internal consistency of food preferences in Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode worm with a nervous system of only 302 neurons. Using a novel combination of microfluidics and electrophysiology, we found that C. elegans food choices fulfill the necessary and sufficient conditions for utility maximization, indicating that nematodes behave as if they maintain, and attempt to maximize, an underlying representation of subjective value. Food choices are well-fit by a utility function widely used to model human consumers. Moreover, as in many other animals, subjective values in C. elegans are learned, a process we find requires intact dopamine signaling. Differential responses of identified chemosensory neurons to foods with distinct growth potentials are amplified by prior consumption of these foods, suggesting that these neurons may be part of a value-assignment system. The demonstration of utility maximization in an organism with a very small nervous system sets a new lower bound on the computational requirements for utility maximization and offers the prospect of an essentially complete explanation of value-based decision making at single neuron resolution in this organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbaugh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glimcher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.441352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nematode worm C. elegans chooses between bacterial foods exactly as if maximizing economic utility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular Organization of Viral Particles During Maturation of Nucleus-Forming Jumbo Phage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic viruses assemble mature particles within distinct subcellular compartments, but bacteriophages were long assumed to assemble randomly throughout the host cell cytoplasm. Here we visualized the subcellular location of viral particles formed during replication of Pseudomonas nucleus-forming jumbo phages and discovered that they assemble a unique structure inside cells we term phage bouquets. We show that after capsids complete DNA packaging at the surface of the phage nucleus, tails assemble and attach to the capsids, and these particles accumulate to form bouquets at specific subcellular locations. In these bouquets, the viral particles are arranged in a spherical pattern with tails oriented inward and the heads outwards. Localized at fixed distances on either side of the phage nucleus, bouquets grow in size and number over time as new phage particles are added. In the presence of mutations that cause the phage nucleus to be mispositioned away from its typical position at the midcell, bouquets still localize at the same fixed distance from the nucleus, suggesting an active mechanism for their formation and positioning. These results mark the discovery of a pathway for organizing mature viral particles inside bacteria and demonstrate that nucleus-forming jumbo phage, like most eukaryotic viruses, are highly spatially organized during all stages of their lytic cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaikeeratisak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular Organization of Viral Particles During Maturation of Nucleus-Forming Jumbo Phage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal proteome allocation during changing environments constrains bacterial response and growth recovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To sustain growth in fluctuating environments microbial organisms must respond appropriately. The response generally requires the synthesis of novel proteins, but this synthesis can be impeded due to the depletion of biosynthetic precursors when growth conditions vary. Microbes must thus devise effective response strategies to manage depleting precursors. To better understand these strategies, we here investigate the active response of Escherichia coli to changes in nutrient conditions, connecting transient gene-expression behavior to growth phenotypes. By synthetically modifying the gene expression during changing growth conditions, we show how the competition by genes for the limited protein synthesis capacity constrains the cellular response. Despite this constraint, cells substantially express genes that are not required, severely slowing down the response. These findings highlight that cells do not optimize growth and recovery in every encountered environment but rather exhibit hardwired response strategies that may have evolved to promote growth and fitness in their native environment and include the regulation of multiple genes. The constraint and the suboptimality of the cellular response uncovered in this study provides a conceptual framework relevant for many research applications, from the prediction of evolution and adaptation to the improvement of gene circuits in biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal proteome allocation during changing environments constrains bacterial response and growth recovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic morphological and morphometric analysis of identified olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical properties of sensory neurons are influenced by their morphometric and morphological features, whose precise measurements require high-quality volume electron microscopy (EM). However, systematic surveys of these nanoscale characteristics for identified neurons are scarce. Here, we characterize the morphology of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) across the majority of genetically identified sensory hairs. By analyzing serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) images of cryofixed antennal tissues, we compile an extensive morphometric dataset based on 122 reconstructed 3D models of 33 identified ORN types. In addition, we observe multiple novel features--including extracellular vacuoles within sensillum lumen, intricate dendritic branching, mitochondria enrichment in select ORNs, novel sensillum types, and empty sensilla containing no neurons--which raise new questions pertinent to cell biology and sensory neurobiology. Our systematic survey is critical for future investigations into how the size and shape of sensory neurons influence their responses, sensitivity and circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nava Gonzales, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKaughan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauwenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic morphological and morphometric analysis of identified olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allelic variation in Class I HLA determines pre-existing memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 that shape the CD8+ T cell repertoire upon viral exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective presentation of antigens by HLA class I molecules to CD8+ T cells is required for viral elimination and generation of long-term immunological memory. In this study, we applied a single-cell, multi-omic technology to generate the first unified ex vivo characterization of the CD8+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 across 4 major HLA class I alleles. We found that HLA genotype conditions key features of epitope specificity, TCR /{beta} sequence diversity, and the utilization of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 reactive memory T cell pools. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed functionally diverse T cell phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells, associated with both disease stage and epitope specificity. Our results show that HLA variations influence pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and shape the immune repertoire upon subsequent viral exposure.

One-Sentence SummaryWe perform a unified, multi-omic characterization of the CD8+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2, revealing pre-existing immunity conditioned by HLA genotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leistritz-Edwards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roscoe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockwell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gienger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MGH COVID-19 Collection and Processing Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moarefi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoberne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pregibon, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allelic variation in Class I HLA determines pre-existing memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 that shape the CD8+ T cell repertoire upon viral exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SmProt: a reliable repository with comprehensive annotation of small proteins identified from ribosome profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small proteins specifically refer to proteins consisting of less than 100 amino acids translated from small open reading frames (sORFs), which were usually missed in previous genome annotation. The significance of small proteins has been revealed in current years, along with the discovery of their diverse functions. However, systematic annotation of small proteins is still insufficient. SmProt was specially developed to provide valuable information on small proteins for scientific community. Here we present the update of SmProt, which emphasizes reliability of translated sORFs, genetic variants in translated sORFs, disease-specific sORFs translation events or sequences, and significantly increased data volume. More components such as non-AUG translation initiation, function, and new sources are also included. SmProt incorporated 638,958 unique small proteins curated from 3,165,229 primary records, which were computationally predicted from 419 ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) datasets and collected from the literature and other sources originating from 370 cell lines or tissues in 8 species (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Escherichia coli). In addition, small protein families identified from human microbiomes were collected. All datasets in SmProt are free to access, and available for browse, search, and bulk downloads at http://bigdata.ibp.ac.cn/SmProt/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SmProt: a reliable repository with comprehensive annotation of small proteins identified from ribosome profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic adaptation to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in aging POLGD257A mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A decline in mitochondrial function is associated with neurodegeneration and aging. Progressive mitochondrial defects have diverse metabolic consequences that could drive some of the pathophysiological changes that occur with aging. Here, we comprehensively characterized metabolic alterations in PolgD257A mitochondrial DNA mutator mice. Plasma alanine increased dramatically with time, with lactate and other organic acids accumulating to a lesser extent. These changes were reflective of increased glycolysis, rapid gluconeogenesis, and hypoglycemia. Tracing with [15N]ammonium revealed impairment of the urea cycle and diversion to purine catabolism. We also measured alterations in the lipidome, observing a general reduction in canonical lipids and the accumulation of 1-deoxysphingolipids, which are synthesized from alanine via promiscuous serine palmitoyltransferase activity. Consistent with 1-deoxysphingolipids association with peripheral neuropathy, PolgD257A mice exhibited thermal hypoalgesia. These results highlight the distinct changes that occur in carbon and nitrogen metabolism upon mitochondrial impairment and key metabolic mechanisms which can drive aging-associated neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handzlik, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gengatharan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic adaptation to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in aging POLGD257A mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In heart failure reactivation of RNA-binding proteins drives the transcriptome into a fetal state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide expression changes occur during heart failure, including reactivation of fetal-specific isoforms. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the extent to which a fetal gene program switch occurs remains unclear. Limitations hindering transcriptome-wide analyses of alternative splicing differences (i.e. isoform switching) in cardiovascular system (CVS) tissues between fetal and adult (healthy and diseased) stages have included both cellular heterogeneity across bulk RNA-seq samples and limited availability of fetal tissue for research. To overcome these limitations, we have deconvoluted the cellular compositions of 996 RNA-seq samples representing heart failure, healthy adult (heart and arteria), and fetal-like (iPSC-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells) CVS tissues. Comparison of the expression profiles revealed that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are highly overexpressed in fetal-like compared with healthy adult and are reactivated in heart failure, which results in expression of thousands fetal-specific isoforms. Of note, isoforms for 20 different RBPs were among those that reverted in heart failure to the fetal-like expression pattern. We determined that, compared with adult-specific isoforms, fetal-specific isoforms are more likely to bind RBPs, have canonical sequences at their splice sites and encode proteins with more functions. Our findings suggest targeting RBP fetal-specific isoforms could result in novel therapeutics for heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAntonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In heart failure reactivation of RNA-binding proteins drives the transcriptome into a fetal state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired T-cell and antibody immunity after COVID-19 infection in chronically immunosuppressed transplant recipients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessment of T-cell immunity to the COVID-19 coronavirus requires reliable assays and is of great interest, given the uncertain longevity of the antibody response. Some recent reports have used immunodominant spike (S) antigenic peptides and anti-CD28 co-stimulation in varying combinations to assess T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. These assays may cause T-cell hyperstimulation and could overestimate antiviral immunity in chronically immunosuppressed transplant recipients, who are predisposed to infections and vaccination failures. Here, we evaluate CD154-expressing T-cells induced by unselected S antigenic peptides in 204 subjects-103 COVID-19 patients and 101 healthy unexposed subjects. Subjects included 72 transplanted and 130 non-transplanted subjects. S-reactive CD154+T-cells co-express and can thus substitute for IFN{gamma} (n=3). Assay reproducibility in a variety of conditions was acceptable with coefficient of variation of 2-10.6%. S-reactive CD154+T-cell frequencies were a) higher in 42 healthy unexposed transplant recipients who were sampled pre-pandemic, compared with 59 healthy non-transplanted subjects (p=0.02), b) lower in Tr COVID-19 patients compared with healthy transplant patients (p<0.0001), c) lower in Tr patients with severe COVID-19 (p<0.0001), or COVID-19 requiring hospitalization (p<0.05), compared with healthy Tr recipients. S-reactive T-cells were not significantly different between the various COVID-19 disease categories in NT recipients. Among transplant recipients with COVID-19, cytomegalovirus co-infection occurred in 34%; further, CMV-specific T-cells (p<0.001) and incidence of anti-receptor-binding-domain IgG (p=0.011) were lower compared with non-transplanted COVID-19 patients. Healthy unexposed transplant recipients exhibit pre-existing T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 infection leads to impaired T-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and increased risk of CMV co-infection in transplant recipients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashokkumar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroemer, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazariegos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazigi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekong, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancourt-Garcia, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrotra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltys, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ningappa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spishock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindhi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired T-cell and antibody immunity after COVID-19 infection in chronically immunosuppressed transplant recipients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of lineage-resolved complete metagenome-assembled genomes by precision phasing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in many environments include distinct lineages of closely related organisms which have proved challenging to separate in metagenomic assembly, preventing generation of complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). The advent of long and accurate HiFi reads presents a possible means to address this challenge by generating complete MAGs for nearly all sufficiently abundant bacterial genomes in a microbial community. We present a metagenomic HiFi assembly of a complex microbial community from sheep fecal material that resulted in 428 high-quality MAGs from a single sample, the highest resolution achieved with metagenomic deconvolution to date. We applied a computational approach to separate distinct haplotype lineages and identified haplotypes of hundreds of variants across hundreds of kilobases of genomic sequence. Analysis of these haplotypes revealed 220 lineage-resolved complete MAGs, including 44 in single circular contigs, and demonstrated improvement in overall assembly compared to error-prone long reads. We report the characterization of multiple, closely-related microbes within a sample with potential to improve precision in assigning mobile genetic elements to host genomes within complex microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bickhart, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobeynikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstoganov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uritskiy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liachko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreu, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panke-Buisse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medema, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of lineage-resolved complete metagenome-assembled genomes by precision phasing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.439182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the L3 to L4 developmental program through proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.439182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of infection with the lymphatic dwelling filarial parasites is dependent on the infectivity and subsequent development of the infective larvae (L3) within the human host to later stages (L4, adults) that require several developmental molts. The molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental processes in parasitic nematodes are not clearly defined. We report the proteomic profiles throughout the entire L3 to L4 molt using an established in vitro molting process for the human pathogen B. malayi. A total of 3466 proteins of B. malayi and 54 from Wolbachia were detected at one or more time points. Based on the proteomic profiling, the L3 to L4 molting proteome can be broadly divided into an early, middle and late phase. Enrichment of proteins, protein families and functional categories between each time point or between phases primarily relate to energy metabolism, immune evasion through secreted proteins, protein modification, and extracellular matrix-related processes involved in the development of new cuticle. Comparative analyses with somatic proteomes and transcriptomes highlighted the differential usage of cysteine proteinases (CPLs), BmCPL-1, -4 and -5 in the L3-L4 molt compared to the adults and microfilariae. Inhibition of the CPLs effectively blocked the in-vitro L3 to L4 molt. Overall, only 4 Wolbachia proteins (Wbm0495, Wbm0793, Wbm0635, and Wbm0786) were detected across all time points and suggest that they play an inconsequential role in the early developmental process.

ImportanceThe neglected tropical diseases of lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis (or river blindness), and loiasis are the three major filarial infections of humans that cause long-term disability, impaired childhood growth, reduced reproductive capacity. Global efforts to control and/or eliminate these infections as a public health concern are based on strategies and tools to strengthen the diagnostics, therapeutic and prophylactic measures. A deeper understanding of the genes, proteins and pathways critical for the development of the parasite is needed to help further investigate the mechanisms of parasite establishment and disease progression, because not all the transmitted infective larvae get to develop successfully and establish infections. The significance of this study is in identifying the proteins and the pathways that are needed by the parasite for successful developmental molts, that in turn will allow for investigating targets of therapeutic and prophylactic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennuru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustigman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutman, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.439182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the L3 to L4 developmental program through proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Cell Surface Display System in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-surface display systems are biotechnological techniques used to express heterologous proteins on the cell surface. Their application depends directly on the cell system used, as well as on the anchoring point for the surface displayed protein. To meet most application demands an inexpensive, safe, and scalable production platform, that reduces the economic barriers for large scale use is needed. Towards this goal, we screened three possible cell surface anchoring points in the green algae Chlamydomonas by fusing mVenus to prospective anchors moieties. The vectors harboring mVenus:anchor were screened for mVenus fluorescence and tested for cellular localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. This strategy allowed the identification of two functional anchors, one for the cytoplasmic membrane using the MAW8 GPI-anchor signal, and one for the cell wall using the GP1 protein. We also exploited GP1 chemical and biological traits to release the fused proteins efficiently during cell wall shedding. Our work provides a foundation for surface engineering of C reinhardtii supporting both cell biology studies and biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molino, J. V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gademann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Cell Surface Display System in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host cell serine protease TMPRSS2 is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug discovery. This protease activates the Spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and of other coronaviruses and is essential for viral spread in the lung. Utilizing rational structure-based drug design (SBDD) coupled to substrate specificity screening of TMPRSS2, we have discovered a novel class of small molecule ketobenzothiazole TMPRSS2 inhibitors with significantly improved activity over existing irreversible inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Lead compound MM3122 (4) has an IC50 of 340 pM against recombinant full-length TMPRSS2 protein, an EC50 of 430 pM in blocking host cell entry into Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells of a newly developed VSV SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus, and an EC50 of 74 nM in inhibiting cytopathic effects induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus in Calu-3 cells. Further, MM3122 blocks Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cell entry with an EC50 of 870 pM. MM3122 has excellent metabolic stability, safety, and pharmacokinetics in mice with a half-life of 8.6 hours in plasma and 7.5 h in lung tissue, making it suitable for in vivo efficacy evaluation and a promising drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damalanka, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pwee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer Bridwell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmakar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlauf, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klampfer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pöhlmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janetka, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 regulates AT1 receptor expression in Angiotensin II-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts via fibronectin-dependent Integrin-β1 signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent reports on the cardioprotective effects of fibronectin inhibition following myocardial injury suggest a largely unexplored role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein in cardiac fibroblast function. We probed the molecular regulation and functional implications of fibronectin gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to Angiotensin II, a major pro-fibrotic factor in the myocardium. Using gene knockdown and over-expression approaches, western blotting and promoter pull-down assay, we show that collagen type I-activated Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) mediates Angiotensin II-stimulated transcriptional up-regulation of fibronectin by Yes-activated Protein in cardiac fibroblasts. Further, siRNA-mediated fibronectin knockdown attenuated Angiotensin II-stimulated expression of collagen type I and anti-apoptotic cIAP2, and enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis. Importantly, an obligate role for fibronectin was observed in Angiotensin II-stimulated expression of AT1R, the Angiotensin II receptor, which would link ECM signaling and Angiotensin II signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, conditioned medium from DDR2- or fibronectin-silenced cardiac fibroblasts reduced AT1R expression in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The regulatory role of fibronectin in Angiotensin II-stimulated cIAP2, collagen type I and AT1R expression was mediated by Integrin-{beta}1-integrin-linked kinase signaling. In vivo, we observed modestly reduced basal levels of AT1R in DDR2-null mouse myocardium, associated with the previously reported reduction in myocardial Integrin-{beta}1 levels. The role of fibronectin, downstream of DDR2, could be a critical determinant of cardiac fibroblast-mediated wound healing following myocardial injury. In summary, our findings suggest a complex mechanism of regulation of cardiac fibroblast function involving two major extracellular matrix proteins, collagen type I and fibronectin, and their receptors, DDR2 and Integrin-{beta}1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Titus, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakkatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kailasam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 regulates AT1 receptor expression in Angiotensin II-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts via fibronectin-dependent Integrin-β1 signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic simulations reveal that dendritic spine morphology regulates synaptic plasticity in a deterministic manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines act as biochemical computational units and must adapt their responses according to their activation history. Calcium influx acts as the first signaling step during post-synaptic activation and is a determinant of synaptic weight change. Dendritic spines also come in a variety of sizes and shapes. To probe the relationship between calcium dynamics and spine morphology, we used a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of calcium dynamics in idealized and realistic geometries. We show that despite the stochastic nature of the various calcium channels, receptors, and pumps, spine size and shape can modulate calcium dynamics and subsequently synaptic weight updates in a deterministic manner. Through a series of exhaustive simulations, we find that the calcium dynamics and synaptic weight change depend on the volume-to-surface area of the spine. The relationships between calcium dynamics and spine morphology identified in idealized geometries also hold in realistic geometries suggesting that there are geometrically determined deterministic relationships that may modulate synaptic weight change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holst, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic simulations reveal that dendritic spine morphology regulates synaptic plasticity in a deterministic manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topologically Associating Domain Boundaries are Commonly Required for Normal Genome Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries are thought to partition the genome into distinct regulatory territories. Anecdotal evidence suggests that their disruption may interfere with normal gene expression and cause disease phenotype1-3, but the overall extent to which this occurs remains unknown. Here we show that TAD boundary deletions commonly disrupt normal genome function in vivo. We used CRISPR genome editing in mice to individually delete eight TAD boundaries (11-80kb in size) from the genome in mice. All deletions examined resulted in at least one detectable molecular or organismal phenotype, which included altered chromatin interactions or gene expression, reduced viability, and anatomical phenotypes. For 5 of 8 (62%) loci examined, boundary deletions were associated with increased embryonic lethality or other developmental phenotypes. For example, a TAD boundary deletion near Smad3/Smad6 caused complete embryonic lethality, while a deletion near Tbx5/Lhx5 resulted in a severe lung malformation. Our findings demonstrate the importance of TAD boundary sequences for in vivo genome function and suggest that noncoding deletions affecting TAD boundaries should be carefully considered for potential pathogenicity in clinical genetics screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajderkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barozzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda-Yuzawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akeza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meky, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Maydell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plajzer-Frick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llyod, K. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.443037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topologically Associating Domain Boundaries are Commonly Required for Normal Genome Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.441946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endoplasmic Reticulum morphological regulation by RTN4/NOGO modulates neuronal regeneration by slowing luminal transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.441946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell and tissue functions rely on an elaborate intracellular transport system responsible for distributing bioactive molecules with high spatiotemporal accuracy. The tubular network of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) constitutes a system for the delivery of luminal solutes it stores, including Ca2+, across the cell periphery. The physical nature and factors underlying the ERs functioning as a fluidics system are unclear. Using an improved ER transport visualisation methodology combined with optogenetic Ca2+ dynamics imaging, we observed that ER luminal transport is modulated by natural ER tubule narrowing and dilation, directly proportional to the amount of an ER membrane morphogen, Reticulon 4 (RTN4). Consequently, the ER morphoregulatory effect of RTN4 defines ERs capacity for peripheral Ca2+ delivery and thus controls axonogenesis. Excess RTN4 limited ER luminal transport, Ca2+ release and iPSC-derived cortical neurons axonal extension, while RTN4 elimination reversed the effects.

SummaryIntracellular transport through the lumen of the ER network is modulated through narrowing/dilation of ER tubules by a membrane morphogen - RTN4, a process controlling axonogenesis by limiting the delivery of ER-stored Ca2+.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parutto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crapart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awadelkareem, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockings, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werp, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzakopian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westrate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avezov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.441946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endoplasmic Reticulum morphological regulation by RTN4/NOGO modulates neuronal regeneration by slowing luminal transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-precision mapping of nuclear pore-chromatin interactions reveals new principles of genome organization at the nuclear envelope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in genome organization remains poorly characterized due to technical limitations in probing genome-wide protein-DNA interactions specific to the nuclear periphery. Here, we developed a new sensitive method, NPC-DamID, which combines in vitro reconstitution of nuclear import and DamID technology. The fixation-free method identifies chromatin interactions at the NPCs in intact nuclei from cells and tissues. We found that NPCs are preferentially associated with common and hierarchically arranged super-enhancers (SEs) across multiple cell types. We also uncovered phase-separated condensates at NPCs that compartmentalize and concentrate transcriptional coactivators and structural proteins at SE-regulated genes. Our results support NPCs as anchoring sites for SE regulatory hubs and cell-type-specific transcriptional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hetzer, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tyagi, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-precision mapping of nuclear pore-chromatin interactions reveals new principles of genome organization at the nuclear envelope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical ripples provide the conditions for consolidation during NREM sleep in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal ripples index the reconstruction of spatiotemporal neuronal firing patterns essential for the consolidation of memories in the cortex during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM). Recently, cortical ripples in humans have been shown to enfold the replay of neuron firing patterns during cued recall. Here, using intracranial recordings from 18 patients (12 female), we show that cortical ripples also occur during NREM in humans, with similar density, oscillation frequency ([~]90 Hz), duration, and amplitude to waking. Ripples occurred in all cortical regions with similar characteristics, unrelated to putative hippocampal connectivity, and were less dense and robust in higher association areas. Putative pyramidal and interneuron spiking phase-locked to cortical ripples during NREM, with phase delays consistent with ripple generation through pyramidal-interneuron feedback. Cortical ripples were smaller in amplitude than hippocampal ripples, but were similar in density, frequency, and duration. Cortical ripples during NREM typically occurred just prior to the upstate peak, often during spindles. Upstates and spindles have previously been associated with memory consolidation, and we found that cortical ripples grouped co-firing between units within the window of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. Thus, human NREM cortical ripples are: ubiquitous and stereotyped with a tightly focused oscillation frequency; similar to hippocampal ripples; associated with upstates and spindles; and associated with unit co-firing. These properties are consistent with cortical ripples possibly contributing to memory consolidation and other functions during NREM in humans.

Significance StatementIn rodents, hippocampal ripples organize replay during sleep to promote memory consolidation in the cortex, where ripples also occur. However, evidence for cortical ripples in human sleep is limited, and their anatomical distribution and physiological properties are unexplored. Here, using human intracranial recordings, we demonstrate that ripples occur throughout the cortex during waking and sleep with highly stereotyped characteristics. During sleep, cortical ripples tend to occur during spindles on the down-to-upstate transition, and thus participate in a sequence of sleep waves that is important for consolidation. Furthermore, cortical ripples organize single unit spiking with timing optimal to facilitate plasticity. Therefore, cortical ripples in humans possess essential physiological properties to support memory and other cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzhbinsky, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajfez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical ripples provide the conditions for consolidation during NREM sleep in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of gene expression with cell size enables Escherichia coli to efficiently maintain motility across conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To swim and navigate, motile bacteria synthesize a complex motility machinery involving flagella, motors, and a sensory system. A myriad of studies has elucidated the molecular processes involved, but less is known about the coordination of motility expression with cellular physiology: In Escherichia coli, motility genes are strongly upregulated in nutrient-poor conditions compared to nutrient-replete conditions; yet a quantitative link to cellular motility has not been developed. Here, we systematically investigate gene expression, swimming behavior, and cell growth across a broad spectrum of exponential growth condition. We establish that E. coli up-regulates the expression of motility genes at slow growth to compensate for reduction in cell size, such that the number of flagella per cell is maintained across conditions. The observed 4-5 flagella per cell is the minimum number needed to keep the majority of cells motile. This simple regulatory objective allows E. coli cells to remain motile across a broad range of growth conditions while keeping the biosynthetic and energetic demands to establish and drive the motility machinery at the minimum needed. Given the strong reduction in flagella synthesis resulting from cell size increases at fast growth, our findings also provide a novel physiological perspective on bacterial cell size control: A larger cell-size at fast growth is an efficient strategy to increase the allocation of cellular resources to the synthesis of those proteins required for fast growth, while maintaining processes such as motility which are only needed on a per-cell basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilizota, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of gene expression with cell size enables Escherichia coli to efficiently maintain motility across conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol Use Disrupts Age-Appropriate Cortical Thinning in Adolescence: A Data Driven Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveCortical thickness changes dramatically during development and is influenced by adolescent drinking. However, previous findings have been inconsistent and limited by region-of-interest approaches that are underpowered because they do not conform to the underlying heterogeneity from the effects of alcohol.

MethodsAdolescents (n=657; 12-22 years at baseline) from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) who endorsed little to no alcohol use at baseline were assessed with structural MRI and followed longitudinally at four yearly intervals. Seven unique spatially covarying patterns of cortical thickness were obtained from the baseline scans by applying a novel data-driven method called non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). The cortical thickness maps of all participants longitudinal scans were projected onto vertex-level cortical patterns to obtain participant-specific coefficients for each pattern. Linear mixed-effects models were fit to each pattern to investigate longitudinal effects of alcohol consumption on cortical thickness.

ResultsIn most NMF-derived cortical thickness patterns, the longitudinal rate of decline in no/low drinkers was similar for all age cohorts, among moderate drinkers the decline was faster in the younger cohort and slower in the older cohort, among heavy drinkers the decline was fastest in the younger cohort and slowest in the older cohort (FDR corrected p-values < 0.01).

ConclusionsThe NMF method can delineate spatially coordinated patterns of cortical thickness at the vertex level that are unconstrained by anatomical features. Age-appropriate cortical thinning is more rapid in younger adolescent drinkers and slower in older adolescent drinkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adduru, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nooner, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol Use Disrupts Age-Appropriate Cortical Thinning in Adolescence: A Data Driven Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems-guided approach to discover the intracellular target of a novel evolution-drug lead 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating intracellular drug targets has been a difficult problem. While machine learning analysis of omics data has been a promising approach, going from large-scale trends to specific targets remains a challenge. Here, we developed a systems-guided hierarchic workflow that utilizes metabolic and structural analysis to narrow in on specific targets suggested by statistical and machine learning analysis of metabolomics data. Utilizing a novel multi-valent DHFR-targeting antibiotic compound, CD15-3, as a case study, we first measured global metabolomics and applied statistics and machine learning to locate broad areas of metabolic perturbation under antibiotic stress. We then tested the ability of suggested compounds to rescue growth and performed metabolic modelling to identify pathways whose inhibition was consistent with growth rescue patterns. Next, we utilized protein structural similarity to further prioritize candidate drug targets within these pathways. Overexpression and in vitro activity assays of a top candidate target, HPPK (folK), showed complete recovery from drug induced growth inhibition and with microscopy. As interest in  white-box machine learning methods continues to grow, this study demonstrates how established machine learning methods can be combined with mechanistic analyses to improve the resolution of drug target finding workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalldorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems-guided approach to discover the intracellular target of a novel evolution-drug lead]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of vapor exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Maine Lobster (Homarus americanus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleDespite a long history of use in synaptic physiology, the lobster has been a neglected model for behavioral pharmacology. A restaurateur proposed that exposing lobster to cannabis smoke reduces anxiety and pain during the cooking process. It is unknown if lobster gill respiration in air would result in significant {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) uptake and whether this would have any detectable behavioral effects.

ObjectiveThe primary goal was to determine tissue THC levels in the lobster after exposure to THC vapor. Secondary goals were to determine if THC vapor altered locomotor behavior or nociception.

MethodsTissue samples were collected (including muscle, brain and hemolymph) from Homarus americanus (N=3 per group) following 30 or 60 minutes of exposure to vapor generated by an e-cigarette device using THC (100 mg/mL in a propylene glycol vehicle). Separate experiments assessed locomotor behavior and hot water nociceptive responses following THC vapor exposure.

ResultsTHC vapor produced duration-related THC levels in all tissues examined. Locomotor activity was decreased (distance, speed, time-mobile) by 30 min inhalation of THC. Lobsters exhibit a temperature-dependent withdrawal response to immersion of tail, antennae or claws in warm water; this is novel evidence of thermal nociception for this species. THC exposure for 60 minutes had only marginal effect on nociception under the conditions assessed.

ConclusionsVapor exposure of lobsters, using an e-cigarette based model, produces dose-dependent THC levels in all tissues and reduces locomotor activity. Hot water nociception was temperature dependent, but only minimal anti-nociceptive effect of THC exposure was confirmed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of vapor exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the Maine Lobster (Homarus americanus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal dimensionality selection for independent component analysis of transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that separates a set of mixed signals into a set of statistically independent source signals. Applied to high-quality gene expression datasets, ICA effectively reveals the source signals of the transcriptome as groups of co-regulated genes and their corresponding activities across diverse growth conditions. Two major variables that affect the output of ICA are the diversity and scope of the underlying data, and the user-defined number of independent components, or dimensionality, to compute. Availability of high-quality transcriptomic datasets has grown exponentially as high-throughput technologies have advanced; however, optimal dimensionality selection remains an open question. Here, we introduce a new method, called OptICA, for effectively finding the optimal dimensionality that consistently maximizes the number of biologically relevant components revealed while minimizing the potential for over-decomposition. We show that OptICA outperforms two previously proposed methods for selecting the number of independent components across four transcriptomic databases of varying sizes. OptICA avoids both over-decomposition and under-decomposition of transcriptomic datasets resulting in the best representation of the organisms underlying transcriptional regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McConn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal dimensionality selection for independent component analysis of transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of clustered mutations in cancer reveals recurrent APOBEC3 mutagenesis of ecDNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustered somatic mutations are common in cancer genomes with prior analyses revealing several types of clustered single-base substitutions, including doublet- and multi-base substitutions, diffuse hypermutation termed omikli, and longer strand-coordinated events termed kataegis. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of clustered substitutions and clustered small insertions and deletions (indels) across 2,583 whole-genome sequenced cancers from 30 cancer types. While only 3.7% of substitutions and 0.9% of indels were found to be clustered, they contributed 8.4% and 6.9% of substitution and indel drivers, respectively. Multiple distinct mutational processes gave rise to clustered indels including signatures enriched in tobacco smokers and homologous-recombination deficient cancers. Doublet-base substitutions were caused by at least 12 mutational processes, while the majority of multi-base substitutions were generated by either tobacco smoking or exposure to ultraviolet light. Omikli events, previously attributed to the activity of APOBEC3 deaminases, accounted for a large proportion of clustered substitutions. However, only 16.2% of omikli matched APOBEC3 patterns with experimental validation confirming additional mutational processes giving rise to omikli. Kataegis was generated by multiple mutational processes with 76.1% of all kataegic events exhibiting AID/APOBEC3-associated mutational patterns. Co-occurrence of APOBEC3 kataegis and extrachromosomal-DNA (ecDNA) was observed in 31% of samples with ecDNA. Multiple distinct APOBEC3 kataegic events were observed on most mutated ecDNA. ecDNA containing known cancer genes exhibited both positive selection and kataegic hypermutation. Our results reveal the diversity of clustered mutational processes in human cancer and the role of APOBEC3 in recurrently mutating and fueling the evolution of ecDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petljak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of clustered mutations in cancer reveals recurrent APOBEC3 mutagenesis of ecDNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral diversity improves discovery and fine-mapping of genetic loci for anthropometric traits - the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hispanic/Latinos have been underrepresented in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for anthropometric traits despite notable anthropometric variability with ancestry proportions, and a high burden of growth stunting and overweight/obesity in Hispanic/Latino populations. This address this knowledge gap, we analyzed densely-imputed genetic data in a sample of Hispanic/Latino adults, to identify and fine-map common genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI), height, and BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHRadjBMI). We conducted a GWAS of 18 studies/consortia as part of the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry (HISLA) Consortium (Stage 1, n=59,769) and validated our findings in 9 additional studies (HISLA Stage 2, n=9,336). We conducted a trans-ethnic GWAS with summary statistics from HISLA Stage 1 and existing consortia of European and African ancestries. In our HISLA Stage 1+2 analyses, we discovered one novel BMI locus, as well two novel BMI signals and another novel height signal, each within established anthropometric loci. In our trans-ethnic meta- analysis, we identified three additional novel BMI loci, one novel height locus, and one novel WHRadjBMI locus. We also identified three secondary signals for BMI, 28 for height, and two for WHRadjBMI. We replicated >60 established anthropometric loci in Hispanic/Latino populations at genome-wide significance--representing up to 30% of previously-reported index SNP anthropometric associations. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis of the three ancestries showed a small-to-moderate impact of uncorrected population stratification on the resulting effect size estimates. Our novel findings demonstrate that future studies may also benefit from leveraging differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns to discover novel loci and additional signals with less residual population stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allred, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilly, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guindo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolini, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canizales-Quinteros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Jose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothhammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral diversity improves discovery and fine-mapping of genetic loci for anthropometric traits - the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits independent of A subunits: sialic acid binding preferences correlate with host range and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytotoxic A subunits of bacterial AB5 toxins enter the cytosol following B subunit binding to host cell glycans. We report that A subunit phylogeny evolves independently of B subunits and suggest a future B subunit nomenclature based on species name. Phylogenetic analysis of B subunits that bind sialic acids (Sias) with homologous molecules in databases also show poor correlation with phylogeny. These data indicate ongoing lateral gene transfers between species, with mixing of A and B subunits. Some B subunits are not even associated with A subunits e.g., YpeB of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague epidemics. Plague cannot be eradicated because of Y. pestis adaptability to numerous hosts. YpeB shares 58% identity/79% similarity with the homo-pentameric B subunit of E. coli Subtilase cytotoxin, and 48% identity/68% similarity with the B subunit of S. Typhi typhoid toxin. We previously showed selective binding of B5 pentamers to a sialoglycan microarray, with Sia preferences corresponding to hosts e.g., N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac; prominent in humans) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; prominent in ruminant mammals and rodents). Consistent with much broader host range of Y. pestis, YpeB binds all mammalian sialic acid types, except for 4-O-acetylated ones. Notably, YpeB alone causes dose-dependent cytotoxicity, abolished by a mutation (Y77F) eliminating Sia recognition, suggesting cell proliferation and death via lectin-like cross-linking of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. These findings help explain the host range of Y. pestis and could be important for pathogenesis. Overall, our data indicate ongoing rapid evolution of both host Sias and pathogen toxin-binding properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khedri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secrest, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddoe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits independent of A subunits: sialic acid binding preferences correlate with host range and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pro-regenerative Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Prevents and Mitigates Pathological Alterations of Pelvic Muscles Following Birth Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pelvic floor disorders, which include pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary and fecal incontinence, affect millions of women globally and represent a major public health concern. Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) dysfunction has been identified as one of the leading risk factors for the development of these morbid conditions. Even though childbirth, specifically vaginal delivery, has been long recognized as the most important potentially modifiable risk factor for PFM injury, the precise mechanisms of PFM dysfunction following childbirth remain elusive. In this study we demonstrate that PFMs undergo atrophy and severe fibrosis in parous women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse compared to age-matched nulliparous cadaveric donors without history of pelvic floor disorders. These pathological alterations are recapitulated in the pre-clinical rat model of simulated birth injury. The transcriptional signature of PFMs post-injury demonstrates a sustained inflammatory response, impairment in muscle anabolism, and persistent expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling genes. Next, we evaluated the administration of acellular injectable skeletal muscle extracellular matrix hydrogel for the prevention and mitigation of these pathological alterations. Treatment of PFMs with the biomaterial either at the time of birth injury or 4 weeks post-injury reduced muscle atrophy and mitigated fibrotic degeneration. By evaluating gene expression, we demonstrate that these changes are mainly driven by the hydrogel-induced modulation of the immune response and intramuscular fibrosis, as well as enhancement of the endogenous myogenesis. This work furthers our understanding of PFM birth injury and demonstrates proof-of-concept for a new pragmatic pro-regenerative biomaterial approach for treating injured PFMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesillo, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menefee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zazueta-Damian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanvictores, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pro-regenerative Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Prevents and Mitigates Pathological Alterations of Pelvic Muscles Following Birth Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sialoglycan microarray encoding reveals differential sialoglycan binding of phylogenetically-related bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrate sialic acids (Sias) display much diversity in modifications, linkages and underlying glycans. Slide microarrays allow high-throughput explorations of sialoglycan-protein interactions. A microarray presenting [~]150 structurally-defined sialyltrisaccharides with various Sias linkages and modifications still poses challenges in planning, data sorting, visualization and analysis. To address these issues, we devised a simple 9-digit code for sialyltrisaccharides with terminal Sias and underlying two monosaccharides assigned from the non-reducing end, with three digits assigning a monosaccharide, its modifications, and linkage. Calculations based on the encoding system reveals >113,000 likely linear sialyltrisaccharides in nature. Notably a biantennary N-glycan with two terminal sialyltrisaccharides could thus have >1010 potential combinations and a triantennary N-glycan with three terminal sequences, >1015 potential combinations. While all possibilities likely do not exist in nature, sialoglycans encode enormous diversity. While glycomic approaches are used to probe such diverse sialomes, naturally-occurring bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits are simpler tools to track the dynamic sialome in biological systems. Sialoglycan microarray was utilized to compare sialoglycan-recognizing bacterial toxin B subunits. Unlike the poor correlation between B subunits and species phylogeny, there is stronger correlation with Sia-epitope preferences. Further supporting this pattern, we report a B subunit (YenB) from Yersinia enterocolitica (broad host range) recognizing almost all sialoglycans in the microarray, including 4-O-acetylated-Sias not recognized by a Y. pestis orthologue (YpeB). Differential Sia-binding patterns were also observed with phylogenetically-related B subunits from Escherichia coli (SubB), Salmonella Typhi (PltB), S. Typhimurium (ArtB), extra-intestinal E.coli (EcPltB), Vibrio cholera (CtxB), and cholera family homologue of E. coli (EcxB).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khedri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruntse, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddoe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sialoglycan microarray encoding reveals differential sialoglycan binding of phylogenetically-related bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and applications of sialoglycan-recognizing probes (SGRPs) with defined specificities: exploring the dynamic mammalian sialoglycome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans that are abundantly displayed on vertebrate cell surface and secreted molecules are often capped with terminal sialic acids (Sias). These diverse 9-carbon-backbone monosaccharides are involved in numerous intrinsic biological processes. They also interact with commensals and pathogens, while undergoing dynamic changes in time and space, often influenced by environmental conditions. However, most of this sialoglycan complexity and variation remains poorly characterized by conventional techniques, which often tend to destroy or overlook crucial aspects of Sia diversity and/or fail to elucidate native structures in biological systems i.e., in the intact sialome. To date, in situ detection and analysis of sialoglycans has largely relied on the use of plant lectins, sialidases or antibodies, whose preferences (with certain exceptions) are limited and/or uncertain. We took advantage of naturally-evolved microbial molecules (bacterial adhesins, toxin subunits and viral hemagglutinin-esterases) that recognize sialoglycans with defined specificity to delineate 9 classes of Sialoglycan Recognizing Probes (SGRPs: SGRP1-SGRP9) that can be used to explore mammalian sialome changes in a simple and systematic manner, using techniques common in most laboratories. SGRP candidates with specificity defined by sialoglycan microarray studies were engineered as tagged probes, each with a corresponding non-binding mutant probe as a simple and reliable negative control. The optimized panel of SGRPs can be used in methods commonly available in most bioscience labs, such as ELISA, Western Blot, flow cytometry and histochemistry. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we provide examples of sialoglycome differences in tissues from C57BL/6 wild type mice and human-like Cmah-/- mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensing, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khedri, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secrest, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and applications of sialoglycan-recognizing probes (SGRPs) with defined specificities: exploring the dynamic mammalian sialoglycome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Leucinostatins from Ophiocordyceps sp. as Antiparasitic Agents Against Trypanosoma cruzi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Safe and effective treatments for Chagas disease, a potentially fatal parasitic infection associated with cardiac and gastrointestinal pathology and caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, have yet to be developed. Benznidazole and nifurtimox, which are currently the only available drugs against T. cruzi, are associated with severe adverse effects and questionable efficacy in the late stage of the disease. Natural products have proven to be a rich source of new chemotypes for other infectious agents. We utilized a microscopy-based high-throughput phenotypic screen to identify inhibitors of T. cruzi from a library of natural product samples obtained from fungi procured through a Citizen Science Soil Collection Program (https://whatsinyourbackyard.org/), and the Great Lakes (USA) benthic environment. We identified five leucinostatins (A, B, F, NPDG C and NPDG D) as potent inhibitors of the intracellular amastigote form of T. cruzi. Leucinostatin B also showed in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of Chagas disease. Given prior reports that leucinostatins A and B have antiparasitic activity against the related kinetoplastid T. brucei, our findings suggest a potential cross-trypanocidal compound class and provide a platform for further chemical derivatization of a potent chemical scaffold against T. cruzi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kil, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa da Silva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichewicz, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.30.446362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Leucinostatins from Ophiocordyceps sp. as Antiparasitic Agents Against Trypanosoma cruzi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular foundations of Precambrian uniformitarianism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The earliest geochemical indicators of microbes--and the enzymes that powered them--extend back almost 3.8 billion years on our planet. Paleobiologists often attempt to understand these indicators by assuming that the behaviors of modern microbes and enzymes are consistent (uniform) with those of their predecessors. A uniformitarian assumption (i.e., the idea that fundamental geobiological processes have occurred in much the same manner over Earth history) seems at odds with our understanding of the inherent variability of living systems. Here, we examine whether a uniformitarian assumption for an enzyme thought to generate carbon isotope indicators of biological activity, RuBisCO, can be corroborated by independently studying the history of changes recorded within RuBisCOs genetic sequences. Specifically, we resurrected a Precambrian-age, ancient RuBisCO by engineering its ancient DNA inside a modern cyanobacterium genome and measured the engineered organisms fitness and carbon-isotope-discrimination profile. The envelope of ancestral RuBisCO isotopic fractionation observed here indicates that uniformitarian assumptions may be warranted, but with important caveats. Our results suggest that further inquiries that link molecule-level evolutionary changes with planet-level geochemical conditions are needed to discern whether enzyme-affected isotope fractionation trends extend deeper into the early Precambrian. Experimental studies illuminating lifes early molecular innovations are crucial to explore the foundations of Precambrian uniformitarian assumptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kedzior, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular foundations of Precambrian uniformitarianism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, and Biomarkers Tables Plus 3D Reference Organs in Support of a Human Reference Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.446440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.This paper reviews efforts across 16 international consortia to construct human anatomical structures, cell types, and biomarkers (ASCT+B) tables and three-dimensional reference organs in support of a Human Reference Atlas. We detail the ontological descriptions and spatial three-dimensional anatomical representations together with user interfaces that support the registration and exploration of human tissue data. Four use cases are presented to demonstrate the utility of ASCT+B tables for advancing biomedical research and improving health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quardokus, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumi-Sutherland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halushka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boppana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longacre, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerius, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radtke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserfall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuschel, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, and Biomarkers Tables Plus 3D Reference Organs in Support of a Human Reference Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK12 is Necessary to Promote Epidermal Differentiation through Transcription Elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper differentiation of the epidermis is essential to prevent water loss and to protect the body from the outside environment. Perturbations in this process can lead to a variety of skin diseases that impacts 1 in 5 people. While transcription factors that control epidermal differentiation have been well characterized, other aspects of transcription control such as elongation are poorly understood. Here we show that of the two cyclin dependent kinases (CDK12 and CDK13), that are known to regulate transcription elongation, only CDK12 is necessary for epidermal differentiation. Depletion of CDK12 led to loss of differentiation gene expression and absence of skin barrier formation in regenerated human epidermis. CDK12 binds to genes that code for differentiation promoting transcription factors (GRHL3, KLF4, and OVOL1) and is necessary for their elongation. CDK12 is necessary for elongation by promoting Ser2 phosphorylation on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and the binding of the elongation factor SPT6 to target genes. Our results suggest that control of transcription elongation by CDK12 plays a prominent role in adult cell fate decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK12 is Necessary to Promote Epidermal Differentiation through Transcription Elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein recognition by single-domain antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is the most severe public health event of the twenty-first century. While effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed, there remains an urgent need for diagnostics to quickly and accurately detect infections. Antigen tests, particularly those that detect the abundant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein, are a proven method for detecting active SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of three llama-derived single-domain antibodies that bind the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein with high affinity. Each antibody recognizes a specific folded domain of the protein, with two antibodies recognizing the N-terminal RNA binding domain and one recognizing the C-terminal dimerization domain. The two antibodies that recognize the RNA binding domain affect both RNA binding affinity and RNA-mediated phase separation of the Nucleocapsid protein. All three antibodies recognize highly-conserved surfaces on the Nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that they could be used to develop affordable diagnostic tests to detect all circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein recognition by single-domain antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks underlying human microglia maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fetal period is a critical time for brain development, characterized by neurogenesis, neural migration, and synaptogenesis1-3. Microglia, the tissue resident macrophages of the brain, are observed as early as the fourth week of gestation4 and are thought to engage in a variety of processes essential for brain development and homeostasis5-11. Conversely, microglia phenotypes are highly regulated by the brain environment12-14. Mechanisms by which human brain development influences the maturation of microglia and microglia potential contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders remain poorly understood. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis of human fetal and postnatal microglia and corresponding cortical tissue to define age-specific brain environmental factors that may drive microglia phenotypes. Comparative analysis of open chromatin profiles using bulk and single-cell methods in conjunction with a new computational approach that integrates epigenomic and single-cell RNA-seq data allowed decoding of cellular heterogeneity with inference of subtype- and development stage-specific transcriptional regulators. Interrogation of in vivo and in vitro iPSC-derived microglia models provides evidence for roles of putative instructive signals and downstream gene regulatory networks which establish human-specific fetal and postnatal microglia gene expression programs and potentially contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coufal, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challacombe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fixsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trescott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warden, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anavim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Haim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonda, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks underlying human microglia maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gain-of-function cardiomyopathic mutations in RBM20 rewire splicing regulation and re-distribute ribonucleoprotein aggregates within processing bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) is a key regulator of alternative splicing in the heart, and its mutation leads to malignant dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). To understand the mechanism of RBM20-associated DCM, we engineered isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with heterozygous or homozygous DCM-associated missense mutations in RBM20 (R636S) as well as RBM20 knockout (KO) iPSCs. iPSC-derived engineered heart tissues made from these cell lines recapitulated contractile dysfunction of RBM20-associated DCM and revealed greater dysfunction with missense mutations than KO. Analysis of RBM20 RNA binding by eCLIP revealed a gain-of-function preference of mutant RBM20 for 3' UTR sequences that are shared with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and processing-body associated RNA binding proteins (FUS, DDX6). Deep RNA sequencing revealed that the RBM20 R636S mutant has unique gene, splicing, polyadenylation and circular RNA defects that differ from RBM20 KO, impacting distinct cardiac signaling pathways. Splicing defects specific to KO or R636S mutations were supported by data from R636S gene-edited pig hearts and eCLIP. Super-resolution microscopy verified that mutant RBM20 maintains limited nuclear localization potential; rather, the mutant protein associates with cytoplasmic processing bodies (DDX6) under basal conditions, and with stress granules (G3BP1) following acute stress. Taken together, our results highlight a novel pathogenic mechanism in cardiac disease through splicing-dependent and -independent pathways that are likely to mediate differential contractile phenotypes and stress-associated heart pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fenix, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spindler, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Bermejo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizarraga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniadecki, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gain-of-function cardiomyopathic mutations in RBM20 rewire splicing regulation and re-distribute ribonucleoprotein aggregates within processing bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially heterogeneous microstructural development within subcortical regions from 9-13 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During late childhood behavioral changes, such as increased risk-taking and emotional reactivity, have been associated with the maturation of cortico-subcortical circuits. Understanding microstructural changes in subcortical regions may aid our understanding of how individual differences in these behaviors emerge. Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) is a framework for modelling diffusion-weighted imaging that decomposes the diffusion signal from a voxel into hindered and restricted compartments. This yields greater specificity than conventional methods of characterizing intracellular diffusion. Using RSI, we modelled voxelwise restricted isotropic, N0, and anisotropic, ND, diffusion across the brain and measured cross-sectional and longitudinal age associations in a large sample (n=8,039) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aged 9-13 years. Older participants had higher N0 and ND across subcortical regions. The largest associations for N0 were within the basal ganglia and for ND within the ventral diencephalon. Importantly, age associations varied with respect to the internal cytoarchitecture within subcortical structures, for example age associations differed across thalamic nuclei. This suggests that developmental effects may map onto specific cell populations or circuits and highlights the utility of voxelwise compared to ROI-wise analyses. Future analyses will aim to understand the relevance of this subcortical microstructural developmental for behavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.446984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially heterogeneous microstructural development within subcortical regions from 9-13 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microstructural development across white matter from 9-13 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.447102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During late childhood behavioral changes, such as increased risk-taking and emotional reactivity, have been associated with the maturation of cortico-cortico and cortico-subcortical circuits. Understanding microstructural changes in both white matter and subcortical regions may aid our understanding of how individual differences in these behaviors emerge. Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) is a framework for modelling diffusion-weighted imaging that decomposes the diffusion signal from a voxel into hindered, restricted, and free compartments. This yields greater specificity than conventional methods of characterizing diffusion. Using RSI, we quantified voxelwise restricted diffusion across the brain and measured age associations in a large sample (n=8,086) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aged 9-14 years. Older participants showed a higher restricted signal fraction across the brain, with the largest associations in subcortical regions, particularly the basal ganglia and ventral diencephalon. Importantly, age associations varied with respect to the cytoarchitecture within white matter fiber tracts and subcortical structures, for example age associations differed across thalamic nuclei. This suggests that age-related changes may map onto specific cell populations or circuits and highlights the utility of voxelwise compared to ROI-wise analyses. Future analyses will aim to understand the relevance of this microstructural developmental for behavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microstructural development across white matter from 9-13 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral effects of ethanol in the Red Swamp Crayfish(Procambarus clarkii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol abuse and dependence remains one of the primary preventable sources of human mortality in the United States. Model laboratory species can be used to evaluate behavioral, neuropharmacological and other biological changes associated with alcohol exposure and to identify novel treatment modalities. This report describes methods for evaluating the behavioral effects of ethyl alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) in a crayfish model. Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were immersed in ethanol baths with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 molar, and for durations of 10-30 minutes. Studies evaluated hemolymph alcohol concentration, locomotor behavior in an open field and anxiety-like behavior using a Light/Dark transfer approach. EtOH immersion produced dose dependent increases in hemolymph EtOH concentration (up to 249 mg/dL) and reductions in open field locomotor behavior that depended on EtOH concentration or exposure duration. Under baseline conditions, crayfish exhibit avoidance of the open parts of the locomotor arena and a preference for the covered portion, when available. Acute EtOH immersion decreased time spent in the covered portion of the Light/Dark arena, consistent with a decrease in anxiety-like behavior. EtOH immersion once per day for 5 days did not alter the acute locomotor behavioral response, however increased activity was observed 3 days after the repeated EtOH regimen. Overall, this study shows that this inexpensive, easily maintained species can be used for behavioral pharmacological experiments designed to assess the acute and repeated effects of EtOH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.447220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral effects of ethanol in the Red Swamp Crayfish(Procambarus clarkii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the absolute number of axons connecting different cortical areas in humans with diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tracts between cortical areas are conceived as playing a central role in cortical information processing, but their actual numbers have never been determined in humans. Here we estimate the absolute number of axons linking cortical areas from a whole-cortex diffusion-MRI (dMRI) connectome, calibrated using the histologically-measured callosal fiber density. Median connectivity is estimated as ~6200 axons between cortical areas within-hemisphere and ~1300 axons inter-hemispherically, with axons connecting functionally-related areas surprisingly sparse. For example, we estimate that <5% of the axons in the trunk of the arcuate and superior longitudinal fasciculi connect Wernickes and Brocas areas. These results suggest that detailed information is transmitted between cortical areas either via linkage of the dense local connections or via rare, extraordinarily privileged long-range connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the absolute number of axons connecting different cortical areas in humans with diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain charts for the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io, derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areces-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blesa Cabez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borzage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bayard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertavian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain charts for the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic multi-omics cell line profiling uncovers principles of Ewing sarcoma fusion oncogene-mediated gene regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell lines have been essential for major discoveries in cancer including Ewing sarcoma (EwS). EwS is a highly aggressive pediatric bone or soft-tissue cancer characterized by oncogenic EWSR1-ETS fusion transcription factors converting polymorphic GGAA-microsatellites (mSats) into neo-enhancers. However, further detailed mechanistic evaluation of gene regulation in EwS have been hindered by the limited number of well-characterized cell line models. Here, we present the Ewing Sarcoma Cell Line Atlas (ESCLA) comprising 18 EwS cell lines with inducible EWSR1-ETS knockdown that were profiled by whole-genome-sequencing, DNA methylation arrays, gene expression and splicing arrays, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and ChIP-seq for EWSR1-ETS and histone marks. Systematic analysis of these multi-dimensional data illuminated hundreds of new potential EWSR1-ETS target genes, the nature of EWSR1-ETS-preferred GGAA-mSats, and potential indirect modes of EWSR1-ETS-mediated gene regulation. Moreover, we identified putative co-regulatory transcription factors and heterogeneously regulated EWSR1-ETS target genes that may have implications for the clinical heterogeneity of EwS. Collectively, our freely available ESCLA constitutes an extremely rich resource for EwS research and highlights the power of leveraging multidimensional and comprehensive datasets to unravel principles of heterogeneous gene regulation by dominant fusion oncogenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orth, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surdez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossetete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baulande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cidre-Aranaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reischl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delattre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunewald, T. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic multi-omics cell line profiling uncovers principles of Ewing sarcoma fusion oncogene-mediated gene regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the functions of uncharacterized transcription factors in Escherichia coli using ChIP-exo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate gene expression to adapt to changing environments through transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs). Although extensively studied, no TRN is fully characterized since the identity and activity of all the transcriptional regulators that comprise a TRN are not known. Here, we experimentally evaluate 40 uncharacterized proteins in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, which were computationally predicted to be transcription factors (TFs). First, we used a multiplexed ChIP-exo assay to characterize genome-wide binding sites for these candidate TFs; 34 of them were found to be DNA-binding protein. We then compared the relative location between binding sites and RNA polymerase (RNAP). We found 48% (283/588) overlap between the TFs and RNAP. Finally, we used these data to infer potential functions for 10 of the 34 TFs with validated DNA binding sites and consensus binding motifs. These TFs were found to have various roles in regulating primary cellular processes in E. coli. Taken together, this study: (1) significantly expands the number of confirmed TFs, close to the estimated total of about 280 TFs; (2) predicts the putative functions of the newly discovered TFs, and (3) confirms the functions of representative TFs through mutant phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the functions of uncharacterized transcription factors in Escherichia coli using ChIP-exo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.447968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The foundational principles of Darwinian evolution are variation, selection, and identity by descent. Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a common event, driving aggressive tumour growth, drug resistance, and shorter survival in patients1-4. Currently, the impact of non-chromosomal oncogene inheritance--random identity by descent--is not well understood. Neither is the impact of ecDNA on variation and selection. Here, integrating mathematical modeling, unbiased image analysis, CRISPR-based ecDNA tagging, and live-cell imaging, we identify a set of basic "rules" for how random ecDNA inheritance drives oncogene copy number and distribution, resulting in extensive intratumoural ecDNA copy number heterogeneity and rapid adaptation to metabolic stress and targeted cancer treatment. Observed ecDNAs obligatorily benefit host cell survival or growth and can change within a single cell cycle. In studies ranging from well-curated, patient-derived cancer cell cultures to clinical tumour samples from patients with glioblastoma and neuroblastoma treated with oncogene-targeted drugs, we show how these ecDNA inheritance "rules" can predict, a priori, some of the aggressive features of ecDNA-containing cancers. These properties are entailed by their ability to rapidly change their genomes in a way that is not possible for cancers driven by chromosomal oncogene amplification. These results shed new light on how the non-chromosomal random inheritance pattern of ecDNA underlies poor outcomes for cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichugin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.447968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of ecDNA random inheritance drive rapid genome change and therapy resistance in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Cytoplasmic Dynein-1 Regulation by Lis1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lissencephaly 1 gene, LIS1, is mutated in patients with the neurodevelopmental disease lissencephaly. The Lis1 protein is conserved from fungi to mammals and is a key regulator of cytoplasmic dynein-1, the major minus-end-directed microtubule motor in many eukaryotes. Lis1 is the only dynein regulator that binds directly to dyneins motor domain, and by doing so alters dyneins mechanochemistry. Lis1 is required for the formation of fully active dynein complexes, which also contain essential cofactors: dynactin and an activating adaptor. Here, we report the first high-resolution structure of the yeast dynein-Lis1 complex. Our 3.1[A] structure reveals, in molecular detail, the major contacts between dynein and Lis1 and between Lis1s {beta}-propellers. Structure-guided mutations in Lis1 and dynein show that these contacts are required for Lis1s ability to form fully active human dynein complexes and to regulate yeast dyneins mechanochemistry and in vivo function. We present a model for the conserved role of Lis1 in regulating dynein from yeast to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasmanis, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Cytoplasmic Dynein-1 Regulation by Lis1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derlin rhomboid pseudoproteases employ substrate engagement and lipid distortion function for retrotranslocation of ER multi-spanning membrane substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly one-third of proteins are initially targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane where they are correctly folded, assembled, and then delivered to their final cellular destinations. In order to prevent the accumulation of misfolded membrane proteins, ER associated degradation (ERAD) moves these clients from the ER membrane to the cytosol; a process known as retrotranslocation. Our recent work in S. cerevisiae has revealed a derlin rhomboid pseudoprotease, Dfm1, is involved in the retrotranslocation of ubiquitinated ERAD membrane substrates. In this study, we sought to understand the mechanism associated with Dfm1s actions and found that Dfm1s conserved rhomboid residues are critical for membrane protein retrotranslocation. Specifically, we identified several retrotranslocation-deficient Loop 1 mutants that display impaired binding to membrane substrates. Furthermore, Dfm1 has retained the lipid thinning functions of its rhomboid protease predecessors to facilitate in the removal of ER membrane substrates. We find this substrate engagement and lipid thinning feature is conserved in its human homolog, Derlin-1. Utilizing interaction studies and molecular dynamics simulations, this work reveals that derlin rhomboid pseudoproteases employ novel mechanisms of substrate engagement and lipid thinning for catalyzing extraction of multi-spanning membrane substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nejatfard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wauer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourkanti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derlin rhomboid pseudoproteases employ substrate engagement and lipid distortion function for retrotranslocation of ER multi-spanning membrane substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The predicted bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 promotes resistance to intracellular infection in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defense against intracellular infection has been extensively studied in vertebrate hosts, but less is known about invertebrate hosts. For example, almost nothing is known about the transcription factors that induce defense against intracellular intestinal infection in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Two types of intracellular pathogens that naturally infect the C. elegans intestine are the Orsay virus, which is a positive-sense RNA virus, and microsporidia, which are fungal pathogens. Surprisingly, these molecularly distinct pathogens induce a common host transcriptional response called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR). Here we describe zip-1 as an IPR regulator that functions downstream of all known IPR activating and regulatory pathways. zip-1 encodes a putative bZIP transcription factor of previously unknown function, and we show how zip-1 controls induction of a subset of genes upon IPR activation. ZIP-1 protein is expressed in the nuclei of intestinal cells, and is required in the intestine to upregulate IPR gene expression. Importantly, zip-1 promotes resistance to infection by the Orsay virus and by microsporidia in intestinal cells. Altogether, our results indicate that zip-1 represents a central hub for all triggers of the IPR, and that this transcription factor plays a protective role against intracellular pathogen infection in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazetic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The predicted bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 promotes resistance to intracellular infection in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem Cell Microarrays for Assessing Growth Factor Signaling in Engineered Glycan Microenvironments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.448747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular glycans, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), provide an essential regulatory component during the development and maintenance of tissues. GAGs, which harbor binding sites for a range of growth factors and other morphogens, help establish gradients of these molecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote the formation of active signaling complexes when presented at the cell surface. As such, GAGs have been pursued as biologically active components for the development of biomaterials for cell-based regenerative therapies. However, their structural complexity and compositional heterogeneity make establishing structure-function relationships for this class of glycans difficult. Here, we describe a stem cell array platform, in which GAG polysaccharides are conjugated to adhesion proteins and introduced into a polyacrylamide hydrogel network to directly measure their contributions to the activation of growth factor signaling pathways in cells. With the recent emergence of powerful synthetic and recombinant technologies to produce well-defined GAG structures, a platform for analyzing both growth factor binding and signaling in response to the presence of these biomolecules will provide a powerful tool for integrating glycans into biomaterials to advance their biological properties and applications.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=170 SRC="FIGDIR/small/448747v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@42584forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3defcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f4796borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f6e23_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG The present study describes the integration of glycosaminoglycan-protein conjugates into a hydrogel-supported stem cell microarray platform to analyze the activity of extracellular glycans in growth factor signaling. Such platforms can enable rapid development and optimization of functional glycomaterials for stem cell-based regenerative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michalak, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieger, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieger, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.448747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem Cell Microarrays for Assessing Growth Factor Signaling in Engineered Glycan Microenvironments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of VGLUT1 in cholinergic medial habenula projections increases nicotine self-administration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic projections from the medial habenula (MHb) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) have been studied for their complex contributions to nicotine addiction and have been implicated in nicotine reinforcement, aversion, and withdrawal. While it has been established that MHb cholinergic projections co-release glutamate, no direct evidence has demonstrated a role for this specific glutamate projection in nicotine consumption. In the present study, a novel floxed Slc17a7 (VGLUT1) mouse was generated and used to create conditional knockout (cKO) mice that lack VGLUT1 in MHb cholinergic neurons. Histochemical approaches and optogenetics-assisted electrophysiology were used to validate the disruption of VGLUT1 from cholinergic MHb to IPN projections. The mice displayed no gross phenotypic abnormalities and exhibited normal exploratory and locomotor behavior in the open-field assay. However, the loss of VGLUT1-mediated glutamate co-release led to increased nicotine self-administration. These findings indicate that glutamate co-release from ventral MHb cholinergic neurons opposes nicotine consumption and provide additional support for targeting this synapse to develop potential treatments to nicotine addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souter, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinkellner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.449108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of VGLUT1 in cholinergic medial habenula projections increases nicotine self-administration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring cell surface-nanopillar interactions with 3D super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma membrane topography has been shown to strongly influence the behavior of many cellular processes such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, actin rearrangements, and others. Recent studies have used 3D nanostructures such as nanopillars to imprint well-defined membrane curvatures (the "nano-bio interface"). In these studies, proteins and their interactions were probed by 2D fluorescence microscopy. However, the low resolution and limited axial detail of such methods are not optimal to determine the relative spatial position and distribution of proteins along a 100 nm-diameter object, which is below the optical diffraction limit. Here, we introduce a general method to explore the nanoscale distribution of proteins at the nano-bio interface with 10-20 nm precision using 3D single-molecule super-resolution (SR) localization microscopy. This is achieved by combining a silicone oil immersion objective and 3D double-helix point-spread function microscopy. We carefully optimize the objective to minimize spherical aberrations between quartz nanopillars and the cell. To validate the 3D SR method, we imaged the 3D shape of surface-labeled nanopillars and compared the results with electron microscopy measurements. Turning to transmembrane-anchored labels in cells, the high quality 3D SR reconstructions reveal the membrane tightly wrapping around the nanopillars. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic protein AP-2 involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis accumulates along the nanopillar above a specific threshold of 1/R membrane curvature. Finally, we observe that AP-2 and actin preferentially accumulate at positive Gaussian curvature near the pillar caps. Our results establish a general method to investigate the nanoscale distribution of proteins at the nano-bio interface using 3D SR microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring cell surface-nanopillar interactions with 3D super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The noncoding RNA PRANCR regulates splicing of Fibronectin-1 to control keratinocyte proliferation and migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human genes undergo alternative splicing (AS), but the regulation and functional consequences of most splicing events remain unknown. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been discovered to have novel roles in the regulation of AS. Here we investigate whether PRANCR, a lncRNA recently identified to be essential for epidermis formation, functions by controlling AS of cell fate genes. Using transcriptome-wide analysis, we identified 238 exonic splicing events regulated by PRANCR. Among these is alternative splicing of an exon containing the extra domain A (EDA) in the gene fibronectin-1 (FN1). Expression of the FN1-EDA+ isoform is enriched in proliferating keratinocytes. We find that PRANCR regulates EDA inclusion by controlling expression of the serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SRSFs) 1 and 7. Depletion of PRANCR or FN1-EDA resulted in decreased proliferation, increased CDKN1A/p21, and inhibition of keratinocyte migration. We find that these cellular phenotypes can be explained by reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Collectively, these results identify a lncRNA regulating skin function through alternative splicing of a cell fate gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otten, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarbayar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The noncoding RNA PRANCR regulates splicing of Fibronectin-1 to control keratinocyte proliferation and migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging Allele-Specific Expression for Therapeutic Response Gene Discovery in Glioblastoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumor in adults and is characterized by poor prognosis and universal tumor recurrence. Effective glioblastoma treatments are lacking, in part due to somatic mutations and epigenetic reprogramming that alter gene expression and confer drug resistance. Here, we interrogated allele-specific expression (ASE) in 43 patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) to identify recurrently dysregulated genes in glioblastoma. We identified 118 genes with recurrent ASE preferentially found in GSCs compared to normal tissues. These genes were enriched for apoptotic regulators, including Schlafen Family Member 11 (SLFN11). Loss of SLFN11 gene expression was associated with aberrant promoter methylation and conferred resistance to chemotherapy and poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibition. Conversely, low SLFN11 expression rendered GSCs susceptible to the oncolytic flavivirus Zika, which suggests a potential alternative treatment strategy for chemotherapy resistant GBMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimple, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicker, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging Allele-Specific Expression for Therapeutic Response Gene Discovery in Glioblastoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice are not automatons; subjective experience in premotor circuits guides behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subjective experience is a powerful driver of decision-making and continuously accrues. However, most neurobiological studies constrain analyses to task-related variables and ignore how continuously and individually experienced internal, temporal, and contextual factors influence adaptive behavior during decision-making and the associated neural mechanisms. We show mice rely on learned information about recent and longer-term subjective experience of variables above and beyond prior actions and reward, including checking behavior and the passage of time, to guide self-initiated, self-paced, and self-generated actions. These experiential variables were represented in secondary motor cortex (M2) activity and its projections into dorsal medial striatum (DMS). M2 integrated this information to bias strategy-level decision-making, and DMS projections used specific aspects of this recent experience to plan upcoming actions. This suggests diverse aspects of experience drive decision-making and its neural representation, and shows premotor corticostriatal circuits are crucial for using selective aspects of experiential information to guide adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice are not automatons; subjective experience in premotor circuits guides behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate genome-wide association studies on the tissue compartments of human brain identify novel loci underpinning brain development and neuropsychiatric outcomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular determinants of tissue composition of the human brain remain largely unknown. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on this topic have had limited success due to methodological constraints. Here, we apply advanced whole-brain analyses on multi-shell diffusion imaging data and multivariate GWAS to two large scale imaging genetic datasets (UK Biobank and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study) to identify and validate genetic association signals. We discovered 503 unique genetic loci that have impact on multiple regions of human brain. Among them, more than 79% were validated in either of two large-scale independent imaging datasets. Key molecular pathways involved in axonal growth, astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis during development were found to significantly impact the measured variations in tissue-specific imaging features. Our results shed new light on the biological determinants of brain tissue composition and their potential overlap with the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate genome-wide association studies on the tissue compartments of human brain identify novel loci underpinning brain development and neuropsychiatric outcomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Kinase C gamma Mutations Drive Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 by Impairing Autoinhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by germline variants in the diacylglycerol (DG)/Ca2+-regulated protein kinase C gamma (PKC{gamma}), leading to Purkinje cell degeneration and progressive cerebellar dysfunction. The majority of the approximately 50 identified variants cluster to the DG-sensing C1 domains. Here, we use a FRET- based activity reporter to show that ataxia-associated PKC{gamma} mutations enhance basal activity by compromising autoinhibition. Although impaired autoinhibition generally leads to PKC degradation, the C1 domain mutations protect PKC{gamma} from phorbol ester-induced downregulation. Furthermore, it is the degree of disrupted autoinhibition, not changes in the amplitude of agonist- stimulated activity, that correlate with disease severity. This enhanced basal signaling rewires the brain phosphoproteome, as assessed by phosphoproteomic analysis of cerebella from mice expressing a human PKC{gamma} transgene harboring a SCA14 C1 domain mutation, H101Y. Validating that the pathology arises from disrupted autoinhibition, we show that the degree of impaired autoinhibition correlates inversely with age of disease onset in patients: mutations that cause high basal activity are associated with early onset, whereas those that only modestly increase basal activity, including a previously undescribed variant, D115Y, are associated with later onset. Molecular modeling indicates that almost all SCA14 variants that are not in the C1 domains are at interfaces with the C1B domain, and bioinformatics analysis reveals that variants in the C1B domain are under-represented in cancer. Thus, clustering of SCA14 variants to the C1B domain provides a unique mechanism to enhance PKC{gamma} basal activity while protecting the enzyme from downregulation, deregulating the cerebellar phosphoproteome.

One Sentence SummarySCA14 driver mutations in PKC{gamma} impair autoinhibition, with defect correlating inversely with age of disease onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornev, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkel, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorrie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Kinase C gamma Mutations Drive Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 by Impairing Autoinhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoinactivation of Catalase Sensitizes Wide-Ranging Bacteria to ROS-Producing Agents and Immune Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved to cope with the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using their essential molecular components. Catalase, a heme-containing tetramer protein expressed universally in most of the aerobic bacteria, plays an indispensable role in scavenging excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, through utilization of wild-type and catalase-deficient mutants, we identified catalase as an endogenous therapeutic target of 400-420 nm blue light. Catalase residing in bacteria could be effectively inactivated by blue light, subsequently rendering the pathogens extremely vulnerable to H2O2 and H2O2-producing agents. As a result, photoinactivation of catalase and H2O2 synergistically eliminate a wide range of catalase-positive planktonic bacteria and P. aeruginosa inside biofilms. In addition, photoinactivation of catalase is shown to facilitate macrophages to defend against intracellular pathogens. The antimicrobial efficacy of catalase photoinactivation is further validated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced mice abrasion model. Taken together, our findings offer a catalase-targeting phototherapy against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jusuf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoinactivation of Catalase Sensitizes Wide-Ranging Bacteria to ROS-Producing Agents and Immune Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly provides force for a multitude of cellular processes. Compared to actin assembly- based force production during cell migration, relatively little is understood about how actin assembly generates pulling forces for vesicle formation. Here, cryo-electron tomography revealed actin filament number, organization, and orientation during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells, showing that force generation is robust despite variance in network organization. Actin dynamics simulations incorporating a measured branch angle indicate that sufficient force to drive membrane internalization is generated through polymerization, and that assembly is triggered from [~]4 founding "mother" filaments, consistent with tomography data. Hip1R actin filament anchoring points are present along the entire endocytic invagination, where simulations show that it is key to pulling force generation, and along the neck, where it targets filament growth and makes internalization more robust. Actin cytoskeleton organization described here allowed direct translation of structure to mechanism with broad implications for other actin-driven processes.

Highlights- Filament anchorage points are key to pulling force generation and efficiency.
- Native state description of CME-associated actin force-producing networks.
- Branched actin filament assembly is triggered from multiple mother filaments.
- Actin force production is robust despite considerable network variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegesna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin force generation in vesicle formation: mechanistic insights from cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Overview of the Physical Health of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) Cohort at Baseline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physical health in childhood is crucial for neurobiological as well as overall development, and can shape long-term outcomes into adulthood. The landmark, longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development StudySM (ABCD study(R)), was designed to investigate brain development and health in almost 12,000 youth who were recruited when they were 9-10 years old and will be followed through adolescence and early adulthood. The overall goal of this paper is to provide descriptive analyses of physical health measures in the ABCD study at baseline, including but not limited to sleep, physical activity and sports involvement, and body mass index, and how these measures vary across demographic groups. This paper outlines how the physical health of the ABCD sample corresponds with that of the US population and highlights important avenues for health disparity research. This manuscript will provide important information for ABCD users and help guide analyses investigating physical health as it pertains to adolescent and young adult development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adise, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisdahl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neigh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renshaw, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uban, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurgelun-Todd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Overview of the Physical Health of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) Cohort at Baseline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal balancing of clinical factors in large scale clinical RNA-Seq studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omics technologies are ubiquitous in biomedical research. However, improper sample selection is an often-overlooked complication with large omics studies, resulting in confounding effects that can disrupt the internal validity of a study and lead to false conclusions. Here, we present a method called BalanceIT, which uses a genetic algorithm to identify an optimal set of samples with balanced clinical factors for large-scale omics experiments. We apply our approach to two large RNA-Seq studies in autism (1) to find a post-hoc balanced sample set among an imbalanced study, and (2) to design an optimal study that allows for efficient batch correction. Our approach leads to near-perfect estimates of differential gene expression, superior performance of pathway-level enrichment analysis, and consistent network dysregulation patterns of autism symptom severity. These results provide empirical support for the importance of balanced experimental design, and BalanceIT will be invaluable for large-scale study design and batch effect correction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHIANG, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazestani, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altieri, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal balancing of clinical factors in large scale clinical RNA-Seq studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning of all Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv RNA-seq data reveals complex interplay between metabolism, stress response, and infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most consequential human bacterial pathogens, posing a serious challenge to 21st century medicine. A key feature of its pathogenicity is its ability to adapt its transcriptional response to environmental stresses through its transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). While many studies have sought to characterize specific portions of the M. tuberculosis TRN, a systems level characterization and analysis of interactions among the controlling transcription factors remains to be achieved. Here, we applied an unsupervised machine learning method to modularize the M. tuberculosis transcriptome and describe the role of transcription factors (TFs) in the TRN. By applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to over 650 transcriptomic samples, we obtained 80 independently modulated gene sets known as "iModulons," many of which correspond to known regulons. These iModulons explain 61% of the variance in the organisms transcriptional response. We show that iModulons: 1) reveal the function of previously unknown regulons, 2) describe the transcriptional shifts that occur during environmental changes such as shifting carbon sources, oxidative stress, and virulence events, and 3) identify intrinsic clusters of transcriptional regulons that link several important metabolic systems, including lipid, cholesterol, and sulfur metabolism. This transcriptome-wide analysis of the M. tuberculosis TRN informs future research on effective ways to study and manipulate its transcriptional regulation, and presents a knowledge-enhanced database of all published high-quality RNA-seq data for this organism to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-bulushi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning of all Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv RNA-seq data reveals complex interplay between metabolism, stress response, and infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of a Fennel Extract on the STAT Signaling and Intestinal Barrier Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFoeniculum vulgare, F. vulgare, commonly known as fennel, is believed to be one of the worlds oldest medicinal herbs and has been exploited by people for centuries as a nutritional aid for digestive disorders. In many southeast Asian countries it is ingested as an after-meal snack, mukhvas, due to its breath-freshening and digestive aid properties. F. vulgare is used in some countries, such as Iran, as a complementary and alternative treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

MethodsThis study investigated the effects of F. vulgare on the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease.

To study the protective effects of F. vulgare extract in vitro, monolayers derived from the T84 colonic cell line were challenged with interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) and monitored with and without F. vulgare extract. To complement our in vitro studies, the dextran sodium sulfate induced murine colitis model was employed to ascertain whether the protective effect of F. vulgare extract can be recapitulated in vivo.

ResultsF. vulgare extract was shown to exert a protective effect on TEER in both T84 and murine models and showed increases in tight junction-associated mRNA in T84 cell monolayers. Both models demonstrated significant decreases in phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1), indicating reduced activation of the STAT pathway. Additionally, mice treated with F. vulgare showed significantly lower ulcer indices than control mice.

ConclusionsWe conclude barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract is improved by F. vulgare, suggesting the potential utility of this agent as an alternative or adjunctive therapy in IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabalais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeough, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchelletta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagnanam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of a Fennel Extract on the STAT Signaling and Intestinal Barrier Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PKA Inhibitor Motif within Smoothened Controls Hedgehog Signal Transduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hedgehog (Hh) cascade is central to development, tissue homeostasis, and cancer. A pivotal step in Hh signal transduction is the activation of GLI transcription factors by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO). How SMO activates GLI has remained unclear for decades. Here we show that SMO employs a decoy substrate sequence to physically block the active site of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and extinguish its enzymatic activity. As a result, GLI is released from phosphorylation-induced inhibition. Using a combination of in vitro, cellular, and organismal models, we demonstrate that interfering with SMO / PKA pseudosubstrate interactions prevents Hh signal transduction. The mechanism we uncovered echoes one utilized by the Wnt cascade, revealing an unexpected similarity in how these two essential developmental and cancer pathways signal intracellularly. More broadly, our findings define a new mode of GPCR-PKA communication that may be harnessed by a range of membrane receptors and kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Happ, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arveseth, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruystens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedeen, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capener, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröckel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Perez, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veglia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PKA Inhibitor Motif within Smoothened Controls Hedgehog Signal Transduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-related viruses can be readily induced in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To prepare for future coronavirus (CoV) pandemics, it is desirable to generate vaccines capable of eliciting neutralizing antibody responses against multiple CoVs. Because of the phylogenetic similarity to humans, rhesus macaques are an animal model of choice for many virus-challenge and vaccine-evaluation studies, including SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that immunization of macaques with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein generates potent receptor binding domain cross- neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, in contrast to human infection or vaccination where responses are typically SARS-CoV-2-specific. Furthermore, the macaque nAbs are equally effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Structural studies show that different immunodominant sites are targeted by the two primate species. Human antibodies generally target epitopes strongly overlapping the ACE2 receptor binding site (RBS), whereas the macaque antibodies recognize a relatively conserved region proximal to the RBS that represents another potential pan-SARS-related virus site rarely targeted by human antibodies. B cell repertoire differences between the two primates appear to significantly influence the vaccine response and suggest care in the use of rhesus macaques in evaluation of vaccines to SARS-related viruses intended for human use.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYBroadly neutralizing antibodies to an unappreciated site of conservation in the RBD in SARS- related viruses can be readily induced in rhesus macaques because of distinct properties of the naive macaque B cell repertoire that suggest prudence in the use of the macaque model in SARS vaccine evaluation and design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-related viruses can be readily induced in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.449578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impairment of a cyanobacterial glycosyltransferase that modifies a pilin results in biofilm development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.449578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A biofilm inhibiting mechanism operates in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Here, we demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase homolog, Ogt, participates in the inhibitory process - inactivation of ogt results in robust biofilm formation. Furthermore, a mutational approach shows requirement of the glycosyltransferase activity for biofilm inhibition. This enzyme is necessary for glycosylation of the pilus subunit and for adequate pilus formation. In contrast to wild-type culture in which most cells exhibit several pili, only 25% of the mutant cells are piliated, half of which possess a single pilus. In spite of this poor piliation, natural DNA competence was similar to that of wild-type, therefore, we propose that the unglycosylated pili facilitate DNA transformation. Additionally, conditioned medium from wild-type culture, which contains a biofilm inhibiting substance(s), only partially blocks biofilm development by the ogt-mutant. Thus, we suggest that inactivation of ogt affects multiple processes including production or secretion of the inhibitor as well as the ability to sense or respond to it.

Originality-Significance StatementThe molecular mechanisms that underlie biofilm development in cyanobacteria are just emerging. Using the cyanobacterium S. elongatus as a model, we demonstrate that glycosylation of the pilus subunit is crucial for the biofilm self-suppression mechanism, however, it is dispensable for DNA competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendersky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.449578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impairment of a cyanobacterial glycosyltransferase that modifies a pilin results in biofilm development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ca2+-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation underlies intracellular Ca2+ stores. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores are essential to myriad cellular processes, however, the structure of these stores is largely unknown and existing models do not address all literature observations. We investigate CASQ1 - the major Ca2+ binding protein of skeletal muscle - and discover Ca2+-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation activity. The intrinsic disorder of CASQ1 underlies this activity and is regulated via phosphorylation by the secretory pathway kinase FAM20C. This divalent cation driven condensation demonstrates liquid-liquid phase separation occurs within the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum, mechanistically explains efficient Ca2+ buffering and storage, and represents a largely unexplored mechanism of divalent-cation driven protein association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ca2+-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation underlies intracellular Ca2+ stores.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early adaptation in a microbial community is dominated by mutualism-enhancing mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species interactions drive evolution while evolution shapes these interactions. The resulting eco-evolutionary dynamics, their outcomes and their repeatability depend on how adaptive mutations available to community members affect fitness and ecologically relevant traits. However, the diversity of adaptive mutations is not well characterized, and we do not know how this diversity is affected by the ecological milieu. Here we use barcode lineage tracking to address this gap in a competitive mutualism between the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We find that yeast has access to many adaptive mutations with diverse ecological consequences, in particular, those that increase and reduce the yields of both species. The presence of the alga does not change which mutations are adaptive in yeast (i.e., there is no fitness trade-off for yeast between growing alone or with alga), but rather shifts selection to favor yeast mutants that increase the yields of both species and make the mutualism stronger. Thus, in the presence of the alga, adaptations contending for fixation in yeast are more likely to enhance the mutualism, even though cooperativity is not directly favored by natural selection in our system. Our results demonstrate that ecological interactions not only alter the trajectory of evolution but also dictate its repeatability; in particular, weak mutualisms can repeatably evolve to become stronger.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hom, E. F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early adaptation in a microbial community is dominated by mutualism-enhancing mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome divergence of marine gastropod species separated by the Isthmus of Panama 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of the Isthmus of Panama ~3.5 mya separated populations of many marine organisms, which then diverged into new geminate sister species currently living in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. However, we know very little about how such evolutionary divergences of host species have shaped their microbiomes. Here, we compared the microbiomes of whole-body and shell-surface samples of geminate species of marine gastropods in the genera Cerithium and Cerithideopsis to those of congeneric outgroups. Our results show that the effects of the Isthmus on microbiome composition varied among host genera and between sample types within the same hosts. In the whole-body samples, microbiome compositions of geminate species pairs in the focal genera tended to be similar, likely due to host filtering, although the strength of this relationship varied among the two groups and across similarity metrics. Shell-surface communities showed contrasting patterns, with co-divergence between the host taxa and a small number of microbial clades evident in Cerithideopsis, but not Cerithium. These results suggest that (i) the rise of the Isthmus of Panama affected microbiomes of geminate hosts in a complex and clade-specific manner and (ii) host-associated microbial taxa respond differently to vicariance events than the hosts themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome divergence of marine gastropod species separated by the Isthmus of Panama]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory provides flexible storage of information in service of upcoming behavioral goals. Some models propose specific fixed loci and mechanisms for the storage of visual information in working memory, such as sustained spiking in parietal and prefrontal cortex during working memory maintenance. An alternative view is that information can be remembered in a flexible format that best suits current behavioral goals. For example, remembered visual information might be stored in sensory areas for easier comparison to future sensory inputs, or might be re-coded into a more abstract action-oriented format and stored in motor areas. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a visuo-spatial working memory task where the required behavioral response was either known or unknown during the memory delay period. Using fMRI and multivariate decoding, we found that there was less information about remembered spatial position in early visual and parietal regions when the required response was known versus unknown. Further, a representation of the planned motor action emerged in primary somatosensory, primary motor, and premotor cortex during the same task condition where spatial information was reduced in early visual cortex. These results suggest that the neural networks supporting working memory can be strategically reconfigured depending on specific behavioral requirements during a canonical visual working memory paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademaker, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible utilization of spatial- and motor-based codes for the storage of visuo-spatial information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycocalyx engineering with heparan sulfate mimetics attenuates Wnt activity during adipogenesis to promote glucose uptake and metabolism. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in maintaining me tabolic homeostasis by storing lipids and glucose from circulation as intracellular fat. As peripheral tissues like AT become insulin resistant, decompensation of blood glucose levels occurs causing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Currently, glycocalyx modulating as a pharmacological treatment strategy to improve glucose homeostasis in T2D patients is underexplored. Here, we show a novel role for cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) in establishing glucose uptake capacity and metabolic utilization in differentiated adipocytes. Using a combination of chemical and genetic interventions, we identified that HS modulates this metabolic phenotype by attenuating levels of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis. By engineering the glycocalyx of preadipocytes with exogenous synthetic HS mimetics, we were able to enhance glucose clearance capacity after differentiation through modulation of Wnt ligand availability. These findings establish the cellular glycocalyx as a possible new target for therapeutic intervention in T2D patients by enhancing glucose clearance capacity independent of insulin secretion.

SIGNIFICANCEMetabolic disorders associated with the Western-style diet, such as type 2 diabetes, are among the main drivers of mortality in the US and globally, with more than 380 million people currently affected by this disease worldwide. However, treatment options for type 2 diabetes are currently limited to management of caloric uptake and expenditure, with none able to reverse the condition long-term. The ability to reprogram adipose tissues to improve their overall capacity to clear glucose may provide one such opportunity. Here we provide evidence that glycocalyx remodeling in pre-adipocytes with heparan sulfate mimetics will alter their differentiation program by modulating Wnt signaling to produce adipocytes with increased glucose uptake and utilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trieger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessentheiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeForest, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majithia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordts, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycocalyx engineering with heparan sulfate mimetics attenuates Wnt activity during adipogenesis to promote glucose uptake and metabolism.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconventional tonicity-regulated nuclear trafficking of NFAT5 mediated by KPNB1, XPOT and RUVBL2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.11.451941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NFAT5 is the only known mammalian tonicity-responsive transcription factor functionally implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes. NFAT5 activity is tightly regulated by extracellular tonicity but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We demonstrated that NFAT5 enters the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex. We also found that NFAT5 utilizes a non-canonical nuclear localization signal (NFAT5-NLS) for nuclear imports. siRNA screening revealed that karyopherin {beta}1 (KPNB1) drives nuclear import of NFAT5 via directly interacting with NFAT5-NLS. Proteomics analysis and siRNA screening further revealed that nuclear export of NFAT5 under hypotonicity is mediated by Exportin-T, and that it requires RuvB-Like AAA type ATPase 2 (RUVBL2) as an indispensable chaperone. Our findings have identified KPNB1 and RUVBL2 as key molecules responsible for the unconventional tonicity-regulated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of NFAT5. These findings offer an opportunity for developing novel NFAT5 targeting strategies that are potentially useful for the treatment of diseases associated with NFAT5 dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.11.451941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconventional tonicity-regulated nuclear trafficking of NFAT5 mediated by KPNB1, XPOT and RUVBL2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intestinally secreted host factor limits bacterial colonization but promotes microsporidia invasion of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsporidia are ubiquitous obligate intracellular pathogens of animals. These parasites often infect hosts through an oral route, but little is known about the function of host intestinal proteins that facilitate microsporidia invasion. To identify such factors necessary for infection by Nematocida parisii, a natural microsporidian pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify mutant animals that have a Fitness Advantage with Nematocida (Fawn). We isolated four fawn mutants that are resistant to Nematocida infection and contain mutations in T14E8.4, which we renamed aaim-1 (Antibacterial and Aids invasion by Microsporidia). Expression of AAIM-1 in the intestine of aaim-1 animals restores N. parisii infectivity and this rescue of infectivity is dependent upon AAIM-1 secretion. N. parisii spores in aaim-1 animals are improperly oriented in the intestinal lumen, leading to reduced levels of parasite invasion. Conversely, aaim-1 mutants display both increased colonization and susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and overexpression of AAIM-1 reduces P. aeruginosa colonization. Competitive fitness assays show that aaim-1 mutants are favoured in the presence of N. parisii but disadvantaged on P. aeruginosa compared to wild type animals. Together, this work demonstrates how microsporidia exploits a secreted protein to promote host invasion. Our results also suggest evolutionary trade-offs may exist to optimizing host defense against multiple classes of pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Jarkass, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertzberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intestinally secreted host factor limits bacterial colonization but promotes microsporidia invasion of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antipsychotic-induced epigenomic reorganization in frontal cortex samples from individuals with schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have revealed >270 loci associated with schizophrenia risk, yet these genetic factors do not seem to be sufficient to fully explain the molecular determinants behind this psychiatric condition. Epigenetic marks such as post-translational histone modifications remain largely plastic during development and adulthood, allowing a dynamic impact of environmental factors, including antipsychotic medications, on access to genes and regulatory elements. However, few studies so far have profiled cell-specific genome-wide histone modifications in postmortem brain samples from schizophrenia subjects, or the effect of antipsychotic treatment on such epigenetic marks. Here we conducted ChIP-seq analyses focusing on histone marks indicative of active enhancers (H3K27ac) and active promoters (H3K4me3), alongside RNA-seq, using frontal cortex samples from antipsychotic-free (AF) and antipsychotic-treated (AT) individuals with schizophrenia, as well as individually matched controls (n = 58). Schizophrenia subjects exhibited thousands of neuronal and non-neuronal epigenetic differences at regions that included several susceptibility genetic loci, such as NRG1, DISC1, and DRD3. By analyzing the AF and AT cohorts separately, we identified schizophrenia-associated alterations in specific transcription factors, their regulatees, and epigenomic and transcriptomic features that were reversed by antipsychotic treatment; as well as those that represented a consequence of antipsychotic medication rather than a hallmark of schizophrenia in postmortem human brain samples. Notably, we also found that the effect of age on epigenomic landscapes was more pronounced in frontal cortex of AT-schizophrenics, as compared to AF-schizophrenics and controls. Together, these data provide important evidence of epigenetic alterations in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia, and remark for the first time the impact of age and antipsychotic treatment on chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainsworth, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callado, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meana, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Maeso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antipsychotic-induced epigenomic reorganization in frontal cortex samples from individuals with schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) shows elevated actin assembly dependence under high membrane tension. Why actin assembly at CME sites occurs heterogeneously even within the same cell, and how assembly forces are harnessed, are not fully understood. Here, endocytic dynamics, actin presence, and geometry of CME proteins from three different functional modules, were analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, and machine-learning-based computation. When hundreds of CME events were compared, sites with actin assembly showed a distinct signature, a delay between completion of coat expansion and vesicle scission, indicating that actin assembly occurs preferentially at stalled CME sites. N-WASP is recruited to one side of CME sites where it is positioned to stimulate asymmetric actin assembly. We propose that asymmetric actin assembly rescues stalled CME sites by pulling vesicles into the cell much like a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazinejad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of heat-inactivated and infectious SARS-CoV-2 across indoor surface materials shows comparable RT-qPCR viral signal intensity and persistence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental monitoring in public spaces can be used to identify surfaces contaminated by persons with COVID-19 and inform appropriate infection mitigation responses. Research groups have reported detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on surfaces days or weeks after the virus has been deposited, making it difficult to estimate when an infected individual may have shed virus onto a SARS-CoV-2 positive surface, which in turn complicates the process of establishing effective quarantine measures. In this study, we determined that reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of viral RNA from heat-inactivated particles experiences minimal decay over seven days of monitoring on eight out of nine surfaces tested. The properties of the studied surfaces result in RT-qPCR signatures that can be segregated into two material categories, rough and smooth, where smooth surfaces have a lower limit of detection. RT-qPCR signal intensity (average quantification cycle (Cq)) can be correlated to surface viral load using only one linear regression model per material category. The same experiment was performed with infectious viral particles on one surface from each category, with essentially identical results. The stability of RT-qPCR viral signal demonstrates the need to clean monitored surfaces after sampling to establish temporal resolution. Additionally, these findings can be used to minimize the number of materials and time points tested and allow for the use of heat-inactivated viral particles when optimizing environmental monitoring methods.

ImportanceEnvironmental monitoring is an important tool for public health surveillance, particularly in settings with low rates of diagnostic testing. Time between sampling public environments, such as hospitals or schools, and notifying stakeholders of the results should be minimal, allowing decisions to be made towards containing outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Safer At School Early Alert program (SASEA) [1], a large-scale environmental monitoring effort in elementary school and child care settings, has processed > 13,000 surface samples for SARS-CoV-2, detecting viral signals from 574 samples. However, consecutive detection events necessitated the present study to establish appropriate response practices around persistent viral signals on classroom surfaces. Other research groups and clinical labs developing environmental monitoring methods may need to establish their own correlation between RT - qPCR results and viral load, but this work provides evidence justifying simplified experimental designs, like reduced testing materials and the use of heat-inactivated viral particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salido, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughishafiei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lastrella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plascencia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crescini, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco Vargas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machnicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Ferre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saever, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrander, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fielding-Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of heat-inactivated and infectious SARS-CoV-2 across indoor surface materials shows comparable RT-qPCR viral signal intensity and persistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets the dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A computational platform, the Boolean network explorer (BoNE), has recently been developed to infuse AI-enhanced precision into drug discovery; it enables querying and navigating invariant Boolean Implication Networks of disease maps for prioritizing high-value targets. Here we used BoNE to query an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-map and prioritize a therapeutic strategy that involves dual agonism of two nuclear receptors, PPAR/{gamma}. Balanced agonism of PPAR/{gamma} was predicted to modulate macrophage processes, ameliorate colitis in network-prioritized animal models,  reset the gene expression network from disease to health, and achieve a favorable therapeutic index that tracked other FDA-approved targets. Predictions were validated using a balanced and potent PPAR/{gamma}-dual agonist (PAR5359) in two pre-clinical murine models, i.e., Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious colitis and DSS-induced colitis. Using a combination of selective inhibitors and agonists, we show that balanced dual agonism promotes bacterial clearance more efficiently than individual agonists, both in vivo and in vitro. PPARa is required and its agonism is sufficient to induce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular ROS, which are essential for bacterial clearance and immunity, whereas PPARg-agonism blunts these responses, delays microbial clearance and induces the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL10; balanced dual agonism achieved controlled inflammation while protecting the gut barrier and  reversal of the transcriptomic network. Furthermore, dual agonism reversed the defective bacterial clearance observed in PBMCs derived from IBD patients. These findings not only deliver a macrophage modulator for use as barrier-protective therapy in IBD, but also highlight the potential of BoNE to rationalize combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amandachar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toobian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usmani, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawires, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leriche, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandborn, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets the dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Strain Design Using Aggregated Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Mutational Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes are being engineered for an increasingly large and diverse set of applications. However, the designing of microbial genomes remains challenging due to the general complexity of biological system. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) leverages natures problem-solving processes to generate optimized genotypes currently inaccessible to rational methods. The large amount of public ALE data now represents a new opportunity for data-driven strain design. This study presents a novel and first of its kind meta-analysis workflow to derive data-driven strain designs from aggregate ALE mutational data using rich mutation annotations, statistical and structural biology methods. The mutational dataset consolidated and utilized in this study contained 63 Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 based ALE experiments, described by 93 unique environmental conditions, 357 independent evolutions, and 13,957 observed mutations. High-level trends across the entire dataset were established and revealed that ALE-derived strain designs will largely be gene-centric, as opposed to non-coding, and a relatively small number of variants (approx. 4) can significantly alter cellular states and provide benefits which range from an increase in fitness to a complete necessity for survival. Three novel experimentally validated designs relevant to metabolic engineering applications are presented as use cases for the workflow. Specifically, these designs increased growth rates with glycerol as a carbon source through a point mutation to glpK and a truncation to cyaA or increased tolerance to toxic levels of isobutyric acid through a pykF truncation. These results demonstrate how strain designs can be extracted from aggregated ALE data to enhance strain design efforts.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=131 SRC="FIGDIR/small/452699v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e1759org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9ee7d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@866f04org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e27b29_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalldorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Strain Design Using Aggregated Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Mutational Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Orally Available Cathepsin L Inhibitor Protects Lungs Against SARS-CoV-2-Induced Diffuse Alveolar Damage in African Green Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted from global infection by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and rapidly emerged as an urgent health issue requiring effective treatments. To initiate infection, the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 requires proteolytic processing mediated by host proteases. Among the host proteases proposed to carry out this activation is the cysteine protease cathepsin L. Inhibiting cathepsin L has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for treating COVID-19. SLV213 (K777) is an orally administered small molecule protease inhibitor that exhibits in vitro activity against a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. To confirm efficacy in vivo, K777 was evaluated in an African green monkey (AGM) model of COVID-19. A pilot experiment was designed to test K777 in a prophylactic setting, animals were pre-treated with 100mg/kg K777 (N=4) or vehicle (N=2) before inoculation with SARS-CoV-2. Initial data demonstrated that K777 treatment reduced pulmonary pathology compared to vehicle-treated animals. A second study was designed to test activity in a therapeutic setting, with K777 treatment (33 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) initiated 8 hours after exposure to the virus. In both experiments, animals received K777 daily via oral gavage for 7 days. Vehicle-treated animals exhibited higher lung weights, pleuritis, and diffuse alveolar damage. In contrast, lung pathology was reduced in K777-treated monkeys, and histopathological analyses confirmed the lack of diffuse alveolar damage. Antiviral effects were further demonstrated by quantitative reductions in viral load of samples collected from upper and lower airways. These preclinical data support the potential for early SLV213 treatment in COVID-19 patients to prevent severe lung pathology and disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frueh, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maneval, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROY, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell-Lodrigue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Orally Available Cathepsin L Inhibitor Protects Lungs Against SARS-CoV-2-Induced Diffuse Alveolar Damage in African Green Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.452842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIV/Girdin binds BRCA1 and links trimeric G-proteins to DNA damage response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.452842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon sensing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), eukaryotic cells either die or repair DSBs via one of two competing pathways, i.e., non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). We show that cell fate after DNA damage hinges on the guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator of heterotrimeric G-protein, Gi*{beta}{gamma}, GIV/Girdin. GIV suppresses HR by binding and sequestering BRCA1, a key coordinator of multiple steps within the HR pathway, away from DSBs; it does so using a C-terminal motif that binds BRCA1s BRCT-modules via both phospho-dependent and -independent mechanisms. GIV promotes NHEJ, and binds and activates Gi and enhances the  free G{beta}{gamma}[-&gt;]PI-3-kinase[-&gt;]Akt pathway, thus revealing the enigmatic origin of prosurvival Akt signals during dsDNA repair. Absence of GIV, or the loss of either of its two functions impaired DNA repair, and induced cell death when challenged with numerous cytotoxic agents. That GIV selectively binds few other BRCT-containing proteins suggests convergent signaling such that heterotrimeric G-proteins may finetune sensing, repair, and outcome after DNA damage.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/452842v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (66K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d5202org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d32d89org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@152a85dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ab9953_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LINon-receptor G protein modulator, GIV/Girdin binds BRCA1
C_LIO_LIBinding occurs in both canonical and non-canonical modes
C_LIO_LIGIV sequesters BRCA1 away from dsDNA breaks, suppresses HR
C_LIO_LIActivation of Gi by GIV enhances Akt signals, favors NHEJ
C_LI

IN BRIEFIn this work, the authors show that heterotrimeric G protein signaling that is triggered by non-receptor GEF, GIV/Girdin, in response to double-stranded DNA breaks is critical for decisive signaling events which favor non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and inhibit homologous recombination (HR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abd El-Hafeez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamarthi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazra, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.452842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIV/Girdin binds BRCA1 and links trimeric G-proteins to DNA damage response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of cocaine addiction-like behavior in heterogeneous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is commonly characterized by escalation of drug intake, compulsive drug seeking, and continued use despite harmful consequences. However, the factors contributing to the transition from moderate drug use to these problematic patterns remain unclear, particularly regarding the role of sex. Many preclinical studies have been limited by small sample sizes, low genetic diversity, and restricted drug access, making it challenging to model significant levels of intoxication or dependence and translate findings to humans. To address these limitations, we characterized addiction-like behaviors in a large sample of >500 outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats using an extended cocaine self-administration paradigm (6 h/daily). We analyzed individual differences in escalation of intake, progressive-ratio (PR) responding, continued use despite adverse consequences (contingent foot shocks), and irritability-like behavior during withdrawal. Principal component analysis showed that escalation of intake, progressive ratio responding, and continued use despite adverse consequences loaded onto a single factor that was distinct from irritability-like behaviors. Categorizing rats into resilient, mild, moderate, and severe addiction-like phenotypes showed that females exhibited higher addiction-like behaviors, with a lower proportion of resilient individuals compared to males. These findings suggest that, in genetically diverse rats with extended drug access, escalation of intake, continued use despite adverse consequences, and PR responding are highly correlated measures of a shared underlying construct. Furthermore, our results highlight sex differences in resilience to addiction-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomhower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlisk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedighim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velarde, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kononoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krook, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avelar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of cocaine addiction-like behavior in heterogeneous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulatory features associated with Coccidioides immitis phase transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is an emerging endemic fungal infection with a rising incidence and an expanding geographic range. It is caused by Coccidiodes, which are thermally dimorphic fungi that grow as mycelia in soil but transition in the lung to form pathogenic spherules. The regulatory mechanisms underlying this transition are not understood. Exploiting capped small (cs)RNA-seq, which identifies actively initiated stable and unstable transcripts and thereby detects acute changes in gene regulation with remarkable sensitivity, here we report the changes in architectural organization and key sequence features underlying phase transition of this highly pathogenic fungus. Spherule transition was accompanied by large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, functional changes in transcript isoforms, and a massive increase in promoter-distal transcription of ncRNAs. Analysis of spherule-activated regulatory elements revealed a motif predicted to recruit a WOPR family transcription factor, which are known regulators of virulence in other fungi. We identify CIMG_02671 as a C. immitis WOPR homologue and show that it activates transcription in a WOPR motif-dependent manner, suggesting it is an important regulator of pathogenic phase transition. Collectively, this also highlights csRNA-seq as a powerful means to identify transcriptional mechanisms that control pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duttke, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viriyakosol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkland, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stajich, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional regulatory features associated with Coccidioides immitis phase transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin protects against the development and expression of cocaine addiction-like behavior in heterogenous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its pleasurable effects, weight control is a significant contributor to initiation, maintenance and relapse of cocaine use. This suggests that individual differences in bodyweight control and feeding hormones, such as leptin may contribute to the vulnerability to cocaine use disorder. While pre-clinical studies have shown a mutually inhibitory relationship between leptin and cocaine, they have used small sample sizes and did not investigate individual differences in a large heterogeneous population. Here, we tested if individual differences in bodyweight and blood leptin level is associated with high or low vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors using data from 500 heterogenous stock rats and 160 blood samples from the Cocaine Biobank, using a model of extended access to intravenous self-administration of cocaine. Finally, we tested a separate cohort to evaluate the causal effect of exogenous leptin administration on cocaine seeking. Bodyweight, while changing due to cocaine self-administration in males, was not related to the vulnerability to addiction-like behavior. Blood leptin levels after ~6 weeks of cocaine self-administration did not correlate with addiction-like behaviors, however, baseline blood leptin levels before any access to cocaine negatively predicted addiction-like behavior. Finally, administration of leptin reduced cocaine intake after acute withdrawal and cocaine seeking after 6 weeks of protracted abstinence. These results demonstrate that high blood leptin level before access to cocaine may be a protective factor against the development of cocaine addiction-like behavior, that exogenous leptin reduces the motivation to take and seek cocaine, but that blood leptin level and bodyweight changes in current users are not good biomarkers for addiction-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corral, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crook, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomhower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg-Woods, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin protects against the development and expression of cocaine addiction-like behavior in heterogenous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in members of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes is associated with resistance or vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors in heterogeneous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An emerging element in psychiatry is the gut-brain-axis, the bi-directional communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the brain. A prominent hypothesis, mostly based on preclinical studies, is that individual differences in the gut microbiome composition and drug-induced dysbiosis may be associated with vulnerability to psychiatric disorders including substance use disorder. However, most studies used small sample size, ignored individual differences, or used animal models with limited relevance to addiction. Here, we test the hypothesis that pre-existing microbiome composition and drug-induced changes in microbiome composition can predict addiction-like behaviors using an advanced animal model of extended access to cocaine self-administration in a large cohort of heterogenous stock (HS) rats. Adult male and female HS rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine under short (2h/day) and long access (6h/day) for ~7 weeks under various schedule of reinforcement to identify individuals that are resistant or vulnerable to addiction-like behaviors and fecal samples were collected before the first session and after the last session to assess differences in the microbiome composition. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) identified sex-dependent and sex-independent differences at the phylum, order, and species level that are differentially abundant in resistant vs. vulnerable individuals, including high level of actinobacteria both before the first exposure to cocaine and after 7 weeks of cocaine self-administration in resistant animals. Predictions of functional gene content using PICRUSt revealed differential regulation of short-chain fatty acid processing in the vulnerable group after self-administration. These results identify microbiome constituents as well as metabolic pathways that are associated with resistance or vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors in rats. Identification of microbes and tangential metabolic pathways involved in cocaine resilience/vulnerability may represent an innovative strategy for the development of novel biomarkers and medication for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg-Woods, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in members of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes is associated with resistance or vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors in heterogeneous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utilization efficiency of human milk oligosaccharides by human-associated Akkermansia is strain-dependent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Akkermansia muciniphila are mucin degrading bacteria found in the human gut and are often associated with positive human health. However, despite being detected as early as one month of age, little is known about the role of Akkermansia in the infant gut. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant components of human milk and are structurally similar to the oligosaccharides that comprise mucin, the preferred growth substrate of human-associated Akkermansia. A limited subset of intestinal bacteria has been shown to grow well on HMOs and mucin. We therefore examined the ability of genomically diverse strains of Akkermansia to grow on HMOs. First, we screened 85 genomes representing the four known Akkermansia phylogroups to examine their metabolic potential to degrade HMOs. Furthermore, we examined the ability of representative isolates to grow on individual HMOs in a mucin background and analyzed the resulting metabolites. All Akkermansia genomes were equipped with an array of glycoside hydrolases associated with HMO-deconstruction. Representative strains were all able to grow on HMOs with varying efficiency and growth yield. Strain CSUN-19 belonging to the AmIV phylogroup, grew to the highest level in the presence of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs. This activity may be partially related to the increased copy numbers and/or the enzyme activities of the -fucosidases, -sialidases, and {beta}-galactosidases. Utilization of HMOs by strains of Akkermansia suggests that ingestion of HMOs by an infant may enrich for these potentially beneficial bacteria. Further studies are required to realize this opportunity and deliver long-lasting metabolic benefits to the human host.

ImportanceHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are utilized by a limited subset of bacteria in the infant gut. Akkermansia are detected in infants as young as one month of age and are thought to contribute to the HMO deconstruction capacity of the infant. Here, using phylogenomics, we examined the genomic capacity of different Akkermansia phylogroups to potentially deconstruct HMOs. Furthermore, we experimentally showed that strains from all the currently known phylogroups of Akkermansia can deconstruct all the major types of HMOs, albeit with different utilization efficiencies. This study thus examines Akkermansia-HMO interactions that can potentially influence the gut microbial ecology during the first 1,000 days of life - a critical phase for the development of the gut microbiome and infant health.

This study will be of interest to a wide range of scientists from microbiologists, glycochemists/glycobiologists, to functional food developers investigating Akkermansia as probiotics or functional foods containing milk oligosaccharides as prebiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkar, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirmiz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulchakrabarti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utilization efficiency of human milk oligosaccharides by human-associated Akkermansia is strain-dependent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding kidney disease relies upon defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles, and interactions within tissue neighborhoods. We have applied multiple single-cell or -nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei/cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference (n = 42) and disease (n = 42) kidneys. This has provided a high resolution cellular atlas of 100 cell types that include rare and novel cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, epigenomic regulatory factors, and spatial localizations for major cell types spanning the entire kidney. We further identify and define cellular states altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive or maladaptive repair, transitioning and degenerative states affecting several segments. Molecular signatures of these states permitted their localization within injury neighborhoods using spatial transcriptomics, and large-scale 3D imaging analysis of [~]1.2 million neighborhoods provided linkages to active immune responses. These analyses further defined biological pathways relevant to injury niches, including signatures underlying the transition from reference to predicted maladaptive states that were associated with a decline in kidney function during chronic kidney disease. This human kidney cell atlas, including injury cell states and neighborhoods, will be a valuable resource for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plongthongkum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toto, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KPMP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptomes identifies independently modulated sets of genes associated with known transcriptional regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a critical role in coordinating numerous cellular processes. We extracted and quality controlled all publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets for P. aeruginosa to find 281 high-quality transcriptomes. We produced 83 new RNAseq data sets under critical conditions to generate a comprehensive compendium of 364 transcriptomes. We used this compendium to reconstruct the TRN of P. aeruginosa using independent component analysis (ICA). We identified 104 independently modulated sets of genes (called iModulons), among which 81 (78%) reflect the effects of known transcriptional regulators. We show that iModulons: 1) play an important role in defining the genomic boundaries of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs); 2) show increased expression of the BGCs and associated secretion systems in conditions that emulate cystic fibrosis (CF); 3) show the presence of a novel BGC named RiPP (bacteriocin producer) which might have a role in worsening CF outcomes; 4) exhibit the interplay of amino acid metabolism regulation and central metabolism across carbon sources, and 5) clustered according to their activity changes to define iron and sulfur stimulons. Finally, we compare the iModulons of P. aeruginosa with those of E. coli to observe conserved regulons across two gram negative species. This comprehensive TRN framework covers almost every aspect of the transcriptional regulatory machinery in P. aeruginosa, and thus could prove foundational for future research of its physiological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptomes identifies independently modulated sets of genes associated with known transcriptional regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The timescale and magnitude of aperiodic activity decreases with cortical depth in humans, macaques and mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical dynamics obey a 1/f power law, exhibiting an exponential decay of spectral power with increasing frequency. The slope and offset of this 1/f decay reflect the timescale and magnitude of aperiodic neural activity, respectively. These properties are tightly linked to cellular and circuit mechanisms (e.g. excitation:inhibition balance and firing rates) as well as cognitive processes (e.g. perception, memory, and state). However, the physiology underlying the 1/f power law in cortical dynamics is not well understood. Here, we compared laminar recordings from human, macaque and mouse cortex to evaluate how 1/f aperiodic dynamics vary across cortical layers and species. We report that 1/f slope is steepest in superficial layers and flattest in deep layers in each species. Additionally, the magnitude of this 1/f decay is greatest in superficial cortex and decreases with depth. We could account for both of these findings with a simple model in which superficial cortical transmembrane currents had longer time constants and greater densities than those in deeper layers. Together, our results provide novel insight into the organization of cortical dynamics, suggesting that the amplitude and time constant of local currents control circuit processing as a function of laminar depth. This may represent a general mechanism to facilitate appropriate integration of fast sensory inputs (infragranular) with slow feedback-type inputs (supragranular) across cortical areas and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eross, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnett, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The timescale and magnitude of aperiodic activity decreases with cortical depth in humans, macaques and mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning uncovers a data-driven transcriptional regulatory network for the Crenarchaeal thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic cellular responses to environmental constraints are coordinated by the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN), which modulates gene expression. This network controls most fundamental cellular responses, including metabolism, motility, and stress responses. Here, we apply independent component analysis, an unsupervised machine learning approach, to 95 high-quality Sulfolobus acidocaldarius RNA-seq datasets and extract 45 independently modulated gene sets, or iModulons. Together, these iModulons contain 755 genes (32% of the genes identified on the genome) and explain over 70% of the variance in the expression compendium. We show that 5 modules represent the effects of known transcriptional regulators, and hypothesize that most of the remaining modules represent the effects of uncharacterized regulators. Further analysis of these gene sets results in: (1) the prediction of a DNA export system composed of 5 uncharacterized genes, (2) expansion of the LysM regulon, and (3) evidence for an as-yet-undiscovered global regulon. Our approach allows for a mechanistic, systems-level elucidation of an extremophiles responses to biological perturbations, which could inform research on gene-regulator interactions and facilitate regulator discovery in S. acidocaldarius. We also provide the first global TRN for S. acidocaldarius. Collectively, these results provide a roadmap towards regulatory network discovery in archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Bulushi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning uncovers a data-driven transcriptional regulatory network for the Crenarchaeal thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of the Global miR-130a Targetome Reveals a Novel Role for TBL1XR1 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and t(8;21) AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression profiling and proteome analysis of normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) point to shared core stemness properties. However, discordance between mRNA and protein signatures underscores an important role for post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs in governing this critical nexus. Here, we identified miR-130a as a regulator of HSC self-renewal and differentiation. Enforced expression of miR-130a impaired B lymphoid differentiation and expanded long-term HSC. Integration of protein mass spectrometry and chimeric AGO2 eCLIP-seq identified TBL1XR1 as a primary miR-130a target, whose loss of function phenocopied miR-130a overexpression. Moreover, we found that miR-130a is highly expressed in t(8;21) AML where it is critical for maintaining the oncogenic molecular program mediated by AML1-ETO. Our study establishes that identification of the comprehensive miRNA targetome within primary cells enables discovery of novel genes and molecular networks underpinning stemness properties of normal and leukemic cells.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LImiR-130a is a regulator of HSC self-renewal and lineage commitment
C_LIO_LITBL1XR1 is a principal target of miR-130a
C_LIO_LITBL1XR1 loss of function in HSPC phenocopies enforced expression of miR-130a
C_LIO_LIElevated miR-130a levels maintain the AML1-ETO repressive program in t(8;21) AML
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krivdova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoof, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marhon, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murison, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLeod, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermans, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotman-Grant, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenblast, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Carvalho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAB, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of the Global miR-130a Targetome Reveals a Novel Role for TBL1XR1 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and t(8;21) AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of muscle stem cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors in female pelvic floor muscle regeneration following birth injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) injury during childbirth is a key risk factor for subsequent pelvic floor disorders that affect millions of women worldwide. Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) play a central role in the regeneration of injured skeletal muscles, where they activate, proliferate, and differentiate to assure myogenesis needed for muscle recovery. For robust regenerative function, MuSCs require the support of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) and immune cells. To elucidate the role of MuSCs, FAPs, and immune infiltrate in female PFM regeneration, we used radiation to perturb the system and followed PFM recovery in a simulated birth injury (SBI) rat model. Non-irradiated and irradiated rats were euthanized at 3,7, 10, and 28 days after SBI; PFMs were harvested and prepared for immunohistochemistry. Cross sectional area (CSA) of all PFM myofibers 28 days after injury in irradiated animals was significantly lower relative to non-irradiated injured controls, indicating impairment of PFM recovery. Following SBI in non-irradiated animals, the number of MuSCs and FAPs expanded significantly at 7 and 3 days after injury, respectively; this expansion did not occur in irradiated animals at the same time points. CSA of embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMyHC, marker of newly regenerated myofibers) positive fibers was also significantly smaller following SBI in irradiated muscles compared to PFMs from non-irradiated injured controls at 7 days. Our results demonstrate that loss of function and decreased expansion of MuSCs and FAPs associated with irradiation results in impaired PFM recovery, signifying essential roles for MuSCs and FAPs in the regenerative process of female PFMs after birth injury. These findings can inform the identification of novel preventative and therapeutic targets and the development of new treatments for PFM dysfunction and associated pelvic floor disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boscolo Sesillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baynes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of muscle stem cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors in female pelvic floor muscle regeneration following birth injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms governing protective pregnancy-induced adaptions of the pelvic floor muscles in the rat pre-clinical model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe intrinsic properties of pelvic soft tissues in women who do and do not sustain birth injuries are likely divergent, however little is known about this. Rat pelvic floor muscles undergo protective pregnancy-induced structural adaptations, sarcomerogenesis and increase in intramuscular collagen content, that protect against birth injury.

ObjectivesWe aimed to test the following hypotheses: 1) increased mechanical load of gravid uterus drives antepartum adaptations; 2) load-induced changes are sufficient to protect pelvic muscles from birth injury.

Study DesignIndependent effects of load uncoupled from hormonal milieu of pregnancy were tested in 3- to 4-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into four groups, N=5- 10/group: (1) load-/pregnancy hormones- (controls); (2) load+/pregnancy hormones-; (3) reduced load/pregnancy hormones+; (4) load+/pregnancy hormones+. Mechanical load simulating a gravid uterus was simulated by weighing uterine horns with beads similar to fetal rat size and weight. Reduced load was achieved by unilateral pregnancy after unilateral uterine horn ligation. To assess acute and chronic phases required for sarcomerogenesis, rats were sacrificed at 4 hours or 21 days post bead loading. Coccygeus, iliocaudalis, pubocaudalis and non-pelvic tibialis anterior were harvested for myofiber and sarcomere length measurements. Intramuscular collagen content was assessed using hydroxyproline assay. Additional 20 load+/pregnancy hormones- rats underwent vaginal distention to determine whether load-induced changes are sufficient to protect from mechanical muscle injury in response to parturition-associated strains of various magnitude. Data, compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance/pairwise comparisons, are presented as mean {+/-} standard error of mean.

ResultsAcute increase in load resulted in significant pelvic floor muscle stretch, accompanied by acute increase in sarcomere length compared to non-loaded control muscles (coccygeus: 2.69{+/-}0.03 vs 2.30{+/-}0.06 {micro}m, P<0.001; pubocaudalis: 2.71{+/-}0.04 vs 2.25{+/-}0.03 {micro}m, P<0.0001; iliocaudalis: 2.80{+/-}0.06 vs 2.35{+/-}0.04 {micro}m, P<0.0001). After 21 days of sustained load, sarcomeres returned to operational length in all pelvic muscles (P>0.05). However, the myofibers remained significantly longer in load+/pregnancy hormones- compared to load- /pregnancy hormones- in coccygeus (13.33{+/-}0.94 vs 9.97{+/-}0.26 mm, P<0.0001) and pubocaudalis (21.20{+/-}0.52 vs 19.52{+/-}0.34 mm, P<0.04) and not different from load+/pregnancy hormones+ (12.82{+/-}0.30 and 22.53{+/-}0.32mm, respectively, P>0.1), indicating that sustained load induced sarcomerogenesis in these muscles. Intramuscular collagen content in load+/pregnancy hormones- group was significantly greater relative to controls in coccygeus (6.55{+/-}0.85 vs 3.11{+/-}0.47{micro}g/mg, P<0.001) and pubocaudalis (5.93{+/-}0.79 vs 3.46{+/-}0.52 {micro}g/mg, P<0.05) and not different from load+/pregnancy hormones+ (7.45{+/-}0.65 and 6.05{+/-}0.62 {micro}g/mg, respectively, P>0.5). Iliocaudalis required both mechanical and endocrine cues for sarcomerogenesis. Tibialis anterior was not affected by mechanical or endocrine alterations. Despite equivalent extent of adaptations, load-induced changes were only partially protective against sarcomere hyperelongation.

ConclusionsLoad induces plasticity of the intrinsic pelvic floor muscle components that renders protection against mechanical birth injury. The protective effect, which varies between individual muscles and strain magnitudes, is further augmented by the presence of pregnancy hormones. Maximizing impact of mechanical load on pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy, such as with specialized pelvic floor muscle stretching regimens, is a potentially actionable target for augmenting pregnancy-induced adaptations to decrease birth injury in women who may otherwise have incomplete antepartum muscle adaptations.

AJOG at a GlanceO_LIWhy was the study conducted?
O_LITo determine the role of mechanical load, uncoupled from the hormonal milieu of pregnancy, in driving protective pregnancy-induced adaptations previously discovered in the rat pelvic floor muscles.
C_LI
C_LIO_LIWhat are the key findings?
O_LIMechanical load, in the absence of pregnancy hormones, induces sarcomerogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling in rat pelvic floor muscles.
C_LIO_LILoad-induced adaptations are partially protective against mechanical pelvic floor muscle injury consequent to parturition-associated strains.
C_LI
C_LIO_LIWhat does this study add to what is already known?
O_LIThe effect of sustained increased mechanical load, uncoupled from the hormonal milieu of pregnancy, on pelvic floor muscle plasticity has not been previously studied.
C_LIO_LIModulating pelvic floor muscles stretch antepartum, such as with specialized pelvic floor physical therapy regimens, could be a promising approach for augmentation of protective muscle adaptations in women.
C_LI
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rieger, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscolo Sesillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baynes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms governing protective pregnancy-induced adaptions of the pelvic floor muscles in the rat pre-clinical model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vibrissa pathway that activates the limbic system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrissa sensory inputs play a central role in driving rodent behavior. These inputs transit through the sensory trigeminal nuclei, which give rise to the ascending lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways. While lemniscal projections are somatotopically mapped from brain stem to cortex, those of the paralemniscal pathway are more widely distributed. Yet the extent and topography of paralemniscal projections are unknown, along with the potential role of these projections in controlling behavior. Here we used viral tracers to map paralemniscal projections. We find that this pathway broadcasts vibrissa-based sensory signals to brain stem regions that are involved in the regulation of autonomic functions and to forebrain regions that are involved in the expression of emotional reactions. We further provide evidence that GABAergic cells of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus gate trigeminal sensory input in the paralemniscal pathway via a mechanism of presynaptic or extrasynaptic inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deschenes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callado Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vibrissa pathway that activates the limbic system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.454932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-Zero Phase-Lag Hyperscanning in a Novel Wireless EEG System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.454932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperscanning is an emerging technology that concurrently scans the neural dynamics of multiple individuals to study interpersonal interactions. In particular, hyperscanning with wireless electroencephalography (EEG) is increasingly popular owing to its mobility and ability to decipher social interactions in natural settings at the millisecond scale. To align multiple EEG time series with sophisticated event markers in a single time domain, a precise and unified timestamp is required for stream synchronization. This study proposed a clock-synchronized method using a custom-made RJ45 cable to coordinate the sampling between wireless EEG amplifiers to prevent incorrect estimation of interbrain connectivity due to asynchronous sampling. In this method, analog-to-digital converters are driven by the same sampling clock. Additionally, two clock-synchronized amplifiers leverage additional RF channels to keep the counter of their receiving dongles updated, guaranteeing that binding event markers received by the dongle with the EEG time series have the correct timestamp. The results of two simulation experiments and one video gaming experiment revealed that the proposed method ensures synchronous sampling in a system with multiple EEG devices, achieving near-zero phase-lag and negligible amplitude difference between signals. According to all of the signal-similarity metrics, the suggested method is a promising option for wireless EEG hyperscanning and can be utilized to precisely assess the interbrain couplings underlying social-interaction behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.454932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-Zero Phase-Lag Hyperscanning in a Novel Wireless EEG System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic etiology of longitudinal measures of predicted brain ageing in a population-based sample of mid to late-age males 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging data are being used in statistical models to predicted brain ageing (PBA) and as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers Disease. Despite their increasing application, the genetic and environmental etiology of global PBA indices is unknown. Likewise, the degree to which genetic influences in PBA are longitudinally stable and how PBA changes over time are also unknown. We analyzed data from 734 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging with repeated MRI assessments between the ages 52 to 72 years. Biometrical genetic analyses  twin models revealed significant and highly correlated estimates of additive genetic heritability ranging from 59% to 75%. Multivariate longitudinal modelling revealed that covariation between PBA at different timepoints could be explained by a single latent factor with 73% heritability. Our results suggest that genetic influences on PBA are detectable in midlife or earlier, are longitudinally very stable, and are largely explained by common genetic influences.

HighlightsWe explored the genetic and environmental etiology of MRI-based predicted brain age (PBA) in a longitudinal sample of males starting in midlife. Genetic influences on PBA are detectable in midlife or earlier, are longitudinally very stable, and largely explained by common genetic influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyer, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennema-Notestine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puckett, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic etiology of longitudinal measures of predicted brain ageing in a population-based sample of mid to late-age males]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pandemic-Scale Phylogenomics Reveals Elevated Recombination Rates in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate and timely detection of recombinant lineages is crucial for interpreting genetic variation, reconstructing epidemic spread, identifying selection and variants of interest, and accurately performing phylogenetic analyses. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, genomic data generation has exceeded the capacities of existing analysis platforms, thereby crippling real-time analysis of viral recombination. Low SARS-CoV-2 mutation rates make detecting recombination difficult. Here, we develop and apply a novel phylogenomic method to exhaustively search a nearly comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny for recombinant lineages. We investigate a 1.6M sample tree, and identify 606 recombination events. Approximately 2.7% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes have recombinant ancestry. Recombination breakpoints occur disproportionately in the Spike protein region. Our method empowers comprehensive real time tracking of viral recombination during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcbroome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haussler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pandemic-Scale Phylogenomics Reveals Elevated Recombination Rates in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleukin-33 coordinates a microglial phagocytic response and limits corticothalamic excitability and seizure susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are key remodelers of neuronal synapses during brain development, but the mechanisms that regulate this process and its ultimate impact on neural circuit function are not well defined. We previously identified the IL-1 family cytokine Interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a novel mediator of microglial synapse remodeling. Here we define the phagocytic program induced in microglia in response to IL-33. We find that IL-33 markedly alters the microglial enhancer landscape and exposes AP-1 transcription factor sites that promote target gene expression. We identify the scavenger receptor MARCO and the pattern recognition receptor TLR2 as downstream mediators of IL-33 dependent synapse engulfment. Conditional deletion of IL-33 in the CNS or its receptor on microglia results in increased numbers of excitatory synapses in the corticothalamic circuit and spontaneous epileptiform activity as well as increased seizure susceptibility by early adulthood. These findings define novel mechanisms through which IL-33 coordinates experience-dependent synaptic refinement to restrict hyperexcitability in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainchtein, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molofsky, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molofsky, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleukin-33 coordinates a microglial phagocytic response and limits corticothalamic excitability and seizure susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn: an orally-available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intravenous administration of remdesivir for COVID-19 confines its utility to hospitalized patients. We evaluated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn, an orally available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of the remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524) against viruses that cause diseases of human public health concern, including SARS-CoV-2. ODBG-P-RVn showed 20-fold greater antiviral activity than GS-441524 and had near-equivalent activity to remdesivir in primary-like human small airway epithelial cells. Our results warrant investigation of ODBG-P-RVn efficacy in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava-Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beadle, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiaeva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostetler, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiropoulou, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn: an orally-available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.454510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tankyrase interacts with the allosteric site of glucokinase and inhibits its glucose-sensing function in the beta cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.454510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cell is rate-limited by glucokinase (GCK), the glucose sensor that catalyzes the first step of glucose metabolism. GCK consists of two lobes connected by a flexible hinge that allows the kinase to exhibit a spectrum of conformations ranging from the active, closed form to several inactive, less-compact forms. Activating GCK mutations can cause hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia in infants. A similar phenotype exhibited by tankyrase (TNKS)-deficient mice prompted us to investigate whether TNKS might modulate the glucose-sensing function of GCK. We found that TNKS colocalizes and directly interacts with GCK. Their interaction is mediated by two ankyrin-repeat clusters (ARC-2 and -5) in TNKS and a tankyrase-binding motif (TBM, aa 63-68) in the GCK hinge. This interaction is conformation sensitive, human GCK variants that cause hyperglycemia (V62M) or hypoglycemia (S64Y) enhance or diminish the interaction respectively, even though they have no impact on TNKS interaction in the context of a GCK peptide (V62M) or a peptide library (S64Y). Moreover, the TNKS-GCK interaction is inhibited by high glucose concentrations, which are known to stabilize GCK in the active (closed, glucose-avid) conformation. Conversely, glucose phosphorylation by GCK in vitro is inhibited by TNKS. To study this in vitro inhibitory effect in the MIN6 beta cells, we showed that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is suppressed upon stabilization of the TNKS protein and is conversely enhanced upon TNKS knockdown. Based on these findings as well as by contrasting with hexokinase-2, we propose that TNKS is a physiological GCK inhibitor in pancreatic beta cells that acts by trapping the kinase in the open (inactive) conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, N.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisemann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, T.-Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.454510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tankyrase interacts with the allosteric site of glucokinase and inhibits its glucose-sensing function in the beta cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.455703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Safety and efficacy of a new vaginal gel, Feminilove, for the treatment of symptoms associated with vaginal dryness and vulvovaginal atrophy in women: an in vitro and in vivo study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.455703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaginal dryness is a common symptom associated with vulvovaginal atrophy of menopause. The impact of vaginal dryness is very significant as it negatively affects quality of life, daily activities, sexual satisfaction as well as on interpersonal relationships. Symptoms of vaginal dryness is often underreported and undertreated. Recently, vaginal lubricants and moisturizers have been applied as one of the alternative and safe approaches to relieve vaginal dryness for women with mild to moderate vaginal dryness. We evaluated the safety and beneficial effects of a new type of estrogen-free vaginal gel, Feminilove BIO-FRESH moisturizing vaginal gel, using in vitro and in vivo experimental tools. Our results suggest that; 1) Feminilove vaginal gel exhibits minimal cell cytotoxicity on various human vaginal cells; 2) Feminilove vaginal gel exhibits minimal side-effects on the structure of vaginal mucosa stratum of experimental animals; 3) Feminiove vaginal gel inhibits the growth of pathogenic vaginal bacteria (E. coli) while promotes the growth of beneficial vaginal bacteria (Lactobacillus spp); 4) Feminilove vaginal gel elicits an anti-inflammatory response on vaginal epithelial cells; and 5) Feminilove vaginal gel promotes the production of tropoelastin and collagen on cultural vaginal smooth muscle and may restore loose vaginal wall (i.e., tightening effects). In summary, our results indicate that Feminilove BIO-FRESH moisturizing vaginal gel is a safe and effective remedy for vaginal dryness and vulvovaginal atrophy in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booshehri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.455703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Safety and efficacy of a new vaginal gel, Feminilove, for the treatment of symptoms associated with vaginal dryness and vulvovaginal atrophy in women: an in vitro and in vivo study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term p21 and p53 trends regulate the frequency of mitosis events and cell cycle arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Radiation exposure of healthy cells can halt cell cycle temporarily or permanently. In this work, two single cell datasets that monitored the time evolution of p21 and p53, one subjected to gamma irradiation and the other to x-ray irradiation, are analyzed to uncover the dynamics of this process. New insights into the biological mechanisms were found by decomposing the p53 and p21 signals into transient and oscillatory components. Through the use of dynamic time warping on the oscillatory components of the two signals, we found that p21 signaling lags behind its lead signal, p53, by about 3.5 hours with oscillation periods of around 6 hours. Additionally, through various quantification methods, we showed how p21 levels, and to a lesser extent p53 levels, dictate whether the cells are arrested in their cell cycle and how fast these cells divide depending on their long-term trend in these signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tralie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moosmüller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhatir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term p21 and p53 trends regulate the frequency of mitosis events and cell cycle arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OXPHOS deficiencies affect peroxisome proliferation by downregulating genes controlled by the SNF1 signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How environmental cues influence peroxisome proliferation, particularly through other organelles, remains largely unknown. Yeast peroxisomes metabolize all fatty acids (FA), and methylotrophic yeasts also metabolize methanol. NADH and acetyl-CoA, the products of these pathways enter mitochondria for ATP production, and for anabolic reactions. During the metabolism of FA and/or methanol, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway accepts NADH for ATP production and maintains cellular redox balance. Remarkably, peroxisome proliferation in Pichia pastoris was abolished in NADH shuttling and OXPHOS mutants affecting complex I or III, or by the mitochondrial uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), indicating ATP depletion causes the phenotype. We show that mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiency inhibits the expression of several peroxisomal proteins implicated in FA and methanol metabolism, as well as in peroxisome division and proliferation. These genes are regulated by the Snf1 complex (SNF1), a pathway generally activated by high AMP and low ATP. Consistent with this mechanism, in OXPHOS mutants, Snf1 is activated by phosphorylation, but Gal83, its interacting subunit, fails to translocate to the nucleus. Phenotypic defects in peroxisome proliferation observed in the OXPHOS mutants, and phenocopied by the{Delta} gal83 mutant, were rescued by deletion of three transcriptional repressor genes (MIG1, MIG2 and NRG1) controlled by SNF1 signaling. We uncovered here the mechanism by which peroxisomal and mitochondrial metabolites influence redox and energy metabolism, while also influencing peroxisome biogenesis and proliferation, thereby exemplifying interorganellar communication and interplay involving peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytosol and the nucleus. We discuss the physiological relevance of this work in view of human OXPHOS deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farre, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devanneaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OXPHOS deficiencies affect peroxisome proliferation by downregulating genes controlled by the SNF1 signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling Transcription Initiation in Peripheral Leukocytes Reveals Severity-Associated Cis-Regulatory Elements in Critical COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contribution of transcription factors (TFs) and gene regulatory programs in the immune response to COVID-19 and their relationship to disease outcome is not fully understood. Analysis of genome-wide changes in transcription at both promoter-proximal and distal cis-regulatory DNA elements, collectively termed the active cistrome, offers an unbiased assessment of TF activity identifying key pathways regulated in homeostasis or disease. Here, we profiled the active cistrome from peripheral leukocytes of critically ill COVID-19 patients to identify major regulatory programs and their dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We identified TF motifs that track the severity of COVID- 19 lung injury, disease resolution, and outcome. We used unbiased clustering to reveal distinct cistrome subsets delineating the regulation of pathways, cell types, and the combinatorial activity of TFs. We found critical roles for regulatory networks driven by stimulus and lineage determining TFs, showing that STAT and E2F/MYB regulatory programs targeting myeloid cells are activated in patients with poor disease outcomes and associated with single nucleotide genetic variants implicated in COVID-19 susceptibility. Integration with single-cell RNA-seq found that STAT and E2F/MYB activation converged in specific neutrophils subset found in patients with severe disease. Collectively we demonstrate that cistrome analysis facilitates insight into disease mechanisms and provides an unbiased approach to evaluate global changes in transcription factor activity and stratify patient disease severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M. T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duttke, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odish, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trescott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepokoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alotaibi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perofsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warden, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty-Alexander, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coufal, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling Transcription Initiation in Peripheral Leukocytes Reveals Severity-Associated Cis-Regulatory Elements in Critical COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphetamine alters the Reward Positivity in humans and mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bench-to-bedside development of pro-cognitive therapeutics for psychiatric disorders has been mired by translational failures. This is in part due to the absence of pharmacologically-sensitive cognitive biomarkers common to humans and rodents. Here, we describe a cross-species translational marker of reward processing that is sensitive to the dopamine agonist, d-amphetamine. Motivated by human electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, we recently reported that frontal midline delta-band power is also an electrophysiological biomarker of reward surprise in mice. In the current series of experiments, we determined the impact of parametric doses of d-amphetamine on this reward-related EEG response from humans (n=23) and mice (n=28) performing a probabilistic learning task. In humans, d-amphetamine (placebo, 10 mg, 20 mg) boosted the Reward Positivity event-related potential (ERP) component as well as the spectral delta-band representations of this signal. In mice, d-amphetamine (placebo, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg) boosted both reward and punishment ERP features, yet there was no modulation of spectral activities. In sum, the present results confirm the role of dopamine in the generation of the Reward Positivity in humans, and paves the way towards a pharmacologically valid biomarker of reward sensitivity across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olguin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talledo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nungary, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhakta, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphetamine alters the Reward Positivity in humans and mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of RNA is becoming important for rapidly developing technologies in medicine and biochemistry, spurring development of numerous RNA secondary structure design algorithms and benchmarks to evaluate their performance. However, the problem of RNA design is dependent upon the reverse problem of RNA structure prediction through "folding engines" that predict structure from sequence. We hypothesized that differences in RNA folding engines could impact design algorithms, and recruited an online community of RNA design experts to modify the widely-used RNA secondary structure design benchmark, Eterna100, to address unsolvability of some cases when changing the folding engine used (Vienna 1.8 updated to Vienna 2.6). We tested this new Eterna100-V2 benchmark with five RNA design algorithms, and found that while overall rankings remained similar, the performance of RNA design algorithms that depended on folding engines in their training did indeed depend on which underlying parameter set was used in training. This work demonstrates that the design "difficulty" of RNA structures is intrinsically linked to thermodynamic models, and suggests that future RNA design algorithms that are agnostic to thermodynamic models will result in optimal performance and development. Eterna100-V1 and Eterna100-V2 benchmarks and example solutions are freely available at https://github.com/eternagame/eterna100-benchmarking.

Author SummaryDesigning RNA molecules that fold to a desired target structure is an algorithmic problem gathering increasing attention due to the emergence of RNA-based therapies and the need for rational design of RNAs. The Eterna100 dataset, a collection of target structures with increasing design difficulty, designed and selected by players of the crowdsourced RNA game Eterna, has been widely used to benchmark RNA design algorithms. However, these puzzles were originally developed using the now-deprecated version 1 of the ViennaRNA folding engine. In this manuscript, we introduce an updated benchmark, called the Eterna100-V2. We found that nineteen puzzles using Vienna 1 were unsolvable in Vienna 2, but that Eterna participants were able to re-design the puzzles with minimal modifications to make them solvable in Vienna 2. We confirmed that the rankings of 5 RNA design algorithms remained consistent between Eterna100-V1 and -V2. However, discrepancies in performance from algorithms that relied on thermodynamic models in their training suggest that algorithms will benefit from being agnostic to thermodynamic models as these models continue to improve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koodli, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna Structure Designers,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigning the Eterna100 for the Vienna 2 folding engine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The OPAQUE1/DISCORIDA2 myosin XI is required for phragmoplast guidance during asymmetric cell division in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formative asymmetric divisions produce cells with different fates and are critical for development. We show the myosin XI protein, OPAQUE1 (O1), is necessary for asymmetric divisions during maize stomatal development. We analyzed stomatal precursor cells prior to and during asymmetric division to determine why o1 mutants have abnormal division planes. Cell polarization and nuclear positioning occur normally in the o1 mutant, and the future site of division is correctly specified. The defect in o1 occurs during late cytokinesis, when the phragmoplast forms the nascent cell plate. Initial phragmoplast guidance in o1 is correct; however, as phragmoplast expansion continues o1 phragmoplasts become misguided. To understand how O1 contributes to phragmoplast guidance, we identified O1-interacting proteins. Maize kinesins related to the Arabidopsis thaliana division site markers PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESINs (POKs), which are also required for correct phragmoplast guidance, physically interact with O1. We propose that different myosins are important at multiple steps of phragmoplast expansion, and the O1 actin motor and POK-like microtubule motors work together to ensure correct late-stage phragmoplast guidance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulzele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facette, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The OPAQUE1/DISCORIDA2 myosin XI is required for phragmoplast guidance during asymmetric cell division in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZetaSuite, A Computational Method for Analyzing Multi-dimensional High-throughput Data, Reveals Genes with Opposite Roles in Cancer Dependency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid advance of high-throughput technologies has enabled the generation of two-dimensional or even multi-dimensional high-throughput data, e.g., genome-wide siRNA screen (1st dimension) for multiple changes in gene expression (2nd dimension) in many different cell types or tissues or under different experimental conditions (3rd dimension). We show that the simple Z-based statistic and derivatives are no longer suitable for analyzing such data because of the accumulation of experimental noise and/or off-target effects. Here, we introduce ZetaSuite, a statistical package designed to score and rank hits from two-dimensional screens, construct regulatory networks based on response similarities, and eliminate off-targets. Applying this method to two large cancer dependency screen datasets, we identify not only genes critical for cell fitness, but also those required for constraining cell proliferation. Strikingly, most of those cancer constraining genes function in DNA replication/repair checkpoint, suggesting that cancer cells also need to protect their genomes for long-term survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZetaSuite, A Computational Method for Analyzing Multi-dimensional High-throughput Data, Reveals Genes with Opposite Roles in Cancer Dependency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-loop homeostasis and cancer mutagenesis promoted by the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single-stranded DNA cytosine-to-uracil deaminase APOBEC3B is an antiviral protein implicated in cancer. However, its substrates in cells are not fully delineated. Here, APOBEC3B proteomics reveal interactions with a surprising number of R-loop factors. Biochemical experiments show APOBEC3B binding to R-loops in human cells and in vitro. Genetic experiments demonstrate R-loop increases in cells lacking APOBEC3B and decreases in cells overexpressing APOBEC3B. Genome-wide analyses show major changes in the overall landscape of physiological and stimulus-induced R-loops with thousands of differentially altered regions as well as binding of APOBEC3B to many of these sites. APOBEC3 mutagenesis impacts overexpressed genes and splice factor mutant tumors preferentially, and APOBEC3-attributed kataegis are enriched in RTCW consistent with APOBEC3B deamination. Taken together with the fact that APOBEC3B binds single-stranded DNA and RNA and preferentially deaminates DNA, these results support a mechanism in which APOBEC3B mediates R-loop homeostasis and contributes to R-loop mutagenesis in cancer.

HighlightsO_LIUnbiased proteomics link antiviral APOBEC3B to R-loop regulation
C_LIO_LISystematic alterations of APOBEC3B levels trigger corresponding changes in R-loops
C_LIO_LIAPOBEC3B binds R-loops in living cells and in vitro
C_LIO_LIBioinformatics analyses support an R-loop deamination and mutation model
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beghe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamango, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-loop homeostasis and cancer mutagenesis promoted by the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine mapping spatiotemporal mechanisms of genetic variants underlying cardiac traits and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causal variants and genes underlying thousands of cardiac GWAS signals have yet to be identified. Here, we leveraged spatiotemporal information on 966 RNA-seq cardiac samples and performed an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis detecting eQTLs considering both eGenes and eIsoforms. We identified 2,578 eQTLs associated with a specific developmental stage-, tissue- and/or cell type. Colocalization between eQTL and GWAS signals of five cardiac traits identified variants with high posterior probabilities for being causal in 210 GWAS loci. Pulse pressure GWAS loci were enriched for colocalization with fetal- and smooth muscle- eQTLs; pulse rate with adult- and cardiac muscle- eQTLs; and atrial fibrillation with cardiac muscle- eQTLs. Fine mapping identified 79 credible sets with five or fewer SNPs, of which 15 were associated with spatiotemporal eQTLs. Our study shows that many cardiac GWAS variants impact traits and disease in a developmental stage-, tissue- and/or cell type-specific fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine mapping spatiotemporal mechanisms of genetic variants underlying cardiac traits and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of plant defense response specificity mediated by herbivore-associated molecular patterns in legumes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Chewing herbivores activate plant defense responses through a combination of mechanical wounding and elicitation by herbivore associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). HAMPs are wound response amplifiers; however, specific defense outputs may also exist that strictly require HAMP-mediated defense signaling. To investigate HAMP-mediated signaling and defense responses, we characterized cowpea transcriptome changes following elicitation by inceptin, a peptide HAMP common in Lepidoptera larvae oral secretions. Following inceptin treatment, we observed large-scale reprogramming of the transcriptome consistent with 3 different response categories: 1) amplification of mechanical wound responses, 2) temporal extension through accelerated or prolonged responses, and 3) examples of inceptin-specific elicitation and suppression. At both early and late timepoints, namely 1 and 6 hours, large sets of transcripts specifically accumulated following inceptin elicitation but not wounding alone. Further inceptin-regulated transcripts were classified as reversing changes induced by wounding alone. Within key signaling and defense related gene families, inceptin-elicited responses commonly targeted select subsets of wound-induced transcripts. Transcripts displaying the largest inceptin-elicited fold-changes included terpene synthases (TPS) and peroxidases (POX) that correspond with induced volatile production and increased peroxidase activity in cowpea. Characterization of inceptin-elicited cowpea defenses via heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that specific cowpea TPS and POX were able to confer terpene emission and the reduced growth of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) herbivores, respectively. Collectively, our present findings in cowpea support a model where HAMP-elicitation both amplifies concurrent wound responses and specifically contributes to the activation of selective outputs associated with direct and indirect anti-herbivore defenses.

II. Significance StatementPlants recognize herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) to induce defenses, but interactions with the more general wound response are not well-understood. We leveraged a known HAMP-receptor interaction to characterize transcriptomic modulation of the wound response by the peptide HAMP, inceptin. Inceptin not only amplifies wound responses, but can specifically induce or suppress transcripts with demonstrated functions in direct and indirect defense against herbivores. The plant immune system thus recognizes HAMPs to fine-tune wound responses against herbivory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinbrenner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldivar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of plant defense response specificity mediated by herbivore-associated molecular patterns in legumes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct stress-dependent signatures of cellular and extracellular tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular response to stress is an important determinant of disease pathogenesis. Uncovering the molecular fingerprints of distinct stress responses may yield novel biomarkers for different diseases, and potentially identify key signaling pathways important for disease progression. tRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) comprise one of the most abundant RNA species in cells and have been associated with cellular stress responses. The presence of RNA modifications on tDRs has been an obstacle for accurately identifying tDRs with conventional small RNA sequencing. Here, we use AlkB-facilitated methylation sequencing (ARM-seq) to uncover a comprehensive landscape of cellular and extracellular tDR expression in a variety of human and rat cells during common stress responses, including nutritional deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. We found that extracellular tDRs have a distinct fragmentation signature with a predominant length of 31-33 nts and a highly specific termination position when compared with intracellular tDRs. Importantly, we found these signatures are better discriminators of different cellular stress responses compared to extracellular miRNAs. Distinct extracellular tDR signatures for each profiled stressor are elucidated in four different types of cells. This distinct extracellular tDR fragmentation pattern is also noted in plasma extracellular RNAs from patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. The observed overlap of these patient tDR signatures with the signatures of nutritional deprivation and oxidative stress in our cellular models provides preliminary in vivo corroboration of our findings and demonstrates the potential to establish novel extracellular tDR biomarkers in human disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontaridis, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranki, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlschlegel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct stress-dependent signatures of cellular and extracellular tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association mapping of ethanol sensitivity in the Diversity Outbred mouse population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA strong predictor for the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is altered sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to alcohol are controlled in part by genetic factors. Mice offer a powerful tool for elucidating the genetic basis of behavioral and physiological traits relevant to AUDs; but conventional experimental crosses have only been able to identify large chromosomal regions rather than specific genes. Genetically diverse, highly recombinant mouse populations allow for the opportunity to observe a wider range of phenotypic variation, offer greater mapping precision, and thus increase the potential for efficient gene identification.

MethodsWe have taken advantage of the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse population to identify and precisely map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with ethanol sensitivity. We phenotyped 798 male J:DO mice for three measures of ethanol sensitivity: ataxia, hypothermia, and loss of the righting response. We used high density MEGAMuga and GIGAMuga arrays to obtain genotypes ranging from 77,808 - 143,259 SNPs. In addition, we performed RNA sequencing in striatum to map expression QTLs and to identify gene expression-trait correlations.

ResultsWe then applied a systems genetic strategy to identify narrow QTLs and construct the network of correlations that exist between DNA sequence, gene expression values and ethanol-related phenotypes to prioritize our list of positional candidate genes.

ConclusionsOur results can be used to identify alleles that contribute to AUDs in humans, elucidate causative biological mechanisms, or assist in the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasparek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuffler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masneuf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taterra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association mapping of ethanol sensitivity in the Diversity Outbred mouse population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Library-based analysis reveals segment and length dependent characteristics of defective influenza genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasitic elements of the viral population which are unable to replicate on their own yet rise to high frequencies, defective interfering particles are found in a variety of different viruses. Their presence is associated with a loss of population fitness, both through the depletion of key cellular resources and the stimulation of innate immunity. For influenza A virus, these particles contain large internal deletions in the genomic segments which encode components of the heterotrimeric polymerase. Using a library-based approach, we comprehensively profile the growth and replication of defective influenza species, demonstrating that they possess an advantage during genome replication, and that exclusion during packaging reshapes population composition in a manner consistent with their final, observed, distribution in natural populations. We find that an innate immune response is not linked to the size of a deletion; however, replication of defective segments can enhance their immunostimulatory properties. Overall, our results address several key questions in defective influenza A virus biology, and the methods we have developed to answer those questions may be broadly applied to other defective viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Library-based analysis reveals segment and length dependent characteristics of defective influenza genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and potential future spillovers of SARS-like coronaviruses into humans pose a major threat to human health and the global economy 1-7. Development of broadly effective coronavirus vaccines that can mitigate these threats is needed 8, 9. Notably, several recent studies have revealed that vaccination of recovered COVID-19 donors results in enhanced nAb responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination alone 10-13. Here, we utilized a targeted donor selection strategy to isolate a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to sarbecoviruses from two such donors. Many of the bnAbs are remarkably effective in neutralization against sarbecoviruses that use ACE2 for viral entry and a substantial fraction also show notable binding to non-ACE2-using sarbecoviruses. The bnAbs are equally effective against most SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and many neutralize the Omicron variant. Neutralization breadth is achieved by bnAb binding to epitopes on a relatively conserved face of the receptor binding domain (RBD) as opposed to strain-specific nAbs to the receptor binding site that are commonly elicited in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination 14-18. Consistent with targeting of conserved sites, select RBD bnAbs exhibited in vivo protective efficacy against diverse SARS-like coronaviruses in a prophylaxis challenge model. The generation of a large panel of potent bnAbs provides new opportunities and choices for next-generation antibody prophylactic and therapeutic applications and, importantly, provides a molecular basis for effective design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted isolation of panels of diverse human broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-like viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semisynthesis of functional transmembrane proteins in GUVs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular transmembrane (TM) proteins are essential sentries of the cell facilitating cell-cell communication, internal signaling, and solute transport. Reconstituting functional TM proteins into model membranes remains a challenge due to the difficulty of expressing hydrophobic TM domains and the required use of detergents. Herein, we use a intein-mediated ligation strategy to semisynthesize bitopic TM proteins in synthetic membranes. We have adapted the trans splicing capabilities of split inteins for a native peptide ligation between a synthetic TM peptide embedded in the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and an expressed soluble protein. We demonstrate that the extracellular domain of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a mammalian transmembrane immune checkpoint receptor, retains its function for binding its ligand PD-L1 at a reconstituted membrane interface after ligation to a synthetic TM peptide in GUV membranes. We envision that the construction of full-length TM proteins using orthogonal split intein-mediated semisynthetic protein ligations will expand applications of membrane protein reconstitution in pharmacology, biochemistry, biophysics, and artificial cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Podolsky, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masubuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semisynthesis of functional transmembrane proteins in GUVs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered bacteria detect tumor DNA in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in bacterial engineering have catalysed the development of living cell diagnostics and therapeutics1-3, including microbes that respond to gut inflammation4, intestinal bleeding5, pathogens6 and hypoxic tumors7. Bacteria can access the entire gastrointestinal tract8 to produce outputs measured in stool4 or urine7. Cellular memory, such as bistable switches4,9,10 or genomic rearrangements11, allows bacteria to store information over time. However, living biosensors have not yet been engineered to detect specific DNA sequences or mutations from outside the cell. Here, we engineer naturally competent Acinetobacter baylyi to detect donor DNA from the genomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, organoids and tumors. We characterize the functionality of the biosensors in vitro with co-culture assays and then validate in vivo with sensor bacteria delivered to mice harboring colorectal tumors. We observe horizontal gene transfer from the tumor to the sensor bacteria in our mouse model of CRC. The sensor bacteria achieved 100% discrimination between mice with and without CRC. This Cellular Assay of Targeted, CRISPR-discriminated Horizontal gene transfer (CATCH), establishes a framework for biosensing of mutations or organisms within environments that are difficult to sample, among many other potential applications. Furthermore, the platform could be readily expanded to include production and delivery of antibiotic or antineoplastic therapeutic payloads at the detection site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthley, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered bacteria detect tumor DNA in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ankfn1 vestibular defects in zebrafish require mutations in both ancestral and derived paralogs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.11.459924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How and to what degree gene duplication events create regulatory innovation, redundancy, or neofunctionalization remain important questions in animal evolution and comparative genetics. Ankfn1 genes are single copy in most invertebrates, partially duplicated in jawed vertebrates, and only the derived copy retained in most mammals. Null mutations in the single mouse homolog have vestibular and neurological abnormalities. Null mutation of the single Drosophila homolog is typically lethal with severe sensorimotor deficits in rare survivors. The functions and potential redundancy of paralogs in species with two copies is not known. Here we define a vestibular role for Ankfn1 homologs in zebrafish based on simultaneous disruption of each locus. Zebrafish with both paralogs disrupted showed vestibular defects and early lethality from swim bladder inflation failure. One intact copy at either locus was sufficient to prevent major phenotypes. Our results show that vertebrate Ankfn1 genes are required for vestibular-related functions, with at least partial redundancy between ancestral and derived paralogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.11.459924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ankfn1 vestibular defects in zebrafish require mutations in both ancestral and derived paralogs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.459846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomechanical interactions of Schistosoma mansoni eggs with vascular endothelial cells facilitate egg extravasation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.459846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eggs of the parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma, are the main drivers of the chronic pathologies associated with schistosomiasis, a disease of poverty afflicting approximately 220 million people worldwide. Eggs laid by Schistosoma mansoni in the bloodstream of the host are encapsulated by vascular endothelial cells (VECs), the first step in the migration of the egg from the blood stream into the lumen of the gut and eventual exit from the body. The biomechanics associated with encapsulation and extravasation of the egg are poorly understood. We demonstrate that S. mansoni eggs induce VECs to form two types of membrane extensions during encapsulation; filopodia that probe eggshell surfaces and intercellular nanotubes that presumably facilitate VEC communication. Encapsulation efficiency, the number of filopodia and intercellular nanotubes, and the length of these structures depend on the eggs vitality and, to a lesser degree, its maturation state. During encapsulation, live eggs induce VEC contractility and membranous structures formation, in a Rho/ROCK pathway-dependent manner. Using elastic hydrogels embedded with fluorescent microbeads as substrates to culture VECs, live eggs induce VECs to exert significantly greater contractile forces during encapsulation than dead eggs, which leads to 3D deformations on both the VEC monolayer and the flexible substrate underneath. These significant mechanical deformations cause the VEC monolayer tension to fluctuate with eventual rupture of VEC junctions, thus facilitating egg transit out of the blood vessel. Overall, our data on the mechanical interplay between host VECs and the schistosome egg improve our understanding of how this parasite manipulates its immediate environment to maintain disease transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criado-Hidalgo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-De Herreros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Sakary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasheras, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.459846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomechanical interactions of Schistosoma mansoni eggs with vascular endothelial cells facilitate egg extravasation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas Inhibits Natural Transformation through Altruistic Group Defense and Self-Sacrifice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems present an evolutionary tradeoff: does defense against phages and other parasitic DNA also prevent cells from acquiring potentially helpful new genes? Genomic analyses of this conundrum have arrived at often contradictory conclusions. Meanwhile, experimental studies have focused mainly on phages, conjugation, or artificial transformation, but less work has examined natural competence, a major driver of evolution and antibiotic resistance. Here, we use Acinetobacter baylyi, which combines high natural competence with a functional CRISPR-Cas system, to experimentally probe the interactions between CRISPR-Cas and natural competence. In these bacteria, the endogenous CRISPR array largely allows natural transformation by targeted DNA. However, CRISPR-Cas then kills the newly autoimmune cells in a form of programmed cell death. CRISPR-Cas often allows self-targeting cells to form colonies, albeit with fitness costs. Thus CRISPR-Cas appears to block natural transformation in a process more akin to altruistic group defense than an individual immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas Inhibits Natural Transformation through Altruistic Group Defense and Self-Sacrifice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A BioID-derived proximity interactome for SARS-CoV-2 proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and has caused a major health and economic burden worldwide. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins behave in host cells can reveal underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and assist in development of antiviral therapies. Here we use BioID to map the SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactome using human lung cancer derived A549 cells expressing individual SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Functional enrichment analyses revealed previously reported and unreported cellular pathways that are in association with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We have also established a website to host the proteomic data to allow for public access and continued analysis of host-viral protein associations and whole-cell proteomes of cells expressing the viral-BioID fusion proteins. Collectively, these studies provide a valuable resource to potentially uncover novel SARS-CoV-2 biology and inform development of antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sancho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anschau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrisopulos, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A BioID-derived proximity interactome for SARS-CoV-2 proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-aware deconvolution of cell-cell communication with Tensor-cell2cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell interactions determine phenotypes, and intercellular communication is shaped by cellular contexts such as disease state, organismal life stage, and tissue microenvironment. Single-cell technologies measure the molecules mediating cell-cell communication, and emerging computational tools can exploit these data to decipher intercellular communication. However, current methods either disregard cellular context or rely on simple pairwise comparisons between samples, thus limiting the ability to decipher complex cell-cell communication across multiple time points, levels of disease severity, or spatial contexts. Here we present Tensor-cell2cell, an unsupervised method using tensor decomposition, which is the first strategy to decipher context-driven intercellular communication by simultaneously accounting for multiple stages, states, or locations of the cells. To do so, Tensor-cell2cell uncovers context-driven patterns of communication associated with different phenotypic states and determined by unique combinations of cell types and ligand-receptor pairs. As such, Tensor-cell2cell robustly improves upon and extends the analytical capabilities of existing tools. We show Tensor-cell2cell can identify multiple modules associated with distinct communication processes (e.g., participating cell-cell and ligand receptor pairs) linked to COVID-19 severities and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Thus, we introduce an effective and easy-to-use strategy for understanding complex communication patterns across diverse conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armingol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-aware deconvolution of cell-cell communication with Tensor-cell2cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin of electroneutrality in living system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the first chemical transformations, from which life emerged is a central problem in the theories of lifes origins. These reactions would likely have been self-sustaining and self-reproductive before the advent of complex biochemical pathways found in modern organisms to synthesize lipid membranes, enzymes, or nucleic acids. Without lipid membranes and enzymes, exceedingly low concentrations of the organic intermediates of early metabolic cycles in protocells would have significantly hindered evolvability. To address this problem, we propose a mechanism, where a positive membrane potential elevates the concentration of the organic intermediates. In this mechanism, positively charged surfaces of protocell membranes due to accumulation of transition metals generate positive membrane potentials. We compute steady-state ion distributions and determine their stability in a protocell model to identify the key factors constraining achievable membrane potentials. We find that (i) violation of electroneutrality is necessary to induce nonzero membrane potentials; (ii) strategies that generate larger membrane potentials can destabilize ion distributions; and (iii) violation of electroneutrality enhances osmotic pressure and diminishes reaction efficiency, thereby driving the evolution of lipid membranes, specialized ion channels, and active transport systems.

SignificanceThe building blocks of life are constantly synthesized and broken down through concurrent cycles of chemical transformations. Tracing these reactions back 4 billion years to their origins has been a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. The first metabolic cycles at the origin of life must have overcome several obstacles to spontaneously start and sustain their nonequilibrium states. Notably, maintaining the concentration of organic intermediates at high levels needed to support their continued operation and subsequent evolution would have been particularly challenging in primitive cells lacking evolutionarily tuned lipid membranes and enzymes. Here, we propose a mechanism, in which the concentration of organic intermediates could have been elevated to drive early metabolic cycles forward in primitive cells with ion-permeable porous membranes under prebiotic conditions and demonstrate its feasibility in a protocell model from first principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin of electroneutrality in living system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extrasynaptic signaling enables an asymmetric juvenile motor circuit to produce a symmetric mature gait. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many animals, there is a direct correspondence between the motor patterns that drive locomotion and the motor neuron innervation onto the muscle groups. For example, the adult C. elegans moves with symmetric and alternating dorsal-ventral bending waves arising from symmetric motor neuron input onto the dorsal and ventral muscles. In contrast to the adult, the C. elegans motor circuit at the juvenile larval stage has asymmetric wiring between motor neurons and muscles, but still generates adult-like bending waves with dorsal-ventral symmetry. We show that in the juvenile circuit, wiring between excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons coordinates the contraction of dorsal muscles with relaxation of ventral muscles, producing dorsal bends. However, ventral bending is not driven by analogous wiring. Instead, ventral muscles are excited uniformly by premotor interneurons through extrasynaptic signaling. Ventral bends occur in anti-phasic entrainment to activity of the same motor neurons that drive dorsal bends. During maturation, the juvenile motor circuit is replaced by two motor subcircuits that separately drive dorsal and ventral bending. Modeling reveals that the juveniles immature motor circuit is an adequate solution to generate adult-like dorsal-ventral bending before the animal matures. Developmental rewiring between functionally degenerate circuit solutions, that both generate symmetric bending patterns, minimizes behavioral disruption across maturation.

HighlightsO_LIC. elegans larvae generate symmetric motor pattern with an asymmetrically wired motor circuit.
C_LIO_LISynaptic wiring between excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons drives dorsal bending.
C_LIO_LIExtrasynaptic excitation by premotor interneurons entrains ventral muscles for anti-phasic ventral bending.
C_LIO_LIA developmental strategy to enable mature motor pattern before the circuit structurally matures.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahamed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witvliet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extrasynaptic signaling enables an asymmetric juvenile motor circuit to produce a symmetric mature gait.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The connection between Rap1 and Talin1 in CD4+ T Lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agonist induced increase in integrin affinity for ligands (activation) plays a pivotal role in T cell trafficking and functions. Activation requires Rap1 GTPase-mediated recruitment of talin1 to the integrins in the plasma membrane. Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) is a Rap1 effector that serves this function in T cells. In addition, Rap1 directly binds to talin1 to enable integrin activation in platelets. Here, we assessed the relative contributions of the Rap1-talin1 interaction and RIAM and provide a complete accounting of the connections between Rap1 and talin1 that support integrin activation in conventional CD4+ (Tconv) and CD25HiFoxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Disruption of both Rap1 binding sites in talin1 (talin1 (R35E,R118E)) causes a partial defect in L{beta}2, 4{beta}1 and 4{beta}7 integrin activation in both Tconv and Treg cells with resulting defects in T cell homing and functions. Over-expression of RIAM bypasses the integrin activation defect in Tconv cells expressing talin1 (R35E,R118E), indicating that RIAM can substitute for Rap1 binding to talin in integrin activation. Conversely, deletion of RIAM in talin1 (R35E,R118E) Tconv cells abrogates activation of L{beta}2, 4{beta}1 and 4{beta}7. RIAM and lamellipodin (LPD) are mammalian members of the MRL protein family; LPD plays a more important role than RIAM in Treg cell integrin activation. Nevertheless, loss of RIAM profoundly exacerbates the defects in Treg cell function caused by the talin1 (R35E,R118E) mutation. Most importantly, deleting both MRL proteins combined with talin1 (R35E,R118E) phenocopies the complete lack of integrin activation observed in Rap1a/b null Treg cells. In sum, these data reveal the functionally significant connections between Rap1 and talin1 that enable L{beta}2, 4{beta}1 and 4{beta}7 integrin activation in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagarrigue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The connection between Rap1 and Talin1 in CD4+ T Lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Administration of entactogen psychostimulants dysregulates GABA and Kappa Opioid Receptor signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala of female Wistar rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male rats escalate intravenous self-administration of entactogen psychostimulants, 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) under extended access conditions, as with typical psychostimulants. Here, we investigated whether female rats escalate self-administration of methylone, 3,4-methylenedioxypentedrone (pentylone), and MDMA and then studied consequences of MDMA and pentylone self-administration on GABAA receptor and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a brain area critically dysregulated by extended access self-administration of alcohol or cocaine. Adult female Wistar rats were trained to self-administer methylone, pentylone, MDMA (0.5 mg/kg/infusion), or saline-vehicle using a fixed-ratio 1 response contingency in 6-hour sessions (long-access: LgA) followed by progressive ratio (PR) dose-response testing. The effects of pentylone-LgA, MDMA-LgA and saline on basal GABAergic transmission (miniature postsynaptic inhibitory currents, mIPSCs) and the modulatory role of KOR at CeA GABAergic synapses were determined in acute brain slices using whole-cell patch-clamp. Methylone-LgA and pentylone-LgA rats similarly escalated their drug intake (both obtained more infusions compared to MDMA-LgA rats) however, pentylone-LgA rats reached higher breakpoints in PR tests. At the cellular level, baseline CeA GABA transmission was markedly elevated in pentylone-LgA and MDMA-LgA rats compared to saline-vehicle. Specifically, pentylone-LgA was associated with increased CeA mIPSC frequency (GABA release) and amplitude (postsynaptic GABAA receptor function), while mIPSC amplitudes (but not frequency) was larger in MDMA-LgA rats compared to saline rats. In addition, pentylone-LgA and MDMA-LgA profoundly disrupted CeA KOR signaling such as both KOR agonism (1mM U50488) and KOR antagonism (200nM nor-binaltorphimine) decreased mIPSC frequency suggesting recruitment of non-canonical KOR signaling pathways. This study confirms escalated self-administration of entactogen psychostimulants under LgA conditions in female rats which is accompanied by increased CeA GABAergic inhibition and altered KOR signaling. Collectively, our study suggests that CeA GABA and KOR mechanisms play a critical role in entactogen self-administration like those observed with escalation of alcohol or cocaine self-administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandewater, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Administration of entactogen psychostimulants dysregulates GABA and Kappa Opioid Receptor signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala of female Wistar rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phostensin Enables Lymphocyte Integrin Activation and Population of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rap1 GTPase drives assembly of the Mig-10/RIAM/lamellipodin-Integrin-Talin (MIT) complex that enables integrin-dependent lymphocyte functions. Here we used tandem affinity tag-based proteomics to isolate and analyze the MIT complex and reveal that Phostensin (PTSN), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1, is a component of the complex. PTSN mediates de-phosphorylation of Rap1 thereby preserving the activity and membrane localization of Rap1 to stabilize the MIT complex. CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of PPP1R18, which encodes PTSN, markedly suppresses integrin activation in Jurkat human T cells. We generated apparently healthy Ppp1r18-/- mice that manifest lymphocytosis and reduced population of peripheral lymphoid tissues ascribable to defective activation of integrins L{beta}2 and 4{beta}7. Ppp1r18-/- T cells exhibit reduced capacity to induce colitis in a murine adoptive transfer model. Thus, PTSN enables lymphocyte integrin-mediated functions by dephosphorylating Rap1 to stabilize the MIT complex. As a consequence, loss of PTSN ameliorates T cell-mediated colitis.

SUMMARYPhostensin, a protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit, supports lymphocyte integrin-dependent functions by mediating dephosphorylation of Rap1 to stabilize the MIT complex thereby enabling the population of peripheral lymphoid organs and T cell-mediated colitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarrigue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phostensin Enables Lymphocyte Integrin Activation and Population of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Understanding Comprehensive Morphometric Changes and Its Correlation with Cognition and Exposure to Fighting in Active Professional Boxers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Professional athletes exposed to repetitive head impacts are at increased risk for developing a progressive neurological syndrome known as traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and neuropathology seen on autopsy called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The early identification of individuals at increased risk for CTE is important and the search for biomarkers is underway. In this study, we utilized data from a large cohort study to compare differences in regional brain volumes, cortical thickness, voxel-based morphometric (VBM)-derived measures, and graph-theoretical measures derived from large-scale topographical maps in active professional boxers. We compared the above morphometric measures between active professional boxers with low cognitive scores (impaired boxers) and active professional boxers with intact cognitive scores (nonimpaired boxers). The cognitive scores were evaluated through neuropsychological evaluation. As an exploratory analysis, we also examined the power of various machine-learning algorithms to identify impaired and nonimpaired boxers using both group-level regression-driven analysis and previously identified hypothesis-driven cortical thickness and volumetric measures. We found significant group-level differences between impaired and nonimpaired boxers in cortical thickness in a single brain region (right precuneus), differences in VBM-derived gray matter density encompassing the caudate, putamen, and thalamus; and white matter density encompassing the right paracentral lobule, but no differences in any graph-theoretical network properties. Additionally, we found that a priori hypothesis-driven T1-derived cortical thickness and volumetric analysis performed better than traditional regression-based analysis. Overall, this study suggests that neuroanatomical differences exist between impaired and nonimpaired active professional boxers, and that hypothesis-driven techniques are likely necessary to become reliable biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Understanding Comprehensive Morphometric Changes and Its Correlation with Cognition and Exposure to Fighting in Active Professional Boxers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA Splicing Factor U2AF2 Recognizes Distinct Conformations of Nucleotide Variants at the Center of the pre-mRNA Splice Site Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The essential pre-mRNA splicing factor U2AF2 (also called U2AF65) identifies polypyrimidine (Py) tract signals of nascent transcripts, despite length and sequence variations. Previous studies have shown that the U2AF2 RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2) preferentially bind uridine-rich RNAs. Nonetheless, the specificity of the RRM1/RRM2 interface for the central Py tract nucleotide has yet to be investigated. We addressed this question by determining crystal structures of U2AF2 bound to a cytidine, guanosine, or adenosine at the central position of the Py tract, and compared U2AF2-bound uridine structures. Local movements of the RNA site accommodated the different nucleotides, whereas the polypeptide backbone remained similar among the structures. Accordingly, molecular dynamics simulations revealed flexible conformations of the central, U2AF2-bound nucleotide. The RNA binding affinities and splicing efficiencies of structure-guided mutants demonstrated that U2AF2 tolerates nucleotide substitutions at the central position of the Py tract. Moreover, enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation of endogenous U2AF2 in human erythroleukemia cells showed uridine-sensitive binding sites with lower sequence conservation at the central nucleotide positions of otherwise uridine-rich, U2AF2-bound splice sites. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of RNA flexibility for protein recognition and take a step towards relating splice site motifs to pre-mRNA splicing efficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedakkatt Puthenpeedikakkal, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulvino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielkopf, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-mRNA Splicing Factor U2AF2 Recognizes Distinct Conformations of Nucleotide Variants at the Center of the pre-mRNA Splice Site Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanocrown electrodes for robust and scalable intracellular recordings of cardiomyocytes for cardiotoxicity screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity arises primarily when a compound alters the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes. Features of intracellular action potentials (iAPs) are powerful biomarkers that predict proarrhythmic risks. However, the conventional patch clamp techniques for measuring iAPs are either laborious and low throughput or not suitable for measuring electrically connected cardiomyocytes. In the last decade, a number of vertical nanoelectrodes have been demonstrated to achieve parallel and minimally-invasive iAP recordings. Nanoelectrodes show great promise, but the large variability in success rate, signal strength, and the low throughput of device fabrication have hindered them from being broadly adopted for proarrhythmia drug assessment. In this work, we developed vertically-aligned and semi-hollow nanocrown electrodes that are mechanically robust and made through a scalable fabrication process. Nanocrown electrodes achieve >99% success rates in obtaining intracellular access through electroporation, allowing reliable and simultaneous iAP recordings from up to 57 human pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). The accuracy of nanocrown electrode recordings is validated by simultaneous patch clamp recording from the same cell. Nanocrown electrodes enable prolonged iAP recording for continual monitoring of the same cells upon the sequential addition of four to five incremental drug doses. In this way, the dose-response data is self-referencing, which avoids the cell-to-cell variations inherent to hPSC-CMs. We are hopeful that this technology development is a step towards establishing an iAP screening assay for preclinical evaluation of drug-induced arrhythmogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlosky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanocrown electrodes for robust and scalable intracellular recordings of cardiomyocytes for cardiotoxicity screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Regulation of PKA by Fast and Slow Neurotransmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Controls Plasticity and Stress Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical glutamate and midbrain dopamine neurotransmission converge to mediate striatum-dependent behaviors, while maladaptations in striatal circuitry contribute to mental disorders. Here we uncover a molecular mechanism by which glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling integrate to regulate cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) via phosphorylation of the PKA regulatory subunit, RII{beta}. We find that glutamate-dependent reduction in Cdk5-dependent RII{beta} phosphorylation alters the PKA holoenzyme auto-inhibitory state to increase PKA signaling in response to dopamine. Disruption of RII{beta} phosphorylation by Cdk5, consequently, enhances cortico-ventral striatal synaptic plasticity. Acute and chronic stress in rats inversely modulate RII{beta} phosphorylation and ventral striatal infusion of a small interfering peptide that selectively targets RII{beta} regulation by Cdk5 improves behavioral response to stress. This new signaling mechanism integrating ventral striatal glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission is likely important to brain function, may contribute to neuropsychiatric conditions, and serves as a possible target for the development of novel therapeutics for stress-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavides, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plattner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo-Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibb, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Regulation of PKA by Fast and Slow Neurotransmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Controls Plasticity and Stress Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via modulation of key cell behaviours in the chick embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphology of gastrulation driving the internalisation of the mesoderm and endoderm differs dramatically among vertebrate species. It ranges from involution of epithelial sheets of cells through a circular blastopore in amphibians to ingression of mesenchymal cells through a primitive streak in amniotes. By targeting signalling pathways controlling critical cell behaviours in the chick embryo, we generated crescent- and ring-shaped mesendoderm territories in which cells can or cannot ingress. These alterations subvert the formation of the chick primitive streak into the gastrulation modes seen in amphibians, reptiles and teleost fish. Our experimental manipulations are supported by a theoretical framework linking cellular behaviors to self-organized multi-cellular flows in the accompanying paper. All together, this suggests that the evolution of gastrulation movements are largely determined by the shape of and cell behaviours in the mesendoderm territory across different species, and controlled by a relatively small number of signalling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano-Najere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadavan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weijer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via modulation of key cell behaviours in the chick embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novelty detection in early olfactory processing of the honey bee, Apis mellifera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are constantly bombarded with stimuli, which presents a fundamental problem of sorting among pervasive uninformative stimuli and novel, possibly meaningful stimuli. We evaluated novelty detection behaviorally in honey bees as they position their antennae differentially in an air stream carrying familiar or novel odors. We then characterized neuronal responses to familiar and novel odors in the first synaptic integration center in the brain - the antennal lobes. We found that the neurons that exhibited stronger initial responses to the odor that was to be familiarized are the same units that later distinguish familiar and novel odors, independently of chemical identities. These units, including both projection neurons and local neurons, showed a decreased response to the familiar odor but an increased response to the novel odor. Our results suggest that the antennal lobe may assign a category of familiarity or novelty to an odor stimulus in addition to its chemical identity code. Therefore, the mechanisms for novelty detection may be present in early sensory processing, either as a result of local synaptic interaction or via feedback from higher brain centers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novelty detection in early olfactory processing of the honey bee, Apis mellifera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long-term effects of repeated heroin vapor inhalation during adolescence on measures of nociception and anxiety-like behavior in adult Wistar rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.06.463404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAdolescents represent a vulnerable group due to increased experimentation with illicit substances that is often associated with the adolescent period, and because adolescent drug use can result in long-term effects that differ from those caused by drug use initiated during adulthood.

ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of repeated heroin vapor inhalation during adolescence on measures of nociception, and anxiety-like behavior during adulthood in female and male Wistar rats.

MethodsRats were exposed twice daily to 30-minutes of heroin vapor from post-natal day (PND) 36 to PND 45. At 12 weeks of age, baseline thermal nociception was assessed across a range of temperatures with a warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and activity was measured in an open field arena. Starting at 23 weeks of age, baseline thermal nociception was re-assessed, nociception was determined after acute heroin or naloxone injection, and anxiety-like behavior was redetermined in the EPM.

ResultsAdolescent heroin inhalation altered baseline thermal nociception in female rats at 12 weeks of age and in both female and male rats at [~]23 weeks. Heroin-treated animals exhibited anxiety-like behavior when tested in the elevated plus-maze, showed blunted heroin-induced analgesia, but exhibited no effect on naloxone-induced hyperalgesia.

ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that heroin vapor inhalation during adolescence produces behavioral and physiological consequences in rats that persist well into adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.06.463404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long-term effects of repeated heroin vapor inhalation during adolescence on measures of nociception and anxiety-like behavior in adult Wistar rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 cargo diversity is mediated by the combinatorial assembly of FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic cells, intracellular components are organized by the microtubule motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) and kinesins, which are linked to cargos via adaptor proteins. While [~]40 kinesins transport cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, a single dynein moves cargo in the opposite direction. How dynein transports a wide variety of cargos remains an open question. The FTS-Hook-FHIP ("FHF") cargo adaptor complex links dynein to cargo in mammals and fungi. As human cells have three Hooks and four FHIP proteins, we hypothesized that the combinatorial assembly of different Hook and FHIP proteins could underlie dynein cargo diversity. Using proteomic approaches, we determine the protein  interactome of each FHIP protein. Live-cell imaging and biochemical approaches show that different FHF complexes associate with distinct motile cargos. These complexes also move with dynein and its cofactor dynactin in single-molecule in vitro reconstitution assays. Complexes composed of FTS, FHIP1B, and Hook1/Hook3 co-localize with Rab5-tagged early endosomes via a direct interaction between FHIP1B and GTP-bound Rab5. In contrast, complexes composed of FTS, FHIP2A and Hook2 colocalize with Rab1A-tagged ER-to-Golgi cargos and FHIP2A is involved in the motility of Rab1A tubules. Our findings suggest that combinatorial assembly of different FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes is one mechanism dynein uses to achieve cargo specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troung, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Maldonado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic dynein-1 cargo diversity is mediated by the combinatorial assembly of FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted intrinsic connectivity links to language and social deficits in toddlers with autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social and language abilities are closely intertwined during early development. Yet, it is still unknown how neural features underlying early social and language deficits are linked in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We examined functional connectivity of left and right temporal language regions and its correlations with language and social abilities in a cohort of 1- 4 years old toddlers (52 ASD/34 non-ASD). Further, ASD toddlers were stratified into those who strongly prefer social visual stimuli (ASDSoc) vs. those who do not (ASDnonSoc) based on performance on an eye-tracking paradigm. In non-ASD toddlers, connectivity between temporal regions and other language- and social-related cortical regions was significantly correlated with language, communication, and social scores. Conversely, ASD toddlers showed atypical correlations between temporal-visual cortex (cuneus) connectivity and communication ability. This temporal-visual connectivity was also correlated with social visual attention in ASDnonSoc but not in ASDSoc toddlers. These findings suggest language- and social-related functional connectivity was not correlated with language and social functions in ASD toddlers. Abnormal engagement of temporal-visual cortex connectivity may be an early-age signature of ASD and may help explain why interventions targeting social skills and language are so challenging, particularly in those with poor social engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyler, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted intrinsic connectivity links to language and social deficits in toddlers with autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HORmon: automated annotation of human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in long-read sequencing opened a possibility to address the long-standing questions about the architecture and evolution of human centromeres. They also emphasized the need for centromere annotation (partitioning human centromeres into monomers and higher-order repeats (HORs)). Even though there was a half-century-long series of semi-manual studies of centromere architecture, a rigorous centromere annotation algorithm is still lacking. Moreover, an automated centromere annotation is a prerequisite for studies of genetic diseases associated with centromeres, and evolutionary studies of centromeres across multiple species. Although the monomer decomposition (transforming a centromere into a monocentromere written in the monomer alphabet) and the HOR decomposition (representing a monocentromere in the alphabet of HORs) are currently viewed as two separate problems, we demonstrate that they should be integrated into a single framework in such a way that HOR (monomer) inference affects monomer (HOR) inference. We thus developed the HORmon algorithm that integrates the monomer/HOR inference and automatically generates the human monomers/HORs that are largely consistent with the previous semi-manual inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunyavskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HORmon: automated annotation of human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal tubulin binding by the yeast kinesin-8, Kip3, underlies its motility and depolymerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is central to cellular processes including axonal growth, intracellular transport, and cell division, all of which rely on precise spatiotemporal control of MT organization. Kinesin-8s play a key role in regulating MT length by combining highly processive directional motility with MT-end disassembly. However, how kinesin-8 switches between these two apparently opposing activities remains unclear. Here, we define the structural features underlying this molecular switch through cryo-EM analysis of the yeast kinesin-8, Kip3 bound to MTs, and molecular dynamics simulations to approximate the complex of Kip3 with the curved tubulin state found at the MT plus-end. By integrating biochemical and single-molecule biophysical assays, we identified specific intra- and intermolecular interactions that modulate processive motility and MT disassembly. Our findings suggest that Kip3 undergoes conformational changes in response to tubulin curvature that underlie its unique ability to interact differently with the MT lattice than with the MT-end.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arellano-Santoyo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Lopez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokasimov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal tubulin binding by the yeast kinesin-8, Kip3, underlies its motility and depolymerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat shock chaperone HSPB1 regulates cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and liquid-to-gel transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.464447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the RNA binding protein TDP-43 reversibly phase separates within nuclei into complex droplets (anisosomes) with TDP-43-containing liquid outer shells and liquid centers of HSP70 family chaperones, cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 are hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. Here we show that transient oxidative stress, proteasome inhibition, or inhibition of HSP70s ATP-dependent chaperone activity provokes reversible cytoplasmic TDP-43 de-mixing and transition from liquid to gel/solid, independent of RNA binding or stress granules. Isotope labeling mass spectrometry is used to identify that phase separated cytoplasmic TDP-43 is primarily bound by the small heat shock protein HSPB1. Binding is direct, mediated through TDP-43s RNA binding and low complexity domains. HSPB1 partitions into TDP-43 droplets, inhibits TDP-43 assembly into fibrils, and is essential for disassembly of stress-induced, TDP-43 droplets. Decrease of HSPB1 promotes cytoplasmic TDP-43 de-mixing and mislocalization. HSPB1 depletion is identified within ALS-patient spinal motor neurons containing aggregated TDP-43. These findings identify HSPB1 to be a regulator of cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arogundade, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goginashvili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat shock chaperone HSPB1 regulates cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and liquid-to-gel transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding human genetic influences on the gut microbiota helps elucidate the mechanisms by which genetics affects health outcomes. We propose a novel approach, the covariate-adjusted kernel RV (KRV) framework, to map genetic variants associated with microbiome beta-diversity, which focuses on overall shifts in the microbiota. The proposed KRV framework improves statistical power by capturing intrinsic structure within the genetic and microbiome data while reducing the multiple-testing burden. We apply the covariate-adjusted KRV test to the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos in a genome-wide association analysis (first gene-level, then variant-level) for microbiome beta-diversity. We have identified an immunity-related gene, IL23R, reported in previous association studies and discovered 3 other novel genes, 2 of which are involved in immune functions or autoimmune disorders. Our findings highlight the value of the KRV as a powerful microbiome GWAS approach and support an important role of immunity-related genes in shaping the gut microbiome composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Nguyen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantinga, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kernel-based genetic association analysis for microbiome phenotypes identifies host genetic drivers of beta-diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse chemical functionalization of nucleobases within long RNAs using sulfinate salts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have devised a single pot, low-cost method to modify RNA with sulfinate salts that can directly add almost any desired functional group to nucleobases under mild aqueous conditions. This chemistry modifies the Hoogsteen edge of RNA and DNA nucleobases. It can be applied to RNA or DNA of any size, as well as to individual nucleotides. Existing methods of RNA modification have relatively limited applicability due to constraints on the size of the RNA and the lack of diversity of possible modifications. We have been able to add azide groups for click reactions directly onto the nucleobases of RNA utilizing sulfinate salts. C-H bonds on the nucleobase aromatic rings serve as the sites of attachment, with C-H being replaced with C-R, where R is the azide-containing linker. With the addition of azide functional groups, the modified RNA can easily be reacted with any alkyne-labeled compound of interest, including fluorescent dyes as shown in this work. This methodology enables the exploration of diverse chemical groups on RNA that can potentially confer protection from nucleases, allow for efficient delivery of nucleic acids into cells, or act as new tools for the investigation of nucleic acid structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirlinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassi, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantourout, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse chemical functionalization of nucleobases within long RNAs using sulfinate salts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survival of hatchery grown native oysters is associated with specific gut-associated bacteria at various locations within the Puget Sound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.465031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) of the Puget Sound suffered a dramatic population crash, but restoration efforts hope to revive this native species. One overlooked variable in the process of assessing ecosystem health is association of bacteria with marine organisms and the environments they occupy. Oyster microbiomes are known to differ significantly between species, tissue type, and the habitat in which they are found. The goals of this study were to determine the impact of field site and habitat on the oyster microbiome and to identify core oyster-associated bacteria in the Puget Sound. Olympia oysters from one parental family were deployed at four sites in the Puget Sound both inside and outside of eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the oyster gut, shell, surrounding seawater and sediment, we demonstrate that gut-associated bacteria are distinct from the surrounding environment and vary by field site. Furthermore, regional differences in the gut microbiota are associated with the survival rates of oysters at each site after two months of field exposure. However, habitat type had no influence on microbiome diversity. Further work is needed to identify the specific bacterial dynamics that are associated with oyster physiology and survival rates.

ImportanceThe outcomes of this study demonstrate the need to monitor microbial ecology at potential oyster restoration sites, specifically for the native Olympia oyster in the Puget Sound. Some areas of Puget Sound may be less amenable to Olympia oyster restoration than others due to microbiome colonization trends. Furthermore, this study puts the oyster microbiome in the context of its surroundings, providing a holistic perspective on the factors that may influence oyster performance and microbial ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunselman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survival of hatchery grown native oysters is associated with specific gut-associated bacteria at various locations within the Puget Sound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory variants active in iPSC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells are associated with Type 2 Diabetes in adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic progenitor cells (PPC) are an early developmental multipotent cell type that give rise to mature endocrine, exocrine, and ductal cells. To investigate the extent to which regulatory variants active in PPC contribute to pancreatic complex traits and disease in the adult, we derived PPC from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of nine unrelated individuals and generated single cell profiles of chromatin accessibility (snATAC- seq) and transcriptome (scRNA-seq). While iPSC-PPC differentiation was asynchronous and included cell types from early to late developmental stages, we found that the predominant cell type consisted of NKX6-1+ progenitors. Genetic characterization using snATAC-seq identified 86,261 regulatory variants that either displayed chromatin allelic bias and/or were predicted to affect active transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Integration of these regulatory variants with 380 fine-mapped type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk loci identified regulatory variants in 209 of these loci that are functional in iPSC-PPC, either by affecting transcription factor binding or through association with allelic effects on chromatin accessibility. The PPC active regulatory variants in 65 of these loci showed strong evidence of causally underlying the association with T2D. Our study shows that studying the functional associations of regulatory variation in iPSC-PPC enables the identification and characterization of causal SNPs for adult Type 2 Diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSCORE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory variants active in iPSC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells are associated with Type 2 Diabetes in adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A focal adhesion kinase-YAP signaling axis drives drug tolerant persister cells and residual disease in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted therapy is effective in many tumor types including lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality. Paradigm defining examples are targeted therapies directed against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtypes with oncogenic alterations in EGFR, ALK and KRAS. The success of targeted therapy is limited by drug-tolerant tumor cells which withstand and adapt to treatment and comprise the residual disease state that is typical during treatment with clinical targeted therapies. Here, we integrate studies in patient-derived and immunocompetent lung cancer models and clinical specimens obtained from patients on targeted therapy to uncover a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-YAP signaling axis that promotes residual disease during oncogenic EGFR-, ALK-, and KRAS-targeted therapies. FAK-YAP signaling inhibition combined with the primary targeted therapy suppressed residual drug-tolerant cells and enhanced tumor responses. This study unveils a FAK-YAP signaling module that promotes residual disease in lung cancer and mechanism-based therapeutic strategies to improve tumor response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haderk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Mendez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meraz, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa Rabago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegakoen, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrington, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbenedio, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotow, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoach, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riess, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santisteban, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roose, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A focal adhesion kinase-YAP signaling axis drives drug tolerant persister cells and residual disease in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cytoskeletal Vortex Drives Phage Nucleus Rotation During Jumbo Phage Replication inE. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vortex-like arrays of cytoskeletal filaments that drive cytoplasmic streaming and nucleus rotation have been identified in eukaryotes, but similar structures have not been described in prokaryotes. The only known example of a rotating intracellular body in prokaryotic cells occurs when nucleus-forming jumbo phages infect Pseudomonas. During infection, a bipolar spindle of PhuZ filaments drives intracellular rotation of the phage nucleus, a key aspect of the replication cycle. Here we show the E. coli jumbo phage Goslar assembles a phage nucleus surrounded by an array of PhuZ filaments resembling a vortex instead of a bipolar spindle. Expression of mutant PhuZ strongly reduces Goslar phage nucleus rotation, demonstrating that the PhuZ cytoskeletal vortex is necessary for rotating the phage nucleus. While vortex-like cytoskeletal arrays are important in eukaryotes, this work identifies the first known example of a coherent assembly of filaments into a vortex-like structure driving intracellular rotation within the prokaryotic cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birkholz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cytoskeletal Vortex Drives Phage Nucleus Rotation During Jumbo Phage Replication inE. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmission of Klebsiella strains and plasmids within and between Grey-headed flying fox colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is an endemic Australian fruit bat, known to carry pathogens with zoonotic potential. We recently showed these bats harbour the bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and closely related species in the K. pneumoniae species complex (KpSC). However, the dynamics of Klebsiella transmission and gene flow within flying fox colonies were not explored and remain poorly understood.

Here we report a high-resolution genomic comparison of 39 KpSC isolates from Greyheaded flying foxes. Illumina whole genome sequences (n=39) were assembled de novo and the Kleborate genotyping tool was used to infer sequence types (STs). Oxford Nanopore sequences were generated for 13 isolates (one for each distinct ST) in order to generate high-quality completed reference genomes. Read mapping and variant calling was used to identify single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within each ST, using the relevant reference genome. In silico genome-scale metabolic models were generated to predict and compare substrate usage to 59 previously published KpSC models for isolates from human and environmental sources, which indicated no distinction on the basis of metabolic capabilities.

High-resolution genome comparisons identified five putative strain transmission clusters (four intra- and one inter-colony, n=2-15 isolates each, [&le;]25 pairwise SNVs). Inter-colony transmission of Klebsiella africana was found between two flying fox populations located within flying distance. The 13 completed genomes harboured 11 plasmids, all of which showed 37-98% coverage (mean 73%) and [&ge;]95% identity to those previously reported from human-associated KpSC. Comparison of plasmids from different flying fox associated KpSC indicated an interspecies horizontal plasmid transmission between K. pneumoniae and K. africana for a 98 kbp plasmid, pFF1003.

These data indicate that KpSC are able to transmit directly via flying fox populations or indirectly via a common source, and that these isolates can harbour plasmids with similarity to those found in human derived KpSC, indicating gene flow is occurring between isolates from Grey-headed flying fox KpSC and human clinical isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vezina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judd, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougall, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyres, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmission of Klebsiella strains and plasmids within and between Grey-headed flying fox colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.465992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional depletion reveals temporal requirements for the oscillating transcription factor NHR-23/NR1F1 in C. elegans larval progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.465992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARY STATEMENTThis work shows how a C. elegans transcription factor controls remodeling of the apical extracellular matrix during development and in which tissues it acts.

ABSTRACTNematode molting is a remarkable process where animals must repeatedly build a new apical extracellular matrix (aECM) beneath a previously built aECM that is subsequently shed. The nuclear hormone receptor NHR-23/NR1F1 is an important regulator of C. elegans molting. NHR-23 expression oscillates in the epidermal epithelium, and soma-specific NHR-23 depletion causes severe developmental delay and death. Tissue-specific RNAi suggests that nhr-23 acts primarily in seam and hypodermal cells. NHR-23 coordinates the expression of factors involved in molting, lipid transport/metabolism, and remodeling of the aECM. NHR-23 depletion causes dampened expression of a nas-37 promoter reporter and a loss of reporter oscillation. The cuticle collagen ROL-6 and zona pellucida protein NOAH-1 display aberrant annular localization and severe disorganization over the seam cells following NHR-23 depletion, while the expression of the adult-specific cuticle collagen BLI-1 is diminished and frequently found in patches. Consistent with these localization defects, the cuticle barrier is severely compromised when NHR-23 is depleted. Together, this work provides insight into how NHR-23 acts in the seam and hypodermal cells to coordinate aECM regeneration during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levenson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechtsteiner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.465992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional depletion reveals temporal requirements for the oscillating transcription factor NHR-23/NR1F1 in C. elegans larval progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in migraine: A twin study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migraine is a neurological disorder with a prominent sex difference such that two thirds of sufferers are female. The mechanisms behind the preponderance of migraine in women have yet to be elucidated. With data on 51,872 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry, we report results from two distinct analyses intended to clarify the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to sex differences in migraine. First, we fit a sex-limitation model to determine if quantitative genetic differences (i.e., is migraine equally heritable across men and women) and/or qualitative genetic differences (i.e., are different genes involved in migraine across men and women) were present. Next, we used a multilevel logistic regression model to compare the prevalence of migraine in individuals from opposite-sex and same-sex twin pairs to determine whether differences in the prenatal hormone environment contribute to migraine risk. In the final analytic sample, women were found to have a significantly higher rate of migraine without aura relative to men (17.6% vs 5.5%). The results from an ADE sex-limitation model indicate that migraine is equally heritable in men and women, with a broad sense heritability of .45, (95% CI = .40 - .50), while results from a reduced AE sex-limitation model provide subtle evidence for differences in the genes underlying migraine across men and women. The logistic regression analysis revealed a significant increase in migraine risk for females with a male co-twin relative to females with a female co-twin (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.26 - 1.81). These results suggest that the prominent sex difference in migraine prevalence is not entirely accounted for by genetic factors, while demonstrating that masculinization of the prenatal environment may increase migraine risk for females. This effect points to a potential prenatal neuroendocrine factor in the development of migraine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saelzler, U. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in migraine: A twin study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FEMA: Fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm for population-scale whole brain imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The linear mixed-effects model (LME) is a versatile approach to account for dependence among observations. Many large-scale neuroimaging datasets with complex designs have increased the need for LME, however LME has seldom been used in whole-brain imaging analyses due to its heavy computational requirements. In this paper, we introduce a fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm (FEMA) that makes whole-brain vertex-wise, voxel-wise, and connectome-wide LME analyses in large samples possible. We validate FEMA with extensive simulations, showing that the estimates of the fixed effects are equivalent to standard maximum likelihood estimates but obtained with orders of magnitude improvement in computational speed. We demonstrate the applicability of FEMA by studying the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of age on region-of-interest level and vertex-wise cortical thickness, as well as connectome-wide functional connectivity values derived from resting state functional MRI, using longitudinal imaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study release 4.0. Our analyses reveal distinct spatial patterns for the annualized changes in vertex-wise cortical thickness and connectome-wide connectivity values in early adolescence, highlighting a critical time of brain maturation. The simulations and application to real data show that FEMA enables advanced investigation of the relationships between large numbers of neuroimaging metrics and variables of interest while considering complex study designs, including repeated measures and family structures, in a fast and efficient manner. The source code for FEMA is available via: https://github.com/cmig-research-group/cmig_tools/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FEMA: Fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm for population-scale whole brain imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two parallel pathways are required for ultrasound-evoked behavioral changes in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound has been shown to affect the function of both neurons and non-neuronal cells. However, the underlying molecular machinery has been poorly understood. Here, we show that at least two mechanosensitive proteins act in parallel to generate C. elegans behavioral responses to ultrasound stimuli. We first show that these animals generate reversals in response to a single 10 msec pulse from a 2.25 MHz ultrasound transducer. Next, we show that the pore-forming subunit of the mechanosensitive channel TRP-4, and a DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel MEC-4, are both required for this ultrasound-evoked reversal response. Further, the trp-4 mec-4 double mutant shows a stronger behavioral deficit compared to either single mutant. Finally, overexpressing TRP-4 in specific chemosensory neurons can rescue the ultrasound-triggered behavioral deficit in the mec-4 null mutant, suggesting that these two pathways act in parallel. Together, we demonstrate that multiple mechanosensitive proteins likely cooperate to transform ultrasound stimuli into behavioral changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magaram, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friend, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two parallel pathways are required for ultrasound-evoked behavioral changes in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mem3DG: Modeling Membrane Mechanochemical Dynamics in 3D using Discrete Differential Geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomembranes adopt varying morphologies that are vital to cellular functions. Many studies use computational modeling to understand how various mechanochemical factors contribute to membrane shape transformations. Compared to approximation-based methods (e.g., finite element method), the class of discrete mesh models offers greater flexibility to simulate complex physics and shapes in three dimensions; its formulation produces an efficient algorithm while maintaining coordinate-free geometric descriptions. However, ambiguities in geometric definitions in the discrete context have led to a lack of consensus on which discrete mesh model is theoretically and numerically optimal; a bijective relationship between the terms contributing to both the energy and forces from the discrete and smooth geometric theories remains to be established. We address this and present an extensible framework, Mem3DG, for modeling 3D mechanochemical dynamics of membranes based on Discrete Differential Geometry (DDG) on triangulated meshes. The formalism of DDG resolves the inconsistency and provides a unifying perspective on how to relate the smooth and discrete energy and forces. To demonstrate, Mem3DG is used to model a sequence of examples with increasing mechanochemical complexity: recovering classical shape transformations such as 1) biconcave disk, dumb-bell, and unduloid and 2) spherical bud on spherical, flat-patch membrane; investigating how the coupling of membrane mechanics with protein mobility jointly affects phase and shape transformation. As high-resolution 3D imaging of membrane ultrastructure becomes more readily available, we envision Mem3DG to be applied as an end-to-end tool to simulate realistic cell geometry under user-specified mechanochemical conditions.

Why it mattersCellular membranes have shapes and shape changes which characterize cells/organelles, and support nutrient trafficking among other critical processes. Modeling membrane shape changes using mechanical principles can provide insight into how cells robustly bend membranes to support life. Mathematical and computational strategies to solve the equations describing membrane shape evolution can be complex and challenging without simplifying assumptions. Here, we present a new, general, numerical approach to model arbitrary 3D membrane shapes in response to interaction with curvature sensing and generating membrane proteins. The accompanying implementation, Mem3DG, is a software tool to make computational membrane mechanics accessible to the general researcher.

HighlightsO_LIIntroduces a discrete theory for membrane mechanics which connects with smooth theory
C_LIO_LIDiscrete energy/force are functions of basic geometric quantities
C_LIO_LIRecipes for extending the discrete framework with additional physics are provided
C_LIO_LIDescribes a user-friendly software implementation called Mem3DG
C_LIO_LIMem3DG is designed to facilitate modeling in tandem with experimental studies
C_LI

Significance and noveltyHelfrich Hamiltonian is widely used to model biomembranes. Many numerical methods have been developed to solve the geometric PDE. Compared to approximation-based methods, discrete-mesh-based models have many advantages when incorporating multiphysics in 3D due to their flexibility, efficiency, and straightforward implementation. However, there is no consensus on which mesh-based model is optimal, and a connection between the discrete and smooth geometric theory remains obscure. In this work, we provide a unifying perspective by identifying fundamental geometric invariants of the discrete force derived from a discrete energy. As a demonstration of generality of the framework to various physics, we follow a formulaic procedure to derive additional physics such as interfacial line tension, surface-bulk adsorption, protein lateral diffusion, and curvature-dependent protein aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mem3DG: Modeling Membrane Mechanochemical Dynamics in 3D using Discrete Differential Geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral context affects social signal representations within single primate prefrontal cortex neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We tested whether social signal processing in more traditional, head-restrained contexts is representative of the putative natural analog - social communication - by comparing responses to vocalizations within individual neurons in marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC) across a series of behavioral contexts ranging from traditional to naturalistic. Although vocalization responsive neurons were evident in all contexts, cross-context consistency was notably limited. A response to these social signals when subjects were head-restrained was not predictive of a comparable neural response to the identical vocalizations during natural communication, even within the same neuron. Neural activity at the population level followed a similar pattern, as PFC activity could be reliably decoded for the context in which vocalizations were heard. This suggests that neural representations of social signals in primate PFC are not static, but highly flexible and likely reflect how nuances of the dynamic behavioral contexts affect the perception of these signals and what they communicate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Mothe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral context affects social signal representations within single primate prefrontal cortex neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are proteinaceous organelles that encapsulate key enzymes of CO2 fixation - Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase - and are the centerpiece of the bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). In the CCM, actively accumulated cytosolic bicarbonate diffuses into the carboxysome and is converted to CO2 by carbonic anhydrase, producing a high CO2 concentration near Rubisco and ensuring efficient carboxylation. Self-assembly of the -carboxysome is orchestrated by the intrinsically disordered scaffolding protein, CsoS2, which interacts with both Rubisco and carboxysomal shell proteins, but it is unknown how the carbonic anhydrase, CsoSCA, is incorporated into the -carboxysome. Here, we present the structural basis of carbonic anhydrase encapsulation into -carboxysomes from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. We find that CsoSCA interacts directly with Rubisco via an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain. A 1.98 [A] single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of Rubisco in complex with this peptide reveals that CsoSCA binding is predominantly mediated by a network of hydrogen bonds. CsoSCAs binding site overlaps with that of CsoS2 but the two proteins utilize substantially different motifs and modes of binding, revealing a plasticity of the Rubisco binding site. Our results advance the understanding of carboxysome biogenesis and highlight the importance of Rubisco, not only as an enzyme, but also as a central hub for mediating assembly through protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blikstad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a carbonic anhydrase-Rubisco supercomplex within the alpha-carboxysome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PatchWarp: Corrections of non-uniform image distortions in two-photon calcium imaging data by patchwork affine transformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon microscopy has been widely used to record the activity of populations of individual neurons at high spatial resolution in behaving animals. The ability to perform imaging for an extended period of time allows the investigation of activity changes associated with behavioral states and learning. However, imaging often accompanies shifts of the imaging field, including rapid ([~]100ms) translation and slow, spatially non-uniform distortion. To combat this issue and obtain a stable time series of the target structures, motion correction algorithms are commonly applied. However, typical motion correction algorithms are limited to full field translation of images and are unable to correct non-uniform distortions. Here, we developed a novel algorithm, PatchWarp, to robustly correct slow image distortion for calcium imaging data. PatchWarp is a two-step algorithm with rigid and non-rigid image registrations. To correct non-uniform image distortions, it splits the imaging field and estimates the best affine transformation matrix for each of the subfields. The distortion-corrected subfields are stitched together like a patchwork to reconstruct the distortion-corrected imaging field. We show that PatchWarp robustly corrects image distortions of calcium imaging data collected from various cortical areas through glass window or GRIN lens with a higher accuracy than existing non-rigid algorithms. Furthermore, it provides a fully automated method of registering images from different imaging sessions for longitudinal neural activity analyses. PatchWarp improves the quality of neural activity analyses and would be useful as a general approach to correct image distortions in a wide range of disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hattori, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PatchWarp: Corrections of non-uniform image distortions in two-photon calcium imaging data by patchwork affine transformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Transgene Delivery with Native  E. coli  Chassis Allows Persistent Physiological Changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live bacterial therapeutics (LBT) could reverse disease by engrafting in the gut and providing persistent beneficial functions in the host. However, attempts to functionally manipulate the gut microbiome of conventionally-raised (CR) hosts have been unsuccessful, because engineered microbial organisms (i.e., chassis) cannot colonize the hostile luminal environment. In this proof-of-concept study, we use native bacteria as chassis for transgene delivery to impact CR host physiology. Native Escherichia coli isolated from stool cultures of CR mice were modified to express functional bacterial (bile salt hydrolase) and eukaryotic (Interleukin-10) genes. Reintroduction of these strains induces perpetual engraftment in the intestine. In addition, engineered native E. coli can induce functional changes that affect host physiology and reverse pathology in CR hosts months after administration. Thus, using native bacteria as chassis to "knock-in" specific functions allows mechanistic studies of specific microbial activities in the microbiome of CR hosts, and enables LBT with curative intent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saran, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siguenza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maissy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas Machado, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrinpar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Transgene Delivery with Native  E. coli  Chassis Allows Persistent Physiological Changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchrony and idiosyncrasy in the gut microbiome of wild primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut microbial dynamics are highly individualized, making it challenging to link microbiota to health and to design universal microbiome therapies. This individuality is typically attributed to variation in host genetics, diets, environments, and medications, but it could also emerge from fundamental ecological forces that shape microbiota more generally. Here we leverage extensive gut microbial time series from wild baboons--hosts who experience little interindividual dietary and environmental heterogeneity--to test whether gut microbial dynamics are synchronized across hosts or largely idiosyncratic. Despite their shared lifestyles, baboon microbiome dynamics were only weakly synchronized. The strongest synchrony occurred among baboons living in the same social group, likely because group members range over the same habitat and simultaneously encounter the same sources of food and water. However, this synchrony was modest compared to each hosts personalized dynamics. Indeed, host-specific factors, especially host identity, explained 10 times the deviance in longitudinal microbial dynamics, compared to factors shared across hosts. These results contribute to mounting evidence that highly idiosyncratic gut microbiomes are not an artifact of modern human environments, and that synchronizing forces in the gut microbiome (e.g., shared environments, diets, and microbial dispersal) are often not strong enough to overwhelm drivers of microbiome personalization, including host genetics, priority effects, horizontal gene transfer, and functional redundancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjork, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieneisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesquiere, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Learn, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wango, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mututua, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warutere, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siodi, L. i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchrony and idiosyncrasy in the gut microbiome of wild primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.470088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Human-specific Alleles Protecting Cognitive Function of Grandmothers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.470088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-onset Alzheimers Disease (LOAD) pathology is rare in our closest living evolutionary relatives (chimpanzees), which also express much lower microglial levels of CD33(Siglec-3)-a myelomonocytic receptor inhibiting innate immune reactivity by extracellular V-set domain recognition of sialic acid(Sia)-containing "self-associated molecular patterns" (SAMPs). We earlier showed that V-set domain-deficient CD33-variant allele, protective against LOAD, is derived and specific to hominin-lineage. We now report that CD33 also harbors multiple hominin-specific V-set domain mutations and explore selection forces that may have favored such genomic changes. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the preferred Sia-ligand of ancestral CD33 is absent in humans, due to hominin-specific, fixed loss-of-function mutation in CMAH, which generates CMP-Neu5Gc from its precursor, CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Extensive mutational analysis and MD-simulations indicate that fixed change in amino acid 21 of hominin V-set domain and conformational changes related to His45 corrected for Neu5Gc-loss by switching to Neu5Ac-recognition. Considering immune-evasive "molecular mimicry" of SAMPs by pathogens, we found that human-specific pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Group B Streptococcus (affecting fertility and fetuses/neonates respectively) selectively bind huCD33 and this binding is significantly impacted by amino acid 21 modification. Alongside LOAD-protective CD33 alleles, humans harbor additional, derived, population-universal, cognition-protective variants absent in "great ape" genomes. Interestingly, 11 of 13 SNPs in these human genes (including CD33), that protect the cognitive health of elderly populations, are not shared by genomes of archaic hominins: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Finally, we present a plausible evolutionary scenario to compile, correlate and comprehend existing knowledge about huCD33 evolution and suggest that grandmothering emerged in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akey, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagneux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.26.470088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Human-specific Alleles Protecting Cognitive Function of Grandmothers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionalizing lipid sponge droplets with DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acids are among the most versatile molecules for the construction of biomimetic systems because they can serve as information carriers and programmable construction materials. How nucleic acids interact with membranous coacervate compartments such as lipid sponge droplets is not known. Here we systematically characterize the potential of DNA to functionalize lipid sponge droplets and demonstrate a strong size dependence for sequestration into the sponge phase. Double stranded DNA molecules of more than 300 bp are excluded and form a corona on the surface of droplets they are targeted to. Shorter DNA molecules partition efficiently into the lipid sponge phase and can direct DNA-templated reactions to droplets. We demonstrate repeated capture and release of labeled DNA strands by dynamic hybridization and strand displacement reactions that occur inside droplets. Our system opens new opportunities for DNA-encoded functions in lipid sponge droplets such as cargo control and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederholtmeyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.28.470255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionalizing lipid sponge droplets with DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-19 lung disease shares driver AT2 cytopathic features with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn the aftermath of Covid-19, some patients develop a fibrotic lung disease, i.e., post-COVID-19 lung disease (PCLD), for which we currently lack insights into pathogenesis, disease models, or treatment options.

MethodUsing an AI-guided approach, we analyzed > 1000 human lung transcriptomic datasets associated with various lung conditions using two viral pandemic signatures (ViP and sViP) and one covid lung-derived signature. Upon identifying similarities between COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we subsequently dissected the basis for such similarity from molecular, cytopathic, and immunologic perspectives using a panel of IPF-specific gene signatures, alongside signatures of alveolar type II (AT2) cytopathies and of prognostic monocyte-driven processes that are known drivers of IPF. Transcriptome-derived findings were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify the major triggers of AT2 dysfunction. Key findings were validated in hamster and human adult lung organoid (ALO) pre-clinical models of COVID-19 using immunohistochemistry and qPCR.

FindingsCOVID-19 resembles IPF at a fundamental level; it recapitulates the gene expression patterns (ViP and IPF signatures), cytokine storm (IL15-centric), and the AT2 cytopathic changes, e.g., injury, DNA damage, arrest in a transient, damage-induced progenitor state, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These immunocytopathic features were induced in pre-clinical COVID models (ALO and hamster) and reversed with effective anti-CoV-2 therapeutics in hamsters. PPI-network analyses pinpointed ER stress as one of the shared early triggers of both diseases, and IHC studies validated the same in the lungs of deceased subjects with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-challenged hamster lungs. Lungs from tg-mice, in which ER stress is induced specifically in the AT2 cells, faithfully recapitulate the host immune response and alveolar cytopathic changes that are induced by SARS-CoV-2.

InterpretationLike IPF, COVID-19 may be driven by injury-induced ER stress that culminates into progenitor state arrest and SASP in AT2 cells. The ViP signatures in monocytes may be key determinants of prognosis. The insights, signatures, disease models identified here are likely to spur the development of therapies for patients with IPF and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases.

FundingThis work was supported by the National Institutes for Health grants R01-GM138385 and AI155696 and funding from the Tobacco-Related disease Research Program (R01RG3780).

One Sentence SummarySevere COVID-19 triggers cellular processes seen in fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSIn its aftermath, the COVID-19 pandemic has left many survivors, almost a third of those who recovered, with a mysterious long-haul form of the disease which culminates in a fibrotic form of interstitial lung disease (post-COVID-19 ILD). Post-COVID-19 ILD remains a largely unknown entity. Currently, we lack insights into the core cytopathic features that drive this condition.

Added value of this studyUsing an AI-guided approach, which involves the use of sets of gene signatures, protein-protein network analysis, and a hamster model of COVID-19, we have revealed here that COVID-19 -lung fibrosis resembles IPF, the most common form of ILD, at a fundamental level--showing similar gene expression patterns in the lungs and blood, and dysfunctional AT2 processes (ER stress, telomere instability, progenitor cell arrest, and senescence). These findings are insightful because AT2 cells are known to contain an elegant quality control network to respond to intrinsic or extrinsic stress; a failure of such quality control results in diverse cellular phenotypes, of which ER stress appears to be a point of convergence, which appears to be sufficient to drive downstream fibrotic remodeling in the lung.

Implications of all the available evidenceBecause unbiased computational methods identified the shared fundamental aspects of gene expression and cellular processes between COVID-19 and IPF, the impact of our findings is likely to go beyond COVID-19 or any viral pandemic. The insights, tools (disease models, gene signatures, and biomarkers), and mechanisms identified here are likely to spur the development of therapies for patients with IPF and, other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, all of whom have limited or no treatment options. To dissect the validated prognostic biomarkers to assess and track the risk of pulmonary fibrosis and develop therapeutics to halt fibrogenic progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.28.470269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-19 lung disease shares driver AT2 cytopathic features with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MuDCoD: Multi-Subject Community Detection in Personalized Dynamic Gene Networks from Single Cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWith the wide availability of single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) technology, population-scale scRNA-seq datasets across multiple individuals and time points are emerging. While the initial investigations of these datasets tend to focus on standard analysis of clustering and differential expression, leveraging the power of scRNA-seq data at the personalized dynamic gene co-expression network level has the potential to unlock subject and/or time-specific network-level variation, which is critical for understanding phenotypic differences. Community detection from co-expression networks of multiple time points or conditions has been well-studied; however, none of the existing settings included networks from multiple subjects and multiple time points simultaneously. To address this, we develop MuDCoD for multi-subject community detection in personalized dynamic gene networks from scRNA-seq. MuDCoD builds on the spectral clustering framework and promotes information sharing among the networks of the subjects as well as networks at different time points. It clusters genes in the personalized dynamic gene networks and reveals gene communities that are variable or shared not only across time but also among subjects.

ResultsEvaluation and benchmarking of MuDCoD against existing approaches reveal that MuDCoD effectively leverages apparent shared signals among networks of the subjects at individual time points, and performs robustly when there is no or little information sharing among the networks. Applications to population-scale scRNA-seq datasets of human-induced pluripotent stem cells during dopaminergic neuron differentiation and CD4+ T cell activation indicate that MuDCoD enables robust inference for identifying time-varying personalized gene modules. Our results illustrate how personalized dynamic community detection can aid in the exploration of subject-specific biological processes that vary across time.

AvailabilityMuDCoD is publicly available at https://github.com/bo1929/MuDCoD as a Python package. Implementation includes simulation and real-data experiments together with extensive documentation.

Contactkeles@stat.wisc.edu, otastan@sabanciuniv.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapci, A. O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MuDCoD: Multi-Subject Community Detection in Personalized Dynamic Gene Networks from Single Cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online Phylogenetics using Parsimony Produces Slightly Better Trees and is Dramatically More Efficient for Large SARS-CoV-2 Phylogenies than de novo and Maximum-Likelihood Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetics has been foundational to SARS-CoV-2 research and public health policy, assisting in genomic surveillance, contact tracing, and assessing emergence and spread of new variants. However, phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have often relied on tools designed for de novo phylogenetic inference, in which all data are collected before any analysis is performed and the phylogeny is inferred once from scratch. SARS-CoV-2 datasets do not fit this mould. There are currently over 10 million sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes in online databases, with tens of thousands of new genomes added every day. Continuous data collection, combined with the public health relevance of SARS-CoV-2, invites an "online" approach to phylogenetics, in which new samples are added to existing phylogenetic trees every day. The extremely dense sampling of SARS-CoV-2 genomes also invites a comparison between likelihood and parsimony approaches to phylogenetic inference. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods are more accurate when there are multiple changes at a single site on a single branch, but this accuracy comes at a large computational cost, and the dense sampling of SARS-CoV-2 genomes means that these instances will be extremely rare because each internal branch is expected to be extremely short. Therefore, it may be that approaches based on maximum parsimony (MP) are sufficiently accurate for reconstructing phylogenies of SARS-CoV-2, and their simplicity means that they can be applied to much larger datasets. Here, we evaluate the performance of de novo and online phylogenetic approaches, and ML and MP frameworks, for inferring large and dense SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies. Overall, we find that online phylogenetics produces similar phylogenetic trees to de novo analyses for SARS-CoV-2, and that MP optimizations produce more accurate SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies than do ML optimizations. Since MP is thousands of times faster than presently available implementations of ML and online phylogenetics is faster than de novo, we therefore propose that, in the context of comprehensive genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, MP online phylogenetics approaches should be favored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thornlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBroome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.471004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online Phylogenetics using Parsimony Produces Slightly Better Trees and is Dramatically More Efficient for Large SARS-CoV-2 Phylogenies than de novo and Maximum-Likelihood Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pandemic-scale phylogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.470766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Phylogenetics has been central to the genomic surveillance, epidemiology and contact tracing efforts during the COVD-19 pandemic. But the massive scale of genomic sequencing has rendered the pre-pandemic tools inadequate for comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. Here, we discuss the phylogenetic package that we developed to address the needs imposed by this pandemic. The package incorporates several pandemic-specific optimization and parallelization techniques and comprises four programs: UShER, matOptimize, RIPPLES and matUtils. Using high-performance computing, UShER and matOptimize maintain and refine daily a massive mutation-annotated phylogenetic tree consisting of all SARS-CoV-2 sequences available in online repositories. With UShER and RIPPLES, individual labs - even with modest compute resources - incorporate newly-sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes on this phylogeny and discover evidence for recombination in real-time. With matUtils, they rapidly query and visualize massive SARS-CoV-2 phylogenies. These tools have empowered scientists worldwide to study the SARS-CoV-2 evolution and transmission at an unprecedented scale, resolution and speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBroome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.470766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pandemic-scale phylogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A remote lecture series roadmap to equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disparities for women and minorities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers have continued even amidst mounting evidence for the superior performance of diverse workforces. In response, we launched the Diversity and Science Lecture series, a cross-institutional platform where junior life scientists present their research and comment on equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM. We characterize speaker representation from 79 profiles and investigate topic noteworthiness via quantitative content analysis of talk transcripts. Nearly every speaker discussed interpersonal support, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other topics, such as sexual and gender minority identity, were less frequently addressed but highly salient to the speakers who mentioned them. We found that significantly co-occurring topics reflected not only conceptual similarity, such as terms for racial identities, but also intersectional significance, such as identifying as a Latina/Hispanic woman or Asian immigrant, and interactions between priorities and identities, including the heightened value of friendship to the LGBTQ community, which we reproduce using transcripts from an independent seminar series. Our approach to scholar profiles and talk transcripts serves as an example for transmuting hundreds of hours of scholarly discourse into rich datasets that can power computational audits of speaker diversity and illuminate speakers personal and professional priorities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmok, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izidro Layng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balotin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecklu-Mensah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakaki, A. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Arceo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannatha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DASL Alliance,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A remote lecture series roadmap to equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LungMAP Portal Ecosystem: Systems-Level Exploration of the Lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An improved understanding of the human lung necessitates advanced systems models informed by an ever-increasing repertoire of molecular omics, cellular, imaging and pathological datasets. To centralize and standardize information across broad lung research efforts we expanded the LungMAP.net website into a gateway portal. This portal connects a broad-spectrum of research networks, bulk and single-cell multi-omics data and a diverse collection of image data that span mammalian lung development and disease. The data are standardized across species and technologies using harmonized data and metadata models that leverage recent advances including those from the Human Cell Atlas, diverse ontologies, and the LungMAP CellCards initiative. To cultivate future discoveries, we have aggregated a diverse collection of single-cell atlases for multiple species (human, rhesus, mouse), to enable consistent queries across technologies, cohorts, age, disease and drug treatment. These atlases are provided as independent and integrated queriable datasets, with an emphasis on dynamic visualization, figure generation and reference-based classification of user-provided datasets (Azimuth). As this resource grows, we intend to increase the breadth of available interactive interfaces, data portals and datasets from LungMAP and external research efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaddis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortriede, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouril, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardini-Poleske, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clair, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsett, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heathorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasath, V. B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LungMAP Portal Ecosystem: Systems-Level Exploration of the Lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of M protein immunogens to elicit broadly reactive antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coiled coil-forming M proteins of the widespread and potentially deadly bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) are immunodominant targets of opsonizing antibodies. However, antigenic sequence variability into >220 M types, as defined by the M protein hypervariable region (HVR), has been considered to limit its utility as a vaccine immunogen due to type-specificity in the antibody response. Surprisingly, a multi-HVR immunogen in clinical vaccine trials elicited M type cross-reactivity. The basis for this cross-reactivity is unknown but may be due in part to antibody recognition of a three-dimensional (3D) pattern conserved in many M protein HVRs that confers binding to human C4b-binding protein (C4BP). To test this hypothesis, we asked whether a single M protein immunogen carrying the 3D pattern would elicit cross-reactivity against other M types carrying the 3D pattern. We found that a 34-amino acid sequence of M2 protein bearing the 3D pattern retained full C4BP-binding capacity when fused to a coiled coil-stabilizing sequence from GCN4. This immunogen, called M2G, elicited cross-reactive antibodies against a number of M types that carry the 3D pattern but not against those that lack the 3D pattern. The M2G antiserum recognized M proteins as displayed natively on the Strep A surface, and promoted the opsonophagocytic killing of Strep A strains expressing these M proteins. As C4BP-binding is a conserved virulence trait of Strep A, targeting the 3D pattern may prove advantageous in vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of M protein immunogens to elicit broadly reactive antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular proteome responses precede organ dysfunction in sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular dysfunction and organ failure are two distinct, albeit highly interconnected clinical outcomes linked to morbidity and mortality in human sepsis. The mechanisms driving vascular and parenchymal damage are dynamic and display significant molecular crosstalk between organs and tissues. Therefore, assessing their individual contribution to disease progression is technically challenging. Here, we hypothesize that dysregulated vascular responses predispose the organism to organ failure. To address this hypothesis, we have evaluated four major organs in a murine model of S. aureus sepsis by combining in vivo labeling of the endothelial proteome, data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry, and an integrative computational pipeline. The data reveal, with unprecedented depth and throughput, that a septic insult evokes organ-specific proteome responses that are highly compartmentalized, synchronously coordinated, and significantly correlated with the progression of the disease. Vascular proteome changes were found to precede bacterial invasion and leukocyte infiltration into the organs, as well as to precede changes in various well-established cellular and biochemical correlates of systemic coagulopathy and tissue dysfunction. Importantly, our data suggests a potential role for the vascular proteome as a determinant of the susceptibility of the organs to undergo failure during sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, C. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmström, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Toledo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular proteome responses precede organ dysfunction in sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D2Rs Coordinate Cue-Evoked Changes in Striatal Acetylcholine Levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the striatum, acetylcholine (ACh) neuron activity is modulated co-incident with dopamine (DA) release in response to unpredicted rewards and reward predicting cues and both neuromodulators are thought to regulate each other. While this co-regulation has been studied using stimulation studies, the existence of this mutual regulation in vivo during natural behavior is still largely unexplored. One long-standing controversy has been whether striatal DA is responsible for the induction of the cholinergic pause or whether D2R modulate a pause that is induced by other mechanisms. Here, we used genetically encoded sensors in combination with pharmacological and genetic inactivation of D2Rs from cholinergic interneurons (CINs) to simultaneously measure ACh and DA levels after CIN D2R inactivation. We found that CIN D2Rs are not necessary for the induction of cue induced dips in ACh levels but regulate dip lengths and rebound ACh levels. Importantly, D2R inactivation strongly decreased the temporal correlation between DA and Ach signals not only at cue presentation but also during the intertrial interval. This points to a general mechanism by which D2Rs coordinate both signals. At the behavioral level D2R antagonism increased the latency to lever press, which was not observed in CIN-selective D2R knock out mice. This latency correlated with the cue evoked dip length supporting a role of the ACh dip and its regulation by D2Rs in motivated behavior. Overall, our data indicate that striatal DA coordinate phasic ACh and DA signals via CIN D2Rs which is important for the regulation of motivated behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kellendonk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyniuk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Herraez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labouesse, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D2Rs Coordinate Cue-Evoked Changes in Striatal Acetylcholine Levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe COVID-19 is associated with epithelial and endothelial barrier dysfunction within the lung as well as in distal organs. While it is appreciated that an exaggerated inflammatory response is associated with barrier dysfunction, the triggers of this pathology are unclear. Here, we report that cell-intrinsic interactions between the Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and epithelial/endothelial cells are sufficient to trigger barrier dysfunction in vitro and vascular leak in vivo, independently of viral replication and the ACE2 receptor. We identify an S-triggered transcriptional response associated with extracellular matrix reorganization and TGF-{beta} signaling. Using genetic knockouts and specific inhibitors, we demonstrate that glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and the TGF-{beta} signaling axis are required for S-mediated barrier dysfunction. Our findings suggest that S interactions with barrier cells are a contributing factor to COVID-19 disease severity and offer mechanistic insight into SARS-CoV-2 triggered vascular leak, providing a starting point for development of therapies targeting COVID-19 pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tramontini Gomes de Sousa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Rojas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servellita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Carreno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spike triggers barrier dysfunction and vascular leak via integrins and TGF-β signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii and therapeutic bacteriophages from a patient undergoing phage therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2016, a 68-year-old patient with a disseminated multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection was treated using lytic bacteriophages in one of the first modern human clinical uses of phage therapy in the United States. Due to the emergency nature of the treatment there was little time to thoroughly characterize the phages used in this intervention or the pathogen itself. Here we report the genomes of the nine phages used for treatment and three strains of A. baumannii isolated prior to and during treatment. The eight phages used in the initial treatment were found to be a group of closely related T4-like myophages; the ninth phage, AbTP3{Phi}1, was found to be an unrelated Fri1-like podophage. Analysis of 19 A. baumannii isolates collected before and during phage treatment showed that resistance to the T4-like phages appeared as early as two days following the start of treatment. Three A. baumannii strains (TP1, TP2 and TP3) collected before and during treatment were sequenced to closure, and all contained a 3.9 Mb chromosome of sequence type 570 with a KL116 capsule locus and identical 8.7 kb plasmids. Phage-insensitive mutants of A. baumannii strain TP1 were generated in vitro and the majority of identified mutations were located in the bacterial capsule locus. The presence of the same mutation in both the in vitro mutants and in phage-insensitive isolates TP2 and TP3, which evolved in vivo during phage treatment, indicate that in vitro investigations can produce results that are relevant and predictive for the in vivo environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morales, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop-Lilly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii and therapeutic bacteriophages from a patient undergoing phage therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing COVID-19 infection and vaccination history by T cell reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines elicit memory T cell responses. Here, we report the development of two new pools of Experimentally-defined T cell epitopes derived from the non-spike Remainder of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome (CD4RE and CD8RE). The combination of T cell responses to these new pools and Spike (S) were used to discriminate four groups of subjects with different SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine status: non-infected, non-vaccinated (I-V-); infected and non-vaccinated (I+V-); infected and then vaccinated (I+V+); and non-infected and vaccinated (I-V+). The overall classification accuracy based on 30 subjects/group was 89.2% in the original cohort and 88.5% in a validation cohort of 96 subjects. The T cell classification scheme was applicable to different mRNA vaccines, and different lengths of time post-infection/post-vaccination. T cell responses from breakthrough infections (infected vaccinees, V+I+) were also effectively segregated from the responses of vaccinated subjects using the same classification tool system. When all five groups where combined, for a total of 239 different subjects, the classification scheme performance was 86.6%. We anticipate that a T cell-based immunodiagnostic scheme able to classify subjects based on their vaccination and natural infection history will be an important tool for longitudinal monitoring of vaccination and aid in establishing SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrigan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvez, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing COVID-19 infection and vaccination history by T cell reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signature of everyday function in older adults at-risk of cognitive impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessment of everyday activities are central to the diagnosis of pre-dementia and dementia. Yet, little is known about the brain substrates and processes that contribute to everyday functional impairment, particularly during early stages of cognitive decline. We investigated everyday function using a complex gait task in normal older adults stratified by risk of cognitive impairment. We applied a novel EEG approach, which combines electroencephalographic with 3D-body tracking technology to measure brain-gait dynamics with millisecond precision while participants are in motion. Twenty-six participants (mean age = 74.9 years) with cognitive and everyday functional profiles within the normal range for their age and sex were ranked for risk of cognitive impairment. We used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment battery, a global index of cognition with a range from 0 to 30, to classify individuals as being at higher (22-26) and lower risk (27+). Individuals walking on a treadmill were exposed to visual perturbation designed to destabilize gait. Assuming that brain changes precede behavioral decline, we predicted that older adults increase step width to gain stability, yet the underlying neural signatures would be different for lower versus higher risk individuals. When pooling across risk groups, we found that step width increased and fronto-parietal activation shifted from transient, during swing phases, to sustained across the gait cycle during visually perturbed input. As predicted, step width increased in both groups but underlying neural signatures were different. Fronto-medial theta (3-7Hz) power of gait-related brain oscillations were increased in higher risk individuals during both perturbed and unperturbed inputs. On the other hand, left central gyri beta (13-28Hz) power was decreased in lower risk individuals, specifically during visually perturbed input. Finally, relating MoCA scores to spectral power pooled across fronto-parietal regions, we found associations between increased theta power and worse MoCA scores and between decreased beta power and better MoCA scores.Able-bodied older adults at-risk of cognitive impairment are characterized by unique neural signatures of mobility. Stronger reliance on frontomedial theta activation in at-risk individuals may reflect higher-order compensatory responses for deterioration of basic sensorimotor processes. Region and spectral-specific signatures of mobility may provide brain targets for early intervention against everyday functional decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Sanctis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molholm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxe, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsthuis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signature of everyday function in older adults at-risk of cognitive impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomes and metabolism define mouse and human MAIT cell heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that respond to microbial metabolites. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolic analyses of MAIT cell subsets in thymus and peripheral tissues from mice and humans to define the heterogeneity and developmental pathway of these innate-like lymphocytes. We show that the predominant mouse subset, which produces IL-17 (MAIT17), and the subset that produces IFN{gamma} (MAIT1), have greatly different transcriptomes and metabolic states in the thymus and periphery. A splenic MAIT subset has a transcriptome similar to circulating lymphocytes, and in mice these also are found in recent thymic emigrants, suggesting partially mature cells emigrate from the thymus. Human MAIT cells are predominantly MAIT1 cells, but have a different metabolism from their mouse counterparts with increased fatty acid uptake and storage. Although mouse and human subsets are similar in thymus, in the periphery they diverge, likely reflecting environmental influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffelmacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Suastegui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelan, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premlal, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstichel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheroutre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottensmeier, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomes and metabolism define mouse and human MAIT cell heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Denmark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a major global health problem as it leads to hospital outbreaks all over the world and is becoming more difficult to treat due to its increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Optimization and development of new treatments of KP requires understanding of its population structure and AMR properties. Therefore, in this study, we collected and sequenced 491 KP strains from four major Danish microbiology departments covering 51% of the Danish population. The isolates were whole genome sequenced (WGS), phenotypically characterized and compared with 2,124 KP strains from 13 different countries (PATRIC strains). We found that while genomic content varies significantly across the Danish strains, they also differ significantly from strains from other countries, due to the lack of certain AMR sequence types (e.g. ST258 and ST307) in Denmark. Genomic and experimental analysis suggest that Danish strains contain fewer virulence mechanisms and are more susceptible to antimicrobials compared to strains from other countries, likely due to the relatively low antibiotic usage in Denmark where 70% of hospital antibiotic usage is penicillins. We also identified potential novel AMR determinants to tigecycline through statistical analysis of genomic and phenotypic data. To conclude, we obtained a more comprehensive understanding of the KP strains in Denmark and provided valuable insights for future experiments and strategies to combat AMR in KP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellermann-Eriksen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Denmark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vascularized 3D model of the human pancreatic islet for ex vivo study of immune cell-islet interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin is an essential regulator of blood glucose homeostasis that is produced exclusively by {beta} cells within the pancreatic islets of healthy individuals. In those affected by diabetes, immune inflammation, damage, and destruction of islet {beta} cells leads to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Current efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying {beta} cell damage in diabetes rely on in vitro-cultured cadaveric islets. However, isolation of these islets involves removal of crucial matrix and vasculature that supports islets in the intact pancreas. Unsurprisingly, these islets demonstrate reduced functionality over time in standard culture conditions, thereby limiting their value for understanding native islet biology. Leveraging a novel, vascularized micro-organ (VMO) approach, we have recapitulated elements of the native pancreas by incorporating isolated human islets within a three-dimensional matrix nourished by living, perfusable blood vessels. Importantly, these islets show long-term viability and maintain robust glucose-stimulated insulin responses. Furthermore, vessel-mediated delivery of immune cells to these tissues provides a model to assess islet-immune cell interactions and subsequent islet killing -- key steps in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Together, these results establish the islet-VMO as a novel, ex vivo platform for studying human islet biology in both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, R. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shergill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juat, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirure, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wortham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Ngoc, K.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaetani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vascularized 3D model of the human pancreatic islet for ex vivo study of immune cell-islet interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theta oscillations in the prefrontal-hippocampal circuit do not couple to respiration-related oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory activity is thought to coordinate neural computations across brain regions, and theta oscillations are critical for learning and memory. Because the frequency of respiratory-related oscillations (RROs) in rodents can overlap with the frequency of theta in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus, we asked whether odor-cued working memory may be supported by coupling between these two oscillations. We first confirmed that RROs are propagated to the hippocampus and PFC and that RRO frequency overlaps with canonical theta frequency. However, we found low coherence between RROs and local theta oscillations in the hippocampus-PFC network when the two types of oscillations overlapped in frequency. This effect was observed during all behavioral phases including during movement and while odors were actively sampled when stationary. Despite the similarity in frequency, RROs and theta oscillations therefore appear to be limited to supporting computation in distinct networks, which suggests that sustained long-range coordination between oscillation patterns that depend on separate pacemakers is not necessary to support at least one type of working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theta oscillations in the prefrontal-hippocampal circuit do not couple to respiration-related oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems approach discovers the role and characteristics of seven LysR type transcription factors in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Escherichia coli K-12 strains represent perhaps the best known model bacteria, we do not know the identity or functions of all of their transcription factors (TFs). It is now possible to systematically discover the physiological function of TFs in E. coli BW25113 using a set of synergistic methods; including ChIP-exo, growth phenotyping, conserved gene clustering, and transcriptome analysis. Among 47 LysR-type TFs (LTFs) found on the E. coli K-12 genome, many regulate nitrogen source utilization or amino acid metabolism. However, 19 LTFs remain unknown. In this study, we elucidated the regulation of seven of these 19 LTFs: YbdO, YbeF, YgfI, YiaU, YneJ, YcaN, YbhD. We show that: 1) YbdO regulation has an effect on bacterial growth at low pH with citrate supplementation. YbdO is a repressor of the ybdNM operon and is implicated in the regulation of citrate lyase genes (citCDEFG); 2) YgfI activates the dhaKLM operon that encodes the phosphotransferase system involved in glycerol and dihydroxyacetone utilization; 3) YiaU regulates the yiaT gene encoding an outer membrane protein, and waaPSBOJYZU operon is also important in determining cell density at the stationary phase; 4) YneJ, re-named here as PtrR, directly regulates the expression of the succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Sad (also known as YneI), and is a predicted regulator of fnrS (a small RNA molecule). PtrR is important for bacterial growth in the presence of L-glutamate and putrescine as nitrogen sources; and 5) YbhD and YcaN regulate adjacent y-genes on the genome and YbeF is involved in flagella gene regulation. We have thus established the functions for four LTFs and identified the target genes for three LTFs.

IMPORTANCEThe reconstruction of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) is important for gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. LysR-type TFs are abundant in Enterobacteria, but many LTF functions still remain unknown. Here we report putative functions of uncharacterized TFs based on multi-omics data related to L-threonine, L-glutamate, and putrescine utilization. Amino acids (AAs) and polyamines are important sources of nitrogen for many microorganisms, but the increase in one amino acid or putrescine concentration in a minimal medium also induces stress. Although polyamine metabolism has been studied, the TRN that controls the putrescine (Ptr) and AA utilization at minimal medium conditions are still poorly understood. The function of previously uncharacterized transcriptional regulators YbdO, YgfI, and YneJ (PtrR) were identified in Escherichia coli. PtrR is important for Ptr and L-glutamate utilization, while YgfI transcriptional regulation was found to be important for growth on L-threonine and glycerol as a carbon source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodionov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems approach discovers the role and characteristics of seven LysR type transcription factors in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mistimed feeding disrupts circadian rhythms of male mating behavior and female preovulatory LH surges in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, eating at atypical circadian times, such as during the biological rest phase when feeding is normally minimal, reduces fertility. Prior findings suggest this fertility impairment is due, at least in part, to reduced mating success. However, the physiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying this reproductive suppression are not known. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mistimed feeding-induced infertility is due to a disruption in the normal circadian timing of mating behavior and/or the generation of pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surges (estrogen positive feedback). In the first experiment, male+female mouse pairs, acclimated to be food restricted to either the light (mistimed feeding) or dark (control feeding) phase, were scored for mounting frequency and ejaculations over 96 hours. Male mounting behavior and ejaculations were distributed much more widely across the day in light-fed mice than in dark-fed controls and fewer light-fed males ejaculated. In the second experiment, the timing of the LH surge, a well characterized circadian event driven by estradiol (E2) and the SCN, was analyzed from serial blood samples taken from ovariectomized and E2-primed female mice that were light-, dark-, or ad-lib-fed. LH concentrations peaked 2h after lights-off in both dark-fed and ad-lib control females, as expected, but not in light-fed females. Instead, the normally clustered LH surges were distributed widely with high inter-mouse variability in the light-fed group. These data indicate that mistimed feeding disrupts the temporal control of the neural processes underlying both ovulation and mating behavior, contributing to subfertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kukino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walbeek, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.474267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mistimed feeding disrupts circadian rhythms of male mating behavior and female preovulatory LH surges in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of bacterial anti-phage signaling by a WYL domain transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria use diverse immune systems to defend themselves from ubiquitous viruses termed bacteriophages (phages). Many anti-phage systems function by abortive infection to kill a phage-infected cell, raising the question of how they are regulated to avoid cell killing outside the context of infection. Here, we identify a transcription factor associated with the widespread CBASS bacterial immune system, that we term CapW. CapW forms a homodimer and binds a palindromic DNA sequence in the CBASS promoter region. Two crystal structures of CapW suggest that the protein switches from an unliganded, DNA binding-competent state to a ligand-bound state unable to bind DNA. We show that CapW strongly represses CBASS gene expression in uninfected cells, and that phage infection causes increased CBASS expression in a CapW-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, this CapW-dependent increase in CBASS expression is not required for robust anti-phage activity, suggesting that CapW may mediate CBASS activation and cell death in response to a signal other than phage infection. Our results parallel concurrent reports on the structure and activity of BrxR, a transcription factor associated with the BREX anti-phage system, suggesting that CapW and BrxR are members of a family of universal defense signaling proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blankenchip, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of bacterial anti-phage signaling by a WYL domain transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based identification of naphthoquinones and derivatives as novel inhibitors of main protease Mpro and papain-like protease PLpro of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 urgently demands novel direct antiviral treatments. The main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) are attractive drug targets among coronaviruses due to their essential role in processing the polyproteins translated from the viral RNA. In the present work, we virtually screened 688 naphthoquinoidal compounds and derivatives against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-four derivatives were selected and evaluated in biochemical assays against Mpro using a novel fluorogenic substrate. In parallel, these compounds were also assayed with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. Four compounds inhibited Mpro with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between 0.41 {micro}M and 66 {micro}M. In addition, eight compounds inhibited PLpro with IC50 ranging from 1.7 {micro}M to 46 {micro}M. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest stable binding modes for Mpro inhibitors with frequent interactions with residues in the S1 and S2 pockets of the active site. For two PLpro inhibitors, interactions occur in the S3 and S4 pockets. In summary, our structure-based computational and biochemical approach identified novel naphthoquinonal scaffolds that can be further explored as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa da Silva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, R. E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardini, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podust, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Junior, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based identification of naphthoquinones and derivatives as novel inhibitors of main protease Mpro and papain-like protease PLpro of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying biological carbon pump pathways with a data-constrained mechanistic model ensemble approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to constrain the mechanisms that transport organic carbon into the deep ocean is complicated by the multiple physical, chemical, and ecological processes that intersect to create, transform, and transport particles in the ocean. In this manuscript we develop and parameterize a data-assimilative model of the multiple pathways of the biological carbon pump (NEMUROBCP). The mechanistic model is designed to represent sinking particle flux, active transport by vertically migrating zooplankton, and passive transport by subduction and vertical mixing, while also explicitly representing multiple biological and chemical properties measured directly in the field (including nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa, carbon dioxide and oxygen, nitrogen isotopes, and 234Thorium). Using 30 different data types (including standing stock and rate measurements related to nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and non-living organic matter) from Lagrangian experiments conducted on 11 cruises from four ocean regions, we conduct an objective statistical parameterization of the model and generate one million different potential parameter sets that are used for ensemble model simulations. The model simulates in situ parameters that were assimilated (net primary production and gravitational particle flux) and parameters that were withheld (234Thorium and nitrogen isotopes) with reasonable accuracy. Model results show that gravitational flux of sinking particles and vertical mixing of organic matter from the surface ocean are more important biological pump pathways than active transport by vertically-migrating zooplankton. However, these processes are regionally variable, with sinking particles most important in oligotrophic areas of the Gulf of Mexico and California, sinking particles and vertical mixing roughly equivalent in productive regions of the CCE and the subtropical front in the Southern Ocean, and active transport an important contributor in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. We further find that mortality at depth is an important component of active transport when mesozooplankton biomasses are high, but that it is negligible in regions with low mesozooplankton biomass. Our results also highlight the high degree of uncertainty, particularly amongst mesozooplankton functional groups, that is derived from uncertainty in model parameters, with important implications from results that rely on non-ensemble model outputs. We also discuss the implications of our results for other data assimilation approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying biological carbon pump pathways with a data-constrained mechanistic model ensemble approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An M protein coiled coil unfurls and exposes its hydrophobic core to capture LL-37 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surface-associated, coiled-coil M proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) disable human immunity through interaction with select proteins. However, coiled coils lack features typical of protein-protein interaction sites, and it is therefore challenging to understand how M proteins achieve specific binding, for example, with the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, leading to its neutralization. The crystal structure of a complex of LL-37 with M87 protein, an antigenic M protein variant from a strain that is an emerging threat, revealed a novel interaction mode. The M87 coiled coil unfurled and asymmetrically exposed its hydrophobic core to capture LL-37. A single LL-37 molecule bound M87 in the crystal, but in solution recruited additional LL-37 molecules, consistent with a  protein trap neutralization mechanism. The interaction mode visualized crystallographically was verified to contribute significantly to LL-37 resistance in an M87 Strep A strain, and was identified to be conserved in a number of other M protein types that are prevalent in human populations. Our results provide specific detail for therapeutic inhibition of LL-37 neutralization by M proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolesinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirose, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An M protein coiled coil unfurls and exposes its hydrophobic core to capture LL-37]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-genomic analysis of transcriptional modules across Salmonella Typhimurium reveals the regulatory landscape of different strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica Typhimurium is a serious pathogen that is involved in human nontyphoidal infections. Tackling Typhimurium infections is difficult due to the species dynamic adaptation to its environment, which is dictated by a complex transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). While traditional biomolecular methods provide characterizations of specific regulators, it is laborious to construct the global TRN structure from this bottom-up approach. Here, we used a machine learning technique to understand the transcriptional signatures of S. enterica Typhimurium from the top down, as a whole and in individual strains. Furthermore, we conducted cross-strain comparison of 6 strains in serovar Typhimurium to investigate similarities and differences in their TRNs with pan-genomic analysis. By decomposing all the publicly available RNA-Seq data of Typhimurium with independent component analysis (ICA), we obtained over 400 independently modulated sets of genes, called iModulons. Through analysis of these iModulons, we 1) discover three transport iModulons linked to antibiotic resistance, 2) describe concerted responses to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs), 3) uncover evidence towards new regulons, and 4) identify two iModulons linked to bile responses in strain ST4/74. We extend this analysis across the pan-genome to show that strain-specific iModulons 5) reveal different genetic signatures in pathogenicity islands that explain phenotypes and 6) capture the activity of different phages in the studied strains. Using all high-quality publicly-available RNA-Seq data to date, we present a comprehensive, data-driven Typhimurium TRN. It is conceivable that with more high-quality datasets from more strains, the approach used in this study will continue to guide our investigation in understanding the pan-transcriptome of Typhimurium. Interactive dashboards for all gene modules in this project are available at https://imodulondb.org/ under the "Salmonella Typhimurium" page to enable browsing for interested researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-bulushi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-genomic analysis of transcriptional modules across Salmonella Typhimurium reveals the regulatory landscape of different strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GR-regulated enhancers play a central role in the gene regulatory networks underlying drug addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance abuse and addiction represent a significant public health problem that impacts multiple dimensions of society, including healthcare, the economy, and the workforce. In 2021, over 100,000 drug overdose deaths were reported in the US, with an alarming increase in fatalities related to opioids and psychostimulants. Understanding the fundamental gene regulatory mechanisms underlying addiction and related behaviors could facilitate more effective treatments. To explore how repeated drug exposure alters gene regulatory networks in the brain, we combined capped small (cs)RNA-seq, which accurately captures nascent-like initiating transcripts from total RNA, with Hi-C and single nuclei (sn)ATAC-seq. We profiled initiating transcripts in two addiction-related brain regions, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), from rats that were never exposed to drugs or were subjected to prolonged abstinence after oxycodone or cocaine intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Interrogating over 100,000 active transcription start regions (TSRs) revealed that most TSRs had hallmarks of bonafide enhancers and highlighted the KLF/SP1, RFX, and AP1 transcription factors families as central to establishing brain-specific gene regulatory programs. Analysis of rats with addiction-like behaviors versus controls identified addiction-associated repression of transcription at regulatory enhancers recognized by nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C (NR3C) factors, which include glucocorticoid receptors. Cell-type deconvolution analysis using snATAC-seq uncovered a potential role of glial cells in driving the gene regulatory programs associated with addiction-related phenotypes. These findings highlight the power of advanced transcriptomics methods to provide insight into how addiction perturbs gene regulatory programs in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duttke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GR-regulated enhancers play a central role in the gene regulatory networks underlying drug addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
matOptimize: A parallel tree optimization method enables online phylogenetics for SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic tree optimization is necessary for precise analysis of evolutionary and transmission dynamics, but existing tools are inadequate for handling the scale and pace of data produced during the COVID-19 pandemic. One transformative approach, online phylogenetics, aims to incrementally add samples to an ever-growing phylogeny, but there are no previously-existing approaches that can efficiently optimize this vast phylogeny under the time constraints of the pandemic. Here, we present matOptimize, a fast and memory-efficient phylogenetic tree optimization tool based on parsimony that can be parallelized across multiple CPU threads and nodes, and provides orders of magnitude improvement in runtime and peak memory usage compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. We have developed this method particularly to address the pressing need during the COVID-19 pandemic for daily maintenance and optimization of a comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny. Thus, our approach addresses an important need for daily maintenance and refinement of a comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny.

Significance StatementPhylogenetic trees have been central to genomic surveillance, epidemiology, and contact tracing efforts during the COVD-19 pandemic. With over 6 million SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences now available, maintaining an accurate, comprehensive phylogenetic tree of all available SARS-CoV-2 sequences is becoming computationally infeasible with existing software, but is essential for getting a detailed picture of the virus evolution and transmission. Our novel phylogenetic software, matOptimize, is helping refine possibly the largest-ever phylogenetic tree, containing millions of SARS-CoV-2 sequences, thus providing an unprecedented resolution for studying the pathogens evolutionary and transmission dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[matOptimize: A parallel tree optimization method enables online phylogenetics for SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous 1-deoxysphingolipid synthesis compromises anchorage-independent growth and plasma membrane endocytosis in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) predominantly incorporates serine and fatty acyl-CoAs into diverse sphingolipids that serve as structural components of membranes and signaling molecules within or amongst cells. However, SPT also uses alanine as a substrate in the contexts of low serine availability, alanine accumulation, or disease-causing mutations in hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSAN1), resulting in the synthesis and accumulation of 1-deoxysphingolipids. These species promote cytotoxicity in neurons and impact diverse cellular phenotypes, including suppression of anchorage-independent cancer cell growth. While altered serine and alanine can promote 1-deoxysphingolipid synthesis, they impact numerous other metabolic pathways important for cancer cells. Here we combined isotope tracing, quantitative metabolomics, and functional studies to better understand the mechanistic drivers of 1-deoxysphingolipid toxicity in cancer cells. Both alanine treatment and SPTLC1C133W expression induce 1-deoxy(dihydro)ceramide synthesis and accumulation but fail to broadly impact intermediary metabolism, abundances of other lipids, or growth of adherent cells. However, spheroid culture and soft agar colony formation were compromised when endogenous 1-deoxysphingolipid synthesis was induced via SPTLC1C133Wexpression. Consistent with these impacts on anchorage-independent cell growth, we observed that 1-deoxysphingolipid synthesis reduced plasma membrane endocytosis. These results highlight a potential role for SPT promiscuity in linking altered amino acid metabolism to plasma membrane endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuna, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gengatharan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthusamy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous 1-deoxysphingolipid synthesis compromises anchorage-independent growth and plasma membrane endocytosis in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wildlife and Marine Mammal Spatial Observatory: Observation and automated detection of Southern Right Whales in multispectral satellite imagery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Wildlife and Marine Mammal Spatial Observatory is a joint research effort for the census of wildlife and particularly of marine mammals in satellite imagery. In that context, this paper illustrates the development of a high accuracy algorithm for the detection of right whales in sub-meter resolution multispectral satellite imagery with the constraint of a relatively small sample support of 580 southern right whale images. A significant space is devoted to exploratory data analysis to describe the statistical structure of right whale pixels and ocean surface pixels across multispectral bands.

Observations of southern right whale in satellite imagery are divided into typical and atypical right whale forms and the first observations of right whale mother and calf pairs in satellite imagery are presented. Measurements of whales are furthermore automatically extracted from whale observations (major axis length, minor axis length, etc). A significant space is also devoted to statistical data exploration, a step frequently overlooked in machine learning solutions, that yet offers interesting insight into the structure of animal detection in satellite imagery. The extracted statistics can readily be used by researchers to develop detection solutions even with low sample support. The adopted solution for detection consists of feature extraction with a convolutional neural network followed by classification with a support vector machine. 20 different convolutional neural networks were tested for feature extraction. Biostatistics parameters (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision) were measured for comparison. Most architectures generally achieved high performance with low false positive and false negative rates. 100% accuracy is achieved in the case of 2 convolutional neural networks, Nasnet Large and Inception V3, and only with a specific selection of multispectral bands.

NB: This is a preprint that does not include satellite imagery due recent reviews
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houegnigan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero Merino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Noguer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wildlife and Marine Mammal Spatial Observatory: Observation and automated detection of Southern Right Whales in multispectral satellite imagery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-embryonic maturation of the C. elegans motor circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, animals can maintain behavioral output even as the underlying circuits structurally remodel. After hatching, C. elegans undergoes substantial motor neuron expansion and synapse re-wiring while the animal continuously moves with an undulatory pattern. To understand how the circuit transitions from its juvenile to mature configuration without disrupting functional output, we reconstructed the C. elegans motor circuit by electron microscopy across larval development. We observed: 1) Embryonic motor neurons transiently interact with the developing post-embryonic motor neurons prior to remodeling of their juvenile wiring; 2) Post-embryonic neurons initiate synapse development with their future partners as their neurites navigate through the juvenile nerve cords; 3) Embryonic and post-embryonic neurons sequentially build structural machinery needed for the adult circuit before the embryonic neurons relinquish their roles to post-embryonic neurons; 4) This transition is repeated region by region along the body in an anterior to posterior sequence, following the birth order of post-embryonic neurons. Through this orchestrated, programmed and gradual rewiring, the motor circuit transforms from asymmetric to symmetric wiring. These maturation strategies support the continuous maintenance of motor patterns as the juvenile circuit develops into the adult configuration.

HighlightsO_LIPost-embryonic motor circuit maturation was reconstructed by synapse-resolution serial EM.
C_LIO_LIMotor patterns are maintained as the circuit matures from asymmetric to symmetric configuration.
C_LIO_LIProgrammed rewiring gradually and sequentially transforms the circuit structure.
C_LIO_LIPreparatory and communicative wiring-rewiring allows maturation without functional disruption.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witvliet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmyard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahamed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-embryonic maturation of the C. elegans motor circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mindin is essential for cutaneous fibrogenesis in a new mouse model of systemic sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a result of chronically activated fibroblasts leading to the overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM), causing tissue hardening and loss of organ function. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic skin disease marked by inflammation, autoimmunity and vasculopathy along with progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. A major bottleneck in understanding the etiology of SSc has been the lack of a holistic animal model that can mimic the human SSc disease. We found that the transcription factor Snail is overexpressed in the epidermis of SSc patients and a transgenic mouse recapitulating this expression pattern is sufficient to induce hallmark clinical features of the human disease. Using this mouse model as a discovery platform, we have uncovered a critical role for the matricellular protein Mindin in fibrogenesis. Mindin is produced by Snail transgenic skin keratinocytes and aids fibrogenesis by inducing inflammatory cytokine and collagen production in resident dermal fibroblasts. Given the dispensability of Mindin in normal tissue physiology, targeting this protein holds promise as an effective therapy for fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajam, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajnabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayappa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaarour, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perundurai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamora, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mindin is essential for cutaneous fibrogenesis in a new mouse model of systemic sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and phenomic investigations reveal elements in biofilm repression and formation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilm formation by photosynthetic organisms is a complex behavior that serves multiple functions in the environment. Biofilm formation in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is regulated in part by a set of small secreted proteins that promotes biofilm formation and a self-suppression mechanism that prevents their expression. Little is known about the regulatory and structural components of the biofilms in PCC 7942, or response to the suppressor signal(s). We performed transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) and phenomics (RB-TnSeq) screens that identified four genes involved in biofilm formation and regulation, more than 25 additional candidates that may impact biofilm formation, and revealed the transcriptomic adaptation to the biofilm state. In so doing, we compared the effectiveness of these two approaches for gene discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simkovsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnasa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecharia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegorov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendersky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and phenomic investigations reveal elements in biofilm repression and formation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gnas ablation in CD11c+ cells prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by elevating adipose tissue catecholamine levels and thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD11c+ immune cells are a potential therapeutic target for treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In obesity, CD11c+ immune cells are recruited to white adipose tissue and create an inflammatory state that causes both insulin and catecholamine resistance. In this study, we found that ablation of Gnas, the gene that encodes Gas, in CD11c expressing cells protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Gnas{Delta}CD11c mice (KO) had increased oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and beigeing of white adipose tissue (WAT). Transplantation studies showed that the lean phenotype was conferred by bone marrow-derived cells and the absence of T and B cells by crossing the KO to a Rag1-/- background did not alter the phenotype. Notably, we observed elevated norepinephrine and elevated cAMP signaling in the WAT of KO mice. The KO adipose tissue also had reduced expression of catecholamine transport and degradation enzymes. Collectively, our results identified an important role of Gas in CD11c+ cells in whole body metabolism regulation by controlling norepinephrine levels in WAT, modulating catecholamine-induced lipolysis and increasing thermogenesis that together created a lean phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devulapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, A. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gnas ablation in CD11c+ cells prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by elevating adipose tissue catecholamine levels and thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between rule learning and rule switching in a perceptual categorization task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To adapt to a changing world, we must be able to switch between rules already learned and, at other times, learn rules anew. Often we must do both at the same time, switching between known rules while also constantly re-estimating them. Here, we show these two processes, rule switching and rule learning, rely on distinct but intertwined computations, namely fast inference and slower incremental learning. To this end, we studied how monkeys switched between three rules. Each rule was compositional, requiring the animal to discriminate one of two features of a stimulus and then respond with an associated eye movement along one of two different response axes. By modeling behavior we found the animals learned the axis of response using fast inference (rule switching) while continuously re-estimating the stimulus-response associations within an axis (rule learning). Our results shed light on the computational interactions between rule switching and rule learning, and make testable neural predictions for these interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouchacourt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafazoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between rule learning and rule switching in a perceptual categorization task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-assisted Discovery of an Ethnicity-influenced Driver of Cell Transformation in Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Barretts metaplasia of the esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs), drivers of the metaplasia[-&gt;]dysplasia[-&gt;]neoplasia cascade in the esophagus remains incompletely understood. Using an AI-guided network transcriptomics approach, in which EAC initiation and progression is modeled as networks to simplify complex multi-cellular processes, we first predict cellular continuum states and disease driving processes with an unprecedented degree of precision. Key AI-guided predictions are subsequently validated in a human organoid model and patient-derived biopsies of BE, a case-control study of genomics of BE progression, and in a cross-sectional study of 113 patients with BE and EACs. We find that all EACs must originate from BE, pinpoint a CXCL8/IL8{leftrightarrow}neutrophil immune microenvironment as a driver of cellular transformation in both EACs and gastroesophageal junction-ACs. This driver is prominent in Caucasians (Cau), but notably absent in African Americans (AAs). Network-derived gene signatures, independent signatures of neutrophil processes, CXCL8/IL8, and an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) are associated with risk of progression. SNPs associated with ethnic changes in ANC modify that risk. Thus, findings define a racially influenced immunological basis for cell transformation and suggest that benign ethnic neutropenia in AAs may serve as a deterrent to BE[-&gt;]EAC progression.

BRIEF SUMMARYEsophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly lethal cancer among Caucasians, while African Americans are somewhat protected; what factors drive transformation with racial disparity remain unknown. AI-enabled creation of the first computational map of neoplastic progression in the esophagus built and validated using transcriptomic datasets from diverse cohorts of human samples pinpointed CXCL8{leftrightarrow}neutrophil tumor immune-microenvironment as a racially influenced driver of EACs and GEJ-ACs. Computational tools pinpoint a racially influenced driver of cell transformation during BE[-&gt;]EAC progression; in doing so, it reveals new novel biology, informs disease modeling, therapeutic strategies, and biomarkers.

LAY SUMMARYBy modeling diseases as networks, this work unravels a fundamental race-influenced immunologic driver of cell transformation in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and the gastroesophageal junction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goheen-Holland, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzini, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtius, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadlapati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-assisted Discovery of an Ethnicity-influenced Driver of Cell Transformation in Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sentinel Cards Provide Practical SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring in School Settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.01.478759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate, high-resolution environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 traces indoors through sentinel cards is a promising approach to help students safely return to in-person learning. Because SARS-CoV-2 RNA can persist for up to a week on several indoor surface types, there is a need for increased temporal resolution to determine whether consecutive surface positives arise from new infection events or continue to report past events. Cleaning sentinel cards after sampling would provide the needed resolution, but might interfere with assay performance. We tested the effect of three cleaning solutions (BZK wipes, wet wipes, RNase Away) at three different viral loads: "high" (4 x 104 GE/mL), "medium" (1 x 104 GE/mL), and "low" (2.5 x 103 GE/mL). RNAse Away, chosen as a positive control, was the most effective cleaning solution on all three viral loads. Wet wipes were found to be more effective than BZK wipes in the medium viral load condition. The low viral load condition was easily reset with all three cleaning solutions. These findings will enable temporal SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in indoor environments where transmission risk of the virus is high and the need to avoid individual-level sampling for privacy or compliance reasons exists.

ImportanceBecause SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, persists on surfaces, testing swabs taken from surfaces is useful as a monitoring tool. This approach is especially valuable in school settings, where there are cost and privacy concerns that are eliminated by taking a single sample from a classroom. However, the virus persists for days to weeks on surface samples, so it is impossible to tell whether positive detection events on consecutive days are persistent signal or new infectious cases, and therefore whether the positive individuals have been successfully removed from the classroom. We compare several methods for cleaning "sentinel cards" to show that this approach can be used to identify new SARS-CoV-2 signals day to day. The results are important for determining how to monitor classrooms and other indoor environments for SARS-CoV-2 virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantu, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda-Ferre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salido, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asudani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magallanes, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majnoonian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijaya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omaleki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Hoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lastrella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrander, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plascencia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manlutac, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fielding-Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sentinel Cards Provide Practical SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring in School Settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.476953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic cell memory: The gene's inner chromatin modification circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.476953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic cell memory allows distinct gene expression patterns to persist in different cell types despite a common genotype. Although different patterns can be maintained by the concerted action of transcription factors (TFs), it was proposed that long-term persistence hinges on chromatin state. Here, we study how the dynamics of chromatin state affect memory, and focus on a biologically motivated circuit motif, among histones and DNA modifications, that mediates the action of TFs on gene expression. Memory arises from time-scale separation among three circuits constituent processes: basal erasure, auto and cross-catalysis, and recruited erasure of modifications. When the two latter processes are sufficiently faster than the former, the circuit exhibits bistability and hysteresis, allowing active and repressed gene states to coexist and persist after TF stimulus removal. The duration of memory is stochastic with a mean value that increases as time-scale separation increases, but more so for the repressed state. This asymmetry stems from the cross-catalysis between repressive histone modifications and DNA methylation and is enhanced by the relatively slower decay rate of the latter. Nevertheless, TF-mediated positive autoregulation can rebalance this asymmetry and even confers robustness of active states to repressive stimuli. More generally, by wiring positively autoregulated chromatin modification circuits under time scale separation, long-term distinct gene expression patterns arise, which are also robust to failure in the regulatory links.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Vecchio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.476953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic cell memory: The gene's inner chromatin modification circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient gradients mediate creation of highly resistant layers in structured microbial populations during antibiotic exposures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic treatments often fail to eliminate bacterial populations due to heterogeneity in how individual cells respond to the drug. In structured bacterial populations such as biofilms, bacterial metabolism and environmental transport processes lead to an emergent phenotypic structure and self-generated nutrient gradients towards the interior of the colony, which can affect cell growth, gene expression and susceptibility to the drug. Even in single cells, survival depends on a dynamic interplay between the drugs action and the expression of resistance genes. How expression of resistance is coordinated across populations in the presence of such spatiotemporal environmental coupling remains elusive. Using a custom microfluidic device, we observe the response of spatially extended microcolonies of tetracycline-resistant E. coli to precisely defined dynamic drug regimens. We find an intricate interplay between drug-induced changes in cell growth and growth-dependent expression of resistance genes, resulting in the redistribution of nutrients and the reorganization of growth patterns. This dynamic environmental feedback affects the regulation of drug resistance differently across the colony, generating dynamic phenotypic structures that maintain colony growth during exposure to high drug concentrations and increase population-level resistance to subsequent exposures. A mathematical model linking metabolism and the regulation of gene expression is able to capture the main features of spatiotemporal colony dynamics. Uncovering the fundamental principles that govern collective mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in spatially extended populations will allow the design of optimal drug regimens to counteract them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukéké-Lesplulier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hupe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittihn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient gradients mediate creation of highly resistant layers in structured microbial populations during antibiotic exposures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the frame effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probes flashed within a moving frame are dramatically displaced (Ozkan et al, 2021; Wong &Mack, 1981). The effect is much larger than that seen on static or moving probes (induced motion, Duncker, 1929; Wallach et al, 1978). These flashed probes are often perceived with the separation they have in frame coordinates -- a 100% effect. Here we explore this frame effect on flashed tests with several versions of the standard stimulus. We find that the frame effect holds for smoothly or abruptly displacing frames, even when the frame changed shape or orientation between the endpoints of its travel. The path could be non-linear, even circular. The effect was driven by perceived not physical motion. When there were competing overlapping frames, the effect was determined by which frame was attended. There were a number of constraints that limited the effect. A static anchor near the flashes suppressed the effect but an extended static texture did not. If the probes were continuous rather than flashed, the effect was abolished. The observational reports of 30 online participants suggest that the frame effect is robust to many variations in its shape and path and leads to a perception of flashed tests in their locations relative to the frame as if the frame were stationary. Our results highlight the role of frame continuity and of the grouping of the flashes with the frame in generating the frame effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wexler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maechler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>'t Hart, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shams-Ahmar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the frame effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining clustered somatic mutations with SigProfilerClusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryClustered mutations are found in the human germline as well as in the genomes of cancer and normal somatic cells. Clustered events can be imprinted by a multitude of mutational processes, and they have been implicated in both cancer evolution and development disorders. Existing tools for identifying clustered mutations have been optimized for a particular subtype of clustered event and, in most cases, relied on a predefined inter-mutational distance (IMD) cutoff combined with a piecewise linear regression analysis. Here we present SigProfilerClusters, an automated tool for detecting all types of clustered mutations by calculating a sample-dependent IMD threshold using a simulated background model that takes into account extended sequence context, transcriptional strand asymmetries, and regional mutation densities. SigProfilerClusters disentangles all types of clustered events from non-clustered mutations and annotates each clustered event into an established subclass, including the widely used classes of doublet-base substitutions, multi-base substitutions, omikli, and kataegis. SigProfilerClusters outputs non-clustered mutations and clustered events using standard data formats as well as provides multiple visualizations for exploring the distributions and patterns of clustered mutations across the genome.

AvailabilitySigProfilerClusters is freely available at https://github.com/AlexandrovLab/SigProfilerClusters with support across most operating systems and extensive documentation at https://osf.io/qpmzw/wiki/home/.

Contactebergstr@eng.ucsd.edu or L2alexandrov@health.ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tbeileh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining clustered somatic mutations with SigProfilerClusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamate indicators with improved activation kinetics and localization for imaging synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fluorescent glutamate indicator iGluSnFR enables imaging of neurotransmission with genetic and molecular specificity. However, existing iGluSnFR variants exhibit saturating activation kinetics and are excluded from post-synaptic densities, limiting their ability to distinguish synaptic from extrasynaptic glutamate. Using a multi-assay screen in bacteria, soluble protein, and cultured neurons, we generated novel variants with improved kinetics and signal-to-noise ratios. We also developed surface display constructs that improve iGluSnFRs nanoscopic localization to post-synapses. The resulting indicator, iGluSnFR3, exhibits rapid non-saturating activation kinetics and reports synaptic glutamate release with improved linearity and increased specificity versus extrasynaptic signals in cultured neurons. In mouse visual cortex, imaging of iGluSnFR3 at individual boutons reported single electrophysiologically-observed action potentials with high specificity versus non-synaptic transients. In vibrissal sensory cortex Layer 4, we used iGluSnFR3 to characterize distinct patterns of touch-evoked feedforward input from thalamocortical boutons and both feedforward and recurrent input onto L4 cortical neuron dendritic spines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralowicz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergerson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaska, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasseman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsegaye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walpita, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GENIE Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnerth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamate indicators with improved activation kinetics and localization for imaging synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and deep profiling of mRNA targets for individual microRNAs with chimeric eCLIP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our expanding knowledge of the roles small regulatory RNAs play across numerous areas of biology, coupled with the promise of RNA-targeted therapies and small RNA-based medicines, create an urgent need for tools that can accurately identify and quantify small RNA:target interactions at scale. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a major class of small RNAs in plants and animals. The experimental capture of miRNA:mRNA interactions by ligation into chimeric RNA fragments in chimeric CrossLinking and ImmunoPrecipitation (CLIP) provides a direct readout of miRNA targets with high-throughput sequencing. Despite the power of this approach, widespread adoption of chimeric CLIP has been slow due to both methodological technical complexity as well as limited recovery of chimeric molecules (particularly beyond the most abundant miRNAs). Here we describe chimeric eCLIP, in which we integrate a chimeric ligation step into AGO2 eCLIP to enable chimeric read recovery. We show that removal of the cumbersome polyacrylamide gel and nitrocellulose membrane transfer step common to CLIP techniques can be omitted for chimeric AGO2 eCLIP to create a simplified high throughput version of the assay that maintains high signal- to-noise. With the increased yield of recovered miRNA:mRNA interactions in no-gel chimeric eCLIP, we show that simple enrichment steps using either PCR or on-bead probe capture can be added to chimeric eCLIP in order to target and enrich libraries for chimeric reads specific to one or more miRNAs of interest in both cell lines and tissue samples, resulting in 30- to 175-fold increases in recovery of chimeric reads for miRNAs of interest. We further demonstrate that the same probe-capture approach can be used to recover miRNA interactions for a targeted gene of interest, revealing both distinct miRNA targeting as well as co-targeting by several miRNAs from the same seed family. RNA-seq analysis of gene expression following miRNA overexpression confirmed miRNA-mediated repression of chimeric eCLIP-identified targets and indicated that probe-enriched chimeric eCLIP can provide additional sensitivity to detect regulated targets among genes that either contain or lack computationally predicted miRNA target sites. Thus, we believe that chimeric eCLIP will be a useful tool for quantitative profiling of miRNA targets in varied sample types at scale, and for revealing a deeper picture of regulatory networks for specific miRNAs of biological interest.

HighlightsO_LINo-gel chimeric eCLIP improves recovery of miRNA:mRNA interactions by 70-fold
C_LIO_LIProbe- and PCR-enrichment deeply profiles mRNA targets of miRNAs of interest
C_LIO_LIChimeric eCLIP targets experimentally identify non-computationally predicted interactions
C_LIO_LIIncreased depth recovers [~]6 million miRNA:target chimeras in HEK293T
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manakov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and deep profiling of mRNA targets for individual microRNAs with chimeric eCLIP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Receptor 5A2 Regulation of Agrp underlies Olanzapine-induced Hyperphagia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractAntipsychotic (AP) drugs are highly efficacious treatments for psychiatric disorders, but a serious side effect of their use is excessive weight gain and subsequent development of metabolic disease. Increased food intake is the underlying driver of AP-induced weight gain, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In previous studies, we identified hypothalamic genes whose expression level was altered following APs-induced hyperphagia. Among these genes, the orexigenic peptide Agrp and the transcription factor nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (Nr5a2) were two of the most significantly upregulated genes by APs. NR5a2 is broadly expressed throughout the body, but little is known about its role in the brain. In this study, we investigated the role of hypothalamic NR5a2 in AP-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. In hypothalamic cell lines, OLZ treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in gene expression of NR5a2 and Agrp. In mice, administration of a specific Nr5a2 inhibitor decreased olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain, while knockdown of Nr5a2 in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) partially reversed olanzapine-induced hyperphagia. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-PCR studies showed for the first time that NR5a2 directly binds to the Agrp promoter region. In addition, in situ hybridization studies confirm that NR5a2 and Agrp are co-localized in a subset of cells in the arcuate nucleus. In summary, we identify Nr5a2 as a key mechanistic driver of AP-induced food intake and these findings can be used to inform future clinical development of APs that do not activate hyperphagia and weight gain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapata, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Receptor 5A2 Regulation of Agrp underlies Olanzapine-induced Hyperphagia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate topology and cognate immunity modulate antibacterial toxicity of Tae cell wall hydrolases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the bacterial T6SS amidase effector (Tae) superfamily of toxins are delivered between competing bacteria to degrade cell wall peptidoglycan. Although Taes share a common substrate, they exhibit distinct antimicrobial potency across different competitor species. To investigate the molecular basis governing these differences, we quantitatively defined the functional determinants of Tae1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and a high-throughput in vivo genetic approach called deep mutational scanning (DMS). As expected, combined analyses confirmed the role of critical residues near the Tae1 catalytic center. Unexpectedly, DMS revealed substantial contributions to enzymatic activity from a much larger, ring-like functional hot spot extending around the entire circumference of the enzyme. Comparative DMS across distinct growth conditions highlighted how functional contribution of different surfaces is highly context-dependent, varying alongside composition of targeted cell walls. These observations suggest that Tae1 engages with the intact cell wall network through a more distributed three-dimensional interaction interface than previously appreciated, providing an explanation for observed differences in antimicrobial potency across divergent Gram-negative competitors. Further binding studies of several Tae1 variants with their cognate immunity protein demonstrate that requirements to maintain protection from Tae activity may be a significant constraint on the mutational landscape of tae1 toxicity in the wild. In total, our work reveals that Tae diversification has likely been shaped by multiple independent pressures to maintain interactions with binding partners that vary across bacterial species and conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateusiak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biboy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatleberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simorre, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony-Cahill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzovic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate topology and cognate immunity modulate antibacterial toxicity of Tae cell wall hydrolases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Conserved CNOT1 Interaction Motif of Tristetraprolin Regulates ARE-mRNA Decay Independently of the p38 MAPK-MK2 Kinase Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of the mRNA decay activator Tristetraprolin (TTP) by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway during the mammalian inflammatory response represents a paradigm for the regulation of mRNA turnover by signaling. Phosphorylation of TTP by p38 MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) inhibits the association of TTP with the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and represses TTP-mediated mRNA decay. Here we present evidence that TTP remains active in the presence of activated MK2 due to its highly conserved CNOT1 Interacting Motif (CIM), which remains unphosphorylated and capable of promoting deadenylation and decay. The CIM recruits the CCR4-NOT complex cooperatively with previously identified conserved tryptophan residues of TTP and deletion of the CIM strongly represses residual association with the deadenylase complex and activity of TTP in conditions of active MK2. A conserved serine in the CIM is not a target of MK2 but is instead phosphorylated by other kinases including the PKC pathway and regulates TTP activity independently of MK2. These results suggest that kinase pathways regulate TTP activity in a cooperative manner and that the p38 MAPK-MK2 pathway relies on the activation of additional kinase pathway(s) to fully control TTP function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lykke-Andersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Conserved CNOT1 Interaction Motif of Tristetraprolin Regulates ARE-mRNA Decay Independently of the p38 MAPK-MK2 Kinase Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial mRNA localization is governed by translation kinetics and spatial transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, mRNA localizes to the mitochondrial surface co-translationally, aided by the association of a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) on the nascent peptide with the mitochondrial import complex. For a subset of these co-translationally localized mRNAs, their localization is dependent on the metabolic state of the cell, while others are constitutively localized. To explore the differences between these two mRNA types we developed a stochastic, quantitative model for MTS-mediated mRNA localization to mitochondria in yeast cells. This model includes translation, applying gene-specific kinetics derived from experimental data; and diffusion in the cytosol. Even though both mRNA types are co-translationally localized we found that the steady state number, or density, of ribosomes along an mRNA was insufficient to differentiate the two mRNA types. Instead, conditionally-localized mRNAs have faster translation kinetics which modulate localization in combination with changes to diffusive search kinetics across metabolic states. Our model also suggests that the MTS requires a maturation time to become competent to bind mitochondria. Our work indicates that yeast cells can regulate mRNA localization to mitochondria by controlling mitochondrial volume fraction (influencing diffusive search times) and gene translation kinetics (adjusting mRNA binding competence) without the need for mRNA-specifc binding proteins. These results shed light on both global and gene-specific mechanisms that enable cells to alter mRNA localization in response to changing metabolic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arceo, X. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zid, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial mRNA localization is governed by translation kinetics and spatial transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing base-resolution DNA mechanics on the genome scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic DNA properties such as bending play a crucial role in diverse biological systems. A recent advantage in the high-throughput method called loop-seq makes it possible to determine bendability of hundred thousand 50-bp DNA duplexes in one experiment. However, its still infeasible to assess whole sequence bendability in large genomes such as human, which needs thousands of loop-seq experiments. Here we introduce  BendNet - a neural network to accurately predict the intrinsic DNA bending at base-resolution by only given DNA sequences. BendNet can increase the resolution of experimental results, and can predict DNA bendability for any new given sequences in high accuracy. We applied BendNet to the human genome and observed high-stiffness regions located at both transcriptional start sites and transcriptional end sites. Such stiffness patterns are different for coding and non-coding genes, which matches distinct nucleosome occupancy patterns. As expected, most transcription factors (TFs) bind in DNA of low bendability. In contrast, we observed an unusually high bendability within binding elements of specific TFs such as EBF1 and regulators of genome folding such as CTCF. These factors either co-bind or compete with nucleosomes to carry out their functions. More interestingly, CTCF binding regions exhibit the highest bendability than other DNA elements, implying their potential role in trapping and holding the CTCF in the exact locations to make sure CTCF as stable anchor in loop extrusion process. Our work provides a tool to assess DNA bendability for large-scale DNA sequences and expands our understanding on DNA mechanics in chromatin regulation and genome folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing base-resolution DNA mechanics on the genome scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An NKX-COUP-TFII genomic code for mucosal vascular addressins and organ morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin family and carbohydrate vascular addressins encoded by Madcam1 and St6gal1 control lymphocyte homing into intestinal tissues, regulating immunity and inflammation. The addressins are developmentally programmed to decorate endothelial cells lining gut post-capillary and high endothelial venules, providing a prototypical example of organ- and segment-specific endothelial specialization. We identify conserved NKX-COUP-TFII composite elements (NCCE) in regulatory regions of Madcam1 and St6gal1 that bind intestinal homeodomain protein NKX2-3 cooperatively with venous nuclear receptor COUP-TFII to activate transcription. The Madcam1 element also integrates repressive signals from arterial/capillary Notch effectors. Pan-endothelial COUP-TFII overexpression induces ectopic addressin expression in NKX2-3+ capillaries, while NKX2-3 deficiency abrogates expression by HEV. Phylogenetically conserved NCCE are enriched in genes involved in neuron migration and morphogenesis of the heart, kidney, pancreas and other organs. Our results define a genomic address code for targeted expression of mucosal vascular addressins and implicate NCCE in fundamental processes in cell specification and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinh, t. t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brulois, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keifel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabris, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaszner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An NKX-COUP-TFII genomic code for mucosal vascular addressins and organ morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Impacts of Syntenic Block Detection Strategies on Rearrangement Phylogeny Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.481113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPhylogenetic inference based on genomic structural variations, that manipulate the gene order and content of whole chromosomes, promises to inform a more comprehensive understanding of evolution. The first challenge in using such data, the incompleteness of available de novo assemblies, is easing as long read technologies enable (near-)complete genome assembly, but methodological challenges remain. To obtain the input to rearrangement-based inference methods, we need to detect syntenic blocks of orthologous sequences, a task that can be accomplished in many ways, none of which are obviously preferable. In this paper, we use 94 reference quality genomes of primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates as a benchmark to evaluate these methods. The clonal nature of Mtb evolution, the manageable genome sizes, along with substantial levels of structural variation make this an ideal benchmarking dataset. We test several methods for detecting homology and obtaining syntenic blocks, and two methods for inferring phylogenies, comparing them to the standard method that uses substitutions for inferring the tree. We find that not only the choice of methods but also their parameters can impact results, especially among branches with lower support. In particular, a method based on an encoding of adjacencies applied to Cactus-defined blocks was fully compatible with the highly supported branches of the substitution-based tree. Thus, we were able to combine the two trees to obtain a supertree with high resolution utilizing both SNPs and rearrangements. Furthermore, we observed that the results were much less affected by the choice of the tree inference method than by the method used to determine the underlying syntenic blocks. Overall, our results indicate that accurate trees can be inferred using genome rearrangements, but the choice of the methods for inferring the homology matters and requires care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elghraoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valafar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.18.481113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Impacts of Syntenic Block Detection Strategies on Rearrangement Phylogeny Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weighting by Gene Tree Uncertainty Improves Accuracy of Quartet-based Species Trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic analyses routinely estimate species trees using methods that account for gene tree discordance. However, the most scalable species tree inference methods, which summarize independently inferred gene trees to obtain a species tree, are sensitive to hard-to-avoid errors introduced in the gene tree estimation step. This dilemma has created much debate on the merits of concatenation versus summary methods and practical obstacles to using summary methods more widely and to the exclusion of concatenation. The most successful attempt at making summary methods resilient to noisy gene trees has been contracting low support branches from the gene trees. Unfortunately, this approach requires arbitrary thresholds and poses new challenges. Here, we introduce threshold-free weighting schemes for the quartet-based species tree inference, the metric used in the popular method ASTRAL. By reducing the impact of quartets with low support or long terminal branches (or both), weighting provides stronger theoretical guarantees and better empirical performance than the original ASTRAL. More consequentially, weighting dramatically improves accuracy in a wide range of simulations and reduces the gap with concatenation in conditions with low gene tree discordance and high noise. On empirical data, weighting improves congruence with concatenation and increases support. Together, our results show that weighting, enabled by a new optimization algorithm we introduce, dramatically improves the utility of summary methods and can reduce the incongruence often observed across analytical pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weighting by Gene Tree Uncertainty Improves Accuracy of Quartet-based Species Trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative sequence basis for the E. coli transcriptional regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of E. coli consists of thousands of interactions between regulators and DNA sequences. Inherently the DNA sequence is the primary determinant of the TRN; however, it is well established that the presence of a DNA binding motif does not guarantee a functional regulatory protein binding site. Thus, the extent to which the TRN architecture can be predicted by the genome DNA sequence alone remains unclear. Here, we developed machine learning models that predict the TRN structure of E. coli based on genome sequence. Models were constructed successfully (cross-validation AUROC >= 0.8) for 84% (57/68) of valid E. coli regulons identified from top-down analysis of RNA-seq data. We found that: 1) While regulatory motif strength is the most important sequence feature for determining regulon membership, additional features such as DNA shape substantially influence membership; 2) complex regulons involving multiple interacting regulators could be unraveled by machine learning; 3) investigating regulons where initial ML models failed revealed new regulator-specific sequence features that improved model accuracy. Finally, while regulon structure can appear to be variable across estimation methods and strains, we found that strong regulatory sequence features underlie both the genes that appear most consistently in regulons across estimation methods as well as the core regulon genes in the Fur pan-regulon. This work develops a quantitative understanding of the sequence basis of the TRN and suggests a path towards computationally-guided control of transcriptional regulation for synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative sequence basis for the E. coli transcriptional regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex selectivity during working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is reliably active during working memory (WM) across human and animal models, but the role of lPFC in successful WM is under debate. For instance, non-human primate (NHP) electrophysiology research finds that lPFC circuitry stores WM representations. Human neuroimaging instead suggests that lPFC plays a control function over WM content that is stored in sensory cortices. These seemingly incompatible WM accounts are often confounded by differences in the amount of task training and stimulus exposure across studies (i.e., NHPs tend to be trained extensively). Here, we test the possibility that such long-term training may alter the role of lPFC in WM maintenance. We densely sampled WM-related activity across learning, in three human participants, using a longitudinal functional MRI (fMRI) protocol. Over three months, participants trained on (1) a serial reaction time (SRT) task, wherein complex fractal stimuli were embedded within probabilistic sequences, and (2) a delayed recognition task probing WM for trained or novel stimuli. Participants were scanned frequently throughout training, to track how WM activity patterns change with repeated stimulus exposure and long-term associative learning. WM task performance improved for trained (but not novel) fractals and, neurally, delay activity significantly increased in distributed lPFC voxels across learning. Pattern similarity analyses also found that item-level WM representations became detectable within lPFC, but not in sensory cortices, and lPFC delay activity increasingly reflected sequence relationships from the SRT task, even though that information was task-irrelevant for WM. These findings demonstrate that human lPFC can show stimulus-selective WM responses with learning and WM representations are shaped by long-term experience. Therefore, influences from training and long-term memory may reconcile competing accounts of lPFC function during WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyonaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex selectivity during working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel and Reported Compensatory Mutations in rpoABC Associate Specifically with Predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rifampicin Resistance Marker rpoB:S450L 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRifampicin (RIF) is a key first-line drug used to treat tuberculosis, a pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However antibiotic resistance to RIF is prevalent despite an apparent fitness cost. RIF resistance is primarily caused by mutations in the RIF resistance determining region in the rpoB gene, at the cost of slower growth in rich media. Compensatory mutations in the genes rpoA and rpoC have been shown to alleviate this fitness cost. These compensatory mutations may explain how RIF resistant strains have spread so rapidly. However, the effect of compensation on transmission is still unclear, partly because of uncertainty over which rpoABC mutations compensate for which RIF resistance markers.

ObjectivesWe performed an association study on a globally representative set of 4309 whole genome sequenced clinical M. tuberculosis isolates to identify novel putative compensatory mutations, determine the prevalence of known and previously reported putative compensatory mutations, and determine which RIF resistance markers associate with these compensatory mutations.

Results and ConclusionsOnly 20.0% (216/1079) of RIF resistant isolates carried previously reported high-probability compensatory mutations, suggesting existence of other compensatory mutations. Using a strict phylogenetic approach, we identified 18 novel putative compensatory mutations in rpoC, rpoB, and rpoA. Novel and previously reported compensatory mutations were strongly associated with the RIFR marker rpoB:S450L, suggesting compensation may be specific to particular RIFR markers. These findings will aid identification of RIF-resistant M. tuberculosis strains with restored fitness. Such strains pose a greater risk of causing resistant outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conkle-Gutierrez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Busby, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elghraoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmaraachli, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valafar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel and Reported Compensatory Mutations in rpoABC Associate Specifically with Predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rifampicin Resistance Marker rpoB:S450L]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic and transcriptional response of Daphnia pulicaria to the combined effects of temperature and predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daphnia, an ecologically important zooplankton species in lakes, shows both genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature and fish predation, but little is known about the molecular basis of these responses and their potential interactions. We performed a factorial experiment exposing laboratory-propagated Daphnia pulicaria clones from two lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California to normal or high temperature (15{degrees}C or 25{degrees}C) in the presence or absence of fish kairomones, then measured changes in life history and gene expression. Exposure to kairomones increased upper thermal tolerance limits for physiological activity in both clones. Cloned individuals matured at a younger age in response to higher temperature and kairomones, while size at maturity, fecundity and population intrinsic growth were only affected by temperature. At the molecular level, both clones expressed more genes differently in response to temperature than predation, but specific genes involved in metabolic, cellular, and genetic processes responded differently between the two clones. Although gene expression differed more between clones from different lakes than experimental treatments, similar phenotypic responses to predation risk and warming arose from these clone-specific patterns. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity responses to temperature and kairomones interact synergistically, with exposure to fish predators increasing the tolerance of Daphnia pulicaria to stressful temperatures, and that similar phenotypic responses to temperature and predator cues can be produced by divergent patterns of gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalheri, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic and transcriptional response of Daphnia pulicaria to the combined effects of temperature and predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular deconstruction of inflamed synovium defines diverse inflammatory phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypical autoimmune disease that causes destructive tissue inflammation in joints and elsewhere. Clinical challenges in RA include the empirical selection of drugs to treat patients, inadequate responders with incomplete disease remission, and lack of a cure. We profiled the full spectrum of cells in inflamed synovium from patients with RA with the goal of deconstructing the cell states and pathways characterizing pathogenic heterogeneity in RA. Our multicenter consortium effort used multi-modal CITE-seq, RNA-seq, and histology of synovial tissue from 79 donors to build a >314,000 single-cell RA synovial cell atlas with 77 cell states from T, B/plasma, natural killer, myeloid, stromal, and endothelial cells. We stratified tissue samples into six distinct cell type abundance phenotypes (CTAPs) individually enriched for specific cell states. These CTAPs demonstrate the striking diversity of RA synovial inflammation, ranging from marked enrichment of T and B cells (CTAP-TB) to a congregation of specific myeloid, fibroblast, and endothelial cells largely lacking lymphocytes (CTAP-EFM). Disease-relevant cytokines, histology, and serology metrics are associated with certain CTAPs. This comprehensive RA synovial atlas and molecular, tissue-based CTAP stratification reveal new insights into RA pathology and heterogeneity, which could lead to novel targeted-treatment approaches in RA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Arcelus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, G. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slowikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orange, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldino-Pardilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceponis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maybury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahbudin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Artzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerviani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivellese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravallese, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership Program: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular deconstruction of inflamed synovium defines diverse inflammatory phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic analysis along the gut-brain axis points to a functional architecture of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.482050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by heterogeneous cognitive, behavioral and communication impairments. Disruption of the gut-brain axis (GBA) has been implicated in autism, with dozens of cross-sectional microbiome and other omic studies revealing autism-specific profiles along the GBA albeit with little agreement in composition or magnitude. To explore the functional architecture of autism, we developed an age and sex-matched Bayesian differential ranking algorithm that identified autism-specific profiles across 10 cross-sectional microbiome datasets and 15 other omic datasets, including dietary patterns, metabolomics, cytokine profiles, and human brain expression profiles. The analysis uncovered a highly significant, functional architecture along the GBA that encapsulated the overall heterogeneity of autism phenotypes. This architecture was determined by autism-specific amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism profiles predominantly encoded by microbial species in the genera Prevotella, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Desulfovibrio, and was mirrored in brain-associated gene expression profiles and restrictive dietary patterns in individuals with autism. Pro-inflammatory cytokine profiling and virome association analysis further supported the existence of an autism-specific architecture associated with particular microbial genera. Re-analysis of a longitudinal intervention study in autism recapitulated the cross-sectional profiles, and showed a strong association between temporal changes in microbiome composition and autism symptoms. Further elucidation of the functional architecture of autism, including of the role the microbiome plays in it, will require deep, multi-omic longitudinal intervention studies on well-defined stratified cohorts to support causal and mechanistic inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold-Berding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needham, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurita, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldeon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>xavier, r. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taroncher-Oldenburg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.482050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic analysis along the gut-brain axis points to a functional architecture of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to visualize microbial colonization and infection in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestines of wild Caenorhabditis nematodes are inhabited by a variety of microorganisms, including gut microbiome bacteria and pathogens, such as microsporidia and viruses. Because of the similarities between Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian intestinal cells, as well as the power of the C. elegans system, this host has emerged as a model system to study host intestine-microbe interactions in vivo. While it is possible to observe some aspects of these interactions with bright-field microscopy, it is difficult to accurately classify microbes and characterize the extent of colonization or infection without more precise tools.

This protocol introduces RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as a tool used for the identification, visualization, and quantification of the microbes within the intestines of C. elegans. FISH probes that label the highly abundant small subunit ribosomal RNA can produce a bright signal for bacteria and microsporidian cells, and similar probes can be used to label viral RNA. FISH probes can be ordered from a commercial source as single-stranded DNA end-labeled with fluorophores. One limitation is that FISH may not provide robust signal against low copy targets, although signal can be boosted by using multiple probes (so-called  single-molecule FISH). FISH staining involves collecting colonized or infected animals, washing to eliminate external contamination, followed by fixation in either paraformaldehyde or acetone. After fixation, FISH probes are incubated with samples to allow for the hybridization of probes to the desired target. To remove excess background, the animals are washed again, and then examined on microscope slides or using automated approaches.

Overall, this protocol enables detection, identification, and quantification of the microbes that inhabit the C. elegans intestine, including microbes for which there are no genetic tools available.

SUMMARYGut microbiome bacteria and intestinal intracellular pathogens, like the Orsay virus and microsporidia, are often found associated with wild Caenorhabditis nematodes. This protocol presents RNA FISH as a method for the detection, quantification, and identification of colonizing or infectious microbes within the context of intact C. elegans nematodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazetic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luallen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to visualize microbial colonization and infection in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate genetic analysis of personality and cognitive traits reveals abundant pleiotropy and improves prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Personality and cognition are heritable mental traits, and their genetic determinants may be distributed across interconnected brain functions. However, previous studies have employed univariate approaches which reduce complex traits to summary measures. We applied the "pleiotropy-informed" multivariate omnibus statistical test (MOSTest) to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 35 item and task-level measures of neuroticism and cognition from the UK Biobank (n=336,993). We identified 431 significant genetic loci and found evidence of abundant pleiotropy across personality and cognitive domains. Functional characterisation implicated genes with significant tissue-specific expression in all tested brain tissues and enriched in brain-specific gene-sets. We conditioned independent GWAS of the Big 5 personality traits and cognition on our multivariate findings, which boosted genetic discovery in other personality traits and improved polygenic prediction. These findings advance our understanding of the polygenic architecture of complex mental traits, indicating a prominence of pleiotropic genetic effects across higher-order domains of mental function.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/481967v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (89K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1641108org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9a24eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1eeae99org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@108db7f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karadag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjella, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uelan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.481967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate genetic analysis of personality and cognitive traits reveals abundant pleiotropy and improves prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal responses of bumblebee gustatory neurons encode sugar identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of taste permits the recognition of valuable nutrients and the avoidance of potential toxins. Models of gustatory coding propose that within modalities (e.g. sweet, bitter, etc.), taste ligands are not distinct stimuli. However, these models are based on data from mice or flies that have omnivorous, non-specialist diets. A specialist feeder might, however, be expected to have acuity within modality if stimulus resolution was critical to survival. Previously, we found that bumblebees have a specialized mechanism for sensing sugars whereby two gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) within the galeal sensilla of the bees mouthparts exhibit burst of spikes. Here, we show that the temporal firing patterns of these GRNs separate sugars into four distinct groups that correlate with sugar nutritional value and palatability. We also identified a third GRN that responded to stimulation with relatively high concentrations of fructose, sucrose, and maltose. Sugars that were non-metabolizable or toxic suppressed the responses of bursting GRNs to sucrose. These abilities to encode information about sugar value are a refinement to the bumblebees sense of sweet taste that could be an adaptation that enables precise calculations of the nature and nutritional value of floral nectar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miriyala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal responses of bumblebee gustatory neurons encode sugar identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation associated modules reflect 3D genome modularity associated with chromatin activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 3D genome has been shown to be organized into modules including topologically associating domains (TADs) and compartments that are primarily defined by spatial contacts from Hi-C or other experiments. There exists a gap to investigate whether and how the spatial modularity of the chromatin is related to the functional modularity resulting from the chromatin activity. Increasing evidence shows a tight interplay between histone modifications and 3D chromatin organization. As the histone modifications reflect the chromatin activity, it is tempting to infer the spatial modularity of the genome directly from the histone modification patterns, which would establish the connection between the spatial and functional modularity of the genome. However, uncovering the 3D genomic modules using histone modifications has not been well explored. Here, we report that the histone modifications show a modular pattern (referred to as regulation associated modules, RAMs) that reflects the spatial modularity of the chromatin structure. We found that enhancer-promoter interactions and extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) occur more often within the same RAMs than within the same TADs, indicating stronger insulation of the RAM boundaries and a modularization of the 3D genome at a scale better aligned with the chromatin activity. Consistently, compared to the TAD boundaries, in silico predictions showed that deletions of RAM boundaries perturb the chromatin structure more severely and somatic variants in the cancer samples are more enriched in the RAM boundaries. These observations suggest that RAMs reflect a modular organization of the 3D genome at a scale better aligned with chromatin activity, providing a bridge connecting the structural and functional modularity of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation associated modules reflect 3D genome modularity associated with chromatin activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-betacoronavirus neutralizing antibodies may hold the key to developing broadly protective vaccines against coronaviruses that cause severe disease, for anticipating novel pandemic-causing viruses, and to respond more effectively to SARS-CoV-2 variants. The emergence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has illustrated the limitations of solely targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the envelope Spike (S)-protein. Here, we isolated a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from SARS-CoV-2 recovered-vaccinated donors that target a conserved S2 region in the fusion machinery on betacoronavirus spikes. Select bnAbs show broad in vivo protection against all three pathogenic betacoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, that have spilled over into humans in the past 20 years to cause severe disease. The bnAbs provide new opportunities for antibody-based interventions and key insights for developing pan-betacoronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.479488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of six DNA extraction protocols for 16S, ITS, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing of microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.07.483343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities contain a broad phylogenetic diversity of organisms, however the majority of methods center on describing bacteria and archaea. Fungi are important symbionts in many ecosystems, and are potentially important members of the human microbiome, beyond those that can cause disease. To expand our analysis of microbial communities to include fungal ITS data, we compared five candidate DNA extraction kits against our standardized protocol for describing bacteria and archaea using 16S rRNA gene amplicon- and shotgun metagenomics sequencing. We present results considering a diverse panel of host-associated and environmental sample types, and comparing the cost, processing time, well-to-well contamination, DNA yield, limit of detection, and microbial community composition among protocols. Across all criteria, we found the MagMAX Microbiome kit to perform best. The PowerSoil Pro kit performed comparably, but with increased cost per sample and overall processing time. The Zymo MagBead, NucleoMag Food, and Norgen Stool kits were included.

Accession numbersRaw sequence data were deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (accession#: ERP124610) and raw and processed data are available at Qiita (Study ID: 12201). All processing and analysis code is available on GitHub (github.com/justinshaffer/Extraction_kit_testing).

Methods summaryTo allow for downstream applications involving fungi in addition to bacteria and archaea, we compared five DNA extraction kits with our previously established, standardized protocol for extracting DNA for microbial community analysis. Across ten diverse sample types, we found one extraction kit to perform comparably or better than our standardized protocol. Our conclusion is based on per-sample comparisons of DNA yield, the number of quality-filtered sequences generated, the limit of detection of microbial cells, microbial community alpha-diversity, beta-diversity, and taxonomic composition, and extent of well-to-well contamination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salido, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of six DNA extraction protocols for 16S, ITS, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing of microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomics of the Drosophila olfactory subsystems identifies a support cell-expressed Osiris protein required for pheromone sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nose of most animals comprises multiple sensory subsystems, which are defined by the expression of different olfactory receptor families. Drosophila melanogaster antennae comprise two morphologically and functionally distinct subsystems that express Odorant receptors (Ors) or Ionotropic receptors (Irs). Although these receptors have been thoroughly characterized in this species, the subsystem-specific expression and roles of other genes are much less well-understood. Here we generate subsystem-specific transcriptomic datasets to identify hundreds of genes, encoding diverse protein classes, that are selectively enriched in either Or or Ir subsystems. Using single-cell antennal transcriptomic data and RNA in situ hybridization, we find most neuronal genes - other than sensory receptor genes - are broadly expressed within the subsystems. By contrast, we identify many non-neuronal genes that exhibit highly selective cell-type expression, revealing substantial molecular heterogeneity in the non-neuronal cellular components of these olfactory subsystems. We characterize one Or subsystem-specific non-neuronal molecule, Osiris 8 (Osi8), a conserved member of a large family of insect transmembrane proteins. Osi8 is expressed in tormogen support cells that are associated with pheromone sensing neurons. Loss of Osi8 abolishes high sensitivity neuronal responses to pheromone ligands. Together this work identifies a new protein required for insect pheromone detection, emphasizes the importance of support cells in sensory responses, and provides a resource for future characterization of other olfactory subsystem-specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scalzotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armida, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomics of the Drosophila olfactory subsystems identifies a support cell-expressed Osiris protein required for pheromone sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injury-induced pulmonary tuft cells are heterogenous, arise independent of key Type 2 cytokines, and are dispensable for dysplastic repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the lung bears significant regenerative capacity, severe viral pneumonia can chronically impair lung function by triggering dysplastic remodeling. The connection between these enduring changes and chronic disease remains poorly understood. We recently described the emergence of tuft cells within Krt5+ dysplastic regions after influenza injury. Using bulk and single cell transcriptomics, we characterized and delineated multiple distinct tuft cell populations that arise following influenza clearance. Distinct from intestinal tuft cells which rely on Type 2 immune signals for their expansion, neither IL-25 nor IL-4R signaling are required to drive tuft cell development in dysplastic/injured lungs. Furthermore, tuft cells were also observed upon bleomycin injury, suggesting that their development may be a general response to severe lung injury. While intestinal tuft cells promote growth and differentiation of surrounding epithelial cells, in the lungs of tuft cell deficient mice, Krt5+ dysplasia still occurs, goblet cell production is unchanged, and there remains no appreciable contribution of Krt5+ cells into more regionally appropriate alveolar Type 2 cells. Together, these findings highlight unexpected differences in signals necessary for lung tuft cell amplification and establish a framework for future elucidation of tuft cell functions in pulmonary health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernanda de Mello Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcomb, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palashikar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolskee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injury-induced pulmonary tuft cells are heterogenous, arise independent of key Type 2 cytokines, and are dispensable for dysplastic repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The KASH5 protein involved in meiotic chromosomal movements is a novel dynein activating adaptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynein harnesses ATP hydrolysis to move cargo on microtubules in multiple biological contexts. Dynein meets a unique challenge in meiosis by moving chromosomes tethered to the nuclear envelope to facilitate homolog pairing essential for gametogenesis. Though processive dynein motility requires binding to an activating adaptor, the identity of the activating adaptor required for dynein to move meiotic chromosomes is unknown. We show that the meiosis-specific nuclear-envelope protein KASH5 is a dynein activating adaptor: KASH5 directly binds dynein using a mechanism conserved among activating adaptors and converts dynein into a processive motor. We map the dynein-binding surface of KASH5, identifying mutations that abrogate dynein binding in vitro and disrupt recruitment of the dynein machinery to the nuclear envelope in cultured cells and mouse spermatocytes in vivo. Our study identifies KASH5 as the first transmembrane dynein activating adaptor and provides molecular insights into how it activates dynein during meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrott, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibuya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The KASH5 protein involved in meiotic chromosomal movements is a novel dynein activating adaptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opiate responses are controlled by interactions of Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci in the murine BXD family: Correspondence to human GWAS finding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploring the molecular genetic cascades responsible for behavioral responses to opioids can improve our understanding of drug use initiation. We generated high-precision time-series data for 105 morphine-and naloxone-related traits across [~]700 young adult BXD mice (64 diverse strains and both sexes) for 3 hours after a single morphine injection. Variations in responses were mapped using high-precision genome sequencing-based genotypes. The initial locomotor responses to morphine mapped precisely to the {micro} opioid receptor gene (Oprm1) on chromosome (Chr) 10 with a peak linkage of 12.4 (-logP, genome-wide significance level is approximately 3.8). The B allele inherited from C57BL/6J was associated with up to 60% higher activity. This effect climaxed at 75 min but was exhausted by 160 min. A second major modulator of opioid-induced locomotion emerged after approximately 100 min. This locus, also associated with a high B allele, was located on Chr 16 with peak linkage of 10.6 (-logP) in females. This locus included only one compelling candidate, fibroblast growth factor 12 (Fgf12), a 600 Kb gene that controls sodium current kinetics at the axon hillock. A strong and transient epistatic interaction existed between the Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci during a short time window (45-75 min). The combination of a B haplotype at Oprm1 with a D haplotype from DBA/2J at Fgf12 was associated with unusually high activity. In a complementary study in heterogeneous stock rats, we demonstrated that Oprm1 and Fgf12 were co-expressed in one specific subtype of Drd1+ medium spiny neuron. A Bayesian network analysis supported an Oprm1-to-Fgf12 network that involves a MAP kinase cascade that modulates FGF12 phosphorylation and locomotor activation. OPRM1 and FGF12 networks in human GWAS data highlight enrichment of signals associated with substance use disorder. This study represents the first demonstration of a time-dependent epistatic interaction modulating drug response in mammals and the first linkage of Fgf12 to opioid-induced behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatoum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittleman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunturkun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opiate responses are controlled by interactions of Oprm1 and Fgf12 loci in the murine BXD family: Correspondence to human GWAS finding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoaccumbal glutamate neurons drive reward via glutamate release, but aversion via dopamine co-release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the nucleus accumbens medial shell (NAc) drive reward-related motivation. Although dopamine neurons are predominant, a substantial glutamatergic projection is also present, and a subset of these populations can release both dopamine and glutamate. Optogenetic stimulation of VTA glutamate neurons supports self-stimulation, but can also induce place avoidance, even in the same assay. Here, we parsed the selective contribution of glutamate or dopamine co-release from VTA glutamate neurons to reinforcement and avoidance. We expressed Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in VTA glutamate neurons, in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt either the gene encoding vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) or Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th). Selective disruption of VGLUT2 abolished optogenetic self-stimulation, but left real-time place avoidance intact, while CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of Th preserved optogenetic self-stimulation but abolished place avoidance. Our results demonstrate that glutamate release from VTA glutamate neurons is positively reinforcing, but that dopamine release from these same neurons can induce avoidance behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warlow, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweifel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoaccumbal glutamate neurons drive reward via glutamate release, but aversion via dopamine co-release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cloning of Nine Glucocorticoid Receptor Isoforms from the Slender African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We wanted to clone the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from slender African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) for comparison to P. dolloi MR, which we had cloned and were characterizing, as well as for comparison to the GRs from humans, elephant shark and zebrafish. However, although sequencing of the genome of the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), as well as, that of the West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) were reported in the first three months of 2021, we could not retrieve a GR sequence with a BLAST search of GenBank, when we submitted our research for publication in July 2021. Moreover, we were unsuccessful in cloning the GR from slender African lungfish using a cDNA from the ovary of P. dolloi and PCR primers that had successfully cloned a GR from elephant shark, Xenopus and gar GRs. On October 21, 2021 the nucleotide sequence of West African lungfish (P. annectens) GR was deposited in GenBank. We used this GR sequence to construct PCR primers that successfully cloned the GR from the slender spotted lungfish. Here, we report the sequences of nine P. dolloi GR isoforms and explain the basis for the previous failure to clone a GR from slender African lungfish using PCR primers that cloned the GR from elephant shark, Xenopus and gar. Studies are underway to determine corticosteroid activation of these slender African lungfish GRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyodo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.19.484994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cloning of Nine Glucocorticoid Receptor Isoforms from the Slender African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Pre-Malignant Liver Reveals Disease-Associated Hepatocyte State with HCC Prognostic Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current approaches to stage chronic liver diseases have limited utility to directly predict liver cancer risk. Here, we employed single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to characterize the cellular microenvironment of healthy and chronically injured pre-malignant livers using two distinct mouse models. Analysis of 40,748 hepatic nuclei unraveled a previously uncharacterized disease-associated hepatocyte transcriptional state (daHep). These cells were absent in healthy livers, but were increasingly prevalent as chronic liver disease progressed towards hepatocarcinogenesis. Gene expression deconvolution of 1,439 human liver transcriptomes from publicly available datasets revealed that daHep frequencies highly correlate with current histopathological liver disease staging systems. Importantly, we show that high daHep levels precede carcinogenesis in mice and humans and predict a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. This novel transcriptional signature with diagnostic and, more importantly, prognostic significance has the potential to change the way chronic liver disease patients are staged, surveilled and risk-stratified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlessi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boslem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehn-Gaone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Main, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakar, N. D. B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirolkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackaman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjiam, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallowfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olynyk, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeoh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, A. R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramm, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febbraio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirnitz-Parker, J. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Nucleus RNA Sequencing of Pre-Malignant Liver Reveals Disease-Associated Hepatocyte State with HCC Prognostic Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is prevented by blocking postictal hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epilepsy is at times a fatal disease. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of mortality in people with intractable epilepsy and is defined by exclusion; non-accidental, non-toxicologic, and non-anatomic causes of death. While SUDEP often follows a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, the mechanisms that ultimately lead to terminal apnea and then asystole remain elusive and there is a lack preventative treatments. Based on the observation that discrete seizures lead to local vasoconstriction, resulting in hypoperfusion, hypoxia and behavioural disturbances in the forebrain (Farrell et al., 2016), we reasoned that similar mechanisms may play a role in SUDEP when seizures invade the brainstem. Here we tested this neurovascular-based hypothesis of SUDEP in awake non-anesthetized mice by pharmacologically preventing seizure-induced vasoconstriction, with cyclooxygenase-2 or L-type calcium channel antagonists. In both acute and chronic mouse models of SUDEP, ibuprofen and nicardipine extended life. We also examined the potential role of spreading depolarization in the acute model of SUDEP. These data provide a proof of principle for the neurovascular hypothesis of SUDEP and the use of currently available treatments to prevent it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colangeli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gom, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Hoz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurrasch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teskey, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is prevented by blocking postictal hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial genome aligner for multiplexed DNA-FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has emerged as a powerful approach for analyzing 3D genome organization, but it is eminently challenging to derive chromosomal conformations from noisy fluorescence signals. Tracing chromatin is not straightforward as chromosomes lack conserved shapes for reference checking whether an observed fluorescence signal belongs to a chromatin fiber or not. Here we report a spatial genome aligner that parses true chromatin signal from noise by aligning signals to a DNA polymer model. We demonstrate that this spatial genome aligner can efficiently reconstruct chromosome architectures from DNA-FISH data across multiple scales and determine chromosome ploidies de novo in interphase cells. Reprocessing of previous whole-genome chromosome tracing data with this method revealed the spatial aggregation of sister chromatids in S/G2 phase cells in asynchronous mouse embryonic stem cells, and uncovered extranumerary chromosomes that remain tightly paired in post-mitotic neurons of the adult mouse cortex. Our spatial genome aligner may facilitate the adaption of multiplexed DNA-FISH by the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jussila, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial genome aligner for multiplexed DNA-FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sperm mosaicism predicts transmission of de novo mutations to human blastocysts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations underlie individually rare but collectively common pediatric congenital disorders. Some of these mutations can also be detected in tissues and from cells in a parent, where their abundance and tissue distribution can be measured. We previously reported that a subset of these mutations is detectable in sperm from the father, predicted to impact the health of offspring. Here, in three independent couples undergoing in vitro fertilization, we first assessed male gonadal mosaicism, then assessed the transmission of the mutations to their preimplantation blastocysts. We found an overall predictable transmission but slight under-transmission of mutations to blastocysts based upon measured mutational abundance in sperm, and we replicated this conclusion in an independent family-based cohort. Therefore, unbiased preimplantation genetic testing for gonadal mosaicism may represent a feasible approach to reduce the transmission of potentially harmful de novo mutations, which could help to reduce their impact on miscarriage and pediatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy-Venneri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sperm mosaicism predicts transmission of de novo mutations to human blastocysts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a miniaturized ultrasound transducer customized for oral health applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo customize a miniaturized ultrasound transducer to access full-mouth B-mode, color Doppler and spectral Doppler imaging for monitoring oral health.

MethodsA customized periodontal ultrasound transducer SS-19-128 (19 MHz, 128 channels) with 1.8 cm wide and 1 cm thick was developed and connected to a data acquisition (DAQ) system. B-mode, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler data could all be collected with SS-19-128. The imaging resolution and penetration capacity of SS-19-128 were characterized on phantoms. Five human subjects were recruited to demonstrate B-mode and Doppler imaging by SS-19-128. Gingival thickness was measured on 11 swine teeth by SS-19-128 for comparison to conventional transgingival probing via Bland-Altman analysis and Pearson correlation.

ResultsThe axial and lateral spatial resolution at 5.5 mm depth is 102.1 m and 142.9 m, respectively. The penetration depth in a tissue-mimicking phantom is over 30 mm. In vivo B-mode imaging of all 28 teeth was demonstrated on one human subject, and imaging of tooth #18 was accessed on five human subjects. Gingival thickness measurement compared with transgingival probing showed a bias of -0.015 mm and SD of 0.031 mm, and a r = 0.9235 (P<0.0001) correlation. In vivo color and spectral Doppler imaging of the supraperiosteal artery in human gingiva was performed to generate hemodynamic information.

ConclusionsThe small size of SS-19-128 offers important advantages over existing technology--more specifically, whole-mouth scanning/charting reminiscent of radiography. This is nearly a two-fold increase in the number of teeth that can be assessed versus existing transducers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazaeinezhad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jokerst, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a miniaturized ultrasound transducer customized for oral health applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An untargeted metabolomics analysis of exogenous chemicals in human milk and transfer to the infant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human milk is the optimal infant nutrition. However, while human-derived metabolites such as lipids and oligosaccharides in human milk are regularly reported, the presence of exogenous chemicals (such as drugs, food, and synthetic compounds) are often not addressed. To understand the types of exogenous compounds that might be present, human milk (n=996) was analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. This analysis revealed that lifestyle molecules such as medications and their metabolites, food, industrial sources such as plasticizers, cosmetics, microbial molecules, and other personal care products are found in human milk. We provide further evidence that some of these lifestyle molecules are also detectable in the newborns stool. Thus, this study gives important insight into the types of exposures infants receiving human milk might ingest due to the lifestyle choices, exposure, or medical status of the lactating parent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunoda, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An untargeted metabolomics analysis of exogenous chemicals in human milk and transfer to the infant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution of synthetic electron transport system variants reveals a larger metabolic respiratory system and its plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration requires organisms to have an electron transport system (ETS) for the generation of proton motive force across the membrane that drives ATP synthase. Although the molecular details of the ETS are well studied and constitute textbook material, few studies have appeared to elucidate its systems biology. The most thermodynamically efficient ETS consists of two enzymes, an NADH: quinone oxidoreductase (NqRED) and a dioxygen reductase (O2RED), which facilitate the shuttling of electrons from NADH to oxygen. However, evolution has produced variations within ETS which modulate the overall energy efficiency of the system even within the same organism 1-3. The system-level impact of these variations and their individual physiological optimality remain poorly determined. To mimic varying ETS efficiency we generated four Escherichia coli deletion strains (named ETS-1H, 2H, 3H, and 4H) harboring unbranched ETS variants that pump 1, 2, 3, or 4 proton(s) per electron respectively. We then used a combination of synergistic methods (laboratory evolution, multi-omic analyses, and computation of proteome allocation) to characterize these ETS variants. We found that: (a) all four ETS variants evolved to a similar optimized growth rate, (b) the evolution of ETS variants was enabled by specific rewiring of major energy-generating pathways that couple to the ETS to optimize their ATP production capability, (c) proteome allocation per ATP generated was the same for all the variants, (d) the aero-type, that designates the overall ATP generation strategy 4 of a variant, remained conserved during its laboratory evolution, with the exception of the ETS-4H variant, and (e) integrated computational analysis of then data supported a proton-to-ATP ratio of 10 protons per 3 ATP for ATP synthase for all four ETS variants. We thus have defined the Aero-Type System (ATS) as a generalization of the aerobic bioenergetics, which is descriptive of the metabolic systems biology of respiration and demonstrates its plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution of synthetic electron transport system variants reveals a larger metabolic respiratory system and its plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory-acquired mutations fall outside the wild-type alleleome of Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inexpensive DNA sequencing has led to a rapidly increasing number of whole genome sequences in the public domain. Natural sequence variation can now be assessed across a large number of sequenced strains of a bacterial species, resulting in the definition of the wild-type alleleome (the collection of alleles for every gene found in the species). Concurrently, laboratory evolution emerged as a new approach to address biological questions and to develop new phenotypic traits, and a large number of laboratory acquired mutations can be found in databases. The availability of this large-scale sequence variation data now allows for a detailed comparison of mutations fixed in natural versus laboratory evolutions. Such comparison shows that laboratory-acquired mutations are rarely found in the wild-type alleleome of Escherichia coli. The E. coli alleleome is highly conserved as most of the sequence variation is concentrated in about 2% of the coding region. We find that there are typically two alternate amino acids coded for in the variable locations, and switches between the two are found in the data sets. Finally, we find that adaptive laboratory mutations, unlike wild-type mutations, do not utilize the redundancy built into the genetic code: they are less likely to be synonymous and rely on changing a single nucleotide in a codon. However, the uniqueness of mutations fixed in laboratory evolutions bodes well for synthetic biology by revealing novel exploitable sequence space untouched by natural evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catoiu, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory-acquired mutations fall outside the wild-type alleleome of Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of efflux pumps and media composition in antibiotic responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and major cause of hospital acquired infections. The pathogenicity and virulence of P. aeruginosa is largely determined by its transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). We used 411 transcription profiles of P. aeruginosa from diverse growth conditions to construct a quantitative TRN by identifying independently modulated sets of genes (called iModulons) and their condition-specific activity levels. The current study focused on the use of iModulons to analyze pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. Our analysis revealed: 1) 116 iModulons, 81 of which show strong association with known regulators; 2) novel roles of two-component systems in regulating antibiotics efflux pumps; 3) substrate-efflux pump associations; 4) differential iModulon activity in response to beta-lactam antibiotics in bacteriological and physiological media; 5) differential activation of  Cell Division iModulon resulting from exposure to different beta-lactam antibiotics; and 6) a role of the PprB iModulon in the stress-induced transition from planktonic to biofilm lifestyle. In light of these results, the construction of an iModulon-based TRN provides a transcriptional regulatory basis for key aspects of P. aeruginosa infection, such as antibiotic stress responses and biofilm formation. Taken together, our results offer a novel mechanistic understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenicity.

SignificanceLarge data sets and machine learning are impacting a growing number of areas of research in the life sciences. Once the compendia of bacterial transcriptomes reached a critical size, we could use source signal extraction algorithms to find lists of co-regulated genes (called iModulons) associated with a transcription factor (TF) to them. The gene composition of iModulons and their condition-dependent activity levels constitute a quantitative description of the composition of bacterial transcriptomes. This study shows how this approach can be used to reveal the responses of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics and thus yield a deep regulatory understanding of pathogenicity properties. This study motivates the execution of similar studies for the other ESKAPEEs to yield a broad understanding of the role of TRNs in antibiotic responses to these urgent threat bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of efflux pumps and media composition in antibiotic responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted protein S-nitrosylation of ACE2 as potential treatment to prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevention of infection and propagation of SARS-CoV-2 is of high priority in the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we describe S-nitrosylation of multiple proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for viral entry. This reaction prevents binding of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, thereby inhibiting viral entry, infectivity, and cytotoxicity. Aminoadamantane compounds also inhibit coronavirus ion channels formed by envelope (E) protein. Accordingly, we developed dual-mechanism aminoadamantane nitrate compounds that inhibit viral entry and thus spread of infection by S-nitrosylating ACE2 via targeted delivery of the drug after E-protein channel blockade. These non-toxic compounds are active in vitro and in vivo in the Syrian hamster COVID-19 model, and thus provide a novel avenue for therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, C.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pina-Crespo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talantova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKercher, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakowski, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaabani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted protein S-nitrosylation of ACE2 as potential treatment to prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive multiomic profiling of somatic mutations in malformations of cortical development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are neurological conditions displaying focal disruption of cortical architecture and cellular organization arising during embryogenesis, largely from somatic mosaic mutations. Identifying the genetic causes of MCD has been a challenge, as mutations remain at low allelic fractions in brain tissue resected to treat epilepsy. Here, we report a genetic atlas from 317 brain resections, identifying 69 mutated genes through intensive profiling of somatic mutations, combining whole-exome and targeted-amplicon sequencing with functional validation and single-cell sequencing. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis elucidated specific MCD gene sets associating distinct pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. The unique spatiotemporal expression patterns identified by comparing single-nucleus transcriptional sequences of mutated genes in control and patient brains implicate critical roles in excitatory neurogenic pools during brain development, and in promoting neuronal hyperexcitability after birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donkels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, A. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nidhiry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bonhage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nespeca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonda, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathern, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focal Corti</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive multiomic profiling of somatic mutations in malformations of cortical development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reelin deficiency exacerbates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion by enhancing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial striatum. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Reln gene encodes for the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin, which regulates several brain functions from development to adulthood, including neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, and synapse formation and plasticity. Human studies have implicated Reelin signaling in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Mouse studies using the heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice have shown that reduced levels of Reln expression are associated with deficits in learning and memory and increased disinhibition. Although these traits are relevant to substance use disorders, the role of Reelin in cellular and behavioral responses to addictive drugs remains largely unknown. Here, we compared HR mice to wild-type (WT) littermate controls to investigate the contribution of Reelin signaling to the hyper-locomotor and rewarding effects of cocaine. After a single cocaine injection, HR mice showed enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared to WT controls. After repeated injections of cocaine, Reelin deficiency also led to increased cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization, which persisted after withdrawal. In contrast, Reelin deficiency did not affect the rewarding effects of cocaine measured in the conditioned place preference assay. The elevated cocaine-induced hyper-locomotion in HR mice resulted in increased Fos expression in the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) compared to WT. Lastly, we found that Reln was highly co-expressed with the Drd1 gene, which encodes for the dopamine receptor D1, in the DMS.

These findings demonstrated that Reelin signaling contributes to the locomotory effects of cocaine and improved our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cellular and behavioral effects of cocaine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iemolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reelin deficiency exacerbates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion by enhancing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial striatum.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpressing eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) proteins to promote corticospinal axon repair after injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although protein synthesis is hypothesized to have a pivotal role in axonal repair after central nervous system (CNS) injury, the role of core components of the protein synthesis machinery has not been examined. Notably, some elongation factors possess non-canonical functions that may further impact axonal repair. Here, we examined whether overexpressing eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) proteins enhances the collateral sprouting of corticospinal tract (CST) neurons after unilateral pyramidotomy, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms. Compared with axonal regeneration from injured neurons, axonal sprouting from uninjured neurons occurs spontaneously after injury and may represent a more accessible form of axonal repair for clinical translation. We found that overexpressing eEF1A1, eEF1A2 or both proteins in CST neurons increased the levels of pS6, an indicator for mTOR activity, in neuronal somas. In contrast, the levels of pSTAT3 and pAKT were not increased. Strikingly, overexpressing eEF1A2 alone, but neither eEF1A1 alone nor both factors simultaneously, increased protein synthesis and actin rearrangement in CST neurons. While eEF1A1 overexpression only slightly enhanced CST sprouting across the midline into the denervated side in the cervical spinal after pyramidotomy, eEF1A2 overexpression substantially enhanced this sprouting. Surprisingly, co-overexpression of both eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 led to a sprouting phenotype similar to wild-type controls, suggesting an antagonistic effect of overexpressing both proteins. These data provide the first evidence that overexpressing a core component of the translation machinery, eEF1A2, enhances CST sprouting, likely by a combination of increased protein synthesis, mTOR signaling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romaus-Sanjurjo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saikia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpressing eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) proteins to promote corticospinal axon repair after injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular diversity and phenotypic pleiotropy of genomic regulatory loci derived from human endogenous retrovirus type H (HERVH) promoter LTR7 and HERVK promoter LTR5_Hs and their impacts on pathophysiology of Modern Humans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted DNA sequences conservation analyses of 17 primate species demonstrated that human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) LTR7/HERVH and LTR5_Hs/HERVK appear to have distinct evolutionary histories charted by evidence of the earliest presence and expansion of highly-conserved (HC) LTR sequences. HC-LTR7 loci were mapped to genomes of Old World Monkeys (18% of all HC-LTR7 loci), suggesting that LTR7/HERVH have entered germlines of primates in Africa after the separation of the New World Monkey lineage. HC-LTR5_Hs loci have been identified in the Gibbons genome (24% of all HC-LTR5_Hs loci), suggesting that LTR5_Hs/HERVK successfully colonized primates germlines after the segregation of Gibbons species. Subsequently, both LTR7 and LTR5_Hs undergo a marked [~]4-5-fold expansion in genomes of Great Apes. Timelines of quantitative expansion of both LTR7 and LTR5_Hs loci during evolution of Great Apes appear to replicate the consensus evolutionary sequence of increasing cognitive and behavioral complexities of non-human primates, which seems particularly striking for LTR7 loci and 11 distinct LTR7 subfamilies.

Consistent with previous reports, identified in this study 351 human-specific (HS) insertions of LTR7 (175 loci) and LTR5_Hs (176 loci) regulatory sequences have been linked to genes implicated in establishment and maintenance of naive and primed pluripotent states and preimplantation embryogenesis phenotypes. Unexpectedly, HS regulatory LTRs appear linked with genes encoding markers of 12 distinct cells populations of fetal gonads, as well as genes implicated in physiology and pathology of human spermatogenesis, including Y-linked spermatogenic failure, oligo- and azoospermia.

Granular investigations of genes linked with eleven LTR7 subfamilies revealed that mammalian offspring survival (MOS) genes seem to remain one of consistent regulatory targets throughout [~]30 MYA of the divergent evolution of LTR7 loci. Differential GSEA of MOS versus non-MOS genes identified clearly discernable dominant enrichment patterns of phenotypic traits affected by MOS genes linked with LTR7 (562 MOS genes) and LTR5_Hs (126 MOS genes) regulatory loci across the large panel of genomics and proteomics databases reflecting a broad spectrum of human physiological and pathological traits. GSEA of LTR7-linked MOS genes identified more than 2200 significantly enriched records of human common and rare diseases and gene signatures of 466 significantly enriched records of Human Phenotype Ontology traits, including 92 genes of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance and 93 genes of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance.

One of the most informative categories of genes linked with LTR7 elements were genes implicated in functional and morphological features of central nervous system, including genes regulating synaptic transmission and protein-protein interactions at synapses, as well as gene signatures differentially regulated in cells of distinct neurodevelopmental stages and morphologically diverse cell types residing and functioning in human brain. These include Neural Stem/Precursor cells, Radial Glia cells, Bergman Glia cells, Pyramidal cells, Tanycytes, Immature neurons, Interneurons, Trigeminal neurons, GABAergic neurons, and Glutamatergic neurons. GSEA of LTR7-linked regulatory targets identified significantly enriched sets of genes encoding markers of more than 80 specialized types of neurons and markers of 521 human brain regions, most prominently, subiculum and dentate gyrus amongst top significantly enriched records. These observations were validated and extended by identification and characterization of 1944 genes comprising high-fidelity down-steam regulatory targets of LTR7 and/or LTR5_Hs loci, which are markedly enriched for genes implicated in neoplasm metastasis, intellectual disability, autism, multiple cancer types, Alzheimers, schizophrenia, and other brain disorders. Despite distinct evolutionary histories of retroviral LTRs, genes representing down-stream regulatory targets of LTR7 and LTR5_Hs elements exert the apparently cooperative and exceedingly broad phenotypic impacts on human physiology and pathology. Observations reported in this contribution highlight the need to accelerate the in-depth experimental and translational explorations of these important genomic determinants of Modern Humans health and disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular diversity and phenotypic pleiotropy of genomic regulatory loci derived from human endogenous retrovirus type H (HERVH) promoter LTR7 and HERVK promoter LTR5_Hs and their impacts on pathophysiology of Modern Humans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of the 3D genome and epigenome in mouse embryonic tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While a rich set of putative cis-regulatory sequences involved in mouse fetal development has been annotated recently based on chromatin accessibility and histone modification patterns, delineating their role in developmentally regulated gene expression continues to be challenging. To fill this gap, we mapped chromatin contacts between gene promoters and distal sequences genome-wide in seven mouse fetal tissues, and for one of them, across six developmental stages. We identified 248,620 long-range chromatin interactions centered at 14,138 protein-coding genes and characterized their tissue-to-tissue variations as well as developmental dynamics. Integrative analysis of the interactome with previous epigenome and transcriptome datasets from the same tissues revealed a strong correlation between the chromatin contacts and chromatin state at distal enhancers, as well as gene expression patterns at predicted target genes. We predicted target genes of 15,098 candidate enhancers, and used them to annotate target genes of homologous candidate enhancers in the human genome that harbor risk variants of human diseases. We present evidence that schizophrenia and other adult disease risk variants are frequently found in fetal enhancers, providing support for the hypothesis of fetal origins of adult diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juric, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of the 3D genome and epigenome in mouse embryonic tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling of NOD2 to GIV is Required for Bacterial Sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT/SUMMARYSensing of pathogens by Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like 2 receptor (NOD2) induces a protective inflammatory response that coordinates bacterial clearance. Polymorphisms in NOD2 impair bacterial clearance, leading to chronic gut inflammation in Crohns disease (CD) via mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. We identify GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) as a NOD2-interactor that shapes bacterial sensing-and-signaling in macrophages. Myeloid-specific GIV depletion exacerbated and protracted infectious colitis and abolished the protective effect of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in both chemical colitis and severe sepsis. In the presence of GIV, macrophages enhance anti-bacterial pathways downstream of NOD2, clear microbes rapidly and concomitantly suppress inflammation. GIVs actions are mediated via its C-terminus, which directly binds the terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR#10) of NOD2; binding is augmented by MDP and ATP, precedes receptor oligomerization, and is abolished by the 1007fs CD-risk variant which lacks LRR#10. Findings illuminate mechanisms that underlie protective NOD2 signaling and loss of function in the major 1007fs variant.

In briefThis work reveals a mechanism by which macrophages use their innate immune sensor, NOD2, to protect the host against overzealous inflammation during bacterial infections, and the consequences of its loss, as occurs in the most important Crohns disease-risk variant.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/489574v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@139a1feorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ba5354org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b4d933org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11fe12e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGIV is a functional and direct interactor of the terminal LRR repeat of NOD2
C_LIO_LIMice lacking M[FE] GIV develop dysbiosis, protracted ileocolitis and sepsis
C_LIO_LIMDP/NOD2-dependent protective host responses require GIV
C_LIO_LICD-risk NOD2 1007fs variant lacking the terminal LRR#10 cannot bind GIV
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandachar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeawuchi, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling of NOD2 to GIV is Required for Bacterial Sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved signaling pathway activates bacterial CBASS immune signaling in response to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To protect themselves from the constant threat of bacteriophage (phage) infection, bacteria have evolved diverse immune systems including restriction/modification, CRISPR/Cas, and many others. Here we describe the discovery of a two-protein transcriptional regulator module associated with hundreds of CBASS (Cyclic oligonucleotide Based Anti-phage Signaling System) immune systems, and demonstrate that this module drives expression of its associated CBASS system in response to DNA damage. We show that the helix-turn-helix transcriptional repressor CapH binds the promoter region of its associated CBASS system to repress transcription until it is cleaved by the metallopeptidase CapP. CapP is inactive except in the presence of single-stranded DNA, and CapP activity in cells is stimulated by DNA-damaging drugs. Together, CapH and CapP drive increased expression of their associated CBASS system in response to DNA damage. In both their structures and mechanisms, CapH and CapP resemble regulators that drive increased expression of DNA damage response genes in radiation-resistant Deinococcus, and control the mobilization of prophages and mobile elements in response to DNA damage. We also identify CapH and CapP-related proteins associated with diverse known and putative bacterial immune systems, including DISARM and two uncharacterized operons encoding proteins related to eukaryotic ubiquitin signaling pathways. Overall, our data highlight a mechanism by which bacterial immune systems can sense and respond to a universal stress signal, potentially enabling multiple immune systems to mount a coordinated defensive effort against an invading pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved signaling pathway activates bacterial CBASS immune signaling in response to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An auto-inhibited state of protein kinase G and implications for selective activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) are key mediators of the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway that regulates biological functions as diverse as smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, and axon guidance. Campaigns targeting nitric oxide synthases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in this signaling axis suggest that understanding how cGMP differentially triggers mammalian PKG isoforms could lead to new therapeutics that inhibit or activate PKGs. Alternate splicing of PRKG1 transcripts confers distinct leucine zippers, linkers, and auto-inhibitory pseudo-substrate sequences to PKG I and I{beta} that result in isoform-specific activation properties, but the mechanism of enzyme auto-inhibition and its alleviation by cGMP is still not well understood. Here we present a crystal structure of PKG I{beta} in which the auto-inhibitory sequence and the cyclic nucleotide binding domains are bound to the catalytic domain, providing a snapshot of the auto-inhibited state. Specific contacts between the PKG I{beta} auto-inhibitory sequence and the enzyme active site help explain isoform-specific activation constants and the effects of phosphorylation in the linker. We also present a crystal structure of a PKG I cyclic nucleotide binding domain with an activating mutation linked to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections. Similarity of this structure to wild type cGMP-bound domains and differences with the auto-inhibited enzyme provide a mechanistic basis for constitutive activation. We show that PKG I{beta} auto-inhibition is mediated by contacts within each monomer of the native full-length dimeric protein, and using the available structural and biochemical data we develop a model for the regulation and activation of PKGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanSchouwen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melacini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casteel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An auto-inhibited state of protein kinase G and implications for selective activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated aging induced by stress in experimental murine ocular hypertension. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging, a universal process that affects all cells in an organism, is a major risk factor for a group of neuropathies called glaucoma, where elevated intraocular pressure is one of the known stresses affecting the tissue. Our understanding of molecular impact of aging on response to stress in retina is very limited, therefore we developed a new mouse model to approach this question experimentally. Here we show that susceptibility to response to stress increases with age and is primed on epigenetic level. We demonstrate that program activated by hypertension is similar to natural aging, and that one of the earliest pathways activated upon stress is senescence. Finally, we show that multiple instances of pressure elevation cause accelerated aging of young retina as measured on transcriptional and epigenetic level. Our work emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prevention as well as age-specific management of age-related eye-diseases, including glaucoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen Huu, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palomino La Torre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowronska-Krawczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated aging induced by stress in experimental murine ocular hypertension.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated birth injuries lead to pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and impairment in regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesChildbirth is a key risk factor for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) injury and dysfunction, and subsequent pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). Multiparity further exacerbates these risks. Using the pre-clinical rat model of simulated birth injury (SBI), we previously identified that an SBI leads to PFM atrophy and fibrosis. We hypothesized that multiple SBIs further overwhelm PFM regenerative capacity, leading to functionally relevant pathological alterations long-term.

Study DesignRats underwent SBI and were allowed to recover for 8 weeks to undergo another SBI. Animals were sacrificed at acute, subacute, and long-term time points post-second injury (N=3-6/time point), and pubocaudalis (PCa) was harvested to assess ex vivo muscle function, histomorphological properties and gene expression.

ResultsAcutely following the 1st SBI, PCa force was decreased relative to controls. At 4 weeks, PCa force was recovered and remained unchanged at 8 weeks. Similarly, lower PCa force was observed immediately after repeated SBI. In contrast to functional recovery after 1st SBI, PCa force remained lower at 4 weeks post-2nd SBI and continued to be decreased even after 12 weeks after repeated injury. Fiber size was smaller at the long-term time points after 2nd SBI compared to controls and single SBI groups. As opposed to the resolution of centralized nuclei at 8 weeks post-1st SBI, regenerating myofibers persisted even at 12 weeks post-2nd SBI. In contrast to the peak of collagen content at 4 weeks post-1st SBI, this parameter raised progressively over 12 weeks after repeated SBIs. Prolonged inflammatory response, impairment in muscle anabolism, and sustained expression of ECM remodeling genes were observed after repeated SBIs.

ConclusionsRepeated birth injuries delay PFM regeneration and impair function in the pre-clinical rat model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated birth injuries lead to pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and impairment in regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in cerebral cavernous malformation disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular lesions caused by loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes, including KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10 (CCM3). CCMs affect [~]1/200 children and adults, and no pharmacologic therapy is available. CCM lesion count, size, and aggressiveness vary widely among patients of similar ages with the same mutation or even within members of the same family. However, what determines the transition from quiescent lesions into mature and active (aggressive) CCM lesions is unknown.

MethodsWe use genetic, RNA-seq, histology, flow cytometry and imaging techniques to report the interaction between CCM-endothelium, astrocytes, leukocytes, microglia/macrophages, neutrophils (CALMN interaction) during the pathogenesis of CCMs in the brain tissue.

ResultsExpression profile of astrocytes in adult mouse brains using translated mRNAs obtained from the purification of EGFP-tagged ribosomes (Aldh1l1-EGFP/Rpl10a) in the presence or absence of CCM lesions (Slco1c1-iCreERT2;Pdcd10fl/fl; Pdcd10BECKO) identifies a novel gene signature for neuroinflammatory astrogliosis. CCM reactive astrocytes have a neuroinflammatory capacity by expressing genes involved in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, hypoxia signaling, and inflammation. RNA-seq analysis on RNA isolated from brain endothelial cells (BECs) in chronic Pdcd10BECKO mice (CCM-endothelium), identified crucial genes involved in recruiting inflammatory cells and thrombus formation through chemotaxis and coagulation pathways. In addition, CCM- endothelium was associated with increased expression of Nlrp3 and Il1b. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 significantly decreased inflammasome activity as assessed by quantification of a fluorescent indicator of caspase-1 activity (FAM-FLICA caspase-1) in BECs from Pdcd10BECKO in chronic stage. Importantly, our results support the hypothesis of the crosstalk between astrocytes and CCM endothelium that can trigger recruitment of inflammatory cells arising from brain parenchyma (microglia) and the peripheral immune system (leukocytes) into mature active CCM lesions that propagate lesion growth, immunothrombosis, and bleedings. Unexpectedly, partial or total loss of brain endothelial NF-kB activity (using Ikkbfl/fl mice) in chronic Pdcd10BECKO mice does not prevent lesion genesis or neuroinflammation. Instead, this resulted in elevated number of lesions and immunothrombosis, suggesting that therapeutic approaches designed to target inflammation through endothelial NF-kB inhibition may contribute to detrimental side effects.

ConclusionsOur study reveals previously unknown links between neuroinflammatory astrocytes and inflamed CCM endothelium as contributors that trigger leukocyte recruitment and precipitate immunothrombosis in CCM lesions. However, therapeutic approaches targeting brain endothelial NF-kB activity may contribute to detrimental side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frias-Anaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Gutierrez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orecchioni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesarwi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in cerebral cavernous malformation disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-like assembly of VASP drives actin polymerization and bundling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of actin filaments into bundles is required for cellular processes such as motility, morphogenesis, and cell division. Filament bundling is controlled by a network of actin binding proteins. Recently, several proteins that comprise this network have been found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. How might liquid-like condensates contribute to filament bundling? Here, we show that the processive actin polymerase and bundling protein, VASP, forms liquid-like droplets under physiological conditions. As actin polymerizes within VASP droplets, elongating filaments partition to the edges of the droplet to minimize filament curvature, forming an actin-rich ring within the droplet. The rigidity of this ring is balanced by the droplets surface tension, as predicted by a continuum-scale computational model. However, as actin polymerizes and the ring grows thicker, its rigidity increases and eventually overcomes the surface tension of the droplet, deforming into a linear bundle. The resulting bundles contain long, parallel actin filaments that grow from their tips. Significantly, the fluid nature of the droplets is critical for bundling, as more solid droplets resist deformation, preventing filaments from rearranging to form bundles. Once the parallel arrangement of filaments is created within a VASP droplet, it propagates through the addition of new actin monomers to achieve a length that is many times greater than the initial droplet. This droplet-based mechanism of bundling may be relevant to the assembly of cellular architectures rich in parallel actin filaments, such as filopodia, stress fibers, and focal adhesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-like assembly of VASP drives actin polymerization and bundling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voluntary and forced exposure to ethanol vapor produces similar escalation of alcohol drinking but differential recruitment of brain regions related to stress, habit, and reward in male rats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major limitation of the most widely used current animal models of alcohol dependence is that they use forced exposure to ethanol including ethanol-containing liquid diet and chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor to produce clinically relevant blood alcohol levels (BAL) and addiction-like behaviors. We recently developed a novel animal model of voluntary induction of alcohol dependence using ethanol vapor self-administration (EVSA). In this model, naive outbred rats given intermittent access to alcohol vapor self-administration exhibit BAL in the 150-300 mg% range and develop somatic signs of withdrawal during acute abstinence. However, it is unknown whether EVSA leads to an escalation of alcohol drinking per se, and whether such escalation is associated with neuroadaptations in brain regions related to stress, reward, and habit. To address these issues, we compared the levels of alcohol drinking during withdrawal between rats passively exposed to alcohol (CIE) or voluntarily exposed to EVSA and measured the number of Fos+ neurons during acute withdrawal (16 h) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), dorsomedial striatum (DMS), dorsolateral striatum (DLS), nucleus accumbens core (Nacc), periaqueducal grey area (PAG), lateral Habenula (HbL), and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). The rats were first trained to orally self-administer alcohol in standard operant chambers and then divided in 4 groups (CIE, CI-Air, EVSA and Air-SA) and exposed to intermittent ethanol vapor (passive or active) or intermittent air (passive or active) for 8 h/day, 3 days a week. CIE and EVSA rats exhibited similar BAL (150-300 mg% range) and similar escalation of alcohol drinking during withdrawal, while no changes in terms of drinking were observed in the air exposed rats. CIE and EVSA also increased the motivation for alcohol compared to their respective air control groups under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Acute withdrawal from EVSA and CIE recruited a similar number of Fos+ neurons in the CeA, however, acute withdrawal from EVSA recruited a higher number of Fos+ neurons in every other brain region analyzed compared to acute withdrawal from CIE. Moreover, acute withdrawal from EVSA specifically recruited the DMS and PVT, a pattern not observed in CIE rats.

In summary, these results demonstrate that EVSA produces similar escalation of alcohol drinking, motivation to drink, and blood-alcohol levels than the CIE model, while letting animals voluntary initiate alcohol exposure and maintain alcohol dependence. Moreover, while the behavioral measures of alcohol dependence between the voluntary (EVSA) and passive (CIE) model was similar, the recruitment of neuronal ensembles during acute withdrawal was very different with a higher recruitment of Fos+ neurons in key brain regions important for stress, reward and habit-related processes. The EVSA model may be particularly useful to unveil the neuronal networks and pharmacology responsible for the voluntary induction and maintenance of alcohol dependence and may improve translational studies by providing preclinical researchers with an animal model with better face validity for alcohol use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlisk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voluntary and forced exposure to ethanol vapor produces similar escalation of alcohol drinking but differential recruitment of brain regions related to stress, habit, and reward in male rats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide selection inference at short tandem repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short tandem repeats (STRs) comprising repeated sequences of 1-6 bp are one of the largest sources of genetic variation in humans. STRs are known to contribute to a variety of disorders, including Mendelian diseases, complex traits, and cancer. Based on their functional importance, mutations at some STRs are likely to introduce negative effects on reproductive fitness over evolutionary time. We previously developed SISTR (Selection Inference at STRs), a population genetics framework to measure negative selection against individual STR alleles. Here, we extend SISTR to enable joint estimation of the distribution of selection coefficients across a set of STRs. This method (SISTR2) allows for more accurate analysis of a broader range of STRs, including loci with low mutation rates. We apply SISTR2 to explore the range of feasible mutation parameters and demonstrate substantial variation in mutation and selection parameters across different classes of STRs. Finally, we show that de novo STR mutations tend to confer a greater selective burden compared to standing STR variation in the population and measure the relative burden of STRs vs. single nucleotide variants in a typical genome. Overall, we anticipate that the evolutionary insights gained from this study will be important for future studies of variation at STRs and their role in evolution and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durvasula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziaei-Jam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maksimov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide selection inference at short tandem repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD133+ Intercellsome Mediates Direct Cell-Cell Communication to Offset Intracellular Signaling Deficit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD133 (prominin 1) is widely viewed as a cancer stem cell marker in association with drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Herein we report that with impaired RTK-Shp2 Ras-Erk signaling, heterogenous hepatocytes form clusters that manage to divide during liver regeneration. These hepatocytes are characterized by upregulated CD133 while negative for other progenitor cell markers. Pharmaceutical inhibition of proliferative signaling also induced CD133 expression in various cancer cell types, suggesting an inherent and common mechanism of stress response. Super-resolution and electron microscopy localize CD133 on intracellular vesicles that apparently migrate between cells, which we name "intercellsome". Isolated CD133+ intercellsomes are enriched with mRNAs rather than miRNAs. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals lower intracellular diversity (entropy) of mitogenic mRNAs in Shp2-deficient cells, which may be remedied by intercellular mRNA exchanges between CD133+ cells. CD133-deficient cells are more sensitive to proliferative signal inhibition in livers and intestinal organoids. These data suggest a mechanism of intercellular communication to compensate intracellular signal deficit in various cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD133+ Intercellsome Mediates Direct Cell-Cell Communication to Offset Intracellular Signaling Deficit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.491687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guided construction of single cell reference for human and mouse lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.491687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate cell type identification is a key and rate-limiting step in single cell data analysis. Single cell references with comprehensive cell types, reproducible and functional validated cell identities, and common nomenclatures are much needed by the research community to optimize automated cell type annotation and facilitate data integration, sharing, and collaboration. In the present study, we developed a novel computational pipeline to utilize the LungMAP CellCards as a dictionary to consolidate single-cell transcriptomic datasets of 104 human lungs and 17 mouse lung samples and constructed "LungMAP CellRef" and "LungMAP CellRef Seed" for both normal human and mouse lungs. "CellRef Seed" has an equivalent prediction power and produces consistent cell annotation as does "CellRef" but improves computational efficiency and simplifies its utilization for fast automated cell type annotation and online visualization. This atlas set incorporates 48 human and 40 mouse well-defined lung cell types catalogued from diverse anatomic locations and developmental time points. Using independent datasets, we demonstrated the utility of our CellRefs for automated cell type annotation analysis of both normal and disease lungs. User-friendly web interfaces were developed to support easy access and maximal utilization of the LungMAP CellRefs. LungMAP CellRefs are freely available to the pulmonary research community through fast interactive web interfaces to facilitate hypothesis generation, research discovery, and identification of cell type alterations in disease conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouril, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basil, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikenheiser-Brokamp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mun, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naren, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsett, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.491687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guided construction of single cell reference for human and mouse lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The regulatory landscapes of human ovarian ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe ovary is the first organ to age in the human body, affecting both fertility and overall health in women1-8. However, the biological mechanisms underlying human ovarian ageing remain poorly understood. Here we performed single-nuclei multi-omics analysis of young and reproductively aged human ovaries to understand the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian ageing in humans. Our analysis reveals coordinated changes in transcriptomic output and chromatin accessibility across cell types during ageing, including elevated mTOR and MAPK signaling, decreased activity of the oxidative phosphorylation and DNA damage repair pathways, and an increased signature of cellular senescence. By constructing cell type-specific regulatory networks, we uncover enhanced activity of the transcription factor CEBPD across cell types in the aged ovary, with a corresponding significant loss of activity of most cell identity-associated transcription factors. Moreover, by performing integrative analyses of our single-nuclei multi-omics data with common genetic variants associated with age at natural menopause (ANM) from genome-wide association studies, we demonstrate a global impact of functional variants on changes in gene regulatory networks across ovarian cell types. Finally, we nominate about a dozen of functional non-coding variants, their target genes and cell types and regulatory mechanisms that underlie genetic association with ANM. This work provides a comprehensive multimodal landscape of human ovarian ageing and mechanistic insights into inherited variation of ANM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamliel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeijmakers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The regulatory landscapes of human ovarian ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of Pickpocket ion channel delivery and dendrite growth in Drosophila sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory neurons enable an organism to perceive external stimuli, which is essential for survival. The sensory capacity of a neuron depends on the elaboration of its dendritic arbor and the delivery of sensory ion channels to the dendritic membrane. However, it is not well understood how ion channels are trafficked to sensory dendrites and whether their delivery is coordinated with dendrite growth. We investigated the trafficking of the DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel Pickpocket (Ppk) in peripheral sensory neurons in fruit fly larvae. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering to tag endogenous Ppk1 and visualize it live, including monitoring Ppk1 membrane localization via a novel secreted split-GFP approach. Strikingly, Ppk1 is present throughout the membrane of actively growing dendrites, and Ppk1 density scales in proportion to the dendritic membrane, even when dynein-mediated transport to dendrites is disrupted. Our data suggest that Ppk1 is integral to the membrane of growing dendrites and implicate the recycling endosome GTPase Rab11 in the forward trafficking of Ppk1 to dendrites. Together, our results suggest that Ppk channel transport is coordinated with dendrite morphogenesis, thus ensuring proper ion channel levels and distribution in sensory dendrites.

Author SummaryPeripheral sensory neurons are essential for an organism to interact with its environment. Neurons are composed of signal-receiving dendrites and a signal-sending axon. Ion channels distributed throughout sensory dendrites transduce external stimuli into chemical signals, however the mechanisms that localize ion channels to sensory dendrites are not well understood. Both the composition of ion channels in the dendrites and the structure of a sensory neurons dendritic arbor are important for how it functions to sense external stimuli. Using live imaging and genomic engineering, we have discovered that the localization of a sensory ion channel, Pickpocket, in fruit fly sensory neurons is coordinated with growth of the dendritic arbor and that Pickpocket levels scale in proportion to dendrite length, even when transport to dendrites is disrupted. We also developed a novel genetically encoded approach to visualize the membrane expression of proteins in a living organism utilizing the split-GFP system. We found that both the secretory and endosomal networks mediate the forward trafficking of Pickpocket during neuronal morphogenesis, thus coordinating membrane growth with ion channel delivery. Our findings reveal that actively growing sensory dendrites are equipped with the ion channels needed for sensing external stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midillioglu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildonger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of Pickpocket ion channel delivery and dendrite growth in Drosophila sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable power analysis and effect size exploration of microbiome community differences with Evident 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiating microbial communities among samples is a major objective in biomedicine. Quantifying the effect size of these differences allows researchers to understand the factors most associated with communities and to optimize the design and clinical resources required to address particular research questions. Here, we present Evident, a package for effect size calculations and power analysis on microbiome data and show that Evident scales to large datasets with numerous metadata covariates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casals-Pascual, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilmore, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable power analysis and effect size exploration of microbiome community differences with Evident]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reproducible and tunable synthetic soil microbial community provides new insights into microbial ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial soil communities form commensal relationships with plants to promote the growth of both parties. Optimization of plant-microbe interactions to advance sustainable agriculture is an important field in agricultural research. However, investigation in this field is hindered by a lack of model microbial community systems and efficient approaches for building these communities. Two key challenges in developing standardized model communities are maintaining community diversity over time and storing/resuscitating these communities after cryopreservation, especially considering the different growth rates of organisms. Here, a model community of 17 soil microorganisms commonly found in the rhizosphere of diverse plant species, isolated from soil surrounding a single switchgrass plant, has been developed and optimized for use with fabricated ecosystem devices (EcoFABs). EcoFABs allow reproducible research in model plant systems, with precise control of environmental conditions and easy measurement of plant-microbe metrics. The model soil community grows reproducibly in vitro between replicates and experiments, with high community -diversity achieved through growth in low-nutrient media and adjustment of starting composition ratios for the growth of individual organisms. The community additionally grows in EcoFAB devices and regrows with a similar composition to unfrozen communities following cryopreservation with glycerol, allowing for dissemination of the model community. Our results demonstrate the generation of a stable microbial community that can be used with EcoFAB devices and shared between research groups for maximum reproducibility.

ImportanceMicrobes associate with plants in distinct soil communities, to the benefit of both the soil microbes and the plant. Interactions between plants and these microbes can improve plant growth and health and are therefore a field of study in sustainable agricultural research. In this study, a model community of 17 soil bacteria has been developed to further reproducible study of plant-soil microbe interactions. Preservation of the microbial community has been optimized for dissemination to other research settings. Overall, this work will advance soil microbe research through optimization of a robust, reproducible model community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhalnina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiruppathy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjuanta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Elia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahosky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reproducible and tunable synthetic soil microbial community provides new insights into microbial ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A GATA factor radiation in Caenorhabditis rewired the endoderm specification network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although similar developmental regulatory networks can produce diverse phenotypes, different networks can also produce the same phenotype. In theory, as long as development can produce an acceptable end phenotype, the details of the process could be shielded from selection, leading to the possibility of developmental system drift, where the developmental mechanisms underlying a stable phenotype continue to evolve. Many examples exist of divergent developmental genetics underlying conserved traits. However, studies that elucidate how these differences arose and how other features of development accommodated them are rarer. In Caenorhabditis elegans, six transcription factors that bind motifs with a GATA core sequence (GATA factors) comprise the zygotic part of the endoderm specification network. Here we show that the core of this network - five of the genes - originated within the genus during a brief but explosive radiation of this gene family and that at least three of them evolved from a single ancestral gene with at least two different spatio-temporal expression patterns. Based on analyses of their evolutionary history, gene structure, expression, and sequence, we explain how these GATA factors were integrated into this network. Our results show how gene duplication fueled the developmental system drift of the endoderm network in a phylogenetically brief period in developmentally canalized nematodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darragh, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A GATA factor radiation in Caenorhabditis rewired the endoderm specification network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiation and diversification of GATA-domain-containing proteins in the genus Caenorhabditis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors are defined by their DNA-binding domains (DBDs). The binding affinities and specificities of a transcription factor to its DNA binding sites can be used by an organism to fine-tune gene regulation and so are targets for evolution. Here we investigate the evolution of GATA-type transcription factors (GATA factors) in the Caenorhabditis genus. Based upon comparisons of their DBDs, these proteins form 13 distinct groups. This protein family experienced a burst of gene duplication in several of these groups along two short branches in the species tree, giving rise to subclades with very distinct complements of GATA factors. By comparing extant gene structures, DBD sequences, genome locations, and selection pressures we reconstructed how these duplications occurred. Although the paralogs have diverged in various ways, the literature shows that at least eight of the DBD groups bind to similar G-A-T-A DNA sequences. Thus, despite gene duplications and divergence among DBD sequences, most Caenorhabditis GATA factors appear to have maintained similar binding preferences, which could create the opportunity for developmental system drift. We hypothesize that this limited divergence in binding specificities contributes to the apparent disconnect between the extensive genomic evolution that has occurred in this genus and the absence of significant anatomical changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darragh, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiation and diversification of GATA-domain-containing proteins in the genus Caenorhabditis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic Modification of MicroRNA Increases Atherosclerosis Susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative stress causes the hydroxylation of guanine (G) to generate 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro guanosine (8OH-G) in microRNAs (miRs), which induces the guanine-to-uracil (G-to-U) transversion and thus changes the miR targetomes. However, whether and how the 8OH-G-modified miRs are involved in vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis were unexplored. Using 8OH-G crosslinking immunoprecipitation miR sequencing (8OH-G CLIP-miR-seq), we found that 8OH-G miR-483 were among the most enriched 8OH-G miR species in ECs induced by ox-LDL. Transcriptomic profiling by RNA-seq indicated that the G-to-U transversion of miR-483 altered the original mRNA targeting efficacy and allows 8OH-G miR-483 to recognize new mRNA target sites. A reduced ratio of 8OH-G miR-483 to miR-483 in lung ECs was found in the endothelial-specific miR-483 transgenic (EC-miR-483 Tg) mice. Moreover, reduction of atherosclerosis was significant in EC-miR-483 Tg mice administrated AAV8-PCSK9 and fed an atherogenic diet. In situ miR hybridization revealed an increased 8OH-G miR-483 level in the intima of human atherosclerotic arteries. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the redox burden incurred by cardiovascular risk factors is a culprit of the miR-483 to 8OH-G miR-483 transversion. Such epitranscriptomic modification of miR-483 causes endothelial dysfunction and increases atherosclerosis susceptibility via its targetomes shift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyy, J. Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitranscriptomic Modification of MicroRNA Increases Atherosclerosis Susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of CcpA and CodY regulators in Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex crosstalk between metabolism and gene regulatory networks makes it difficult to untangle individual constituents and study their precise roles and interactions. To address this issue, we modularized the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of the Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strain by applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to 385 RNA sequencing samples. We then combined the modular TRN model with a metabolic model to study the regulation of carbon and amino acid metabolism. Our analysis showed that regulation of central carbon metabolism by CcpA and amino acid biosynthesis by CodY are closely coordinated. In general, S. aureus increases the expression of CodY-regulated genes in the presence of preferred carbons sources such as glucose. This transcriptional coordination was corroborated by metabolic model simulations that also showed increased amino acid biosynthesis in the presence of glucose. Further, we found that CodY and CcpA cooperatively regulate the expression of ribosome hibernation promoting factor, thus linking metabolic cues with translation. In line with this hypothesis, expression of CodY-regulated genes is tightly correlated with expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. Together, we propose a coarse-grained model where expression of S. aureus genes encoding enzymes that control carbon flux and nitrogen flux through the system is coregulated with expression of translation machinery to modularly control protein synthesis. While this work focuses on three key regulators, the full TRN model we present contains 76 total independently modulated sets of genes, each with the potential to uncover other complex regulatory structures and interactions.

ImportanceStaphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen with an expanding antibiotic resistance profile. The biology underlying its clinical success emerges from an interplay of many systems such as metabolism and gene regulatory networks. This work brings together models for these two systems to establish fundamental principles governing the regulation of S. aureus central metabolism and protein synthesis. Studies of these fundamental biological principles are often confined to model organisms such as Escherichia coli. However, expanding these models to pathogens can provide a framework from which complex and clinically important phenotypes such as virulence and antibiotic resistance can be better understood. Additionally, the expanded gene regulatory network model presented herein can deconvolute the biology underlying other important phenotypes in this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of CcpA and CodY regulators in Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocytes reprogram carbon and nitrogen metabolism to maintain lipogenic flux in the absence of Bckdha 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism has emerged as a key metabolic feature associated with the obese insulin resistant state, and adipose BCAA catabolism is decreased in this context. BCAA catabolism is upregulated early in adipogenesis, but the impact of suppressing this pathway on the broader metabolic functions of the resultant adipocyte remain unclear. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to target Bckdha and Acad8 in pre-adipocytes and induce a deficiency in BCAA or valine catabolism through differentiation. We characterise the transcriptional and metabolic phenotype of these cells using RNAseq and 13C metabolic flux analysis within a network spanning glycolysis, tricarboxylic (TCA) acid metabolism, BCAA catabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. While lipid droplet accumulation is maintained in Bckdha-deficient adipocytes, they display a more fibroblast-like transcriptional signature. In contrast, Acad8 deficiency minimally impacts gene expression. Decreased glycolytic flux emerges as the most distinct metabolic feature of Bckdha-deficient cells, accompanied by a [~]40% decrease in lactate secretion, yet pyruvate oxidation and utilization for de novo lipogenesis are increased to compensate for loss of BCAA carbon. Glutamine anaplerosis was also increased, though we observed a general decrease in levels of most non-essential amino acids consistent with an impact on nitrogen homeostasis. Overall, our data suggest that both metabolic and regulatory cross-talk exists between BCAA catabolism, glycolysis, and nitrogen metabolism in differentiated adipocytes. Suppression of BCAA catabolism associated with metabolic syndrome may result in a metabolically compromised adipocyte.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessendorf-Rodriguez, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hover, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocytes reprogram carbon and nitrogen metabolism to maintain lipogenic flux in the absence of Bckdha]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography of mutational signatures in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The somatic mutations found in a cancer genome are imprinted by different mutational processes. Each process exhibits a characteristic mutational signature, which can be affected by the genome architecture. However, the interplay between mutational signatures and topographical genomic features has not been extensively explored. Here, we integrate mutations from 5,120 whole-genome sequenced tumours from 40 cancer types with 516 topographical features from ENCODE to evaluate the effect of nucleosome occupancy, histone modifications, CTCF binding, replication timing, and transcription/replication strand asymmetries on the cancer-specific accumulation of mutations from distinct mutagenic processes. Most mutational signatures are affected by topographical features with signatures of related aetiologies being similarly affected. Certain signatures exhibit periodic behaviours or cancer-type specific enrichments/depletions near topographical features, revealing further information about the processes that imprinted them. Our findings, disseminated via COSMIC, provide a comprehensive online resource for exploring the interactions between mutational signatures and topographical features across human cancer.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/493921v2_figu1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (50K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@abf065org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@33ad99org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ca37b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fa7c6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIComprehensive topography analysis of mutational signatures encompassing 82,890,857 somatic mutations in 5,120 whole-genome sequenced tumours integrated with 516 tissue-matched topographical features from the ENCODE project.
C_LIO_LIThe accumulation of somatic mutations from most mutational signatures is affected by nucleosome occupancy, histone modifications, CTCF binding sites, transcribed regions, or replication strand/timing.
C_LIO_LIMutational signatures with related aetiologies are consistently characterized by similar genome topographies across tissue types.
C_LIO_LITopography analysis allows both separating signatures from different aetiologies and understanding the genomic specificity of clustered somatic mutations.
C_LIO_LIA comprehensive online resource, disseminate through the COSMIC signatures database, that allows researchers to explore the interactions between somatic mutational processes and genome architecture within and across cancer types.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otlu-Saritas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography of mutational signatures in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparing glycomics data for robust statistical analysis with GlyCompareCT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGlycomics data are rapidly increasing in scale and diversity. Complexities in glycan biosynthesis (hierarchy, competition, and compartmentalization) make preprocessing critical to address resulting sparsity (many similar glycosylation profiles may share few common glycans) and non-independence (substrate-competition in glycan biosynthesis results in non-independence incompatible with many statistical methods). Here, we present GlyCompareCT, a portable command-line tool, to address these challenges thereby facilitating downstream analyses. Given glycan abundances, GlyCompareCT conducts substructure decomposition to quantify hidden biosynthetic intermediate abundance and relationships between measured glycans. Thus, GlyComparCT mitigates sparsity and makes interdependence explicit thereby increasing statistical power. Ultimately, GlyComparCT is a user-friendly implementation of substructure analysis designed to increase accessibility, interoperability, and scope and consistency in glycomics analysis.

Availability and implementationSource code, test data, and instructions for GlyCompareCT v1.1.0 are available at: https://github.com/LewisLabUCSD/GlyCompareCT

Supplementary informationhttps://github.com/LewisLabUCSD/GlyCompareCT/raw/main/Supplementary%20Material.pdf
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridevi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinn, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparing glycomics data for robust statistical analysis with GlyCompareCT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved AAA-ATPase PCH-2 distributes its regulation of meiotic prophase events by remodeling multiple meiotic HORMADs in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiotic prophase, the essential events of homolog pairing, synapsis, and recombination are coordinated with meiotic progression to promote fidelity and prevent aneuploidy. The conserved AAA+ ATPase PCH-2 coordinates these events to guarantee crossover assurance and accurate chromosome segregation. How PCH-2 accomplishes this coordination is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that PCH-2 decelerates pairing, synapsis and recombination in C. elegans by remodeling meiotic HORMADs. We propose that PCH-2 converts the closed versions of these proteins, which drive these meiotic prophase events, to unbuckled conformations, destabilizing interhomolog interactions and delaying meiotic progression. Further, we find that PCH-2 distributes this regulation among three essential meiotic HORMADs in C. elegans: PCH-2 acts through HTP-3 to regulate pairing and synapsis, HIM-3 to promote crossover assurance, and HTP-1 to control meiotic progression. In addition to identifying a molecular mechanism for how PCH-2 regulates interhomolog interactions, our results provide a possible explanation for the expansion of the meiotic HORMAD family as a conserved evolutionary feature of meiosis. Taken together, our work demonstrates that PCH-2s remodeling of meiotic HORMADs has functional consequences for the rate and fidelity of homolog pairing, synapsis, recombination and meiotic progression, ensuring accurate meiotic chromosome segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacopazzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ego, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved AAA-ATPase PCH-2 distributes its regulation of meiotic prophase events by remodeling multiple meiotic HORMADs in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is an AAA+ motor that transports intracellular cargos towards the microtubule minus end. Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) binds to the AAA+ ring and stalk of dyneins motor domain and promotes the assembly of active dynein complexes. Recent studies showed that Lis1 slows motility when it remains bound to dynein, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Using single-molecule and optical trapping assays, we investigated how Lis1 binding affects the motility and force generation of yeast dynein in vitro. We showed that Lis1 does not slow dynein motility by serving as a roadblock or tethering dynein to microtubules. Lis1 binding also does not affect the forces that stall dynein movement, but it induces prolonged stalls and reduces the asymmetry in the force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules. The mutagenesis of the Lis1 binding sites on dyneins stalk partially recovers this asymmetry but does not restore dynein velocity. These results suggest that Lis1s interaction with the AAA+ ring is sufficient to result in slower movement and that Lis1s interaction with dyneins stalk slows force-induced detachment of dynein from microtubules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kusakci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 binding regulates force-induced detachment of cytoplasmic dynein from microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating neighborhood deprivation to childhood obesity in the ABCD Study(R): evidence for theories of neuroinflammation and neuronal stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe evaluated whether the relationships between area deprivation (ADI), body mass index (BMI) and brain structure (e.g., cortical thickness, subcortical volume) during pre-adolescence supported the neuroinflammation (NI) and/or neuronal stress (NS) theories of overeating. The NI theory proposes that ADI causes structural alteration in the brain due to the neuroinflammatory effects of overeating unhealthy foods. The NS theory proposes that ADI-related stress negatively impacts brain structure, which causes stress-related overeating and subsequent obesity.

MethodsData were gathered from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study(R) (9-12-years-old; n=2872, 51.3% female). Linear mixed-effects models identified brain regions that were associated with both ADI and BMI; longitudinal mediation models assessed potential causal pathways. The NI model included ADI and BMI at 9/10-years-old and brain data at 11/12-years-old. The NS model included ADI and brain data at 9/10-years-old and BMI at 11/12-years-old.

ResultsIn the NI model, BMI at 9/10-years-old positively mediated the relationship between AD and cortical thinning in the cuneus, lingual, and paracentral gyrus and larger volume of the Ventral DC at 11/12-years-old. In the NS model, cortical thinning in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, lingual gyrus and larger volume of the Ventral DC at 9/10-years-old partially mediated the relationship between ADI and BMI at 11/12-years-old.

ConclusionGreater area deprivation may indicate fewer access to resources that support healthy development, like nutritious food and non-stressful environments. Our findings provide evidence in support of the neuroinflammation and stress theories of overeating, specifically, with greater ADI influencing health outcomes of obesity via brain structure alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adise, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.494818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating neighborhood deprivation to childhood obesity in the ABCD Study(R): evidence for theories of neuroinflammation and neuronal stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal assessment of brain structure and behavior in youth with rapid weight gain: Potential contributing causes and consequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveIndependent of weight status, rapid weight gain has been associated with underlying brain structure variation in regions associated with food intake and impulsivity among pre-adolescents. Yet, we lack clarity on how developmental maturation coincides with rapid weight gain and weight stability.

MethodsWe identified brain predictors of two-year rapid weight gain and its longitudinal effects on brain structure and impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study(R). Youth were categorized as Healthy Weight/Weight Stable (WSHW, n=225) or Weight Gainers (WG, n=221, >38lbs); 63% of the WG group were healthy weight at 9-to-10-years-old.

ResultsA five-fold cross-validated logistic elastic-net regression revealed that rapid weight gain was associated with structural variation amongst 39 brain features at 9-to-10-years-old in regions involved with executive functioning, appetitive control, and reward sensitivity. Two years later, WG youth showed differences in change over time in several of these regions and performed worse on measures of impulsivity.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that brain structure in pre-adolescence may predispose some to rapid weight gain and that weight gain itself may alter maturational brain change in regions important for food intake and impulsivity. Behavioral interventions that target inhibitory control may improve trajectories of brain maturation and facilitate healthier behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adise, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.494820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal assessment of brain structure and behavior in youth with rapid weight gain: Potential contributing causes and consequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM Structures of the Nitrogenase Complex During Catalytic Turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enzyme nitrogenase couples adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to the multi-electron reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia. Despite extensive research, the mechanistic details of ATP-dependent energy transduction and dinitrogen reduction by nitrogenase are not well understood, requiring new strategies to monitor its structural dynamics during catalytic action. Here we report the cryogenic electron microscopic interrogation of the nitrogenase complex under enzymatic turnover conditions, which has enabled the structural characterization of the nitrogenase reaction intermediates at high resolution for the first time. Our structures show that asymmetry governs all aspects of nitrogenase mechanism including ATP hydrolysis, protein-protein interactions, and catalysis. Furthermore, they reveal several previously unobserved, mechanistically relevant conformational changes near the catalytic iron-molybdenum cofactor that are correlated with the nucleotide-hydrolysis state of the enzyme.

One-sentence summaryHigh-resolution cryoEM structures of the nitrogenase complex obtained under turnover provide new mechanistic insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzik, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tezcan, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM Structures of the Nitrogenase Complex During Catalytic Turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling membrane curvature generation using mechanics and machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The deformation of cellular membranes regulates trafficking processes, such as exocytosis and endocytosis. Classically, the Helfrich continuum model is used to characterize the forces and mechanical parameters that cells tune to accomplish membrane shape changes. While this classical model effectively captures curvature generation, one of the core challenges in using it to approximate a biological process is selecting a set of mechanical parameters (including bending modulus and membrane tension) from a large set of reasonable values. We used the Helfrich model to generate a large synthetic dataset from a random sampling of realistic mechanical parameters and used this dataset to train machine learning models. These models produced promising results, accurately classifying model behavior and predicting membrane shape from mechanical parameters. We also note emerging methods in machine learning that can leverage the physical insight of the Helfrich model to improve performance and draw greater insight into how cells control membrane shape change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malingen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.495017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling membrane curvature generation using mechanics and machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.491859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct roles of dentate gyrus and medial entorhinal cortex inputs for phase precession and temporal correlations in hippocampal CA3 place cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.491859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampal CA3 subregion is a densely connected recurrent circuit that supports memory consolidation and retrieval by generating and storing sequential neuronal activity patterns that reflect recent experience. While theta phase precession is thought to be critical for generating sequential activity during memory encoding, the circuit mechanisms that support this computation across hippocampal subregions are unknown. By analyzing CA3 network activity in the absence of each of its theta modulated excitatory inputs, we show necessary and unique contributions of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to phase precession. DG inputs are essential for generating the preferential spiking of CA3 cells during late theta phases and for organizing the temporal order of neuronal firing, while MEC inputs modulate the general precision of phase precession. A computational model that accounts for the empirical findings suggests that DG inputs affect the phase and MEC inputs affect the amplitude of inhibitory subnetworks. Our results thus identify a novel and unique functional role of the DG for the generation of sequence coding in the CA3 recurrent circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabariego, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.491859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct roles of dentate gyrus and medial entorhinal cortex inputs for phase precession and temporal correlations in hippocampal CA3 place cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strengthening of enterococcal biofilms by Esp 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis are major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Numerous clinical strains harbor a large pathogenicity island that encodes enterococcal surface protein (Esp), which is suggested to promote biofilm production and virulence, but this remains controversial. To resolve this issue, we characterized the Esp N-terminal region, the portion implicated in biofilm production. Small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the N-terminal region had a globular head, which consisted of two DEv-Ig domains as visualized by X-ray crystallography, followed by an extended tail. The N-terminal region was not required for biofilm production but instead significantly strengthened biofilms against mechanical or degradative disruption, greatly increasing retention of Enterococcus within biofilms. Biofilm strengthening required low pH, which resulted in Esp unfolding, aggregating, and forming amyloid-like structures. The pH threshold for biofilm strengthening depended on protein stability. A truncated fragment of the first DEv-Ig domain, plausibly generated by a host protease, was the least stable and sufficient to strengthen biofilms at pH [&le;] 5.0, while the entire N-terminal region and intact Esp on the enterococcal surface was more stable and required a pH [&le;] 4.3. These results suggested a virulence role of Esp in strengthening enterococcal biofilms in acidic abiotic or host environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahn-Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hura, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patras, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tezcan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutakawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strengthening of enterococcal biofilms by Esp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bento: A toolkit for subcellular analysis of spatial transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization of molecules in a cell is essential for performing their functions. Spatial transcriptomics technologies have opened the door to characterization of cellular and subcellular organization. While current computational methods focus on discerning tissue architecture, cell-cell interactions and spatial expression patterns, these approaches are limited to investigating spatial variation at the multicellular scale. We present Bento, a Python toolkit that fully takes advantage of single-molecule information to enable spatial analysis at the subcellular scale. Bento ingests molecular coordinates and segmentation boundaries to perform three fundamental analyses: defining subcellular domains, annotating localization patterns, and quantifying gene-gene colocalization. To demonstrate the toolkit, we apply these methods to a variety of datasets including U2-OS cells (MERFISH), 3T3 cells (seqFISH+), and treated cardiomyocytes (Molecular Cartography). We quantify RNA localization changes in cardiomyocytes identifying mRNA depletion of critical cardiac disease-associated genes RBM20 and CACNB2 from the endoplasmic reticulum upon doxorubicin treatment. The Bento package is a member of the open-source Scverse ecosystem, enabling integration with other single-cell omics analysis tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mah, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesnik, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bento: A toolkit for subcellular analysis of spatial transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of dose-response alignment in coupled GTPase switches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Dose-response alignment" (DoRA), where the downstream response of cellular signaling path-ways closely matches the fraction of activated receptor, can improve the fidelity of dose information transmission. It is believed that a key component for DoRA is negative feedback and thus a natural question that arises is whether there exist design principles for signaling motifs within such negative feedback loops, which may enable these motifs to attain near-perfect DoRA. Here, we investigated several model formulations of an experimentally validated circuit that couples two molecular switches--mGTPase (monomeric GTPase) and tGTPase (heterotrimeric GTPases) -- with negative feedback loops. We find that, in the absence of feedback, the low and intermediate mGTPase activation levels benefit DoRA in the mass action and Hill-function models, respectively. In other cases, where the mass action model with a high mGTPase activation level or the Hill-function model with a non-intermediate mGTPase activation level, the DoRA can be improved by adding negative feedback loops. Furthermore, we found that DoRA in a longer cascade (i.e., tGTPase) can be obtained using Hill-function kinetics under certain conditions. In summary, we show how ranges of activity of mGTPase, reaction kinetics, the negative feedback, and the cascade length affect DoRA. This work provides a framework for improving the DoRA performance in signaling motifs with negative feedback loops.

Significance StatementDose-response alignment helps cells faithfully transmit dose information; how this alignment is achieved in motifs with negative feedback is unclear. Through rigorous studies interrogating a naturally occurring motif comprised of two species of GTPases coupled by negative feedback loops, this work reveals the versatile roles of negative feedback loops and GTPase regulators on DoRA. We find that the negative feedback can enhance DoRA only with specific kinetic forms and with certain ranges of GTPases activation levels. This knowledge advances our understanding of the role of negative feedback on DoRA and sheds light on the importance of dynamic range of signaling processes as an essential determinant of how cells transfer information about stimuli. Findings can help design signaling circuits with better DoRA behavior, and ultimately augment cell signaling studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of dose-response alignment in coupled GTPase switches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of Nematocida microsporidia gene expression and host response in Caenorhabditis nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that are known to infect most types of animals. Many species of microsporidia can infect multiple related hosts, but it is not known if microsporidia express different genes depending upon which host species is infected or if the host response to infection is specific to each microsporidia species. To address these questions, we took advantage of two species of Nematocida microsporidia, N. parisii and N. ausubeli, that infect two species of Caenorhabditis nematodes, C. elegans and C. briggsae. We performed RNA-seq at several time points for each host infected with either microsporidia species. We observed that Nematocida transcription was largely independent of its host. We also observed that the host transcriptional response was similar when infected with either microsporidia species. Finally, we analyzed if the host response to microsporidia infection was conserved across host species. We observed that although many of the genes upregulated in response to infection are not direct orthologs, the same expanded gene families are upregulated in both Caenorhabditis hosts. Together our results describe the transcriptional interactions of Nematocida infection in Caenorhabditis hosts and demonstrate that these responses are evolutionarily conserved.

Significance statementMicrosporidia are a powerful model to study pathogen evolution, but much is still unknown about how these pathogens have evolved to infect multiple host species. We found that microsporidia express most of their genes similarly even when they are infecting different host species and that related host species respond similarly to different microsporidia. Our results suggests that there are conserved transcriptional responses during microsporidia infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of Nematocida microsporidia gene expression and host response in Caenorhabditis nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Generalized Reinforcement Learning-Based Deep Neural Network (GRL-DNN) Agent Model for Diverse Cognitive Constructs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cognition is characterized by a wide range of capabilities including goal-oriented selective attention, distractor suppression, decision making, response inhibition, and working memory. Much research has focused on studying these individual components of cognition in isolation, whereas in several translational applications for cognitive impairment, multiple cognitive functions are altered in a given individual. Hence it is important to study multiple cognitive abilities in the same subject or, in computational terms, model them using a single model. To this end, we propose a unified, reinforcement learning-based agent model comprising of systems for representation, memory, value computation and exploration. We successfully modelled the aforementioned cognitive tasks and show how individual performance can be mapped to model meta-parameters. This model has the potential to serve as a proxy for cognitively impaired conditions, and can be used as a clinical testbench on which therapeutic interventions can be simulated first before delivering to human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muddapu, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramani, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Generalized Reinforcement Learning-Based Deep Neural Network (GRL-DNN) Agent Model for Diverse Cognitive Constructs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter and literacy: a dynamic system in flux 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-sectional studies have linked differences in white matter tissue properties to reading skills. However, past studies have reported a range of, sometimes conflicting, results. Some studies suggest that white matter properties act as individual-level traits predictive of reading skill, whereas others suggest that reading skill and white matter develop as a function of an individuals educational experience. In the present study, we tested two hypotheses: a) that diffusion properties of the white matter reflect stable brain characteristics that relate to reading skills over development or b) that white matter is a dynamic system, linked with learning over time. To answer these questions, we examined the relationship between white matter and reading in a five-year longitudinal dataset and a series of large-scale, single-observation, cross-sectional datasets (N=14,249 total participants). We find that gains in reading skill correspond to longitudinal changes in the white matter. However, in the single-observation datasets, we find no evidence for the hypothesis that individual differences in white matter predict reading skill. These findings highlight the link between dynamic processes in the white matter and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richie-Halford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCandliss, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeatman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter and literacy: a dynamic system in flux]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transfer proteins mediate the exchange of lipids between closely apposed membranes at organelle contact sites and play key roles in lipid metabolism, membrane homeostasis, and cellular signaling. A recently discovered novel family of lipid transfer proteins, which includes the VPS13 proteins (VPS13A-D), adopt a rod-like bridge conformation with an extended hydrophobic groove that enables the bulk transfer of membrane lipids for membrane growth. Loss of function mutations in VPS13A and VPS13C cause chorea acanthocytosis and Parkinsons disease, respectively. VPS13A and VPS13C localize to multiple organelle contact sites, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - lipid droplet (LD) contact sites, but the functional roles of these proteins in LD regulation remains mostly unexplored. Here, we employ CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to generate VPS13A and VPS13C knockout cell lines in U-2 OS cells via deletion of exon 2 and introduction of an early frameshift. Analysis of LD content in these cell lines revealed that loss of either VPS13A or VPS13C results in reduced LD abundance under oleate-stimulated conditions. These data implicate VPS13A and VPS13C in LD regulation and raise the intriguing possibility that VPS13A and VPS13C-mediated lipid transfer facilitates LD biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granneman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olzmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro-Novick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS13A and VPS13C influence lipid droplet abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid reprogramming by JAK inhibition enhances checkpoint blockade therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unleashing anti-tumor T cell activity by checkpoint inhibition is effective in many cancer patients but clinical response rates remain limited. Myeloid derived suppressor cells erode antitumor lymphocyte numbers and function, and correlate with resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. By screening small molecule libraries, we identified JAK inhibitors ability to rescue T cell function. Despite its documented immune suppressive properties, the prototypical JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer. This effect correlated with loss of suppressive gene expression, and acquisition of immunostimulatory molecular markers and T cell stimulatory activity in myeloid cells. In preclinical models, ruxolitinib significantly improved the function and increased the total numbers of activated tumor-infiltrating NK and CD4 T cells compared to checkpoint blockade alone and the efficacy was conditional on granulocytic cells. In addition to myeloid reprogramming in the tumor, ruxolitinib blunts G-CSF signaling in the bone marrow to prevent expression of suppressive and chemotaxis genes in neutrophils. In a clinical trial of Hodgkin lymphoma patients resistant to checkpoint inhibitors, treatment with ruxolitinib significantly reduced neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and levels of suppressive markers in myeloid cells but increased numbers of cytokine-producing T cells. These results support the therapeutic potential of JAK inhibition in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in cancer and highlight the potential of reshaped myeloid immunity to improve immunotherapy.

One sentence summary: Ruxolitinib reshapes myeloid immunity to synergize with checkpoint inhibitors
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratumchai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marro, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquardt, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti Zavareh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lairson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldstone, M. B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid reprogramming by JAK inhibition enhances checkpoint blockade therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Culture-Independent Detection and Identification of Leptospira Serovars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis, comprise >200 serotypes (called serovars). Most have a restricted reservoir-host range, and some, e.g., serovar Copenhageni, are cosmopolitan and of public health importance owing to their propensity to produce severe, fatal disease in humans. Available serotyping approaches--such as multi-locus sequence typing, core genome sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the cross-agglutination absorption test--are tedious and expensive, and require isolation of the organisms in culture media--a protracted and incredibly inefficient process-- precluding their use in prospective studies or outbreak investigations. The unavailability of culture-independent assays capable of distinguishing Leptospira serotypes remains a crucial gap in the field. Here, we have developed a simple yet specific real-time qPCR assay--targeting a Leptospira-unique gene encoding a putative polysaccharide flippase--that provides intra-species, serotype-defining (i.e., epidemiologically useful) information, and improves upon the sensitivity of preferred lipL32-based qPCR-based diagnostic tests. The assay, dubbed RAgI ("rage one"), is rapid and affordable, and reliably and specifically detects group I pathogenic Leptospira in culture, serum and urine, with no detectable off-target amplification--even of the genetically related but low virulence group II pathogenic (formerly "intermediate") or non-pathogenic Leptospira. It retained 100% diagnostic specificity when tested against difficult sample types, including field-collected dog urine-samples and environmental samples containing varied and complex microbial species-consortia. And holds considerable promise in the clinical setting, and for routine epidemiological and environmental surveillance studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanka Acharige, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaiboonma, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilau, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marroquin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasundara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agampodi, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Culture-Independent Detection and Identification of Leptospira Serovars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A prebiotic diet modulates microglial states and motor deficits in α-synuclein overexpressing mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by neuroinflammation, -synuclein pathology, and neurodegeneration. Most cases of PD are non-hereditary, suggesting a strong role for environmental factors, and it has been speculated that disease may originate in peripheral tissues such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract before affecting the brain. The gut microbiome is altered in PD and may impact motor and GI symptoms as indicated by animal studies, though mechanisms of gut-brain interactions remain incompletely defined. Intestinal bacteria ferment dietary fibers into short-chain fatty acids, with fecal levels of these molecules differing between PD and healthy controls and in mouse models. Among other effects, dietary microbial metabolites can modulate activation of microglia, brain-resident immune cells implicated in PD. We therefore investigated whether a fiber-rich diet influences microglial function in -synuclein overexpressing (ASO) mice, a preclinical model with PD-like symptoms and pathology. Feeding a prebiotic high-fiber diet attenuates motor deficits and reduces -synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra of mice. Concomitantly, the gut microbiome of ASO mice adopts a profile correlated with health upon prebiotic treatment, which also reduces microglial activation. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of microglia from the substantia nigra and striatum uncovers increased pro-inflammatory signaling and reduced homeostatic responses in ASO mice compared to wild-type counterparts on standard diets. However, prebiotic feeding reverses pathogenic microglial states in ASO mice and promotes expansion of protective disease-associated macrophage (DAM) subsets of microglia. Notably, depletion of microglia using a CSF1R inhibitor eliminates the beneficial effects of prebiotics by restoring motor deficits to ASO mice despite feeding a prebiotic diet. These studies uncover a novel microglia-dependent interaction between diet and motor symptoms in mice, findings that may have implications for neuroinflammation and PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Haq, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boktor, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu-Jungles, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazaei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chilakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamaker, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A prebiotic diet modulates microglial states and motor deficits in α-synuclein overexpressing mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pals-25 gain-of-function allele triggers systemic resistance against natural pathogens of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of immunity throughout an organism is critical for host defense. Previous studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have described an "ON/OFF" immune switch comprised of the antagonistic paralogs PALS-25 and PALS-22, which regulate resistance against intestinal and epidermal pathogens. Here, we identify and characterize a PALS-25 gain-of-function mutant protein with a premature stop (Q293*), which we find is freed from physical repression by its negative regulator, the PALS-22 protein. PALS-25(Q293*) activates two related gene expression programs, the Oomycete Recognition Response (ORR) against natural pathogens of the epidermis, and the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) against natural intracellular pathogens of the intestine. A subset of ORR/IPR genes is upregulated in pals-25(Q293*) mutants, and they are resistant to oomycete infection in the epidermis, and microsporidia and virus infection in the intestine, but without compromising growth. Surprisingly, we find that activation of PALS-25 seems to primarily stimulate the downstream bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 in the epidermis, which leads to upregulation of gene expression in both the epidermis and in the intestine. Interestingly, we find that this epidermal-to-intestinal signaling promotes resistance to the N. parisii intestinal pathogen, demonstrating cross-tissue protective immune induction from one epithelial tissue to another in C. elegans.

Author summaryMulticellular organisms need to monitor the health and function of multiple tissues simultaneously to respond appropriately to pathogen infection. Here, we study an ON/OFF switch in the roundworm C. elegans that controls immune responses to diverse natural pathogens of the skin and gut. We show a physical association between the  ON switch protein PALS-25 and the  OFF switch protein PALS-22, and that this association is disrupted in a mutant, activated form of PALS-25. When either PALS-22 is lost, or PALS-25 is activated, a downstream immune regulator ZIP-1 is activated specifically in the skin but not the gut. Excitingly, our findings show that skin-specific loss of PALS-22 or skin-specific activation of PALS-25 can induce immune responses in the worm gut. These findings highlight the coordination of immune responses across different tissues that are commonly infected by microbial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkoulas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pals-25 gain-of-function allele triggers systemic resistance against natural pathogens of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome response in an urban river system is dominated by seasonality over wastewater treatment upgrades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms such as coliform-forming bacteria are commonly used to assess freshwater quality for drinking and recreational use. However, such organisms do not exist in isolation; they exist within the context of dynamic, interactive microbial communities which vary through space and time. Elucidating spatiotemporal microbial dynamics is imperative for discriminating robust community changes from ephemeral ecological trends, and for improving our overall understanding of the relationship between microbial communities and ecosystem health. We conducted a seven-year (2013-2019) microbial time-series investigation in the Chicago Area Waterways (CAWS): an urban river system which, in 2016, experienced substantial upgrades to disinfection processes at two wastewater reclamation plants (WRPs) that discharge into the CAWS and improved stormwater capture, to improve river water quality and reduce flooding. Using culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches, we compared CAWS microbial ecology before and after the intervention. Examinations of time-resolved beta distances between WRP-adjacent sites showed that community similarity measures were often consistent with the spatial orientation of site locations to one another and to the WRP outfalls. Fecal coliform results suggested that upgrades reduced coliform-associated bacteria in the effluent and the downstream river community. However, examinations of whole community changes through time suggest that the upgrades did little to affect overall riverine community dynamics, which instead were overwhelmingly driven by yearly patterns consistent with seasonality. Such results emphasize the dynamic nature of microbiomes in open environmental systems such as the CAWS, but also suggest that the seasonal oscillations remain consistent even when perturbed.

ImportanceThis study presents a systematic effort to combine 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with traditional culture-based methods to evaluate the influence of treatment innovations and systems upgrades on the microbiome of the Chicago Area Waterway System, representing the longest and most comprehensive characterization of the microbiome of an urban waterway yet attempted. We found that the systems upgrades were successful in improving specific water quality measures immediately downstream of wastewater outflows. Additionally, we found that the implementation of the water quality improvement measures to the river system did not disrupt the overall dynamics of the downstream microbial community, which remained heavily influenced by seasonal trends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kodera, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dsouza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grippo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negri, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome response in an urban river system is dominated by seasonality over wastewater treatment upgrades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.497972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendrite architecture determines mitochondrial distribution patterns in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.497972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are critical for neuronal function and must be reliably distributed through complex neuronal architectures. By quantifying in vivo mitochondrial transport and localization patterns in the dendrites of Drosophila visual system neurons, we show that mitochondria make up a dynamic system at steady-state, with significant transport of individual mitochondria within a stable global pattern. Mitochondrial motility patterns are unaffected by visual input, suggesting that neuronal activity does not directly regulate mitochondrial localization in vivo. Instead, we present a mathematical model in which four simple scaling rules enable the robust self-organization of the mitochondrial population. Experimental measurements of dendrite morphology validate key model predictions: to maintain equitable distribution of mitochondria across asymmetrically branched subtrees, dendritic branch points obey a parent-daughter power law that preserves cross-sectional area, and thicker trunks support proportionally bushier subtrees. Altogether, we propose that "housekeeping" requirements, including the need to maintain steady-state mitochondrial distributions, impose constraints on neuronal architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donovan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhart, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.497972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendrite architecture determines mitochondrial distribution patterns in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Variation in Urine Sample Storage Conditions on 16S Urogenital Microbiome Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replicability is a well-established challenge in microbiome research with a variety of contributing factors at all stages, from sample collection to code execution. Here, we focus on voided urine sample storage conditions for urogenital microbiome analysis. Using urine samples collected from 10 healthy adult women, we investigated the microbiome preservation efficacy of AssayAssure(R) Genelock (as opposed to no preservative) under different temperature conditions. We varied temperature over 48 hours in order to examine the impact of conditions samples may experience with home voided urine collection and shipping to a central biorepository. The following common lab and shipping conditions were investigated: -20C, ambient temperature, 4C, a freeze-thaw cycle, and a heat cycle. At 48 hours, all samples were stored at -80C until processing. After generating 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data using the highly sensitive KatharoSeq protocol, we observed individual variation in both alpha and beta diversity metrics below interhuman differences, corroborating reports of individual microbiome variability in other specimen types. While there was no significant difference in beta diversity when comparing AssayAssure(R) Genelock vs. no preservative, we did observe a higher concordance with AssayAssure samples shipped at colder temperatures (-20C and 4C) when compared to the samples shipped at -20C without preservative. Our results indicate that AssayAssure does not introduce a significant amount of microbial bias when used on a range of temperatures but is most effective at colder temperatures.

ImportanceThe urogenital microbiome is an understudied yet important human microbiome niche. Research has been stimulated by the relatively recent discovery that urine is not sterile: urinary tract microbes have been linked to health problems including urinary infections, incontinence, and cancer. The quality of life and economic impact of UTIs and urgency incontinence alone are enormous, with $3.5 billion and $82.6 billion respectively spent in the U.S. annually. Given the low biomass of urine, novelty of the field, and well-established replicability bias in microbiome studies, it is critical to study storage conditions on urine samples to minimize microbial biases. Efficient and reliable preservation methods permit home self-sample collection and shipping, increasing the accessibility of larger-scale studies. Here, we examined both buffer and temperature variation effects on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results from urogenital samples, providing data on the consequences of common storage methods on urogenital microbiome results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubb, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacz, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brubaker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Variation in Urine Sample Storage Conditions on 16S Urogenital Microbiome Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-opted Genes of Algal Origin Protect C. elegans against Cyanogenic Toxins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside widely used by many plants in herbivore defense. Poisonous to most animals, amygdalin-derived cyanide is detoxified by potent enzymes commonly found in bacteria and plants but not most animals. Here we show that the nematode C. elegans can detoxify amygdalin by a genetic pathway comprising cysl-1, egl-9, hif-1 and cysl-2. Essential for amygdalin resistance, cysl-1 encodes a protein similar to cysteine synthetic enzymes in bacteria and plants, but functionally co-opted in C. elegans. We identify exclusively HIF-activating egl-9 mutations in a cysl-1 suppressor screen and show that cysl-1 confers amygdalin resistance by regulating HIF-1-dependent cysl-2 transcription to protect against amygdalin toxicity. Phylogenetic analysis suggests cysl-1 and cysl-2 were likely acquired from green algae through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and functionally co-opted in protection against amygdalin. Our studies reveal that HGT-mediated evolutionary changes can facilitate host survival and adaptation to adverse environment stresses and biogenic toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-opted Genes of Algal Origin Protect C. elegans against Cyanogenic Toxins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning method well suited to high-throughput biology. Still, inferring biological processes requires additional post hoc statistics and annotation for interpretation of features learned from software packages developed for NMF implementation. Here, we aim to introduce a suite of computational tools that implement NMF and provide methods for accurate, clear biological interpretation and analysis. A generalized discussion of NMF covering its benefits, limitations, and open questions in the field is followed by three vignettes for the Bayesian NMF algorithm CoGAPS (Coordinated Gene Activity across Pattern Subsets). Each vignette will demonstrate NMF analysis to quantify cell state transitions in public domain single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of malignant epithelial cells in 25 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors and 11 control samples. The first uses PyCoGAPS, our new Python interface for CoGAPS that we developed to enhance runtime of Bayesian NMF for large datasets. The second vignette steps through the same analysis using our R CoGAPS interface, and the third introduces two new cloud-based, plug-and-play options for running CoGAPS using GenePattern Notebook and Docker. By providing Python support, cloud-based computing options, and relevant example workflows, we facilitate user-friendly interpretation and implementation of NMF for single-cell analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Marcisak, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinny-Köster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cellular and molecular processes in single-cell data with non-negative matrix factorization using Python, R, and GenePattern Notebook implementations of CoGAPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemokine CXCL4 interactions with extracellular matrix proteoglycans mediate wide-spread non-receptor mediated immune cell recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leukocyte recruitment from the vasculature into tissues is a crucial component of the immune system, but is also key to inflammatory disease. Chemokines are central to this process but have yet to be therapeutically targeted during inflammation, due to a lack of mechanistic understanding. Specifically, CXCL4 (PF4) has no established receptor that explains its function. Here we use biophysical, in vitro and in vivo techniques to determine the mechanism underlying CXCL4 mediated leukocyte recruitment. We demonstrate that CXCL4 binds to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugars within the endothelial extracellular matrix resulting in increased vascular permeability and non-specific recruitment of a range of leukocytes. Furthermore, GAG sulphation confers selectivity onto chemokine localisation. These findings represent a new understanding of chemokine biology, providing novel mechanisms for future therapeutic targeting.

One sentence summaryCXCL4 binds to extracellular matrix proteoglycans resulting in increased vascular permeability and recruitment of a wide range of different leukocytes via a non-canonical mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Ruiz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birchenough, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salanga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jowitt, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiessl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemokine CXCL4 interactions with extracellular matrix proteoglycans mediate wide-spread non-receptor mediated immune cell recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral function and viral antagonism of the rapidly evolving dynein activating adapter NINL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses interact with the intracellular transport machinery to promote viral replication. Such host-virus interactions can drive host gene adaptation, leaving signatures of pathogen-driven evolution in host genomes. Here we leverage these genetic signatures to identify the dynein activating adaptor, ninein-like (NINL), as a critical component in the antiviral innate immune response and as a target of viral antagonism. Unique among genes encoding components of active dynein complexes, NINL has evolved under recurrent positive (diversifying) selection, particularly in its carboxy-terminal cargo binding region. Consistent with a role for NINL in host immunity, we demonstrate that NINL knockout cells exhibit an impaired response to interferon, resulting in increased permissiveness to viral replication. Moreover, we show that proteases encoded by diverse picornaviruses and coronaviruses cleave and disrupt NINL function in a host- and virus-specific manner. Our work reveals the importance of NINL in the antiviral response and the utility of using signatures of host-virus conflicts to uncover new components of antiviral immunity and targets of viral antagonism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahesula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salogiannis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral function and viral antagonism of the rapidly evolving dynein activating adapter NINL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.498973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell specialization in cyanobacterial biofilm development revealed by expression of a cell-surface and extracellular matrix protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.498973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacterial biofilms are ubiquitous and play important roles in diverse environments, yet, understanding of the processes underlying development of these aggregates is just emerging. Here we report cell specialization in formation of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 biofilms - a hitherto unknown characteristic of cyanobacterial multicellularity. We show that only a quarter of the cell population expresses at high levels the four-gene ebfG-operon that is required for biofilm formation. Almost all cells, however, are assembled in the biofilm. Detailed characterization of EbfG4 encoded by this operon revealed cell-surface localization as well as its presence in the biofilm matrix. Moreover, EbfG1-3 were shown to form amyloid structures such as fibrils and are thus likely to contribute to the matrix structure. These data suggest a beneficial  division of labour during biofilm formation where only some of the cells allocate resources to produce matrix proteins -  public goods that support robust biofilm development by the majority of the cells. Additionally, previous studies revealed the operation of a self-suppression mechanism that depends on an extracellular inhibitor, which supresses transcription of the ebfG-operon. Here we revealed inhibitor activity at an early growth stage and its gradual accumulation along the exponential growth phase in correlation with cell density. Data, however, do not support a threshold-like phenomenon known for quorum-sensing in heterotrophs. Together, data presented here demonstrate cell specialization and imply density-dependent regulation thereby providing novel insights into cyanobacterial communal behaviour.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=98 SRC="FIGDIR/small/498973v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7758f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@172396aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@176612org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e320c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecharia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegorov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendersky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benichou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stierhof, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnasa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.498973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell specialization in cyanobacterial biofilm development revealed by expression of a cell-surface and extracellular matrix protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decline of intrinsic cerebrospinal fluid outflow in healthy humans with age detected by non-contrast spin-labeling MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.500033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClearance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is important for the removal of toxins from the brain, with implication for neurodegenerative diseases. Imaging evaluation of CSF outflow in humans has been limited, relying on injections of contrast agents. Objective of this study was to introduce a novel spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique to detect and quantify the movement of endogenously tagged CSF without administration of tracer or contrast media, and use the technique to evaluate CSF outflow in normal human subjects with varying ages.

MethodsThis study was performed on a clinical 3-Tesla MRI scanner in healthy subjects (10 males and 6 females; mean age, 47.6 {+/-} 18.9 years; range, 19-71 years) with informed consent. Our non-contrast spin-labeling MRI technique applies a tag pulse on the brain hemisphere, including subarachnoid space, dura mater, brain parenchyma, and images the outflow of the tagged CSF into the superior sagittal sinus. We obtained 3-dimensional images in real time, which was analyzed to determine tagged-signal changes in different regions of the brain involved in CSF outflow or clearance. Additionally, the signal changes over time were fit to a signal curve to determine quantitative flow metrics such as relative CSF flow and volume. These were correlated against subject age to determine aging effects.

ResultsWe observed the signal of the tagged CSF moving from the subarachnoid space to the dura mater and parasagittal dura, and finally draining into the superior sagittal sinus. In addition, there was strong evidence of a direct pathway by which tagged CSF flows directly from the subarachnoid space to the superior sagittal sinus, via the lateral wall of superior sagittal sinus. Furthermore, quantitative CSF outflow metrics were shown to decrease significantly with age.

ConclusionsWe demonstrated a novel non-invasive MRI technique to evaluate CSF clearance in humans. In this study, we identified possible two CSF clearance pathways, and determined normative values and decline of CSF flow metrics in normal ages. Our work provides a new opportunity to better understand the relationships of these CSF clearance pathways in ages, which may be a significant factor in the age-related prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases.

FundingThis study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants: RF1AG076692 (MM) and R01HL154092 (MM); and made possible by a grant from Canon Medical Systems. Corp., Japan.

Clinical trialNot applicable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decline of intrinsic cerebrospinal fluid outflow in healthy humans with age detected by non-contrast spin-labeling MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated multi-cohort analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut metagenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe gut microbiome is altered in several neurologic disorders including Parkinsons disease (PD).

ObjectivesProfile the fecal gut metagenome in PD for alterations in microbial composition, taxon abundance, metabolic pathways, and microbial gene products, and their relationship with disease progression.

MethodsShotgun metagenomic sequencing was conducted on 244 stool donors from two independent cohorts in the United States, including individuals with PD (n=48, n=47, respectively), environmental Household Controls (HC, n=29, n=30), and community Population Controls (PC, n=41, n=49). Microbial features consistently altered in PD compared to HC and PC subjects were identified. Data were cross-referenced to public metagenomic datasets from two previous studies in Germany and China to determine generalizable microbiome features.

ResultsThe gut microbiome in PD shows significant alterations in community composition. Robust taxonomic alterations include depletion of putative "beneficial" gut commensals Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium and Roseburia species, and increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium species. Pathway enrichment analysis and metabolic potential, constructed from microbial gene abundance, revealed disruptions in microbial carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and increased amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. These global gene-level signatures indicate an increased response to oxidative stress, decreased cellular growth and microbial motility, and disrupted inter-community signaling.

ConclusionsA metagenomic meta-analysis of PD shows consistent and novel alterations in taxonomic representation, functional metabolic potential, and microbial gene abundance across four independent studies from three continents. These data reveal stereotypic changes in the gut microbiome are a consistent feature of PD, highlighting potential diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boktor, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhagen Metman, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zreloff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ousey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated multi-cohort analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut metagenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two major groups of maize (Zea mays) specialized metabolites, termed kauralexins and dolabralexins, serve as known or predicted diterpenoid defenses against pathogens, herbivores, and other environmental stressors. To consider physiological roles of the recently discovered dolabralexin pathway, we examined dolabralexin structural diversity, tissue-specificity, and stress-elicited production in a defined biosynthetic pathway mutant. Metabolomics analyses support a larger number of dolabralexin pathway products than previously known. We identified dolabradienol as a previously undetected pathway metabolite and characterized its enzymatic production. Transcript and metabolite profiling showed that dolabralexin biosynthesis and accumulation predominantly occurs in primary roots and shows quantitative variation across genetically diverse inbred lines. Generation and analysis of CRISPR-Cas9-derived loss-of- function Kaurene Synthase-Like 4 (Zmksl4) mutants demonstrated dolabralexin production deficiency, thus supporting ZmKSL4 as the diterpene synthase responsible for the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate precursors into dolabradiene and downstream pathway products. Zmksl4 mutants further display altered root-to-shoot ratios and root architecture in response to water deficit, consistent with an interactive role of maize dolabralexins in plant vigor during abiotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Char, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endelman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dolabralexin-deficient mutant provides insight into specialized diterpenoid metabolism in maize (Zea mays).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of pre-existing microbiome and metabolic vulnerabilities to escalation of oxycodone self-administration and identification of a causal role of short-chain fatty acids in addiction-like behaviors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut brain axis is thought to play a role in behavior and physiological responses through chemical, immunological, and metabolite signaling. Antibiotics, diet, and drugs can alter the transit time of gut contents as well as the makeup of the microbiome. Heterogeneity in genetics and environment are also well-known factors involved in the initiation and perpetuation of substance use disorders. Few viable genetic or biological markers are available to identify individuals who are at risk of escalating opioid intake. Primarily, the addiction field has focused on the nervous system, limiting the discovery of peripheral factors that contribute to addiction. To address this gap, we characterized the microbiome before and after drug exposure, and after antibiotics depletion in male and female heterogenous stock rats to determine if microbiome constituents are protective of escalation. We hypothesized that individuals that are prone to escalation of opioid self-administration will have distinct microbial and metabolic profiles. The fecal microbiome and behavioral responses were measured over several weeks of oxycodone self-administration and after antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic treatment reduces circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by depleting microbes that ferment fiber into these essential signaling molecules for the gut-brain axis. Depletion of the microbiome increased oxycodone self-administration in a subpopulation of animals (Responders). Supplementation of SCFAs in antibiotic depleted animals decreased elevated oxycodone self-administration. Phylogenetic functional analysis reveals distinct metabolic differences in the subpopulations of animals that are sensitive to antibiotic depletion and animals rescued by SCFA supplementation. In conclusion, this study identifies pre-existing microbiome and metabolic vulnerabilities to escalation of oxycodone self-administration, demonstrates that escalation of oxycodone self-administration dysregulates the microbiome and metabolic landscape, and identifies a causal role of short-chain fatty acids in addiction-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellmeyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mclellan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathish, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedighim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maturin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg-Woods, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of pre-existing microbiome and metabolic vulnerabilities to escalation of oxycodone self-administration and identification of a causal role of short-chain fatty acids in addiction-like behaviors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomic identification of a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) homolog in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron important for envelope integrity and fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serine hydrolases play important roles in signaling and human metabolism, yet little is known about the functions of these enzymes in gut commensal bacteria. Using bioinformatics and chemoproteomics, we identify serine hydrolases in the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that are specific to the Bacteroidetes phylum. Two are predicted homologs of the human protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), a key enzyme that regulates insulin signaling. Functional studies reveal that BT4193 is a true homolog of hDPP4 while the other is misannotated and is a proline-specific triaminopeptidase. We demonstrate that BT4193 is important for envelope integrity and is inhibited by FDA-approved type 2 diabetes drugs that target hDPP4. Loss of BT4193 reduces B. thetaiotaomicron fitness during in vitro growth within a diverse community. Taken together, our findings suggest that serine hydrolases contribute to gut microbiota dynamics and may be off-targets for existing drugs that could cause unintended impact on the microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keller, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelsinger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niphakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomic identification of a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) homolog in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron important for envelope integrity and fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.498234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of BMI in nine population-based cohorts: examining the utility of methylation as a biomarker of BMI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.498234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study sought to examine the association between DNA methylation and body mass index (BMI) and the potential utility of these cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in predicting metabolic health. We pooled summary statistics from six trans-ethnic EWAS of BMI representing nine cohorts (n=17058), replicated these findings in the Womens Health Initiative (WHI, n=4822) and developed an epigenetic prediction score of BMI. In the pooled EWAS, 1265 CpG sites were associated with BMI (p<1E-7), and 1238 replicated in the WHI (FDR < 0.05). We performed several stratified analyses to examine whether these associations differed between individuals of European descent and individuals of African descent. We found five CpG sites had a significant interaction with BMI by race/ethnicity. To examine the utility of the significant CpG sites in predicting BMI, we used elastic net regression to predict log normalized BMI in the WHI (80% training/20% testing). This model found 397 sites could explain 32% of the variance in BMI in the WHI test set. Individuals whose methylome-predicted BMI overestimated their BMI (high epigenetic BMI) had significantly higher glucose and triglycerides, and lower HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared to accurately predicted BMI. Individuals whose methylome-predicted BMI underestimated their BMI (low epigenetic BMI) had significantly higher HDL-cholesterol and lower glucose and triglycerides. This study identified 553 previously identified and 685 novel CpG sites associated with BMI. Participants with high epigenetic BMI had poorer metabolic health suggesting that the overestimation may be driven in part by cardiometabolic derangements characteristic of metabolic syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeks, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugue, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerath, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyemang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordahl, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staimez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, K. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conneely, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.498234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of BMI in nine population-based cohorts: examining the utility of methylation as a biomarker of BMI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiogenomics of C9orf72 expansion carriers reveals global transposable element de-repression and enables prediction of thalamic atrophy and clinical impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) within C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Thalamic atrophy occurs in both sporadic and familial FTD but is thought to distinctly affect HRE carriers. Separately, emerging evidence suggests widespread de-repression of transposable elements (TEs) in the brain in several neurodegenerative diseases, including C9orf72 HRE-mediated FTD (C9-FTD). Whether TE activation can be measured in peripheral blood and how the reduction in peripheral C9orf72 expression observed in HRE carriers relates to atrophy and clinical impairment remain unknown. We used the FreeSurfer pipeline and its extensions to assess the effects of C9orf72 HRE and clinical diagnosis (n = 78) on atrophy of thalamic nuclei. We also generated a novel, whole-blood RNA-seq dataset to determine the relationships between peripheral C9orf72 expression, TE activation, thalamic atrophy, and clinical severity (n = 114). We confirmed global thalamic atrophy and reduced C9orf72 expression in HRE carriers. Moreover, we identified disproportionate atrophy of the right mediodorsal lateral nucleus in HRE carriers and showed that C9orf72 expression associated with clinical severity, independent of thalamic atrophy. Strikingly, we found global peripheral activation of TEs, including the human endogenous LINE-1 element, L1HS. L1HS levels were associated with atrophy of multiple pulvinar nuclei, a thalamic region implicated in C9-FTD. Integration of peripheral transcriptomic and neuroimaging data from HRE carriers revealed atrophy of specific thalamic nuclei; demonstrated that C9orf72 levels relate to clinical severity; and identified marked de-repression of TEs, including L1HS, which predicted atrophy of FTD-relevant thalamic nuclei.

Significance StatementPathogenic repeat expansion in C9orf72 is the most frequent genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (C9-FTD/ALS). The clinical, neuroimaging, and pathological features of C9-FTD/ALS are well-characterized, whereas the intersections of transcriptomic dysregulation and brain structure remain largely unexplored. Herein, we utilized a novel radiogenomic approach to examine the relationship between peripheral blood transcriptomics and thalamic atrophy, a neuroimaging feature disproportionately impacted in C9-FTD/ALS. We confirmed reduction of C9orf72 in blood and found broad dysregulation of transposable elements--genetic elements typically repressed in the human genome--in symptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers, which associated with atrophy of thalamic nuclei relevant to FTD. C9orf72 expression was also associated with clinical severity, suggesting that peripheral C9orf72 levels capture disease-relevant information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonham, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geier, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karydas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichida, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordingley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiogenomics of C9orf72 expansion carriers reveals global transposable element de-repression and enables prediction of thalamic atrophy and clinical impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breathing and Tilting: Mesoscale simulations illuminate influenza glycoprotein vulnerabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza virus has resurfaced recently from inactivity during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, raising serious concerns about the nature and magnitude of future epidemics. The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented. Here, we investigate the dynamics of influenza glycoproteins in a crowded protein environment through mesoscale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of two evolutionary-linked glycosylated influenza A whole-virion models. Our simulations reveal and kinetically characterize three main molecular motions of influenza glycoproteins: NA head tilting, HA ectodomain tilting, and HA head breathing. The flexibility of HA and NA highlights antigenically relevant conformational states, as well as facilitates the characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody, derived from human convalescent plasma, that binds to the underside of the NA head. Our work provides previously unappreciated views on the dynamics of HA and NA, advancing the understanding of their interplay and suggesting possible strategies for the design of future vaccines and antivirals against influenza.

One-Sentence SummaryIn situ dynamics of influenza glycoproteins expose antigenically relevant states and a new site of vulnerability in neuraminidase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederhofer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanekiyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breathing and Tilting: Mesoscale simulations illuminate influenza glycoprotein vulnerabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hologenome of Osedax frankpressi reveals the genetic interplay for the symbiotic digestion of vertebrate bone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marine annelid Osedax has evolved a unique heterotrophic symbiosis that allows it to feed exclusively on sunken bones. Yet, the genetic and physiological principles sustaining this symbiosis are poorly understood. Here we show that Osedax frankpressi has a small, AT-rich genome shaped by extensive gene loss. While the Oceanospirillales endosymbiont of Osedax is enriched in genes for carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, O. frankpressi has undergone genetic changes to accommodate bone digestion, including the expansion of matrix metalloproteases, and a loss of pathways to synthesize amino acids that are abundant in collagen. Unlike other symbioses, however, innate immunity genes required to acquire and control the endosymbionts are reduced in O. frankpressi. These findings reveal Osedax has evolved an alternative genomic toolkit to bacterial symbiosis where host-symbiont co-dependence has favoured genome simplicity in the host to exploit the nutritionally unbalanced diet of bones.

TeaserGenome reduction and adaptations for collagen digestion underpin the symbiosis of Osedax worms to exploit decaying bones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moggioli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panossian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Zamora, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifford, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goffredi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimskaya-Korsakova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jekelly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresguerres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Duran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hologenome of Osedax frankpressi reveals the genetic interplay for the symbiotic digestion of vertebrate bone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting regional somatic mutation rates using DNA motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the locus-specificity of epigenetic modifications is regulated remains an unanswered question. A contributing mechanism is that epigenetic enzymes are recruited to specific loci by DNA binding factors recognizing particular sequence motifs (referred to as epi-motifs). Using these motifs to predict biological outputs depending on local epigenetic state such as somatic mutation rates would confirm their functionality. Here, we used DNA motifs including known TF motifs and epi-motifs as a surrogate of epigenetic signals to predict somatic mutation rates in 13 cancers at an average 23kbp resolution. We implemented an interpretable neural network model, called contextual regression, to successfully learn the universal relationship between mutations and DNA motifs, and uncovered motifs that are most impactful on the regional mutation rates such as TP53 and epi-motifs associated with H3K9me3. Furthermore, we identified genomic regions with significantly higher mutation rates than the expected values in each individual tumor and demonstrated that such cancer-specific regions can accurately predict cancer types. (The code is available from https://github.com/Wang-lab-UCSD/SomaticMutation)

Significance StatementThe relationship between DNA motifs and somatic mutation rates in cancers is not fully understood, especially at high resolution. Here we developed an interpretable neural network model to successfully predict somatic mutation rates using DNA motifs in 13 diverse cancers and identified the most informative motifs. Furthermore, we showed that the genomic regions with significant higher mutation rates than the predicted values can be used for cancer classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting regional somatic mutation rates using DNA motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting boolean asymmetric relationships with a loop counting technique and its implications for analyzing heterogeneity within gene expression datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many traditional methods for analyzing gene-gene relationships focus on positive and negative correlations, both of which are a kind of  symmetric relationship. Biclustering is one such technique that typically searches for subsets of genes exhibiting correlated expression among a subset of samples. However, genes can also exhibit  asymmetric relationships, such as  if-then relationships used in boolean circuits. In this paper we develop a very general method that can be used to detect biclusters within gene-expression data that involve subsets of genes which are enriched for these  boolean-asymmetric relationships (BARs). These BAR-biclusters can correspond to heterogeneity that is driven by asymmetric gene-gene interactions, e.g., reflecting regulatory effects of one gene on another, rather than more standard symmetric interactions. Unlike typical approaches that search for BARs across the entire population, BAR-biclusters can detect asymmetric interactions that only occur among a subset of samples. We apply our method to a single-cell RNA-sequencing data-set, demonstrating that the statistically-significant BAR-biclusters indeed contain additional information not present within the more traditional  boolean-symmetric-biclusters. For example, the BAR-biclusters involve different subsets of cells, and highlight different gene-pathways within the data-set. Moreover, by combining the boolean-asymmetric- and boolean-symmetric-signals, one can build linear classifiers which outperform those built using only traditional boolean-symmetric signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labra, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting boolean asymmetric relationships with a loop counting technique and its implications for analyzing heterogeneity within gene expression datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of independently modulated genes in Streptococcus pyogenes reveals carbon sources that control its expression of hemolytic toxins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause a wide variety of acute infections throughout the body of its human host. The underlying transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) is responsible for altering the physiological state of the bacterium to adapt to each host environment. Consequently, an in-depth understanding the comprehensive dynamics of its TRN could inform new therapeutic strategies. Here, we compiled 116 existing high-quality RNA-seq data sets of S. pyogenes serotype M1, and estimated the TRN structure in a top-down fashion by performing independent component analysis (ICA). The algorithm computed 42 independently modulated sets of genes (iModulons). Four iModulons contained nga-ifs-slo virulence-related operon, which allowed us to identify carbon sources that control its expression. In particular, dextrin utilization upregulated nga-ifs-slo operon by activation of two-component regulatory system CovRS-related iModulons, and changed bacterial hemolytic activity compared to glucose or maltose utilization. Finally, we show that the iModulon-based TRN structure can be used to simplify interpretation of noisy bacterial transcriptome at the infection site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirose, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergsten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawabata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of independently modulated genes in Streptococcus pyogenes reveals carbon sources that control its expression of hemolytic toxins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.502205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Highly Selective Epoxyketone-based Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors with Negligible Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.502205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we present remarkable epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors with low nanomolar in vitro potency for blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and low cytotoxicity for human cells. Our best compound has more than 2,600-fold greater selectivity for erythrocytic-stage P. falciparum over HepG2 cells, which is largely driven by the accommodation of the parasite proteasome for a O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-amino acid in the P3 position and the preference for a difluorobenzyl group in the P1 position. These compounds also significantly reduce parasitemia in a P. berghei mouse infection model and prolong survival of animals by an average of 6 days. The current epoxyketone inhibitors are ideal starting compounds for orally bioavailable anti-malarial drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almaliti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glukhov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhandynata, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momper, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.502205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Highly Selective Epoxyketone-based Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors with Negligible Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Population Stratification on the Analysis of Multimodal Neuroimaging Derived Measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the human brain are now attaining larger sample sizes with more diverse samples. However, population stratification, a key factor driving heterogeneity and confounding of associations, is seldom accounted for in neuroimaging analyses. To investigate this issue, we assessed the impact of population stratification on multimodal imaging measures using baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudySM (n = 10,748). Given this sociodemographically diverse sample, which broadly reflects the population composition of the United States, we performed a thorough evaluation of the impact of population stratification on derived neuroimaging metrics across five different imaging modalities: task functional MRI (task fMRI), resting state functional MRI (rsMRI), diffusion tensor images (DTI), restricted spectrum images (RSI), and structural T1 MRI (sMRI). We used parental income level as an example to highlight the impact of population stratification in confounding brain-wide associations. We show that derived metrics from structural images have up to three times more signal related to population stratification than do functional images. Controlling for population stratification in statistical models leads to a substantial reduction in the association strength between variables of interests and imaging measures, indicating the scale of potential bias. Moreover, because of unequal access to resources (such as income) across ancestral groups in United States, population stratification effects on imaging features may bias associations between parental income levels and imaging features, as we demonstrate. Our results provide a guide for researchers to critically examine the impact of population stratification and to assist in avoiding spurious brain-behavior associations.

HighlightsO_LIHere, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the confounding impact of population stratification in large-scale imaging studies.
C_LIO_LIMorphological features from structural imaging appear to be more susceptible to the confounding effects of population stratification than do functional imaging features.
C_LIO_LIThe population stratification tends to inflates the association strengths between the variable of interest and imaging features.
C_LIO_LIWhen the variable of interest is highly colinear with the population stratification, such as income levels, brain associations cannot be differentiated and may be misattributed as mediating effects.
C_LIO_LIIt is critical to account for population stratification in imaging analyses.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Population Stratification on the Analysis of Multimodal Neuroimaging Derived Measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex populations are differentially recruited to support actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to use information from ones prior actions is necessary for decision-making. While Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been hypothesized as key for inferences made using cue and value-related information, whether OFC populations contribute to the use of information from volitional actions to guide behavior is not clear. Here, we used a self-paced lever-press hold down task in which mice infer prior lever press durations to guide subsequent action performance. We show that activity of genetically identified lateral OFC subpopulations differentially instantiate current and prior action information during ongoing action execution. Transient state-dependent lOFC circuit disruptions of specified subpopulations reduced the encoding of ongoing press durations but did not disrupt the use of prior action information to guide future action performance. In contrast, a chronic functional loss of lOFC circuit activity resulted in increased reliance on recently executed lever press durations and impaired contingency reversal, suggesting the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms that resulted in repetitive action control. Our results identify a novel role for lOFC in the integration of action information to guide adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orbitofrontal cortex populations are differentially recruited to support actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic and environmental etiology of blood-based biomarkers related to the risks of Alzheimer's Disease in a population-based sample of early old age men 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amyloid-tau-neurodegeneration (ATN) framework has led to an increased focus on Alzheimers disease (AD) biomarkers. The cost and invasiveness of obtaining biomarkers via cerebrospinal fluid has motivated efforts to develop sensitive blood-based biomarkers. Although AD is highly heritable, the biometric genetic and environmental etiology of blood-based biomarkers has never been explored. We therefore, analyzed plasma beta-amyloid (A{beta}40, A{beta}42, A{beta}42/40), total tautau (t-tautau), and neurofilament light (NFL) biomarkers in a sample of 1,050 men aged 60 to 73 years (m=68.2, SD=2.5) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). Unlike A{beta} and tautau, NFL does not define AD; however, as a biomarker of neurodegeneration it serves as the N component in the ATN framework. Univariate estimates suggest that familial aggregation in A{beta}42, A{beta}42/40, t-tau, and NFL is entirely explained by additive genetic influences accounting for 40%-58% of the total variance. All remaining variance is associated with unshared or unique environmental influences. For A{beta}40, a additive genetic (31%), shared environmental (44%), and unshared environmental (25%) influences contribute to the total variance. In the more powerful multivariate analysis of A{beta}42, A{beta}40, t-tau, and NFL, heritability estimates range from 32% to 58%. A{beta}40 and A{beta}42 are statistically genetically identical (rg = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.92,1.00) and are also moderately environmentally correlated (re = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.59, 0.73). All other genetic and environmental associations were non-significant or small. Our results suggest that plasma biomarkers are heritable and that A{beta}40 and A{beta}42 share the same genetic influences, whereas the genetic influences on plasma t-tau and NFL are mostly unique and uncorrelated with plasma A{beta} in early old-age men.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eglit, G. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic and environmental etiology of blood-based biomarkers related to the risks of Alzheimer's Disease in a population-based sample of early old age men]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, Efficient Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (FEMINisT) for the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study: the FEMINisT ABCD Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aims to measure the trajectories of brain, cognitive, and emotional development. Cognitive and behavioural development during late childhood and adolescence have been associated with a myriad of microstructural and morphological alterations across the brain, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These associations may be strongly localised or spatially diffuse, therefore, it would be advantageous to analyse multimodal MRI data in concert, and across the whole brain. The ABCD study presents the unique challenge of integrating multimodal data from tens of thousands of scans at multiple timepoints, within a reasonable computation time. To address the need for a multimodal registration and atlas for the ABCD dataset, we present the synthesis of an ABCD atlas using the Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (MINT). The MINT ABCD atlas was generated from baseline and two-year follow up imaging data using an iterative approach to synthesise a cohort-specific atlas from linear and nonlinear deformations of eleven channels of diffusion and structural MRI data. We evaluated the performance of MINT against two widely used methods and show that MINT achieves comparable alignment to current state-of-the-art multimodal registration, at a fraction of the computation time. To validate the use of the ABCD MINT atlas in whole brain, voxelwise analysis, we replicate and expand on previously published region-of-interest analysis between diffusion MRI-derived measures and body mass index (BMI). We also report novel association between BMI and brain morphology derived from the registration deformations. We present the ABCD MINT atlas as a publicly available resource to facilitate whole brain voxelwise analyses for the ABCD study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, Efficient Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (FEMINisT) for the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study: the FEMINisT ABCD Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lone spike in blood glucose can enhance the thrombo-inflammatory response in cortical venules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How transient hyperglycemia contributes to cerebro-vascular disease has been a challenge to study under controlled conditions. We present an approach to model luminal vessel thrombo-inflammation using amplified, ultrashort laser-pulses to physically disrupt brain-venule endothelium. Vessel disruption in conjunction with transient hyperglycemia from a single injection of metabolically active D-glucose results in real-time responses to venule damage that include rapid serum extravasation, platelet aggregation, and neutrophil recruitment, in normal mice. In contrast, vessel thrombo-inflammation following laser-induced vessel disruption is significantly reduced in mice injected with metabolically inert L-glucose. Thrombo-inflammation is pharmacologically ameliorated by a platelet inhibitor, by a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, or by a nitric oxide donor. For comparison, in diabetic mice injured vessel thrombo-inflammatory responses are also reduced by restoration of normo-glycemia. Our approach provides a controlled method to probe synergies of transient metabolic and physical vascular perturbations and reveals new aspects of brain pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaked, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broggini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mächler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleninfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lone spike in blood glucose can enhance the thrombo-inflammatory response in cortical venules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-administration therapeutic interfering particle reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding and pathogenesis in hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is a primary driver of the COVID-19 pandemic. While existing interventions prevent severe disease, they exhibit mixed efficacy in preventing transmission, presumably due to their limited antiviral effects in the respiratory mucosa, whereas interventions targeting the sites of viral replication might more effectively limit respiratory virus transmission. Recently, intranasally administered RNA-based therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs) were reported to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication, exhibit a high barrier to resistance, and prevent serious disease in hamsters. Since TIPs intrinsically target the tissues with the highest viral replication burden (i.e., respiratory tissues for SARS-CoV-2), we tested the potential of TIP intervention to reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Here, we report that a single, post-exposure TIP dose lowers SARS-CoV-2 nasal shedding and at 5 days post-infection infectious virus shed is below detection limits in 4 out of 5 infected animals. Furthermore, TIPs reduce shedding of Delta variant or WA-1 from infected to uninfected hamsters. Co-housed  contact animals exposed to infected, TIP-treated, animals exhibited significantly lower viral loads, reduced inflammatory cytokines, no severe lung pathology, and shortened shedding duration compared to animals co-housed with untreated infected animals. TIPs may represent an effective countermeasure to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

SignificanceCOVID-19 vaccines are exceptionally effective in preventing severe disease and death, but they have mixed efficacy in preventing virus transmission, consistent with established literature that parenteral vaccines for other viruses fail to prevent mucosal virus shedding or transmission. Likewise, small-molecule antivirals, while effective in reducing viral-disease pathogenesis, also appear to have inconsistent efficacy in preventing respiratory virus transmission including for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, we reported the discovery of a single-administration antiviral Therapeutic Interfering Particle (TIP) against SARS-CoV-2 that prevents severe disease in hamsters and exhibits a high genetic barrier to the evolution of resistance. Here, we report that TIP intervention also reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission between hamsters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-administration therapeutic interfering particle reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding and pathogenesis in hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.500715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A thermodynamically-consistent model for ATP production in mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.500715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWLife is based on energy conversion. In particular, in the nervous system significant amounts of energy are needed to maintain synaptic transmission and homeostasis. To a large extent, neurons depend on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to meet their high energy demand (Pekkurnaz and Wang, 2022). For a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic demands in neuronal signaling, accurate models of ATP production in mitochondria are required. Here, we present a thermodynamically consistent model of ATP production in mitochondria based on previous work (Pietrobon and Caplan, 1985; Magnus and Keizer, 1997; Metelkin et al., 2006; Garcia et al., 2019). The significant improvement of the model is that the reaction rate constants are set such that detailed balance is satisfied. Moreover, using thermodynamic considerations, the dependence of the reaction rate constants on membrane potential, pH, and substrate concentrations are explicitly provided. These constraints assure the model is physically plausible. Furthermore, we explore different parameter regimes to understand in which conditions ATP production or its export are the limiting steps in making ATP available in the cytosol. The outcomes reveal that, under the conditions used in our simulations, ATP production is the limiting step and not its export. Finally, we performed spatial simulations with nine 3D realistic mitochondrial reconstructions and linked the ATP production rate in the cytosol with morphological features of the organelles.

1. SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWIn this work, Garcia et al present a thermodynamically consistent model for ATP production in mitochondria, in which reaction rate constants are set such that detailed balance is satisfied. Simulations revealed that ATP production, but not its export, is the limiting step, and simulations with 3D mitochondrial reconstructions linked the ATP production rate in the cytosol with the morphological features of the organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.500715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A thermodynamically-consistent model for ATP production in mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of AMPK and mTOR crosstalk in glutamatergic synapse calcium signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal energy consumption is vital for information processing and memory formation in synapses. The brain consists of just 2% of the human bodys mass, but consumes almost 20% of the bodys energy budget. Most of this energy is attributed to active transport in ion signaling, with calcium being the canonical second messenger of synaptic transmission. Here, we develop a computational model of synaptic signaling resulting in the activation of two protein kinases critical in metabolic regulation and cell fate, AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and investigate the effect of glutamate stimulus frequency on their dynamics. Our model predicts that frequencies of glutamate stimulus over 10 Hz perturb AMPK and mTOR oscillations at higher magnitudes by up to 70% and area under curve (AUC) by 10%. This dynamic difference in AMPK and mTOR activation trajectories potentially differentiates high frequency stimulus bursts from basal neuronal signaling leading to a downstream change in synaptic plasticity. Further, we also investigate the crosstalk between insulin receptor and calcium signaling on AMPK and mTOR activation and predict that the pathways demonstrate multistability dependent on strength of insulin signaling and metabolic consumption rate. Our predictions have implications for improving our understanding of neuronal metabolism, synaptic pruning, and synaptic plasticity.

Key PointsO_LINeurons consume disproportionate amounts of cellular energy relative to their mass, indicating the importance of energy regulation in information processing in the brain.
C_LIO_LIAMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) is thought to be the biochemical link between energy consumption in neuronal information processing and synaptic plasticity.
C_LIO_LIComputational model investigating the crosstalk between high-frequency glutamatergic calcium signaling and AMPK activation in neurons predicts multistability in AMPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation.
C_LIO_LIOur models predict a frequency-dependent response in AMPK and mTOR activation that also scales according to insulin signaling and energy consumption. The oscillatory behavior depends on both intracellular and extracellular factors, such as energy consumption and insulin signaling.
C_LIO_LIThis work elucidates the role of insulin and insulin resistance in regulating neuronal activity, through computational modeling the metabolic response of energy stress resulting from calcium signaling.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of AMPK and mTOR crosstalk in glutamatergic synapse calcium signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural network facilitated ab initio derivation of linear formula: A case study on formulating the relationship between DNA motifs and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing models with high interpretability and even deriving formulas to quantify relationships between biological data is an emerging need. We propose here a framework for ab initio derivation of sequence motifs and linear formula using a new approach based on the interpretable neural network model called contextual regression model. We showed that this linear model could predict gene expression levels using promoter sequences with a performance comparable to deep neural network models. We uncovered a list of 300 motifs with important regulatory roles on gene expression and showed that they also had significant contributions to cell-type specific gene expression in 154 diverse cell types. This work illustrates the possibility of deriving formulas to represent biology laws that may not be easily elucidated. (https://github.com/Wang-lab-UCSD/Motif_Finding_Contextual_Regression)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural network facilitated ab initio derivation of linear formula: A case study on formulating the relationship between DNA motifs and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remarkable Sex-Specific Differences at Single-Cell Resolution in Neonatal Hyperoxic Lung Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to supraphysiological concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) predisposes to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is characterized by abnormal alveolarization and pulmonary vascular development, in preterm neonates. Neonatal hyperoxia exposure is used to recapitulate the phenotype of human BPD in murine models. Male sex is considered an independent predictor for the development of BPD, but the main mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes are unknown. Our objective was to investigate sex-specific and cell-type specific transcriptional changes that drive injury in the neonatal lung exposed to hyperoxia at single-cell resolution and delineate the changes in cell-cell communication networks in the developing lung. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to generate transcriptional profiles of >35000 cells isolated from the lungs of neonatal male and female C57BL/6 mice exposed to 95% FiO2 between PND1-5 (saccular stage of lung development) or normoxia and euthanized at PND7 (alveolar stage of lung development). ScRNAseq identified 22 cell clusters with distinct populations of endothelial, epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells. Our data identified that the distal lung vascular endothelium (composed of aerocytes and general capillary endothelial cells) is exquisitely sensitive to hyperoxia exposure with the emergence of an intermediate capillary endothelial population with both aCaP and gCaP markers. We also identified a myeloid derived suppressor cell population from the lung neutrophils. Sexual dimorphism was evident in all lung cell subpopulations but was striking among the lung immune cells. Finally, we identified that the specific intercellular communication networks and the ligand-receptor pairs that are impacted by neonatal hyperoxia exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantu Gutierrez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remarkable Sex-Specific Differences at Single-Cell Resolution in Neonatal Hyperoxic Lung Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of a mutator parasite to drive resistome discovery in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro evolution of drug resistance is a powerful approach for identifying antimalarial targets, however key obstacles to eliciting resistance are the parasite inoculum size and mutation rate. Here we sought to increase parasite genetic diversity to potentiate resistance selections by editing catalytic residues of Plasmodium falciparum DNA polymerase {delta}. Mutation accumulation assays revealed a [~]5-8 fold elevation in the mutation rate, with an increase of 13-28 fold in drug-pressured lines. When challenged with KAE609, high-level resistance was obtained more rapidly and at lower inoculum than wild-type parasites. Selections were also successful with an "irresistible" compound, MMV665794 that failed to yield resistance with other strains. Mutations in a previously uncharacterized gene, PF3D7_1359900, which we term quinoxaline resistance protein (QRP1), were validated as causal for resistance to MMV665794 and an analog, MMV007224. The increased genetic repertoire available to this "mutator" parasite can be leveraged to drive P. falciparum resistome discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumpornsin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochakarn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshizaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlemann, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubel, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Lorenzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chookajorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of a mutator parasite to drive resistome discovery in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA-218 instructs proper assembly of hippocampal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of the mammalian brain is orchestrated by temporally coordinated waves of gene expression. A key aspect of this developmental program is mediated at the post-transcriptional level by microRNAs (miRNAs). Deletion of neuronal enriched miRNAs induces strong developmental phenotypes, and multiple reports have found altered levels of miRNAs in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms used by miRNAs to instruct proper brain development remain largely unexplored.

Here, through multiple screens, we identified miR-218 as a critical regulator of hippocampal assembly in mice. MiR-218 is highly expressed in the hippocampus and enriched in both excitatory principal neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Transient inhibition of miR-218 in early life results in an adult brain with heightened network activity and a predisposition to seizures. We used RNA-seq and FACS-seq (fluorescence-activated cell sorting followed by RNA-seq) to identify global and cell type-specific changes in gene expression in the absence of miR-218 and narrow down which altered developmental processes would lead to long-term network instability. We find that miR-218 inhibition results in the disruption of early depolarizing GABAergic signaling, structural defects in dendritic spines, and altered intrinsic membrane excitability. Finally, conditional knockout of miR-218 in interneurons, but not pyramidal neurons is sufficient to recapitulate the effects on long-term stability. Taken together, the data suggest that miR-218 orchestrates hippocampal network assembly to produce a stable network in the adult, primarily by regulating interneuron function in early postnatal life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolboot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaci, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sanctis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenchi, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA-218 instructs proper assembly of hippocampal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable Prediction of mRNA Abundance from Promoter Sequence using Contextual Regression Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While machine learning models have been successfully applied to predicting gene expression from promoter sequences, it remains a great challenge to derive intuitive interpretation of the model and reveal DNA motif grammar such as motif cooperation and distance constraint between motif sites. Previous interpretation approaches are often time-consuming or hard to learn the combinatory rules. In this work, we designed interpretable neural network models to predict the mRNA expression levels from DNA sequences. By applying the Contextual Regression framework we developed, we extracted weighted features to cluster samples into different groups, which have different gene expression levels. We performed motif analysis in each cluster and found motifs with active or repressive regulation on gene expression as well as motif combination grammars including several motif communities and distance constraints between cooperative motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable Prediction of mRNA Abundance from Promoter Sequence using Contextual Regression Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.503941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pharmacoproteomic landscape of organotypic intervention responses in gram-negative sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.503941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis is the major cause of mortality across intensive care units globally, yet details of accompanying pathological molecular events remains unclear. This knowledge gap has resulted in ineffective development of sepsis-specific biomarkers and therapies, and suboptimal treatment regimens to prevent or reverse organ damage. Here, we used pharmacoproteomics to score treatment effects in a murine Escherichia coli sepsis model based on changes in the organ, cell, and plasma proteome landscapes. A combination of pathophysiological read-outs and time-resolved proteome maps of organs and blood enabled us to define time-dependent and organotypic proteotypes of dysfunction and damage upon administration of several combinations of the broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic meropenem (Mem) and/or the immunomodulatory glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (Gcc). Three distinct response patterns were identified, defined as intervention-specific reversions, non-reversions, and specific intervention-induced effects, which depended on the underlying proteotype and varied significantly across organs. In the later stages of the disease, Gcc enhanced some positive treatment effects of Mem with superior reduction of the inflammatory response in the kidneys and partial restoration of sepsis-induced metabolic dysfunction. Unexpectedly, Mem introduced sepsis-independent perturbations in the mitochondrial proteome that were to some degree counteracted by Gcc. In summary, this study provides a pharmacoproteomic resource describing the time-resolved septic organ failure landscape across organs and blood, coupled to a novel scoring strategy that captures unintended secondary drug effects as an important criterion to consider when assessing therapeutic efficacy. Such information is critical for quantitative, objective, and organotypic assessment of benefits and unintended effects of candidate treatments in relationship to dosing, timing, and potential synergistic combinations in murine sepsis models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, C. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grentzmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.503941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pharmacoproteomic landscape of organotypic intervention responses in gram-negative sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polycomb response elements reduce leaky expression of Cas9 under temperature-inducible Hsp70Bb promoter in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat shock inducible expression of genes through the use of heat inducible promoters is commonly used in research despite leaky expression of downstream genes of interest without targeted induction (i.e. heat shock). The development of non-leaky inducible expression systems are of broad interest for both basic and applied studies, to precisely control gene expression. Here we characterize the use of Polycomb response elements and the inducible Heat shock protein 70Bb promoter, previously described as a non-leaky inducible system, to regulate Cas9 endonuclease levels and function in Drosophila melanogaster after varying both heat shock durations and rearing temperatures. We show that Polycomb response elements can significantly reduce expression of Cas9 under Heat shock protein 70Bb promoter control using a range of conditions, corroborating previously published results. We further demonstrate that this low transcript level of heat-induced Cas9 is sufficient to induce mutant mosaic phenotypes. Incomplete suppression of an inducible Cas9 system by Polycomb response elements with no heat shock suggests that further regulatory elements are required to precisely control Cas9 expression and abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warsinger-Pepe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desroberts, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polycomb response elements reduce leaky expression of Cas9 under temperature-inducible Hsp70Bb promoter in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.505886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear-enriched protein phosphatase 4 ensures outer kinetochore assemblyprior to nuclear dissolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.505886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A landmark event in the transition from interphase to mitosis in metazoans is nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD). Many events important for mitosis occur prior to NEBD, including condensation of replicated chromosomes and assembly of kinetochores to rapidly engage spindle microtubules. Here we show that nuclear-enriched protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) ensures robust assembly of the microtubule-coupling outer kinetochore prior to NEBD. In the absence of PP4, chromosomes exhibit extended monopolar orientation after NEBD and subsequently mis-segregate. A secondary consequence of diminished outer kinetochore assembly is defective sister chromatid resolution. After NEBD, a cytoplasmic activity compensates for PP4 loss, leading to outer kinetochore assembly and recovery of chromosomes from monopolar orientation to significant biorientation. The Ndc80-Ska microtubule-binding module of the outer kinetochore is required for this recovery. PP4 associates with the inner kinetochore protein CENP-C; however, disrupting the PP4-CENP-C interaction does not perturb chromosome segregation. These results establish that PP4-dependent outer kinetochore assembly prior to NEBD is critical for timely and proper engagement of chromosomes with spindle microtubules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier de Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gassmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.505886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear-enriched protein phosphatase 4 ensures outer kinetochore assemblyprior to nuclear dissolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of time spent on active learning on exam performance: A controlled case study on a course with different instructors but identical teaching materials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active learning, including student thinking and discussion in class, has been shown to increase student learning gains. However, it is less clear how variations in how instructors implement active learning affect student gains. Our study aims to investigate the extent to which the time spent on individual episodes of active learning activities influences student performance. We hypothesized that instructors who let students spend more time on peer discussion and individual thinking on practice problems associated with particular learning objectives will have better student exam scores on exam questions addressing those objectives. To test this hypothesis, we obtained a large data set of classroom recordings and student exam scores from an introductory biology course at a large four-year university, where three instructors shared identical teaching materials and exams for different course offerings.

Contrary to our hypothesis, although the three instructors spent significantly different amounts of time on episodes of thinking and peer discussion, there was no correlation between the total time spent on active learning activities and student performance on exam questions. Linear mixed-effects modeling of the effect of length of episodes of student thinking and discussion on exam score found that the amount of course time spent on active learning activities did not reliably predict student performance on associated exam questions. This result held true even when only considering learning objectives with high variations in performance between offerings, difficult exam questions, exam questions requiring higher-order thinking skills, or within-instructor performance. Although our study was only conducted in one course, our results imply that time spent per individual episode of student thinking or peer discussion may not be the primary factor explaining the positive effects of active learning and that it may be worthwhile to explore other factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloy, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of time spent on active learning on exam performance: A controlled case study on a course with different instructors but identical teaching materials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining antigen targets to dissect vaccinia virus (VACV) and Monkeypox virus (MPXV)-specific T cell responses in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current Monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak in non-endemic countries is raising concern about the pandemic potential of novel orthopoxviruses. Little is known regarding MPXV immunity in the context of MPXV infection or vaccination with Vaccinia-based vaccines (VACV). As with vaccinia, T cells are likely to provide an important contribution to overall immunity to MPXV. Here we leveraged the epitope information available in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) on VACV to predict potential MPXV targets recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. We found a high degree of conservation between VACV epitopes and MPXV, and defined T cell immunodominant targets. These analyses enabled the design of peptide pools able to experimentally detect VACV-specific T cell responses and MPXV cross-reactive T cells in a cohort of vaccinated individuals. Our findings will facilitate the monitoring of cellular immunity following MPXV infection and vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reina-Campos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filaci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining antigen targets to dissect vaccinia virus (VACV) and Monkeypox virus (MPXV)-specific T cell responses in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine addiction-like behaviors are associated with long-term changes in gene regulation, energy metabolism, and GABAergic inhibition within the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala processes positive and negative valence and contributes to the development of addiction, but the underlying cell type-specific gene regulatory programs are unknown. We generated an atlas of single nucleus gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the amygdala of outbred rats with low and high cocaine addiction-like behaviors following prolonged abstinence. Between rats with different addiction indexes, we identified thousands of cell type-specific differentially expressed genes enriched for energy metabolism-related pathways that are known to affect synaptic transmission and action potentials. Rats with high addiction-like behaviors showed enhanced GABAergic transmission in the amygdala, which, along with relapse-like behaviors, were reversed by inhibition of Glyoxalase 1, which metabolizes the GABAA receptor agonist methylglyoxal. Finally, we identified thousands of cell type-specific chromatin accessible sites and transcription factor (TF) motifs where accessibility was associated with addiction index, most notably at motifs for pioneer TFs in the Fox, Sox, helix-loop-helix, and AP1 families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicker, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.506493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine addiction-like behaviors are associated with long-term changes in gene regulation, energy metabolism, and GABAergic inhibition within the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small-molecule myosin inhibitor as a targeted multi-stage antimalarial 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is a devastating disease that resulted in an estimated 627,000 deaths in 2020. About 80% of those deaths were among children under the age of five. Our approach is to develop small molecule inhibitors against cytoskeletal targets that are vital components of parasite function, essential at multiple stages of parasite infection, can be targeted with high specificity, and are highly druggable. Here we describe KNX-115, which inhibits purified Plasmodium falciparum myosin A (PfMyoA) actin-activated ATPase with a potency in the 10s of nanomolar range and >50-fold selectivity against cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle myosins. KNX-115 inhibits the blood and liver stages of Plasmodium with an EC50 of about 100 nanomolar, with negligible liver cell toxicity. In addition, KNX-115 inhibits sporozoite cell traversal and blocks the gametocyte to oocyst conversion in the mosquito. KNX-115 displays a similar killing profile to pyrimethamine and parasites are totally killed after 96 hours of treatment. In line with its novel mechanism of action, KNX-115 is equally effective at inhibiting a panel of Plasmodium strains resistant to experimental and marketed antimalarials. In vitro evolution data likely suggests a refractory potential of KNX-115 in developing parasite resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karabina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wander, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouchida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruijgrok, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laleu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spudich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechering, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spudich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small-molecule myosin inhibitor as a targeted multi-stage antimalarial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Synaptic Convergence Motifs Define Functional Roles for Inputs to Cochlear Nucleus Bushy Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.10.507000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Globular bushy cells (GBCs) of the cochlear nucleus play central roles in the temporal processing of sound. Despite investigation over many decades, fundamental questions remain about their dendrite structure, afferent innervation, and integration of synaptic inputs. Here, we use volume electron microscopy (EM) to construct synaptic maps that precisely specify convergence ratios and synaptic weights for auditory- nerve innervation and accurate surface areas of all postsynaptic compartments. Detailed biophysically-based compartmental models can help develop hypotheses regarding how GBCs integrate inputs to yield their recorded responses to sound. We established a pipeline to export a precise reconstruction of auditory nerve axons and their endbulb terminals together with high-resolution dendrite, soma, and axon reconstructions into biophysically-detailed compartmental models that could be activated by a standard cochlear transduction model. With these constraints, the models predict auditory nerve input profiles whereby all endbulbs onto a GBC are subthreshold (coincidence detection mode), or one or two inputs are suprathreshold (mixed mode). The models also predict the relative importance of dendrite geometry, soma size, and axon initial segment length in setting action potential threshold and generating heterogeneity in sound-evoked responses, and thereby propose mechanisms by which GBCs may homeostatically adjust their excitability. Volume EM also reveals new dendritic structures and dendrites that lack innervation. This framework defines a pathway from subcellular morphology to synaptic connectivity, and facilitates investigation into the roles of specific cellular features in sound encoding. We also clarify the need for new experimental measurements to provide missing cellular parameters, and predict responses to sound for further in vivo studies, thereby serving as a template for investigation of other neuron classes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spirou, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzaq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Pinto, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manis, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.10.507000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Synaptic Convergence Motifs Define Functional Roles for Inputs to Cochlear Nucleus Bushy Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of Gαi shapes canonical Gα(i)βγ/GPCR signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A long-standing question in the field of signal transduction is to understand the interplay between distinct signaling pathways that control cell behavior. For growth factors and heterotrimeric G proteins, the two major signaling hubs in eukaryotes, the mechanisms of independent signal transduction have been extensively characterized; however, if/how they may cross talk remains obscure. Here we use linear-ion-trap mass spectrometry in combination with cell-based biophysical, biochemical, and phenotypic assays to chart at least three distinct ways in which growth factors may impact canonical G(i){beta}{gamma} signaling downstream of a GPCR (CXCR4) via phosphorylation of Gi. Phosphomimicking mutations in a cluster of residues in the E helix (Y154/Y155) result in the suppression of agonist-induced G(i) activation while promoting constitutive G{beta}{gamma} signaling; others in the P-loop (Ser44, Ser47, Thr48) suppress Gi activation entirely thus completely segregating the growth factor and GPCR pathways. While most phosphoevents appear to impact, as expected, the core properties of G(i) (conformational stability, nucleotide binding, G{beta}{gamma} association and release, etc.), one phosphomimicking mutation promoted mislocalization of Gi from the plasma membrane: a novel and unexpected mechanism of GPCR signal suppression. A phosphomutation of C-terminal Y320 was sufficient to orchestrate such suppression by protein compartmentalization. Findings not only elucidate how growth factor and chemokine signals crosstalk through phosphomodulation of Gi, but also how such crosstalk may generate signal diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silas, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of Gαi shapes canonical Gα(i)βγ/GPCR signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TandemAligner: a new parameter-free framework for fast sequence alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advances in "complete genomics" revealed the previously inaccessible genomic regions (such as centromeres) and enabled analysis of their associations with diseases. However, analysis of variations in centromeres, immunoglobulin loci, and other extra-long tandem repeats (ETRs) faces an algorithmic bottleneck since there are currently no tools for accurate sequence comparison of ETRs. Counterintuitively, the classical alignment approaches, such as the Smith-Waterman algorithm, that work well for most sequences, fail to construct biologically adequate alignments of ETRs. This limitation was overlooked in previous studies since the ETR sequences across multiple genomes only became available in the last year. We present TandemAligner -- the first parameter-free sequence alignment algorithm that introduces a sequence-dependent alignment scoring that automatically changes for any pair of compared sequences. We apply TandemAligner to various human centromeres and primate immunoglobulin loci, arrive at the first accurate estimate of the mutation rates in human centromeres, and quantify the extremely high rate of large insertions/duplications in centromeres. This extremely high rate (that the standard alignment algorithms fail to uncover) suggests that centromeres represent the most rapidly evolving regions of the human genome with respect to their structural organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TandemAligner: a new parameter-free framework for fast sequence alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortico-cortical and hippocampo-cortical co-rippling are facilitated by thalamo-cortical spindles and upstates, but not by thalamic ripples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The co-occurrence of brief [~]90Hz oscillations (co-ripples) may be important for integrating information across the neocortex and hippocampus and, therefore, essential for sleep consolidation, and cognition in general. However, how such co-ripples are synchronized is unknown. We tested if cortico-cortical and hippocampal-cortical ripple co-occurrences are due to the simultaneous direct propagation of thalamic ripples, and/or if they are coordinated by lower frequency thalamic waves. Using human intracranial recordings, we found that ripples are generated in the anterior and posterior thalamus during local spindles on the down-to-upstate transition in non-rapid eye movement sleep, with similar characteristics as cortical and hippocampal ripples. However, thalamic ripples only infrequently co-occur or phase-lock, with cortical and hippocampal ripples. In contrast, thalamo-cortical spindles and upstates were strongly coordinated with cortico-cortical and hippocampo-cortical co-rippling. Thus, while thalamic ripples may not directly drive multiple cortical or hippocampal sites at ripple frequency, thalamo-cortical spindles and upstates may provide the input necessary for spatially distributed co-rippling to integrate information in the cortex.

Significance StatementWidespread networks of [~]90 Hz oscillations, called "ripples," have recently been identified in humans and may help to bind information in the cortex and hippocampus for memory. However, it is not known whether the thalamus generates ripples, and if so whether they, or other thalamic waves, coordinate networks of co-occurring cortical and hippocampal ripples. Here, we show that the human thalamus generates [~]90 Hz ripples during NREM sleep. While thalamic ripples do not appear to directly synchronize ripple co-occurrence in the cortex and hippocampus, our data provide evidence that propagating thalamo-cortical spindles and upstates organize these networks. Thus, the thalamus projects slower frequency waves that modulate higher frequency hippocampo-cortical oscillatory networks for memory in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickey, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzhbinsky, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajfez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortico-cortical and hippocampo-cortical co-rippling are facilitated by thalamo-cortical spindles and upstates, but not by thalamic ripples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species of bacteria from the genus Cupriavidus are known, in part, for their ability to produce high amounts of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) making them attractive candidate bioplastic producers. The native production of PHB occurs during periods of metabolic stress, and the process regulating the initiation of PHB accumulation in these organisms is not fully understood. Screening an RB-TnSeq transposon library of Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 allowed us to identify two genes of an apparent, uncharacterized two component system which, when omitted from the genome, are capable of increased PHB productivity in balanced, non-stress growth conditions. We observe average increases in PHB productivity of 56% and 41% relative to the wildtype parent strain, upon deleting each of two genes individually from the genome. The increased PHB phenotype disappears, however, in nitrogen-free unbalanced growth conditions suggesting the phenotype is specific to fast-growing, replete, non-stress growth. Bioproduction modeling suggests this phenotype could be due to a decreased reliance on metabolic stress induced by nitrogen limitation to initiate PHB production in the mutant strains. Such strains may allow for the use of single stage, continuous bioreactor systems, which are far simpler than PHB bioproduction schemes used previously. Bioproductivity modeling suggests that omitting this regulation in the cells may increase PHB productivity up to 24% relative to the wildtype organism when using single stage continuous systems. This work furthermore expands our understanding of the regulation of PHB accumulation in Cupriavidus, in particular the initiation of this process upon transition into unbalanced growth regimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sander, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpless, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerker, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating Genes for a Two Component System Increases PHB Productivity in Cupriavidus basilensis 4G11 Under PHB Suppressing, Non-Stress Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hosts have evolved diverse strategies to respond to microbial infections, including the detection of pathogen-encoded proteases by inflammasome-forming sensors such as NLRP1 and CARD8. Here, we find that the 3CL protease (3CLpro) encoded by diverse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cleaves a rapidly evolving region of human CARD8 and activates a robust inflammasome response. CARD8 is required for cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further find that natural variation alters CARD8 sensing of 3CLpro, including 3CLpro-mediated antagonism rather than activation of megabat CARD8. Likewise, we find that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in humans reduces CARD8s ability to sense coronavirus 3CLpros, and instead enables sensing of 3C proteases (3Cpro) from select picornaviruses. Our findings demonstrate that CARD8 is a broad sensor of viral protease activities and suggests that CARD8 diversity contributes to inter- and intra-species variation in inflammasome-mediated viral sensing and immunopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsu, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierschmitt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle contraction is performed by arrays of contractile proteins in the sarcomere. Serious heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, can often be results of mutations in myosin and actin. Direct characterization of how small changes in the myosin-actin complex impact its force production remains challenging. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, although capable of studying protein structurefunction relationships, are limited owing to the slow timescale of the myosin cycle as well as a lack of various intermediate structures for the actomyosin complex. Here, employing comparative modeling and enhanced sampling MD simulations, we show how the human cardiac myosin generates force during the mechanochemical cycle. Initial conformational ensembles for different myosin-actin states are learned from multiple structural templates with Rosetta. This enables us to efficiently sample the energy landscape of the system using Gaussian accelerated MD. Key myosin loop residues, whose substitutions are related to cardiomyopathy, are identified to form stable or metastable interactions with the actin surface. We find that the actin-binding cleft closure is allosterically coupled to the myosin core transitions and ATP-hydrolysis product release from the active site. Furthermore, a gate between switch I and switch II is suggested to control phosphate release at the pre-powerstroke state. Our approach demonstrates the ability to link sequence and structural information to motor functions.

Significance StatementInteractions between myosin and actin are essential in producing various cellular forces. Targeting cardiac myosin, several small molecules have been developed to treat cardiomyopathy. A clear mechanistic picture for the allosteric control in the actomyosin complex can potentially facilitate drug design by uncovering functionally important intermediate states. Here, integrating Rosetta comparative modeling and accelerated molecular dynamics, we reveal how ATP-hydrolysis product release correlates with powerstroke and myosin tight binding to actin. The predicted metastable states and corresponding energetics complement available experimental data and provide insights into the timing of elementary mechanochemical events. Our method establishes a framework to characterize at an atomistic level how a molecular motor translocates along a filament.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating comparative modeling and accelerated simulations reveals conformational and energetic basis of actomyosin force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic effects of genetic variation in Kupffer cells enables discrimination of cell intrinsic and environment-dependent mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncoding genetic variation is a major driver of phenotypic diversity but determining the underlying mechanisms and the cell types in which it acts remain challenging problems. Here, we investigate the impact of natural genetic variation provided by phenotypically diverse inbred strains of mice on gene expression and epigenetic landscapes of Kupffer cells. Analysis of gene expression in Kupffer cells and other liver cell types derived from C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ and A/J mice provided evidence for strain-specific differences in environmental factors influencing Kupffer cell phenotypes, including preferential Leptin signaling in BALB/cJ Kupffer cells. Systematic analysis of transcriptomic and epigenetic data from F1 hybrids of these mice, and transcriptomic data from strain-specific Kupffer cells engrafted into a common host enabled quantitative assessment of cis versus trans effects of genetic variation on gene expression and an estimate of cell autonomous versus non cell autonomous effects. Under homeostatic conditions, trans effects of genetic variation were dominant, with the majority of trans regulation being non cell autonomous. In contrast, strain specific responses to acutely administered LPS were primarily associated with genetic variation acting in cis to modify response elements for lineage determining and signal dependent transcription factors. Collectively, these findings reveal cell intrinsic and environmental effects of natural genetic variation on gene expression, demonstrate the use of enhancers as detectors of trans effects of genetic variation, and provide a new resource for understanding the impact of genetic variation on gene expression in Kupffer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troutman, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasillas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic effects of genetic variation in Kupffer cells enables discrimination of cell intrinsic and environment-dependent mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of the Phage Lambda Viral Packaging Motor's Grip and DNA End-clamp Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many dsDNA viruses utilize ATP-powered "terminase" motors to package their genomes into procapsid shells. Here we use a single-molecule DNA grip/slip assay with rapid solution exchange to probe effects of nucleotide binding/dissociation in phage lambda motors containing both the large (TerL) and small (TerS) terminase subunits. Both subunits are required for packaging in vivo, but for some viruses (e.g., phages T4, HK97) packaging can be measured in vitro with only the catalytic TerL subunit. TerS facilitates initiation of packaging in vivo, but it has remained unclear if it plays any role during translocation. Surprisingly we measure frequent DNA gripping and high motor-DNA friction even in the absence of nucleotide. Such behavior was not observed in phage T4 motors containing only TerL, for which motor-DNA interactions were measured to be much weaker and significant gripping and friction was only observed with nucleotide present. For the lambda TerL/TerS holoenzyme, binding of nucleotide (ATP analogs or ADP) further increases gripping and friction, indicating there are both nucleotide independent and dependent interactions. Our findings suggest that TerS plays an important role in motor processivity, and that ATP-independent DNA gripping explains pausing observed during lambda packaging. We propose TerS acts as a "sliding clamp" to limit back slipping when TerL loses grip. Additionally, we show that the lambda packaging complex has a "DNA end clamp" mechanism that prevents the viral genome from completely exiting the capsid once packaging has initiated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rawson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalano, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of the Phage Lambda Viral Packaging Motor's Grip and DNA End-clamp Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA recoding in cephalopods tailors microtubule motor protein function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA editing is a widespread epigenetic process that can alter the amino acid sequence of proteins, termed  recoding. In cephalopods, recoding occurs in most proteins and is hypothesized to be an adaptive strategy to generate phenotypic plasticity. However, how animals use RNA recoding dynamically is largely unexplored. Using microtubule motors as a model, we found that squid rapidly employ RNA recoding to enhance kinesin function in response to cold ocean temperature. We also identified tissue-specific recoded squid kinesin variants that displayed distinct motile properties. Finally, we showed that cephalopod recoding sites can guide the discovery of functional substitutions in non-cephalopod dynein and kinesin. Thus, RNA recoding is a dynamic mechanism that generates phenotypic plasticity in cephalopods and informs the functional characterization of conserved non-cephalopod proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangan, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA recoding in cephalopods tailors microtubule motor protein function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructure of synaptic connectivity within sub-regions of the SCN revealed by genetically encoded EM tag and SBEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus of the vertebrate brain is the central pacemaker regulating circadian rhythmicity throughout the body. The SCN receives photic information through melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGC) to synchronize the body with environmental light cycles. Determining how these inputs fit into the network of synaptic connections on and between SCN neurons is key to impelling our understanding of the regulation of the circadian clock by light and unraveling the relevant local circuits within the SCN. To map these connections, we used a newly-developed Cre-dependant electron microscopy reporter, APEX2, to label mitochondria of mRGC axons, and serial blockface scanning electron microscopy to resolve the fine structure of mRGC in 3D volumes of the SCN. The maps thus created provide a first draft of the patterns of connectomic organization of SCN in the core and the shell, composed of different neuronal subtypes, and here shown to differ with regard to the patterning of their mRGC input as the shell receives denser mRGCs synaptic inputs compared to the core. This challenges the presently held view that photic information coming directly from the retina is mainly integrated by the core region of the SCN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calligaro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructure of synaptic connectivity within sub-regions of the SCN revealed by genetically encoded EM tag and SBEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular basis of innate immune evasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important consideration for designing the next wave of therapeutics. Here, we investigate the role of the nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) of SARS-CoV-2 in infection and pathogenesis. NSP16, a ribonucleoside 2-O methyltransferase (MTase), catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to mRNA as part of the capping process. Based on observations with other CoVs, we hypothesized that NSP16 2-O MTase function protects SARS-CoV-2 from cap-sensing host restriction. Therefore, we engineered SARS-CoV-2 with a mutation that disrupts a conserved residue in the active site of NSP16. We subsequently show that this mutant is attenuated both in vitro and in vivo, using a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, we confirm that the NSP16 mutant is more sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-I) in vitro. Furthermore, silencing IFIT1 or IFIT3, IFN-stimulated genes that sense a lack of 2-O methylation, partially restores fitness to the NSP16 mutant. Finally, we demonstrate that sinefungin, a methyltransferase inhibitor that binds the catalytic site of NSP16, sensitizes wild-type SARS-CoV-2 to IFN-I treatment. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 in evading host innate immunity and suggest a possible target for future antiviral therapies.

ImportanceSimilar to other coronaviruses, disruption of SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 function attenuates viral replication in a type I interferon-dependent manner. In vivo, our results show reduced disease and viral replication at late times in the hamster lung, but an earlier titer deficit for the NSP16 mutant (dNSP16) in the upper airway. In addition, our results confirm a role for IFIT1, but also demonstrate the necessity of IFIT3 in mediating dNSP16 attenuation. Finally, we show that targeting NSP16 activity with a 2-O methyltransferase inhibitor in combination with type I interferon offers a novel avenue for antiviral development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schindewolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokugamage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalveram, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocquet-Valdes, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotcheff, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debbink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachery, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Uses Nonstructural Protein 16 to Evade Restriction by IFIT1 and IFIT3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.508454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A di-arginine additive for dissociation of gold nanoparticle aggregates: A matrix-insensitive approach with applications in protease detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.508454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the reversible aggregation of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) assemblies via a diarginine peptide additive and thiolated PEGs (HS-PEGs). The AuNPs were first aggregated by attractive forces between the citrate-capped surface and the arginine side chains. We found that HS-PEG thiol group has higher affinity for the AuNPs surface, thus leading to redispersion and colloidal stability. In turn, there was a robust and obvious color change due to on/off plasmonic coupling. The assemblies dissociation was directly related to the HS-PEG structural properties such as their size or charge. As an example, HS-PEGs with a molecular weight below 1 kDa could dissociate 100% of the assemblies and restore the exact optical properties of the initial AuNPs suspension (prior to the assembly). Surprisingly, the dissociation capacity of HS-PEGs was not affected by the composition of the operating medium and could be performed in complex matrices such as plasma, saliva, bile, urine, cell lysates or even sea water. The high affinity of thiols for the gold surface encompasses by far the one of endogenous molecules and is thus favorized. Moreover, starting with AuNPs already aggregated ensured the absence of background signal as the dissociation of the assemblies was far from spontaneous. Remarkably, it was possible to dry the AuNPs assemblies and to solubilize them back with HS-PEGs, improving the colorimetric signal generation. We used this system for protease sensing in biological fluid. Trypsin was chosen as model enzyme and highly positively charged peptides were conjugated to HS-PEG molecules as cleavage substrate. The increase of positive charge of the HS-PEG-peptide conjugate quenched the dissociation capacity of the HS-PEG molecules which could only be restored by the proteolytic cleavage. Picomolar limit of detection was obtained as well as the detection in saliva or urine.

TOC

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=111 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508454v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (44K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13a6f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@35b42dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c8249forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dc8236_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Retout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jokerst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.508454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A di-arginine additive for dissociation of gold nanoparticle aggregates: A matrix-insensitive approach with applications in protease detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Metabolic Imaging Uncovers Sex- and Diet-dependent Lipid Changes in Aging Drosophila Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.01.510416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with progressive declines in physiological integrity and functions alongside increases in vulnerability to develop a number of diseases. The brain regulates sensory and motor functions as well as endocrine functions, and age-associated changes in brain are likely prerequisite for the organismal aging. Lipid metabolism has been associated with brain aging, which could be easily intervened by diets and lifestyles. However, the underlying mechanism through which brain lipid metabolism is regulated by diet during aging is elusive. Using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging combined with deuterium water (D2O) labeling, we visualized that lipid metabolic activities were changed by diet manipulation in aging Drosophila brain. Furthermore, we illuminated that insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway mediates the transformation of brain lipid metabolic changes in both an aging- and a diet-dependent manner. The lipid droplets (LDs) in the brain gradually became inert in both activities of lipid synthesis and mobilization with aging. High sugar diets enhanced the metabolic activity through promoting lipogenesis while dietary restriction increased the metabolic activity in both lipogenesis and lipolysis in brain LDs. However, these effects were impaired in both chico1/+ and dfoxo Drosophila mutants. We also observed that old chico1/+ brains maintained high metabolic activities, whilst the aged dfoxo brains acted exactly the opposite. More interestingly, the sexual dimorphism in brain lipid metabolism was impaired under diet regulation in both chico1/+ and dfoxo mutants. Locally reduced IIS activity in glial cells can mimic the systemic changes in systematic IIS mutants to maintain lipogenesis and lipolysis in aged brains, providing mechanistic insight into the anti-aging effects of IIS pathway. Our results highlight the manipulation of glia-specific IIS activity as a promising strategy in anti-aging treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.01.510416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Metabolic Imaging Uncovers Sex- and Diet-dependent Lipid Changes in Aging Drosophila Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular tortuosity quantification as an outcome metric of the oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ischemic retinopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The murine oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model is one of the most widely used animal models of ischemic retinopathy, mimicking hallmark pathophysiology of initial vaso-obliteration (VO) resulting in ischemia that drives neovascularization (NV). In addition to NV and VO, human ischemic retinopathies including Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) are characterized by increased vascular tortuosity. Vascular tortuosity is an indicator of disease severity, need to treat, and treatment response in ROP. Current literature investigating novel therapeutics in the OIR model report their effects on NV and VO, but no standardized quantification of vascular tortuosity exists to date despite this metrics relevance to human disease in clinics. The current proof-of-concept study applied a computer-based image analysis algorithm capable of calculating standardized measurements of vascular tortuosity. Quantification of vascular tortuosity correlated with disease activity in OIR analogously to that observed in infants with ROP. Treatment of OIR mice with anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (aflibercept) rescued vascular tortuosity in the model. Altogether, these data demonstrated that vascular tortuosity is a quantifiable feature of the OIR model and may be used as an outcome measurement in future studies investigating new treatment modalities for retinal ischemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marra, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Holmes, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prenner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogmus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudleman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular tortuosity quantification as an outcome metric of the oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ischemic retinopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial Intelligence Guided Discovery of Gastric Cancer Continuum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDetailed understanding of pre, early and late neoplastic states in gastric cancer helps develop better models of risk of progression to Gastric Cancers (GCs) and medical treatment to intercept such progression.

MethodsWe built a Boolean Implication network of gastric cancer and deployed machine learning algorithms to develop predictive models of known pre-neoplastic states, e.g., atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and low-to high-grade intestinal neoplasia (L/HGIN), and GC. Our approach exploits the presence of asymmetric Boolean Implication relationships that are likely to be invariant across almost all gastric cancer datasets. Invariant asymmetric Boolean Implication relationships can decipher fundamental time series underlying the biological data. Pursuing this method, we developed a healthy mucosa [-&gt;]GC continuum model based on this approach.

ResultsOur model performed better against publicly available models for distinguishing healthy versus GC samples. Although not trained on IM and L/HGIN datasets, the model could identify the risk of progression to GC via the metaplasia [-&gt;]dysplasia [-&gt;]neoplasia cascade in patient samples. The model could rank all publicly available mouse models for their ability to best recapitulate the gene expression patterns during human GC initiation and progression.

ConclusionsA Boolean implication network enabled the identification of hitherto undefined continuum states during GC initiation. The developed model could now serve as a starting point for rationalizing candidate therapeutic targets to intercept GC progression.

MINI-ABSTRACTWe developed predictive models of early and late neoplastic states in gastric cancer and identified gene clusters that are up/down-regulated at various points along the gastric cancer disease continuum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence Guided Discovery of Gastric Cancer Continuum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectation-Maximization enables Phylogenetic Dating under a Categorical Rate Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dating phylogenetic trees to obtain branch lengths in time unit is essential for many downstream applications but has remained challenging. Dating requires inferring substitution rates that can change across the tree. While we can assume to have information about a small subset of nodes from the fossil record or sampling times (for fast-evolving organisms), inferring the ages of the other nodes essentially requires extrapolation and interpolation. Assuming a clock model that defines a distribution over rates, we can formulate dating as a constrained maximum likelihood (ML) estimation problem. While ML dating methods exist, their accuracy degrades in the face of model misspecification where the assumed parametric statistical clock model vastly differs from the true distribution. Notably, existing methods tend to assume rigid, often unimodal rate distributions. A second challenge is that the likelihood function involves an integral over the continuous domain of the rates and often leads to difficult non-convex optimization problems. To tackle these two challenges, we propose a new method called Molecular Dating using Categorical-models (MD-Cat). MD-Cat uses a categorical model of rates inspired by non-parametric statistics and can approximate a large family of models by discretizing the rate distribution into k categories. Under this model, we can use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to co-estimate rate categories and branch lengths time units. Our model has fewer assumptions about the true clock model than parametric models such as Gamma or LogNormal distribution. Our results on two simulated and real datasets of Angiosperms and HIV and a wide selection of rate distributions show that MD-Cat is often more accurate than the alternatives, especially on datasets with nonmodal or multimodal clock models.

Code availabilityThe MD-Cat software is available at https://github.com/uym2/MD-Cat.

Data availabilityData are available on Github https://github.com/uym2/MD-Cat-paper and Dryad https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngs0.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mai, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charvel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectation-Maximization enables Phylogenetic Dating under a Categorical Rate Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLK-1 tethered on BUB-1 directs CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment to ensure timelyembryonic mitoses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis chromosomes assemble kinetochores in order to dynamically couple with spindle microtubules (Cheeseman, 2014; Musacchio & Desai, 2017). Kinetochores also function as signaling hubs directing mitotic progression by recruiting and controlling the fate of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) activator CDC-20 (Lara-Gonzalez et al., 2017; Lara-Gonzalez, Pines, et al., 2021; Musacchio, 2015). Kinetochores either incorporate CDC-20 into checkpoint complexes that inhibit the APC/C or dephosphorylate CDC-20, which allows it to interact with and activate the APC/C (Kim et al., 2017; Lara-Gonzalez et al., 2017). The importance of these two CDC-20 fates likely depends on biological context. In somatic cells the major mechanism controlling mitotic progression is the spindle checkpoint. By contrast, progression through mitosis during the cell cycles of early embryos is largely checkpoint-independent (Clute & Masui, 1995; Duro & Nilsson, 2021; Gerhart et al., 1984; Zhang et al., 2015). Here, by manipulating CDC-20 phosphorylation status, we show that CDC-20 phosphoregulation controls mitotic duration in the C. elegans embryo and defines a checkpoint-independent temporal mitotic optimum for robust embryogenesis. Flux of CDC-20 through kinetochores for local dephosphorylation requires an ABBA motif on BUB-1 that directly interfaces with the structured WD40 domain of CDC-20 (Di Fiore et al., 2015; Diaz-Martinez et al., 2015; He et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2017). We show that a conserved "STP" motif in BUB-1 that docks the mitotic kinase PLK-1 (Qi et al., 2006) is also necessary to recruit CDC-20 to kinetochores and for timely mitotic progression. The kinase activity of PLK-1 is required for CDC-20 to localize to kinetochores and targets a site within the CDC-20-binding ABBA motif of BUB-1; phosphorylation of this site promotes BUB-1-CDC-20 interaction and mitotic progression. Thus, the BUB-1-bound pool of PLK-1 ensures timely mitosis during embryonic cell cycles by promoting CDC-20 recruitment to the vicinity of kinetochore-localized phosphatase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cavazos, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oegema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLK-1 tethered on BUB-1 directs CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment to ensure timelyembryonic mitoses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic and chromosomal architectural reconfiguration in developing human frontal cortex and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human frontal cortex and hippocampus play critical roles in learning and cognition. We investigated the epigenomic and 3D chromatin conformational reorganization during the development of the frontal cortex and hippocampus, using more than 53,000 joint single-nucleus profiles of chromatin conformation and DNA methylation (sn-m3C-seq). The remodeling of DNA methylation predominantly occurs during late-gestational to early-infant development and is temporally separated from chromatin conformation dynamics. Neurons have a unique Domain-Dominant chromatin conformation that is different from the Compartment-Dominant conformation of glial cells and non-brain tissues. We reconstructed the regulatory programs of cell-type differentiation and found putatively causal common variants for schizophrenia strongly overlap with chromatin loop-connected, cell-type-specific regulatory regions. Our data demonstrate that single-cell 3D-regulome is an effective approach for dissecting neuropsychiatric risk loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heffel, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastor Alonso, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuhanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziffra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic and chromosomal architectural reconfiguration in developing human frontal cortex and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of human cytoplasmic dynein in complex with the lissencephaly 1 protein, LIS1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lissencephaly 1 protein, LIS1, is mutated in type-1 lissencephaly and is a key regulator of cytoplasmic dynein-1. At a molecular level, current models propose that LIS1 activates dynein by relieving its autoinhibited form. We recently reported a 3.1[A] structure of yeast dynein bound to Pac1, the yeast homologue of LIS1, which revealed the details of their interactions (Gillies et al., 2022). Based on this structure, we made mutations that disrupted these interactions and showed that they were required for dyneins function in vivo in yeast. We also used our yeast dynein-Pac1 structure to design mutations in human dynein to probe the role of LIS1 in promoting the assembly of active dynein complexes. These mutations had relatively mild effects on dynein activation, suggesting that there may be differences in how dynein and Pac1/LIS1 interact between yeast and humans. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human dynein-LIS1 complexes. Our new structures reveal the differences between the yeast and human systems and provide a blueprint to disrupt the human dynein-LIS1 interaction more accurately. Our new structures also allow us to map type-1 lissencephaly disease mutations, as well as mutations in dynein linked to malformations of cortical development/ intellectual disability, in the context of the human dynein-LIS1 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of human cytoplasmic dynein in complex with the lissencephaly 1 protein, LIS1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRB3 augments IL1β-TLR4 signaling by engaging Flightless-homolog 1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling via IL1{beta} and TLR4 receptors (IL1R-TLR4) plays a crucial role in cytokine and fatty acid-induced beta cell inflammation, in type 1 and type 2 diabetes respectively. IL1R-TLR4 share signaling mechanisms via a common, cytoplasmic, toll-like-receptor domain to activate proinflammatory JNK and IKK kinases. We have previously reported that in response to IL1{beta}, pancreatic islets isolated from TRB3 knockout (TRB3KO) mice show attenuated kinetics of activation for MAP3K MLK3, and JNK stress kinases. Here we report that similar to MLK3 and JNK, TRB3KO islets also show a decrease in amplitude and duration of IL1{beta}/LPS-stimulated TAK1 and IKK phosphorylation. Thus, loss of TRB3 attenuates both pathways critically required for a full-blown, cytokine-inducible, proapoptotic response in beta cells. TRB3KO islets display a sharp decrease in cytokine-induced beta cell death, accompanied by a decrease in select downstream NFkB targets, most notably, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS/NOS2), a well-characterized mediator of beta cell dysfunction and death. In order to better understand the molecular basis of TRB3-enhanced IL1R-TLR4 signaling, we interrogated the TRB3 interactome and identified Flightless-homolog 1 (Fli1), an immunomodulatory, actin-binding, leucine-rich-repeat protein, as a novel TRB3-interaction factor. TRB3 binds and disrupts Fli1-dependent sequestration of MyD88, thereby increasing availability of this proximal adaptor to participate in IL1R-TLR4 signaling. Fli1 forms a multiprotein complex that can disconnect IL1R-TLR4 from MyD88, resulting in a brake on assembly of downstream signaling complexes. By interacting with Fli1, TRB3 lifts the brake on IL1R-TLR4 signaling to augment the proinflammatory response in beta cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonuguntla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorantla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhala, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.09.511391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRB3 augments IL1β-TLR4 signaling by engaging Flightless-homolog 1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MS2Prop: A machine learning model that directly predicts chemical properties from mass spectrometry data for novel compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a fundamental analytical tool for the study of complex molecular mixtures and in natural products drug discovery and metabolomics specifically, due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. A major challenge, however, is the lack of structurally annotated mass spectra for these applications. This deficiency is particularly acute for analyses conducted on extracts or fractions that are largely chemically undefined. This work describes the use of mass spectral data in a fundamentally different manner than structure determination; to predict properties or activities of structurally unknown compounds without the need for defined or deduced chemical structure using a machine learning (ML) model, MS2Prop. The models predictive accuracy and scalability is benchmarked against commonly used methods and its performance demonstrated in a natural products drug discovery setting. A new cheminformatic subdiscipline, quantitative spectra-activity relationships (QSpAR), using spectra rather than chemical structure as input, is proposed to describe this approach and to distinguish it from structure based quantitative methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voronov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frandsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightheart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kind, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colluru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.09.511482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MS2Prop: A machine learning model that directly predicts chemical properties from mass spectrometry data for novel compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lis1 relieves cytoplasmic dynein-1 auto-inhibition by acting as a molecular wedge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 transports many intracellular cargos towards microtubule minus ends. Dynein is autoinhibited and undergoes conformational changes to form an active complex, consisting of one or two dynein dimers, the dynactin complex and activating adaptor(s)1,2. The Lissencephaly 1 gene, LIS1, is genetically linked to the dynein pathway from fungi to mammals and is mutated in patients with the neurodevelopmental disease lissencephaly3-5. Lis1 is required for active dynein complexes to form6-10, but how it does so is unclear. Here, we present a structure of two dynein motor domains with two Lis1 dimers wedged in-between. The contact sites between dynein and Lis1 in this structure, termed "Chi", are required for Lis1s regulation of dynein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vivo and the formation of active human dynein-dynactin- activating adaptor complexes in vitro. We propose that this structure represents an intermediate in dyneins activation pathway, revealing how Lis1 relieves dyneins autoinhibited state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karasmanis, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lis1 relieves cytoplasmic dynein-1 auto-inhibition by acting as a molecular wedge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host and Water Microbiota are Differentially Linked to Potential Human Pathogen Accumulation in Oysters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oysters play an important role in coastal ecology and are a globally popular seafood source. However, their filter feeding lifestyle enables coastal pathogens, toxins, and pollutants to accumulate in their tissues, potentially endangering human health. For example, bacterial pathogens from both marine and terrestrial sources concentrate in oysters and can cause human illness when oysters are consumed raw. While pathogen concentrations in coastal waters are often linked to environmental conditions and runoff events, these do not always correlate with pathogen concentrations in oysters. Additional factors related to oyster hosts and the microbial ecology of pathogenic bacteria likely play a role in accumulation but are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether microbial communities in water and oysters were linked to accumulation of fecal indicators, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. Site-specific environmental conditions significantly influenced the composition and diversity of water microbial communities, which were linked to the highest concentrations of both Vibrio spp. and fecal indicator bacteria. Oyster microbial communities, however, were less impacted by environmental variability and exhibited less variability in microbial community diversity and accumulation of target bacteria. Instead, changes in specific microbial taxa in oyster and water samples, particularly in oyster digestive glands, were linked to elevated potential pathogens in oysters, especially V. parahaemolyticus. This included an increase in cyanobacteria in both water and oyster digestive gland microbial communities, which could represent an environmental vector for Vibrio spp. transport and decreased relative abundance of Mycoplasma and other key members of the oyster digestive gland microbiota. These findings suggest that host and microbial factors, in addition to environmental variables, may influence pathogen accumulation in oysters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diner, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer-Faust, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooksey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodera, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunselman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garodia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host and Water Microbiota are Differentially Linked to Potential Human Pathogen Accumulation in Oysters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosomal removal and disposal of dysfunctional, immunostimulatory mitochondrial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes essential subunits of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, but is also a major damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that engages innate immune sensors when released into the cytoplasm, outside of cells or into circulation1. This function of mtDNA contributes to antiviral resistance, but unfortunately also causes pathogenic inflammation in many disease contexts2. Cells experiencing mtDNA stress due to depletion of the mtDNA-packaging protein, Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial (TFAM), or HSV-1 infection exhibit elongated mitochondria, mtDNA depletion, enlargement of nucleoids (mtDNA-protein complexes), and activation of cGAS/STING innate immune signaling via mtDNA released into the cytoplasm3. However, the relationships between altered mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA-mediated activation of the cGAS-STING pathway remain unclear. Here, we show that entire enlarged nucleoids are released from mitochondria that remain bound to TFAM and colocalize with cGAS. These nucleoids arise at sites of mtDNA replication due to a block in mitochondrial fission at a stage when endoplasmic reticulum (ER) actin polymerization would normally commence, which we propose is a fission checkpoint to ensure that mtDNA has completed replication and is competent for segregation into daughter mitochondria. Released nucleoids also colocalize with the early endosomal marker RAB5 as well as the late endosomal marker RAB7 in TFAM-deficient cells and in response to mtDNA stress caused by the HSV-1 UL12.5 protein. Loss of RAB7 increases interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Thus, we propose that defects in mtDNA replication and/or segregation enact a late mitochondrial fission checkpoint that, if persistent, leads to selective removal of dysfunctional nucleoids by a mitochondrial-endosomal pathway. Early steps in this pathway are prone to mtDNA release and cGAS-STING activation, but the immunostimulatory mtDNA is ultimately disposed of through a mechanism involving RAB7-containing late endosomes to prevent excessive innate immune signaling. This mtDNA quality control pathway might represent a therapeutic target to prevent mtDNA-mediated inflammation and associated pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadepalle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemersal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadel, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosomal removal and disposal of dysfunctional, immunostimulatory mitochondrial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-guided cell-fate engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has enabled scientists to explore the derivation of many types of cells. While there are diverse general approaches for cell-fate engineering, one of the fastest and most efficient approaches is transcription factor (TF) over-expression. However, finding the right combination of TFs to over-express to differentiate iPSCs directly into other cell-types is a difficult task. Here were describe a machine-learning (ML) pipeline, called CellCartographer, for using chromatin accessibility data to design multiplex TF pooled-screens for cell type conversions. We validate this method by differentiating iPSCs into twelve diverse cell types at low efficiency in preliminary screens and then iteratively refining our TF combinations to achieve high efficiency differentiation for six of these cell types in < 6 days. Finally, we functionally characterized engineered iPSC-derived cytotoxic T-cells (iCytoT), regulatory T-cells (iTReg), type II astrocytes (iAstII), and hepatocytes (iHep) to validate functionally accurate differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Appleton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-guided cell-fate engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast-killing tyrosine amide ((S)-SW228703) with blood and liver-stage antimalarial activity associated with the Cyclic Amine Resistance Locus (PfCARL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current malaria treatments are threatened by drug resistance and new drugs are urgently needed. In a phenotypic screen for new antimalarials, we identified (S)-SW228703 ((S)-SW703), a tyrosine amide with asexual blood and liver stage activity and a fast-killing profile. Resistance to (S)-SW703 is associated with mutations in Plasmodium falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (PfCARL) and P. falciparum acetyl CoA transporter (PfACT), similarly to several other compounds that share features such as fast activity and liver-stage activity. Compounds with these resistance mechanisms are thought to act in the ER, though their target(s) are unknown. The tyramine of (S)-SW703 is shared with some reported PfCARL-associated compounds; however, we observed that strict S-stereochemistry was required for activity of (S)-SW703, suggesting differences in mechanism of action or binding mode. (S)-SW703 provides a new chemical series with broad activity on multiple life-cycle stages and a fast-killing mechanism of action, available for lead optimization to generate new treatments for malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imlay, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawong, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahalawat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchyard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederstrasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamo, F.-J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laleu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast-killing tyrosine amide ((S)-SW228703) with blood and liver-stage antimalarial activity associated with the Cyclic Amine Resistance Locus (PfCARL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Computational Model for Storing Memories in the Synaptic Structures of the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is widely accepted as a mechanism through which the brain can learn information from different stimuli(1, 2). Basing synaptic changes on the timing between presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes enhances contributing edges within a network(3, 4). While STDP rules control the evolution of networks, most research focuses on spiking rates or specific activation paths when evaluating learned information(5-7). However, since STDP augments structural weights, synapses may also contain embedded information. While imaging studies demonstrate physical changes to synapses due to STDP, these changes have not been interrogated based on their embedding capacity of a stimulus(8-12). Here, we show that networks with biological features and STDP rules can embed information on their stimulus into their synaptic weights. We use a k-nearest neighbor algorithm on the synaptic weights of thousands of independent networks to identify their stimulus with high accuracy based on local neighborhoods, demonstrating that the network structure can store stimulus information. While spike rates and timings remain useful, structural embed-dings represent a new way to integrate information within a biological network. Our results demonstrate that there may be value in observing these changes directly. Beyond computational applications for monitoring these structural changes, this analysis may also inform investigation into neuroscience. Research is underway on the potential of astrocytes to integrate synapses in the brain and communicate that information elsewhere(13-15). In addition, observations of these synaptic embeddings may lead to novel therapies for memory disorders that are difficult to explain with current paradigms, such as transient epileptic amnesia.

Significance StatementLearning in the brain is often achieved via spike-timing dependent plasticity changing the structure of synapses to augment the strength between neurons. Typically, these changes contribute to other behaviors in the network, such as spiking rates or spike timings. However, observing these changes themselves may be fruitful for interrogating the learning capability of networks in the brain. Using a computational model, we demonstrate that the synaptic weights contain an embedding of the stimulus after a certain amount of recurrent activity occurs. It is possible that networks in the brain embed information in a similar way and that external readers, such as astrocytes, can interrogate, integrate, and transport this synaptic weight information to process stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morar, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Computational Model for Storing Memories in the Synaptic Structures of the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ViReaDB: A user-friendly database for compactly storing viral sequence data and rapidly computing consensus genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn viral molecular epidemiology, reconstruction of consensus genomes from sequence data is critical for tracking mutations and variants of concern. However, storage of the raw sequence data can become prohibitively large, and computing consensus genome from sequence data can be slow and requires bioinformatics expertise.

ResultsViReaDB is a user-friendly database system for compactly storing viral sequence data and rapidly computing consensus genome sequences. From a dataset of 1 million trimmed mapped SARS-CoV-2 reads, it is able to compute the base counts and the consensus genome in 16 minutes, store the reads alongside the base counts and consensus in 50 MB, and optionally store just the base counts and consensus (without the reads) in 300 KB.

AvailabilityViReaDB is freely available on PyPI (https://pypi.org/project/vireadb) and on GitHub (https://github.com/niemasd/ViReaDB) as an open-source Python software project.

Contactniema@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ViReaDB: A user-friendly database for compactly storing viral sequence data and rapidly computing consensus genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized APP pathology in the hippocampus is sufficient to result in progressive disorganization of the timing of neuronal firing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficits in spatial navigation are among the early symptoms in Alzheimers disease patients, consistent with the hippocampal formation as the site for spatial computations and disease onset. Although the correspondence between the early symptoms and brain regions that are affected early in the disease has been recognized, it is not clear whether progressive cognitive decline is solely caused by a spreading pathology or whether a focal pathology can by itself cause aberrant neuronal activity in a larger network. These possibilities cannot be distinguished in standard disease models which broadly express APP across brain regions. We therefore generated a mouse model in which the expression of mutant human APP was limited to hippocampal CA3 cells (CA3-APP mice). We first asked whether the limited pathology in CA3 can result in memory deficits and found impaired performance of CA3-APP mice in a hippocampus-dependent memory task. By then recording in the CA1 region, we asked to what extent neuronal activity patterns emerged in a brain region which received projections from APP-expressing CA3 cells, but did itself not show any primary pathology. While the spatial firing patterns of CA1 cells were preserved, we observed a reduced theta oscillation frequency in the local field potential and in a subpopulation of principal cells in CA1. Furthermore, CA1 interneurons showed decreased theta oscillation frequencies, and this effect was even more pronounced in CA3 interneurons, which also do not directly express APP. Pathology that is highly localized and limited to presynaptic cells is thus sufficient to cause aberrant firing patterns in postsynaptic neuronal networks, which indicates that disease progression is not only from a spreading molecular pathology but also mediated by progressive physiological dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viana da Silva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberl, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized APP pathology in the hippocampus is sufficient to result in progressive disorganization of the timing of neuronal firing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Signatures Database Revisited: Extending Support for Mouse Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) serves as the primary repository of biological signature gene sets for performing Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). In the more than 15 years since its creation, MSigDB has served over 290,000 users in their use of GSEA to perform statistically rigorous analysis of coordinated patterns of gene expression changes by leveraging the prior knowledge of tens of thousands of deposited signatures. In that time, the sets provided in MSigDB have been offered exclusively in the human gene space and only minimally supporting analysis of mouse model data through mapping to human genes. Here we present two substantial improvements to MSigDB: first, by providing gene sets from widely used resources in the mouse gene space; and second, by offering substantially improved orthology mapping resources for comparative analysis of both mouse and human datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castanza, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorvaldsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bult, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Signatures Database Revisited: Extending Support for Mouse Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EUGENe: A Python toolkit for predictive analyses of regulatory sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning (DL) has become a popular tool to study cis-regulatory element function. Yet efforts to design software for DL analyses in genomics that are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) have fallen short of fully meeting these criteria. Here we present EUGENe (Elucidating the Utility of Genomic Elements with Neural Nets), a FAIR toolkit for the analysis of labeled sets of nucleotide sequences with DL. EUGENe consists of a set of modules that empower users to execute the key functionality of a DL workflow: 1) extracting, transforming and loading sequence data from many common file formats, 2) instantiating, initializing and training diverse model architectures, and 3) evaluating and interpreting model behavior. We designed EUGENe to be simple; users can develop workflows on new or existing datasets with two customizable Python objects, annotated sequence data (SeqData) and PyTorch models (BaseModel). The modularity and simplicity of EUGENe also make it highly extensible and we illustrate these principles through application of the toolkit to three predictive modeling tasks. First, we train and compare a set of built-in models along with a custom architecture for the accurate prediction of activities of plant promoters from STARR-seq data. Next, we apply EUGENe to an RNA binding prediction task and showcase how seminal model architectures can be retrained in EUGENe or imported from Kipoi. Finally, we train models to classify transcription factor binding by wrapping functionality from Janngu, which can efficiently extract sequences in BED file format from the human genome. We emphasize that the code used in each use case is simple, readable, and well documented (https://eugene-tools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html). We believe that EUGENe represents a springboard toward a collaborative ecosystem for DL applications in genomics research. EUGENe is available for download on GitHub (https://github.com/cartercompbio/EUGENe) along with several introductory tutorials and for installation on PyPi (https://pypi.org/project/eugene-tools/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stites, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jores, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EUGENe: A Python toolkit for predictive analyses of regulatory sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LARP4 Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Binds Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial mRNAs To Promote Mitochondrial Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have emerged as key contributors to mitochondrial biogenesis and homeostasis. With few examples described, we set out to identify RBPs that regulate nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs (NEMmRNAs). Our systematic analysis of RNA-targets of 150 RBPs identified RBPs with a preference for binding NEMmRNAs, including LARP4, a La RBP family member. We show that LARP4s targets are particularly enriched in mRNAs that encode respiratory chain complex proteins (RCCPs) and mitochondrial ribosome proteins (MRPs) across multiple human cell lines. Quantitative proteomics of cells lacking LARP4 show that protein levels of RCCPs and MRPs are significantly reduced. Furthermore, we show that LARP4 depletion reduces mitochondrial function, and that this phenotype is rescued by LARP4 re-expression. Our findings shed light onto a novel function for LARP4 as an RBP that binds to NEMmRNAs to promote mitochondrial respiratory function.

HighlightsO_LIAnalysis of CLIP data reveals RBPs with a preference for mitochondrial mRNA targets
C_LIO_LILARP4s RNA-target set is enriched for OXPHOS and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins
C_LIO_LILoss of LARP4 reduces protein levels of these two groups of mitochondrial proteins
C_LIO_LILARP4 is required for normal proliferation, translation, and OXPHOS function
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LARP4 Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Binds Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial mRNAs To Promote Mitochondrial Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing differences in the regulation of LRRK2 dynamics and conformational states by small molecule kinase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the human leucine rich repeat protein kinase-2 (LRRK2) create risk factors for Parkinsons Disease, and pathological functions of LRRK2 are often correlated with aberrant kinase activity. Past research has focused on developing selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. We showed previously that in addition to influencing intrinsic kinase activity, the global conformation of the LRRK2 protein plays a vital role in regulating LRRK2 signaling pathways. Deciphering the allosteric regulation in LRRK2 provides novel strategies for drug discovery. In this study, we combined enhanced sampling simulations with HDX-MS to analyze the inhibitor-induced dynamic changes and the allosteric communications in the C-terminal half of LRRK2, LRRK2RCKW. We find that a type I inhibitor (MLi-2) locks the kinase into a closed, active-like configuration, whereas a type II inhibitor (Rebastinib) shifts the kinase to an open, inactive configuration. While both type I and type II inhibitors reduce the kinase activity effectively, they have distinct effects on the LRRK2 conformational dynamics. Specifically, binding of MLi-2 stabilizes the kinase domain in a closed conformation and reduces the global dynamics of LRRK2RCKW, leading to a more compact LRRK2RCKW structure. In contrast, binding of Rebastinib stabilizes an open conformation where communication between the N- and C-lobe is severed, which promotes a more extended LRRK2RCKW structure. Rebastinib, based on HDX-MS, creates a more dynamic kinase domain especially at domain interfaces associated with the C-lobe. Our results also reveal the importance of the Dk-helix, which plays a crucial role in propagating communication between the kinase domain and the GTPase domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silletti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing differences in the regulation of LRRK2 dynamics and conformational states by small molecule kinase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity-dependent labeling identifies dendritic cells that prime the antitumor CD4+ T cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely capable of transporting tumoral antigens to tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs), and also interact with effector T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) itself, mediating both natural antitumor immunity and the response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Using LIPSTIC (Labeling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts)-based single-cell transcriptomics, we identify individual DCs capable of presenting antigen to CD4+ T cells in the tdLN as well as inside the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our findings reveal that DCs with similar hyperactivated transcriptional phenotypes interact with helper T cells both within tumors and in the tdLN, and that checkpoint blockade drugs enhance these interactions. These findings show that a relatively small fraction of DCs is responsible for most of the antigen presentation within the tdLN and TME to both CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-specific T cells and that classical checkpoint blockade enhances CD40-driven DC activation at both sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chudnovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolatto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqual, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity-dependent labeling identifies dendritic cells that prime the antitumor CD4+ T cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing cellular diversity at different levels of biological organization across data modalities is a prerequisite to understanding the function of cell types in the brain. Classification of neurons is also required to manipulate cell types in controlled ways, and to understand their variation and vulnerability in brain disorders. The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) is an integrated network of data generating centers, data archives and data standards developers, with the goal of systematic multimodal brain cell type profiling and characterization. Emphasis of the BICCN is on the whole mouse brain and demonstration of prototypes for human and non-human primate (NHP) brains. Here, we provide a guide to the cellular and spatial approaches employed, and to accessing and using the BICCN data and its extensive resources, including the BRAIN Cell Data Center (BCDC) which serves to manage and integrate data across the ecosystem. We illustrate the power of the BICCN data ecosystem through vignettes highlighting several BICCN analysis and visualization tools. Finally, we present emerging standards that have been developed or adopted by the BICCN toward FAIR (Wilkinson et al. 2016a) neuroscience. The combined BICCN ecosystem provides a comprehensive resource for the exploration and analysis of cell types in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BICCN Data Ecosytem Collaboration,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawrylycz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hof, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascoli, G. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjaalie, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynor, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumi-Sutherland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropelewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilgner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wester, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aevermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishwakarma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Data Ecosystem: A User's Guide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time of Sample Collection Critical for Microbiome Replicability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many aspects of microbiome studies have been standardized to improve experimental replicability, none account for how the daily diurnal fluctuations in the gut lumen cause dynamic changes in 16S amplicon sequencing. Here we show that sample collection time affects the conclusions drawn from microbiome studies and are larger than the effect size of a daily experimental intervention or dietary changes. The timing of divergence of the microbiome composition between experimental and control groups are unique to each experiment. Sample collection times as short as only four hours apart lead to vastly different conclusions. Lack of consistency in the time of sample collection may explain poor cross-study replicability in microbiome research. Without looking at other data, the impact on other fields is unknown but potentially significant.

One-Sentence SummaryIf we are not controlling for host circadian rhythm time in microbiome studies when performing experiments, it is like trying to measure sea level rise while not knowing that tides or waves exist.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allaband, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaheri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, A. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elijah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrinpar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time of Sample Collection Critical for Microbiome Replicability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Temperature and High Hydrostatic Pressure Have Compounding Negative Effects on Marine Microbial Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately three fourths of all pelagic marine prokaryotes live in the deep-sea, an environment characterized by low temperature and high hydrostatic pressure. Within deep-sea environments labile organic matter is often scarce and motility can serve as a competitive advantage for microorganisms. Experimental work with a handful of species suggests motility is one of the most temperature- and pressure-sensitive cellular processes, however the combined effects of temperature and pressure together have yet to be investigated in detail. Here we employed growth-dependent motility agar assays and growth-independent microscopy assays to assess how changes in these two physical factors impact motility both individually and in combination, using ecologically relevant model organisms from the cosmopolitan genera Halomonas, Alcanivorax, and Marinobacter. At pressures equivalent to bathyal and abyssal depths, changes in temperature from 30{degrees}C to 4{degrees}C (motility assays) or 23{degrees}C to 7{degrees}C (microscopy assays) had a greater influence on motility than pressure. In addition, low-temperature and high-pressure impacts were additive. Exposure to high pressure had varying degrees of effect on flagellar function, depending on the strain and the magnitude of the pressure. These ranged from short-term impacts that were quickly reversible to long-term impacts that were detrimental to the function of the flagellum, leading to complete loss of motility. These findings highlight the sensitivity of deep-sea bacterial motility systems to combined temperature/pressure conditions, phenotypes that will contribute to the modulation of diverse microbial activities at depth.

IMPORTANCEMicroorganisms perform critical functions in biogeochemical cycles at depth, as well as likely modulating the carbon sequestration potential of the deep ocean. However, their activities under in situ conditions are poorly constrained. One aspect of microbial activity is motility, generally mediated by the energy-consuming rotation of one or more flagellar filaments that enables swimming behavior. This provides a competitive advantage for microbes in the environment, such as by enhancing nutrient acquisition. Here we report on culture-based and microscopy-based analyses of pressure-temperature (P-T) effects on the motility of three ecologically relevant marine microbes. The results in all cases indicate that high pressure and low temperature exert compounding inhibitory effects. This argues for the need for further investigations into P-T effects on deep-sea microbial processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullane, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurihara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Temperature and High Hydrostatic Pressure Have Compounding Negative Effects on Marine Microbial Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.512918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability estimation of cognitive phenotypes in the ABCD Study using mixed models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.512918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Twin and family studies have historically aimed to partition phenotypic variance into components corresponding to additive genetic effects (A), common environment (C), and unique environment (E). Here we present the ACE Model and several extensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study(R)), employed using the new Fast Efficient Mixed Effects Analysis (FEMA) package. In the twin sub-sample (n = 924; 462 twin pairs), heritability estimates were similar to those reported by prior studies for height (twin heritability = 0.86) and cognition (twin heritability between 0.00 and 0.61), respectively. Incorporating SNP-derived genetic relatedness and using the full ABCD Study(R) sample (n = 9,742) led to narrower confidence intervals for all parameter estimates. By leveraging the sparse clustering method used by FEMA to handle genetic relatedness only for participants within families, we were able to take advantage of the diverse distribution of genetic relatedness within the ABCD Study(R) sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.512918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability estimation of cognitive phenotypes in the ABCD Study using mixed models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial type 1 cells serve as a cell of origin for lung adenocarcinoma with distinct molecular and phenotypic presentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of cancer arising in the distal lung. LUAD encompasses several pathologic subtypes, each with differing clinical outcomes and biological behaviors. However, the molecular and cellular underpinnings of the different subtypes are largely unknown. Understanding which cell populations in the distal lung contribute to LUAD could provide insights into the marked heterogeneity in pathologic features, clinical presentation and responses to therapy of LUAD. Differential expression analysis of lung adenocarcinoma transcriptomes from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed distinct alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cell signatures within human LUAD with significantly different survival outcomes between tumors expressing AT2 and AT1 gene signatures, suggesting AT1 cells might contribute to a subset of LUAD cases. To address this, we tested the ability of AT1 cells to give rise to LUAD following induction of KrasG12D, a known oncogenic driver of human LUAD. Activation of KrasG12D in Gram-domain containing 2 (Gramd2)+ AT1 cells gave rise to multiple LUAD lesions, primarily of papillary histology. In contrast, activation of KrasG12D in surfactant protein C (Sftpc+) AT2 cells resulted in LUAD lesions of lepidic histology. Immunohistochemistry established that Gramd2:KrasG12D lesions were of primary lung origin and not metastatic events. Spatial transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct pathway alterations within Gramd2- and Sftpc-derived LUAD. Immunofluorescence confirmed differences observed in the spatial transcriptomic analysis in expression patterns and distribution of cell-specific markers depending on cell of origin, while universal upregulation of the Krt8 intermediate cell state marker was observed. Our results are consistent with Gramd2+ AT1 cells serving as a putative cell of origin for LUAD and suggest that LUAD may be a collection of adenocarcinomas that share a common location within the distal lung but arise from different cells of origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flodby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassiouni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jashashvilli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stueve, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, MD, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alveolar epithelial type 1 cells serve as a cell of origin for lung adenocarcinoma with distinct molecular and phenotypic presentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the coordinated dynamics of protein- and metabolite-mediated cell-cell communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryCell-cell communication dynamically changes across time while involving diverse cell populations and ligand types such as proteins and metabolites. While single-cell transcriptomics enables its inference, existing tools typically analyze ligand types separately and overlook their coordinated activity. Here, we present Tensor-cell2cell v2, a computational tool that can jointly analyze protein- and metabolite-mediated communication over time using coupled tensor component analysis, while preserving each modality of inferred communication scores independently, as well as their data structures and distributions. Applied to brain organoid development, Tensor-cell2cell v2 uncovers dynamic, coordinated communication programs involving key proteins and metabolites across relevant cell types across specific time points.

Availability and implementationTensor-cell2cell v2 and its new coupled tensor component analysis are implemented in Python and available as part of the cell2cell framework at https://github.com/earmingol/cell2cell. This python library is available on PyPI. Analyses of this manuscript can be reproduced in a Code Ocean capsule at https://doi.org/10.24433/CO.0061424.v1 and online tutorials can be found at https://cell2cell.readthedocs.io.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at bioRxiv online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armingol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cequeira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the coordinated dynamics of protein- and metabolite-mediated cell-cell communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.514505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving annotation propagation on molecular networks through random walks: Introducing ChemWalker 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.514505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Annotation of the mass signals is still the biggest bottleneck for the untargeted mass spectrometry analysis of complex mixtures. Molecular networks are being increasingly adopted by the mass spectrometry community as a tool to annotate large scale experiments. We have previously shown that the process of propagating annotations from spectral library matches on molecular networks can be automated using Network Annotation Propagation (NAP). One of the limitations of NAP is that the information for the spectral matches is only propagated locally, to the first neighbor of a spectral match. Here we show that annotation propagation can be expanded to nodes not directly connected to spectral matches using random walks on graphs, introducing the ChemWalker python library. Similarly to NAP, ChemWalker relies on combinatorial in silico fragmentation results, performed by MetFrag, searching biologically relevant databases. Departing from the combination of a spectral network and the structural similarity among candidate structures, we have used MetFusion Scoring function to create a weight function, producing a weighted graph. This graph was subsequently used by the random walk to calculate the probability of  walking through a set of candidates, departing from seed nodes (represented by spectral library matches). This approach allowed the information propagation to nodes not directly connected to the spectral library match. Compared to NAP, ChemWalker has a series of improvements, on running time, scalability and maintainability and is available as a stand alone python package. ChemWalker is freely available at https://github.com/computational-chemical-biology/ChemWalker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borelli, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arini, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, L. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.514505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving annotation propagation on molecular networks through random walks: Introducing ChemWalker]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methadone alters transcriptional programs associated with synapse formation in human cortical organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women has become an epidemic in the United States. Pharmacological interventions for OUD involve methadone, a synthetic opioid analgesic that attenuates withdrawal symptoms and behaviors linked with maternal drug abuse. However, methadones ability to readily accumulate in neural tissue, and cause long-term neurocognitive sequelae, has led to concerns regarding its effect on prenatal brain development. We took advantage of human cortical organoid (hCO) technology to probe how this drug impacts the earliest mechanisms giving rise to the cerebral cortex. To this end, we conducted bulk mRNA sequencing of 2-month-old hCOs derived from two cell lines that were chronically treated with a clinically relevant dose of 1M methadone for 50 days. Differential expression and gene ontology analyses revealed a robust transcriptional response to methadone associated with functional components of the synapse, the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), and cilia. Further unsupervised co-expression network and predictive protein-protein interaction analyses demonstrated that these changes occurred in concert, centered around a regulatory axis consisting of growth factors, developmental signaling pathways, and matricellular proteins. Our results demonstrate that exposure to methadone during early cortico-genesis fundamentally alters transcriptional programs associated with synapse formation, and that these changes arise by modulating extra-synaptic molecular mechanisms in the ECM and cilia. These findings provide novel insight into methadones putative effect on cognitive and behavioral development and a basis for improving interventions for maternal opioid addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methadone alters transcriptional programs associated with synapse formation in human cortical organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-body gene expression atlas of an adult metazoan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are integrated organ systems composed of interacting cells whose structure and function are in turn defined by their active genes. Understanding what distinguishes physiological and disease states therefore requires systemic knowledge of the gene activities that define the distinct cells that make up an animal. Towards this goal, this study reports the first single-cell resolution transcriptional atlas of a fertile multicellular organism: Caenorhabditis elegans. The scRNA-Seq compendium of wild-type young adult C. elegans comprises 159 distinct cell types with 18,033 genes expressed across cell types. Fewer than 300 of these genes are housekeeping genes as evidenced by their consistent expression across cell types and conditions, and by their basic and essential functions; 170 of these housekeeping genes are conserved across phyla. The 362 transcription factors with available ChIP-Seq data are linked to patterns of gene expression of different cell types. To identify potential interactions between cell types, we used the in silico tool cell2cell to predict molecular patterns reflecting both known and uncharacterized intercellular interactions across the C. elegans body. Finally, we present WormSeq (wormseq.org), a web interface that, among other functions, enables users to query gene expression across cell types, identify cell-type specific and potential housekeeping genes, analyze candidate ligand-receptors mediating communication between cells, and study promiscuous and cell-specific transcription factors. The datasets, analyses, and tools presented here will enable the generation of testable hypotheses about the cell and organ-specific function of genes in diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armingol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-body gene expression atlas of an adult metazoan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical modeling of actin-mediated structural plasticity reveals mechanical adaptation in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory formation; it describes the strengthening or weakening of connections between synapses. The postsynaptic part of excitatory synapses resides in dendritic spines, which are small protrusions on the dendrites. One of the key features of synaptic plasticity is its correlation with the size of these spines. A long-lasting synaptic strength increase (long-term potentiation, LTP) is only possible through the reconfiguration of the actin spine cytoskeleton. Here, we develop an experimentally-informed three-dimensional computational model in a moving boundary framework to investigate this reconfiguration. Our model describes the reactions between actin and actin-binding proteins (ABPs) leading to the cytoskeleton remodeling and their effect on the spine membrane shape to examine the spine enlargement upon LTP. Moreover, we find that the incorporation of perisynaptic elements enhances spine enlargement upon LTP, exhibiting the importance of accounting for these elements when studying structural LTP. Our model shows adaptation to repeated stimuli resulting from the interactions between spine proteins and mechanical forces.

Significance StatementDendritic spines are small protrusions that receive stimulation from presynaptic neurons. Upon stimulation, the dendritic spines change their size, an important feature of synaptic plasticity. This change is achieved by modifications to the actin cytoskeleton and mediated by many actin-binding proteins. To investigate the fundamental mechanics of spine expansion, we developed a 3D biophysical model that accounts for the dynamics of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions. Our simulations predict that spine expansion due to actin remodeling can be enhanced by including the interaction with perisynaptic elements that affect the spines mechanical properties. We also found that mechanical properties can control spine expansion after repeated stimuli, which ensures physiological size. Thus, we predict that spine growth is regulated by its mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Quintana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical modeling of actin-mediated structural plasticity reveals mechanical adaptation in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid iPSC inclusionopathy models shed light on formation, consequence and molecular subtype of alpha-synuclein inclusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular inclusions accompanying neurodegeneration are histopathologically and ultrastructurally heterogeneous but the significance of this heterogeneity is unclear. iPSC models, while promising for disease modeling, do not form inclusions in a reasonable timeframe and suffer from limited tractability. Here, we developed an iPSC toolbox utilizing piggyBac-based or targeted transgenes to rapidly induce CNS cells with concomitant expression of aggregation-prone proteins. This system is amenable to screening and longitudinal tracking at single-cell and single-inclusion resolution. For proof-of-principle, cortical neuron -synuclein "inclusionopathy" models were engineered to form inclusions through exogenous seeding or -synuclein mutation. These models recapitulated known fibril- and lipid-rich inclusion subtypes, uncovering dynamic interactions between them, and refined the classification of inclusions in postmortem brain. Genetic-modifier and protein-interaction screens pinpointed proteins like RhoA whose sequestration into specific inclusion subtypes is likely to be toxic. This iPSC platform should enhance our understanding of proteinaceous pathologies in neurodegeneration and facilitate therapeutics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndayisaba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagredo, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaccagnini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahdatshoar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichihashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oettgen-Suazo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallacli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakozaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyles, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theunissen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenning, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Pernaute, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Esteban, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyota, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahlberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ell</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid iPSC inclusionopathy models shed light on formation, consequence and molecular subtype of alpha-synuclein inclusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.512793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schlafen 12 restricts HIV-1 latency reversal by a codon-usage dependent post-transcriptional block in CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.512793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latency is a major barrier towards virus elimination in HIV-1-infected individuals. Yet, the mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency are incompletely understood. Here we describe the Schlafen 12 protein (SLFN12) as an HIV-1 restriction factor that establishes a post-transcriptional block in HIV-1-infected cells and thereby inhibits HIV-1 replication and virus reactivation from latently infected cells. The inhibitory activity is dependent on the HIV-1 codon usage and on the SLFN12 RNase active sites. Within HIV-1- infected individuals, SLFN12 expression in PBMCs correlated with HIV-1 plasma viral loads and proviral loads suggesting a link with the general activation of the immune system. Using an RNA FISH-Flow HIV-1 reactivation assay, we demonstrate that SLFN12 expression is enriched in infected cells positive for HIV-1 transcripts but negative for HIV-1 proteins. Thus, codon-usage dependent translation inhibition of HIV-1 proteins participates in HIV-1 latency and can restrict the amount of virus release after latency reversal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi-Ishihara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smutna, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argilaguet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteve-Codina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genesca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau-Exposito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Castells, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogenmoser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böttcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungfleisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamagishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Riol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerhans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.512793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schlafen 12 restricts HIV-1 latency reversal by a codon-usage dependent post-transcriptional block in CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative atlas of single-cell chromatin accessibility in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain contains an extraordinarily diverse set of neuronal and glial cell types. Recent advances in single cell transcriptomics have begun to delineate the cellular heterogeneity in different brain regions, but the transcriptional regulatory programs responsible for the identity and function of each brain cell type remain to be defined. Here, we carried out single nucleus ATAC-seq analysis to probe the open chromatin landscape from over 1.1 million cells in 42 brain regions of three neurotypical adult donors. Integrative analysis of the resulting data identified 107 distinct cell types and revealed the cell-type-specific usage of 544,735 candidate cis-regulatory DNA elements (cCREs) in the human genome. Nearly 1/3 of them displayed sequence conservation as well as chromatin accessibility in the mouse brain. On the other hand, nearly 40% cCREs were human specific, with chromatin accessibility associated with species-restricted gene expression. Interestingly, these human specific cCREs were enriched for distinct families of retrotransposable elements, which displayed cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility. We uncovered strong associations between specific brain cell types and neuropsychiatric disorders. We futher developed deep learning models to predict regulatory function of non-coding disease risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siletti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanny, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyhus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapovalova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative atlas of single-cell chromatin accessibility in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity and ranking of tight-binding JAK-STAT inhibitors using Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janus kinases (JAK) are a group of proteins in the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (NRTKs) family that play a crucial role in growth, survival, and angiogenesis. They are activated by cytokines through the Janus kinase - signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. JAK-STAT signaling pathways have significant roles in the regulation of cell division, apoptosis, and immunity. Identification of the V617F mutation in the Janus homology 2 (JH2) domain of JAK2 leading to myeloproliferative disorders has stimulated great interest in the drug discovery community to develop JAK2-specific inhibitors. However, such inhibitors should be selective towards JAK2 over other JAKs and display an extended residence time. Recently, novel JAK2/STAT5 axis inhibitors (N-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amino derivatives) have displayed extended residence times (hours or longer) on target and adequate selectivity excluding JAK3. To facilitate a deeper understanding of the kinase-inhibitor interactions and advance the development of such inhibitors, we utilize a multiscale Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations (MMVT) approach within the Simulation-Enabled Estimation of Kinetic Rates v.2 (SEEKR2) program to rank-order these inhibitors based on their kinetic properties and further explain the selectivity of JAK2 inhibitors over JAK3. Our approach investigates the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of JAK-inhibitor complexes in a user-friendly, fast, efficient, and accurate manner compared to other brute force and hybrid enhanced sampling approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Votapka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity and ranking of tight-binding JAK-STAT inhibitors using Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring a cell's capabilities from omics data with ImmCellFie 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImmCellFie is a user-friendly, web-based platform for comprehensive analysis of metabolic functions inferred from transcriptomic or proteomic data. It enables researchers to leverage the powerful mechanistic insight provided by complex genome-scale metabolic models with little to no bioinformatics training required. The platform has been integrated with a series of useful tools and richly annotated scientific visualizations for interactive exploration by the user. ImmCellFie pushes beyond simple statistical enrichment and incorporates complex biological mechanisms to quantify cell activity.

Graphical abstract
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masson, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telleria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capps, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robasky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring a cell's capabilities from omics data with ImmCellFie]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous loci using HITAG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To facilitate the interrogation of protein function at scale, we have developed High-throughput Insertion of Tags Across the Genome (HITAG). HITAG enables users to rapidly produce libraries of cells, each with a different protein of interest C-terminally tagged is based on a modified strategy for performing Cas9-based targeted insertions, coupled with an improved approach for selecting properly tagged lines. Analysis of the resulting clones generated by HITAG reveals high tagging specificity with the majority of tagging events being indel free. Using HITAG, we fuse mCherry to a set of 167 stress granule-associated proteins and elucidate the features which drive a subset of proteins to strongly accumulate within these transient RNA-protein granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous loci using HITAG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent impacts of C9orf72 repeat expansion on neurons and glia in ALS and FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are strongly influenced by inherited genetic variation, but environmental and epigenetic factors also play key roles in the course of these diseases. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 (C9) gene is the most common genetic cause of ALS and FTD. To determine the cellular alterations associated with the C9 repeat expansion, we performed single nucleus transcriptomics (snRNA-seq) and epigenomics (snATAC-seq) in postmortem samples of motor and frontal cortices from C9-ALS and C9-FTD donors. We found pervasive alterations of gene expression across multiple cortical cell types in C9-ALS, with the largest number of affected genes in astrocytes and excitatory neurons. Astrocytes increased expression of markers of activation and pathways associated with structural remodeling. Excitatory neurons in upper and deep layers increased expression of genes related to proteostasis, metabolism, and protein expression, and decreased expression of genes related to neuronal function. Epigenetic analyses revealed concordant changes in chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and gene expression in specific cell types. C9-FTD patients had a distinct pattern of changes, including loss of neurons in frontal cortex and altered expression of thousands of genes in astrocytes and oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Overall, these findings demonstrate a context-dependent molecular disruption in C9-ALS and C9-FTD, resulting in distinct effects across cell types, brain regions, and disease phenotypes.

One Sentence SummaryC9orf72-associated ALS and FTD showed a distinct pattern of transcriptome changes, with the largest number of affected genes in C9-ALS in astrocytes and excitatory neurons in upper and deep layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardashli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pregent, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelberg-Cook, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzil, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dracheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent impacts of C9orf72 repeat expansion on neurons and glia in ALS and FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult consequences of repeated nicotine vapor inhalation in adolescent rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThere has been a recent resurgence in nicotine inhalation in adolescents due to the popularity and availability of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Almost five times as many US high-school seniors inhale nicotine vapor daily compared with those who smoke tobacco. This study was conducted to determine the impact of repeated adolescent vapor inhalation of nicotine on behavior in adulthood.

MethodsMale and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 30-minute sessions of ENDS vapor inhalation, twice daily, from Post-Natal Day (PND) 31 to PND 40. Conditions included vapor from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle or nicotine (30 mg/mL in the PG). Animals were assessed for effects of nicotine on open field (PND 74-105) and wheel activity (PND 126-180) and for the self-administration of nicotine vapor (PND 285-395). Plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine were assessed in separate groups of male and female Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats after a single nicotine inhalation session.

ResultsGroup mean plasma nicotine ranged from 39 to 59 ng/mL post-session with minimal strain differences detected. Adolescent nicotine exposure modestly enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor stimulating effects of nicotine (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, s.c.) in an open field in female rats, but didnt change effects of nicotine on wheel activity. Female rats exposed to nicotine (30 mg/mL) vapor as adolescents responded more vigorously than PG exposed females for nicotine vapor in a FR5 challenge.

ConclusionsRepeated adolescent nicotine vapor inhalation leads to enhanced liability for nicotine self-administration in adulthood in female rats, but minimal change in spontaneous locomotor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult consequences of repeated nicotine vapor inhalation in adolescent rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium exoerythrocytic parasites redirect trafficking of human proteins to the parasitophorous vacuole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in host cell morphology and transcription after apicomplexan parasite infection have long been noted, but there have been few studies of the functional consequences of host cell remodeling. Here we show, using time-dependent immunofluorescence microscopy of multiple human cell lines (HepG2, HC-04, Huh7.5.1 and primary human hepatocytes), infected with multiple Plasmodium species (Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum and P. vivax (hypnozoites and schizonts)), and antibodies to multiple human proteins (HsNR4A3, HsMUC13, HsGOLGA8A, HsCGA, HsBiP, HsCXCL2), that human protein trafficking is extensively modified in Plasmodium infected cells. Using conventional as well as ultrastructure expansion microscopy we show that newly-synthesized human proteins are trafficked to the parasitophorous vacuole instead of the infected-cell plasma membrane, nucleus or extracellular space. Universal redirection of human signaling proteins cells the parasitophorous vacuole may provide a mechanistic explanation for how apicomplexan parasites can block host cells response to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liffner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez-Macias, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paytas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong-Rios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium exoerythrocytic parasites redirect trafficking of human proteins to the parasitophorous vacuole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of LRRK1 and mechanisms of autoinhibition and activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are homologs in the ROCO family of proteins in humans. Despite their shared domain architecture and involvement in intracellular trafficking, their disease associations are strikingly different: LRRK2 is involved in familial Parkinsons Disease (PD) while LRRK1 is linked to bone diseases. Furthermore, PD-linked mutations in LRRK2 are typically autosomal dominant gain-of-function while those in LRRK1 are autosomal recessive loss-of-function. To understand these differences, we solved cryo-EM structures of LRRK1 in its monomeric and dimeric forms. Both differ from the corresponding LRRK2 structures. Unlike LRRK2, which is sterically autoinhibited as a monomer, LRRK1 is sterically autoinhibited in a dimer-dependent manner. LRRK1 has an additional level of autoinhibition that prevents activation of the kinase and is absent in LRRK2. Finally, we place the structural signatures of LRRK1 and LRRK2 in the context of the evolution of the LRRK family of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrisch, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of LRRK1 and mechanisms of autoinhibition and activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species analysis identifies conserved transcriptional mechanisms of neutrophil maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils are evolutionarily conserved innate defense cells implicated in diverse pathological processes. Zebrafish models have contributed substantially to our understanding of neutrophil functions, but similarities to human neutrophil maturation have not been characterized limiting applicability to study human disease.

We generated transgenic zebrafish strains to distinguish neutrophil maturation grades in vivo and established a high-resolution transcriptional profile of neutrophil maturation. We linked gene expression at each stage to characteristic transcription factors, including C/ebp{beta}, important for late neutrophil maturation. Cross-species comparison of zebrafish, mouse, and human confirmed high molecular similarity in immature stages and discriminated zebrafish-specific from pan-species gene signatures. Applying pan-species neutrophil maturation signatures in RNA-seq data from neuroblastoma patients revealed an association of metastatic tumor cell infiltration in the bone marrow with an increase in mature neutrophils.

Our detailed neutrophil maturation atlas provides a valuable resource for studying neutrophil function at different stages across species in health and disease.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518146v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d46deaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7c2647org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b535eeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e7dc38_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirchberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoeb, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifatbegovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozsaky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladenstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lion, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farlik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taschner-Mandl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbritter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species analysis identifies conserved transcriptional mechanisms of neutrophil maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new theoretical framework jointly explains behavioral and neural variability across subjects performing flexible decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to flexibly switch our response to external stimuli according to contextual information is critical for successful interactions with a complex world. Context-dependent computations are necessary across many domains1-3, yet their neural implementations remain poorly understood. Here we developed a novel behavioral task in rats to study context-dependent selection and accumulation of evidence for decision-making4-6. Under assumptions supported by both monkey and rat data, we first show mathematically that a network can solve this problem through a combination of three defined components. These components can be identified and tested directly with experimental data. We further show that existing electrophysiological and modeling data are compatible with the full variety of possible combinations of these components, suggesting that different individuals could use different component combinations. To study variability across individual subjects, we developed automated, high-throughput methods to train rats on our task, and we trained many subjects on it. Consistent with theoretical predictions, neural and behavioral analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity across rats, despite uniformly good task performance. Our theory further predicts a specific link between behavioral and neural signatures, which was robustly supported in the data. In summary, our results provide a new experimentally-supported theoretical framework to analyze individual variability in biological and artificial systems performing flexible decision-making tasks, they open the door to cellular-resolution studies of individual variability in higher cognition, and they provide insights into neural mechanisms of context-dependent computation more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mante, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussillo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new theoretical framework jointly explains behavioral and neural variability across subjects performing flexible decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications1-3. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it remains the last human chromosome to be finished4, 5. Here, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium presents the complete 62,460,029 base pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference, revealing the complete ampliconic structures of TSPY, DAZ, and RBMY gene families; 41 additional protein-coding genes, mostly from the TSPY family; and an alternating pattern of human satellite 1 and 3 blocks in the heterochromatic Yq12 region. We have combined T2T-Y with a prior assembly of the CHM13 genome4 and mapped available population variation, clinical variants, and functional genomics data to produce a complete and comprehensive reference sequence for all 24 human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Giron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesharwani, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalowski,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth Signaling Autonomy in Circulating Tumor Cells Aids Metastatic Seeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-sufficiency (autonomy) in growth signaling, the earliest recognized hallmark of cancer, is fueled by the tumor cells ability to  secrete-and-sense growth factors; this translates into cell survival and proliferation that is self-sustained by auto-/paracrine secretion. A Golgi-localized circuitry comprised of two GTPase switches has recently been implicated in the orchestration of growth signaling autonomy. Using breast cancer cells that are either endowed or impaired (by gene editing) in their ability to assemble the circuitry for growth signaling autonomy, here we define the transcriptome, proteome, and phenome of such autonomous state, and unravel its role during cancer progression. We show that autonomy is associated with enhanced molecular programs for stemness, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Autonomy is both necessary and sufficient for anchorage-independent growth factor-restricted proliferation and resistance to anti-cancer drugs and is required for metastatic progression. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies show that autonomy is associated, with a surprising degree of specificity, to self-sustained EGFR/ErbB signaling. Derivation of a gene expression signature for autonomy revealed that growth signaling autonomy is uniquely induced in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), the harshest phase in the life of tumor cells when it is deprived of biologically available EGF. We also show that autonomy in CTCs tracks therapeutic response and prognosticates outcome. These data support a role for growth signaling autonomy in multiple processes essential for the blood-borne dissemination of human breast cancer.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/518910v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (60K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@167b370org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@135b62dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14b5e9forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1311e84_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Significance StatementA Golgi-localized molecular circuitry has been recently implicated in the orchestration of secrete-and-sense auto-/paracrine loops that impart self-sufficiency in growth signaling, a.k.a., growth signaling autonomy. Using a transdisciplinary approach, this work shows that growth signaling autonomy is uniquely induced in tumor cells that are in circulation. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a brutish and risky phase in the lifetime of tumor cells when they are exposed to the immune system and hemodynamic sheer forces, all in the setting of growth factor starvation. Cancer cells appear to rely on the autonomy circuit to survive and enhance their fitness to seed metastases. Autonomy generates the kind of  eat-what-you-kill entrepreneurial spirit which minimizes the risk of CTCs dying on an otherwise risky journey.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farfel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth Signaling Autonomy in Circulating Tumor Cells Aids Metastatic Seeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscaled discovery of a shunt rifamycin from Salinispora arenicola using a three-colour GFP-tagged Staphylococcus aureus macrophage infection assay. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as an urgent global public health threat, and development of novel therapeutics for treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is urgent. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and animal pathogen, responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intracellular survival of S. aureus in macrophages contributes to immune evasion, dissemination, and resilience to antibiotic treatment. Here, we present a confocal fluorescence imaging assay for monitoring macrophage infection by GFP-tagged Staphylococcus aureus as a front-line tool to identify antibiotic leads. The assay was employed in combination with nanoscaled chemical analyses to facilitate the discovery of a novel, active rifamycin analogue. Our findings indicate a promising new approach to the identification of anti-microbial compounds with macrophage intracellular activity. The novel antibiotic identified here may represent a useful addition to our armoury in tackling the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargison, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildenhain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenical, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Clair, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscaled discovery of a shunt rifamycin from Salinispora arenicola using a three-colour GFP-tagged Staphylococcus aureus macrophage infection assay.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the determinants of recombinant protein yield across the human secretome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cells are critical hosts for the production of most therapeutic proteins and many proteins for biomedical research. While cell line engineering and bioprocess optimization have yielded high protein titers of some recombinant proteins, many proteins remain difficult to express. Here, we decipher the factors influencing yields in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as they produce 2165 different proteins from the human secretome. We demonstrate that variation within our panel of proteins cannot be explained by transgene mRNA abundance. Analyzing the expression of the 2165 human proteins with machine learning, we find that protein features account for only 15% of the variability in recombinant protein yield. Meanwhile, transcriptomic signatures account for 75% of the variability across 95 representative samples. In particular, we observe divergent signatures regarding ER stress and metabolism among the panel of cultures expressing different recombinant proteins. Thus, our study unravels the factors underlying the variation on recombinant protein production in CHO and highlights transcriptomics signatures that could guide the rational design of CHO cell systems tailored to specific proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masson, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivertsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hober, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the determinants of recombinant protein yield across the human secretome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of hyperosmotic stress-responsive genes in Chinese hamster ovary cells via genome-wide virus-free CRISPR/Cas9 screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the preferred mammalian host cells for therapeutic protein production that have been extensively engineered to possess the desired attributes for high-yield protein production. However, empirical approaches for identifying novel engineering targets are laborious and time-consuming. Here, we established a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening platform for CHO-K1 cells with 111,651 guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting 21,585 genes using a virus-free recombinase-mediated cassette exchange-based gRNA integration method. Using this platform, we performed a positive selection screening under hyperosmotic stress conditions and identified 180 genes whose perturbations conferred resistance to hyperosmotic stress in CHO cells. Functional enrichment analysis identified hyperosmotic stress responsive gene clusters, such as tRNA wobble uridine modification and signaling pathways associated with cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we validated 32 top-scoring candidates and observed a high rate of hit confirmation, demonstrating the potential of the screening platform. Knockout of the novel target genes, Zfr and Pnp, in monoclonal antibody (mAb)-producing recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells and bispecific antibody (bsAb)-producing rCHO cells enhanced their resistance to hyperosmotic stress, thereby improving mAb and bsAb production. Overall, the collective findings demonstrate the value of the screening platform as a powerful tool to investigate the functions of genes associated with hyperosmotic stress and to discover novel targets for rational cell engineering on a genome-wide scale in CHO cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karottki, K. J. l. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grav, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildegaard, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of hyperosmotic stress-responsive genes in Chinese hamster ovary cells via genome-wide virus-free CRISPR/Cas9 screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SnapFISH: a computational pipeline to identify chromatin loops from multiplexed DNA FISH data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging technologies have been developed to map the folding of chromatin fibers at tens of nanometer and tens of kilobase resolution in single cells. However, computational methods to reliably identify chromatin loops from such imaging datasets are still lacking. Here we present a Single-Nucleus Analysis Pipeline for multiplexed DNA FISH (SnapFISH), to process the multiplexed DNA FISH data and identify chromatin loops. SnapFISH can identify known chromatin loops from mouse embryonic stem cells with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, SnapFISH obtained comparable results of chromatin loops across datasets generated from diverse imaging technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jussila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strambio-De-Castillia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SnapFISH: a computational pipeline to identify chromatin loops from multiplexed DNA FISH data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ins and outs of membrane bending by intrinsically disordered proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane curvature is essential to diverse cellular functions. While classically attributed to structured domains, recent work illustrates that intrinsically disordered proteins are also potent drivers of membrane bending. Specifically, repulsive interactions among disordered domains drive convex bending, while attractive interactions, which lead to liquid-like condensates, drive concave bending. How might disordered domains that contain both repulsive and attractive domains impact curvature? Here we examine chimeras that combine attractive and repulsive interactions. When the attractive domain was closer to the membrane, its condensation amplified steric pressure among repulsive domains, leading to convex curvature. In contrast, when the repulsive domain was closer to the membrane, attractive interactions dominated, resulting in concave curvature. Further, a transition from convex to concave curvature occurred with increasing ionic strength, which reduced repulsion while enhancing condensation. In agreement with a simple mechanical model, these results illustrate a set of design rules for membrane bending by disordered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ins and outs of membrane bending by intrinsically disordered proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning, the ability to modify vocal behavior based on experience, is a convergently evolved trait in birds and mammals. To identify genomic elements associated with vocal learning, we integrated new experiments conducted in the brain of the Egyptian fruit bat with analyses of the genomes of 222 placental mammals. We first identified an anatomically specialized region of the bat motor cortex containing direct monosynaptic projections to laryngeal motoneurons. Using wireless neural recordings of this brain region in freely vocalizing bats, we verified that single neuron activity in this region relates to vocal production. We profiled the open chromatin of this vocal-motor region, which we used to train machine learning models to identify enhancers associated with vocal learning across mammals. We found 201 proteins and 45 candidate enhancers that display convergent evolution associated with vocal learning, many of which overlapped loci associated with human speech disability. One such locus contains the neurodevelopmental transcription factors TSHZ3 and ZNF536 and multiple candidate vocal learning-associated enhancers, suggesting the co-evolution of protein and regulatory sequences underlying vocal learning.

One-Sentence SummaryAnalyses of bat neural activity and epigenomic data in a brain region involved in vocal behavior were used to identify proteins and regulatory elements associated with vocal learning in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirthlin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvareva, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakuljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplow, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäffer, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annaldasula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoonomia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greengenes2 enables a shared data universe for microbiome studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.520774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics studies typically yield different results, usually attributed to biases in PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes. Here, we introduce Greengenes2 and show that differences in reference phylogeny are more important. By inserting sequences into a whole-genome phylogeny, we show that 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic data generated from the same samples agree in principal coordinates space, taxonomy, and in phenotype effect size when analyzed with the same tree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugenholtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.520774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greengenes2 enables a shared data universe for microbiome studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abundant pleiotropy across neuroimaging modalities identified through a multivariate genome-wide association study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic pleiotropy is abundant across spatially distributed brain characteristics derived from one neuroimaging modality (e.g. structural, functional or diffusion MRI). A better understanding of pleiotropy across modalities could inform us on the integration of brain function, micro- and macrostructure. Here we show extensive genetic overlap across neuroimaging modalities at a locus and gene level in the UK Biobank (N=34,029) and ABCD Study (N=8,607). When jointly analysing phenotypes derived from structural, functional and diffusion MRI with the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest), we boost the discovery of loci and genes beyond previously identified effects for each modality individually. Cross-modality genes are involved in fundamental biological processes and predominantly expressed during prenatal brain development. We additionally boost prediction of psychiatric disorders by conditioning independent GWAS on our multimodal multivariate GWAS. These findings shed light on the shared genetic mechanisms underlying variation in brain morphology, functional connectivity, and tissue composition.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=192 SRC="FIGDIR/small/521181v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (65K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e7eadcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ec127eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b21f14org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1690c5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tissink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelfs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naerland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budisteanu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posthuma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abundant pleiotropy across neuroimaging modalities identified through a multivariate genome-wide association study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lab evolution, transcriptomics, and modeling reveal mechanisms of paraquat tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relationships between the genome, transcriptome, and metabolome underlie all evolved phenotypes. However, it has proved difficult to elucidate these relationships because of the high number of variables measured. A recently developed data analytic method for characterizing the transcriptome can simplify interpretation by grouping genes into independently modulated sets (iModulons). Here, we demonstrate how iModulons reveal deep understanding of the effects of causal mutations and metabolic rewiring. We use adaptive laboratory evolution to generate E. coli strains that tolerate high levels of the redox cycling compound paraquat, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). We combine resequencing, iModulons, and metabolic models to elucidate six interacting stress tolerance mechanisms: 1) modification of transport, 2) activation of ROS stress responses, 3) use of ROS-sensitive iron regulation, 4) motility, 5) broad transcriptional reallocation toward growth, and 6) metabolic rewiring to decrease NADH production. This work thus reveals the genome-scale systems biology of ROS tolerance.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/521246v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (83K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@187f455org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ba0798org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@148b175org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17a8f8c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, E. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lab evolution, transcriptomics, and modeling reveal mechanisms of paraquat tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine-129 phosphorylation of α-synuclein is a trigger for physiologic protein-protein interactions and synaptic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of -synuclein at the Serine-129 site (-syn Ser129P) is an established pathologic hallmark of synucleinopathies, and also a therapeutic target. In physiologic states, only a small fraction of total -syn is phosphorylated at this site, and consequently, almost all studies to date have focused on putative pathologic roles of this post-translational modification. We noticed that unlike native (total) -syn that is widely expressed throughout the brain, the overall pattern of -syn Ser129P is restricted, suggesting intrinsic regulation and putative physiologic roles. Surprisingly, preventing phosphorylation at the Ser-129 site blocked the ability of -syn to attenuate activity-dependent synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling - widely thought to reflect its normal function. Exploring mechanisms, we found that neuronal activity augments -syn Ser-129P, and this phosphorylation is required for -syn binding to VAMP2 and synapsin - two functional binding-partners that are necessary for -syn function. AlphaFold2-driven modeling suggests a scenario where Ser129P induces conformational changes in the C-terminus that stabilizes this region and facilitates protein-protein interactions. Our experiments indicate that the pathology-associated Ser129P is an unexpected physiologic trigger of -syn function, which has broad implications for pathophysiology and drug-development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parra-Rivas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhivanan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakashchand, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulston, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzo, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branes-Guerrero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine-129 phosphorylation of α-synuclein is a trigger for physiologic protein-protein interactions and synaptic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Activity-Based Nanosensor for Minimally-Invasive Measurement of Protease Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current screening and diagnostic tools for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have limitations in sensitivity and prognostication. Aberrant protease activity is a central process that drives disease progression in TBI and is associated with worsened prognosis; thus direct measurements of protease activity could provide more diagnostic information. In this study, we engineered a nanosensor that releases a measurable signal into the blood and urine in response to activity from the TBI-associated protease calpain. Readouts from our nanosensor were designed to be compatible with ELISA and lateral flow assays, clinically-relevant assay modalities. In a mouse model of TBI, we demonstrated greater sensitivity of the nanosensor with the addition of targeting ligands to hyaluronic acid. In evaluation of mice with mild or severe injuries, our nanosensor identified mild TBI with a higher sensitivity than the clinical biomarker GFAP. This nanosensor technology allows for measurement of TBI-associated proteases without the need to directly access brain tissue, and has the potential to complement existing TBI diagnostic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudryashev, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madias, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandell, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Activity-Based Nanosensor for Minimally-Invasive Measurement of Protease Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural damping renders the insect exoskeleton mechanically insensitive to non-sinusoidal deformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscles act through elastic and dissipative elements to mediate movement, but these elements can introduce dissipation and filtering which are important for energetics and control. The high power requirements of flapping flight can be reduced by the insects exoskeleton, which acts as a structurally damped spring under purely sinusoidal deformation. However, this purely sinusoidal dynamic regime does not encompass the asymmetric wing strokes of many insects or non-periodic deformations induced by external perturbations. As such, it remains unknown whether a structural damping model applies broadly and what implications it has for control. We used a vibration testing system to measure the mechanical properties of isolated Manduca sexta thoraces under symmetric, asymmetric, and band-limited white noise deformations. We measured a thoracic stiffness of 2980 Nm-1 at 25 Hz and physiological peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.92 mm. Power savings and dissipation were indistinguishable between symmetric and asymmetric conditions, demonstrating that no additional energy is required to deform the thorax non-sinusoidally. Under white noise conditions, stiffness and damping were invariant with frequency, which is consistent with a structural damping model and suggests the thorax has no frequency-dependent filtering properties. A simple flat frequency response function fits our measured frequency response. This work demonstrates the potential of structurally damped materials to simplify motor control by eliminating any velocity-dependent filtering that viscoelastic elements usually impose between muscle and appendage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural damping renders the insect exoskeleton mechanically insensitive to non-sinusoidal deformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and functional arrangement of Ebola virus polymerase inside phase-separated viral factories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection induces the formation of membrane-less, cytoplasmic compartments termed viral factories, in which multiple viral proteins gather and coordinate viral transcription, replication and assembly. Key to viral factory function is the recruitment of EBOV polymerase, a multifunctional machine that mediates transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome. We show that intracellularly reconstituted EBOV viral factories are biomolecular condensates, with composition-dependent internal exchange dynamics that likely facilitates viral replication. Within the viral factory, we found the EBOV polymerase clusters into foci. The distance between these foci increases when viral replication is enabled. In addition to the typical droplet-like viral factories, we report the formation of network-like viral factories during EBOV infection. Unlike droplet-like viral factories, network-like factories are inactive for EBOV nucleocapsid assembly. This unique view of EBOV propagation suggests a form-to-function relationship that describes how physical properties and internal structures of biomolecular condensates influence viral biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArdle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and functional arrangement of Ebola virus polymerase inside phase-separated viral factories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory problems are common among older adults with a history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Employing a machine learning framework, the current study investigates the use of multi-domain features to classify individuals with and without alcohol-induced memory problems. A group of 94 individuals (ages 50-81 years) with alcohol-induced memory problems (Memory group) were compared with a matched Control group who did not have memory problems. The Random Forests model identified specific features from each domain that contributed to the classification of Memory vs. Control group (AUC=88.29%). Specifically, individuals from the Memory group manifested a predominant pattern of hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions except some connections involving anterior cingulate cortex which were predominantly hypoconnected. Other significant contributing features were (i) polygenic risk scores for AUD, (ii) alcohol consumption and related health consequences during the past 5 years, such as health problems, past negative experiences, withdrawal symptoms, and the largest number of drinks in a day during the past 12 months, and (iii) elevated neuroticism and increased harm avoidance, and fewer positive "uplift" life events. At the neural systems level, hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions, including the connections across the hippocampal hub regions, in individuals with memory problems may indicate dysregulation in neural information processing. Overall, the study outlines the importance of utilizing multidomain features, consisting of resting-state brain connectivity collected [~]18 years ago, together with personality, life experiences, polygenic risk, and alcohol consumption and related consequences, to predict alcohol-related memory problems that arise in later life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbie Saenz de Viteri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plawecki, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merikangas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brislin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselbrock, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucholz, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuckit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional pathways for metabolic network-based data analysis: the MetPath algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyzing biological data using pathways helps identify trends in data tied to the function of a network. A large number of pathway-based analysis tools have been developed toward this goal. These pathways are often manually curated and thus associations are subject to the biases of the curator. A potentially attractive alternative is to define pathways based on the inherent functionality and connectivity of the network itself. Within metabolism, functionality is defined by the production and consumption of metabolites, and connectivity by metabolites participating in reactions through common enzymes. In this work, we present an algorithm, termed MetPath, that calculates pathways for production and consumption of metabolites. We show how these pathways have attractive properties, such as the ability to integrate multiple data types and weight contribution of genes within the pathway by their functional contribution to metabolite production/consumption. Pathways calculated in this manner are condition-specific and thus are custom tailored to the system of interest, in contrast to curated pathways. We find that these pathways predict gene expression correlation better compared to manually-curated pathways. Additionally, we find that these pathways can be used to understand gene expression changes between growth conditions and between cell types. This work serves to better understand the functional pathway structure underlying cell metabolism and helps to enable systems analyses of high-throughput data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazzotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional pathways for metabolic network-based data analysis: the MetPath algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ViralConsensus: A fast and memory-efficient tool for calling viral consensus genome sequences directly from read alignment data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn viral molecular epidemiology, reconstruction of consensus genomes from sequence data is critical for tracking mutations and variants of concern. However, as the number of samples that are sequenced grows rapidly, compute resources needed to reconstruct consensus genomes can become prohibitively large.

ResultsViralConsensus is a fast and memory-efficient tool for calling viral consensus genome sequences directly from read alignment data. ViralConsensus is orders of magnitude faster and more memory-efficient than existing methods. Further, unlike existing methods, ViralConsensus can pipe data directly from a read mapper via standard input and performs viral consensus calling on-the-fly, making it an ideal tool for viral sequencing pipelines.

AvailabilityViralConsensus is freely available at https://github.com/niemasd/ViralConsensus as an open-source software project.

Contactniema@ucsd.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ViralConsensus: A fast and memory-efficient tool for calling viral consensus genome sequences directly from read alignment data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.522930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supramolecular fibrous hydrogel augmentation of uterosacral ligament suspension for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.522930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS) is a common surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). However, the relatively high failure rate of up to 40% underscores a strong clinical need for complementary treatment strategies, such as biomaterial augmentation. Herein, we describe the first hydrogel biomaterial augmentation of USLS in a recently established rat model using an injectable fibrous hydrogel composite. Supramolecularly-assembled hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel nanofibers encapsulated in a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable HA hydrogel create an injectable scaffold showing excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. The hydrogel can be successfully delivered and localized to the suture sites of the USLS procedure, where it gradually degrades over 6 weeks. In situ mechanical testing 24 weeks post-operative in the multiparous USLS rat model shows the ultimate load (load at failure) to be 1.70 {+/-} 0.36 N for the intact uterosacral ligament (USL), 0.89 {+/-} 0.28 N for the USLS repair, and 1.37 {+/-} 0.31 N for the USLS + hydrogel (USLS+H) repair (n = 8). These results indicate that the hydrogel composite significantly improves load required for tissue failure compared to the standard USLS, even after the hydrogel degrades, and that this hydrogel-based approach could potentially reduce the high failure rate associated with USLS procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewal, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highley, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliari, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.522930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supramolecular fibrous hydrogel augmentation of uterosacral ligament suspension for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.522731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional phenotyping to define the genetic basis of cellular morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.522731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphology of cells is dynamic and mediated by genetic and environmental factors. Characterizing how genetic variation impacts cell morphology can provide an important link between disease association and cellular function. Here, we combined genomic and high-content imaging approaches on iPSCs from 297 unique donors to investigate the relationship between genetic variants and cellular morphology to map what we term cell morphological quantitative trait loci (cmQTLs). We identified novel associations between rare protein altering variants in WASF2, TSPAN15, and PRLR with several morphological traits related to cell shape, nucleic granularity, and mitochondrial distribution. Knockdown of these genes by CRISPRi confirmed their role in cell morphology. Analysis of common variants yielded one significant association and nominated over 300 variants with suggestive evidence (P<10-6) of association with one or more morphology traits. Our results showed that, similar to other molecular phenotypes, morphological profiling can yield insight about the function of genes and variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tegtmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asgari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peirent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisbart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amariuta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.522731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional phenotyping to define the genetic basis of cellular morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Rate Hippocampal Delay Period Activity Encodes Behavioral Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remembering what just happened is a crucial prerequisite to form long-term memories but also for establishing and maintaining working memory. So far there is no general agreement about cortical mechanisms that support short-term memory. Using a classifier-based decoding approach, we report that hippocampal activity during few sparsely distributed brief time intervals contains information about the previous sensory motor experience of rodents. These intervals are characterized by only a small increase of firing rate of only a few neurons. These low-rate predictive patterns are present in both working memory and non-working memory tasks, in two rodent species, rats and Mongolian gerbils, are strongly reduced for rats with medial entorhinal cortex lesions, and depend on the familiarity of the sensory-motor context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athanasiadis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masserini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetterhoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Rate Hippocampal Delay Period Activity Encodes Behavioral Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Data Reveal Type I Polyketide Synthase Distributions Across Biomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial polyketide synthase (PKS) genes encode the biosynthesis of many biomedically important natural products, yet only a small fraction of natures polyketide biosynthetic potential has been realized. Much of this potential originates from type I PKSs (T1PKSs), which can be delineated into different classes and subclasses based on domain organization and structural features of the compounds encoded. Notably, phylogenetic relationships among PKS ketosynthase (KS) domains provide a method to classify the larger and more complex genes in which they occur. Increased access to large metagenomic datasets from diverse habitats provides opportunities to assess T1PKS biosynthetic diversity and distributions through the analysis of KS domain sequences. Here, we used the webtool NaPDoS2 to detect and classify over 35,000 type I KS domains from 137 metagenomic data sets reported from eight diverse biomes. We found biome-specific separation with soils enriched in modular cis-AT and hybrid cis-AT KSs relative to other biomes and marine sediments enriched in KSs associated with PUFA and enediyne biosynthesis. By extracting full-length KS domains, we linked the phylum Actinobacteria to soil-specific enediyne and cis-AT clades and identified enediyne and monomodular KSs in phyla from which the associated compound classes have not been reported. These sequences were phylogenetically distinct from those associated with experimentally characterized PKSs suggesting novel structures or enzyme functions remain to be discovered. Lastly, we employed our metagenome-extracted KS domains to evaluate commonly used type I KS PCR primers and identified modifications that could increase the KS sequence diversity recovered from amplicon libraries.

ImportancePolyketides are a crucial source of medicines, agrichemicals, and other commercial products. Advances in our understanding of polyketide biosynthesis coupled with the accumulation of metagenomic sequence data provide new opportunities to assess polyketide biosynthetic potential across biomes. Here, we used the webtool NaPDoS2 to assess type I PKS diversity and distributions by detecting and classifying KS domains across 137 metagenomes. We show that biomes are differentially enriched in KS domain classes, providing a roadmap for future biodiscovery strategies. Further, KS phylogenies reveal both biome-specific clades that do not include biochemically characterized PKSs, highlighting the biosynthetic potential of poorly explored environments. The large metagenome-derived KS dataset allowed us to identify regions of commonly used type I KS PCR primers that could be modified to capture a larger extent of KS diversity. These results facilitate both the search for novel polyketides and our understanding of the biogeographical distribution of PKSs across earths major biomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klau, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Data Reveal Type I Polyketide Synthase Distributions Across Biomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing response from stimulus driven history biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception is shaped by past experience, both cumulative and contextual. Serial dependence reflects a contextual attractive bias to perceive or report the world as more stable than it truly is. As serial dependence has often been examined in continuous report or change detection tasks, it unclear whether attraction is towards the identity of the previous stimulus feature, or rather to the response made to indicate the perceived stimulus value on the previous trial. The physical and reported identities can be highly correlated depending on properties of the stimulus and task design. However, they are distinct values and dissociating them is important because it can reveal information about the role of sensory and non-sensory contributions to attractive biases. These alternative possibilities can be challenging to disentangle because 1) stimulus values and responses are typically strongly correlated and 2) measuring response biases using standard techniques can be confounded by context-independent biases such as cardinal bias for orientation (i.e., higher precision, but repelled, responses from vertical and horizontal orientations). Here we explore the issues and confounds related to measuring response biases using simulations. Under a range of conditions, we find that response-induced biases can be reliably distinguished from stimulus-induced biases and from confounds introduced by context-independent biases. We then applied these approaches to a delayed report dataset (N=18) and found evidence for response over a stimulus driven history bias. This work demonstrates that stimulus and response driven history biases can be reliably dissociated and provides code to implement these analysis procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing response from stimulus driven history biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated quantitative trait locus analysis (AutoQTL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundQuantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have the power to identify variants that capture significant levels of phenotypic variance in complex traits. However, effort and time are required to select the best methods and optimize parameters and pre-processing steps. Although machine learning approaches have been shown to greatly assist in optimization and data processing, applying them to QTL analysis and GWAS is challenging due to the complexity of large, heterogenous datasets. Here, we describe proof-of-concept for an automated machine learning approach, AutoQTL, with the ability to automate many complex decisions related to analysis of complex traits and generate diverse solutions to describe relationships that exist in genetic data.

ResultsUsing a dataset of 18 putative QTL from a large-scale GWAS of body mass index in the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, AutoQTL captures the phenotypic variance explained under a standard additive model while also providing evidence of non-additive effects including deviations from additivity and 2-way epistatic interactions from simulated data via multiple optimal solutions. Additionally, feature importance metrics provide different insights into the inheritance models and predictive power of multiple GWAS-derived putative QTL.

ConclusionsThis proof-of-concept illustrates that automated machine learning techniques can be applied to genetic data and has the potential to detect both additive and non-additive effects via various optimal solutions and feature importance metrics. In the future, we aim to expand AutoQTL to accommodate omics-level datasets with intelligent feature selection strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freda, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Martinez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiwari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamparelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated quantitative trait locus analysis (AutoQTL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are adaptable organelles with diverse cellular functions critical to whole-body metabolic homeostasis. While chronic endurance exercise training is known to alter mitochondrial activity, these adaptations have not yet been systematically characterized. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) mapped the longitudinal, multi-omic changes in mitochondrial analytes across 19 tissues in male and female rats endurance trained for 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks. Training elicited substantial changes in the adrenal gland, brown adipose, colon, heart and skeletal muscle, while we detected mild responses in the brain, lung, small intestine and testes. The colon response was characterized by non-linear dynamics that resulted in upregulation of mitochondrial function that was more prominent in females. Brown adipose and adrenal tissues were characterized by substantial downregulation of mitochondrial pathways. Training induced a previously unrecognized robust upregulation of mitochondrial protein abundance and acetylation in the liver, and a concomitant shift in lipid metabolism. The striated muscles demonstrated a highly coordinated response to increase oxidative capacity, with the majority of changes occurring in protein abundance and post-translational modifications. We identified exercise upregulated networks that are downregulated in human type 2 diabetes and liver cirrhosis. In both cases HSD17B10, a central dehydrogenase in multiple metabolic pathways and mitochondrial tRNA maturation, was the main hub. In summary, we provide a multi-omic, cross-tissue atlas of the mitochondrial response to training and identify candidates for prevention of disease-associated mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Beltran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan Raja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marwaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevener, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rector, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyfault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial multi-omic response to exercise training across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple pals gene modules control a balance between immunity and development in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system continually battles against pathogen-induced pressures, which often leads to the evolutionary expansion of immune gene families in a species-specific manner. For example, the pals gene family expanded to 39 members in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, in comparison to a single mammalian pals ortholog. Our previous studies have revealed that two members of this family, pals-22 and pals-25, act as antagonistic paralogs to control the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR). The IPR is a protective transcriptional response, which is activated upon infection by two molecularly distinct natural intracellular pathogens of C. elegans - the Orsay virus and the fungus Nematocida parisii from the microsporidia phylum. In this study, we identify a previously uncharacterized member of the pals family, pals-17, as a newly described negative regulator of the IPR. pals-17 mutants show constitutive upregulation of IPR gene expression, increased immunity against intracellular pathogens, as well as impaired development and reproduction. We also find that two other previously uncharacterized pals genes, pals-20 and pals-16, are positive regulators of the IPR, acting downstream of pals-17. These positive regulators reverse the effects caused by the loss of pals-17 on IPR gene expression, immunity and development. We show that the negative IPR regulator protein PALS-17 and the positive IPR regulator protein PALS-20 colocalize inside intestinal epithelial cells, which are the sites of infection for IPR-inducing pathogens. In summary, our study demonstrates that several pals genes from the expanded pals gene family act as ON/OFF switch modules to regulate a balance between organismal development and immunity against natural intracellular pathogens in C. elegans.

AUTHOR SUMMARYImmune responses to pathogens induce extensive rewiring of host physiology. In the short term, these changes are generally beneficial as they can promote resistance against infection. However, prolonged activation of immune responses can have serious negative consequences on host health, including impaired organismal development and fitness. Therefore, the balance between activating the immune system and promoting development must be precisely regulated. In this study, we used genetics to identify a gene in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans called pals-17 that acts as a repressor of the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), a defense response against viral and microsporidian infections. We also found that pals-17 is required for the normal development of these animals. Furthermore, we identified two other pals genes, pals-20 and pals-16, as suppressors of pals-17 mutant phenotypes. Finally, we found that PALS-17 and PALS-20 proteins colocalize inside intestinal cells, where viruses and microsporidia invade and replicate in the host. Taken together, our study demonstrates a balance between organismal development and immunity that is regulated by several genetic ON/OFF switch  modules in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazetic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple pals gene modules control a balance between immunity and development in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging Big Data: Procedures for Combining Non-equivalent Cognitive Measures from the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigators in neuroscience have turned to Big Data to address replication and reliability issues by increasing sample sizes, statistical power, and representativeness of data. These efforts unveil new questions about integrating data arising from distinct sources and instruments. We focus on the most frequently assessed cognitive domain - memory testing - and demonstrate a process for reliable data harmonization across three common measures. We aggregated global raw data from 53 studies totaling N = 10,505 individuals. A mega-analysis was conducted using empirical bayes harmonization to remove site effects, followed by linear models adjusting for common covariates. A continuous item response theory (IRT) model estimated each individuals latent verbal learning ability while accounting for item difficulties. Harmonization significantly reduced inter-site variance while preserving covariate effects, and our conversion tool is freely available online. This demonstrates that large-scale data sharing and harmonization initiatives can address reproducibility and integration challenges across the behavioral sciences.

TeaserWe present a global effort to devise harmonization procedures necessary to meaningfully leverage big data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Lana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babikian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodtmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caeyenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalloti, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifu, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple-Alford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dams-O'Connor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobryakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esopenko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Claramonte,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging Big Data: Procedures for Combining Non-equivalent Cognitive Measures from the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed Lineage Leukemia (Mll1) establishes global histone H3K4 trimethylation and stem like memory Cd8 T cell formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells with stem cell-like properties (TSCM) sustain adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and tumors. However, the developmental origins and chromatin regulatory factors (CRFs) that establish their differentiation are unclear. Using an RNA interference screen of all CRFs we discovered the histone methylase Mll1 was required during T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation for development of a TSCM precursor state and mature memory (TMEM) cells, but not short-lived or transitory effector cell-like states, in response to viral infections and tumors. Mll1 was essential for widespread de novo deposition of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) upon TCR stimulation, which accounted for 70% of all activation-induced sites in mature TMEM cells. Mll1 promoted both H3K4me3 deposition and reduced TCR-induced Pol II pausing at genes whose single-cell transcriptional dynamics explained trajectories into nascent TSCM precursor states during viral infection. Our results suggest Mll1-dependent control of Pol II elongation and H3K4me3 establishes and maintains differentiation of CD8+ TSCM cell states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getzler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belanger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuda, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipkin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed Lineage Leukemia (Mll1) establishes global histone H3K4 trimethylation and stem like memory Cd8 T cell formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AtOM, an ontology model for standardizing use of brain atlases in tools, workflows, and data infrastructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain atlases are important reference resources for accurate anatomical description of neuroscience data. Open access, three-dimensional atlases serve as spatial frameworks for integrating experimental data and defining regions-of-interest in analytic workflows. However, naming conventions, parcellation criteria, area definitions, and underlying mapping methodologies differ considerably between atlases and across atlas versions. This lack of standardization impedes use of atlases in analytic tools and registration of data to different atlases. To establish a machine-readable standard for representing brain atlases, we identified four fundamental atlas elements, defined their relations, and created an ontology model. Here we present our Atlas Ontology Model (AtOM) and exemplify its use by applying it to mouse, rat, and human brain atlases. We propose minimum requirements for FAIR atlases and discuss how AtOM may facilitate atlas interoperability and data integration. AtOM provides a standardized framework for communication and use of brain atlases to create, use, and refer to specific atlas elements and versions. We argue that AtOM will accelerate analysis, sharing, and reuse of neuroscience data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleven, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickscheid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjaalie, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leergaard, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AtOM, an ontology model for standardizing use of brain atlases in tools, workflows, and data infrastructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurophysiological signatures of cortical micro-architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic spatial variation in micro-architecture is observed across the cortex. These micro-architectural gradients are reflected in neural activity, which can be captured by neurophysiological time-series. How spontaneous neurophysiological dynamics are organized across the cortex and how they arise from heterogeneous cortical micro-architecture remains unknown. Here we extensively profile regional neurophysiological dynamics across the human brain by estimating over 6 800 timeseries features from the resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal. We then map regional time-series profiles to a comprehensive multi-modal, multi-scale atlas of cortical micro-architecture, including microstructure, metabolism, neurotransmitter receptors, cell types and laminar differentiation. We find that the dominant axis of neurophysiological dynamics reflects characteristics of power spectrum density and linear correlation structure of the signal, emphasizing the importance of conventional features of electromagnetic dynamics while identifying additional informative features that have traditionally received less attention. Moreover, spatial variation in neurophysiological dynamics is colocalized with multiple micro-architectural features, including genomic gradients, intracortical myelin, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, and oxygen and glucose metabolism. Collectively, this work opens new avenues for studying the anatomical basis of neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurophysiological signatures of cortical micro-architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-specific Covalent Labeling of DNA Substrates by an RNA Transglycosylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial tRNA guanine transglycosylases (TGTs) catalyze the exchange of guanine for the 7-deazaguanine queuine precursor, prequeuosine1 (preQ1). While the native nucleic acid substrate for bacterial TGTs is the anticodon loop of queuine-cognate tRNAs, the minimum recognition sequence for the enzyme is a structured hairpin containing the target G nucleobase in a "UGU" loop motif. Previous work has established an RNA modification system, RNA-TAG, in which E. coli TGT exchanges the target G on an RNA of interest for chemically modified preQ1 substrates linked to a small molecule reporter such as biotin or a fluorophore. While extending the substrate scope of RNA transglycosylases to include DNA would enable numerous applications, it has been previously reported that TGT is incapable of modifying native DNA. Here we demonstrate that TGT can in fact recognize and label specific DNA substrates. Through iterative testing of rationally mutated DNA hairpin sequences, we determined the minimal sequence requirements for transglycosylation of unmodified DNA by E. coli TGT. Controlling steric constraint in the DNA hairpin dramatically affects labeling efficiency, and, when optimized, can lead to near quantitative site-specific modification. We demonstrate the utility of our newly developed DNA-TAG system by rapidly synthesizing probes for fluorescent Northern blotting of spliceosomal U6 RNA and RNA FISH visualization of the long noncoding RNA, MALAT1. The ease and convenience of the DNA-TAG system will provide researchers with a tool for accessing a wide variety of affordable modified DNA substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tota, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-specific Covalent Labeling of DNA Substrates by an RNA Transglycosylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guide to the construction and use of an adaptive optics two-photon microscope with direct wavefront sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-photon microscopy, combined with appropriate optical labeling, has enabled the study of structure and function throughout nervous systems. This methodology enables, for example, the measurement and tracking of sub-micrometer structures within brain cells, the spatio-temporal mapping of spikes in individual neurons, and the spatio-temporal mapping of transmitter release in individual synapses. Yet the spatial resolution of two-photon microscopy rapidly degrades as imaging is attempted at depths more than a few scattering lengths into tissue, i.e., below the superficial layers that constitute the top 300 to 400 {micro}m of neocortex. To obviate this limitation, we measure the wavefront at the focus of the excitation beam and utilize adaptive optics that alters the incident wavefront to achieve an improved focal volume. We describe the constructions, calibration, and operation of a two-photon microscopy that incorporates adaptive optics to restore diffraction-limited resolution throughout the nearly 900 {micro}m depth of mouse cortex. Our realization utilizes a guide star formed by excitation of red-shifted dye within the blood serum to directly measure the wavefront. We incorporate predominantly commercial optical, optomechanical, mechanical, and electronic components; computer aided design models of the exceptional custom components are supplied. The design is modular and allows for expanded imaging and optical excitation capabilities. We demonstrate our methodology in mouse neocortex by imaging the morphology of somatostatin-expressing neurons at 700 {micro}m beneath the pia, calcium dynamics of layer 5b projection neurons, and glutamate transmission to L4 neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleninfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thunemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guide to the construction and use of an adaptive optics two-photon microscope with direct wavefront sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HAPSTR1 localizes HUWE1 to the nucleus to limit stress signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HUWE1 is a large, enigmatic HECT domain ubiquitin ligase implicated in the regulation of diverse pathways including DNA repair, apoptosis, and differentiation. How HUWE1 engages its structurally diverse substrates and how HUWE1 activity is regulated are unknown. Using unbiased quantitative proteomics, we identify C16orf72/HAPSTR1 as a dedicated HUWE1 substrate despite HUWE1 targeting substrates in a largely cell type-specific manner. The established physical and genetic interactions between HUWE1 and C16orf72/HAPSTR1 suggest that HAPSTR1 positively regulates HUWE1 function. Here, we show that HAPSTR1 is both a HUWE1 substrate and is required for HUWE1 nuclear localization to facilitate HUWE1 nuclear substrate targeting. HUWE1 or HAPSTR1 loss of function triggers a broad transcriptional stress response. We show that nuclear HUWE1 is both critical for modulating stress signaling pathways, which include p53 and NF-{kappa}B-mediated signaling and required for cell proliferation. Combined, our results define a role for HAPSTR1 in gating critical nuclear HUWE1 functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monda, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HAPSTR1 localizes HUWE1 to the nucleus to limit stress signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an empirically benchmarked framework for sex-specific normative modeling of brain morphometry that can inform about the biological and behavioral significance of deviations from typical age-related neuroanatomical changes and support future study designs. This framework was developed using regional morphometric data from 37,407 healthy individuals (53% female; aged 3-90 years) following a comparative evaluation of eight algorithms and multiple covariate combinations pertaining to image acquisition and quality, parcellation software versions, global neuroimaging measures, and longitudinal stability. The Multivariate Factorial Polynomial Regression (MFPR) emerged as the preferred algorithm optimized using nonlinear polynomials for age and linear effects of global measures as covariates. The MFPR models showed excellent accuracy across the lifespan and within distinct age-bins, and longitudinal stability over a 2-year period. The performance of all MFPR models plateaued at sample sizes exceeding 3,000 study participants. The model and scripts described here are freely available through CentileBrain (https://centilebrain.org/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giorgio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frodl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.523509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fins are major functional appendages of fish that have been repeatedly modified in different lineages. To search for genomic changes underlying natural fin diversity, we compared the genomes of 36 wild fish species that either have complete or reduced pelvic and caudal fins. We identify 1,614 genomic regions that are well-conserved in fin-complete species but missing from multiple fin-reduced lineages. Recurrent deletions of conserved sequences (CONDELs) in wild fin-reduced species are enriched for functions related to appendage development, suggesting that convergent fin reduction at the organismal level is associated with repeated genomic deletions near fin-appendage development genes. We used sequencing and functional enhancer assays to confirm that PelA, a Pitx1 enhancer previously linked to recurrent pelvic loss in sticklebacks, has also been independently deleted and may have contributed to the fin morphology in distantly related pelvic-reduced species. We also identify a novel enhancer that is conserved in the majority of percomorphs, drives caudal fin expression in transgenic stickleback, is missing in tetraodontiform, syngnathid, and synbranchid species with caudal fin reduction, and which alters caudal fin development when targeted by genome editing. Our study illustrates a general strategy for mapping phenotypes to genotypes across a tree of vertebrate species, and highlights notable new examples of regulatory genomic hotspots that have been used to evolve recurrent phenotypes during 100 million years of fish evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejerano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIRDMAn: A Bayesian differential abundance framework that enables robust inference of host-microbe associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the differential abundance (DA) of specific taxa among experimental groups in microbiome studies is challenging due to data characteristics (e.g., compositionality, sparsity) and specific study designs (e.g., repeated measures, meta-analysis, cross-over). Here we present BIRDMAn (Bayesian Inferential Regression for Differential Microbiome Analysis), a flexible DA method that can account for microbiome data characteristics and diverse experimental designs. Simulations show that BIRDMAn models are robust to uneven sequencing depth and provide a >20-fold improvement in statistical power over existing methods. We then use BIRDMAn to identify antibiotic-mediated perturbations undetected by other DA methods due to subject-level heterogeneity. Finally, we demonstrate how BIRDMAn can construct state-of-the-art cancer-type classifiers using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, with substantial accuracy improvements over random forests and existing DA tools across multiple sequencing centers. Collectively, BIRDMAn extracts more informative biological signals while accounting for study-specific experimental conditions than existing approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepich-Poore, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaband, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIRDMAn: A Bayesian differential abundance framework that enables robust inference of host-microbe associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B3GALT6 Promotes Dormant Breast Cancer Cell Survival and Recurrence by Enabling Heparan Sulfate-Mediated FGF Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer mortality results primarily from incurable recurrent tumors seeded by dormant, therapy-refractory residual tumor cells (RTCs). Understanding the mechanisms enabling dormant RTC survival is therefore essential for improving patient outcomes. We derived a dormancy-associated RTC signature that mirrors the transcriptional response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients and is enriched for extracellular matrix-related pathways. In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screening of dormancy-associated candidate genes identified the galactosyltransferase B3GALT6 as a functional regulator of RTC fitness. B3GALT6 covalently attaches glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to proteins to generate proteoglycans and its germline loss-of-function causes skeletal dysplasias. We determined that B3GALT6-mediated biosynthesis of the GAG heparan sulfate predicts poor patient outcomes, promotes tumor recurrence by enhancing dormant RTC survival in multiple contexts, and does so via a B3GALT6-heparan sulfate/HS6ST1-heparan 6-O-sulfation/FGF1-FGFR2 signaling axis. These findings identify a role for B3GALT6 in cancer and suggest targeting FGF signaling as a novel approach to preventing recurrence by eradicating dormant RTCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sreekumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belka, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toriumi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodosh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B3GALT6 Promotes Dormant Breast Cancer Cell Survival and Recurrence by Enabling Heparan Sulfate-Mediated FGF Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics of TIM family immune checkpoints enabled by mucinase SmE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucin-domain glycoproteins are densely O-glycosylated and play critical roles in a host of biological functions. In particular, the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing family of proteins (TIM-1, -3, -4) decorate immune cells and act as key checkpoint inhibitors in cancer. However, their dense O-glycosylation remains enigmatic both in terms of glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics, primarily due to the challenges associated with studying mucin domains. Here, we present a mucinase (SmE) and demonstrate its ability to selectively cleave along the mucin glycoprotein backbone, similar to others of its kind. Unlike other mucinases, though, SmE harbors the unique ability to cleave at residues bearing extremely complex glycans which enabled improved mass spectrometric analysis of several mucins, including the entire TIM family. With this information in-hand, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of TIM-3 and -4 to demonstrate how glycosylation affects structural features of these proteins. Overall, we present a powerful workflow to better understand the detailed molecular structures of the mucinome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chongsaritsinsuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steigmeyer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ince, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenhorst, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferracane, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics of TIM family immune checkpoints enabled by mucinase SmE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex comprises SUN (Sad-1 and UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht, ANC-1, SYNE homology) domain proteins, whose conserved interactions provide a physical coupling between the cytoskeleton and the nucleoskeleton, thereby mediating the transfer of physical forces across the nuclear envelope. The LINC complex can perform distinct cellular functions by pairing various KASH domain proteins with the same SUN domain protein. Recent studies have suggested a higher-order assembly of SUN and KASH instead of a more widely accepted linear trimer model for the LINC complex. In the present study, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanism of force transfer across the two proposed models of LINC complex assembly, namely the 3:3 linear trimer model and the 6:6 higher-order model. Employing steered molecular dynamics simulations with various structures using forces at different rates and directions, we examine the structural stability of the two models under various biologically relevant conditions. Our results suggest that both models can withstand and transfer significant levels of force while retaining their structural integrity. However, the force response of various SUN KASH assemblies depended on the force direction and pulling rates. Slower pulling rates resulted in higher mean square fluctuations of the 3:3 assembly compared to the fast pulling. Interestingly, the 6:6 assembly tends to provide an additional range of motion flexibility and might be more suitable for describing the interaction between SUN and KASH under compressive and shear forces. These findings offer insights into how the SUN and KASH proteins maintain the structural integrity of the nuclear membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yerima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domkam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mofrad, M. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force transmission and SUN-KASH higher-order assembly in the LINC complex models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging type 1 diabetes human genetic and genomic data in the T1D Knowledge Portal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating genetic discoveries for type 1 diabetes (T1D) into mechanistic insight can reveal novel biology and therapeutic targets but remains a major challenge. We developed the T1D Knowledge Portal (T1DKP), a disease-specific resource of genetic and functional annotation data that enables users to develop hypotheses for T1D-based research and target discovery. The T1DKP can be used to query genes and genomic regions for genetic associations, identify epigenomic features, access results of bioinformatic analyses, and obtain expert-curated resources. The T1DKP is available at http://t1d.hugeamp.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudtarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koesterer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onengut-Gumuscu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtt, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging type 1 diabetes human genetic and genomic data in the T1D Knowledge Portal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated map of cell type-specific gene expression in pancreatic islets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic islets are comprised of multiple endocrine cell types that produce hormones required for glucose homeostasis, and islet dysfunction is a major factor in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D). Numerous studies have generated gene expression profiles in individual islet cell types using single cell assays. However, there is no canonical reference of gene expression in islet cell types in both health and disease that is also easily accessible for researchers to access, query, and use in bioinformatics pipelines. Here we present an integrated reference map of islet cell type-specific gene expression from 192,203 cells derived from single cell RNA-seq assays of 65 non-diabetic, T1D autoantibody positive (Aab+), T1D, and T2D donors from the Human Pancreas Analysis Program. We identified 10 endocrine and non-endocrine cell types as well as sub-populations of several cell types, and defined sets of marker genes for each cell type and sub-population. We tested for differential expression within each cell type in T1D Aab+, T1D, and T2D states, and identified 1,701 genes with significant changes in expression in any cell type. Most changes were observed in beta cells in T1D, and, by comparison, there were almost no genes with changes in T1D Aab+. To facilitate user interaction with this reference, we provide the data using several single cell visualization and reference mapping tools as well as open-access analytical pipelines used to create this reference. The results will serve as a valuable resource to investigators studying islet biology and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elgamal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudtarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okino, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated map of cell type-specific gene expression in pancreatic islets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) is a dynamic storage and secretory organ that regulates systemic homeostasis, yet the impact of endurance exercise training and sex on its molecular landscape has not been fully established. Utilizing an integrative multi-omics approach with data generated by the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC), we identified profound sexual dimorphism in the dynamic response of rat scWAT to endurance exercise training. Despite similar cardiorespiratory improvements, only male rats reduced whole-body adiposity, scWAT adipocyte size, and total scWAT triglyceride abundance with training. Multi-omic analyses of adipose tissue integrated with phenotypic measures identified sex-specific training responses including enrichment of mTOR signaling in females, while males displayed enhanced mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Overall, this study reinforces our understanding that sex impacts scWAT biology and provides a rich resource to interrogate responses of scWAT to endurance training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagendorf, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whytock, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirshman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vamvini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newgard, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Study Group, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing and exploring patterns of large mutational events with SigProfilerMatrixGenerator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAll cancers harbor somatic mutations in their genomes. In principle, mutations affecting between one and fifty base pairs are generally classified as small mutational events. Conversely, large mutational events affect more than fifty base pairs, and, in most cases, they encompass copy-number and structural variants affecting many thousands of base pairs. Prior studies have demonstrated that examining patterns of somatic mutations can be leveraged to provide both biological and clinical insights, thus, resulting in an extensive repertoire of tools for evaluating small mutational events. Recently, classification schemas for examining large-scale mutational events have emerged and shown their utility across the spectrum of human cancers. However, there has been no standard bioinformatics tool that allows visualizing and exploring these large-scale mutational events

ResultsHere, we present a new version of SigProfilerMatrixGenerator that now delivers integrated capabilities for examining large mutational events. The tool provides support for examining copy-number variants and structural variants under two previously developed classification schemas and it supports data from numerous algorithms and data modalities. SigProfilerMatrixGenerator is written in Python with an R wrapper package provided for users that prefer working in an R environment.

ConclusionsThe new version of SigProfilerMatrixGenerator provides the first standardized bioinformatics tool for optimized exploration and visualization of two previously developed classification schemas for copy number and structural variants. The tool is freely available at https://github.com/AlexandrovLab/SigProfilerMatrixGenerator with an extensive documentation at https://osf.io/s93d5/wiki/home/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing and exploring patterns of large mutational events with SigProfilerMatrixGenerator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Curing GFP-itis in Bacteria with Base Editors: Development of a Genome Editing Science Program Implemented with High School Biology Students 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The flexibility and precision of CRISPR-Cas9 and related technologies have made these genome editing tools increasingly popular in agriculture, medicine, and basic science research over the past decade. Genome editing will continue to be relevant and utilized across diverse scientific fields in the future. Given this, students should be introduced to genome editing technologies and encouraged to consider their ethical implications early on in pre-college biology curricula. Furthermore, instruction on this topic presents an opportunity to create partnerships between researchers and educators at the K-12 levels that can strengthen student engagement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To this end, we present a three-day student-centered learning program to introduce high school students to genome editing technologies through a hands-on base editing experiment in E. coli, accompanied by a relevant background lecture and facilitated ethics discussion. This unique partnership aims to educate students and provides a framework for research institutions to implement genome editing outreach programs at local high schools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evanoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranzau, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deters, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komor, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Curing GFP-itis in Bacteria with Base Editors: Development of a Genome Editing Science Program Implemented with High School Biology Students]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the consequences of redirecting an exocytic Rab onto endocytic vesicles. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bidirectional vesicular traffic links compartments along the exocytic and endocytic pathways. Rab GTPases have been implicated in specifying the direction of vesicular transport because anterograde vesicles are marked with a different Rab than retrograde vesicles. To explore this proposal, we sought to redirect an exocytic Rab, Sec4, onto endocytic vesicles by fusing the catalytic domain of the Sec4 GEF, Sec2, onto the CUE localization domain of Vps9, a GEF for the endocytic Rab, Ypt51. The Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE construct was found to localize to bright puncta predominantly near sites of polarized growth and this localization was strongly dependent upon the ability of the CUE domain to bind to the ubiquitin moieties added to the cytoplasmic tails of proteins destined for endocytic internalization. Sec4 and Sec4 effectors were recruited to these puncta with varying efficiency. The puncta appeared to consist of clusters of 80 nm vesicles and although the puncta are largely static, FRAP analysis suggests that traffic into and out of these clusters continues. Cells expressing Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE grew surprisingly well and secreted protein at near normal efficiency, implying that Golgi derived secretory vesicles were delivered to polarized sites of cell growth, where they tethered and fused with the plasma membrane despite the misdirection of Sec4 and its effectors. In total, the results suggest that while Rabs play a critical role in regulating vesicular transport, cells are remarkably tolerant of Rab misdirection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novick, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the consequences of redirecting an exocytic Rab onto endocytic vesicles.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Molecular Design and Experimental Validation of Selective Histamine H1 Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generative molecular design (GMD) is an increasingly popular strategy for drug discovery, using machine learning models to propose, evaluate and optimize chemical structures against a set of target design criteria. We present the ATOM-GMD platform, a scalable multiprocessing framework to optimize many parameters simultaneously over large populations of proposed molecules. ATOM-GMD uses a junction tree variational autoencoder mapping structures to latent vectors, along with a genetic algorithm operating on latent vector elements, to search a diverse molecular space for compounds that meet the design criteria. We used the ATOM-GMD framework in a lead optimization case study to develop potent and selective histamine H1 receptor antagonists. We synthesized 103 of the top scoring compounds and measured their properties experimentally. Six of the tested compounds bind H1 with Kis between 10 and 100 nM and are at least 100-fold selective relative to muscarinic M2 receptors, validating the effectiveness of our GMD approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mast, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osswald, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zegelman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennion, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abagyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brase, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Molecular Design and Experimental Validation of Selective Histamine H1 Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective loss of specific subsets of hair cell and spiral ganglion cell types in an outbred mouse model of age-related hearing loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common cause of hearing loss and one of the most prevalent conditions affecting the elderly worldwide. Despite evidence from our lab and others about its polygenic nature, little is known about the specific genes, cell types and pathways involved in ARHL, impeding the development of therapeutic interventions. In this manuscript, we describe, for the first time, the complete cell-type specific transcriptome of the aging mouse cochlea using snRNA-seq in an outbred mouse model in relation to auditory threshold variation. Cochlear cell types were identified using unsupervised clustering and annotated via a three-tiered approach - first by linking to expression of known marker genes, then using the NS-Forest algorithm to select minimum cluster-specific marker genes and reduce dimensional feature space for statistical comparison of our clusters with existing publicly-available data sets on the gEAR website (https://umgear.org/), and finally, by validating and refining the annotations using Multiplexed Error Robust Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (MERFISH) and the cluster-specific marker genes as probes. We report on 60 unique cell-types expanding the number of defined cochlear cell types by more than two times. Importantly, we show significant specific cell type increases and decreases associated with loss of hearing acuity implicating specific subsets of hair cell subtypes, ganglion cell subtypes, and cell subtypes withing the stria vascularis in this model of ARHL. These results provide a view into the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for age-related hearing loss and pathways for therapeutic targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boussaty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedeschi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninoyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective loss of specific subsets of hair cell and spiral ganglion cell types in an outbred mouse model of age-related hearing loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing {beta}-cells. Several observations have renewed interest in the innate immune system as an initiator of the disease process against {beta}-cells. Here, we show that N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an adaptive {beta}-cell safeguard mechanism that accelerates mRNA decay of the 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) genes to control the antiviral innate immune response at T1D onset. m6A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) levels increase drastically in human and mouse {beta}-cells at T1D onset but rapidly decline with disease progression. Treatment of human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 {beta} and interferon  mimicked the METTL3 upregulation seen at T1D onset. Furthermore, m6A-sequencing revealed the m6A hypermethylation of several key innate immune mediators including OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 in human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells challenged with cytokines. METTL3 silencing in human pseudoislets or EndoC-{beta}H1 cells enhanced OAS levels by increasing its mRNA stability upon cytokine challenge. Consistently, in vivo gene therapy, to prolong Mettl3 overexpression specifically in {beta}-cells, delayed diabetes progression in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D by limiting the upregulation of Oas pointing to potential therapeutic relevance. Mechanistically, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species blocked METTL3 upregulation in response to cytokines, while physiological levels of nitric oxide promoted its expression in human islets. Furthermore, for the first time to our knowledge, we show that the cysteines in position C276 and C326 in the zinc finger domain of the METTL3 protein are sensitive to S-nitrosylation (SNO) and are significant for the METTL3 mediated regulation of OAS mRNA stability in human {beta}-cells in response to cytokines. Collectively, we report that m6A regulates human and mouse {beta}-cells to control the innate immune response during the onset of T1D and propose targeting METTL3 to prevent {beta}-cell death in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffrey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking and curating putative SARS-CoV-2 recombinants with RIVET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.529036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying and tracking recombinant strains of SARS-CoV-2 is critical to understanding the evolution of the virus and controlling its spread. But confidently identifying SARS-CoV-2 recombinants from thousands of new genome sequences that are being shared online every day is quite challenging, causing many recombinants to be missed or suffer from weeks of delay in being formally identified while undergoing expert curation. We present RIVET - a software pipeline and visual platform that takes advantage of recent algorithmic advances in recombination inference to comprehensively and sensitively search for potential SARS-CoV-2 recombinants, and organizes the relevant information in a web interface that would help greatly accelerate the process identifying and tracking recombinants.

Availability and ImplementationRIVET-based web interface displaying the most updated analysis of potential SARS-CoV-2 recombinants is available at https://rivet.ucsd.edu/. RIVETs frontend and backend code is freely available under MIT license at https://github.com/TurakhiaLab/rivet. All inputs necessary for running the RIVETs backend workflow for SARS-CoV-2 are available through a public database maintained by UCSC (https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/wuhCor1/UShER_SARS-CoV-2/).

Contactyturakhia@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.529036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking and curating putative SARS-CoV-2 recombinants with RIVET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation CRISPR gene-drive systems using Cas12a nuclease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One method for reducing the impact of vector-borne diseases is through the use of CRISPR-based gene drives, which manipulate insect populations due to their ability to rapidly propagate desired genetic traits into a target population. However, all current gene drives employ a Cas9 nuclease that is constitutively active, impeding our control over their propagation abilities and limiting the generation of novel gene drive arrangements. Yet, other nucleases such as the temperature-sensitive Cas12a have not been explored for gene drive designs. To address this, we herein present a proof-of-concept gene-drive system driven by Cas12a that can be regulated via temperature modulation. Furthermore, we combined Cas9 and Cas12a to build double gene drives capable of simultaneously spreading two independent engineered alleles. The development of Cas12a-mediated gene drives provides an innovative option for designing next-generation vector control strategies to combat disease vectors and agricultural pests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanz Juste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Amo, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation CRISPR gene-drive systems using Cas12a nuclease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome allocation is linked to transcriptional regulation through a modularized transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has proved challenging to quantitatively relate the proteome to the transcriptome on a per-gene basis. Recent advances in data analytics have enabled a biologically meaningful modularization of the bacterial transcriptome. We thus investigated whether matched datasets of transcriptomes and proteomes from bacteria under diverse conditions could be modularized in the same way to reveal novel relationships between their compositions. We found that; 1) the modules of the proteome and the transcriptome are comprised of a similar list of gene products, 2) the modules in the proteome often represent combinations of modules from the transcriptome, 3) known transcriptional and post-translational regulation is reflected in differences between two sets of modules, allowing for knowledge-mapping when interpreting module functions, and 4) through statistical modeling, absolute proteome allocation can be inferred from the transcriptome alone. Quantitative and knowledge-based relationships can thus be found at the genome-scale between the proteome and transcriptome in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrosso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome allocation is linked to transcriptional regulation through a modularized transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Release of extracellular matrix components after human traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most research on the evolution of damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) focuses on cellular effects, but the analysis of human tissue slices and animal research have shown that TBI causes concomitant damage in the extracellular matrix, which can play a significant role in both short-term consequences such as edema, and late effects such as post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). To test the hypothesis that traumatic brain injury (TBI) in human patients causes disruption of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) in the extracellular matrix, we measured levels of these substances in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with severe TBI in the acute post-injury period, along with concomitant levels in blood and urine. We assessed whether levels corresponded to parenchymal injury load, distance of traumatic brain lesions from the ventricle, presence of polytrauma, or host demographic factors.

MethodsSamples of CSF, blood, and urine were obtained within 72 hours of injury in patients who received external ventricular drains as part of their treatment of severe TBI, and levels of chondroitin and heparan sGAGs were measured, along with their disaccharide constituents. Basic demographic information, presence and severity of polytrauma, brain injury load based on imaging findings, and distance of radiologically visible parenchymal injury from the ventricle were analyzed for correlation with total subtype sGAG levels in each patient.

ResultsLevels were measured in 14 patients ranging in age from 17-90 years. CSF sGAG levels were variable among patients, and sGAG levels were higher in plasma than in CSF and variable in urine. Patients with polytrauma had non-significantly higher blood sGAG compared to patients with isolated head injury. Subcategories of CSF sGAG levels correlated with distance from the ventricle of parenchymal injury but not with brain injury load, which may reflect rapid metabolism in the parenchyma, contamination by blood, or bulk directional CSF flow from the ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

ConclusionThis study is the first to measure sGAG levels in ventricular CSF and also provides the first measurements in patients with TBI. Damage to the extracellular matrix may play a major role in acute and chronic injury sequelae, and these data demonstrate elevation locally of intracranial sGAGS after severe TBI and also suggest rapid local metabolism of these breakdown products. The consequences of extracellular matrix breakdown may provide unique therapeutic and preventive avenues to mitigate post-injury sequelae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bambrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Toledo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhaime, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Release of extracellular matrix components after human traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 'Senses' CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is an arrestin-biased receptor that regulates extracellular chemokine levels through scavenging. The scavenging action mediates the availability of the chemokine CXCL12 for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 and requires phosphorylation of the ACKR3 C-terminus by GPCR kinases (GRKs). ACKR3 is phosphorylated by GRK2 and GRK5, but the mechanisms by which these kinases regulate the receptor are unresolved. Here we mapped the phosphorylation patterns and determined that GRK5 phosphorylation of ACKR3 dominates {beta}-arrestin recruitment and chemokine scavenging over GRK2. Co-activation of CXCR4 significantly enhanced phosphorylation by GRK2 through the liberation of G{beta}{gamma}. These results suggest that ACKR3  senses CXCR4 activation through a GRK2-dependent crosstalk mechanism. Surprisingly, we also found that despite the requirement for phosphorylation, and the fact that most ligands promote {beta}-arrestin recruitment, {beta}-arrestins are dispensable for ACKR3 internalization and scavenging, suggesting a yet to be determined function for these adapter proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesmer, J. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 'Senses' CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Molecule in situ Resin Capture - an Organism Independent Strategy for Natural Product Discovery. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial natural products remain an important resource for drug discovery. Yet, commonly employed discovery techniques are plagued by the rediscovery of known compounds, the relatively few microbes that can be cultured, and laboratory growth conditions that do not elicit biosynthetic gene expression among myriad other challenges. Here we introduce a culture independent approach to natural product discovery that we call the Small Molecule In situ Resin Capture (SMIRC) technique. SMIRC exploits in situ environmental conditions to elicit compound production and represents a new approach to access poorly explored chemical space by capturing natural products directly from the environments in which they are produced. In contrast to traditional methods, this compound-first approach can capture structurally complex small molecules across all domains of life in a single deployment while relying on Nature to provide the complex and poorly understood environmental cues needed to elicit biosynthetic gene expression. We illustrate the effectiveness of SMIRC in marine habitats with the discovery of numerous new compounds and demonstrate that sufficient compound yields can be obtained for NMR-based structure assignment. Two new compound classes are reported including one novel carbon skeleton that possesses a functional group not previously observed among natural products and a second that possesses potent biological activity. We introduce expanded deployments, in situ cultivation, and metagenomics as methods to facilitate compound discovery, enhance yields, and link compounds to producing organisms. This compound first approach can provide unprecedented access to new natural product chemotypes with broad implications for drug discovery.

Significance StatementPharmaceutically relevant microbial natural products have traditionally been discovered using a  microbe-first approach in which bioassays are used to guide the isolation of active compounds from crude culture extracts. While once productive, it is now widely recognized that this approach fails to access the vast chemical space predicted from microbial genomes. Here, we report a new approach to natural product discovery in which compounds are captured directly from the environments in which they are produced. We demonstrate the applications of this technique with the isolation and identification of both known and new compounds including several that possess new carbon skeletons and one with promising biological activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogdanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salib, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerlindl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedtke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altschuler, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinski, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Molecule in situ Resin Capture - an Organism Independent Strategy for Natural Product Discovery.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD4+ T cells display a spectrum of recall dynamics during re-infection with malaria parasites. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children in malaria-endemic regions can experience multiple Plasmodium infections over a short period of time, with in vitro CD4+ T cell recall responses becoming more regulatory with increasing age and exposure. This suggests that repeated infection qualitatively changes CD4+ T cells, although the heterogeneity and dynamics of these responses await systematic analysis in vivo. Here, we examined TCR transgenic PbTII and polyclonal CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium re-infection in mice, in conjunction with scRNA-seq/TCR-seq and spatial transcriptomics at near single-cell resolution. PbTII cells gave rise to multiple antigen-experienced states in different areas of the spleen after primary infection and antimalarial treatment, including ongoing GC responses and T-cell zone memory. Upon re-infection, Th1-memory PbTII cells initiated a rapid effector response prior to proliferating, while GC Tfh cells of the same antigen specificity were entirely refractory within the same organ. Transcriptome dynamic modelling and network analysis of Th1 recall revealed a biphasic wave of RNA processing that firstly preceded immune effector transcription, and later accompanied cellular proliferation. Importantly, Th1 recall constituted a partial facsimile of primary Th1 responses, with no unique genes amongst the small subset of those upregulated upon re-infection. Finally, we noted a similar spectrum of antigen-experienced states and recall dynamics by polyclonal CD4+ T cells with diverse TCRs. Therefore, during re-infection with Plasmodium, persisting GC Tfh cells remained unaltered transcriptionally, Tcm/Tfh-like cells exhibited minimal proliferation, and Th1-memory cells displayed a rapid, proliferating IL-10-producing Tr1 response consistent with a shift towards immune-regulation. These data highlight a broad spectrum of simultaneous CD4+ T cell responses that occur in the spleen during re-infection with malaria parasites.

HighlightsO_LISplenic TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells are highly heterogeneous prior to re-infection.
C_LIO_LIPersisting GC Tfh cells are refractory to re-activation during re-infection.
C_LIO_LITh1-memory cells rapidly upregulate RNA processing prior to effector function and proliferation.
C_LIO_LITh1-recall is an imperfect but faithful facsimile of primary Th1 responses.
C_LIO_LIA spectrum of recall states is observed in polyclonal CD4+ T cells with diverse TCRs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, M. d. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asatsuma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramhall, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, M. S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nideffer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD4+ T cells display a spectrum of recall dynamics during re-infection with malaria parasites.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-Guided Rabies Virus Tracing for Neural Circuit Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal tracing methods are essential tools to understand the fundamental architecture of neural circuits and their connection to the overall functional behavior of the brain. Viral vectors used to map these transsynaptic connections are capable of cell-type-specific and directional-specific labeling of the neuronal connections. Herein, we describe a novel approach to guide the transsynaptic spreading of the Rabies Virus (RV) retrograde tracer using light. We built a Baculovirus (BV) as a helper virus to deliver all the functional components necessary and sufficient for a nontoxic RV to spread from neuron to neuron, with a light-actuated gene switch to control the RV polymerase, the L gene. This design should allow for precisely controlled polysynaptic viral tracing with minimal viral toxicity. To use this system in a highly scalable and automated manner, we built optoelectronics for controlling this system in vitro with a large field of view using an off-the-shelf CMOS sensor, OLED display panel, and microcontrollers. We describe the assembly of these genetic circuits using the uLoop DNA assembly method and a library of genetic parts designed for the uLoop system. Combining these tools provides a framework for increasing the capabilities of nontoxic tracing through multiple synapses and increasing the throughput of neural tracing using viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngamkanjanarat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriakakis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-Guided Rabies Virus Tracing for Neural Circuit Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin binding by HORMAD proteins regulates meiotic recombination initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The meiotic chromosome axis coordinates chromosome organization and interhomolog recombination in meiotic prophase and is essential for fertility. In S. cerevisiae, the HORMAD protein Hop1 mediates enrichment of axis proteins at nucleosome-rich genomic islands through a central chromatin-binding region (CBR). Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to show that the Hop1 CBR directly recognizes bent nucleosomal DNA through a composite interface in its PHD and winged helix-turn-helix domains. Targeted disruption of the Hop1 CBR-nucleosome interface causes loss of axis proteins from nucleosome-rich islands, reduces meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and leads to defects in chromosome synapsis. Synthetic effects with the disassemblase Pch2 suggest that nucleosome binding delays a conformational switch in Hop1 from a DSB-promoting, Pch2-inaccessible state to a DSB-inactive, Pch2-accessible state to regulate the extent of meiotic DSB formation. Phylogenetic analyses of meiotic HORMADs reveal an ancient origin of this domain, suggesting that these mechanisms are broadly conserved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milano, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ur, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tromer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochwagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin binding by HORMAD proteins regulates meiotic recombination initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Phasing of 2-200 Kilobase DNA Fragments with a Short-Read Sequencer and a Single-Tube Linked-Read Library Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the human genome, heterozygous sites are genomic positions with different alleles inherited from each parent. On average, there is a heterozygous site every 1-2 kilobases (kb). Resolving whether two alleles in neighboring heterozygous positions are physically linked--that is, phased--is possible with a short-read sequencer if the sequencing library captures long-range information. TELL-Seq is a library preparation method based on millions of barcoded micro-sized beads that enables instrument-free phasing of a whole human genome in a single PCR tube. TELL-Seq incorporates a unique molecular identifier (barcode) to the short reads generated from the same high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA fragment (known as  linked-reads). However, genome-scale TELL-Seq is not cost-effective for applications focusing on a single locus or a few loci. Here, we present an optimized TELL-Seq protocol that enables the cost-effective phasing of enriched loci (targets) of varying sizes, purity levels, and heterozygosity. Targeted TELL-Seq maximizes linked-read efficiency and library yield while minimizing input requirements, fragment collisions on microbeads, and sequencing burden. To validate the targeted protocol, we phased seven 180-200 kb loci enriched by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated excision coupled with pulse-field electrophoresis, four 20 kb loci enriched by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated protection from exonuclease digestion, and six 2-13 kb loci amplified by PCR. The selected targets have clinical and research relevance (BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, APC, PMS2, SCN5A-SCN10A, and PKI3CA). These analyses reveal that targeted TELL-Seq provides a reliable way of phasing allelic variants within targets (2-200 kb in length) with the low cost and high accuracy of short-read sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzepka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Agustin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boles, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bassets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Phasing of 2-200 Kilobase DNA Fragments with a Short-Read Sequencer and a Single-Tube Linked-Read Library Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FBP1 is a nonenzymatic safety valve that curtails AKT activation to prevent insulin hyperresponsiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis and stimulates glucose conversion to glycogen and lipids. How these activities are coordinated to prevent hypoglycemia and hepatosteatosis is not clear. Fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase (FBP1) is rate controlling for gluconeogenesis. However, inborn human FBP1 deficiency does not cause hypoglycemia unless accompanied by fasting or starvation, which also trigger paradoxical hepatomegaly, hepatosteatosis, and hyperlipidemia in affected individuals. Hepatocyte FBP1-ablated mice exhibit identical fasting-conditional pathologies along with AKT hyperactivation, whose inhibition reversed hepatomegaly, hepatosteatosis and hyperlipidemia but not hypoglycemia. Surprisingly, fasting-mediated AKT hyperactivation is insulin-dependent. FBP1 prevents insulin hyperresponsiveness, independently of its catalytic activity, by interacting with AKT, PP2A-C and Aldolase-B (ALDOB) to specifically accelerate AKT dephosphorylation. Enhanced by fasting and weakened by elevated insulin, FBP1:AKT:PP2A-C:ALDOB complex formation, which is disrupted by human FBP1 deficiency mutations or a C-terminal FBP1 truncation, prevents insulin-triggered liver pathologies and maintains lipid and glucose homeostasis. Conversely, a complex disrupting peptide reverses diet-induced insulin resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, K. C. e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierzbicki, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kisseleva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FBP1 is a nonenzymatic safety valve that curtails AKT activation to prevent insulin hyperresponsiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrahub - Multimodal Zebrafish Developmental Atlas Reveals the State Transition Dynamics of Late Vertebrate Pluripotent Axial Progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the developmental processes of organisms requires a comprehensive understanding of cellular lineages in the spatial, temporal, and molecular domains. In this study, we introduce Zebrahub, a dynamic atlas of zebrafish embryonic development that integrates single-cell sequencing time course data with lineage reconstructions facilitated by light-sheet microscopy. This atlas offers high-resolution and in-depth molecular insights into zebrafish development, achieved through the sequencing of individual embryos across ten developmental stages, complemented by trajectory reconstructions. Zebrahub also incorporates an interactive tool to navigate the complex cellular flows and lineages derived from light-sheet microscopy data, enabling in silico fate mapping experiments. To demonstrate the versatility of our multi-modal resource, we utilize Zebrahub to provide fresh insights into the pluripotency of Neuro-Mesodermal Progenitors (NMPs). Our publicly accessible web-based platform, Zebrahub, is a foundational resource for studying developmental processes at both transcriptional and spatiotemporal levels, providing researchers with an integrated approach to exploring and analyzing the complexities of cellular lineages during zebrafish embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VijayKumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragantini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancheta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solak, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekonen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'souza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dizeux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourquie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrahub - Multimodal Zebrafish Developmental Atlas Reveals the State Transition Dynamics of Late Vertebrate Pluripotent Axial Progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The escalating number of dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks and their worldwide spread pose a major threat to global public health. DENV transmission dynamics significantly influence outbreak duration and magnitude. Conventional DENV transmission requires an incubation period between mosquitoes biting infected humans and the mosquitoes becoming infectious. However, the possibility of immediate, mechanical transmission of DENV without viral replication in the mosquito has received little attention despite its potential importance.

Here, we show that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can mechanically transmit DENV to susceptible mice immediately after biting infected mice without the need for an incubation period. By incorporating parameters from our experiments into a newly developed mathematical model, we found a significant impact on DENV outbreak characteristics.

Mechanical transmission may amplify existing disease transmission routes and influence outbreak dynamics. Our findings have implications for vector control strategies that target mosquito lifespan and suggest the possibility of similar mechanical transmission routes in other disease-carrying mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, K.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yueh, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHEN, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical transmission of Dengue Virus by Aedes aegypti may influence disease transmission dynamics during outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic changes in pallidostriatal circuits observed in parkinsonian model triggers abnormal beta synchrony with accurate spatio-temporal properties across the basal ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive oscillatory activity across basal ganglia (BG) nuclei in the {beta} frequencies (12-30Hz) is a hallmark of Parkinsons disease (PD). While the link between oscillations and symptoms remains debated, exaggerated {beta} oscillations constitute an important biomarker for therapeutic effectiveness in PD. The neuronal mechanisms of {beta}-oscillation generation however remain unknown. Many existing models rely on a central role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or cortical inputs to BG. Contrarily, neural recordings and optogenetic manipulations in normal and parkinsonian rats recently highlighted the central role of the external pallidum (GPe) in abnormal {beta} oscillations, while showing that the integrity of STN or motor cortex is not required. Here, we evaluate the mechanisms for the generation of abnormal {beta} oscillations in a BG network model where neuronal and synaptic time constants, connectivity, and firing rate distributions are strongly constrained by experimental data. Guided by a mean-field approach, we show in a spiking neural network that several BG sub-circuits can drive oscillations. Strong recurrent STN-GPe connections or collateral intra-GPe connections drive gamma oscillations (> 40Hz), whereas strong pallidostriatal loops drive low-{beta} (10-15Hz) oscillations. We show that pathophysiological strengthening of striatal and pallidal synapses following dopamine depletion leads to the emergence of synchronized oscillatory activity in the mid-{beta} range with spike-phase relationships between BG neuronal populations in-line with experiments. Furthermore, inhibition of GPe, contrary to STN, abolishes oscillations. Our modeling study uncovers the neural mechanisms underlying PD {beta} oscillations and may thereby guide the future development of therapeutic strategies.

Significance statementIn Parkinsons disease, neural activity in subcortical nuclei called the basal ganglia displays abnormal oscillatory synchronization that constitutes an important biomarker for therapeutic effectiveness. The neural mechanisms for the generation of these oscillations remain unknown. Here, in a theoretical neuronal network model strongly constrained by anatomical and physiological data, we show that specific circuit modifications in basal ganglia connectivity during Parkinsons disease lead to the emergence of synchronized oscillatory activity in the network with properties that strongly agree with available experimental evidence. This and future theoretical investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal neuronal activity in Parkinsons disease are necessary to guide the future development of therapeutic strategies to ameliorate symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azizpour Lindi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic changes in pallidostriatal circuits observed in parkinsonian model triggers abnormal beta synchrony with accurate spatio-temporal properties across the basal ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Activity Relationships, Tolerability and Efficacy of Microtubule-Active 1,2,4-Triazolopyrimidines as Potential Candidates to Treat Human African Trypanosomiasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubulin and microtubules (MTs) are potential protein targets to treat parasitic infections and our previous studies have shown that the triazolopyrimidine (TPD) class of MT- active compounds hold promise as antitrypanosomal agents. MT-targeting TPDs include structurally related but functionally diverse congeners that interact with mammalian tubulin at either one or two distinct interfacial binding sites; namely, the seventh and vinca sites, which are found within or between ,{beta}-tubulin heterodimers, respectively. Evaluation of the activity of 123 TPD congeners against cultured Trypanosoma brucei enabled a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model and the prioritization of two congeners for in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability and efficacy studies. Treatment of T. brucei-infected mice with tolerable doses of TPDs 3 and 4 significantly decreased blood parasitemia within 24 h. Further, two once-weekly doses of 4 at 10 mg/kg significantly extended the survival of infected mice relative to infected animals treated with vehicle. Further optimization of dosing and/or the dosing schedule of these CNS-active TPDs may provide alternative treatments for human African trypanosomiasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varricchio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bem-Shalom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunden, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballatore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Activity Relationships, Tolerability and Efficacy of Microtubule-Active 1,2,4-Triazolopyrimidines as Potential Candidates to Treat Human African Trypanosomiasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Living Organoid Biobank of Crohn's Disease Patients Reveals Molecular Subtypes for Personalized Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT (Structured)Crohns disease (CD) is a complex, clinically heterogeneous disease of multifactorial origin; there is no perfect pre-clinical model, little insight into the basis for such heterogeneity, and still no cure. To address these unmet needs, we sought to explore the translational potential of adult stem cell-derived organoids that not only retain their tissue identity, but also their genetic and epigenetic disease-driving traits. We prospectively created a biobank of CD patient-derived organoid cultures (PDOs) using biopsied tissues from colons of 34 consecutive subjects representing all clinical subtypes (Montreal Classification B1-B3 and perianal disease). PDOs were generated also from healthy subjects. Comparative gene expression analyses enabled benchmarking of PDOs as tools for modeling the colonic epithelium in active disease and revealed that despite the clinical heterogeneity there are two major molecular subtypes: immune-deficient infectious-CD [IDICD] and stress and senescence-induced fibrostenotic-CD [S2FCD]. The transcriptome, genome and phenome show a surprising degree of internal consistency within each molecular subtype. The spectrum of morphometric, phenotypic, and functional changes within the "living biobank" reveals distinct differences between the molecular subtypes. These insights enabled drug screens that reversed subtype-specific phenotypes, e.g., impaired microbial clearance in IDICD was reversed using agonists for nuclear receptors, and senescence in S2FCD was rectified using senotherapeutics, but not vice versa. Phenotyped-genotyped CD-PDOs may fill the gap between basic biology and patient trials by enabling pre-clinical Phase  0 human trials for personalized therapeutics.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532245v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (58K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1edcea0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198a3c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@28d394org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5a9dbb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In BriefThis work creates a prospectively biobanked phenotyped-genotyped Crohns disease patient-derived organoids (CD-PDOs) as platforms for molecular subtyping of disease and for ushering personalized therapeutics.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIProspectively biobanked CD-organoids recapitulate the disease epithelium in patients
C_LIO_LIThe phenome-transcriptome-genome of CD-organoids converge on two molecular subtypes
C_LIO_LIOne subtype shows impaired microbial clearance, another increased cellular senescence
C_LIO_LIPhenotyped-genotyped PDOs are then used for integrative and personalized therapeutics
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeawuchi, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pranadinata, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stec, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandachar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandborn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Living Organoid Biobank of Crohn's Disease Patients Reveals Molecular Subtypes for Personalized Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of cancer rewired GPCR signaling axes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explored the dysregulation of GPCR ligand signaling systems in cancer transcriptomics datasets to uncover new therapeutics opportunities in oncology. We derived an interaction network of receptors with ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes, which revealed that multiple GPCRs are differentially regulated together with their upstream partners across cancer subtypes. We showed that biosynthetic pathway enrichment from enzyme expression recapitulated pathway activity signatures from metabolomics datasets, providing valuable surrogate information for GPCRs responding to organic ligands. We found that several GPCRs signaling components were significantly associated with patient survival in a cancer type-specific fashion. The expression of both receptor-ligand (or enzymes) partners improved patient stratification, suggesting a synergistic role for the activation of GPCR networks in modulating cancer phenotypes. Remarkably, we identified many such axes across several cancer molecular subtypes, including many pairs involving receptor- biosynthetic enzymes for neurotransmitters. We found that GPCRs from these actionable axes, including e.g., muscarinic, adenosine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and chemokine receptors, are the targets of multiple drugs displaying anti-growth effects in large-scale, cancer cell drug screens. We have made the results generated in this study freely available through a webapp (gpcrcanceraxes.bioinfolab.sns.it).

SignificanceComprehensive analysis of GPCR extracellular network in cancer transcriptomics datasets reveals signaling axes associated to patient survival, whose targeting is associated with growth inhibition in cancer cell lines drug sensitivity assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, N. D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clubb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kargas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukotic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licata, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of cancer rewired GPCR signaling axes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner membrane lipidome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cristae are high curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous mechanisms for lipids have yet to be elucidated. Here we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the IMM against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. The model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that CL is essential in low oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of CL is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.

SynopsisO_LIcritical lipidic breakpoint for yeast mitochondria phenocopies the loss of cristae-shaping proteins in the IMM.
C_LIO_LIsaturation controls membrane mechanical properties and modulates ATP synthase oligomerization.
C_LIO_LImitochondrial-specific lipid cardiolipin can functionally compensate for increased phospholipid saturation and is required for cristae formation in low oxygen environments.
C_LIO_LImathematical model for cristae membrane tubules predicts a snapthrough instability mediated by both protein and lipid-encoded curvatures.
C_LI

Synopsis Figure

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=156 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532310v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@196aefforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bafcadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@122f502org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@35afd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner membrane lipidome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-residue mutation in protein kinase C toggles between cancer and neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.532226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes tune the signaling output of cells, with loss-of-function somatic mutations associated with cancer and gain-of-function germline mutations identified in neurodegeneration. PKC with impaired autoinhibition is removed from the cell by quality-control mechanisms to prevent accumulation of aberrantly active enzyme. Here, we examine how a single residue in the C1A domain of PKC{beta}, arginine 42 (R42), permits quality-control degradation when mutated to histidine in cancer (R42H) and blocks downregulation when mutated to proline in the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia (R42P). Using FRET-based biosensors, we determined that mutation of R42 to any residue, including lysine, resulted in reduced autoinhibition as indicated by higher basal activity and faster agonist-induced plasma membrane translocation. R42 is predicted to form a stabilizing salt bridge with E655 in the C-tail and mutation of E655, but not neighboring E657, also reduced autoinhibition. Western blot analysis revealed that whereas R42H had reduced stability, the R42P mutant was stable and insensitive to activator-induced ubiquitination and downregulation, an effect previously observed by deletion of the entire C1A domain. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and analysis of stable regions of the domain using local spatial pattern (LSP) alignment suggested that P42 interacts with Q66 to impair mobility and conformation of one of the ligand-binding loops. Additional mutation of Q66 to the smaller asparagine (R42P/Q66N), to remove conformational constraints, restored degradation sensitivity to that of WT. Our results unveil how disease-associated mutations of the same residue in the C1A domain can toggle between gain- or loss-of-function of PKC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornev, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-residue mutation in protein kinase C toggles between cancer and neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomic Analysis of Intercellular Communication through Tumor-Stroma Tunnels in Breast Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer commonly disseminates to bone marrow, where interactions with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) shape disease trajectory. We modeled these interactions with tumor-MSC co-cultures and used an integrated transcriptome-proteome-network-analyses workflow to identify a comprehensive catalog of contact-induced changes. Conditioned media from MSCs failed to recapitulate genes and proteins, some borrowed and others tumor-intrinsic, induced in cancer cells by direct contact. Protein-protein interaction networks revealed the rich connectome between  borrowed and  intrinsic components. Bioinformatics prioritized one of the  borrowed components, CCDC88A/GIV, a multi-modular metastasis-related protein that has recently been implicated in driving a hallmark of cancer, growth signaling autonomy. MSCs transferred GIV protein to ER+ breast cancer cells (that lack GIV) through tunnelling nanotubes via connexin (Cx)43-facilitated intercellular transport. Reinstating GIV alone in GIV-negative breast cancer cells reproduced [~]20% of both the  borrowed and the  intrinsic gene induction patterns from contact co-cultures; conferred resistance to anti-estrogen drugs; and enhanced tumor dissemination. Findings provide a multiomic insight into MSC[-&gt;]tumor cell intercellular transport and validate how transport of one such candidate, GIV, from the haves (MSCs) to have-nots (ER+ breast cancer) orchestrates aggressive disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farfel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschhaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luker, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomic Analysis of Intercellular Communication through Tumor-Stroma Tunnels in Breast Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal associations of lymphocyte subsets and functional states revealed by single cell antigen receptor profiling of T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease initiated by antigen-specific T cells and B cells, which promote synovial inflammation through a complex set of interactions with innate immune and stromal cells. To better understand the phenotypes and clonal relationships of synovial T and B cells, we performed single-cell RNA and repertoire sequencing on paired synovial tissue and peripheral blood samples from 12 donors with seropositive RA ranging from early to chronic disease. Paired transcriptomic-repertoire analyses highlighted 3 clonally distinct CD4 T cells populations that were enriched in RA synovium: T peripheral helper (Tph) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CCL5+ T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs). Among these cells, Tph cells showed a unique transcriptomic signature of recent T cell receptor (TCR) activation, and clonally expanded Tph cells expressed an elevated transcriptomic effector signature compared to non-expanded Tph cells. CD8 T cells showed higher oligoclonality than CD4 T cells, and the largest CD8 T cell clones in synovium were highly enriched in GZMK+ cells. TCR analyses revealed CD8 T cells with likely viral-reactive TCRs distributed across transcriptomic clusters and definitively identified MAIT cells in synovium, which showed transcriptomic features of TCR activation. Among B cells, non-naive B cells including age-associated B cells (ABC), NR4A1+ activated B cells, and plasma cells, were enriched in synovium and had higher somatic hypermutation rates compared to blood B cells. Synovial B cells demonstrated substantial clonal expansion, with ABC, memory, and activated B cells clonally linked to synovial plasma cells. Together, these results reveal clonal relationships between functionally distinct lymphocyte populations that infiltrate RA synovium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunlap, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meednu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership Program: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (A,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anolik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal associations of lymphocyte subsets and functional states revealed by single cell antigen receptor profiling of T and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids differ with adiposity and country of origin: The METS-Microbiome Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between the gut microbiota, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism, and obesity remains unclear due to conflicting reports from studies with limited statistical power. Additionally, this association has rarely been explored in large scale diverse populations. Here, we investigated associations between fecal microbial composition, predicted metabolic potential, SCFA concentrations, and obesity in a large (N = 1,934) adult cohort of African-origin spanning the epidemiologic transition, from Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica, Seychelles, and the United States (US). The greatest gut microbiota diversity and total fecal SCFA concentration was found in the Ghanaian population, while the lowest levels were found in the US population, respectively representing the lowest and the highest end of the epidemiologic transition spectrum. Country-specific bacterial taxa and predicted-functional pathways were observed, including an increased prevalence of Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, Weisella and Romboutsia in Ghana and South Africa, while Bacteroides and Parabacteroides were enriched in Jamaican and the US populations. Importantly, VANISH taxa, including Butyricicoccus and Succinivibrio, were significantly enriched in the Ghanaian cohort, reflecting the participants traditional lifestyles. Obesity was significantly associated with lower SCFA concentrations, a decrease in microbial richness, and dissimilarities in community composition, and reduction in the proportion of SCFA synthesizing bacteria including Oscillospira, Christensenella, Eubacterium, Alistipes, Clostridium and Odoribacter. Further, the predicted proportions of genes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis pathway were enriched in obese individuals, while genes associated with butyrate synthesis via the dominant pyruvate pathway were significantly reduced in obese individuals. Using machine learning, we identified features predictive of metabolic state and country of origin. Country of origin could accurately be predicted by the fecal microbiota (AUC = 0.97), whereas obesity could not be predicted as accurately (AUC = 0.65). Participant sex (AUC = 0.75), diabetes status (AUC = 0.63), hypertensive status (AUC = 0.65), and glucose status (AUC = 0.66) could all be predicted with different success. Interestingly, within country, the predictive accuracy of the microbiota for obesity was inversely correlated to the epidemiological transition, being greatest in Ghana (AUC = 0.57). Collectively, our findings reveal profound variation in the gut microbiota, inferred functional pathways, and SCFA synthesis as a function of country of origin. While obesity could be predicted accurately from the microbiota, the variation in accuracy in parallel with the epidemiological transition suggests that differences in the microbiota between obesity and non-obesity may be larger in low-to-middle countries compared to high-income countries. Further examination of independent study populations using multi-omic approaches will be necessary to determine the factors that drive this association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ecklu-Mensah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo-Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maseng, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedu-Addo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plange-Rhule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota and fecal short chain fatty acids differ with adiposity and country of origin: The METS-Microbiome Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An extended wave of global mRNA deadenylation sets up a switch in translation regulation across the mammalian oocyte-to-embryo transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) occurs in the absence of new transcription and relies on post-transcriptional gene regulation, including translational control by mRNA poly(A) tail regulation, where cytoplasmic polyadenylation activates translation and deadenylation leads to translational repression and decay. However, how the transcriptome-wide landscape of mRNA poly(A) tails shapes translation across the OET in mammals remains unknown. Here, we performed long-read RNA sequencing to uncover poly(A) tail lengths and mRNA abundance transcriptome-wide in mice across five stages of development from oocyte to embryo. Integrating these data with recently published ribosome profiling data, we demonstrate that poly(A) tail length is coupled to translational efficiency across the entire OET. We uncover an extended wave of global deadenylation during fertilization, which sets up a switch in translation control between the oocyte and embryo. In the oocyte, short-tailed maternal mRNAs that resist deadenylation in the oocyte are translationally activated, whereas large groups of mRNAs deadenylated without decay in the oocyte are later readenylated to drive translation activation in the early embryo. Our findings provide an important resource and insight into the mechanisms by which cytoplasmic polyadenylation and deadenylation dynamically shape poly(A) tail length in a stage-specific manner to orchestrate development from oocyte to embryo in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook-Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An extended wave of global mRNA deadenylation sets up a switch in translation regulation across the mammalian oocyte-to-embryo transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unrecognized Potent Activities of Colistin Against Clinically Important mcr+ Enterobacteriaceae Revealed in Synergy with Host Immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colistin (COL) is a cationic cyclic peptide that disrupts negatively-charged bacterial cell membranes and frequently serves as an antibiotic of last resort to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Emergence of the horizontally transferable plasmid-borne mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) determinant and its spread to Gram-negative strains harboring extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase and carbapenemase resistance genes threatens futility of our chemotherapeutic arsenal. COL is widely regarded to have zero activity against mcr+ patients based on standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) performed in enriched bacteriological growth media; consequently, the drug is withheld from patients with mcr+ infections. However, these standard testing media poorly mimic in vivo physiology and omit host immune factors. Here we report previously unrecognized bactericidal activities of COL against mcr-1+ isolates of Escherichia coli (EC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), and Salmonella enterica (SE) in standard tissue culture media containing the physiological buffer bicarbonate. Moreover, COL promoted serum complement deposition on the mcr-1+ Gram-negative bacterial surface and synergized potently with active human serum in pathogen killing. At COL concentrations readily achievable with standard dosing, the peptide antibiotic killed mcr-1+ EC, KP, and SE in freshly isolated human blood proved effective as monotherapy in a murine model of mcr-1+ EC bacteremia. Our results suggest that COL, currently ignored as a treatment option based on traditional AST, may in fact benefit patients with mcr-1+ Gram negative infections based on evaluations performed in a more physiologic context. These concepts warrant careful consideration in the clinical microbiology laboratory and for future clinical investigation of their merits in high risk patients with limited therapeutic options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumaraswamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riestra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondsater, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakoulas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unrecognized Potent Activities of Colistin Against Clinically Important mcr+ Enterobacteriaceae Revealed in Synergy with Host Immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic and structural insights into a divergent PLP-dependent L-enduracididine cyclase from a toxic cyanobacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic arginine noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) are found in several actinobacterial peptide natural products with therapeutically useful antibacterial properties. The preparation of ncAAs like enduracididine and capreomycidine currently takes multiple biosynthetic or chemosynthetic steps, thus limiting the commercial availability and applicability of these cyclic guanidine-containing amino acids. We recently discovered and characterized the biosynthetic pathway of guanitoxin, a potent freshwater cya-nobacterial neurotoxin, that contains an arginine-derived cyclic guanidine phosphate within its highly polar structure. The ncAA L-enduracididine is an early intermediate in guanitoxin biosynthesis and is produced by GntC, a unique pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme. GntC catalyzes a cyclodehydration from a stereoselectively {gamma}-hydroxylated L-arginine precursor via a reaction that functionally and mechanistically diverges from previously established actinobacterial cyclic arginine ncAA pathways. Herein, we interrogate L-enduracididine biosynthesis from the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae ITEP-024 using spectroscopic, stable isotope labeling techniques, and X-ray crystal structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis. GntC initially facilitates the reversible deprotonations of the - and {beta}-positions of its substrate prior to catalyzing an irreversible diastereoselective dehydration and subsequent intramolecular cyclization. The comparison of holo- and substrate bound GntC structures and activity assays on sitespecific mutants further identified amino acid residues that contribute to the overall catalytic mechanism. These interdisciplinary efforts at structurally and functionally characterizing GntC enables an improved understanding of how Nature divergently produces cyclic arginine ncAAs and generates additional tools for their biocatalytic production and downstream biological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaustein, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiore, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chekan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic and structural insights into a divergent PLP-dependent L-enduracididine cyclase from a toxic cyanobacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flux exponent control predicts metabolic dynamics from network structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dynamics such as stability of steady states, oscillations, lags and growth arrests in stress responses are important for microbial communities in human health, ecology, and metabolic engineering. Yet it is hard to model due to sparse data available on trajectories of metabolic fluxes. For this reason, a constraint-based approach called flux control (e.g., flux balance analysis) was invented to split metabolic systems into known stoichiometry (plant) and unknown fluxes (controller), so that data can be incorporated as refined constraints, and optimization can be used to find behaviors in scenarios of interest. However, flux control can only capture steady state fluxes well, limiting its application to scenarios with days or slower timescales. To overcome this limitation and capture dynamic fluxes, this work proposes a novel constraint-based approach, flux exponent control (FEC). FEC uses a different plant-controller split between the activities of catalytic enzymes and their regulation through binding reactions. Since binding reactions effectively regulate fluxes exponents (from previous works), this yields the rule of FEC, that cells regulate fluxes exponents, not the fluxes themselves as in flux control. In FEC, dynamic regulations of metabolic systems are solutions to optimal control problems that are computationally solvable via model predictive control. Glycolysis, which is known to have minute-timescale oscillations, is used as an example to demon-strate FEC can capture metabolism dynamics from network structure. More generally, FEC brings metabolic dynamics to the realm of control system analysis and design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flux exponent control predicts metabolic dynamics from network structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetochore dynein is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and remodel the outer kinetochore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple microtubule-directed activities concentrate on chromosomes during mitosis to ensure their accurate distribution to daughter cells. These activities include couplers and dynamics regulators localized at the kinetochore, the specialized microtubule interface built on centromeric chromatin, as well as motor proteins recruited to kinetochores and to mitotic chromatin. Here, we describe an in vivo reconstruction approach in which the effect of removing the major microtubule-directed activities on mitotic chromosomes is compared to the selective presence of individual activities. This approach revealed that the kinetochore dynein module, comprised of the minus end-directed motor cytoplasmic dynein and its kinetochore-specific adapters, is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and to remodel outer kinetochore composition following microtubule attachment; by contrast, the kinetochore dynein module is unable to support chromosome congression. The chromosome-autonomous action of kinetochore dynein, in the absence of the other major microtubule-directed factors on chromosomes, rotates and orients a substantial proportion of chromosomes such that their sister chromatids attach to opposite spindle poles. In tight coupling with orientation, the kinetochore dynein module drives removal of outermost kinetochore components, including the dynein motor itself and spindle checkpoint activators. The removal is independent of the other major microtubule-directed activities and kinetochore-localized protein phosphatase 1, suggesting that it is intrinsic to the kinetochore dynein module. These observations indicate that the kinetochore dynein module has the ability coordinate chromosome biorientation with attachment state-sensitive remodeling of the outer kinetochore that facilitates cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheerambathur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnshaw, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetochore dynein is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and remodel the outer kinetochore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulmonary vein flow split effects in patient-specific simulations of left atrial flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruptions to left atrial (LA) blood flow, such as those caused by atrial fibrillation (AF), can lead to thrombosis in the left atrial appendage (LAA) and an increased risk of systemic embolism. LA hemodynamics are influenced by various factors, including LA anatomy and function, and pulmonary vein (PV) inflow conditions. In particular, the PV flow split can vary significantly among and within patients depending on multiple factors. In this study, we investigated how changes in PV flow split affect LA flow transport, focusing on blood stasis in the LAA, using a high-fidelity patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. We analyzed LA anatomies from eight patients with varying atrial function, including three with AF and either a LAA thrombus or a history of TIAs. Using four different flow splits (60/40% and 55/45% through right and left PVs, even flow rate, and same velocity through each PV), we found that flow patterns are sensitive to PV flow split variations, particularly in planes parallel to the mitral valve. Changes in PV flow split also had a significant impact on blood stasis and could contribute to increased risk for thrombosis inside the LAA, particularly in patients with AF and previous LAA thrombus or a history of TIAs. Our study highlights the importance of considering patient-specific PV flow split variations when assessing LA hemodynamics and identifying patients at increased risk for thrombosis and stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Villalba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Legazpi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVeigh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulmonary vein flow split effects in patient-specific simulations of left atrial flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting phenotype to mechanotype relationships in cells based on intra-cellular signaling network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells originating from the same tissue can respond differently to external signals depending on the genotypic and phenotypic state of the cell and its local environment. We have developed a semi-quantitative-computational model to analyze the intracellular signaling network and its outcome in the presence of multiple external signals including growth factors, hormones, and extracellular matrix. We use this model to analyze the cells mechanical response to external stimuli and identify the key internal elements of the network that drive specific outcomes within the response space. The model is built upon the Boolean approach to network modeling, where the state of any given node is determined using the state of the connecting nodes and Boolean logic. This allows us to analyze the network behavior without the need to estimate all the various interaction rates between different cellular components. However, such an approach is limited in its ability to predict network dynamics and temporal evolution of the cell state. So, we introduce modularity in the model and incorporate dynamical aspects, mass-action kinetics, and chemo-mechanical effects on only certain transition rates within specific modules as required, creating a Boolean-Hybrid-Modular (BoHyM) signal transduction model. We present this model as a comprehensive, cell-type agnostic, user-modifiable tool to investigate how extra-and intra-cellular signaling can regulate cellular cytoskeletal components and consequently influence cell-substrate interactions, force generation, and migration. Using this tool, we show how slight changes in signaling network architectures due to phenotypic changes can alter cellular response to stress hormone signaling in an environment-dependent manner. The tool also allows isolating effector proteins driving specific cellular mechanical responses. Ultimately, we show the utility of the tool in analyzing transient chemo-mechanical dynamics of cells in response to time-varying chemical stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karabay, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnlund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraley, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting phenotype to mechanotype relationships in cells based on intra-cellular signaling network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling deep phylogenetic embedding to ultra-large reference trees: a tree-aware ensemble approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic placement of a query sequence on a backbone tree is increasingly used across biomedical sciences to identify the content of a sample from its DNA content. The accuracy of such analyses depends on the density of the backbone tree, making it crucial that placement methods scale to very large trees. Moreover, a new paradigm has been recently proposed to place sequences on the species tree using single-gene data. The goal is to better characterize the samples and to enable combined analyses of marker-gene (e.g., 16S rRNA gene amplicon) and genome-wide data. The recent method DEPP enables performing such analyses using metric learning. However, metric learning is hampered by a need to compute and save a quadratically growing matrix of pairwise distances during training. Thus, DEPP (or any distance-based method) does not scale to more than roughly ten thousand species, a problem that we faced when trying to use our recently released Greengenes2 (GG2) reference tree containing 331,270 species. Scalability problems can be addressed in phylogenetics using divide- and-conquer. However, applying divide- and-conquer to data-hungry machine learning methods needs nuance. This paper explores divide- and-conquer for training ensembles of DEPP models, culminating in a method called C-DEPP that uses carefully crafted techniques to enable quasi-linear scaling while maintaining accuracy. C-DEPP enables placing twenty million 16S fragments on the GG2 reference tree in 41 hours of computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling deep phylogenetic embedding to ultra-large reference trees: a tree-aware ensemble approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tools and methods for high-throughput single-cell imaging with the mother machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite much progress, image processing remains a significant bottleneck for high-throughput analysis of microscopy data. One popular platform for single-cell time-lapse imaging is the mother machine, which enables long-term tracking of microbial cells under precisely controlled growth conditions. While several mother machine image analysis pipelines have been developed in the past several years, adoption by a non-expert audience remains a challenge. To fill this gap, we implemented our own software, MM3, as a plugin for the multidimensional image viewer napari. napari-MM3 is a complete and modular image analysis pipeline for mother machine data, which takes advantage of the high-level interactivity of napari. Here, we give an overview of napari-MM3 and test it against several well-designed and widely-used image analysis pipelines, including BACMMAN and DeLTA. Researchers often analyze mother machine data with custom scripts using varied image analysis methods, but a quantitative comparison of the output of different pipelines has been lacking. To this end, we show that key single-cell physiological parameter correlations and distributions are robust to the choice of analysis method. However, we also find that small changes in thresholding parameters can systematically alter parameters extracted from single-cell imaging experiments. Moreover, we explicitly show that in deep learning based segmentation, "what you put is what you get" (WYPIWYG) - i.e., pixel-level variation in training data for cell segmentation can propagate to the model output and bias spatial and temporal measurements. Finally, while the primary purpose of this work is to introduce the image analysis software that we have developed over the last decade in our lab, we also provide information for those who want to implement mother-machine-based high-throughput imaging and analysis methods in their research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiermann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauls, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Treut, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tools and methods for high-throughput single-cell imaging with the mother machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperconnectivity of two separate long-range cholinergic systems contributes to the reorganization of the brain functional connectivity during nicotine withdrawal in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic nicotine results in dependence with withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation of use, through desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and altered cholinergic neurotransmission. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with increased whole-brain functional connectivity and decreased network modularity, however, the role of cholinergic neurons in those changes is unknown. To identify the contribution of nicotinic receptors and cholinergic regions to changes in the functional network, we analyzed the contribution of the main cholinergic regions to brain-wide activation of the immediate early-gene FOS during withdrawal in male mice and correlated these changes with the expression of nicotinic receptor mRNA throughout the brain. We show that the main functional connectivity modules included the main long-range cholinergic regions, which were highly synchronized with the rest of the brain. However, despite this hyperconnectivity they were organized into two anticorrelated networks that were separated into basal forebrain projecting and brainstem-thalamic projecting cholinergic regions, validating a long-standing hypothesis of the organization of the brain cholinergic systems. Moreover, baseline (without nicotine) expression of Chrna2, Chrna3, Chrna10, and Chrnd mRNA of each brain region correlated with withdrawal-induced changes in FOS expression. Finally, by mining the Allen Brain mRNA expression database, we were able to identify 1755 gene candidates and three pathways (Sox2-Oct4-Nanog, JAK-STAT, and MeCP2-GABA) that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal-induced FOS expression. These results identify the dual contribution of the basal forebrain and brainstem-thalamic cholinergic systems to whole-brain functional connectivity during withdrawal; and identify nicotinic receptors and novel cellular pathways that may be critical for the transition to nicotine dependence.

Significance StatementDiscontinuation of nicotine use in dependent users is associated with increased whole-brain activation and functional connectivity and leads to withdrawal symptoms. Here we investigated the contribution of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors and main cholinergic projecting brain areas in the whole-brain changes associated with withdrawal. This not only allowed us to visualize and confirm the previously described duality of the cholinergic brain system using this novel methodology, but also identify nicotinic receptors together with 1751 other genes that contribute, and could thus be targets for treatments against, nicotine withdrawal and dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collazo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperconnectivity of two separate long-range cholinergic systems contributes to the reorganization of the brain functional connectivity during nicotine withdrawal in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of DNA-DNA sliding friction and non-equilibrium dynamics in viral genome ejection and packaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses eject their DNA via a nanochannel in the viral shell, driven by internal forces arising from the high-density genome packing. The speed of DNA exit is controlled by friction forces that limit the molecular mobility, but the nature of this friction is unknown. We introduce a method to probe the mobility of the tightly confined DNA by measuring DNA exit from phage phi29 capsids with optical tweezers. We measure extremely low initial exit velocity, a regime of exponentially increasing velocity, stochastic pausing that dominates the kinetics, and large dynamic heterogeneity. Measurements with variable applied force provide evidence that the initial velocity is controlled by DNA-DNA sliding friction, consistent with a Frenkel-Kontorova model for nanoscale friction. We confirm several aspects of the ejection dynamics predicted by theoretical models. Features of the pausing suggest it is connected to the phenomenon of "clogging" in soft-matter systems. Our results provide evidence that DNA-DNA friction and clogging control the DNA exit dynamics, but that this friction does not significantly affect DNA packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fizari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of DNA-DNA sliding friction and non-equilibrium dynamics in viral genome ejection and packaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomics to Notebook (g2nb): extending the electronic notebook to address the challenges of bioinformatics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present Genomics to Notebook (g2nb), an environment that combines the JupyterLab notebook system with widely-used bioinformatics platforms. Galaxy, GenePattern, and the JavaScript versions of IGV and Cytoscape are currently available within g2nb. The analyses and visualizations within those platforms are presented as cells in a notebook, making thousands of genomics methods available within the notebook metaphor and allowing notebooks to contain workflows utilizing multiple software packages on remote servers, all without the need for programming. The g2nb environment is, to our knowledge, the only notebook-based system that incorporates multiple bioinformatics analysis platforms into a notebook interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>joshi, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorvaldsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomics to Notebook (g2nb): extending the electronic notebook to address the challenges of bioinformatics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of subunit selective substrates for Trichomonas vaginalis proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) causes trichomoniasis, the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection in the world. Only two closely related drugs are approved for its treatment. The accelerating emergence of resistance to these drugs and lack of alternative treatment options poses an increasing threat to public health. There is an urgent need for novel effective anti-parasitic compounds. The proteasome is a critical enzyme for T. vaginalis survival and was validated as a drug target to treat trichomoniasis. However, to develop potent inhibitors of the T. vaginalis proteasome, it is essential that we understand which subunits should be targeted. Previously, we identified two fluorogenic substrates that were cleaved by T. vaginalis proteasome, however after isolating the enzyme complex and performing an in-depth substrate specificity study, we have now designed three fluorogenic reporter substrates that are each specific for one catalytic subunit. We screened a library of peptide epoxyketone inhibitors against the live parasite and evaluated which subunits are targeted by the top hits. Together we show that targeting of the {beta}5 subunit of T. vaginalis is sufficient to kill the parasite, however, targeting of {beta}5 plus either {beta}1 or {beta}2 results in improved potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fajtova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurysz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somani, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaliti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boura, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of subunit selective substrates for Trichomonas vaginalis proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single cell epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory programs in the rodent and primate neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence divergence of cis-regulatory elements drives species-specific traits, but how this manifests in the evolution of the neocortex at the molecular and cellular level remains to be elucidated. We investigated the gene regulatory programs in the primary motor cortex of human, macaque, marmoset, and mouse with single-cell multiomics assays, generating gene expression, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylome, and chromosomal conformation profiles from a total of over 180,000 cells. For each modality, we determined species-specific, divergent, and conserved gene expression and epigenetic features at multiple levels. We find that cell type-specific gene expression evolves more rapidly than broadly expressed genes and that epigenetic status at distal candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) evolves faster than promoters. Strikingly, transposable elements (TEs) contribute to nearly 80% of the human-specific cCREs in cortical cells. Through machine learning, we develop sequence-based predictors of cCREs in different species and demonstrate that the genomic regulatory syntax is highly preserved from rodents to primates. Lastly, we show that epigenetic conservation combined with sequence similarity helps uncover functional cis-regulatory elements and enhances our ability to interpret genetic variants contributing to neurological disease and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single cell epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory programs in the rodent and primate neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized form of ECM (?), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesis that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory, and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution, and 3D EM images of PNN- engulfed neurons showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes, and that invasion of other cellular components are rare. PNN constituents are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or MMP9 knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished remote-memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis.

SignificanceIn this multidisciplinary work, we challenge the hypothesis that the pattern of holes in the perineuronal nets (PNN) hold the code for very-long-term memories. The scope of this work might lead us closer to the understanding of how we can vividly remember events from childhood to death bed. We postulate that the PNN holes hold the code for the engram. To test this hypothesis, we used three independent experimental strategies; high-resolution 3D electron microscopy, Stable Isotop Labeling in Mammals (SILAM) for proteins longevity, and pharmacologically and genetically interruption of memory consolidation in fear conditioning experiments. All of these experimental results did not dispute the PNN hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev-Ram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoma, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Gut Pathogens Exploit the Host Engulfment Pathway via a Conserved Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing "effector" proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar  hotspot on the PH-domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE-effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the  patch directly binds all WxxxE-effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic E. coli). Using an integrated SifA*host protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, in-silico network perturbation, and functional studies we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA*ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hotpot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE-effector(s)*ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in co-evolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTO_ST_ABSIn briefC_ST_ABSThis work defines the nature of a conserved molecular interface, assembled between diverse WxxxE motif-containing effector proteins encoded by gut pathogens and the host innate immune sensor, ELMO1, via which pathogens exploit the hosts engulfment machinery.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=195 SRC="FIGDIR/small/536168v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@21dbcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ee27ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@176f2c4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3c55e6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anandachar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyekum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeawuchi, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gementera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Gut Pathogens Exploit the Host Engulfment Pathway via a Conserved Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved single-cell and spatial gene regulatory atlas of plants under pathogen attack 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant leaf intercellular space provides a nutrient-rich and heterogeneous niche for microbes that critically impacts plant health. However, how individual plant cells respond to heterogeneous microbial colonization remains largely elusive. Here, by time-resolved simultaneous single-cell transcriptome and epigenome profiling of plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected by virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae), we present cell atlases with gene regulatory logic involving transcription factors, putative cis-regulatory elements, and target genes associated with disease and immunity. We also identify previously uncharacterized cell populations with distinct immune gene expression within major developmental cell types. Furthermore, we employ time-resolved spatial transcriptomics to reveal spatial heterogeneity of plant immune responses linked to pathogen distribution. Integrating our single-cell multiomics and spatial omics data enables spatiotemporal mapping of defense gene regulatory logic with pathogen cells. Our study provides a molecularly-defined spatiotemporal map of plant-microbe interaction at the single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved single-cell and spatial gene regulatory atlas of plants under pathogen attack]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.534028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proteomics of human diabetic kidney disease, from health to class III 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.534028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aims/HypothesisDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Though animal models have taught us much about the molecular mechanisms of DKD, translating these findings to human disease requires greater knowledge of the molecular changes caused by diabetes in human kidneys. Establishing this knowledge base requires building carefully curated, reliable, and complete repositories of human kidney tissue, as well as tissue proteomics platforms capable of simultaneous, spatially resolved examination of multiple proteins.

MethodsWe used the multiplexed immunofluorescence platform CO-Detection by indexing (CODEX) to image and analyze the expression of 21 proteins in 23 tissue sections from 12 individuals with diabetes and healthy kidneys (DM, 5 individuals), DKD classes IIA, and IIB (2 individuals per class), IIA-B intermediate (2 individuals), and III (one individual).

ResultsAnalysis of the 21-plex immunofluorescence images revealed 18 cellular clusters, corresponding to 10 known kidney compartments and cell types, including proximal tubules, distal nephron, podocytes, glomerular endothelial and peritubular capillaries, blood vessels, including endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, cells of the myeloid lineage, broad CD45+ inflammatory cells and the basement membrane. DKD progression was associated with co-localized increase in collagen IV deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as loss of native proteins of each nephron segment at variable rates. Compartment-specific cellular changes corroborated this general theme, with compartment-specific variations. Cell type frequency and cell-to-cell adjacency highlighted (statistically) significant increase in inflammatory cells and their adjacency to tubular and SMA+ cells in DKD kidneys. Finally, DKD progression was marked by substantial regional variability within single tissue sections, as well as variability across patients within the same DKD class. The sizable intra-personal variability in DKD severity impacts pathologic classifications, and the attendant clinical decisions, which are usually based on small tissue biopsies.

Conclusions/InterpretationsHigh-plex immunofluorescence images revealed changes in protein expression corresponding to differences in cellular phenotypic composition and microenvironment structure with DKD progression. This initial dataset demonstrates the combined power of curated human kidney tissues, multiplexed immunofluorescence and powerful analysis tools in revealing pathophysiology of human DKD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrady, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nallapothula, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preska, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angio, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badhesha, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Era, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afkarian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.534028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proteomics of human diabetic kidney disease, from health to class III]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic Discovery of Cognitive Strategies with Tiny Recurrent Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normative modeling frameworks such as Bayesian inference and reinforcement learning provide valuable insights into the fundamental principles governing adaptive behavior. While these frameworks are valued for their simplicity and interpretability, their reliance on few parameters often limits their ability to capture realistic biological behavior, leading to cycles of handcrafted adjustments that are prone to research subjectivity. Here, we present a novel modeling approach leveraging recurrent neural networks to discover the cognitive algorithms governing biological decision-making. We show that neural networks with just 1-4 units often outperform classical cognitive models and match larger neural networks in predicting the choices of individual animals and humans across six well-studied reward learning tasks. Critically, we then interpret the trained networks using dynamical systems concepts, enabling a unified comparison of cognitive models and revealing detailed mechanisms underlying choice behavior. Our approach also estimates the dimensionality of behavior and offers insights into algorithms implemented by AI agents trained in a meta-reinforcement learning setting. Overall, we present a systematic approach for discovering interpretable cognitive strategies in decision-making, offering insights into neural mechanisms and a foundation for studying both healthy and dysfunctional cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji-An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic Discovery of Cognitive Strategies with Tiny Recurrent Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building functional circuits in multispecies brains. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is the ultimate architect of the brain. Its evolutionary variations build the neural circuits that endow each species with its innate senses and behaviors. A central question for neuroscience and translational medicine is whether neural circuits from two species can be made to function in an intact brain. Here, we establish genetic tools and use blastocyst complementation to selectively build and test interspecies neural circuits in rat-mouse brains. Despite [~]10-20 million years of evolution and prominent differences in brain size and cellular composition, rat pluripotent stem cells injected into mouse blastocysts widely populate and persist in the mouse brain. Unexpectedly, the mouse niche reprograms the birthdates of cortical and hippocampal rat neurons, where they also form synaptically active rat-mouse circuits. By genetically disabling host olfactory circuitry, we show that rat neurons restore synaptic information flow from the nose to the cortex. Rat neurons can also rescue a primal olfactory behavior (food-seeking), though less than mouse controls. By enabling a mouse to sense the world with rat neurons, we highlight the power of interspecies neural blastocyst complementation to uncover mechanisms of neural circuit development and evolution, and to inform efforts to rescue neural circuits affected by injury or disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Throesch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imtiaz, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Castaneda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuprianov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osten, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmonte, J. C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building functional circuits in multispecies brains.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gardnerella vaginolysin potentiates glycan molecular mimicry by Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition of the vaginal microbiome in which there are lower levels of "healthy" Lactobacillus species and an outgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacteria. BV is associated with increased risk of infection by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae - the causative agent of gonorrhea. Here we test if one known facet of BV - the presence of bacterial cytolysins - leads to the mobilization of specific intracellular contents that aid in gonococcal virulence. We cloned and expressed recombinant vaginolysin (VLY), a cytolysin produced by the BV-associated bacterium Gardnerella, verifying that it liberates the contents of red blood cells and cervical epithelial (HeLa) cells while vector control preparations made in parallel did not. We tested if VLY mediates a well-known virulence mechanism of gonococcus - the molecular mimicry of host glycans. To evade host immunity, N. gonorrhoeae caps its surface lipooligosaccharide (LOS) with 2-3-linked sialic acid. To do this, gonococci must scavenge an intermediate metabolite made and used inside host cells. Flow-cytometry based lectin-binding assays showed that, compared to controls, gonococci exposed to vaginolysin-liberated contents of HeLa cells displayed greater sialic acid capping of their LOS. This higher level of bacterial sialylation was accompanied by increased binding of the complement regulatory protein Factor H, and greater resistance to complement attack. Together these results suggest that cytolytic activities present during BV may enhance the ability of N. gonorrhoeae to capture intracellular metabolites and evade host immunity via glycan molecular mimicry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrill, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gardnerella vaginolysin potentiates glycan molecular mimicry by Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.536509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell DNA Methylome and 3D Multi-omic Atlas of the Adult Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.536509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine DNA methylation is essential in brain development and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. A comprehensive understanding of DNA methylation diversity across the entire brain in the context of the brains 3D spatial organization is essential for building a complete molecular atlas of brain cell types and understanding their gene regulatory landscapes. To this end, we employed optimized single-nucleus methylome (snmC-seq3) and multi-omic (snm3C-seq1) sequencing technologies to generate 301,626 methylomes and 176,003 chromatin conformation/methylome joint profiles from 117 dissected regions throughout the adult mouse brain. Using iterative clustering and integrating with companion whole-brain transcriptome and chromatin accessibility datasets, we constructed a methylation-based cell type taxonomy that contains 4,673 cell groups and 261 cross-modality-annotated subclasses. We identified millions of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across the genome, representing potential gene regulation elements. Notably, we observed spatial cytosine methylation patterns on both genes and regulatory elements in cell types within and across brain regions. Brain-wide multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH2) data validated the association of this spatial epigenetic diversity with transcription and allowed the mapping of the DNA methylation and topology information into anatomical structures more precisely than our dissections. Furthermore, multi-scale chromatin conformation diversities occur in important neuronal genes, highly associated with DNA methylation and transcription changes. Brain-wide cell type comparison allowed us to build a regulatory model for each gene, linking transcription factors, DMRs, chromatin contacts, and downstream genes to establish regulatory networks. Finally, intragenic DNA methylation and chromatin conformation patterns predicted alternative gene isoform expression observed in a companion whole-brain SMART-seq3 dataset. Our study establishes the first brain-wide, single-cell resolution DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas, providing an unparalleled resource for comprehending the mouse brains cellular-spatial and regulatory genome diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.536509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell DNA Methylome and 3D Multi-omic Atlas of the Adult Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incongruence between transcriptional and vascular pathophysiological cell states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.16.537057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch pathway is a major regulator of transcriptional specification and vascular biology. Previous studies have suggested that targeting the ligand Dll4 or the Notch-receptors results in similar molecular and angiogenesis outcomes. Here, we analyzed single and compound genetic mutants for all Notch signaling members and found very significant differences in the way ligands and receptors regulate vascular homeostasis. Loss of Notch receptors, leads to minor vascular pathology featuring hypermitogenic MAPK-driven cell-cycle arrest and senescence. In contrast, loss of Dll4 triggers a strong Myc-driven switch towards cell proliferation and sprouting and major organ pathology. Targeting of Myc completely suppressed the proliferative and tip-cell angiogenic states induced by Dll4 loss-of-function, however, this did not avoid vascular pathology. Only VEGF blockade prevented the pathology induced by Dll4 loss, but without fully suppressing its transcriptional and metabolic programs. This study shows incongruence between single-cell transcriptional states and adult vascular phenotypes and related pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Chacon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhleder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ortega, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torroja, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytvyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Munoz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casquero-Garcia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camafeita, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benguria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dopazo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Cabo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.537057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incongruence between transcriptional and vascular pathophysiological cell states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increased risk of cardiometabolic disease accompanies persistent systemic inflammation. Yet, the innate and adaptive immune system features in persons who develop these conditions remain poorly defined. Doublets, or cell-cell complexes, are routinely eliminated from flow cytometric and other immune phenotyping analyses, which limits our understanding of their relationship to disease states. Using well-characterized clinical cohorts, including participants with controlled HIV as a model for chronic inflammation and increased immune cell interactions, we show that circulating CD14+ monocytes complexed to CD3+ T cells are dynamic, biologically relevant, and increased in individuals with diabetes after adjusting for confounding factors. The complexes form functional immune synapses with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and greater glucose utilization. Furthermore, in persons with HIV, the CD3+T-cell: CD14+monocyte complexes had more HIV copies compared to matched CD14+ monocytes or CD4+ T cells alone. Our results demonstrate that circulating CD3+T-cell:CD14+monocyte pairs represent dynamic cellular interactions that may contribute to inflammation and cardiometabolic disease pathogenesis and may originate or be maintained, in part, by chronic viral infections. These findings provide a foundation for future studies investigating mechanisms linking T cell-monocyte cell-cell complexes to developing immune-mediated diseases, including HIV and diabetes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/538020v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fdc324org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168fc4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@138a9a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1087108_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LICirculating CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are higher in individuals with diabetes.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes complexes comprise a heterogenous group of functional and dynamic cell-cell interactions.
C_LIO_LIThe proportion of CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes is positively associated with fasting blood glucose and negatively with plasma IL-10 levels and CD4+ T regulatory cells.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are metabolically flexible and can utilize both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for their energy requirements.
C_LIO_LIIn persons with treated HIV, CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes have more detectable HIV DNA than circulating CD4+ T cells alone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nochowivz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watten, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for microbially-mediated tradeoffs between growth and defense throughout coral evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary tradeoffs between life-history strategies are central to animal evolution. However, because microbes can influence aspects of host physiology, behavior, and resistance to stress or disease, changes in animal-microbial symbioses have the potential to mediate life-history tradeoffs. Scleractinian corals provide a highly biodiverse and data-rich host system to test this idea, made more relevant by increases in coral disease outbreaks as a result of anthropogenic changes to climate and reef ecosystems. Identifying factors that determine coral disease susceptibility has therefore become a focus for reef conservation efforts. Using a comparative approach, we tested if coral microbiomes correlate with disease susceptibility across 425 million years of coral evolution by combining a cross-species coral microbiome survey (the "Global Coral Microbiome Project") with long-term disease prevalence data at multiple sites. Interpreting these data in their phylogenetic context, we show that microbial dominance and composition predict disease susceptibility. We trace this dominance-disease association to a single putatively beneficial bacterial symbiont, Endozoicomonas, whose relative abundance in coral tissue explained 30% of variation in disease susceptibility and 60% of variation in microbiome dominance across 40 coral genera. Conversely, Endozoicomonas abundances in coral tissue strongly correlated with high growth rates. These results demonstrate that the evolution of microbial symbiosis in corals correlates with both disease prevalence and growth rate. Exploration of the mechanistic basis for these findings will be important for our understanding of how microbial symbiosis influences animal life-history tradeoffs, and in efforts to use microbes to increase coral growth or disease resistance in-situ.

Significance StatementThe evolution of tropical corals, like that of many organisms, involves tradeoffs in life-history strategy. We sought to test whether microbes influence coral life-history traits. Comparative data from a census of modern coral microbes, combined with long term disease surveys in three regions, provide evidence for a correlation between microbiome structure, growth rate, and disease susceptibility during coral evolution. These trends were driven primarily by changes in the relative abundance of Endozoicomonas in coral tissue microbiomes, suggesting the novel hypothesis that Endozoicomonas may allow corals to grow more quickly at the cost of greater vulnerability to disease. Thus, symbiosis with microbes may be an important aspect of animal life-history strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epstein, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akinrinade, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMinds, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurber, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaneveld, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for microbially-mediated tradeoffs between growth and defense throughout coral evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TorsinA is essential for the timing and localization of neuronal nuclear pore complex biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate information transfer between the nucleus and cytoplasm. NPC defects are linked to several neurological diseases, but the processes governing NPC biogenesis and spatial organization are poorly understood. Here, we identify a temporal window of strongly upregulated NPC biogenesis during neuronal maturation. We demonstrate that the AAA+ protein torsinA, whose loss of function causes the neurodevelopmental movement disorder DYT-TOR1A (DYT1) dystonia, coordinates NPC spatial organization during this period without impacting total NPC density. Using a new mouse line in which endogenous Nup107 is Halo-Tagged, we find that torsinA is essential for correct localization of NPC formation. In the absence of torsinA, the inner nuclear membrane buds excessively at sites of mislocalized, nascent NPCs, and NPC assembly completion is delayed. Our work implies that NPC spatial organization and number are independently regulated and suggests that torsinA is critical for the normal localization and assembly kinetics of NPCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veatch, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmada, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TorsinA is essential for the timing and localization of neuronal nuclear pore complex biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability and Bias in Microbiome Metagenomic Sequencing: an Interlaboratory Study Comparing Experimental Protocols 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral studies have documented the significant impact of methodological choices in microbiome analyses. The myriad of methodological options available complicate the replication of results and generally limit the comparability of findings between independent studies that use differing techniques and measurement pipelines. Here we describe the Mosaic Standards Challenge (MSC), an international interlaboratory study designed to assess the impact of methodological variables on the results. The MSC did not prescribe methods but rather asked participating labs to analyze 7 shared reference samples (5x human stool samples and 2x mock communities) using their standard laboratory methods. To capture the array of methodological variables, each participating lab completed a metadata reporting sheet that included 100 different questions regarding the details of their protocol. The goal of this study was to survey the methodological landscape for microbiome metagenomic sequencing (MGS) analyses and the impact of methodological decisions on metagenomic sequencing results.

ResultsA total of 44 labs participated in the MSC by submitting results (16S or WGS) along with accompanying metadata; thirty 16S rRNA gene amplicon datasets and 14 WGS datasets were collected. The inclusion of two types of reference materials (human stool and mock communities) enabled analysis of both MGS measurement variability between different protocols using the biologically-relevant stool samples, and MGS bias with respect to ground truth values using the DNA mixtures. Owing to the compositional nature of MGS measurements, analyses were conducted on the ratio of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes allowing us to directly apply common statistical methods. The resulting analysis demonstrated that protocol choices have significant effects, including both bias of the MGS measurement associated with a particular methodological choices, as well as effects on measurement robustness as observed through the spread of results between labs making similar methodological choices. In the analysis of the DNA mock communities, MGS measurement bias was observed even when there was general consensus among the participating laboratories.

ConclusionThis study was the result of a collaborative effort that included academic, commercial, and government labs. In addition to highlighting the impact of different methodological decisions on MGS result comparability, this work also provides insights for consideration in future microbiome measurement study design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forry, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servetas, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralj, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjithomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Amorim, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartelli, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassol, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias-Neto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazantseva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moda, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuberger-Castillo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, I. K. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability and Bias in Microbiome Metagenomic Sequencing: an Interlaboratory Study Comparing Experimental Protocols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is highly volatile and dominated by L. iners regardless of HPV status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe cervicovaginal microbiota is influenced by host physiology, immunology, lifestyle, and ethnicity. We hypothesized that there would be differences in the cervicovaginal microbiota among pregnant, non-pregnant and menopausal women living in Puerto Rico with and without Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. We specifically wanted to determine if the microbiota associated with variation in cervical cytology. A total of 294 women comprised of reproductive-age non-pregnant (N=196), pregnant (N=37), and menopausal (N=61) women were enrolled. The cervicovaginal bacteria was characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the HPV were genotyped with SPF10-LiPA, and cervical cytology was quantified. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV, 67.3%) was prevalent, including genotypes not covered by the 9vt HPV vaccine. Cervical lesions (34%) were also common. The cervical microbiota was dominated by Lactobacillus iners. Pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters had decreased diversity and a decreased abundance of microbes associated with bacterial vaginosis. Women in menopause had greater alpha diversity, a greater proportion of facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria, and higher cervicovaginal pH than pre-menopausal women. Cervical lesions were associated with greater alpha diversity. However, no significant associations between the microbiota and HPV infection (HR or LR-HPV types) were found. The cervicovaginal microbiota women living in Puerto Rican were either dominated by L. iners or diverse microbial communities regardless of a womans physiological stage. We postulate that the microbiota and the high prevalence of HR-HPV, increase the risk of cervical lesions of women living in Puerto Rico.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas Robles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romaguera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Velez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosado-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominicci-Maura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Ferrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godoy-Vitorino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is highly volatile and dominated by L. iners regardless of HPV status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust identification of perturbed cell types in single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding how different cells contribute to disease progression by identifying cell types that change across diseases or conditions. However, detecting changing cell types is challenging due to individual-to-individual and cohort-to-cohort variability and naive approaches based on current computational tools lead to false positive findings. To address this, we propose a computational tool, scDist, based on a mixed-effects model that provides a statistically rigorous and computationally efficient approach for detecting transcriptomic differences. By accurately recapitulating known immune cell relationships and mitigating false positives induced by individual and cohort variation, we demonstrate that scDist outperforms current methods in both simulated and real datasets, even with limited sample sizes. Through the analysis of COVID-19 and immunotherapy datasets, scDist uncovers transcriptomic perturbations in dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and FCER1G+NK cells, that provide new insights into disease mechanisms and treatment responses. As single-cell datasets continue to expand, our faster and statistically rigorous method offers a robust and versatile tool for a wide range of research and clinical applications, enabling the investigation of cellular perturbations with implications for human health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicol, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizarry, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust identification of perturbed cell types in single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic inhibition of Gα signalling alters and regulates circuit functionality and early circuit formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic techniques provide genetically targeted, spatially and temporally precise approaches to correlate cellular activities and physiological outcomes. In the nervous system, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have essential neuromodulatory functions through binding extracellular ligands to induce intracellular signaling cascades. In this work, we develop and validate a new optogenetic tool that disrupt Gq signaling through membrane recruitment of a minimal Regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain. This approach, Photo-induced Modulation of G protein - Inhibition of Gq (PiGM-Iq), exhibited potent and selective inhibition of Gq signaling. We alter the behavior of C. elegans and Drosophila with outcomes consistent with GPCR-Gq disruption. PiGM-Iq also changes axon guidance in culture dorsal root ganglia neurons in response to serotonin. PiGM-Iq activation leads to developmental deficits in zebrafish embryos and larvae resulting in altered neuronal wiring and behavior. By altering the choice of minimal RGS domain, we also show that this approach is amenable to Gi signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lockyer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reading, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicenzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delandre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. Y.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic inhibition of Gα signalling alters and regulates circuit functionality and early circuit formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The subiculum encodes environmental geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corners are a cardinal feature of many of the complex environmental geometries found in the natural world but the neural substrates that could underlie the perception of corners remain elusive. Here we show that the dorsal subiculum contains neurons that encode corners across environmental geometries in an allocentric reference frame. Corner cells changed their activity to reflect concave corner angles, wall height and the degree of wall intersection. A separate population of subicular neurons encoded convex corners. Both concave and convex corner cells were non-overlapping with subicular neurons that encoded environmental boundaries, suggesting that the subiculum contains the geometric information needed to re-construct the shape and layout of naturalistic spatial environments.

One Sentence SummarySeparate neural populations in the subiculum encode concave and convex environmental corners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The subiculum encodes environmental geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signatures associated with successful implantation of the human blastocyst 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryo implantation in humans is remarkably inefficient for reasons that remain largely unexplained, and high rates of implantation failure remain one of the greatest obstacles in treating infertility. The volume of gene expression data available from human embryos has rapidly accumulated in recent years. However, prioritization of these data to identify the subset of genes that determine successful implantation remains a challenge, in part, because comprehensive analyses cannot be performed on the same embryos that are transferred. Here, we leverage clinical morphologic grading--known for decades to correlate with implantation potential--and transcriptome analyses of matched embryonic and abembryonic samples to identify genes and cell-cell interactions enriched and depleted in human blastocysts of good and poor morphology, genome-wide. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the greatest molecular difference was in the state of the extraembryonic primitive endoderm (PrE), with relative deficiencies in PrE development in embryos of poor morphology at the time of embryo transfer. Together, our results support a model in which implantation success is most strongly reflected by factors and signals from the embryonic compartment and suggest that deficiencies in PrE development, in particular, are common among embryos with reduced implantation potential. Our study provides a valuable resource for those investigating the markers and mechanisms of human embryo implantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook-Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chousal, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzo, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parast, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signatures associated with successful implantation of the human blastocyst]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning uncovers the Pseudomonas syringae transcriptome in microbial communities and during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 regulates its response to environmental stimuli, including interactions with hosts and neighboring bacteria. Despite the importance of transcriptional regulation during these agriculturally-significant interactions, a comprehensive understanding of the TRN of P. syringae is yet to be achieved. Here, we collected and decomposed a compendium of public RNA-seq data from P. syringae to obtain 45 independently modulated gene sets (iModulons) that quantitatively describe the TRN and its activity state across diverse conditions. Through iModulon analysis, we 1) untangle the complex interspecies interactions between P. syringae and other terrestrial bacteria in cocultures, 2) expand the current understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana-P. syringae interaction, and 3) elucidate the AlgU-dependent regulation of flagellar gene expression. The modularized TRN yields a unique understanding of interaction-specific transcriptional regulation in P. syringae.

ImportancePseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is a model plant pathogen that infects tomatoes and Arabidopsis thaliana. The current understanding of global transcriptional regulation in the pathogen is limited. Here, we applied iModulon analysis to a compendium of RNA-seq data to unravel its transcriptional regulatory network. We characterize each co-regulated gene set, revealing the activity of major regulators across diverse conditions. We provide new insights on the transcriptional dynamics in interactions with the plant immune system and with other bacterial species, such as AlgU-dependent regulation of flagellar genes during plant infection and downregulation of siderophore production in the presence of a siderophore cheater. This study demonstrates the novel application of iModulons in studying temporal dynamics during host-pathogen and microbe-microbe interactions, and reveals specific insights of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajpe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning uncovers the Pseudomonas syringae transcriptome in microbial communities and during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized fear following acute stress is caused by change in co-transmitter identity of serotonergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overgeneralization of fear to harmless situations is a core feature of anxiety disorders resulting from acute stress, yet the mechanisms by which fear becomes generalized are poorly understood. Here we show that generalized fear in mice in response to footshock results from a transmitter switch from glutamate to GABA in serotonergic neurons of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe. We observe a similar change in transmitter identity in the postmortem brains of PTSD patients. Overriding the transmitter switch in mice using viral tools prevents the acquisition of generalized fear. Corticosterone release and activation of glucocorticoid receptors trigger the switch, and prompt antidepressant treatment blocks the co-transmitter switch and generalized fear. Our results provide new understanding of the plasticity involved in fear generalization.

One sentence summaryAcute stress produces generalized fear by causing serotonergic neurons to switch their co-transmitter from glutamate to GABA
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-q. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarthi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized fear following acute stress is caused by change in co-transmitter identity of serotonergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CyuR is a Dual Regulator for L-Cysteine Dependent Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mainly produced from L-cysteine (Cys), renders bacteria highly resistant to oxidative stress. This mitigation of oxidative stress was suggested to be an important survival mechanism to achieve antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in many pathogenic bacteria. CyuR (known as DecR or YbaO) is a recently characterized Cys-dependent transcription regulator, responsible for the activation of the cyuAP operon and generation of hydrogen sulfide from Cys. Despite its potential importance, the regulatory network of CyuR remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of the CyuR regulon in a Cys-dependent AMR mechanism in E. coli strains. We found: 1) Cys metabolism has a significant role in AMR and its effect is conserved in many E. coli strains, including clinical isolates; 2) CyuR negatively controls the expression of mdlAB encoding a transporter that exports antibiotics such as cefazolin and vancomycin; 3) CyuR binds to a DNA sequence motif  GAAwAAATTGTxGxxATTTsyCC in the absence of Cys, confirmed by an in vitro binding assay; and 4) CyuR may regulate 25 additional genes as suggested by in silico motif scanning and transcriptome sequencing. Collectively, our findings expanded the understanding of the biological roles of CyuR relevant to antibiotic resistance associated with Cys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodionov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalldorf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CyuR is a Dual Regulator for L-Cysteine Dependent Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenome analysis reveals the genetic basis for taxonomic classification of the Lactobacillaceae family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactobacillaceae represent a large family of important microbes that are foundational to the food industry. Many genome sequences of Lactobacillaceae strains are now available, enabling us to conduct a comprehensive pangenome analysis of this family. We collected 3,591 high-quality genomes from public sources and found that: 1) they contained enough genomes for 26 species to perform a pangenomic analysis, 2) the normalized Heaps coefficient {lambda} (a measure of pangenome openness) was found to have an average value of 0.27 (ranging from 0.07-0.37), 3) the pangenome openness was correlated with the abundance and genomic location of transposons and mobilomes, 4) the pangenome for each species was divided into core, accessory, and rare genomes, that highlight the species-specific properties (such as motility and restriction-modification systems), 5) the pangenome of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (which contained the highest number of genomes found amongst the 26 species studied) contained nine distinct phylogroups, and 6) genome mining revealed a richness of detected biosynthetic gene clusters, with functions ranging from antimicrobial and probiotic to food preservation, but [~]93% were of unknown function. This study provides the first in-depth comparative pangenomics analysis of the Lactobacillaceae family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohite, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardalani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenome analysis reveals the genetic basis for taxonomic classification of the Lactobacillaceae family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning and host variable embedding augment microbiome-based simultaneous detection of multiple diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiome has emerged as a promising indicator or predictor of human diseases. However, previous studies typically labeled each specimen as either healthy or with a specific disease, ignoring the prevalence of complications or comorbidities in actual cohorts, which may confound the microbial-disease associations. For instance, a patient may suffer from multiple diseases, making it challenging to detect their health status accurately. Furthermore, host phenotypes such as physiological characteristics and lifestyles can alter the microbiome structure, but this information has not yet been fully utilized in data models. To address these issues, we propose a highly explainable deep learning (DL) method called Meta-Spec. Using a deep neural network (DNN) based approach, it encodes and embeds the refined host variables with microbiome features, enabling the detection of multiple diseases and their correlations simultaneously. Our experiments showed that Meta-Spec outperforms regular machine learning (ML) strategies for multi-label disease screening in several cohorts. More importantly, Meta-Spec can successfully detect comorbidities that are often missed by regular ML approaches. In addition, due to its high interpretability, Meta-Spec captures key factors that shape disease patterns from host variables and microbial members. Hence, these efforts improve the feasibility and sensitivity of microbiome-based disease screening in practical scenarios, representing a significant step towards personalized medicine and better health outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning and host variable embedding augment microbiome-based simultaneous detection of multiple diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of the bacteriophage nucleus protein interaction network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the arms race between bacteria and bacteriophages (phages), some large-genome jumbo phages have evolved a protein shell that encloses their replicating genome to protect it against DNA-targeting immune factors. By segregating the genome from the host cytoplasm, however, the "phage nucleus" introduces the need to specifically transport mRNA and proteins through the nuclear shell, and to dock capsids on the shell for genome packaging. Here, we use proximity labeling and localization mapping to systematically identify proteins associated with the major nuclear shell protein chimallin (ChmA) and other distinctive structures assembled by these phages. We identify six uncharacterized nuclear shell-associated proteins, one of which directly interacts with self-assembled ChmA. The structure and protein-protein interaction network of this protein, which we term ChmB, suggests that it forms pores in the ChmA lattice that serve as docking sites for capsid genome packaging, and may also participate in mRNA and/or protein transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaikeeratisak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of the bacteriophage nucleus protein interaction network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Machine Learning Identifies Chromatin Accessibility Regulatory Networks that Define Cell State Transitions in Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells exist in vitro in a spectrum of interconvertible pluripotent states. Analyzing hundreds of hiPSCs derived from different individuals, we show the proportions of these pluripotent states vary considerably across lines. We discovered 13 gene network modules (GNMs) and 13 regulatory network modules (RNMs), which were highly correlated with each other suggesting that the coordinated co-accessibility of regulatory elements in the RNMs likely underlied the coordinated expression of genes in the GNMs. Epigenetic analyses revealed that regulatory networks underlying self-renewal and pluripotency have a surprising level of complexity. Genetic analyses identified thousands of regulatory variants that overlapped predicted transcription factor binding sites and were associated with chromatin accessibility in the hiPSCs. We show that the master regulator of pluripotency, the NANOG-OCT4 Complex, and its associated network were significantly enriched for regulatory variants with large effects, suggesting that they may play a role in the varying cellular proportions of pluripotency states between hiPSCs. Our work captures the coordinated activity of tens of thousands of regulatory elements in hiPSCs and bins these elements into discrete functionally characterized regulatory networks, shows that regulatory elements in pluripotency networks harbor variants with large effects, and provides a rich resource for future pluripotent stem cell research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arthur, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSCORE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pera, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Machine Learning Identifies Chromatin Accessibility Regulatory Networks that Define Cell State Transitions in Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do cortical co-ripples bind lines, letters, words, meanings, strategy and action in reading? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether high-frequency phase-locked oscillations facilitate integration ( binding) of information across widespread cortical areas is controversial. Here we show with intracranial EEG that cortico-cortical co-ripples ([~]100ms long [~]90Hz oscillations) increase during reading and semantic decisions, at the times and co-locations when and where binding should occur. Fusiform wordform areas co-ripple with virtually all language areas, maximally from 200-400ms post-word-onset. Semantically-specified target words evoke strong co-rippling between wordform, semantic, executive and response areas from 400-800ms, with increased co-rippling between semantic, executive and response areas prior to correct responses. Co-ripples were phase-locked at zero-lag over long distances (>12cm), especially when many areas were co-rippling. General co-activation, indexed by non-oscillatory high gamma, was mainly confined to early latencies in fusiform and earlier visual areas, preceding co-ripples. These findings suggest that widespread synchronous co-ripples may assist the integration of multiple cortical areas for sustained periods during cognition.

One Sentence SummaryWidespread visual, wordform, semantic, executive and response areas phase-lock at 90Hz during integrative semantic processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrett, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzhbinsky, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do cortical co-ripples bind lines, letters, words, meanings, strategy and action in reading?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that promotes resistance to immunotherapy. A preclinical model system that facilitates studies of the TIME and its impact on the responsiveness of human PDAC to immunotherapies remains an unmet need. We report a novel mouse model, which develops metastatic human PDAC that becomes infiltrated by human immune cells recapitulating the TIME of human PDAC. The model may serve as a versatile platform to study the nature of human PDAC TIME and its response to various treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunisada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugahara, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pancreatic cancer mouse model with human immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projectome-defined subtypes and modular intra-hypothalamic subnetworks of peptidergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus plays a vital role in coordinating essential neuroendocrine, autonomic, and somatomotor responses for survival and reproduction. While previous studies have explored population-level projections of hypothalamic neurons, the specific innervation patterns of individual hypothalamic axons remain unclear. To understand the organization of hypothalamic axon projections, we conducted a comprehensive reconstruction of single-cell projectomes from 7,180 mouse hypothalamic neurons expressing specific neuropeptides. Our analysis identified 31 distinct subtypes based on projectome-defined characteristics, with many exhibiting long-range axon collateral projections to multiple brain regions. Notably, these subtypes selectively targeted specific subdomains within downstream areas, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Furthermore, we observed that individual peptidergic neuronal types encompassed multiple projectome-defined subtypes, explaining their diverse functional roles. Additionally, by examining intra-hypothalamic axon projections, we uncovered six modular subnetworks characterized by enriched intramodular connections and distinct preferences for downstream targets. This modular organization of the intra-hypothalamic network likely contributes to the coordinated organization of hypothalamic outputs. In summary, our comprehensive projectome analysis reveals the organizational principles governing hypothalamic axon projections, providing a framework for understanding the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the diverse and coordinated functions of the hypothalamus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biglari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoop, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poo, M.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projectome-defined subtypes and modular intra-hypothalamic subnetworks of peptidergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glaucoma-associated Optineurin mutations increase transmitophagy in a vertebrate optic nerve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously described a process referred to as transmitophagy where mitochondria shed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons are transferred to and degraded by surrounding astrocytes in the optic nerve head of mice. Since the mitophagy receptor Optineurin (OPTN) is one of few large- effect glaucoma genes and axonal damage occurs at the optic nerve head in glaucoma, here we explored whether OPTN mutations perturb transmitophagy. Live-imaging of Xenopus laevis optic nerves revealed that diverse human mutant but not wildtype OPTN increase stationary mitochondria and mitophagy machinery and their colocalization within, and in the case of the glaucoma-associated OPTN mutations also outside of, RGC axons. These extra-axonal mitochondria are degraded by astrocytes. Our studies support the view that in RGC axons under baseline conditions there are low levels of mitophagy, but that glaucoma-associated perturbations in OPTN result in increased axonal mitophagy involving the shedding and astrocytic degradation of the mitochondria.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=157 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/542507v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c1d3d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13a33e6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2544beorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c456a5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, c.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscarella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh-Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glaucoma-associated Optineurin mutations increase transmitophagy in a vertebrate optic nerve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StressME: unified computing framework of Escherichia coli metabolism, gene expression, and stress responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generalist microbes have adapted to a multitude of environmental stresses through their integrated stress response system. Individual stress responses have been quantified by E. coli metabolism and expression (ME) models under thermal, oxidative and acid stress, respectively. However, the systematic quantification of crosstalk among these stress responses remains lacking. Here, we present StressME: the unified stress response model of E. coli combining thermal (FoldME), oxidative (OxidizeME) and acid (AcidifyME) stress responses. StressME is the most up to date ME model for E. coli and it reproduces all published single-stress ME models. Additionally, it includes refined rate constants to improve prediction accuracy for wild-type and stress-evolved strains. StressME revealed certain optimal proteome allocation strategies associated with cross-stress responses. These stress-optimal proteomes were shaped by trade-offs between protective vs. metabolic enzymes; cytoplasmic vs. periplasmic chaperones; and expression of stress-specific proteins. As StressME is tuned to compute metabolic and gene expression responses under mild acid, oxidative, and thermal stresses, it is useful for engineering and health applications. The modular design of our open-source package also facilitates model expansion (e.g., to new stress mechanisms) by the computational biology community.

Author summaryA fundamental understanding of multi-stress adaptation in E.coli has potential industrial relevance. While individual stress responses have been quantified through the protein regulatory network in E.coli, the systematic quantification of the crosstalk among stress responses remains lacking. Here, we develop a new modeling pipeline by which thermal, oxidative and acid stress response can be coupled to each other, and the metabolic activities, protein and metabolic flux redistribution due to cross stress can be quantified. We optimize the effective rate constants in the integrated model. We then confirm the model robustness by validating against the published data under single stress. Finally, we use the model to characterize the cross-adaptation between protective and catalytic proteins as well as between chaperones present in different cellular compartments. We find effective cross-protection against cross stress by adapting the E.coli cells to the thermal stress first. We also indicate the presence of trade-offs by which the cell may refuse to give up more protein allocation away from one stress response to the other, because doing so would decrease stress tolerance further. The single stress plug-in design makes the model build-up pipeline flexible and expandable, allowing incorporation of more stressors into the model architecture for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StressME: unified computing framework of Escherichia coli metabolism, gene expression, and stress responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global pathogenomic analysis identifies known and novel genetic antimicrobial resistance determinants in twelve species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surveillance programs for managing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have yielded thousands of genomes suited for data-driven mechanism discovery. We present a workflow integrating pangenomics, gene annotation, and machine learning to identify AMR genes at scale. Applied to 12 species, 27,155 genomes, and 69 drugs, we 1) found AMR gene transfer mostly confined within related species, with 925 genes in multiple species but just eight in multiple phylogenetic classes, 2) demonstrated that discovery-oriented support vector machines outperform contemporary methods at recovering known AMR genes, recovering 263 genes compared to 145 by Pyseer, and 3) identified 142 novel AMR gene candidates. Validation of two candidates in E. coli BW25113 revealed cases of conditional resistance:{Delta} cycA conferred ciprofloxacin resistance in minimal media with D-serine, and frdD V111D conferred ampicillin resistance in the presence of ampC by modifying the overlapping promoter. We expect this approach to be adaptable to other species and phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global pathogenomic analysis identifies known and novel genetic antimicrobial resistance determinants in twelve species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication initiation in bacteria: precision control based on protein counting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balanced biosynthesis is the hallmark of bacterial cell physiology, where the concentrations of stable proteins remain steady. However, this poses a conceptual challenge to modeling the cell-cycle and cell-size controls in bacteria, as prevailing concentration-based eukaryote models are not directly applicable. In this study, we revisit and significantly extend the initiator-titration model, proposed thirty years ago, and explain how bacteria precisely and robustly control replication initiation based on the mechanism of protein copy-number sensing. Using a mean-field approach, we first derive an analytical expression of the cell size at initiation based on three biological mechanistic control parameters for an extended initiator-titration model. We also study the stability of our model analytically and show that initiation can become unstable in multifork replication conditions. Using simulations, we further show that the presence of the conversion between active and inactive initiator protein forms significantly represses initiation instability. Importantly, the two-step Poisson process set by the initiator titration step results in significantly improved initiation synchrony with CV [~] 1/N scaling rather than the standard [Formula] scaling in the Poisson process, where N is the total number of initiators required for initiation. Our results answer two long-standing questions in replication initiation: (1) Why do bacteria produce almost two orders of magnitude more DnaA, the master initiator proteins, than required for initiation? (2) Why does DnaA exist in active (DnaA-ATP) and inactive (DnaA-ADP) forms if only the active form is competent for initiation? The mechanism presented in this work provides a satisfying general solution to how the cell can achieve precision control without sensing protein concentrations, with broad implications from evolution to the design of synthetic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication initiation in bacteria: precision control based on protein counting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between charge distribution and DNA in shaping HP1 paralog phase separation and localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family is a crucial component of heterochromatin with diverse functions in gene regulation, cell cycle control, and cell differentiation. In humans, there are three paralogs, HP1, HP1{beta}, and HP1{gamma}, which exhibit remarkable similarities in their domain architecture and sequence properties. Nevertheless, these paralogs display distinct behaviors in liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process linked to heterochromatin formation. Here, we employ a coarse-grained simulation framework to uncover the sequence features responsible for the observed differences in LLPS. We highlight the significance of the net charge and charge patterning along the sequence in governing paralog LLPS propensities. We also show that both highly conserved folded and less-conserved disordered domains contribute to the observed differences. Furthermore, we explore the potential co-localization of different HP1 paralogs in multicomponent assemblies and the impact of DNA on this process. Importantly, our study reveals that DNA can significantly reshape the stability of a minimal condensate formed by HP1 paralogs due to competitive interactions of HP1 with HP1{beta} and HP1{gamma} versus DNA. In conclusion, our work highlights the physicochemical nature of interactions that govern the distinct phase-separation behaviors of HP1 paralogs and provides a molecular framework for understanding their role in chromatin organization.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=175 SRC="FIGDIR/small/542535v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@553e82org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7add7dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@637549org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a9236a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between charge distribution and DNA in shaping HP1 paralog phase separation and localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of Darwinian evolution in Bayesian collectives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Building on the algorithmic equivalence between finite population replicator dynamics and particle filtering based approximation of Bayesian inference, we design a computational model to demonstrate the emergence of Darwinian evolution over representational units when collectives of units are selected to infer statistics of high-dimensional combinatorial environments. The non-Darwinian starting point is two units undergoing a few cycles of noisy, selection-dependent information transmission, corresponding to a serial (one comparison per cycle), non-cumulative process without heredity. Selection for accurate Bayesian inference at the collective level induces an adaptive path to the emergence of Darwinian evolution within the collectives, capable of maintaining and iteratively improving upon complex combinatorial information. When collectives are themselves Darwinian, this mechanism amounts to a top-down (filial) transition in individuality. We suggest that such a selection mechanism can explain the hypothesized emergence of fast timescale Darwinian dynamics over a population of neural representations within animal and human brains, endowing them with combinatorial planning capabilities. Further possible physical implementations include prebiotic collectives of non-replicating molecules and reinforcement learning agents with parallel policy search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Csillag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giaffar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szathmary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of Darwinian evolution in Bayesian collectives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient multi-fidelity computation of blood coagulation under flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clot formation is a crucial process that prevents bleeding, but can lead to severe disorders when imbalanced. This process is regulated by the coagulation cascade, a biochemical network that controls the enzyme thrombin, which converts soluble fibrinogen into the fibrin fibers that constitute clots. Coagulation cascade models are typically complex and involve dozens of partial differential equations (PDEs) representing various chemical species transport, reaction kinetics, and diffusion. Solving these PDE systems computationally is challenging, due to their large size and multi-scale nature.

We propose a multi-fidelity strategy to increase the efficiency of coagulation cascade simulations. Leveraging the slower dynamics of molecular diffusion, we transform the governing PDEs into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing the evolution of species concentrations versus blood residence time. We then Taylor-expand the ODE solution around the zero-diffusivity limit to obtain spatiotemporal maps of species concentrations in terms of the statistical moments of residence time, [Formula], and provide the governing PDEs for [Formula]. This strategy replaces a high-fidelity system of N PDEs representing the coagulation cascade of N chemical species by N ODEs and p PDEs governing the residence time statistical moments. The multi-fidelity order(p) allows balancing accuracy and computational cost, providing a speedup of over N/p compared to high-fidelity models.

Using a simplified coagulation network and an idealized aneurysm geometry with a pulsatile flow as a benchmark, we demonstrate favorable accuracy for low-order models of p = 1 and p = 2. These models depart from the high-fidelity solution by under 16% (p = 1) and 5% (p = 2) after 20 cardiac cycles.

The favorable accuracy and low computational cost of multi-fidelity models could enable unprecedented coagulation analyses in complex flow scenarios and extensive reaction networks. Furthermore, it can be generalized to advance our understanding of other systems biology networks affected by blood flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Hurtado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Villalba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Legazpi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVeigh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient multi-fidelity computation of blood coagulation under flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximal Molecular Probe Transfer (PROMPT), a new approach for identifying sites of protein/nucleic acid interaction in cells by correlated light and electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The binding and interaction of proteins with nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA constitutes a fundamental biochemical and biophysical process in all living organisms. Identifying and visualizing such temporal interactions in cells is key to understanding their function. To image sites of these events in cells across scales, we developed a method, named PROMPT for PROximal Molecular Probe Transfer, which is applicable to both light and correlative electron microscopy. This method relies on the transfer of a bound photosensitizer from a protein known to associate with specific nucleic acid sequence, allowing the marking of the binding site on DNA or RNA in fixed cells. The method produces a fluorescent mark at the site of their interaction, that can be made electron dense and reimaged at high resolution in the electron microscope. As proof of principle, we labeled in situ the interaction sites between the histone H2B and nuclear DNA. As an example of application for specific RNA localizations we labeled different nuclear and nucleolar fractions of the protein Fibrillarin to mark and locate where it associates with RNAs, also using electron tomography. While the current PROMPT method is designed for microscopy, with minimal variations, it can be potentially expanded to analytical techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximal Molecular Probe Transfer (PROMPT), a new approach for identifying sites of protein/nucleic acid interaction in cells by correlated light and electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell motility modes are selected by the interplay of mechanosensitive adhesion and membrane tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initiation of directional cell motion requires symmetry breaking that can happen both with or without external stimuli. During cell crawling, forces generated by the cytoskeleton and their transmission through mechanosensitive adhesions to the extracellular substrate play a crucial role. In a recently proposed 1D model (Sens, PNAS 2020), a mechanical feedback loop between force-sensitive adhesions and cell tension was shown to be sufficient to explain spontaneous symmetry breaking and multiple motility patterns through stick-slip dynamics, without the need to account for signaling networks or active polar gels. We extended this model to 2D to study the interplay between cell shape and mechanics during crawling. Through a local force balance along a deformable boundary, we show that the membrane tension coupled with shape change can regulate the spatiotemporal evolution of the stochastic binding of mechanosensitive adhesions. Linear stability analysis identified the unstable parameter regimes where spontaneous symmetry breaking can take place. Using simulations to solve the fully coupled nonlinear system of equations, we show that starting from a randomly perturbed circular shape, this instability can lead to keratocyte-like shapes. Simulations predict that different adhesion kinetics and membrane tension can result in different cell motility modes including gliding, zigzag, rotating, and sometimes chaotic movements. Thus, using a minimal model of cell motility, we identify that the interplay between adhesions and tension can select emergent motility modes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saintillan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell motility modes are selected by the interplay of mechanosensitive adhesion and membrane tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel method for tracking nitrogen kinetics in vivo and ex vivo using radioactive nitrogen-13 gas and Positron Emission Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleDecompression sickness (DCS) is caused by gaseous nitrogen dissolved in tissues forming bubbles during decompression. To date no method exists to identify nitrogen within tissues, but with advances in PET technology it may be possible to track gaseous radionuclides into tissues. We aimed to develop a method to track nitrogen movement in vivo that could then be used to further our understanding of DCS using nitrogen-13 (13N2) - a radioactive isotope of nitrogen that emits {beta}+ radiation.

MethodsA single anesthetized and ventilated Sprague Dawley rat lay supine inside a PET scanner for 30 min. The rat breathed oxygen for the first 2 min, then was switched to a bag containing 13N2 gas mixed with oxygen for 20 min, then breathed oxygen alone for the final 8 min. Gas samples were drawn from the inspiratory line at 5, 15 and 25 min. The PET scanner recorded 13N2 with energy windows of 250-750 keV. Following the scan, a mixed blood sample was taken from the heart, while the brain, liver, femur and thigh muscle were removed to determine organ radioactivity using a gamma counter.

ResultsThe gas samples at 5 (5.7 kbq.ml-1) and 15 min (5.3 kbq.ml-1) showed radioactivity in the inspired gas that was absent at 25 min (0.1 kbq.ml-1), when the 13N2 was stopped. The signal intensity in the PET scanner increased from baseline (0.03) to 2-12 min (0.68{+/-}0.31), and 12-22 min (0.88{+/-}0.06), before reducing slightly from 22-30 min (0.61{+/-}0.04). All organs had radioactivity when measured in the gamma counter, with the highest counts in the liver (12593 counts.min-1.g-1) and the lowest in the muscle (2687 counts.min-1.g-1).

Principal ConclusionsThis study successfully demonstrated a quantitative 3D imaging method of tracking nitrogen gas through the body both in vivo and ex vivo using PET.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashworth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel method for tracking nitrogen kinetics in vivo and ex vivo using radioactive nitrogen-13 gas and Positron Emission Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Boltzmann model predicts glycan structures from lectin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans are complex oligosaccharides involved in many diseases and biological processes. Unfortunately, current methods for determining glycan composition and structure (glycan sequencing) are laborious and require a high level of expertise. Here, we assess the feasibility of sequencing glycans based on their lectin binding fingerprints. By training a Boltzmann model on lectin binding data, we predict the approximate structures of 88 {+/-} 7% of N-glycans and 87 {+/-} 13% of O-glycans in our test set. We show that our model generalizes well to the pharmaceutically relevant case of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell glycans. We also analyze the motif specificity of a wide array of lectins and identify the most and least predictive lectins and glycan features. These results could help streamline glycoprotein research and be of use to anyone using lectins for glycobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHIANG, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Boltzmann model predicts glycan structures from lectin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the TRIF pathway and downstream targets results in the development of precancerous lesions during infection with Helicobacter. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is an established cause of many digestive diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. However, the mechanism by which infection with H. pylori causes these disorders is still not clearly understood. This is due to insufficient knowledge of pathways that promote H. pylori-induced disease progression. We have established a Helicobacter-induced accelerated disease progression mouse model, which involves infecting mice deficient in the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 gene (Myd88-/-) with H. felis. Using this model, we report here that that progression of H. felis-induced inflammation to high-grade dysplasia was associated with activation of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway and upregulation of related downstream target genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). These observations were further corroborated by the enrichment of ISRE motifs in the promoters of upregulated genes. Further we showed that H. felis-induced inflammation in mice deficient in Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-{beta} (TRIF, TrifLps2) did not progress to severe gastric pathology, indicating a role of the TRIF signaling pathway in disease pathogenesis and progression. Indeed, survival analysis in gastric biopsy samples from gastric cancer patients illustrated that high expression of Trif was significantly associated with poor survival in gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano-Pope, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obonyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the TRIF pathway and downstream targets results in the development of precancerous lesions during infection with Helicobacter.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering cell and nuclear morphology on nano topography by contact-free protein micropatterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platforms with nanoscale topography have recently become powerful tools in cellular biophysics and bioengineering. Recent studies have shown that nanotopography affects various cellular processes like adhesion and endocytosis, as well as physical properties such as cell shape.

To engineer nanopillars more effectively for biomedical applications, it is crucial to gain better control and understanding of how nanopillars affect cell and nuclear physical properties, such as shape and spreading area, and impact cellular processes like endocytosis and adhesion. In this study, we utilized a laser-assisted micropatterning technique to manipulate the 2D architectures of cells on 3D nanopillar platforms. We performed a comprehensive analysis of cellular and nuclear morphology and deformation on both nanopillar and flat substrates. Our findings demonstrate precise engineering of cellular architectures through 2D micropatterning on nanopillar platforms. We show that the coupling between nuclear and cell shape is disrupted on nanopillar surfaces compared to flat surfaces. Furthermore, we discovered that cell elongation on nanopillars enhances nanopillar-induced endocytosis. These results have significant implications for various biomedical applications of nanopillars, including drug delivery, drug screening, intracellular electrophysiology, and biosensing. We believe our platform serves as a versatile tool for further explorations, facilitating investigations into the interplay between cell physical properties and alterations in cellular processes.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=89 SRC="FIGDIR/small/543791v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3a13dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1edbdaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f3e40corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@100d6fc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarikhani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pushpa Meganathan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez-Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyldgaard Klausen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering cell and nuclear morphology on nano topography by contact-free protein micropatterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.542650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proprotein convertase BLI-4 promotes collagen secretion during assembly of the  Caenorhabditis elegans  cuticle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.542650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some types of collagens, including transmembrane MACIT collagens and C. elegans cuticle collagens, are N-terminally cleaved at a dibasic site that resembles the consensus for furin or other proprotein convertases of the subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) family. Such cleavage may release transmembrane collagens from the plasma membrane and affect extracellular matrix assembly or structure. However, the functional consequences of such cleavage are unclear and evidence for the role of specific PCSKs is lacking. Here, we used endogenous collagen fusions to fluorescent proteins to visualize the secretion and assembly of the first collagen-based cuticle in C. elegans and then tested the role of the PCSK BLI-4 in these processes. Unexpectedly, we found that cuticle collagens SQT-3 and DPY-17 are secreted into the extraembryonic space several hours before cuticle matrix assembly. Furthermore, this early secretion depends on BLI-4/PCSK; in bli-4 and cleavage-site mutants, SQT-3 and DPY-17 are not efficiently secreted and instead form large intracellular aggregates. Their later assembly into cuticle matrix is reduced but not entirely blocked. These data reveal a role for collagen N-terminal processing in intracellular trafficking and in the spatial and temporal restriction of matrix assembly in vivo. Our observations also prompt a revision of the classic model for C. elegans cuticle matrix assembly and the pre-cuticle-to-cuticle transition, suggesting that cuticle layer assembly proceeds via a series of regulated steps and not simply by sequential secretion and deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.542650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proprotein convertase BLI-4 promotes collagen secretion during assembly of the  Caenorhabditis elegans  cuticle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.543965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a need to define regions of gene activation or repression that control human kidney cells in states of health, injury, and repair to understand the molecular pathogenesis of kidney disease and design therapeutic strategies. However, comprehensive integration of gene expression with epigenetic features that define regulatory elements remains a significant challenge. We measured dual single nucleus RNA expression and chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K4me3, and H3K27me3 histone modifications to decipher the chromatin landscape and gene regulation of the kidney in reference and adaptive injury states. We established a comprehensive and spatially-anchored epigenomic atlas to define the kidneys active, silent, and regulatory accessible chromatin regions across the genome. Using this atlas, we noted distinct control of adaptive injury in different epithelial cell types. A proximal tubule cell transcription factor network of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 regulated the transition between health and injury, while in thick ascending limb cells this transition was regulated by NR2F1. Further, combined perturbation of ELF3, KLF6, and KLF10 distinguished two adaptive proximal tubular cell subtypes, one of which manifested a repair trajectory after knockout. This atlas will serve as a foundation to facilitate targeted cell-specific therapeutics by reprogramming gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gisch, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akilesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asghari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Boer, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alakwaa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlenborg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ra</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin landscape of healthy and injured cell types in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale map of RNA binding protein interactomes across the mRNA life-cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) interact with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in diverse ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) during distinct life-cycle stages for their processing and maturation. While substantial attention has focused on understanding RNA regulation by assigning proteins, particularly RBPs, to specific RNA substrates, there has been considerably less exploration leveraging protein-protein interaction (PPI) methodologies to identify and study the role of proteins in mRNA life-cycle stages. To address this gap, we generated an RNA-aware RBP-centric PPI map across the mRNA life-cycle by immunopurification (IP-MS) of [~]100 endogenous RBPs across the life-cycle in the presence or absence of RNase, augmented by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MS). Aside from confirming 8,700 known and discovering 20,359 novel interactions between 1125 proteins, we determined that 73% of our IP interactions are regulated by the presence of RNA. Our PPI data enables us to link proteins to life-cycle stage functions, highlighting that nearly half of the proteins participate in at least two distinct stages. We show that one of the most highly interconnected proteins, ERH, engages in multiple RNA processes, including via interactions with nuclear speckles and the mRNA export machinery. We also demonstrate that the spliceosomal protein SNRNP200 participates in distinct stress granule-associated RNPs and occupies different RNA target regions in the cytoplasm during stress. Our comprehensive RBP-focused PPI network is a novel resource for identifying multi-stage RBPs and exploring RBP complexes in RNA maturation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAn RBP-centric RNA-aware PPI network focuses on the mRNA life-cycle in human cells
C_LIO_LIPrey-prey correlation analysis assigns prey proteins to life-cycle stages, of which 536 proteins (half of the network) interact with multiple steps
C_LIO_LIERH is highly connected to multiple RNPs to affect nuclear speckle organization and mRNA export
C_LIO_LISplicing factor SNRNP200 interacts with stress granule proteins and has distinct RNA occupancy in the cytoplasm
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Azzam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Mandel, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahdout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrigel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujumba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale map of RNA binding protein interactomes across the mRNA life-cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zfp697 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates skeletal muscle inflammation and regeneration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscular atrophy is a mortality risk factor that happens with disuse, chronic disease, and aging. Recovery from atrophy requires changes in several cell types including muscle fibers, and satellite and immune cells. Here we show that Zfp697/ZNF697 is a damage-induced regulator of muscle regeneration, during which its expression is transiently elevated. Conversely, sustained Zfp697 expression in mouse muscle leads to a gene expression signature of chemokine secretion, immune cell recruitment, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Myofiber-specific Zfp697 ablation hinders the inflammatory and regenerative response to muscle injury, compromising functional recovery. We uncover Zfp697 as an essential interferon gamma mediator in muscle cells, interacting primarily with ncRNAs such as the pro-regenerative miR-206. In sum, we identify Zfp697 as an integrator of cell-cell communication necessary for tissue regeneration.

One Sentence SummaryZfp697 is necessary for interferon gamma signaling and muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Correia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jannig, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosztyla, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducommun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praestholm, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edsgard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuelsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorevic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerblad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venckunas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazaitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamandulis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanner, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zfp697 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates skeletal muscle inflammation and regeneration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Resolution Characterization of Human Brain Cortex with High-Fidelity Spatial Transcriptomic Slides (HiFi-Slides) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomic tools and platforms help researchers to inspect tissues and cells with fine details of how they differentiate in expressions and how they orient themselves. With the higher resolution we get and higher throughput of expression targets, spatial analysis can truly become the core player for cell clustering, migration study, and, eventually, the novel model for pathological study. We present the demonstration of HiFi-slide, a whole transcriptomic sequencing technique that recycles used sequenced-by-synthesis flow cell surfaces to a high-resolution spatial mapping tool that can be directly applied to tissue cell gradient analysis, gene expression analysis, cell proximity analysis, and other cellular-level spatial studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calandrelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Resolution Characterization of Human Brain Cortex with High-Fidelity Spatial Transcriptomic Slides (HiFi-Slides)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMFClustering: Accessible NMF-based clustering utilizing GPU acceleration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryNon-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an algorithm that can reduce high dimensional datasets of tens of thousands of genes to a handful of metagenes which are biologically easier to interpret. Application of NMF on gene expression data has been limited by its computationally intensive nature, which hinders its use on large datasets such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) count matrices. We have implemented NMF based clustering to run on high performance GPU compute nodes using CuPy, a GPU backed python library, and the Message Passing Interface (MPI). This reduces the computation time by up to three orders of magnitude and makes the NMF Clustering analysis of large RNA-Seq and scRNA-seq datasets practical. We have made the method freely available through the GenePattern gateway, which provides free public access to hundreds of tools for the analysis and visualization of multiple  omic data types. Its web-based interface gives easy access to these tools and allows the creation of multi-step analysis pipelines on high performance computing (HPC) clusters that enable reproducible in silico research for non-programmers.

Availability and ImplementationNMFClustering is freely available on the public GenePattern server at https://genepattern.ucsd.edu. Code for the NMFClustering is available under a BSD style license on github at https://github.com/genepattern/nmf-gpu.

ContactTed Liefeld, jliefeld@cloud.ucsd.edu

Supplementary InformationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online and at https://datasets.genepattern.org/?prefix=data/test_data/NMFClustering/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicklick, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMFClustering: Accessible NMF-based clustering utilizing GPU acceleration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nyctinastic leaf folding mimic reduces herbivory by Chromacris trogon grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Romaleidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arachis pintoi (Fabaceae) is a common relative of the cultivated peanut, and folds its four leaflets up to look like one at night. The adaptive significance of this behavior (foliar nyctinasty) is unknown. To test the hypothesis that leaflet folding alone can deter herbivores, a leaf preference experiment was performed on Chromacris trogon grasshoppers. Small oval cutouts were made from leaves of the grasshoppers preferred food source, Iochroma arborescens (Solanaceae), and were combined with small pieces of tape and dry grass to construct artificial leaves resembling the day and night form of A. pintoi. In the experiment, groups of three grasshoppers were starved for 24 hours and then placed in petri dishes containing one closed and one open artificial leaf. After 30 six-hour trials, the average herbivory of open leaves was 12.3%, while closed leaves was 5.2% (p = 0.00145), indicating a significant preference for open leaves. This suggests that the folded configuration of A. pintoi leaves can be a defense against herbivory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nyctinastic leaf folding mimic reduces herbivory by Chromacris trogon grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Romaleidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.544125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Control of Genomics and Epigenomics by Ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.544125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a revolutionary technology for genome editing. Its derived technologies such as CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) further allow transcriptional and epigenetic modulations. Focused ultrasound (FUS) can penetrate deep in biological tissues and induce mild hyperthermia in a confined region to activate heat-sensitive genes. Here we engineer a set of CRISPR(a/i) tools containing heat-sensitive genetic modules controllable by FUS for the regulation of genome and epigenome in live cells and animals. We demonstrated the capabilities of FUS-inducible CRISPRa, CRISPRi, and CRISPR (FUS-CRISPR(a/i)) to upregulate, repress, and knockout exogenous and/or endogenous genes, respectively, in different cell types. We further targeted FUS-CRISPR to telomeres in tumor cells to induce telomere disruption, inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing tumor susceptibility to killing by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. FUS-CRISPR-mediated telomere disruption for tumor priming combined with CAR-T therapy demonstrated synergistic therapeutic effects in xenograft mouse models. The FUS-CRISPR(a/i) toolbox allows the remote, noninvasive, and spatiotemporal control of genomic and epigenomic reprogramming in vivo, with extended applications in cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Situ, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.544125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Control of Genomics and Epigenomics by Ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-like condensates mediate competition between actin branching and bundling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular remodeling of actin networks underlies cell motility during key morphological events, from embryogenesis to metastasis. In these transformations there is an inherent competition between actin branching and bundling, because steric clashes among branches create a mechanical barrier to bundling. Recently, liquid-like condensates consisting purely of proteins involved in either branching or bundling of the cytoskeleton have been found to catalyze their respective functions. Yet in the cell, proteins that drive branching and bundling are present simultaneously. In this complex environment, which factors determine whether a condensate drives filaments to branch versus becoming bundled? To answer this question, we added the branched actin nucleator, Arp2/3, to condensates composed of VASP, an actin bundling protein. At low actin to VASP ratios, branching activity, mediated by Arp2/3, robustly inhibited VASP-mediated bundling of filaments, in agreement with agent-based simulations. In contrast, as the actin to VASP ratio increased, addition of Arp2/3 led to formation of aster-shaped structures, in which bundled filaments emerged from a branched actin core, analogous to filopodia emerging from a branched lamellipodial network. These results demonstrate that multi-component, liquid-like condensates can modulate the inherent competition between bundled and branched actin morphologies, leading to organized, higher-order structures, similar to those found in motile cells.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTReorganization of actin filaments allows cells to migrate, which is required for embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. During migration, the leading-edge of the cell consists of needle-like protrusions of bundled actin, which emanate from a sheet of branched actin. Given that the proteins responsible for both architectures are present simultaneously, what determines whether actin filaments will be branched or bundled? Here we show that liquid-like condensates, composed of both branching and bundling proteins, can mediate the inherent competition between these fundamentally different ways of organizing actin networks. This work demonstrates that by tuning the composition of condensates, we can recapitulate the transition from branched to bundled networks, a key step in cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-like condensates mediate competition between actin branching and bundling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Luminal transport rates through intact endoplasmic reticulum limit the magnitude of localized Ca2+ signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms an interconnected network of tubules stretching throughout the cell. Understanding how ER functionality relies on its structural organization is crucial for elucidating cellular vulnerability to ER perturbations, which have been implicated in several neuronal pathologies. One of the key functions of the ER is enabling Ca2+ signalling by storing large quantities of this ion and releasing it into the cytoplasm in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Through a combination of physical modeling and livecell imaging, we demonstrate that alterations in ER shape significantly impact its ability to support efficient local Ca2+ releases, due to hindered transport of luminal content within the ER. Our model reveals that rapid Ca2+ release necessitates mobile luminal buffer proteins with moderate binding strength, moving through a well-connected network of ER tubules. These findings provide insight into the functional advantages of normal ER architecture, emphasizing its importance as a kinetically efficient intracellular Ca2+ delivery system.

Significance StatementThe peripheral endoplasmic reticulum forms a continuous network of tubules extending through the entire cell. One of the key functional roles of the ER is the release of Ca2+ ions into the cytosol to support a broad diversity of intracellular signaling processes. Such release events are enabled by the high Ca2+ storage capacity of the ER. This work demonstrates that mobile Ca2+binding buffer proteins and a well-connected lattice-like architecture of the ER network are optimal to supply local Ca2+ signals and that changes in ER structure can modulate Ca2+ release. By linking transport kinetics to Ca2+ release, we demonstrate a key functional role for the interconnected network architecture of the ER.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crapart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avezov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Luminal transport rates through intact endoplasmic reticulum limit the magnitude of localized Ca2+ signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaBLAM! A high-contrast bioluminescent Ca2+ indicator derived from an engineered Oplophorus gracilirostris luciferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring ongoing cellular activity is essential to understanding the dynamic functions of biological organisms. The most popular current approach is imaging fluorescence-based genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs). While fluorescent probes are useful in many contexts, bioluminescence-based GECIs--probes that generate light through oxidation of a small-molecule by a luciferase or photoprotein--have several distinct advantages. Because bioluminescent (BL) GECIs do not use the bright extrinsic excitation light required for fluorescence, BL GECIs do not photobleach, do not suffer from nonspecific autofluorescent background, and do not cause phototoxicity. Further, BL GECIs can be applied in contexts where directly shining photons on an imaging target is not possible. Despite these advantages, the use of BL GECIs has to date been limited by their small changes in bioluminescence intensity, high baseline signal at resting Ca2+ concentrations, and suboptimal Ca2+ affinities. Here, we describe a new BL GECI, CaBLAM (Ca2+ BioLuminescence Activity Monitor), that displays much higher dynamic range than previous BL GECIs and has a Ca2+ affinity suitable for capturing physiological changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. With these improvements, CaBLAM captures single-cell and subcellular resolution activity at high frame rates in cultured neurons and in vivo, and allows multi-hour recordings in mice and behaving zebrafish. This new advance provides a robust alternative to traditional fluorescent GECIs that can enable or enhance imaging across many experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambert, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tree, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcutt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torreblanca Zanca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakimi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipscombe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochgeschwender, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaner, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaBLAM! A high-contrast bioluminescent Ca2+ indicator derived from an engineered Oplophorus gracilirostris luciferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type- and Tissue-specific Enhancers in Craniofacial Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of craniofacial birth defects and general variation in human facial shape remains poorly understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers are a major category of non-coding genome function and have been shown to control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal expression of genes during critical stages of craniofacial development1-3. However, a lack of accurate maps of the genomic location and cell type-specific in vivo activities of all craniofacial enhancers prevents their systematic exploration in human genetics studies. Here, we combined histone modification and chromatin accessibility profiling from different stages of human craniofacial development with single-cell analyses of the developing mouse face to create a comprehensive catalogue of the regulatory landscape of facial development at tissue- and single cell-resolution. In total, we identified approximately 14,000 enhancers across seven developmental stages from weeks 4 through 8 of human embryonic face development. We used transgenic mouse reporter assays to determine the in vivo activity patterns of human face enhancers predicted from these data. Across 16 in vivo validated human enhancers, we observed a rich diversity of craniofacial subregions in which these enhancers are active in vivo. To annotate the cell type specificities of human-mouse conserved enhancers, we performed single-cell RNA-seq and single-nucleus ATAC-seq of mouse craniofacial tissues from embryonic days e11.5 to e15.5. By integrating these data across species, we find that the majority (56%) of human craniofacial enhancers are functionally conserved in mice, providing cell type- and embryonic stage-resolved predictions of their in vivo activity profiles. Using retrospective analysis of known craniofacial enhancers in combination with single cell-resolved transgenic reporter assays, we demonstrate the utility of these data for predicting the in vivo cell type specificity of enhancers. Taken together, our data provide an expansive resource for genetic and developmental studies of human craniofacial development.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=138 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/546603v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7595a9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b48b81org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@32fe86org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e41fed_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajderkar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraiso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbellay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterwalder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barozzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda-Yuzawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plajzer-Frick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Maydell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisgo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type- and Tissue-specific Enhancers in Craniofacial Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint profiling of multiplex chromatin interactions, gene expression, and RNA-chromatin associations in single cells of the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARY PARAGRAPHThe dynamically organized chromatin complexes often involve multiplex chromatin interactions and sometimes chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) 1-3. Chromatin complex compositions change during cellular differentiation and aging, and are expected to be highly heterogeneous among terminally differentiated single cells 4-7. Here we introduce the Multi-Nucleic Acid Interaction Mapping in Single Cell (MUSIC) technique for concurrent profiling of multiplex chromatin interactions, gene expression, and RNA-chromatin associations within individual nuclei. Applied to 14 human frontal cortex samples from elderly donors, MUSIC delineates diverse cortical cell types and states. We observed the nuclei exhibiting fewer short-range chromatin interactions are correlated with an "older" transcriptomic signature and with Alzheimers pathology. Furthermore, the cell type exhibiting chromatin contacts between cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis eQTLs) and a promoter tends to be the cell type where these cis eQTLs specifically affect their target genes expression. Additionally, the female cortical cells exhibit highly heterogeneous interactions between the XIST non-coding RNA and Chromosome X, along with diverse spatial organizations of the X chromosomes. MUSIC presents a potent tool for exploring chromatin architecture and transcription at cellular resolution in complex tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint profiling of multiplex chromatin interactions, gene expression, and RNA-chromatin associations in single cells of the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep immunophenotyping reveals circulating activated lymphocytes in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease with currently no universally highly effective prevention strategies. Identifying pathogenic immune phenotypes in  At-Risk populations prior to clinical disease onset is crucial to establishing effective prevention strategies. Here, we applied mass cytometry to deeply characterize the immunophenotypes in blood from At-Risk individuals identified through the presence of serum antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA) and/or first-degree relative (FDR) status (n=52), as compared to established RA (n=67), and healthy controls (n=48). We identified significant cell expansions in At-Risk individuals compared with controls, including CCR2+CD4+ T cells, T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, type 1 T helper cells, and CXCR5+CD8+ T cells. We also found that CD15+ classical monocytes were specifically expanded in ACPA-negative FDRs, and an activated PAX5low naive B cell population was expanded in ACPA-positive FDRs. Further, we developed an "RA immunophenotype score" classification method based on the degree of enrichment of cell states relevant to established RA patients. This score significantly distinguished At-Risk individuals from controls. In all, we systematically identified activated lymphocyte phenotypes in At-Risk individuals, along with immunophenotypic differences among both ACPA+ and ACPA-FDR At-Risk subpopulations. Our classification model provides a promising approach for understanding RA pathogenesis with the goal to further improve prevention strategies and identify novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inamo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horisberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murzin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feser, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H. Anolik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthridge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Accelerating Medicines Partnership RA/SLE Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep immunophenotyping reveals circulating activated lymphocytes in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent macrocyclic proteasome inhibitors mitigate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Plasmodium proteasome is a promising antimalarial drug target due to its essential role in all parasite lifecycle stages. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors have synergistic effects when combined with current first-line artemisinins. Linear peptides that covalently inhibit the proteasome are effective at killing parasites and have a low propensity for inducing resistance. However, these scaffolds generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Here we describe the development of covalent, irreversible macrocyclic inhibitors of the P. falciparum proteasome. We identified compounds with excellent potency and low cytotoxicity, however, the first generation suffered from poor microsomal stability. Further optimization of an existing macrocyclic scaffold resulted in an irreversible covalent inhibitor carrying a vinyl sulfone electrophile that retained high potency, low cytotoxicity, and had acceptable metabolic stability. Importantly, unlike the parent reversible inhibitor that selected for multiple mutations in the proteasome, with one resulting in a 5,000-fold loss of potency, the irreversible analog only showed a 5-fold loss in potency for any single point mutation. Furthermore, an epoxyketone analog of the same scaffold retained potency against a panel of known proteasome mutants. These results confirm that macrocycles are optimal scaffolds to target the malarial proteasome and that the use of a covalent electrophile can greatly reduce the ability of the parasite to generate drug resistance mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucher, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent macrocyclic proteasome inhibitors mitigate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure to constant artificial light alters honey bee sleep rhythms and disrupts sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is known to create changes in animal behavior in some invertebrates and vertebrates and can result in decreased fitness. ALAN effects have not been studied in European honey bees (Apis mellifera), an important pollinator. Colonies can be exposed to ALAN in swarm clusters, when bees cluster outside the nest on hot days and evenings, and, in limited cases, when they build nests in the open. Forager bees maintained in incubated cages were subjected to constant light or dark and observed with infrared cameras. The bees maintained a regular sleep pattern for three days but showed a shift on the fourth day in the presence of continuous light. Bees under constant light demonstrated a 24.05-hour rhythm, compared to a 23.12-hour rhythm in the dark. After 95 hours, the light-exposed bees slept significantly less and experienced significantly more disturbances from their peers. They also preferred to sleep in the lower portion of the cages, which had lower light intensity. These findings suggest that ALAN can disrupt honey bees sleep patterns, which may have implications for their behavior and overall colony health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smarr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieh, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure to constant artificial light alters honey bee sleep rhythms and disrupts sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Germline Variants Predict Cancer Prognosis and Risk and Distribute Uniquely in Topologically Associating Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal cells. A recent study uncovered methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) associated with different levels of local DNA methylation in cancers. Here, we investigated whether the distribution of cancer meQTLs reflected functional organization of the genome in the form of chromatin topologically associated domains (TADs), and evaluated whether cancer meQTLs near known driver genes have the potential to influence cancer risk or progression. At TAD boundaries, we observed differences in the distribution of meQTLs when one or both of the adjacent TADs was transcriptionally active, with higher densities near inactive TADs. Furthermore, we found differences in cancer meQTL distributions in active versus inactive TADs and observed an enrichment of meQTLs in active TADs near tumor suppressors, whereas there was a depletion of such meQTLs near oncogenes. Several meQTLs were associated with cancer risk in the UKBioBank, and we were able to reproduce breast cancer risk associations in the DRIVE cohort. Survival analysis in TCGA implicated a number of meQTLs in 13 tumor types. In 10 of these, polygenic meQTL scores were associated with increased hazard in a CoxPH analysis. Risk and survival-associated meQTLs tended to affect cancer genes involved in DNA damage repair and cellular adhesion and reproduced cancer-specific associations reported in prior literature. In summary, this study provides evidence that genetic variants that influence local DNA methylation are affected by chromatin structure and can impact tumor evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goudarzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagadala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talwar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Germline Variants Predict Cancer Prognosis and Risk and Distribute Uniquely in Topologically Associating Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved antigen induces respiratory Th17-mediated serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal superinfection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens show reduced efficacy in the context of intercurrent viral infection indicating a new vaccinology approach is required to protect against such superinfections. To find antigens for the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae that are effective following influenza infection, we performed CRISPRi-seq in a murine model of superinfection and identified the highly conserved lafB gene as virulence factor. We show that LafB is a membrane-associated, intracellular protein that catalyzes the formation of galactosyl-glucosyl-diacylglycerol, a glycolipid we show is important for cell wall homeostasis. Respiratory vaccination with recombinant LafB, in contrast to subcutaneous vaccination, was highly protective against all serotypes in a murine model. In contrast to standard pneumococcal capsule-based conjugate vaccines, protection did not require LafB-specific antibodies but was dependent on airway CD4+ T helper 17 cells. Healthy human individuals can elicit LafB-specific immune responses, suggesting its merit as a universal pneumococcal vaccine antigen that remains effective following influenza infection.

One-Sentence SummaryDiscovery of a universal pneumococcal vaccine protective during superinfection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Maele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matarazzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soulard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves Duarte da Silva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bakker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denereaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirard, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veening, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved antigen induces respiratory Th17-mediated serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal superinfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assigning mutational signatures to individual samples and individual somatic mutations with SigProfilerAssignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of mutational signatures is a powerful approach for understanding the mutagenic processes that have shaped the evolution of a cancer genome. Here we present SigProfilerAssignment, a desktop and an online computational framework for assigning all types of mutational signatures to individual samples. SigProfilerAssignment is the first tool that allows both analysis of copy-number signatures and probabilistic assignment of signatures to individual somatic mutations. As its computational engine, the tool uses a custom implementation of the forward stagewise algorithm for sparse regression and nonnegative least squares for numerical optimization. Analysis of 2,700 synthetic cancer genomes with and without noise demonstrates that SigProfilerAssignment outperforms four commonly used approaches for assigning mutational signatures. SigProfilerAssignment is freely available at https://github.com/AlexandrovLab/SigProfilerAssignment with a web implementation at https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/signatures/assignment/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimman, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assigning mutational signatures to individual samples and individual somatic mutations with SigProfilerAssignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Handling difficult cryo-ET samples: A study with primary neurons from Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular neurobiology has benefited from recent advances in the field of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Numerous structural and ultrastructural insights have been obtained from plunge-frozen primary neurons cultured on electron microscopy grids. With most primary neurons been derived from rodent sources, we sought to expand the breadth of sample availability by using primary neurons derived from 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larval brains. Ultrastructural abnormalities were encountered while establishing this model system for cryo-ET, which were exemplified by excessive membrane blebbing and cellular fragmentation. To optimize neuronal samples, we integrated substrate selection, micropatterning, montage data collection, and chemical fixation. Efforts to address difficulties in establishing Drosophila neurons for future cryo-ET studies in cellular neurobiology also provided insights that future practitioners can use when attempting to establish other cell-based model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenpas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dent, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildonger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Handling difficult cryo-ET samples: A study with primary neurons from Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems Age: A single blood methylation test to quantify aging heterogeneity across 11 physiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals, organs, tissues, and cells age in diverse ways throughout the lifespan. Epigenetic clocks attempt to quantify differential aging between individuals, but they typically summarize aging as a single measure, ignoring within-person heterogeneity. Our aim was to develop novel systems-based methylation clocks that, when assessed in blood, capture aging in distinct physiological systems. We combined supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods to link DNA methylation, system-specific clinical chemistry and functional measures, and mortality risk. This yielded a panel of 11 system-specific scores- Heart, Lung, Kidney, Liver, Brain, Immune, Inflammatory, Blood, Musculoskeletal, Hormone, and Metabolic. Each system score predicted a wide variety of outcomes, aging phenotypes, and conditions specific to the respective system. We also combined the system scores into a composite Systems Age clock that is predictive of aging across physiological systems in an unbiased manner. Finally, we showed that the system scores clustered individuals into unique aging subtypes that had different patterns of age-related disease and decline. Overall, our biological systems based epigenetic framework captures aging in multiple physiological systems using a single blood draw and assay and may inform the development of more personalized clinical approaches for improving age-related quality of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crimmins, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems Age: A single blood methylation test to quantify aging heterogeneity across 11 physiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming Resolution Attenuation During Tilted Cryo-EM Data Collection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural biology efforts using cryogenic electron microscopy are frequently stifled by specimens adopting "preferred orientations" on grids, leading to anisotropic map resolution and impeding structure determination. Tilting the specimen stage during data collection is a generalizable solution but has historically led to substantial resolution attenuation. Here, we develop updated data collection and image processing workflows and demonstrate, using multiple specimens, that resolution attenuation is negligible or significantly reduced across tilt angles. Reconstructions with and without the stage tilted as high as 60{degrees} are virtually indistinguishable. These strategies allowed the reconstruction to 3 [A] resolution of a bacterial RNA polymerase with preferred orientation. Furthermore, we present a quantitative framework that allows cryo-EM practitioners to define an optimal tilt angle for dataset acquisition. These data reinforce the utility of employing stage tilt for data collection and provide quantitative metrics to obtain isotropic maps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passos, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Đorđevic-Marquardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mietzsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbandje-Mckenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyumkis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming Resolution Attenuation During Tilted Cryo-EM Data Collection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycan-specific IgM is critical for human immunity to Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen but the immune factors that protect against it remain elusive. In particular, high opsonic IgG titers achieved in preclinical S. aureus animal immunization studies have consistently failed to translate to protection in human clinical trials. Here, we investigated the antibody responses to a conserved surface glycan, Wall Teichoic Acid (WTA). IgM and IgG antibodies specific to WTA were universally present in plasma from healthy individuals. Functionally, WTA-specific IgM outperformed IgG in opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus and conferred passive protection against S. aureus infection in vivo. In the clinical setting, WTA-specific IgM responses, but not IgG responses, were significantly lower in S. aureus bacteremia patients compared to healthy individuals, correlated with mortality risk and showed impaired bacterial opsonization. Our findings can guide risk stratification of hospitalized patients and inform future design of antibody-based therapies and vaccines against serious S. aureus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendriks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerkman, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varkila, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitsma-Mulier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Doesschate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vaart, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haas, C. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremer, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonten, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codee, J. D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooijakkers, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Strijp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Sorge, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycan-specific IgM is critical for human immunity to Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MEK-ERK signaling pathway promotes maintenance of cardiac chamber identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventricular and atrial cardiac chambers have unique structural and contractile characteristics that underlie their distinct functions. Intriguingly, the maintenance of chamber-specific features requires active reinforcement, even in differentiated cardiomyocytes. Prior studies in zebrafish have shown that sustained FGF signaling acts upstream of nkx2.5 to maintain ventricular identity, but the rest of this maintenance pathway remains unclear. Here, we show that MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling acts downstream of FGF and upstream of nkx2.5 to promote ventricular maintenance. Inhibition of MEK signaling, like inhibition of FGF signaling, results in ectopic atrial gene expression and reduced ventricular gene expression in ventricular cardiomyocytes. FGF and MEK signaling both influence ventricular maintenance over a similar timeframe, when phosphorylated ERK (pERK) is present in the myocardium. However, the role of FGF-MEK activity seems to be context-dependent: some ventricular regions are more sensitive than others to inhibition of FGF-MEK signaling. Additionally, in the atrium, although endogenous pERK does not induce ventricular traits, heightened MEK signaling can provoke ectopic ventricular gene expression. Together, our data reveal chamber-specific roles of MEK-ERK signaling in the maintenance of ventricular and atrial identities.

SUMMARY STATEMENTThe MEK-ERK signaling pathway plays distinct roles in the maintenance of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocyte identities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MEK-ERK signaling pathway promotes maintenance of cardiac chamber identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting roles of different mismatch repair proteins in basal-like breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is known as a tumor suppressive pathway and genes involved in MMR are commonly mutated in hereditary colorectal or other cancer types. However, the function of MMR genes/proteins in breast cancer progression and metastasis are largely undefined. We found that MSH2, but not MLH1, is highly enriched in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and that its protein expression is inversely correlated with overall survival time (OS). MSH2 expression is frequently elevated due to genomic amplification or gain-of-expression in BLBC, which results in increased MSH2 protein to pair with MSH6 (collectively referred to as MutS). Genetic deletion of MSH2 or MLH1 results in a contrasting phenotype in metastasis, with MSH2-deletion leading to reduced metastasis and MLH1-deletion to enhanced liver or lung metastasis. Mechanistically, MSH2 - but not MLH1 - binds to the promoter region of interferon  receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and suppresses its expression in BLBC. Deletion of MSH2 initiates a chain of immune reactions via the upregulation of IFNAR1 expression and the activation of type 1 interferon signaling, which explains a highly immune active tumor microenvironment in tumors with MSH2-deficiency. Our study supports the contrasting functions of MSH2 and MLH1 in BLBC progression and metastasis due to the differential regulation of IFNAR1 expression, which challenges the paradigm of the MMR pathway as a universal tumor suppressive mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tithi, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kolb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting roles of different mismatch repair proteins in basal-like breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axons are thought to be ultrathin membrane cables of a relatively uniform diameter, designed to conduct electrical signals, or action potentials. Here, we demonstrate that unmyelinated axons are not simple cylindrical tubes. Rather, axons have nanoscopic boutons repeatedly along their length interspersed with a thin cable with a diameter of [~]60 nm like pearls-on-a-string. These boutons are only [~]200 nm in diameter and do not have synaptic contacts or a cluster of synaptic vesicles, hence non-synaptic. Our in silico modeling suggests that axon pearling can be explained by the mechanical properties of the membrane including the bending modulus and tension. Consistent with modeling predictions, treatments that disrupt these parameters like hyper- or hypo-tonic solutions, cholesterol removal, and non-muscle myosin II inhibition all alter the degree of axon pearling, suggesting that axon morphology is indeed determined by the membrane mechanics. Intriguingly, neuronal activity modulates the cholesterol level of plasma membrane, leading to shrinkage of axon pearls. Consequently, the conduction velocity of action potentials becomes slower. These data reveal that biophysical forces dictate axon morphology and function and that modulation of membrane mechanics likely underlies plasticity of unmyelinated axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griswold, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Quintana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chereau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagerl, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane mechanics dictate axonal morphology and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Fhod3 Expression Involved in Progressive High-Frequency Hearing Loss via Dysregulation of Actin Polymerization Stoichiometry in The Cuticular Plate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common sensory impairment with complex underlying mechanisms. In our previous study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in mice and identified a novel locus on chromosome 18 associated with ARHL specifically linked to a 32 kHz tone burst stimulus. Consequently, we investigated the role of Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (Fhod3), a newly discovered candidate gene for ARHL based on the GWAS results. We observed Fhod3 expression in auditory hair cells (HCs) and primarily localized at the cuticular plate (CP). To understand the functional implications of Fhod3 in the cochlea, we generated Fhod3 overexpression mice (Pax2-Cre+/-; Fhod3Tg/+) (TG) and HC-specific conditional knockout mice (Atoh1-Cre+/-; Fhod3fl/fl) (KO). Audiological assessments in TG mice demonstrated progressive high-frequency hearing loss, characterized by predominant loss of outer hair cells, and a decreased phalloidin intensities of CP. Ultrastructural analysis revealed shortened stereocilia in the basal turn cochlea. Importantly, the hearing and HC phenotype in TG mice were replicated in KO mice. These findings indicate that Fhod3 plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics in CP and stereocilia. Further investigation of Fhod3 related hearing impairment mechanisms may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for ARHL in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boussaty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninoyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlin, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Fhod3 Expression Involved in Progressive High-Frequency Hearing Loss via Dysregulation of Actin Polymerization Stoichiometry in The Cuticular Plate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer's microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several genetic risk factors for Alzheimers Disease (AD) implicate genes involved in lipid metabolism and many of these lipid genes are highly expressed in glial cells. However, the relationship between lipid metabolism in glia and AD pathology remains poorly understood. Through single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of AD brain tissue, we have identified a microglial state defined by the expression of the lipid droplet (LD) associated enzyme ACSL1 with ACSL1-positive microglia most abundant in AD patients with the APOE4/4 genotype. In human iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) fibrillar A{beta} (fA{beta}) induces ACSL1 expression, triglyceride synthesis, and LD accumulation in an APOE-dependent manner. Additionally, conditioned media from LD-containing microglia leads to Tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity in an APOE-dependent manner. Our findings suggest a link between genetic risk factors for AD with microglial LD accumulation and neurotoxic microglial-derived factors, potentially providing novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palovics, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, A. P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcuttawala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutsodendris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Remaileh, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enejder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.549930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer's microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting roles of mutations associated with the emergence of S. aureus USA300 strains using transcriptional regulatory network reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 8 (CC8) is made up of several subtypes with varying levels of clinical burden; from community-associated methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 strains to hospital-associated (HA-MRSA) USA500 strains and ancestral methicillin susceptible (MSSA) strains. This phenotypic distribution within a single clonal complex makes CC8 an ideal clade to study the emergence of mutations important for antibiotic resistance and community spread. Gene level analysis comparing USA300 against MSSA and HA-MRSA strains have revealed key horizontally acquired genes important for its rapid spread in the community. However, efforts to define the contributions of point mutations and indels have been confounded by strong linkage disequilibrium resulting from clonal propagation. To break down this confounding effect, we combined genetic association testing with a model of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) to find candidate mutations that may have led to changes in gene regulation. First, we used a De Bruijn graph genome-wide association study (DBGWAS) to enrich mutations unique to the USA300 lineages within CC8. Next, we reconstructed the TRN by using Independent Component Analysis on 670 RNA sequencing samples from USA300 and non-USA300 CC8 strains which predicted several genes with strain-specific altered expression patterns. Examination of the regulatory region of one of the genes enriched by both approaches, isdH, revealed a 38 base pair deletion containing a Fur binding site and a conserved Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) which likely led to the altered expression levels in USA300 strains. Taken together, our results demonstrate the utility of reconstructed TRNs to address the limits of genetic approaches when studying emerging pathogenic strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyun, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting roles of mutations associated with the emergence of S. aureus USA300 strains using transcriptional regulatory network reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LipidSIM: inferring mechanistic lipid biosynthesis perturbations from lipidomics with a flexible, low-parameter, systematic Markov Modeling framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid metabolism is a complex and dynamic system involving numerous enzymes at the junction of multiple metabolic pathways. Disruption of these pathways leads to systematic dyslipidemia, a hallmark of many pathological developments, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Recent advances in computational tools can provide insights into the dysregulation of lipid biosynthesis, but limitations remain due to the complexity of lipidomic data, limited knowledge of interactions among involved enzymes, and technical challenges in standardizing across different lipid types. In this study, we present a low-parameter, biologically interpretable framework named Lipid Synthesis Investigative Markov model (LipidSIM), which models and predicts the source of perturbations in lipid biosynthesis from lipidomic data. LipidSIM achieves this by accounting for the interdependency between the lipid species via the lipid biosynthesis network and generates testable hypotheses regarding changes in lipid biosynthetic reactions. This feature allows the integration of lipidomics with other omics types, such as transcriptomics, to elucidate the direct driving mechanisms of altered lipidomes due to treatments or disease progression. To demonstrate the value of LipidSIM, we first applied it to hepatic lipidomics following Keap1 knockdown and found changes in mRNA expression of the lipid pathways were consistent with the LipidSIM-predicted fluxes. Second, we used it to study lipidomic changes following intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 to induce fast NAFLD/NASH development and the progression of fibrosis and hepatic cancer. Finally, to show the power of LipidSIM for classifying samples with dyslipidemia, we used a Dgat2-knockdown study dataset. Thus, we show that as it demands no a priori knowledge of enzyme kinetics, LipidSIM is a valuable and intuitive framework for extracting biological insights from complex lipidomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LipidSIM: inferring mechanistic lipid biosynthesis perturbations from lipidomics with a flexible, low-parameter, systematic Markov Modeling framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin-associated RNA Dictates the ecDNA Interactome in the Nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) promotes cancer by driving copy number heterogeneity and amplifying oncogenes along with functional enhancers. More recent studies suggest two additional mechanisms for further enhancing their oncogenic potential, one via forming ecDNA hubs to augment oncogene expression 1 and the other through acting as portable enhancers to trans- activate target genes 2. However, it has remained entirely elusive about how ecDNA explores the three-dimensional space of the nucleus and whether different ecDNA have distinct interacting mechanisms. Here, by profiling the DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA interactomes in tumor cells harboring different types of ecDNAs in comparison with similarly amplified homogenously staining regions (HSRs) in the chromosome, we show that specific ecDNA interactome is dictated by ecDNA-borne nascent RNA. We demonstrate that the ecDNA co-amplifying PVT1 and MYC utilize nascent noncoding PVT1 transcripts to mediate specific trans-activation of both ecDNA and chromosomal genes. In contrast, the ecDNA amplifying EGFR is weak in this property because of more efficient splicing to remove chromatin-associated nascent RNA. These findings reveal a noncoding RNA-orchestrated program hijacked by cancer cells to enhance the functional impact of amplified oncogenes and associated regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbreath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin-associated RNA Dictates the ecDNA Interactome in the Nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in children ages 9 to 11 years old 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There remains little consensus about the relationship between sex and brain structure, particularly in childhood. Moreover, few pediatric neuroimaging studies have analyzed both sex and gender as variables of interest - many of which included small sample sizes and relied on binary definitions of gender. The current study examined gender diversity with a continuous felt-gender score and categorized sex based on X and Y allele frequency in a large sample of children ages 9-11 years-old (N=7693). Then, a statistical model-building approach was employed to determine whether gender diversity and sex independently or jointly relate to brain morphology, including subcortical volume, cortical thickness, gyrification, and white matter microstructure. The model with sex, but not gender diversity, was the best-fitting model in 75% of gray matter regions and 79% of white matter regions examined. The addition of gender to the sex model explained significantly more variance than sex alone with regard to bilateral cerebellum volume, left precentral cortical thickness, as well as gyrification in the right superior frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, and several regions in the left parietal lobe. For mean diffusivity in the left uncinate fasciculus, the model with sex, gender, and their interaction captured the most variance. Nonetheless, the magnitude of variance accounted for by sex was small in all cases and felt-gender score was not a significant predictor on its own for any white or gray matter regions examined. Overall, these findings demonstrate that at ages 9-11 years-old, sex accounts for a small proportion of variance in brain structure, while gender diversity is not directly associated with neurostructural diversity.

HighlightsO_LISex-related variance in regional human brain structure is widespread at ages 9-11
C_LIO_LITogether, sex and gender diversity accounted for more variance in only a few regions
C_LIO_LIFelt-gender diversity itself was not significantly related to any outcome at ages 9-11
C_LIO_LIEffect sizes for sex and felt-gender estimates were small
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choupan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosnich, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in children ages 9 to 11 years old]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformation of value signaling in a striatopallidal circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ways in which sensory stimuli acquire motivational valence through association with other stimuli is one of the simplest forms of learning. Though we have identified many brain nuclei that play various roles in reward processing, a significant gap remains in understanding how valence encoding transforms through the layers of sensory processing. To address this gap, we carried out a comparative investigation of the anteromedial olfactory tubercle (OT), and the ventral pallidum (VP) - 2 connected nuclei of the basal ganglia which have both been implicated in reward processing. First, using anterograde and retrograde tracing, we show that both D1 and D2 neurons of the anteromedial OT project primarily to the VP and minimally elsewhere. Using 2-photon calcium imaging, we then investigated how the identity of the odor and reward contingency of the odor are differently encoded by neurons in either structure during a classical conditioning paradigm. We find that VP neurons robustly encode reward contingency, but not identity, in low-dimensional space. In contrast, the OT neurons primarily encode odor identity in high-dimensional space. Although D1 OT neurons showed larger responses to rewarded odors than other odors, consistent with prior findings, we interpret this as identity encoding with enhanced contrast. Finally, using a novel conditioning paradigm that decouples reward contingency and licking vigor, we show that both features are encoded by non-overlapping VP neurons. These results provide a novel framework for the striatopallidal circuit in which a high-dimensional encoding of stimulus identity is collapsed onto a low-dimensional encoding of motivational valence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Root, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformation of value signaling in a striatopallidal circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An AI-assisted Investigation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and their Polarization in Colorectal Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-associated Macrophages (or TAMs) are amongst the most common cells that play a significant role in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). [Ghosh et al., 2023] have built a Boolean-logic dependent model to propose a set of gene signatures capable of identifying macrophage polarization states. The signature, called the Signature of Macrophage Reactivity and Tolerance (SMaRT), comprises of 338 human genes (equivalently, 298 mouse genes). The SMaRT signature was constructed using datasets that were not specialized towards any particular disease. To specifically investigate macrophage polarization in CRC, in this paper, we (a) perform a comprehensive analysis of the SMaRT signature on single-cell human and mouse colorectal cancer RNA-seq datasets and (b) adopt transfer learning to construct a "refined" SMaRT signature that specifically characterizes TAM polarization in the CRC tumor microenvironment. Towards validation of our refined gene signature, we use: (a) 5 RNA-seq datasets derived from single-cell human datasets; and (b) 5 large-cohort microarray datasets from humans. Furthermore, we propose the translational potential of our refined gene signature while investigating microsatellite stability and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer. Overall, our refined gene signature and its extensive validation provide a path for its adoption in clinical practice in diagnosing colorectal cancer and associated attributes.

Availability and ImplementationThe data, codes, and software packages used in our research are linked and shared publicly at https://github.com/tirtharajdash/TAMs-CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadlani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An AI-assisted Investigation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and their Polarization in Colorectal Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scMD: cell type deconvolution using single-cell DNA methylation references 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proliferation of single-cell RNA sequencing data has led to the widespread use of cellular deconvolution, aiding the extraction of cell type-specific information from extensive bulk data. However, those advances have been mostly limited to transcriptomic data. With recent development in single-cell DNA methylation (scDNAm), new avenues have been opened for deconvolving bulk DNAm data, particularly for solid tissues like the brain that lack cell-type references. Due to technical limitations, current scDNAm sequences represent a small proportion of the whole genome for each single cell, and those detected regions differ across cells. This makes scDNAm data ultrahigh dimensional and ultra-sparse. To deal with these challenges, we introduce scMD (single cell Methylation Deconvolution), a cellular deconvolution framework to reliably estimate cell type fractions from tissue-level DNAm data. To analyze large-scale complex scDNAm data, scMD employs a statistical approach to aggregate scDNAm data at the cell cluster level, identify cell-type marker DNAm sites, and create a precise cell-type signature matrix that surpasses state-of-the-art sorted-cell or RNA-derived references. Through thorough benchmarking in several datasets, we demonstrate scMDs superior performance in estimating cellular fractions from bulk DNAm data. With scMD-estimated cellular fractions, we identify cell type fractions and cell type-specific differentially methylated cytosines associated with Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKennan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scMD: cell type deconvolution using single-cell DNA methylation references]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RBL2 represses the transcriptional activity of Multicilin to inhibit multiciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core pathophysiologic feature underlying many respiratory diseases is multiciliated cell dysfunction, leading to inadequate mucociliary clearance. Due to the prevalence and highly variable etiology of mucociliary dysfunction in respiratory diseases, it is critical to understand the mechanisms controlling multiciliogenesis that may be targeted to restore functional mucociliary clearance. Multicilin, in a complex with E2F4, is necessary and sufficient to drive multiciliogenesis in airway epithelia, however this does not apply to all cell types, nor does it occur evenly across all cells in the same cell population. In this study we further investigated how co-factors regulate the ability of Multicilin to drive multiciliogenesis. Combining data in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human bronchial epithelial cells, we identify RBL2 as a repressor of the transcriptional activity of Multicilin. Knockdown of RBL2 in submerged cultures or phosphorylation of RBL2 in response to apical air exposure, in the presence of Multicilin, allows multiciliogenesis to progress. These data demonstrate a dynamic interaction between RBL2 and Multicilin that regulates the capacity of cells to differentiate and multiciliate. Identification of this mechanism has important implications for facilitating MCC differentiation in diseases with impaired mucociliary clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kintner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RBL2 represses the transcriptional activity of Multicilin to inhibit multiciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome for the nudibranch gastropod Berghia stephanieae helps parse clade-specific gene expression in novel and conserved phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How novel phenotypes originate from conserved genes, processes, and tissues remains a major question in biology. Research that sets out to answer this question often focuses on the conserved genes and processes involved, an approach that explicitly excludes the impact of genetic elements that may be classified as clade-specific, even though many of these genes are known to be important for many novel, or clade-restricted, phenotypes. This is especially true for understudied phyla such as mollusks, where limited genomic and functional biology resources for members of this phylum has long hindered assessments of genetic homology and function. To address this gap, we constructed a chromosome-level genome for the gastropod Berghia stephanieae (Valdes, 2005) to investigate the expression of clade-specific genes across both novel and conserved tissue types in this species. The final assembled and filtered Berghia genome is comparable to other high quality mollusk genomes in terms of size (1.05 Gb) and number of predicted genes (24,960 genes), and is highly contiguous. The proportion of upregulated, clade-specific genes varied across tissues, but with no clear trend between the proportion of clade-specific genes and the novelty of the tissue. However, more complex tissue like the brain had the highest total number of upregulated, clade-specific genes, though the ratio of upregulated clade-specific genes to the total number of upregulated genes was low. Our results, when combined with previous research on the impact of novel genes on phenotypic evolution, highlight the fact that the complexity of the novel tissue or behavior, the type of novelty, and the developmental timing of evolutionary modifications will all influence how novel and conserved genes interact to generate diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodheart, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taraporevala, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorenza, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, M. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitesel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masterson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzel, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome for the nudibranch gastropod Berghia stephanieae helps parse clade-specific gene expression in novel and conserved phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of 8839 pan-primate retroviral LTR elements with regulatory functions during human embryogenesis reveals their global impacts on evolution of Modern Humans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During millions years of primate evolution, two distinct families of pan-primate endogenous retroviruses, namely HERVL and HERVH, infected primates germline, colonized host genomes and evolved to contribute to creation of the global retroviral genomic regulatory dominion (GRD) operating during human embryogenesis. Retroviral GRD constitutes of 8839 highly conserved LTR elements linked to 5444 down-stream target genes forged by evolution into a functionally-consonant constellation of 26 genome-wide multimodular genomic regulatory networks (GRNs) each of which is defined by significant enrichment of numerous single gene ontology-specific traits. Locations of GRNs appear scattered across chromosomes to occupy from 5.5% to 15.09% of the human genome. Each GRN harbors from 529 to 1486 human embryo retroviral LTR elements derived from LTR7, MLT2A1, and MLT2A2 sequences that are quantitatively balanced according to their genome-wide abundance. GRNs integrate activities from 199 to 805 down-stream target genes, including transcription factors, chromatin-state remodelers, signal sensing and signal transduction mediators, enzymatic and receptor binding effectors, intracellular complexes and extracellular matrix elements, and cell-cell adhesion molecules. GRNs compositions consist of several hundred to thousands smaller gene ontology enrichment analysis-defined genomic regulatory modules (GRMs), each of which combines from a dozen to hundreds LTRs and down-stream target genes. Overall, this study identifies 69,573 statistically significant retroviral LTR-linked GRMs (Binominal FDR q-value < 0.001), including 27,601 GRMs validated by the single ontology-specific directed acyclic graph (DAG) analyses across 6 gene ontology annotations databases. These observations were corroborated and extended by execution of a comprehensive series of Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) of retroviral LTRs down-stream target genes employing more than 70 genomics and proteomics databases, including a large panel of databases developed from single-cell resolution studies of healthy and diseased humans organs and tissues. Genes assigned to distinct GRNs and GRMs appear to operate on individuals life-span timescale along specific phenotypic avenues selected from a multitude of down-stream gene ontology-defined and signaling pathways-guided frameworks to exert profound effects on patterns of transcription, protein-protein interactions, developmental phenotypes, physiological traits, and pathological conditions of Modern Humans. GO analyses of Mouse phenotype databases and GSEA of the MGI Mammalian Phenotype Level 4 2021 database revealed that down-stream regulatory targets of human embryo retroviral LTRs are enriched for genes making essential contributions to development and functions of all major tissues, organs, and organ systems, that were documented by numerous developmental defects in a single gene KO models. Genes comprising candidate down-stream regulatory targets of human embryo retroviral LTRs are engaged in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks that have been implicated in pathogenesis of human common and rare disorders (3298 and 2071 significantly enriched records, respectively), in part, by impacting PPIs that are significantly enriched in 1783 multiprotein complexes recorded in the NURSA Human Endogenous Complexome database and 6584 records of virus-host PPIs documented in Virus-Host PPI P-HIPSTer 2020 database. GSEA-guided analytical inference of the preferred cellular targets of human embryo retroviral LTR elements supported by analyses of genes with species-specific expression mapping bias in Human-Chimpanzee hybrids identified Neuronal epithelium, Radial Glia, and Dentate Granule Cells as cell-type-specific marks within a Holy Grail sequence of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Observations reported in this contribution support the hypothesis that evolution of human embryo retroviral LTR elements created the global GRD consisting of 26 gene ontology enrichment-defined genome-wide GRNs. Decoded herein the hierarchical super-structure of retroviral LTR-associated GRD and GRNs represents an intrinsically integrated developmental compendium of thousands GRMs congregated on specific genotype-phenotypic trait associations. Many highlighted in this contribution GRMs may represent the evolutionary selection units driven by inherent genotype-phenotype associations affecting primate species fitness and survival by exerting control over mammalian offspring survival genes implicated in reduced fertility and infertility phenotypes. Mechanistically, programmed activation during embryogenesis and ontogenesis of genomic constituents of human embryo retroviral GRD coupled with targeted epigenetic silencing may guide genome-wide heterochromatin patterning within nanodomains and topologically-associated domains during differentiation, thus affecting 3D folding dynamics of linear chromatin fibers and active transcription compartmentalization within interphase chromatin of human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of 8839 pan-primate retroviral LTR elements with regulatory functions during human embryogenesis reveals their global impacts on evolution of Modern Humans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rats Chasing the Dragon: A new heroin inhalation method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleDespite extensive human use of the inhalation route for ingesting opioids, models in rodents have mostly been limited to parenteral injection and oral dosing. Methods using electronic drug delivery systems (EDDS; "e-cigarettes") have shown efficacy in rodent models but these do not faithfully mimic the most popular human inhalation method of heating heroin to the point of vaporization.

ObjectiveThis study was designed to determine if direct volatilization of heroin hydrochloride delivers effective heroin doses to rodents.

MethodsMiddle aged rats were exposed to vapor created by direct heating of heroin HCl powder in a ceramic e-cigarette type atomizer. Efficacy was determined with a warm water tail withdrawal nociception assay, rectal temperature and self-administration.

ResultsTen minutes of inhalation of vaporized heroin slowed response latency in a warm water tail withdrawal assay and increased rectal temperature in male rats, in a dose-dependent manner. Similar antinociceptive effects in female rats were attenuated by the opioid antagonist naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.). Female rats made operant responses for heroin vapor in 15-minute sessions, increased their response rate when the reinforcement ratio increased from FR1 to FR5, and further increased their responding when vapor delivery was omitted. Anti-nociceptive effects of self-administered volatilized heroin were of a similar magnitude as those produced by the 10-minute non-contingent exposure.

ConclusionsThis study shows that "chasing the dragon" methods of inhalation of heroin can be modeled successfully in the rat. Inhalation techniques may be particularly useful for longer term studies deep into middle age of rat species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rats Chasing the Dragon: A new heroin inhalation method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Shedu immune nucleases share a common enzymatic core regulated by diverse sensor domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotes encode diverse anti-bacteriophage immune systems, including the single-protein Shedu nuclease. Here we reveal the structural basis for activation of Bacillus cereus Shedu. In the inactive homotetramer, a key catalytic residue in Shedus nuclease domain is sequestered away from the catalytic site. Activation involves a conformational change that completes the active site and promotes assembly of a homo-octamer for coordinated double-strand DNA cleavage. Removal of Shedus N-terminal domain ectopically activates the enzyme, suggesting that this domain allosterically inhibits Shedu in the absence of infection. Bioinformatic analysis of nearly 8,000 Shedu homologs reveals remarkable diversity in their N-terminal regulatory domains: we identify 79 domain families falling into eight functional classes, including diverse nucleic acid binding, enzymatic, and other domains. Together, these data reveal Shedu as a broad family of immune nucleases with a common nuclease core regulated by diverse N-terminal domains that likely respond to a range of infection-related signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Shedu immune nucleases share a common enzymatic core regulated by diverse sensor domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fluorescent sex-sorting technique for insects with the demonstration in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in insect genetic engineering offer alternative genetic biocontrol solutions to control populations of pests and disease vectors. While success has been achieved, sex-sorting remains problematic for scaling many genetic biocontrol interventions. Here we describe the development of a sex-sorting technique for female and male selection with a proof-of-concept in D. melanogaster termed SEPARATOR (Sexing Element Produced by Alternative RNA-splicing of A Transgenic Observable Reporter). This approach utilizes dominant fluorescent proteins and differentially spliced introns to ensure sex-specific expression. The system has the potential for adaptability to various insect species and application for high-throughput insect sex-sorting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fluorescent sex-sorting technique for insects with the demonstration in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the Total Variance Explained by Whole-Brain Imaging for Zero-inflated Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zero-inflated outcomes are very common in behavioral data, particularly for responses to psychological questionnaires. Modeling these challenging distributions is further exacerbated by the absence of established statistical models capable of characterizing total signals attributed to whole-brain imaging features, making the accurate assessment of brain-behavior relationships particularly formidable. Given this critical need, we have developed a novel variational Bayes algorithm that characterizes the total signal captured by whole-brain imaging features for zero-inflated outcomes . Our zero-inflated variance (ZIV) estimator robustly estimates the fraction of variance explained (FVE) and the proportion of non-null effects from large-scale imaging data. In simulations, ZIV outperformed other linear prediction algorithms. Applying ZIV to data from one of the largest neuroimaging studies, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study, we found that whole-brain imaging features have a larger FVE for externalizing compared to internalizing behavior. We also demonstrate that the ZIV estimator, especially applied to focal sub-scales, can localize key neurocircuitry associated with human behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the Total Variance Explained by Whole-Brain Imaging for Zero-inflated Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-Occurrence Network Analysis Reveals The Alterations Of The Skin Microbiome And Metabolome In Atopic Dermatitis Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin microbiome can be altered in patients with Atopic Dermatitis (AD). An understanding of the changes from healthy to atopic skin can help develop new targets for better treatments and identify specific microbial or molecular biomarkers. This study investigates the skin microbiome and metabolome of healthy subjects and lesion (ADL) and non-lesion (ADNL) of AD patients by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry, respectively. Samples from AD patients showed alterations in the diversity and composition of the skin microbiome. Staphylococcus species, especially S. aureus, were significantly increased in the ADL group. Metabolomic profiles were also different between the groups. Dipeptide-derived are more abundant in ADL, which may be related to skin inflammation. Co-occurrence network analysis was applied to integrate the microbiome and metabolomics data and revealed higher co-occurrence of metabolites and bacteria in healthy and ADNL compared to ADL. S. aureus co-occurred with dipeptide-derived in ADL, while phytosphingosine-derived compounds showed co-occurrences with commensal bacteria, e.g. Paracoccus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Prevotella bivia, Lactobacillus iners, Anaerococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans, Corynebacterium massiliense, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Roseomonas mucosa, in healthy and ADNL groups. Therefore, these findings provide valuable insights into how AD affects the human skin metabolome and microbiome.

ImportanceThis study provides valuable insight into changes in the skin microbiome and associated metabolomic profiles. It also identifies new therapeutic targets that may be useful for developing personalized treatments for individuals with atopic dermatitis based on their unique skin microbiome and metabolic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portal Gomes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannochio-Russo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-Occurrence Network Analysis Reveals The Alterations Of The Skin Microbiome And Metabolome In Atopic Dermatitis Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of human skin microbiome odorants that manipulate mosquito landing behavior - towards engineering a repellent skin flora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resident human skin microbiome is responsible for the production of most of the human scents that are attractive to mosquitoes. Hence, engineering the human skin microbiome to synthesize less of mosquito attractants or produce repellents could potentially reduce bites and prevent the transmission of deadly mosquito-borne pathogens. In order to further characterize the human skin volatilome, we quantified the major volatiles of 39 strains of skin commensals (Staphylococci and Corynebacterium). Importantly, to validate the behavioral activity of these volatiles, we first assessed landing behavior triggered by human skin bacteria volatiles. We demonstrated that this behavioral step is gated by the presence of carbon dioxide and L-(+)-lactic acid, similar to the combinatorial coding triggering short range attraction. Repellency behavior to selected skin volatiles and the geraniol terpene was tested in the presence of carbon dioxide and L-(+)-lactic acid. In a 2-choice landing behavior context, the skin volatiles 2- and 3-methyl butyric acids reduced mosquito landing by 62.0-81.6% and 87.1-99.6%, respectively. Similarly, geraniol was capable of reducing mosquito landing behavior by 74.9%. We also tested the potential repellency effects of geraniol on mosquitoes at short-range using a 4-port olfactometer. In these assays, geraniol reduced mosquito attraction (69-78%) to a mixture of key human kairomones carbon dioxide, L-(+)-lactic acid, and ammonia. These findings demonstrate that carbon dioxide and L-(+)-lactic acid changes the valence of other skin volatiles towards mosquito landing behavior. Moreover, this study offers candidate odorants to be targeted in a novel strategy to reduce attractants or produce repellents by the human skin microbiota that may curtail mosquito bites, and subsequent mosquito-borne disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coutinho-Abreu, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamshidi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raban, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atabakhsh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of human skin microbiome odorants that manipulate mosquito landing behavior - towards engineering a repellent skin flora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acquired stress resilience through bacteria-to-nematode horizontal gene transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection drives acquisition of organismal resilience traits to protect against adverse environments. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary mechanism for the acquisition of novel traits, including metazoan acquisition of functions in immunity, metabolism, and reproduction via interdomain HGT (iHGT) from bacteria. We report that the nematode gene rml-3, which was acquired by iHGT from bacteria, enables exoskeleton resilience and protection against environmental toxins in C. elegans. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that diverse nematode RML-3 proteins form a single monophyletic clade most highly similar to bacterial enzymes that biosynthesize L-rhamnose to build cell wall polysaccharides. C. elegans rml-3 is regulated in developing seam cells by heat stress and stress-resistant dauer stage. Importantly, rml-3 deficiency impairs cuticle integrity, barrier functions and organismal stress resilience, phenotypes that are rescued by exogenous L-rhamnose. We propose that iHGT of an ancient bacterial rml-3 homolog enables L-rhamnose biosynthesis in nematodes that facilitates cuticle integrity and organismal resilience in adaptation to environmental stresses during evolution. These findings highlight the remarkable contribution of iHGT on metazoan evolution that is conferred by the domestication of bacterial genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalluraya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acquired stress resilience through bacteria-to-nematode horizontal gene transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlating stress reduction and eye movement patterns in a world famous Kyoto Japanese garden 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual stimuli have been repeatedly shown to elicit significant non-visual responses. In a continuing effort to explore the unique effects of viewing a Japanese garden on the physiological and psychological metrics of stress, we gained access to the world famous Murin-an garden in Kyoto, Japan. This well-maintained observation garden was designed to be viewed while seated at a single vantage point to maximize the impact of the visual scene. As a control, we used a public garden on the campus of Kyoto University that was designed in a similar style. Sixteen college age students were asked to view both gardens while we monitored their pulse rates and tracked their eye movements. We used the POMS questionnaire to determine the effect of the garden viewing on the mood of the participants. We found that the Murin-an garden was more effective in decreasing pulse rate and improving mood than the University garden. The eye tracking data showed that during their Murin-an viewing the participants gaze ranged far more broadly across the visual field both the X-Y plane and in depth, and the speed with which the eyes moved from point-to-point was greater. Taken together, our data suggest that no one element in the garden was dominant in eliciting the changes in heart rate and mood. Rather, it was the breadth and rapidity of the shifts in gaze that drove the effects, a conclusion with implications for other interventions aimed stress reduction.

SignificanceViews of nature and natural phenomena have a well-recognized calming effect on humans that has recognized therapeutic value in both medical and psychological settings. Our work explores the source of this effect by having participants view Murin-an, a world-famous Japanese style garden. Using both psychological and physiological measures, we confirm and extend earlier findings showing that a well constructed garden can effectively lower heart rate and improve mood within minutes. We also find, by analogy with eye movement desensitization and reprograming (EMDR), that it is participants rapidly shifting gaze rather than a single specific visual object is the most likely source of the calming effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiankai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlating stress reduction and eye movement patterns in a world famous Kyoto Japanese garden]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biotin Targeting Chimera (BioTAC) System to Map Small Molecule Interactomes in situ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unbiased chemical biology strategies for direct readout of protein interactome remodelling by small molecules provide advantages over target-focused approaches, including the ability to detect previously unknown targets, and the inclusion of chemical off-compete controls leading to high-confidence identifications. We describe the BioTAC system, a small-molecule guided proximity labelling platform, to rapidly identify both direct and complexed small molecule binding proteins. The BioTAC system overcomes a limitation of current approaches, and supports identification of both inhibitor bound and molecular glue bound complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadbois, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumby, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biotin Targeting Chimera (BioTAC) System to Map Small Molecule Interactomes in situ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A data-driven approach for timescale decomposition of biochemical reaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.21.554230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the dynamics of biological systems in evolving environments is a challenge due to their scale and complexity. Here, we present a computational framework for timescale decomposition of biochemical reaction networks to distill essential patterns from their intricate dynamics. This approach identifies timescale hierarchies, concentration pools, and coherent structures from time-series data, providing a system-level description of reaction networks at physiologically important timescales. We apply this technique to kinetic models of hypothetical and biological pathways, validating it by reproducing analytically characterized or previously known concentration pools of these pathways. Moreover, by analyzing the timescale hierarchy of the glycolytic pathway, we elucidate the connections between the stoichiometric and dissipative structures of reaction networks and the temporal organization of coherent structures. Specifically, we show that glycolysis is a cofactor driven pathway, the slowest dynamics of which are described by a balance between high-energy phosphate bond and redox trafficking. Overall, this approach provides more biologically interpretable characterizations of network dynamics than large-scale kinetic models, thus facilitating model reduction and personalized medicine applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A data-driven approach for timescale decomposition of biochemical reaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impairment of the SKN-1A/NRF1 proteasome surveillance pathway triggers tissue-specific protective immune responses against distinct natural pathogens in C. elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein quality control pathways play important roles in resistance against pathogen infection. For example, the conserved transcription factor SKN-1/NRF upregulates proteostasis capacity after blockade of the proteasome, and also promotes resistance against bacterial infection in the nematode C. elegans. SKN-1/NRF has three isoforms, and the SKN-1A/NRF1 isoform in particular regulates proteasomal gene expression upon proteasome dysfunction as part of a conserved bounce-back response. We report here that, in contrast to the previously reported role of SKN-1 in promoting resistance against bacterial infection, loss-of-function mutants in skn-1a and its activating enzymes ddi-1 and png-1, show constitutive expression of immune response programmes against natural eukaryotic pathogens of C. elegans. These programmes are the Oomycete Recognition Response (ORR), which promotes resistance against oomycetes that infect through the epidermis, and the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), which promotes resistance against intestine-infecting microsporidia. Consequently, skn-1a mutants show increased resistance to both oomycete and microsporidia infections. We also report that almost all ORR/IPR genes induced in common between these programmes are regulated by the proteasome and interestingly, specific ORR/IPR genes can be induced in distinct tissues depending on the exact trigger. Furthermore, we show that increasing proteasome function significantly reduces oomycete-mediated induction of multiple ORR markers. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that proteasome regulation keeps innate immune responses in check in a tissue-specific manner, against natural eukaryotic pathogens of the C. elegans epidermis and intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grover, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkoulas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impairment of the SKN-1A/NRF1 proteasome surveillance pathway triggers tissue-specific protective immune responses against distinct natural pathogens in C. elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple solid media assay for detection of synergy between bacteriophages and antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has necessitated the development of alternative therapies to deal with this global threat. Bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria) that kill ARB are one such alternative. While phages have been used clinically for decades with inconsistent results, a number of recent advances in phage selection, propagation and purification have enabled a reevaluation of their utility in contemporary clinical medicine. In most phage therapy cases, phages are administered in combination with antibiotics to ensure that patients receive the standard-of-care treatment. Some phages may work cooperatively with antibiotics to eradicate ARB, as often determined using non-standardized broth assays. We sought to develop a solid media-based assay to assess cooperativity between antibiotics and phages to offer a standardized platform for such testing. We modeled the interactions that occur between antibiotics and phages on solid medium to measure additive, antagonistic, and synergistic interactions. We then tested the method using different bacterial isolates, and identified a number of isolates where synergistic interactions were identified. These interactions were not dependent on the specific organism, phage family, or antibiotic used. A priori susceptibility to the antibiotic or the specific phage were not requirements to observe synergistic interactions. Our data also confirm the potential for the restoration of vancomycin to treat Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) when used in combination with phages. Solid media assays for the detection of cooperative interactions between antibiotics and phages can be an accessible technique adopted by clinical laboratories to evaluate antibiotic and phage choices in phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiminez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, S. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsibais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatbale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobian-Güemes, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pride, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple solid media assay for detection of synergy between bacteriophages and antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S-Nitrosylation of CRTC1 in Alzheimer's disease impairs CREB-dependent gene expression induced by neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning and long-term memory formation through regulation of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression, and CRTC1 dysregulation is implicated in Alzheimers disease (AD). Here, we show that increased S-nitrosylation of CRTC1 (forming SNO-CRTC1), as seen in cell-based, animal-based, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cerebrocortical neuron-based AD models, disrupts its binding with CREB and diminishes the activity-dependent gene expression mediated by the CRTC1/CREB pathway. We identified Cys216 of CRTC1 as the primary target of S-nitrosylation by nitric oxide (NO)-related species. Using CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, we mutated Cys216 to Ala in hiPSC-derived cerebrocortical neurons bearing one allele of the APPSwe mutation (AD-hiPSC neurons). Introduction of this non-nitrosylatable CRTC1 construct rescued defects in AD-hiPSC neurons, including decreased neurite length and increased neuronal cell death. Additionally, expression of non-nitrosylatable CRTC1 in vivo in the hippocampus rescued synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in 5XFAD mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that formation of SNO-CRTC1 contributes to the pathogenesis of AD by attenuating the neuronal activity-dependent CREB transcriptional pathway, and suggests a novel therapeutic target for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlkolinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolatabadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prikhodko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pina-Crespo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S-Nitrosylation of CRTC1 in Alzheimer's disease impairs CREB-dependent gene expression induced by neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fe-TAMLs as a new class of small molecule peroxidase probes for correlated light and electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Fe-TAML, a small molecule-based peroxidase as a versatile new member of the correlated fluorescence and electron microscopy toolkit. The utility of the probe is demonstrated by high resolution imaging of newly synthesized DNA (through biorthogonal labeling), genetically tagged proteins (using HaloTag), and untagged endogenous proteins (via immunostaining). EM visualization in these applications is facilitated by exploiting Fe-TAMLs catalytic activity for the deposition of localized osmiophilic precipitates based on polymerized 3,3-diaminobenzidine. Optimized conditions for synthesizing and implementing Fe-TAML based probes are also described. Overall, Fe-TAML is a new chemical biology tool that can be used to visualize diverse biomolecular species along nanometer and micron scales within cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fe-TAMLs as a new class of small molecule peroxidase probes for correlated light and electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy flux couples sulfur isotope fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles in Desulfovibrio vulgaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial sulfate reduction is central to the global carbon cycle and the redox evolution of Earths surface. Tracking the activity of sulfate reducing microorganisms over space and time relies on a nuanced understanding of stable sulfur isotope fractionation in the context of the biochemical machinery of the metabolism. Here we link the magnitude of stable sulfur isotopic fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles under different cellular energetic regimes. When energy availability is limited, cell specific sulfate respiration rates and net sulfur isotope fractionation inversely co-vary. Beyond net S isotope fractionation values, we also quantified shifts in protein expression, abundances and isotopic composition of intracellular S metabolites, and lipid structures and lipid/water H isotope fractionation values. These coupled approaches reveal which protein abundances shift directly as a function of energy flux, those that vary minimally, and those that may vary independent of energy flux and likely do not contribute to shifts in S-isotope fractionation. By coupling the bulk S-isotope observations with quantitative proteomics, we provide novel constraints for metabolic isotope models. Together, these results lay the foundation for more predictive metabolic fractionation models, alongside interpretations of environmental sulfur and sulfate reducer lipid-H isotope data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venceslau, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boidi, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, I. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.555018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy flux couples sulfur isotope fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles in Desulfovibrio vulgaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative metabolomics and microbiome analysis of Ethanol vs. OMNImet/gene GUT fecal stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolites from feces provide important insights into the functionality of the gut microbiome. As immediate freezing is not always feasible in gut microbiome studies, there is a need for sampling protocols that provide stability of the fecal metabolome and microbiome at room temperature (RT). For this purpose, we investigated the stability of various metabolites and the microbiome (16S ribosomal RNA) in feces collected in 95% ethanol (EtOH) or OMNImet(R)*GUT/ OMNIgene(R)*GUT. To simulate in field-collection scenarios, the samples were stored at different temperatures at varying durations (24h +4{degrees}C, 24h RT, 36h RT, 48h RT, and 7 days RT), and compared to aliquots immediately frozen at -80{degrees}C. We applied several targeted and untargeted metabolomics platforms to measure lipids, polar untargeted metabolites, endocannabinoids, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids (BAs). We found that SCFAs in the non-stabilized samples increased over time, while a stable profile was recorded in sample aliquots stored in 95% EtOH and OMNImet(R)*GUT. When comparing the metabolite levels between fecal aliquots stored at room temperature and at +4{degrees}C, we detected several changes in microbial metabolites, including multiple BAs and SCFAs. Taken together, we found that storing fecal samples at room temperature and stabilizing them in 95% EtOH yielded metabolomic results comparable to flash freezing. We also found that overall composition of the gut microbiome did not vary significantly between different storage types. However, there were notable differences observed in alpha diversity. Taken together, the stability of the metabolome and microbiome in 95 % EtOH provided similar results as the validated commercial collection kits OMNImet(R)*GUT and OMNIgene(R)*GUT, respectively.

IMPORTANCEThe analysis of the gut metabolome and microbiome requires the separate collection of fecal specimens using conventional methods or commercial kits. However, these approaches can potentially introduce sampling errors and biases. In addition, the logistical requirements of studying large human cohorts have driven the need for home collection and transport of human fecal specimens at room temperature. By adopting a unified sampling approach at room temperature, we can enhance sampling convenience and practicality, leading to a more precise and comprehensive understanding of gut microbial function. However, the development and applications of such unified sampling systems still face limitations. The results presented in this study aim to address this knowledge gap by investigating the stability of metabolites and the microbiome (16S ribosomal RNA) from fecal samples collected using 95% EtOH, in comparison to well-established commercial collection kits for fecal metabolome (OMNImet(R)*GUT) and microbiome (OMNIgene(R) *GUT) profiling. Additionally, we perform a comparative analysis of various platforms and metabolomic coverage using matrices containing ethanol, evaluating aspects of sensitivity, robustness, and throughput.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isokaanta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto da Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aatsinki, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankemeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyotylainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oresic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daouk, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickens, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative metabolomics and microbiome analysis of Ethanol vs. OMNImet/gene GUT fecal stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of gene regulatory elements and neuropsychiatric disease-associated risk loci in iPSCs and iPSC-derived neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of non-coding variants that contribute to psychiatric disease risks, likely by perturbing cis-regulatory elements (CREs). However, our ability to interpret and explore their mechanisms of action is hampered by a lack of annotation of functional CREs (fCREs) in neural cell types. Here, through genome-scale CRISPR screens of 22,000 candidate CREs (cCREs) in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) undergoing differentiation to excitatory neurons, we identify 2,847 and 5,540 fCREs essential for iPSC fitness and neuronal differentiation, respectively. These fCREs display dynamic epigenomic features and exhibit increased numbers and genomic spans of chromatin interactions following terminal neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, fCREs essential for neuronal differentiation show significantly greater enrichment of genetic heritability for neurodevelopmental diseases including schizophrenia (SCZ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than cCREs. Using high-throughput prime editing screens we experimentally confirm 45 SCZ risk variants that act by affecting the function of fCREs. The extensive and in-depth functional annotation of cCREs in neuronal types therefore provides a crucial resource for interpreting non-coding risk variants of neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of gene regulatory elements and neuropsychiatric disease-associated risk loci in iPSCs and iPSC-derived neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network effects of traumatic brain injury: from infra slow to high frequency oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can have a multitude of effects on neural functioning. In extreme cases, TBI can lead to seizures both immediately following the injury as well as persistent epilepsy over years to a lifetime. However, mechanisms of neural dysfunctioning after TBI remain poorly understood. To address these questions, we analyzed experimental data and developed a biophysical network model implementing effects of ion concentration dynamics and homeostatic synaptic plasticity to test effects of TBI on the brain network dynamics. We focus on three primary phenomena that have been reported in vivo after TBI: an increase in infra slow oscillations (<0.1 Hz), increase in delta (0.1 - 4 Hz) power, and the emergence of high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the gamma range (30 - 100 Hz). We show that the infra slow oscillations can be directly attributed to extracellular potassium fluctuations, while the existence and characterization of HFOs is related to the increase in strength of synaptic weights from homeostatic synaptic scaling. The experimentally found transient increase in delta power can be attributed to the inter-HFO timings. We then show that buildup of high frequency oscillations in the injured region can lead to seizure-like events that span all neurons in the network; additional seizures can then be initiated in previously healthy regions. This study brings greater understanding of network effects of TBI, and how they can give rise to epileptic activity. This lays the foundation to begin investigating how injured networks can be healed and seizures prevented.

Significance StatementThis project delineates and attempts to explain abnormalities seen in human brain following traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI can lead to the development of seizures, which may last a lifetime and often become resistant to pharmaceutical treatments. The study identified key mechanisms responsible for occurrence of three characteristic changes in spatio-temporal network dynamics following TBI. This model provides predictions that can serve as a testing ground for potential therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network effects of traumatic brain injury: from infra slow to high frequency oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Kinase Structure and Dynamics: Role of the αC-β4 Loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the C-{beta}4 loop is a stable feature of all protein kinases, the importance of this motif as a conserved element of secondary structure, as well as its links to the hydrophobic architecture of the kinase core, has been underappreciated. We first review the motif and then describe how it is linked to the hydrophobic spine architecture of the kinase core, which we first discovered using a computational tool, Local Spatial Pattern (LSP) alignment. Based on NMR predictions that a mutation in this motif abolishes the synergistic high-affinity binding of ATP and a pseudo substrate inhibitor, we used LSP to interrogate the F100A mutant. This comparison highlights the importance of the C-{beta}4 loop and key residues at the interface between the N- and C-lobes. In addition, we delved more deeply into the structure of the apo C-subunit, which lacks ATP. While apo C-subunit showed no significant changes in backbone dynamics of the C-{beta}4 loop, we found significant differences in the side chain dynamics of K105. The LSP analysis suggests disruption of communication between the N- and C-lobes in the F100A mutant, which would be consistent with the structural changes predicted by the NMR spectroscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonniya, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirakis, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veglia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornev, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Kinase Structure and Dynamics: Role of the αC-β4 Loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Parkinsons Disease-related LRRK2 by type-I and type-II kinase inhibitors: activity and structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of familial Parkinsons Disease (PD), and a risk factor for the sporadic form. Increased kinase activity has been shown in both familial and sporadic PD patients, making LRRK2 kinase inhibitors a major focus of drug development efforts in PD. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the structural biology of LRRK2, there are no available structures of LRRK2 inhibitor complexes. To this end, we solved cryo-EM structures of LRRK2, wild-type and PD-linked mutants, bound to the LRRK2-specific type-I inhibitor MLi-2 and the broad-spectrum type-II inhibitor GZD-824. Our structures revealed LRRK2s kinase in the active-like state, stabilized by type-I inhibitor interactions, and an inactive DYG-out type-II inhibitor complex. Our structural analysis also showed how inhibitor-induced conformational changes in LRRK2 are affected by its autoinhibitory N-terminal repeats. The structural models provide a template for the rational development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors covering both canonical inhibitor binding modes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz Murillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dederer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Parkinsons Disease-related LRRK2 by type-I and type-II kinase inhibitors: activity and structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elf1 promotes Rad26 interaction with lesion-arrested Pol II for transcription-coupled repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway that removes bulky lesions in the transcribed genome. Cockayne syndrome B protein (CSB), or its yeast ortholog Rad26, has been known for decades to play important roles in the lesion-recognition steps of TC-NER. Another conserved protein ELOF1, or its yeast ortholog Elf1, was recently identified as a core transcription-coupled repair factor. How Rad26 distinguishes between RNA polymerase II (Pol II) stalled at a DNA lesion or other obstacles and what role Elf1 plays in this process remains unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of Pol II-Rad26 complexes stalled at different obstacles that show that Rad26 uses a universal mechanism to recognize a stalled Pol II but interacts more strongly with a lesion-arrested Pol II. A cryo-EM structure of lesion-arrested Pol II-Rad26 bound to Elf1 revealed that Elf1 induces new interactions between Rad26 and Pol II when the complex is stalled at a lesion. Biochemical and genetic data support the importance of the interplay between Elf1 and Rad26 in TC-NER initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarsam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elf1 promotes Rad26 interaction with lesion-arrested Pol II for transcription-coupled repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Immune-Evasive Proline 283 Substitution in Influenza Nucleoprotein Increases Aggregation Propensity Without Altering the Native Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoprotein (NP) is a key structural protein of influenza ribonucleoprotein complexes and is central to viral RNA packing and trafficking. In human cells, the interferon induced Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA) binds to NP and restricts influenza replication. This selection pressure has caused NP to evolve a few critical MxA-resistant mutations, particularly the highly conserved Pro283 substitution. Previous work showed that this essential Pro283 substitution impairs influenza growth, and the fitness defect becomes particularly prominent at febrile temperature (39 {degrees}C) when host chaperones are depleted. Here, we biophysically characterize Pro283 NP and Ser283 NP to test if the fitness defect is owing to Pro283 substitution introducing folding defects. We show that the Pro283 substitution changes the folding pathway of NP without altering the native structure, making NP more aggregation prone during folding. These findings suggest that influenza has evolved to hijack host chaperones to promote the folding of otherwise biophysically incompetent viral proteins that enable innate immune system escape.

TeaserPro283 substitution in flu nucleoprotein introduces folding defects, and makes influenza uniquely dependent on host chaperones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarenko, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulders, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Immune-Evasive Proline 283 Substitution in Influenza Nucleoprotein Increases Aggregation Propensity Without Altering the Native Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult consequences of repeated nicotine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation in adolescent rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of Electronic Drug Delivery Systems (EDDS, "e-cigarettes") to ingest nicotine and {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has surged in adolescent populations in the United States, as five times as many high-school seniors vape nicotine daily as use tobacco. At the same time 19.5% of seniors use cannabis at least monthly, with 12% using EDDS to deliver it. This study was conducted to examine the impact of repeated adolescent vapor inhalation of nicotine and THC in rats.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 30-minute sessions of vapor inhalation, twice daily, from Post-Natal Day (PND) 31 to PND 40. Conditions included vapor from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, Nicotine (60 mg/mL in the PG), THC (100 mg/mL in the PG) or the combination of Nicotine (60 mg/mL) and THC (100 mg/mL). Rats were assessed on wheel activity, heroin anti-nociception and nicotine and heroin vapor volitional exposure during adulthood.

Nicotine exposed rats exhibited few differences as adults, but were less sensitive to anti-nociceptive effects of heroin (1 mg/kg, s.c.). THC- and THC+Nicotine-exposed rats were less spontaneously active, and obtained fewer nicotine vapor deliveries as adults. In contrast, THC exposed rats obtained volitional heroin vapor at rates indistinguishable from the non-THC-exposed groups. Repeated THC exposure also caused tolerance to temperature-disrupting effects of THC (5 mg/kg, i.p.).

These studies further confirm that the effects of repeated vapor exposure to THC in adolescence last into early to middle adulthood, including decreased volitional consumption of nicotine. Effects of repeated nicotine in adolescence were comparatively minor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult consequences of repeated nicotine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation in adolescent rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct 3D contacts and phenotypic consequences of adjacent non-coding loci in the epigenetically quiescent regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding regions of the human genome are important for functional regulations, but their mechanisms remain elusive. We used machine learning to guide a CRISPR screening on hubs (i.e. non-coding loci forming many 3D contacts) and significantly increased the discovery rate of hubs essential for cell growth. We found no clear genetic or epigenetic differences between essential and nonessential hubs, but we observed that some neighboring hubs in the linear genome have distinct spatial contacts and opposite effects on cell growth. One such pair in an epigenetically quiescent region showed different impacts on gene expression, chromatin accessibility and chromatin organization. We also found that deleting the essential hub altered the genetic network activity and increased the entropy of chromatin accessibility, more severe than that caused by deletion of the nonessential hub, suggesting that they are critical for maintaining an ordered chromatin structure. Our study reveals new insights into the system-level roles of non-coding regions in the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct 3D contacts and phenotypic consequences of adjacent non-coding loci in the epigenetically quiescent regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SnapATAC2: a fast, scalable and versatile tool for single-cell omics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell omics technologies have ushered in a new era for the study of dynamic gene regulation in complex tissues during development and disease pathogenesis. A major computational challenge in analyzing these datasets is to project the large-scale and high dimensional data into low-dimensional space while retaining the relative relationships between cells in order to decompose the cellular heterogeneity and reconstruct cell-type-specific gene regulatory programs. Conventional dimensionality reduction methods suffer from computational inefficiency, difficulty to capture the full spectrum of cellular heterogeneity, or inability to apply across diverse molecular modalities. Here, we report a fast and nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm that not only more accurately captures the heterogeneities of single-cell omics data, but also features runtime and memory usage that is computational efficient and linearly proportional to cell numbers. We implement this algorithm in a Python package named SnapATAC2, and demonstrate its superior performance, remarkable scalability and general adaptability using an array of single-cell omics data types, including single-cell ATAC-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, single-cell Hi-C, and single-cell multiomics datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SnapATAC2: a fast, scalable and versatile tool for single-cell omics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday perceptual tasks require sensory stimuli to be dynamically encoded and analyzed according to changing behavioral goals. For example, when searching for an apple at the supermarket, one might first find the Granny Smith apples by separating all visible apples into the categories "green" and "non-green". However, suddenly remembering that your family actually likes Fuji apples would necessitate reconfiguring the boundary to separate "red" from "red-yellow" objects. This flexible processing enables identical sensory stimuli to elicit varied behaviors based on the current task context. While this phenomenon is ubiquitous in nature, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such flexible computation. Traditionally, sensory regions have been viewed as mainly devoted to processing inputs, with limited involvement in adapting to varying task contexts. However, from the standpoint of efficient computation, it is plausible that sensory regions integrate inputs with current task goals, facilitating more effective information relay to higher-level cortical areas. Here we test this possibility by asking human participants to visually categorize novel shape stimuli based on different linear and non-linear boundaries. Using fMRI and multivariate analyses of retinotopically-defined visual areas, we found that shape representations in visual cortex became more distinct across relevant decision boundaries in a context-dependent manner, with the largest changes in discriminability observed for stimuli near the decision boundary. Importantly, these context-driven modulations were associated with improved categorization performance. Together, these findings demonstrate that codes in visual cortex are adaptively modulated to optimize object separability based on currently relevant decision boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Categorization dynamically alters representations in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic characterization of antibody-producing CHO cell lines elucidates metabolic reprogramming and nutrient uptake bottlenecks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing the phenotypic diversity and metabolic capabilities of industrially relevant manufacturing cell lines is critical to bioprocess optimization and cell line development. Metabolic capabilities of the production hosts limit nutrient and resource channeling into desired cellular processes and can have a profound impact on productivity but cannot be directly inferred from measured data such as spent media concentrations or transcriptomics. Here, we present an integrated multi-omic characterization approach combining exo-metabolomics, transcriptomics, and genome-scale metabolic network analysis and apply it to three antibody-producing Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines to reprogramming features associated with high-producer clones and metabolic bottlenecks limiting product production in an industrial bioprocess. Analysis of individual datatypes revealed a decreased nitrogenous byproduct secretion in high-producing clones and the topological changes in peripheral metabolic pathway expression associated with phase shifts. An integrated omics analysis in the context of the genome-scale metabolic model elucidated the differences in central metabolism and identified amino acid utilization bottlenecks limiting cell growth and antibody production that were not evident from exo-metabolomics or transcriptomics alone. Thus, we demonstrate the utility of a multi-omics characterization in providing an in-depth understanding of cellular metabolism, which is critical to efforts in cell engineering and bioprocess optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontoravdi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic characterization of antibody-producing CHO cell lines elucidates metabolic reprogramming and nutrient uptake bottlenecks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reinstatement of CDX2 as a differentiation therapy for colorectal cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in artificial intelligence (AI) within cancer research, its application toward realizing differentiation therapy in solid tumors remains limited. Using colorectal cancer (CRC) as a model, we developed a machine learning (ML) framework, CANDiT (Cancer Associated Nodes for Differentiation Targeting), to selectively induce differentiation and death of cancer stem cells (CSCs)--a key obstacle to durable response. Centering on one node, CDX2, a master differentiation factor lost in high-risk, poorly differentiated CRCs, we built a transcriptomic network to identify therapeutic strategies for CDX2 restoration. Network-based prioritization identified PRKAB1, a stress polarity sensor, as a top target. A clinical-grade PRKAB1 agonist reprogrammed transcriptional networks, induced crypt differentiation, and selectively eliminated CDX2-low CSCs in CRC cell lines, xenografts and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Multivariate analyses in PDOs revealed a strong therapeutic index, linking efficacy (IC) to the biomarker-defined CDX2-low state. A 50-gene response signature--derived from an integrated analyses of all three models and trained across multiple datasets--revealed that CDX2 restoration therapy may translate into a [~]50% reduction in recurrence and mortality risk. Mechanistically, treatment activated a differentiation-associated stress polarity signaling axis while dismantling Wnt and YAP-driven stemness programs essential to CSC survival. Thus, CANDiT offers a scalable path to CSC-directed therapy in solid tumors by translating transcriptomic vulnerabilities into precision treatments.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=174 SRC="FIGDIR/small/557628v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16eeb1eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10e308borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9512f0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10e74eb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG One sentence summaryIn this work, Sinha et al. introduce a machine learning-guided framework to identify and target transcriptomic vulnerabilities in colorectal cancer, demonstrating that differentiation therapy selectively eliminates cancer stem cells and reduces recurrence risk.

HighlightsO_LIAn ML framework (CANDiT) identifies target for differentiation therapy for CRCs
C_LIO_LITherapy induces crypt differentiation and CSC-specific cytotoxicity
C_LIO_LICDX2-low state predicts therapeutic response; restoration improves prognosis
C_LIO_LITherapy dismantles stemness via reactivation of stress polarity signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcantara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirfakhri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawires, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reinstatement of CDX2 as a differentiation therapy for colorectal cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zoonotic spillovers of viruses have occurred through the animal trade worldwide. The start of the COVID-19 pandemic was traced epidemiologically to the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, the site with the most reported wildlife vendors in the city of Wuhan, China. Here, we analyze publicly available qPCR and sequencing data from environmental samples collected in the Huanan market in early 2020. We demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity linked to this market is consistent with market emergence, and find increased SARS-CoV-2 positivity near and within a particular wildlife stall. We identify wildlife DNA in all SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from this stall. This includes species such as civets, bamboo rats, porcupines, hedgehogs, and one species, raccoon dogs, known to be capable of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We also detect other animal viruses that infect raccoon dogs, civets, and bamboo rats. Combining metagenomic and phylogenetic approaches, we recover genotypes of market animals and compare them to those from other markets. This analysis provides the genetic basis for a short list of potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 to prioritize for retrospective serological testing and viral sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangavarapu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garry, R. f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopmans, M. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popescu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worobey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COSMIC-dFBA: A novel multi-scale hybrid framework for bioprocess modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism governs cell performance in biomanufacturing, as it fuels growth and productivity. However, even in well-controlled culture systems, metabolism is dynamic, with shifting objectives and resources, thus limiting the predictive capability of mechanistic models for process design and optimization. Here, we present Cellular Objectives and State Modulation In bioreaCtors (COSMIC)-dFBA, a hybrid multi-scale modeling paradigm that accurately predicts cell density, antibody titer, and bioreactor metabolite concentration profiles. Using machine-learning, COSMIC-dFBA decomposes the instantaneous metabolite uptake and secretion rates in a bioreactor into weighted contributions from each cell state (growth or antibody-producing state) and integrates these with a genome-scale metabolic model. A major strength of COSMIC-dFBA is that it can be parameterized with only metabolite concentrations from spent media, although constraining the metabolic model with other omics data can further improve its capabilities. Using COSMIC-dFBA, we can predict the final cell density and antibody titer to within 10% of the measured data, and compared to a standard dFBA model, we found the framework showed a 90% and 72% improvement in cell density and antibody titer prediction, respectively. Thus, we demonstrate our hybrid modeling framework effectively captures cellular metabolism and expands the applicability of dFBA to model the dynamic conditions in a bioreactor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valderrama-Gomez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Icten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shek, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolandi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontoravdi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COSMIC-dFBA: A novel multi-scale hybrid framework for bioprocess modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine assisted annotation in neuroanatomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the important yet labor intensive tasks in neuroanatomy is the identification of select populations of cells. Current high-throughput techniques enable marking cells with histochemical fluorescent molecules as well as through the genetic expression of fluorescent proteins. Modern scanning microscopes allow high resolution multi-channel imaging of the mechanically or optically sectioned brain with thousands of marked cells per square millimeter. Manual identification of all marked cells is prohibitively time consuming. At the same time, simple segmentation algorithms suffer from high error rates and sensitivity to variation in fluorescent intensity and spatial distribution. We present a methodology that combines human judgement and machine learning that serves to significantly reduce the labor of the anatomist while improving the consistency of the annotation. As a demonstration, we analyzed murine brains with marked premotor neurons in the brainstem. We compared the error rate of our method to the disagreement rate among human anatomists. This comparison shows that our method can reduce the time to annotate by as much as ten-fold without significantly increasing the rate of errors. We show that our method achieves significant reduction in labor while achieving an accuracy that is similar to the level of agreement between different anatomists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine assisted annotation in neuroanatomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
circHIPK3 nucleates IGF2BP2 and functions as a competing endogenous RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of widespread endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression and thereby influence cell biological decisions with implications for the pathogenesis of several diseases. Here, we disclose a novel gene-regulatory role of circHIPK3 by combining analyses of large genomics datasets and mechanistic cell biological follow-up experiments. Specifically, we use temporal depletion of circHIPK3 or specific RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and identify several perturbed genes by RNA sequencing analyses. Using expression-coupled motif analyses of mRNA expression data from various knockdown experiments, we identify an 11-mer motif within circHIPK3, which is also enriched in genes that become downregulated upon circHIPK3 depletion. By mining eCLIP datasets, we find that the 11-mer motif constitutes a strong binding site for IGF2BP2 and validate this circHIPK3-IGF2BP2 interaction experimentally using RNA-immunoprecipitation and competition assays in bladder cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that circHIPK3 and IGF2BP2 mRNA targets compete for binding. Since the identified 11-mer motif found in circHIPK3 is enriched in upregulated genes following IGF2BP2 knockdown, and since IGF2BP2 depletion conversely globally antagonizes the effect of circHIPK3 knockdown on target genes, our results suggest that circHIPK3 can sequester IGF2BP2 as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), leading to target mRNA stabilization. As an example of a circHIPK3-regulated gene, we focus on the STAT3 mRNA as a specific substrate of IGF2BP2 and validate that manipulation of circHIPK3 regulates IGF2BP2-STAT3 mRNA binding and thereby STAT3 mRNA levels. However, absolute copy number quantifications demonstrate that IGF2BP2 outnumbers circHIPK3 by orders of magnitude, which is inconsistent with a simple 1:1 ceRNA hypothesis. Instead, we show that circHIPK3 can nucleate multiple copies of IGF2BP2, potentially via phase separation, to produce IGF2BP2 condensates. Finally, we show that circHIPK3 expression correlates with overall survival of patients with bladder cancer. Our results are consistent with a model where relatively few cellular circHIPK3 molecules function as inducers of IGF2BP2 condensation thereby regulating STAT3 and other key factors for cell proliferation and potentially cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okholm, T. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamstrup, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollensen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graversgaard, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrskjot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjems, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damgaard, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[circHIPK3 nucleates IGF2BP2 and functions as a competing endogenous RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold Storage and Cryopreservation Methods for Spermatozoa of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus pictus . 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sea urchins have contributed greatly to knowledge of fertilization, embryogenesis and cell biology. However, until now, they have not been a genetic model organism because of the long generation times of commonly used species, and lack of tools for husbandry and genetic manipulation. We recently established Lytechinus pictus, as a multigenerational sea urchin model, because of its relatively short generation time of 4-6 months and ease of laboratory culture. To take full advantage of this new multigenerational species, methods are needed to biobank and share mutant L. pictus sperm. Here, we describe a new extender based on sperm ion physiology before spawning of sperm into seawater. This extender maintains sperm capable of fertilization for at least 5-10 weeks when stored at 0 {degrees}C. We use the extender, and the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), to cryopreserve sperm of both L. pictus, and the widely used sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The simple methods we describe work well for both species, achieving > 90% development and producing larvae that successfully undergo metamorphosis to juvenile sea urchins. Sperm of these two species can be frozen and thawed at least twice and still give rise to larvae that undergo metamorphosis.

Main PointsO_LISperm can maintain fertilizing capacity ex vivo for 5-10 weeks when stored at 0{degrees}C.
C_LIO_LIWhen freezing in liquid nitrogen no stepwise addition of cryoprotectant, or stepwise drop in temperature are required.
C_LIO_LIA standard fertilization assay is presented to score cleavage stage sea urchin embryos produced by cryopreserved sperm.
C_LIO_LISperm frozen and thawed more than once can produce larvae.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vacquier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold Storage and Cryopreservation Methods for Spermatozoa of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus pictus .]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating Novel Leads for Drug Discovery using LLMs with Logical Feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used as repositories of biological and chemical information to generate pharmacological lead compounds. However, for LLMs to focus on specific drug targets typically require experimentation with progressively more refined prompts. Results thus become dependent not just on what is known about the target, but also on what is known about the prompt-engineering. In this paper, we separate the prompt into domain-constraints that can be written in a standard logical form, and a simple text-based query. We investigate whether LLMs can be guided, not by refining prompts manually, but by refining the the logical component automatically, keeping the query unchanged. We describe an iterative procedure LMLF ("Language Models with Logical Feedback") in which the constraints are progressively refined using a logical notion of generalisation. On any iteration, newly generated instances are verified against the constraint, providing "logical-feedback" for the next iterations refinement of the constraints. We evaluate LMLF using two well-known targets (inhibition of the Janus Kinase 2; and Dopamine Receptor D2); and two different LLMs (GPT-3 and PaLM). We show that LMLF, starting with the same logical constraints and query text, can guide both LLMs to generate potential leads. We find: (a) Binding affinities of LMLF-generated molecules are skewed towards higher binding affinities than those from existing baselines; LMLF results in generating molecules that are skewed towards higher binding affinities than without logical feedback; (c) Assessment by a computational chemist suggests that LMLF generated compounds may be novel inhibitors. These findings suggest that LLMs with logical feedback may provide a mechanism for generating new leads without requiring the domain-specialist to acquire sophisticated skills in prompt-engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brahmavar, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aduri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating Novel Leads for Drug Discovery using LLMs with Logical Feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and dynamic changes in P-Rex1 upon activation by PIP3 and inhibition by IP4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is abundantly expressed in neutrophils and plays central roles in chemotaxis and cancer metastasis by serving as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac. The enzyme is synergistically activated by PIP3 and the heterotrimeric G{beta}{gamma} subunits, but mechanistic details remain poorly understood. While investigating the regulation of P-Rex1 by PIP3, we discovered that Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (IP4) inhibits P-Rex1 activity and induces large decreases in backbone dynamics in diverse regions of the protein. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the P-Rex1{middle dot}IP4 complex revealed a conformation wherein the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain occludes the active site of the Dbl homology (DH) domain. This configuration is stabilized by interactions between the first DEP domain (DEP1) and the DH domain and between the PH domain and a 4-helix bundle (4HB) subdomain that extends from the C-terminal domain of P-Rex1. Disruption of the DH-DEP1 interface in a DH/PH-DEP1 fragment enhanced activity and led to a more extended conformation in solution, whereas mutations that constrain the occluded conformation led to decreased GEF activity. Variants of full-length P-Rex1 in which the DH-DEP1 and PH-4HB interfaces were disturbed exhibited enhanced activity during chemokine-induced cell migration, confirming that the observed structure represents the autoinhibited state in living cells. Interactions with PIP3-containing liposomes led to disruption of these interfaces and increased dynamics protein-wide. Our results further suggest that inositol phosphates such as IP4 help to inhibit basal P-Rex1 activity in neutrophils, similar to their inhibitory effects on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravala, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame-Garcia, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesmer, J. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and dynamic changes in P-Rex1 upon activation by PIP3 and inhibition by IP4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability in the phytoplankton response to upwelling across an iron limitation mosaic within the California Current System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coastal upwelling currents such as the California Current System (CCS) comprise some of the most productive biological systems on the planet. Diatoms, a distinct taxon of phytoplankton, dominate these upwelling events in part due to their rapid response to nutrient entrainment. In this region, they may also be limited by the micronutrient iron (Fe), an important trace element primarily involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation. The mechanisms behind how diatoms physiologically acclimate to the different stages of the upwelling conveyor belt cycle with respect to Fe limitation remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we explore their physiological and metatranscriptomic response to the upwelling cycle with respect to the Fe limitation mosaic that exists in the CCS. Subsurface, natural plankton assemblages that would potentially seed surface blooms were examined over wide and narrow shelf regions. The initial biomass and physiological state of the phytoplankton community had a large impact on the overall response to simulated upwelling. Following on-deck incubation under varying Fe physiological states, our results suggest that diatoms quickly dominated the blooms by "frontloading" nitrogen assimilation genes prior to upwelling. However, diatoms subjected to induced Fe limitation exhibited reductions in carbon and nitrogen uptake and decreasing biomass accumulation. Simultaneously, they exhibited a distinct gene expression response which included increased expression of Fe-starvation induced proteins and decreased expression of nitrogen assimilation and photosynthesis genes. These findings may have significant implications for upwelling events in future oceans, where changes in ocean conditions are projected to amplify the gradient of Fe limitation in coastal upwelling regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehouse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Till, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability in the phytoplankton response to upwelling across an iron limitation mosaic within the California Current System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phage nucleus-associated RNA-binding protein is required for jumbo phage infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-genome bacteriophages (jumbo phages) of the Chimalliviridae family assemble a nucleus-like compartment bounded by a protein shell that protects the replicating phage genome from host-encoded restriction enzymes and CRISPR/Cas nucleases. While the nuclear shell provides broad protection against host nucleases, it necessitates transport of mRNA out of the nucleus-like compartment for translation by host ribosomes, and transport of specific proteins into the nucleus-like compartment to support DNA replication and mRNA transcription. Here we identify a conserved phage nuclear shell-associated protein that we term Chimallin C (ChmC), which adopts a nucleic acid-binding fold, binds RNA with high affinity in vitro, and binds phage mRNAs in infected cells. ChmC also forms phase-separated condensates with RNA in vitro. Targeted knockdown of ChmC using mRNA-targeting dCas13d halts infections at an early stage. Taken together, our data suggest that the conserved ChmC protein acts as a chaperone for phage mRNAs, potentially stabilizing these mRNAs and driving their translocation through the nuclear shell to promote translation and infection progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naritomi, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaikeeratisak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phage nucleus-associated RNA-binding protein is required for jumbo phage infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation genetic sexing strain establishment in the agricultural pest Ceratitis capitata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tephritid fruit fly pests pose an increasing threat to the agricultural industry due to their global dispersion and a highly invasive nature. Here we showcase the feasibility of an early-detection SEPARATOR sex sorting approach through using the non-model Tephritid pest, Ceratitis capitata. This system relies on female-only fluorescent marker expression, accomplished through the use of a sex-specific intron of the highly-conserved transformer gene from C. capitata and Anastrepha ludens. The herein characterized strains have 100% desired phenotype outcomes, allowing accurate male-female separation during early development. Overall, we describe an antibiotic and temperature-independent sex-sorting system in C. capitata, which, moving forward, may be implemented in other non-model Tephritid pest species. This strategy can facilitate the establishment of genetic sexing systems with endogenous elements exclusively, which, on a wider scale, can improve pest population control strategies like sterile insect technique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davydova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandul, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braswell, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meccariello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation genetic sexing strain establishment in the agricultural pest Ceratitis capitata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-induced trapping of endogenous proteins reveals spatiotemporal roles of microtubule and kinesin-1 in dendrite patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal development involves numerous molecular events, whose spatiotemporal properties largely determine the biological outcomes. Conventional methods for studying gene function lack the necessary spatiotemporal resolution for precise dissection of developmental mechanisms. Optogenetic approaches are powerful alternatives, but most existing tools rely on exogenous designer proteins that produce narrow outputs and cannot be applied to diverse or endogenous proteins. To address this limitation, we developed OptoTrap, a light-inducible protein trapping system that allows manipulation of endogenous proteins tagged with GFP or split GFP. This system turns on fast and is reversible in minutes or hours. We generated OptoTrap variants optimized for neurons and epithelial cells and demonstrate effective trapping of endogenous proteins of diverse sizes, subcellular locations, and functions. Furthermore, OptoTrap allowed us to instantly disrupt microtubules and inhibit the kinesin-1 motor in specific dendritic branches of Drosophila sensory neurons. Using OptoTrap, we obtained direct evidence that microtubules support the growth of highly dynamic dendrites. Similarly, targeted manipulation of Kinesin heavy chain revealed differential spatiotemporal requirements of kinesin-1 in the patterning of low- and high-order dendritic branches, suggesting that different cargos are needed for the growth of these branches. OptoTrap allows for precise manipulation of endogenous proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and thus holds great promise for studying developmental mechanisms in a wide range of cell types and developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildonger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-induced trapping of endogenous proteins reveals spatiotemporal roles of microtubule and kinesin-1 in dendrite patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mobile intron facilitates interference competition between co-infecting viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile introns containing homing endonucleases are widespread in nature and have long been assumed to be selfish elements that provide no benefit to the host organism. These genetic elements are common in viruses, but whether they confer a selective advantage is unclear. Here we studied a mobile intron in bacteriophage {Phi}PA3 and found its homing endonuclease gp210 contributes to viral competition by interfering with the virogenesis of co-infecting phage {Phi}KZ. We show that gp210 targets a specific sequence in its competitor {Phi}KZ, preventing the assembly of progeny viruses. This work reports the first demonstration of how a mobile intron can be deployed to engage in interference competition and provide a reproductive advantage. Given the ubiquity of introns, this selective advantage likely has widespread evolutionary implications in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birkholz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meza, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mobile intron facilitates interference competition between co-infecting viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) targets some dopamine (DA) neurons more than others. Sex differences offer insights, with females more protected from DA neurodegeneration. The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. However, the mechanisms by which VGLUT2/dVGLUT protects DA neurons remain unknown. We discovered DA neuron dVGLUT knockdown increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a sexually dimorphic manner in response to depolarization or paraquat-induced stress, males being especially affected. DA neuron dVGLUT also reduced ATP biosynthetic burden during depolarization. RNA sequencing of VGLUT+ DA neurons in mice and flies identified candidate genes that we functionally screened to further dissect VGLUT-mediated DA neuron resilience across PD models. We discovered transcription factors modulating dVGLUT-dependent DA neuroprotection and identified dj-1{beta} as a regulator of sex-specific DA neuron dVGLUT expression. Overall, VGLUT protects DA neurons from PD-associated degeneration by maintaining mitochondrial health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkhyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treiber, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker-Krail, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasylieva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson-Oberg, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbakri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seney, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingote, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASTER: Direct species tree inference from whole-genome alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes contain mosaics of discordant evolutionary histories, challenging the accurate inference of the tree of life. While genome-wide data are routinely used for discordance-aware phylogenomic analyses, due to modeling and scalability limitations, the current practice leaves out large chunks of the genomes. As more high-quality genomes become available, we urgently need discordance-aware methods to infer the tree directly from a multiple genome alignment. Here, we introduce CASTER, a site-based method that eliminates the need to predefine recombination-free loci. CASTER is statistically consistent under incomplete lineage sorting and is scalable to hundreds of mammalian whole genomes. We show both in simulations and on real data that CASTER is scalable and accurate and that its per-site scores can reveal interesting patterns of evolution across the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASTER: Direct species tree inference from whole-genome alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Function Coupling in Highly Sampled Individual Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural connections (SC) between distant regions of the brain support synchronized function known as functional connectivity (FC) and give rise to the large-scale brain networks that enable cognition and behavior. Understanding how SC enables FC is important to understand how injuries to structural connections may alter brain function and cognition. Previous work evaluating whole-brain SC-FC relationships showed that SC explained FC well in unimodal visual and motor areas, but only weakly in association areas, suggesting a unimodal-heteromodal gradient organization of SC-FC coupling. However, this work was conducted in group-averaged SC/FC data. Thus, it could not account for inter-individual variability in the locations of cortical areas and white matter tracts. We evaluated the correspondence of SC and FC within three highly sampled healthy participants. For each participant, we collected 78 minutes of diffusion-weighted MRI for SC and 360 minutes of resting state fMRI for FC. We found that FC was best explained by SC in visual and motor systems, as well as in anterior and posterior cingulate regions. A unimodal-to-heteromodal gradient could not fully explain SC-FC coupling. We conclude that the SC-FC coupling of the anterior-posterior cingulate circuit is more similar to unimodal areas than to heteromodal areas.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStructural connections between distant regions of the human brain support networked function that enables cognition and behavior. Improving our understanding of how structure enables function could allow better insight into how brain disconnection injuries impair brain function.

Previous work using neuroimaging suggested that structure-function relationships vary systematically across the brain, with structure better explaining function in basic visual/motor areas than in higher-order areas. However, this work was conducted in group-averaged data, which may obscure details of individual-specific structure-function relationships.

Using individual-specific densely sampled neuroimaging data, we found that in addition to visual/motor regions, structure strongly predicts function in specific circuits of the higher-order cingulate gyrus. The cingulates structure-function relationship suggests that its organization may be unique among higher-order cortical regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimony, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Function Coupling in Highly Sampled Individual Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young people and can cause cognitive and motor dysfunction and disruptions in functional connectivity between brain regions. In human TBI patients and rodent models of TBI, functional connectivity is decreased after injury. Recovery of connectivity after TBI is associated with improved cognition and memory, suggesting an important link between connectivity and functional outcome. We examined widespread alterations in functional connectivity following TBI using simultaneous widefield mesoscale GCaMP7c calcium imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) in mice injured using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Combining CCI with widefield cortical imaging provides us with unprecedented access to characterize network connectivity changes throughout the entire injured cortex over time. Our data demonstrate that CCI profoundly disrupts functional connectivity immediately after injury, followed by partial recovery over 3 weeks. Examining discrete periods of locomotion and stillness reveals that CCI alters functional connectivity and reduces theta power only during periods of behavioral stillness. Together, these findings demonstrate that TBI causes dynamic, behavioral state-dependent changes in functional connectivity and ECoG activity across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bottom-Tanzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noubary, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.560776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding extracellular modification of artificial cell membranes using engineered self-translocating proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common method of generating artificial cells is to encapsulate protein expression systems within lipid vesicles. However, to communicate with the external environment, protein translocation across lipid membranes must take place. In living cells, protein transport across membranes is achieved with the aid of complex translocase systems which are difficult to reconstitute into artificial cells. Thus, there is need for simple mechanisms by which proteins can be encoded and expressed inside synthetic compartments yet still be externally displayed. Here we present a genetically encodable membrane functionalization system based on mutants of pore-forming proteins. We show that the membrane translocating loop of -hemolysin can be engineered to translocate functional peptides up to 52 amino acids across lipid membranes. Engineered hemolysins can be used for genetically programming artificial cells to display interacting peptide pairs, enabling their assembly into artificial tissue-like structures capable of signal transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harjung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fracassi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding extracellular modification of artificial cell membranes using engineered self-translocating proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in electrophysiological aperiodic activity during cognitive control in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD) are common and can significantly affect patients quality of life. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to identify a signature derived from behavioral and/or neuroimaging indicators that could predict which patients are at increased risk for early and rapid cognitive decline. Recently, converging evidence identified electroencephalogram (EEG) aperiodic activity as meaningful physiological information associated with age, development, cognitive and perceptual states or pathologies. In this study, we aimed to investigate aperiodic activity in PD during cognitive control and characterize its possible association with behavior.

Here, we recorded high-density EEG (HD-EEG) in 30 healthy controls and 30 PD patients during a Simon task. We analyzed task-related behavioral data in the context of the activation-suppression model and extracted aperiodic parameters (offset, exponent) at both scalp and source levels.

Our results showed behavioral alterations of cognitive control as well as higher offsets in patients in the parieto-occipital areas, suggesting increased excitability in PD. A small congruence effect on aperiodic parameters in pre- and post-central brain areas was also found, possibly associated with task execution. Significant differences in aperiodic parameters between the resting state, pre- and post-stimulus phases all across the scalp and cortex confirmed that the observed changes in aperiodic activity are linked to task execution. No correlation was found between aperiodic activity and behavior or clinical features.

Our findings provide evidence that EEG aperiodic activity in PD is characterized by greater offsets, and that aperiodic parameters differ depending on arousal state. However, our results do not support the hypothesis that the behavior-related differences observed in PD are related to aperiodic changes. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering aperiodic activity contributions in brain disorders and further investigating the relationship between aperiodic activity and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monchy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modolo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houvenaghel, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in electrophysiological aperiodic activity during cognitive control in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and synaptic mechanisms of descending noradrenergic signaling remain unclear. Here, we establish that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are essential for supraspinal opioid antinociception. Unexpectedly, given prior emphasis on descending serotonergic pathways, we find that opioid antinociception is primarily driven by excitatory output from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to the LC. Furthermore, we identify a previously unknown opioid-sensitive inhibitory input from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), the suppression of which disinhibits LC neurons to drive spinal noradrenergic antinociception. We also report the presence of prominent bifurcating outputs from the vlPAG to the LC and the RVM. Our findings significantly revise current models of the DPMS and establish a novel supraspinal antinociceptive pathway that may contribute to multiple forms of descending pain modulation.

TeaserConvergent synaptic activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus drives systemic opioid antinociception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubejko, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livrizzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaksh, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banghart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environment-driven trends in fish larval abundance predict fishery recruitment in two temperature reef congeners: mechanisms and implications for management 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental and biological processes acting on fish larvae can drive fishery cohort strength, but predictive ability oftentimes falls short, and larval abundance is generally considered more useful as a proxy for spawning biomass. Under a changing ocean, studies that relate environmental covariates, larval abundance, and fishery recruitment are worthy of continued research, especially in data-limited contexts. We focus on a popular, recreational-only, multispecies saltwater bass fishery (genus Paralabrax) whose population status and recovery potential are uncertain. We used 54 years of ichthyoplankton data (1963-2016) and a species distribution model to 1) deconstruct species-specific standardized indices of larval abundance, 2) test these indices as indicators of adult stock status or predictors of future fishery recruitment, and 3) evaluate spatiotemporal trends in their population dynamics relative to environmental variables. Contrary to expectation, species-specific larval abundance predicted future catch, with recent elevated larval abundance suggesting imminent fishery recovery. Additionally, we identified strong relationships with environmental variables, thereby providing additional tools for predicting fishery recruitment and anticipating population change. Our findings paint a path forward for improving estimates of current and future fishery status under changing natural and anthropogenic influences and the incorporation of ecosystem considerations into fishery management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, E. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semmens, B. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environment-driven trends in fish larval abundance predict fishery recruitment in two temperature reef congeners: mechanisms and implications for management]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden evolutionary constraints dictate the retention of coronavirus accessory genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses exhibit many mechanisms of genetic innovation, including the acquisition of accessory genes that originate by capture of cellular genes or through duplication of existing viral genes. Accessory genes influence viral host range and cellular tropism, but little is known about how selection acts on these variable regions of virus genomes. We used experimental evolution of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) encoding a cellular AKAP7 phosphodiesterase and an inactive native phosphodiesterase, NS2 to model the evolutionary fate of accessory genes. After courses of serial infection, the gene encoding inactive NS2, ORF2, unexpectedly remained intact, suggesting it is under cryptic constraint uncoupled from the function of NS2. In contrast, AKAP7 was retained under strong selection but rapidly lost under relaxed selection. Experimental evolution also led to altered viral replication in a cell type-specific manner and changed the relative proportions of subgenomic viral RNA in plaque-purified viral isolates, revealing additional mechanisms of adaptation. Guided by the retention of ORF2 and similar patterns in related betacoronaviruses, we analyzed ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2, which arose via gene duplication and contains premature stop codons in several globally successful lineages. As with MHV ORF2, the coding-defective SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 gene remains largely intact, mirroring patterns observed during MHV experimental evolution, challenging assumptions on the dynamics of gene loss in virus genomes and extending these findings to viruses currently adapting to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downhour, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elde, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.561935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden evolutionary constraints dictate the retention of coronavirus accessory genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic bypass rescues aberrant S-nitrosylation-induced TCA cycle inhibition and synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Alzheimers disease (AD), dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism is associated with synaptic loss, the major pathological correlate of cognitive decline. Mechanistic insight for this relationship, however, is still lacking. Here, comparing isogenic wild-type and AD mutant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cerebrocortical neurons (hiN), we found evidence for compromised mitochondrial energy in AD using the Seahorse platform to analyze glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Isotope-labeled metabolic flux experiments revealed a major block in activity in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH)/succinyl coenzyme-A synthetase step, metabolizing -ketoglutarate to succinate. Associated with this block we found aberrant protein S-nitrosylation of KGDH subunits that are known to inhibit enzyme function. This aberrant S-nitrosylation was documented not only in AD-hiN but also in postmortem human AD brains vs. controls, as assessed by two separate unbiased mass spectrometry platforms using both SNOTRAP identification of S-nitrosothiols and chemoselective-enrichment of S-nitrosoproteins. Treatment with dimethyl succinate, a cell-permeable derivative of a TCA substrate (downstream to the block, resulted in partial rescue of mitochondrial bioenergetic function as well as reversal of synapse loss in AD-hiN. Our findings have therapeutic implications that rescue of mitochondrial energy metabolism can ameliorate synaptic loss in hiPSC-based models of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreyev, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doulias, P.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolatabadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luevanos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ischiropoulos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic bypass rescues aberrant S-nitrosylation-induced TCA cycle inhibition and synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.561203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long chain monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid levels in human milk vary with gestational weight gain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.561203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breastfeeding is an important determinant of infant health and there is immense interest in understanding its metabolite composition so that key beneficial components can be identified. The aim of this research was to measure the fatty acid composition of human milk in an Irish cohort where we examined changes depending on lactation stage and gestational weight gain trajectory. Utilising a chromatography approach optimal for isomer separation, we identified 44 individual fatty acid species via GCMS and showed that monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids(mmBCFAs), C15:0 and C16:1 are lower in women with excess gestational weight gain versus low gestational weight gain. To further explore the potential contribution of the activity of endogenous metabolic pathways to levels of these fatty acids in milk, we administered D2O to C57BL/6J dams fed a purified lard based high fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet during gestation and quantified the total and de novo synthesized levels of fatty acids in their milk. We found that de novo synthesis over three days can account for between 10 and 50% of mmBCFAs in milk from dams on the low-fat diet dependent on the branched-chain fatty acid species. However, HFD fed mice had significantly decreased de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk resulting in lower total mmBCFAs and medium chain fatty acid levels. Overall, our findings highlight the diverse fatty acid composition of human milk and that human milk mmBCFA levels differ between gestational weight gain phenotypes. In addition, our data indicates that de novo synthesis contributes to mmBCFA levels in mice milk and thus may also be a contributory factor to mmBCFA levels in human milk. Given emerging data indicating mmBCFAs may be beneficial components of milk, this study contributes to our knowledge around the phenotypic factors that may impact their levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafferty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Regan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gengatharan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.561203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long chain monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid levels in human milk vary with gestational weight gain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state is not enough: alpha and mu rhythms change shape across development, but lack diagnostic sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the human brain, the alpha rhythm in occipital cortex and the mu rhythm in sensorimotor cortex are among the most prominent rhythms, with both rhythms functionally implicated in gating modality-specific information. Separation of these rhythms is non-trivial due to the spatial mixing of these oscillations in sensor space. Using a computationally efficient processing pipeline requiring no manual data cleaning, we isolated alpha and/or mu rhythms from electroencephalography recordings performed on 1605 children aged 5-18. Using the extracted time series for each rhythm, we characterized the waveform shape on a cycle-by-cycle basis and examined whether and how the waveform shape differs across development. We demonstrate that alpha and mu rhythms both exhibit nonsinusoidal waveform shape that changes significantly across development, in addition to the known large changes in oscillatory frequency. This dataset also provided an opportunity to assess oscillatory measures for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found no differences in the resting-state features of these alpha-band rhythms for either ADHD or ASD in comparison to typically developing participants in this dataset. While waveform shape is ignored by traditional Fourier spectral analyses, these nonsinusoidal properties may be informative for building more constrained generative models for different types of alpha-band rhythms, yielding more specific insight into their generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaworonkow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state is not enough: alpha and mu rhythms change shape across development, but lack diagnostic sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent effects of synaptic connectivity on cortical sleep slow wave amplitude, density and propagation in a large-scale thalamocortical network model of the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow-wave sleep (SWS), characterized by slow oscillations (SO, <1Hz) of alternating active and silent states in the thalamocortical network, is a primary brain state during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. In the last two decades, the traditional view of SWS as a global and uniform whole-brain state has been challenged by a growing body of evidence indicating that SO can be local and can coexist with wake-like activity. However, the understanding of how global and local SO emerges from micro-scale neuron dynamics and network connectivity remains unclear. We developed a multi-scale, biophysically realistic human whole-brain thalamocortical network model capable of transitioning between the awake state and slow-wave sleep, and we investigated the role of connectivity in the spatio-temporal dynamics of sleep SO. We found that the overall strength and a relative balance between long and short-range synaptic connections determined the network state. Importantly, for a range of synaptic strengths, the model demonstrated complex mixed SO states, where periods of synchronized global slow-wave activity were intermittent with the periods of asynchronous local slow-waves. Increase of the overall synaptic strength led to synchronized global SO, while decrease of synaptic connectivity produced only local slow-waves that would not propagate beyond local area. These results were compared to human data to validate probable models of biophysically realistic SO. The model producing mixed states provided the best match to the spatial coherence profile and the functional connectivity estimated from human subjects. These findings shed light on how the spatio-temporal properties of SO emerge from local and global cortical connectivity and provide a framework for further exploring the mechanisms and functions of SWS in health and disease.

Author SummarySlow Wave Sleep (SWS) is a primary brain state displayed during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. While previously thought of as homogenous waves of activity that sweep across the entire brain, modern research has suggested a more nuanced pattern of activity that can vary between local and global slow wave activity. However, understanding how these states emerge from small scale neuronal dynamics and network connectivity remains unclear. We developed a biophysically realistic model of the human brain capable of generating SWS-like behavior, and investigated the role of connectivity in the spatio-temporal dynamics of these slow waves. We found that the overall strength and a relative balance between long and short-range synaptic connections determined the network behavior - specifically, models with relatively weaker long-range connectivity resulted in mixed states of global and local slow waves. These results were compared to human data, and we found that models producing mixed states provided the best match to the network behavior and functional connectivity of human subject data. These findings shed light on how the spatio-temporal properties of SWS emerge from local and global cortical connectivity and provide a framework for further exploring the mechanisms and functions of SWS in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuloaga, M. G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delanois, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent effects of synaptic connectivity on cortical sleep slow wave amplitude, density and propagation in a large-scale thalamocortical network model of the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.560801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GRAMD2+ alveolar type I cell plasticity facilitates cell state transitions in organoid culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.560801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial regeneration is critical for normal lung function and becomes dysregulated in disease. While alveolar type 2 (AT2) and club cells are known distal lung epithelial progenitors, determining if alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) cells also contribute to alveolar regeneration has been hampered by lack of highly specific mouse models labeling AT1 cells. To address this, the Gramd2CreERT2 transgenic strain was generated and crossed to RosamTmG mice. Extensive cellular characterization, including distal lung immunofluorescence and cytospin staining, confirmed that GRAMD2+ AT1 cells are highly enriched for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Interestingly, Gramd2CreERT2 GFP+ cells were able to form organoids in organoid co-culture with Mlg fibroblasts. Temporal scRNAseq revealed that Gramd2+ AT1 cells transition through numerous intermediate lung epithelial cell states including basal, secretory and AT2 cell in organoids while acquiring proliferative capacity. Our results indicate that Gramd2+ AT1 cells are highly plastic suggesting they may contribute to alveolar regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flodby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.560801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GRAMD2+ alveolar type I cell plasticity facilitates cell state transitions in organoid culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of 2-Fucosyllactose degradation by Human-Associated Akkermansia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2-fucosyllactose (2-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila MucT and A. biwaensis CSUN-19, in HMOS corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, varies between these two species. During mid-log phase growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila. We further show that one putative fucosidase and a {beta}-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2-FL. Our findings indicate that that plasticity of GHs of human associated Akkermansia sp. enable access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont.

IMPORTANCEAkkermansia are mucin degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in growth of A. biwaensis on 2-fucosyllactose (2-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative {beta}-galactosidase and -fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fricker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzetta, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of 2-Fucosyllactose degradation by Human-Associated Akkermansia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic chemotaxis under periodic stimulation shows temporal gradient dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum are starved of nutrients they start to synthesize and secrete the chemical messenger and chemoattractant cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate (cAMP). This signal is relayed by other cells, resulting in the establishment of periodic waves. The cells aggregate through chemotaxis towards the center of these waves. We investigated the chemotactic response of individual cells to repeated exposure to waves of cAMP generated by a microfluidic device. When the period of the waves is short, the chemotactic ability of the cells was found to increase upon exposure to more waves, suggesting the development of a longer-term memory. This effect was not significant for longer wave periods. We show that the experimental results are consistent with a model that includes a slowly rising and decaying component that is activated by the temporal gradient of cAMP concentration. The observed enhancement in chemotaxis is relevant to populations in the wild: once sustained, periodic waves of the chemoattractant are established, it is beneficial to cells to improve their chemotactic ability in order to reach the aggregation center sooner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karmakar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic chemotaxis under periodic stimulation shows temporal gradient dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Requirements for Reverse Transcription by a Diversity-generating Retroelement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) create massive protein sequence variation in ecologically diverse microbes. Variation occurs during reverse transcription of a protein-encoding RNA template coupled to misincorporation at adenosines. In the prototypical Bordetella bacteriophage DGR, the template must be surrounded by upstream and downstream RNA segments for cDNA synthesis by the reverse transcriptase bRT and associated protein Avd. The function of the surrounding RNA was unknown. Cryo-EM revealed that this RNA enveloped bRT and lay over barrel-shaped Avd, forming an intimate ribonucleoprotein (RNP).

An abundance of essential interactions between RNA structural elements and bRT-Avd precisely positioned an RNA homoduplex for initiation of cDNA synthesis by cis-priming. Our results explain how the surrounding RNA primes cDNA synthesis, promotes processivity, terminates polymerization, and strictly limits mutagenesis to select proteins through mechanisms that are likely conserved in DGRs from distant taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Requirements for Reverse Transcription by a Diversity-generating Retroelement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Debate remains around anatomic origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of the structural organization and cellular origins. Here, we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific Mosaic Variant Barcode Analysis. From four hemispheres from two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants (MVs), respectively that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allelic fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted compared with resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome-transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of MVs across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals restrictions of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes that of the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus cell-type resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedunuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation-Driven Design of Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 Immunogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The full-length prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is the principal antigen of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine efficacy has been impacted by emerging variants of concern that accumulate most of the sequence modifications in the immunodominant S1 subunit. S2, in contrast, is the most evolutionarily conserved region of the spike and can elicit broadly neutralizing and protective antibodies. Yet, S2s usage as an alternative vaccine strategy is hampered by its general instability. Here, we use a simulation-driven approach to design S2-only immunogens stabilized in a closed prefusion conformation. Molecular simulations provide a mechanistic characterization of the S2 trimers opening, informing the design of tryptophan substitutions that impart kinetic and thermodynamic stabilization. Structural characterization via cryo-EM shows the molecular basis of S2 stabilization in the closed prefusion conformation. Informed by molecular simulations and corroborated by experiments, we report an engineered S2 immunogen that exhibits increased protein expression, superior thermostability, and preserved immunogenicity against sarbecoviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuqui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acreman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation-Driven Design of Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 Immunogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxycodone Self-Administration in Female Rats is Enhanced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but not by Cannabidiol, in a Progressive Ratio Procedure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the legalization of cannabis may reduce opioid-related harms. Preclinical evidence of neuropharmacological interactions of endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems prompts further investigation of cannabinoids as potential therapeutics for the non-medical use of opioids. In these studies female rats, previously trained to self-administer oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg/infusion) intravenously in 6 h sessions, were allowed to self-administer oxycodone after exposure to cannabidiol (CBD) and {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by vapor inhalation and THC by injection (5.0-20 mg/kg, i.p.). Self-administration was characterized under Progressive Ratio (PR) and Fixed Ratio (FR) 1 schedules of reinforcement in 3 h sessions. THC decreased IVSA of oxycodone in a FR procedure but increased reward seeking in a PR procedure. CBD decreased the IVSA of oxycodone in the FR but not the PR procedure. The results are consistent with an anti-reward effect of CBD but suggest THC acts to increase the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone in this procedure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxycodone Self-Administration in Female Rats is Enhanced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but not by Cannabidiol, in a Progressive Ratio Procedure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking of small and large variants across tandem repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem repeats (TRs) are highly polymorphic in the human genome, have thousands of associated molecular traits, and are linked to over 60 disease phenotypes. However, their complexity often excludes them from at-scale studies due to challenges with variant calling, representation, and lack of a genome-wide standard. To promote TR methods development, we create a comprehensive catalog of TR regions and explore its properties across 86 samples. We then curate variants from the GIAB HG002 individual to create a tandem repeat benchmark. We also present a variant comparison method that handles small and large alleles and varying allelic representation. The 8.1% of the genome covered by the TR catalog holds [~]24.9% of variants per individual, including 124,728 small and 17,988 large variants for the GIAB HG002 TR benchmark. We work with the GIAB community to demonstrate the utility of this benchmark across short and long read technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>English, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziaei-Jam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckenzie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Coster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking of small and large variants across tandem repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Injury Knowledge Ontology (BIKO) for traumatic brain injury: Formalizing concepts and methods used in translational traumatic brain injury research. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an insult to the brain resulting from an external force and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. No effective clinical therapeutics currently exist for this injury. Although several therapies and procedures have been deemed successful for TBI treatment in preclinical research studies, they have yet to be translated into human patients. These discouraging results have left many scientists questioning the role of animal models in drug discovery for TBI.

One major hurdle in translating the knowledge obtained in the laboratory to the clinic is the methodological variance across these studies. This variance can hinder the ability to draw conclusions from conflicting studies and aggregate data across various research studies, which ultimately impedes the ability to aggregate data across these studies. Therefore, addressing this variance is crucial for bridging the gap between the laboratory and the clinic. The increasing volume of papers and associated data being published every day makes this hurdle even more difficult to overcome. The initial steps to address these knowledge gaps are identifying these studies and creating a shared knowledge framework for mapping their terminology. We are developing the Brain Injury Knowledge Ontology (BIKO) to create a standardized model to describe methods and outcome measures used within preclinical and clinical TBI therapy studies to facilitate comparison across studies and models. The first version of BIKO focuses on modeling the major preclinical TBI models, e.g., Controlled Cortical Impact Model, Fluid Percussion Model, and Weight-Drop Model), major neurological injuries related to these models and their relationship to clinical pathophysiology. We show how BIKO provides a machine-readable way to represent the methodologies used in TBI therapeutic studies to compare models across clinically relevant features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surles-Zeigler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sincomb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Injury Knowledge Ontology (BIKO) for traumatic brain injury: Formalizing concepts and methods used in translational traumatic brain injury research.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe alpha rhythm (7-13 Hz) is the longest studied brain oscillation and has been theorized to play a key role in cognition. Still, substantial uncertainty remains over its physiology. In this study, we used micro and macro electrodes in patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy to measure the intracortical and thalamic generators of the human alpha rhythm. We first found that alpha propagates from higher-order anterosuperior cortex towards the lower-order occipital poles, consistent with alpha effecting top-down processing. This cortical alpha drives thalamic alpha, reversing prevailing theories of a thalamic alpha pacemaker. Finally, alpha is dominated by currents and firing in supragranular cortex, contravening the popular conception of alpha as an infragranular rhythm. Together, these results demonstrate that the alpha rhythm reflects short-range supragranular feedback which propagates from higher-order to lower order cortex and cortex to thalamus. These physiological insights explain how alpha could mediate feedback throughout the thalamocortical system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halgren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastuji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak-McCully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Generation and Propagation of the Human Alpha Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulating human sleep spindle MEG and EEG from ion channel and circuit level dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough they form a unitary phenomenon, the relationship between extracranial M/EEG and transmembrane ion flows is understood only as a general principle rather than as a well-articulated and quantified causal chain.nnMethodWe present an integrated multiscale model, consisting of a neural simulation of thalamus and cortex during stage N2 sleep and a biophysical model projecting cortical current densities to M/EEG fields. Sleep spindles were generated through the interactions of local and distant network connections and intrinsic currents within thalamocortical circuits. 32,652 cortical neurons were mapped onto the cortical surface reconstructed from subjects MRI, interconnected based on geodesic distances, and scaled-up to current dipole densities based on laminar recordings in humans. MRIs were used to generate a quasi-static electromagnetic model enabling simulated cortical activity to be projected to the M/EEG sensors.nnResultsThe simulated M/EEG spindles were similar in amplitude and topography to empirical examples in the same subjects. Simulated spindles with more core-dominant activity were more MEG weighted.nnComparison with Existing MethodsPrevious models lacked either spindle-generating thalamic neural dynamics or whole head biophysical modeling; the framework presented here is the first to simultaneously capture these disparate scales simultaneously.nnConclusionsThis multiscale model provides a platform for the principled quantitative integration of existing information relevant to the generation of sleep spindles, and allows the implications of future findings to be explored. It provides a proof of principle for a methodological framework allowing large-scale integrative brain oscillations to be understood in terms of their underlying channels and synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rulkov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulating human sleep spindle MEG and EEG from ion channel and circuit level dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of episodic memory is the phenomenon of mentally re-experiencing the details of past events, and a well-established concept is that the neuronal activity that mediates encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for reinstatement has come from multiple modalities, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). These EEG studies have shed light on the time-course of reinstatement, but have been limited to distinguishing between a few categories and/or limited measures of memory strength. The goal of this work was to investigate whether recently developed experimental and technical approaches, namely an inverted encoding model applied to alpha oscillatory power in conjunction with sensitive tests of memory retrieval in a continuous space, can track and reconstruct memory retrieval of specific spatial locations. In Experiment 1, we establish that an inverted encoding model applied to multivariate alpha topography can track retrieval of precise spatial memories. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that the pattern of multivariate alpha activity at study is similar to the pattern observed during retrieval. Finally, we observe that these encoding models predict memory retrieval behavior, including the accuracy and latency of recall. These findings highlight the broad potential for using encoding models to characterize long-term memory retrieval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of autism recurrence risk by direct assessment of paternal sperm mosaicism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo genetic mutations represent a major contributor to pediatric disease, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), congenital heart disease, and muscular dystrophies1,2, but there are currently no methods to prevent or predict them. These mutations are classically thought to occur either at low levels in progenitor cells or at the time of fertilization1,3 and are often assigned a low risk of recurrence in siblings4,5. Here, we directly assess the presence of de novo mutations in paternal sperm and discover abundant, germline-restricted mosaicism. From a cohort of ASD cases, employing single molecule genotyping, we found that four out of 14 fathers were germline mosaic for a putatively causative mutation transmitted to the affected child. Three of these were enriched or exclusively present in sperm at high allelic fractions (AF; 7-15%); and one was recurrently transmitted to two additional affected children, representing clinically actionable information. Germline mosaicism was further assessed by deep (>90x) whole genome sequencing of four paternal sperm samples, which detected 12/355 transmitted de novo single nucleotide variants that were mosaic above 2% AF, and more than two dozen additional, non-transmitted mosaic variants in paternal sperm. Our results demonstrate that germline mosaicism is an underestimated phenomenon, which has important implications for clinical practice and in understanding the basis of human disease. Genetic analysis of sperm can assess individualized recurrence risk following the birth of a child with a de novo disease, as well as the risk in any male planning to have children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musaev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy-Venneri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sticca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of autism recurrence risk by direct assessment of paternal sperm mosaicism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Id proteins suppress E2A-driven innate-like T cell development prior to TCR selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Id proteins have been shown to promote the differentiation of conventional {beta} and {gamma}{delta}T cells, and to suppress the expansion of invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells and innate-like {gamma}{delta}NKT within their respective cell lineages. However, it remains to be determined whether Id proteins regulate lineage specification in developing T cells that give rise to these distinct cell fates. Here we report that in the absence of Id2 and Id3 proteins, E2A prematurely activates genes critical for the iNKT cell lineage prior to TCR expression. Enhanced iNKT development in Id3-deficient mice lacking {gamma}{delta} NKT cells suggests that Id3 regulates the lineage competition between these populations. RNA-Seq analysis establishes E2A as the transcriptional regulator of both iNKT and {gamma}{delta}NKT development. In the absence of pre-TCR signaling, Id2/Id3 deletion gives rise to a large population of iNKT cells and a unique innate-like DP population, despite the block in conventional {beta} T cell development. The transcriptional profile of these unique DP cells reflects enrichment of innate-like signature genes, including PLZF (Zbtb16) and Granzyme A (Gzma). Results from these genetic models and genome-wide analyses suggest that Id proteins suppress E2A-driven innate-like T cell programs prior to TCR selection to enforce predominance of conventional T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Id proteins suppress E2A-driven innate-like T cell development prior to TCR selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence Transfer Learning for Neural Decoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental challenge in designing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is decoding behavior from time-varying neural oscillations. in typical applications, decoders are constructed for individual subjects and with limited data leading to restrictions on the types of models that can be utilized. currently, the best performing decoders are typically linear models capable of utilizing rigid timing constraints with limited training data. Here we demonstrate the use of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to take advantage of the temporal information present in sequential neural data collected from subjects implanted with electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrode arrays performing a finger flexion task. our constructed models are capable of achieving accuracies that are comparable to existing techniques while also being robust to variation in sample data size. Moreover, we utilize the LSTM networks and an affine transformation layer to construct a novel architecture for transfer learning. We demonstrate that in scenarios where only the affine transform is learned for a new subject, it is possible to achieve results comparable to existing state-of-the-art techniques. The notable advantage is the increased stability of the model during training on novel subjects. Relaxing the constraint of only training the affine transformation, we establish our model as capable of exceeding performance of current models across all training data sizes. Overall, this work demonstrates that LSTMS are a versatile model that can accurately capture temporal patterns in neural data and can provide a foundation for transfer learning in neural decoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elango, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence Transfer Learning for Neural Decoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual Regression: An Accurate and Conveniently Interpretable Nonlinear Model for Mining Discovery from Scientific Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning algorithms such as linear regression, SVM and neural network have played an increasingly important role in the process of scientific discovery. However, none of them is both interpretable and accurate on nonlinear datasets. Here we present contextual regression, a method that joins these two desirable properties together using a hybrid architecture of neural network embedding and dot product layer. We demonstrate its high prediction accuracy and sensitivity through the task of predictive feature selection on a simulated dataset and the application of predicting open chromatin sites in the human genome. On the simulated data, our method achieved high fidelity recovery of feature contributions under random noise levels up to {+/-}200%. On the open chromatin dataset, the application of our method not only outperformed the state of the art method in terms of accuracy, but also unveiled two previously unfound open chromatin related histone marks. Our method fills in the gap of accurate and interpretable nonlinear modeling in scientific data mining tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual Regression: An Accurate and Conveniently Interpretable Nonlinear Model for Mining Discovery from Scientific Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative proteomic analysis of auxin signaling during seedling development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auxin induces rapid gene expression changes throughout plant development. How these transcriptional responses relate to changes in protein abundance is not well characterized. We have identified auxin regulated proteins in whole seedlings, roots and hypocotyls and at three different time points (30 min, 120 min and 3 hours) using an iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) based quantitative proteomics approach. These profiling experiments detected 4,701 proteins from seedling tissue, 6,740 proteins from root tissue and 3,925 proteins from hypocotyl tissue. Comparisons between the differentially expressed proteins data sets showed little overlap, suggesting that auxin proteomes exhibit both temporal and spatial specificity. Numerous proteins showed significant changes in abundance following auxin treatment independent of changes in cognate transcript abundance. This includes several well characterized proteins with various roles in auxin pathways, suggesting that complex gene regulation mechanisms follow auxin signaling events. Specifically, regulation of translation may play a role as inferred from MapMan categorization analyses and protein interaction networks comprised of auxin regulated proteins. Additionally, functional categorization of auxin regulated proteins indicates rapid and complex metabolic changes occur in both roots and hypocotyls in response to auxin which are not apparent from transcriptome analyses. Altogether these data describe novel auxin-regulated proteomes and are an excellent resource for identifying new downstream signaling components related to auxin-mediated plant growth and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative proteomic analysis of auxin signaling during seedling development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processive movement of actin by biased polymerization: a new paradigm of axonal transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classic pulse-chase studies have shown that actin is conveyed in slow axonal transport, but the mechanistic basis for this movement is unknown. Recently, we reported that axonal actin was surprisingly dynamic, with focal assembly/dis-assembly events ("hotspots") and elongating polymers along the axon-shaft ("trails"). Using a combination of live imaging, super-resolution microscopy, and modeling, here we explore how these axonal actin dynamics can lead to processive transport. We found abundant actin nucleation, along with a slow, anterogradely-biased flow of actin in axon-shafts. Starting with first principles of monomer/filament assembly - and incorporating imaging data - we generated a quantitative model simulating axonal hotspots and trails. Our simulations predict that the axonal actin dynamics indeed lead to an anterogradely-biased flow of the population, at rates consistent with slow transport. Collectively, the data point to a surprising scenario where local assembly and biased polymerization generate the slow axonal transport of actin. This mechanism is distinct from polymer-sliding, and seems well suited to convey highly dynamic cytoskeletal cargoes.nnAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by an NIH grant to SR (R01NS075233). The authors thank Stephanie Gupton (UNC) for the Mena/Vasp constructs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processive movement of actin by biased polymerization: a new paradigm of axonal transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Site Comparison of Ribosomal Depletion Kits for Illumina RNAseq Library Construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprises at least 90% of total RNA extracted from mammalian tissue or cell line samples. Informative transcriptional profiling using massively parallel sequencing technologies requires either enrichment of mature poly-adenylated transcripts or targeted depletion of the rRNA fraction. The latter method is of particular interest because it is compatible with degraded samples such as those extracted from FFPE and also captures transcripts that are not poly-adenylated such as some non-coding RNAs. Here we provide a cross-site study that evaluates the performance of ribosomal RNA removal kits from Illumina, Takara/Clontech, Kapa Biosystems, Lexogen, New England Biolabs and Qiagen on intact and degraded RNA samples. We find that all of the kits are capable of performing significant ribosomal depletion, though there are differences in their ease of use. All kits were able to remove ribosomal RNA to below 20% with intact RNA and identify [~]14,000 protein coding genes from the Universal Human Reference RNA sample at >1FPKM. Analysis of differentially detected genes between kits suggests that transcript length may be a key factor in library production efficiency. These results provide a roadmap for labs on the strengths of each of these methods and how best to utilize them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbert, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kershner, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butty, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thimmapuram, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseyev, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podnar, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gipson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillaspy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BonDurant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkeley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeClerc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerville, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimmett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Site Comparison of Ribosomal Depletion Kits for Illumina RNAseq Library Construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Recruitment of Cortical Neurons by Electrical Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its critical importance in experimental and clinical neuroscience, at present there is no systematic method to predict which neural elements will be activated by a given stimulation regime. Here we develop a novel approach to model the effect of cortical stimulation on spiking probability of neurons in a volume of tissue, by applying an analytical estimate of stimulation-induced activation of different cell types across cortical layers. We utilize the morphology and properties of axonal arborization profiles obtained from publicly available anatomical reconstructions of the twelve main categories of neocortical neurons to derive the dependence of activation probability on cell type, layer and distance from the source. We then propagate this activity through the local network incorporating connectivity, synaptic and cellular properties. Our work predicts that (a) intracranial cortical stimulation induces selective activation across cell types and layers; (b) superficial anodal stimulation is more effective than cathodal at cell activation; (c) cortical surface stimulation focally activates layer I axons, and (d) an optimal stimulation intensity exists capable of eliciting cell activation lasting beyond the end of stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Komarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Recruitment of Cortical Neurons by Electrical Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A linear-time algorithm to sample the dual-birth model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to sample models of tree evolution is essential in the analysis and interpretation of phylogenetic trees. The dual-birth model is an extension of the traditional birth-only model and allows for sampling trees of varying degrees of balance. However, for a tree with n leaves, the tree sampling algorithm proposed in the original paper is [O](n log n). I propose an algorithm to sample trees under the dual-birth model in [O](n), and I provide a fast C++ implementation of the proposed algorithm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A linear-time algorithm to sample the dual-birth model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic potential and disturbance rejection of glycolytic kinases in the human red blood cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The allosteric regulation of metabolic enzymes plays a key role in controlling the flux through metabolic pathways. The activity of such enzymes is traditionally described by allosteric rate laws in complex kinetic models of metabolic network function. As an alternative, we describe the fraction of the regulated enzyme that is in an active form by developing a detailed reaction network of all known ligand binding events to the enzyme. This fraction is the fundamental result of metabolic regulation as it represents the "tug of war" among the various regulators and substrates that determine the utilization of the enzyme. The active fraction corresponds to the utilization of the catalytic potential of the enzyme. Using well developed kinetic models of human red blood cell (RBC) glycolysis, we characterize the catalytic potential of its three key kinases: hexokinase (HEX), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PYK). We then compute their time-dependent interacting catalytic potentials. We show how detailed kinetic models of the management of the catalytic potential of the three kinases elucidates disturbance rejection capabilities of glycolysis. Further, we examine the sensitivity of the catalytic potential through an examination of existing personalized RBC models, providing a physiologically-meaningful sampling of the feasible parameter space. The graphical representation of the dynamic interactions of the individual kinase catalytic potential adjustment provides an easy way to understand how a robust homeostatic state is maintained through interacting allosteric regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcantar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic potential and disturbance rejection of glycolytic kinases in the human red blood cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIFRAF: a frame-resolving consensus algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationProtein coding genes can be studied using long-read next generation sequencing. However, high rates of indel sequencing errors are problematic, corrupting the reading frame. Even the consensus of multiple independent sequence reads retains indel errors. To solve this problem, we introduce RIFRAF, a sequence consensus algorithm that takes a set of error-prone reads and a reference sequence and infers an accurate in-frame consensus. RIFRAF uses a novel structure, analogous to a two-layer hidden Markov model: the consensus is optimized to maximize alignment scores with both the set of noisy reads and with a reference. The template-to-reads component of the model encodes the preponderance of indels, and is sensitive to the per-base quality scores, giving greater weight to more accurate bases. The reference-to-template component of the model penalizes frame-destroying indels. A local search algorithm proceeds in stages to find the best consensus sequence for both objectives.nnResultsUsing Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequences of NL4-3 env, we compare our approach to other consensus and frame correction methods. RIFRAF consistently finds a consensus sequence that is more accurate and in-frame, especially with small numbers of reads. It was able to perfectly reconstruct over 80% of consensus sequences from as few as three reads, whereas the best alternative required twice as many. RIFRAF is able to achieve these results and keep the consensus in-frame even with a distantly related reference sequence. Moreover, unlike other frame correction methods, RIFRAF can detect and keep true indels while removing erroneous ones.nnAvailabilityRIFRAF is implemented in Julia, and source code is publicly available at https://github.com/MurrellGroup/Rifraf.jlnnContactbmurrell@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIFRAF: a frame-resolving consensus algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale model of the proteomic and metabolic consequences of reactive oxygen species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Catalysis using iron-sulfur clusters and transition metals can be traced back to the last universal common ancestor. The damage to metalloproteins caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can completely inhibit cell growth when unmanaged and thus elicits an essential stress response that is universal and fundamental in biology. We develop a computable multi-scale description of the ROS stress response in Escherichia coli. We show that this quantitative framework allows for the understanding and prediction of ROS stress responses at three levels: 1) pathways: amino acid auxotrophies, 2) networks: the systemic response to ROS stress, and 3) genetic basis: adaptation to ROS stress during laboratory evolution. These results show that we can now develop fundamental and quantitative genotype-phenotype relationships for stress responses on a genome-wide basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broddrick, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale model of the proteomic and metabolic consequences of reactive oxygen species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly-free and alignment-free sample identification using genome skims 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to quickly and inexpensively describe taxonomic diversity is critical in this era of rapid climate and biodiversity changes. The currently preferred molecular technique, barcoding, has been very successful, but is based on short organelle markers. Recently, an alternative genome-skimming approach has been proposed: low-pass sequencing (100Mb - several Gb per sample) is applied to voucher and/or query samples, and marker genes and/or organelle genomes are recovered computationally. The current practice of genome-skimming discards the vast majority of the data because the low coverage of genome-skims prevents assembling the nuclear genomes. In contrast, we suggest using all unassembled reads directly, but existing methods poorly support this goal. We introduce a new alignment-free tool, Skmer, to estimate genomic distances between the query and each reference genome-skim using the k-mer decomposition of reads. We test Skmer on a large set of insect and bird genomes, sub-sampled to create genome-skims. Skmer shows great accuracy in estimating genomic distances, identifying the closest match in a reference dataset, and inferring the phylogeny. The software is publicly available on https://github.com/shahab-sarmashghi/Skmer.git
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarmashghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly-free and alignment-free sample identification using genome skims]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Full-Length Envelope Analyzer (FLEA): A tool for longitudinal analysis of viral amplicons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next generation sequencing of viral populations has advanced our understanding of viral population dynamics, the development of drug resistance, and escape from host immune responses. Many applications require complete gene sequences, which can be impossible to reconstruct from short reads. HIV-1 env, the protein of interest for HIV vaccine studies, is exceptionally challenging for long-read sequencing and analysis due to its length, high substitution rate, and extensive indel variation. While long-read sequencing is attractive in this setting, the analysis of such data is not well handled by existing methods. To address this, we introduce FLEA (Full-Length Envelope Analyzer), which performs end-to-end analysis and visualization of long-read sequencing data.nnFLEA consists of both a pipeline (optionally run on a high-performance cluster), and a client-side web application that provides interactive results. The pipeline transforms FASTQ reads into high-quality consensus sequences (HQCSs) and uses them to build a codon-aware multiple sequence alignment. The resulting alignment is then used to infer phylogenies, selection pressure, and evolutionary dynamics. The web application provides publication-quality plots and interactive visualizations, including an annotated viral alignment browser, time series plots of evolutionary dynamics, visualizations of gene-wide selective pressures (such as dN /dS) across time and across protein structure, and a phylogenetic tree browser.nnWe demonstrate how FLEA may be used to process Pacific Biosciences HIV-1 env data and describe recent examples of its use. Simulations show how FLEA dramatically reduces the error rate of this sequencing platform, providing an accurate portrait of complex and variable HIV-1 env populations.nnA public instance of FLEA is hosted at http://flea.datamonkey.org. The Python source code for the FLEA pipeline can be found at https://github.com/veg/flea-pipeline. The client-side application is available at https://github.com/veg/flea-web-app. A live demo of the P018 results can be found at http://flea.murrell.group/view/P018.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketteringham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosakovsky Pond, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Full-Length Envelope Analyzer (FLEA): A tool for longitudinal analysis of viral amplicons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exquisite spatiotemporal precision of human intracranial EEG recordings (iEEG) permits characterizing neural processing with a level of detail that is inaccessible to scalp-EEG, MEG, or fMRI. However, the same qualities that make iEEG an exceptionally powerful tool also present unique challenges. Until now, the fusion of anatomical data (MRI and CT images) with the electrophysiological data and its subsequent analysis has relied on technologically and conceptually challenging combinations of software. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that addresses the complexities associated with human iEEG, providing complete transparency and flexibility in the evolution of raw data into illustrative representations. The protocol is directly integrated with an open source toolbox for electrophysiological data analysis (FieldTrip). This allows iEEG researchers to build on a continuously growing body of scriptable and reproducible analysis methods that, over the past decade, have been developed and employed by a large research community. We demonstrate the protocol for an example complex iEEG data set to provide an intuitive and rapid approach to dealing with both neuroanatomical information and large electrophysiological data sets. We explain how the protocol can be largely automated, taking under an hour to complete, and readily adjusted to iEEG data sets with other characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostenveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide association study of behavioral, physiological and gene expression traits in a multigenerational mouse intercross 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LG/J x SM/J advanced intercross line of mice (LG x SM AIL) is a multigenerational outbred population. High minor allele frequencies, a simple genetic background, and the fully sequenced LG and SM genomes make it a powerful population for genome-wide association studies. Here we use 1,063 AIL mice to identify 126 significant associations for 50 traits relevant to human health and disease. We also identify thousands of cis- and trans-eQTLs in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex of [~]200 mice. We replicate an association between locomotor activity and Csmd1, which we identified in an earlier generation of this AIL, and show that Csmd1 mutant mice recapitulate the locomotor phenotype. Our results demonstrate the utility of the LG x SM AIL as a mapping population, identify numerous novel associations, and shed light on the genetic architecture of mammalian behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide association study of behavioral, physiological and gene expression traits in a multigenerational mouse intercross]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study of the mitotic chromatin shows involvement of histone modifications in bookmarking and reveals nucleosome deposition patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitosis encompasses key molecular changes including chromatin condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and reduced transcription levels. Immediately after mitosis, the interphase chromatin structure is reestablished and transcription resumes. The reestablishment of the interphase chromatin is probably achieved by  bookmarking, i.e., the retention of at least partial information during mitosis. Yet, while recent studies demonstrate that chromatin accessibility is generally preserved during mitosis and is only locally modulated, the exact details of the bookmarking process and its components are still unclear. To gain a deeper understanding of the mitotic bookmarking process, we merged proteomics, immunofluorescence, and ChIP-seq approaches to study the mitotic and interphase genomic organization of human cells. We focused on key histone modifications and employed HeLa-S3 cells as a model system. Generally, we observed a global concordance between the genomic organization of histone modifications in interphase and mitosis, yet the abundance of the two types of modifications we investigated was different. Whereas histone methylation patterns remain highly similar, histone acetylation patterns show a general reduction while maintaining their genomic organization. These results demonstrate that the epigenomic landscape can serve as a major component of the mitotic bookmarking process. Next, to further investigate mitosis-associated chromatin changes, we followed up on previous studies that showed that nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs) become occupied by a nucleosome during mitosis. Surprisingly, we observed that the nucleosome introduced into the NDR during mitosis encompasses a distinctive set of histone modifications, differentiating it from the surrounding nucleosomes. We show that the nucleosomes near the NDR appear to both shift into the NDR during mitosis and adopt a unique modification pattern. HDAC inhibition by the small molecule TSA reverts this pattern. These results provide evidence for a mitotic deposition and change in the modifications of the nucleosomes surrounding the NDR. Altogether, by merging multiple approaches, our study provides evidence to support a model where mitotic bookmarking is achieved by histone modifications and uncovers new insights into the deposition of nucleosomes during mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javasky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study of the mitotic chromatin shows involvement of histone modifications in bookmarking and reveals nucleosome deposition patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative: Overview and Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic factors contribute to anorexia nervosa (AN); and the first genome-wide significant locus has been identified. We describe methods and procedures for the Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (ANGI), an international collaboration designed to rapidly recruit 13000 individuals with AN as well as ancestrally matched controls. We present sample characteristics and the utility of an online eating disorder diagnostic questionnaire suitable for large-scale genetic and population research.nnMethodsANGI recruited from the United States (US), Australia/New Zealand (ANZ), Sweden (SE), and Denmark (DK). Recruitment was via national registers (SE, DK); treatment centers (US, ANZ, SE, DK); and social and traditional media (US, ANZ, SE). All cases had a lifetime AN diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria (excluding amenorrhea). Recruited controls had no lifetime history of disordered eating behaviors. To assess the positive and negative predictive validity of the online eating disorder questionnaire (ED100K-v1), 109 women also completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Module H.nnResultsBlood samples and clinical information were collected from 13,364 individuals with lifetime AN and from controls. Online diagnostic phenotyping was effective and efficient; the validity of the questionnaire was acceptable.nnConclusionsOur multipronged recruitment approach was highly effective for rapid recruitment and can be used as a model for efforts by other groups. High online presence of individuals with AN rendered the Internet/social media a remarkably effective recruitment tool in some countries. ANGI has substantially augmented Psychiatric Genomics Consortium AN sample collection. ANGI is a registered clinical trial: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01916538; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01916538?cond=Anorexia+Nervosa&draw=1&rank=3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munn-Chernoff, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jureus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henders, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halmi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodside, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwood, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgegard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norring, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative: Overview and Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivariate Gaussian Mixture Model of GWAS (BGMG)quantifies polygenic overlap between complex traitsbeyond genetic correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/240275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence from genome wide association studies (GWAS) suggests an abundance of shared genetic influences among complex human traits and disorders, such as mental disorders. While current cross-trait analytical methods focus on genetic correlation between traits, we developed a novel statistical tool (MiXeR), which quantifies polygenic overlap independent of genetic correlation, using summary statistics from GWAS. MiXeR results can be presented as a Venn diagram of unique and shared polygenic components across traits. At 90% of SNP-heritability explained for each phenotype, MiXeR estimates that more than 9K variants causally influence schizophrenia, 7K influence bipolar disorder, and out of those variants 6.9K are shared between these two disorders, which have high genetic correlation. Further, MiXeR uncovers extensive polygenic overlap between schizophrenia and educational attainment. Despite a genetic correlation close to zero, these traits share more than 9K causal variants, while 3K additional variants only influence educational attainment. By considering the polygenicity, heritability and discoverability of complex phenotypes, MiXeR provides a more complete quantification of shared genetic architecture than offered by other available tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witoelar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/240275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivariate Gaussian Mixture Model of GWAS (BGMG)quantifies polygenic overlap between complex traitsbeyond genetic correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IMPROVEMENTS TO BAYESIAN GENE ACTIVITY STATE ESTIMATION FROM GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOMICS DATA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important question in many biological applications, is to estimate or classify gene activity states (active or inactive) based on genome-wide transcriptomics data. Recently, we proposed a Bayesian method, titled MultiMM, which showed superior results compared to existing methods. In short, MultiMM performed better than existing methods on both simulated and real gene expression data, confirming well-known biological results and yielding better agreement with fluxomics data. Despite these promising results, MultiMM has numerous limitations. First, MultiMM leverages co-regulatory models to improve activity state estimates, but information about co-regulation is incorporated in a manner that assumes that networks are known with certainty. Second, MultiMM assumes that genes that change states in the dataset can be distinguished with certainty from those that remain in one state. Third, the model can be sensitive to extreme measures (outliers) of gene expression. In this manuscript, we propose a modified Bayesian approach, which addresses these three limitations by improving outlier handling and by explicitly modeling network and other uncertainty yielding improved gene activity state estimates when compared to MultiMM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Disselkoen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJongh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tintle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IMPROVEMENTS TO BAYESIAN GENE ACTIVITY STATE ESTIMATION FROM GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOMICS DATA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral gain-of-function experiments uncover residues under diversifying selection in nature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/242495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral gain-of-function mutations are commonly observed in the laboratory; however, it is unknown whether those mutations also evolve in nature. We identify two key residues in the host recognition protein of bacteriophage {lambda} that are necessary to exploit a new receptor; both residues repeatedly evolved among homologs from environmental samples. Our results provide evidence for widespread host-shift evolution in nature and a proof of concept for integrating experiments with genomic epidemiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/242495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral gain-of-function experiments uncover residues under diversifying selection in nature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of Long Error-Prone Reads Using Repeat Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The problem of genome assembly is ultimately linked to the problem of the characterization of all repeat families in a genome as a repeat graph. The key reason the de Bruijn graph emerged as a popular short read assembly approach is because it offered an elegant representation of all repeats in a genome that reveals their mosaic structure. However, most algorithms for assembling long error-prone reads use an alternative overlap-layout-consensus (OLC) approach that does not provide a repeat characterization. We present the Flye algorithm for constructing the A-Bruijn (assembly) graph from long error-prone reads, that, in contrast to the k-mer-based de Bruijn graph, assembles genomes using an alignment-based A-Bruijn graph. In difference from existing assemblers, Flye does not attempt to construct accurate contigs (at least at the initial assembly stage) but instead simply generates arbitrary paths in the (unknown) assembly graph and further constructs an assembly graph from these paths. Counter-intuitively, this fast but seemingly reckless approach results in the same graph as the assembly graph constructed from accurate contigs. Flye constructs (overlapping) contigs with possible assembly errors at the initial stage, combines them into an accurate assembly graph, resolves repeats in the assembly graph using small variations between various repeat instances that were left unresolved during the initial assembly stage, constructs a new, less tangled assembly graph based on resolved repeats, and finally outputs accurate contigs as paths in this graph. We benchmark Flye against several state-of-the-art Single Molecule Sequencing assemblers and demonstrate that it generates better or comparable assemblies for all analyzed datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of Long Error-Prone Reads Using Repeat Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing concentration-dependent neural dynamics of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/252726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epilepsy remains one of the most common neurological disorders. In patients, it is characterized by unprovoked, spontaneous, and recurring seizures or ictal events. Typically, inter-ictal events or large bouts of population level activity can be measured between seizures and are generally asymptomatic. Decades of research has focused on understanding the mechanisms leading to the development of seizure-like activity using various proconvulsive pharmacological agents, including 4-aimnopyridine (4AP). However, the lack of consistency in the concentrations used for studying 4AP-induced epileptiform activity in animal models may give rise to differences in the results and interpretation thereof. Indeed, the range of 4AP concentration in both in vivo and in vitro studies varies from 3M to 40mM. Here, we explored the effects of various 4AP concentrations on the development and characteristics of hippocampal epileptiform activity in acute mouse brain slices of either sex. Using multielectrode array recordings, we show that 4AP induces hippocampal epileptiform activity for broad range of concentrations. The frequency component and the spatio-temporal patterns of the epileptiform activity revealed a dose-dependent response. Finally, in the presence of 4AP, reduction of KCC2 co-transporter activity by KCC2 antagonist VU0240551 prevented the manifestation of the frequency component differences between different concentrations of 4AP. Overall, the study predicts that different concentrations of 4AP can result in the different mechanisms behind hippocampal epileptiform activity, of which some are dependent on the KCC2 co-transporter function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing concentration-dependent neural dynamics of 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond synthetic lethality: multiple gene interaction types play a key functional role in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phenotypic effect of perturbing a genes activity depends on the activity level of other genes, reflecting the notion that phenotypes are emergent properties of a network of functionally interacting genes. In the context of cancer, contemporary investigations have primarily focused on just one type of functional genetic interaction (GI) - synthetic lethality (SL). However, there may be additional types of GIs whose systematic identification would enrich the molecular and functional characterization of cancer. Here, we describe a novel data-driven approach called EnGIne, that applied to TCGA data identifies 71,946 GIs spanning 12 distinct types, only a small minority of which are SLs. The detected GIs explain cancer driver genes tissue-specificity and differences in patients response to drugs, and stratify breast cancer tumors into refined subtypes. These results expand the scope of cancer GIs and lay a conceptual and computational basis for future studies of additional types of GIs and their translational applications. The GI network is accessible online via a web portal [https://amagen.shinyapps.io/cancerapp/].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharmin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond synthetic lethality: multiple gene interaction types play a key functional role in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific impact of prenatal androgens on intrinsic functional connectivity between social brain default mode subsystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/253310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many early-onset neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism affect males more frequently than females and affect corresponding domains such as social cognition, social-communication, language, emotion, and reward. Testosterone is well-known for its role as a sex-related biological mechanism and affects these conditions and domains of functioning. Developmentally, testosterone may sex-differentially impact early fetal brain development by influencing early neuronal development and synaptic mechanisms behind cortical circuit formation, particularly for circuits that later develop specialized roles in such cognitive domains. Here we find that variation in fetal testosterone (FT) exerts sex-specific effects on later adolescent functional connectivity between social brain default mode network (DMN) subsystems. Increased FT is associated with dampening of functional connectivity between DMN subsystems in adolescent males, but has no effect in females. To isolate specific prenatal neurobiological mechanisms behind this effect, we examined changes in gene expression identified following a treatment with a potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in an in-vitro model of human neural stem cell (hNSC). We previously showed that DHT-dysregulates genes enriched with known syndromic causes for autism and intellectual disability. DHT dysregulates genes in hNSCs involved in early neurodevelopmental processes such as neurogenesis, cell differentiation, regionalization, and pattern specification. A significant number of these DHT-dysregulated genes shows spatial expression patterns in the adult brain that highly correspond to the spatial layout of the cortical midline DMN subsystem. These DMN-related and DHT-affected genes (e.g., MEF2C) are involved in a number of synaptic processes, many of which impact excitation/inhibition imbalance. Focusing on MEF2C, we find replicable upregulation of expression after DHT treatment as well as dysregulated expression in induced pluripotent stem cells and neurons of individuals with autism. This work highlights sex-specific prenatal androgen influence on social brain DMN circuitry and autism-related mechanisms and suggests that such influence may impact early neurodevelopmental processes (e.g., neurogenesis, cell differentiation) and later developing synaptic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramparo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quartier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courraud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruigrok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific impact of prenatal androgens on intrinsic functional connectivity between social brain default mode subsystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide selection scans integrated with association mapping reveal mechanisms of physiological adaptation across a salinity gradient in killifish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive divergence between marine and freshwater environments is important in generating phyletic diversity within fishes, but the genetic basis of adaptation to freshwater habitats remains poorly understood. Available approaches to detect adaptive loci include genome scans for selection, but these can be difficult to interpret because of incomplete knowledge of the connection between genotype and phenotype. In contrast, genome wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful tools for linking genotype to phenotype, but offer limited insight into the evolutionary forces shaping variation. Here, we combine GWAS and selection scans to identify loci important in the adaptation of complex physiological traits to freshwater environments. We focused on freshwater (FW)-native and brackish water (BW)-native populations of the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) as well as a population that is a natural admixture of these two populations. We measured phenotypes for multiple physiological traits that differ between populations and that may contribute to adaptation across osmotic niches (salinity tolerance, hypoxia tolerance, metabolic rate, and body shape) and used a reduced representation approach for genome-wide genotyping. Our results show patterns of population divergence in physiological capabilities that are consistent with local adaptation. Selection scans between BW-native and FW-native populations identified genomic regions that presumably aect fitness between BW and FW environments, while GWAS revealed loci that contribute to variation for each physiological trait. There was substantial overlap in the genomic regions putatively under selection and loci associated with the measured physiological traits, suggesting that these phenotypes are important for adaptive divergence between BW and FW environments. Our analysis also implicates candidate genes likely involved in physiological capabilities, some of which validate a priori hypotheses. Together, these data provide insight into the mechanisms that enable diversification of fishes across osmotic boundaries.nnAuthor SummaryIdentifying the genes that underlie adaptation is important for understanding the evolutionary process, but this is technically challenging. We bring multiple lines of evidence to bear for identifying genes that underlie adaptive divergence. Specifically, we integrate genotype-phenotype association mapping with genome-wide scans for signatures of natural selection to reveal genes that underlie phenotypic variation and that are adaptive in populations of killifish that are diverging between marine and freshwater environments. Because adaptation is likely manifest in multiple physiological traits, we focus on hypoxia tolerance, salinity tolerance, and metabolic rate; traits that are divergent between marine and freshwater populations. We show that each of these phenotypes is evolving by natural selection between environments; genetic variants that contribute to variation in these physiological traits tend to be evolving by natural selection between marine and freshwater populations. Furthermore, one of our top candidate genes provides a mechanistic explanation for previous hypotheses that suggest the adaptive importance of cellular tight junctions. Together, these data demonstrate a powerful approach to identify genes involved in adaptation and help to reveal the mechanisms enabling transitions of fishes across osmotic boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brennan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide selection scans integrated with association mapping reveal mechanisms of physiological adaptation across a salinity gradient in killifish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social behavior and anxiety contribute to nicotine self-administration in adolescent outbred rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both emotional and social traits interact with genetic factors to influence smoking behavior. We previously established a socially acquired nicotine intravenous self-administration model where social learning of a nicotine-associated odor cue reversed conditioned flavor aversion and promoted nicotine intake. In this study, we first phenotyped ~ 800 adolescent heterogeneous stock rats in open field, novel object interaction, social interaction, elevated plus maze, and marble bury behaviors. These rats were then phenotyped on socially acquired nicotine self-administration. We found 243 significant correlations between different behavioral tests. Principal component regression analysis found that ~ 10-20% of the variance in nicotine-related measures, such as intake during the first or the last three fixed-ratio sessions, the progressive ratio session, and reinstatement behavior, can be explained by variations in behavioral traits. Factors corresponding to social behavior and anxiety were among the strongest predictors of nicotine intake and reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. We also found many sex differences in behavioral measures. These data indicated that the genetic diversity of this population, in combination with social behavior and anxiety, are significant contributors to the divergent nicotine self-administration behavior and indicated a high probability of discovering sex-specific genetic mechanisms for nicotine intake in future genome-wide association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg Woods, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social behavior and anxiety contribute to nicotine self-administration in adolescent outbred rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liability to alcohol dependence (AD) is heritable, but little is known about its complex polygenic architecture or its genetic relationship with other disorders. To discover loci associated with AD and characterize the relationship between AD and other psychiatric and behavioral outcomes, we carried out the largest GWAS to date of DSM - IV diagnosed AD. Genome - wide data on 14,904 individuals with AD and 37,944 controls from 28 case / control and family - based studies were meta - analyzed, stratified by genetic ancestry (European, N = 46,568; African; N = 6,280). Independent, genome - wide significant effects of different ADH1B variants were identified in European (rs1229984; p = 9.8E - 13) and African ancestries (rs2066702; p = 2.2E - 9). Significant genetic correlations were observed with schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and use of cigarettes and cannabis. There was only modest genetic correlation with alcohol consumption and inconsistent associations with problem drinking. The genetic underpinnings of AD only partially overlap with those for alcohol consumption, underscoring the genetic distinction between pathological and non - pathological drinking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docherty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>-,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann-Heimbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanne-Kinnunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti-Pulkkinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligthart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbarek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of Zip2:Spo16, a conserved XPF:ERCC1-like complex critical for meiotic crossover formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic meiosis, generation of haploid gametes depends on the formation of inter-homolog crossovers, which enable the pairing, physical linkage, and eventual segregation of homologs in the meiosis I division. A class of conserved meiosis-specific proteins, collectively termed ZMMs, are required for formation and spatial control of crossovers throughout eukaryotes. Here, we show that three S. cerevisiae ZMM proteins - Zip2, Zip4, and Spo16 - interact with one another and form a DNA-binding complex critical for crossover formation and control. We determined the crystal structure of a Zip2:Spo16 subcomplex, revealing a heterodimer structurally related to the XPF:ERCC1 endonuclease complex. Zip2:Spo16 lacks an endonuclease active site, but binds specific DNA structures found in early meiotic recombination intermediates. Mutations in multiple DNA-binding surfaces on the Zip2:Spo16 complex severely compromise DNA binding, supporting a model in which the complexs central and HhH domains cooperate to bind DNA. Overall, our data support a model in which the Zip2:Zip4:Spo16 complex binds and stabilizes early meiotic recombination intermediates, then coordinates additional factors to promote crossover formation and license downstream events including synaptonemal complex assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of Zip2:Spo16, a conserved XPF:ERCC1-like complex critical for meiotic crossover formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Cortical Activity Of Distant Brain Areas Can Time-Lock To The Respiratory Rhythm In The Freely Behaving Rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important unresolved question about neural processing is the mechanism by which distant brain areas coordinate their activities and relate their local processing to global neural events. A potential candidate for the local-global integration are slow rhythms such as respiration, which is also linked to sensory exploration. In this article, we asked if there are modulations of local cortical processing which are time-locked to (peripheral) sensory-motor exploratory rhythms. We studied rats freely behaving on an elevated platform where they would display exploratory and rest behaviors. Concurrent with behavior, we monitored orofacial sampling rhythms (whisking and sniffing) and local field potentials (LFP) from olfactory bulb, dorsal hippocampus, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex and primary visual cortex. We defined exploration as simultaneous whisking and sniffing above 5 Hz and found that this activity peaked at about 8 Hz. We considered rest as the absence of whisking and sniffing, and in this case, mean respiration occurred at about 3 Hz. We found a consistent shift across all areas toward these rhythm peaks accompanying behavioral state changes. We also found, across areas, that LFP gamma (70-100 Hz) amplitude could phase-lock to the animals respiratory rhythm, a finding indicative of respiration-locked changes in local processing. The respiratory rhythm, although occurring at the same frequencies of hippocampal theta, was not spectrally coherent with it, implying a different oscillator. Our results are consistent with the notion of respiration as a binder or integrator of activity between distant brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Libano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimmer del Solar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefusco-Siegmund, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Cortical Activity Of Distant Brain Areas Can Time-Lock To The Respiratory Rhythm In The Freely Behaving Rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theta bursts precede, and spindles follow, cortical and thalamic downstates in human NREM sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSince their discovery, slow oscillations have been observed to group spindles during non-REM sleep. Previous studies assert that the slow oscillation downstate (DS) is preceded by slow spindles (10-12Hz), and followed by fast spindles (12-16Hz). Here, using both direct transcortical recordings in patients with intractable epilepsy (n=10, 8 female), as well as scalp EEG recordings from a healthy cohort (n=3, 1 female), we find in multiple cortical areas that both slow and fast spindles follow the DS. Although discrete oscillations do precede DSs, they are theta bursts (TB) centered at 5-8Hz. TBs were more pronounced for DSs in NREM stage N2 compared with N3. TB with similar properties occur in the thalamus, but unlike spindles they have no clear temporal relationship with cortical TB. These differences in corticothalamic dynamics, as well as differences between spindles and theta in coupling high frequency content, are consistent with NREM theta having separate generative mechanisms from spindles. The final inhibitory cycle of the TB coincides with the DS peak, suggesting that in N2, TB may help trigger the DS. Since the transition to N1 is marked by the appearance of theta, and the transition to N2 by the appearance of DS and thus spindles, a role of TB in triggering DS could help explain the sequence of electrophysiological events characterizing sleep. Finally, the coordinated appearance of spindles and DSs are implicated in memory consolidation processes, and the current findings redefine their temporal coupling with theta during NREM sleep.nnSignificance StatementSleep is characterized by large slow waves which modulate brain activity. Prominent among these are  downstates, periods of a few tenths of a second when most cells stop firing, and  spindles, oscillations at about twelve times a second lasting for about a second. In this study, we provide the first detailed description of another kind of sleep wave:  theta bursts, a brief oscillation at about six cycles per second. We show, recording during natural sleep directly from the human cortex and thalamus, as well as on the human scalp, that theta bursts precede, and spindles follow downstates. Theta bursts may help trigger downstates in some circumstances, and organize cortical and thalamic activity so that memories can be consolidated during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak-McCully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastuji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theta bursts precede, and spindles follow, cortical and thalamic downstates in human NREM sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClusterPicker-II: Massively scalable transmission clustering using phylogenetic trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe ability to infer transmission clusters from molecular data is critical to designing and evaluating viral control strategies. Viral sequencing datasets are growing rapidly, but standard methods of transmission cluster inference do not scale well beyond thousands of sequences.nnResultsI present TreeCluster, a cross-platform tool that performs transmission cluster inference on a given phylogenetic tree orders of magnitude faster than existing inference methods and supports multiple clustering optimization functions.nnConclusionsTreeCluster is a freely-available cross-platform open source Python 3 tool for inferring transmission clusters from phylogenetic trees. Code, usage information, and in-depth descriptions of the implemented clustering modes are available publicly at the following repository:nnhttps://github.com/niemasd/TreeCluster
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClusterPicker-II: Massively scalable transmission clustering using phylogenetic trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality ultrastructural preservation using cryofixation for 3D electron microscopy of genetically labeled tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron microscopy (EM) offers unparalleled power to study cell substructures at the nanoscale. Cryofixation by high-pressure freezing offers optimal morphological preservation, as it captures cellular structures instantaneously in their near-native states. However, the applicability of cryofixation is limited by its incompatibilities with diaminobenzidine labeling using genetic EM tags and the high-contrast en bloc staining required for serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM). In addition, it is challenging to perform correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) with cryofixed samples. Consequently, these powerful methods cannot be applied to address questions requiring optimal morphological preservation and high temporal resolution. Here we developed an approach that overcomes these limitations; it enables genetically labeled, cryofixed samples to be characterized with SBEM and 3D CLEM. Our approach is broadly applicable, as demonstrated in cultured cells, Drosophila olfactory organ and mouse brain. This optimization exploits the potential of cryofixation, allowing quality ultrastructural preservation for diverse EM applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsang, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulcis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality ultrastructural preservation using cryofixation for 3D electron microscopy of genetically labeled tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific discrimination of desmosterol and desmosterol mimetics confers selective regulation of LXR and SREBP pathways in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) with synthetic agonists promotes reverse cholesterol transport and protects against atherosclerosis in mouse models. Most synthetic LXR agonists also cause marked hypertriglyceridemia by inducing the expression of SREBP1c and downstream genes that drive fatty acid biosynthesis. Recent studies demonstrated that desmosterol, an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that suppresses SREBP processing by binding to SCAP, also binds and activates LXRs and is the most abundant LXR ligand in macrophage foam cells. Here, we explore the potential of increasing endogenous desmosterol production or mimicking its activity as a means of inducing LXR activity while simultaneously suppressing SREBP1c induced hypertriglyceridemia. Unexpectedly, while desmosterol strongly activated LXR target genes and suppressed SREBP pathways in mouse and human macrophages, it had almost no activity in mouse or human hepatocytes in vitro. We further demonstrate that sterol-based selective modulators of LXRs have biochemical and transcriptional properties predicted of desmosterol mimetics and selectively regulate LXR function in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. These studies thereby reveal cell-specific discrimination of endogenous and synthetic regulators of LXRs and SREBPs, providing a molecular basis for dissociation of LXR functions in macrophages from those in liver that lead to hypertriglyceridemia.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe beneficial effects of LXR pathway activation in the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease have long been appreciated. However, efforts to translate those effects in humans with synthetic LXR ligands has been met with the unintended consequence of hypertriglyceridemia, a product of co-activation of SREBP1c. Natural LXR ligands such as desmosterol do not promote hypertriglyceridemia because of coordinate down-regulation of the SREBP pathway. Here, we demonstrate that synthetic desmosterol mimetics activate LXR pathways macrophages both in vitro and in vivo without co-stimulation of SREBP1c. Unexpectedly, desmosterol and synthetic desmosterol mimetics almost no effect on LXR activity in hepatocytes in comparison to conventional synthetic LXR ligands. These findings reveal cell-specific differences in LXR responses to natural and synthetic ligands in macrophages and liver cells that provide a conceptually new basis for future drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muse, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edillor, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troutman, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozeki, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahadorani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimikas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific discrimination of desmosterol and desmosterol mimetics confers selective regulation of LXR and SREBP pathways in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Activation of a Cartilaginous Fish (Elephant Shark, Callorhinchus milii) Mineralocorticoid Receptor by Corticosteroids, Progestins and Spironolactone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the analysis of activation of full-length mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the oldest group of jawed vertebrates by corticosteroids and progesterone. Based on their measured activities, aldosterone, cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxcortisol, progesterone and 19-norprogesterone are potential physiological mineralocorticoids. However, aldosterone, the physiological mineralocorticoid in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates, is not found in cartilaginous or ray-finned fishes. Although progesterone activates ray-finned fish MRs, progesterone does not activate human, amphibian or alligator MRs, suggesting that during the transition to terrestrial vertebrates, progesterone lost the ability to activate the MR. Both elephant shark MR and human MR are expressed in the brain, heart, ovary, testis and other non-epithelial tissues, indicating that MR expression in diverse tissues evolved in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. Our data suggest that progesterone-activated MR may have unappreciated functions in elephant shark ovary and testis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyodo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Activation of a Cartilaginous Fish (Elephant Shark, Callorhinchus milii) Mineralocorticoid Receptor by Corticosteroids, Progestins and Spironolactone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MARGE: Mutation Analysis for Regulatory Genomic Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-specific patterns of gene expression are determined by combinatorial actions of sequence-specific transcription factors at cis-regulatory elements. Studies indicate that relatively simple combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors (LDTFs) play dominant roles in the selection of enhancers that establish cell identities and functions. LDTFs require collaborative interactions with additional transcription factors to mediate enhancer function, but the identities of these factors are often unknown. We have shown that natural genetic variation between individuals has great utility for discovering collaborative transcription factors. Here, we introduce MARGE (Mutation Analysis of Regulatory Genomic Elements), the first publicly available suite of software tools that integrates genome-wide genetic variation with epigenetic data to identify collaborative transcription factor pairs. MARGE is optimized to work with chromatin accessibility assays (such as ATAC-seq or DNase I hypersensitivity), as well as transcription factor binding data collected by ChlP-seq. Herein, we provide investigators with rationale for each step in the MARGE pipeline and key differences for analysis of datasets with different experimental designs. We demonstrate the utility of MARGE using mouse peritoneal macrophages, liver cells, and human lymphoblastoid cells. MARGE provides a powerful tool to identify combinations of cell type-specific transcription factors while simultaneously interpreting functional effects of non-coding genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Link, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanoski, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MARGE: Mutation Analysis for Regulatory Genomic Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption in A-to-I editing levels affects C. elegans development more than a complete lack of editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/273433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A-to-I RNA editing is widespread in eukaryotic transcriptomes and plays an essential role in the creation of proteomic and phenotypic diversity. Loss of ADARs, the proteins responsible for A-to-I editing, results in lethality in mammals. In C. elegans, knocking out both ADARs, ADR-1 and ADR-2, results in aberrant behavior and abnormal development. Studies have shown that ADR-2 can actively deaminate dsRNA while ADR-1 cannot. However, as most studies of C. elegans ADARs were performed on worms mutated in both ADAR genes, the effects observed cannot be attributed to a single ADAR or to the interactions between ADAR genes. Therefore, we set to study the effects of each C. elegans ADAR on RNA editing, gene expression, protein levels and the contribution of each of ADAR to the phenotypes observed in worms mutated in both genes, in order to elucidate their distinct functions. We found significant differences in the phenotypes observed in worms mutated in a single ADAR gene. Worms harboring adr-1 mutations have a significant reduction in their lifespan, while worms harboring adr-2 mutations have extended lifespan. We also observed severe abnormalities in vulva formation in adr-1 mutants, and we suggest that these phenotypes are a result of an RNA editing independent function of ADR-1. Mutations in each ADAR resulted in expressional changes in hundreds of genes, and a significant downregulation of edited genes. However, very few changes in the protein levels were observed. In addition, we found that ADR-1 binds many edited genes and primarily promotes editing at the L4 stage of development. While editing still occurs in the absence of ADR-1, most of the editing occurs in genes that are edited in wildtype worms, suggesting that ADR-1 does not prevent editing by binding to and protecting the RNA but rather enhances or promotes editing. Our results suggest that ADR-1 plays a significant role in the RNA editing process and by altering editing levels it causes the severe phenotypes that we observed. In contrast, a complete lack of RNA editing is less harmful to the worms. Furthermore, our results indicate that the effect of RNA editing on the protein content in the cell is minor and probably the main purpose of these modifications is to antagonize or enhance other gene regulatory mechanisms that act on RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganem, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Asher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deffit, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Naim Zgayer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantsur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hundley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamm, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption in A-to-I editing levels affects C. elegans development more than a complete lack of editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong Episodic Selection for Natural Competence for Transformation Due to Host-Pathogen Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual recombination only occurs in eukaryotes; however, many bacteria can actively recombine with environmental DNA. This behavior, referred to as transformation, has been described in many species from diverse taxonomic backgrounds. Transformation is hypothesized to carry some selective advantages similar to those postulated for meiotic sex in eukaryotes. However, the accumulation of loss-of-function alleles at transformation loci and an increased mutational load from recombining with DNA from dead cells create additional costs to transformation. These costs have been shown to outweigh many of the benefits of recombination under a variety of likely parameters. We investigate an additional proposed benefit of sexual recombination, the Red Queen hypothesis, as it relates to bacterial transformation. Here we describe a model showing that host-pathogen coevolution may provide a large selective benefit to transformation and allow transforming cells to invade an environment dominated by otherwise equal non-transformers. Furthermore, we observe that host-pathogen dynamics cause the selection pressure on transformation to vary extensively in time, potentially explaining the tight regulation and wide variety of rates observed in naturally competent bacteria. Host-pathogen dynamics may explain the evolution and maintenance of natural competence despite its associated costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong Episodic Selection for Natural Competence for Transformation Due to Host-Pathogen Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Staphylococcus aureus Two-Component System AgrAC Displays Four Distinct Genomic Arrangements That Delineate Genomic Virulence Factor Signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-component systems (TCSs) consist of a histidine kinase and a response regulator. Here, we evaluated the conservation of the AgrAC TCS among 149 completely sequenced S. aureus strains. It is composed of four genes: agrBDCA. We found that: i) AgrAC system (agr) was found in all but one of the 149 strains; ii) The agr positive strains were further classified into four agr types based on AgrD protein sequences, iii) the four agr types not only specified the chromosomal arrangement of the agr genes but also the sequence divergence of AgrC histidine kinase protein, which confers signal specificity, iv) the sequence divergence was reflected in distinct structural properties especially in the transmembrane region and second extracellular binding domain, and v) there was a strong correlation between the agr type and the virulence genomic profile of the organism. Taken together, these results demonstrate that bioinformatic analysis of the agr locus leads to a classification system that correlates with the presence of virulence factors and protein structural properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavvas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakoulas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Staphylococcus aureus Two-Component System AgrAC Displays Four Distinct Genomic Arrangements That Delineate Genomic Virulence Factor Signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrent pattern of light and darkness generated by Earths axial rotation has profoundly influenced the evolution of organisms, selecting for both biological mechanisms that respond acutely to environmental changes and circadian clocks that program physiology in anticipation of daily variations. The necessity to integrate environmental responsiveness and circadian programming is exemplified in photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, which depend on light-driven photochemical processes. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is an excellent model system for dissecting these entwined mechanisms. Its core circadian oscillator, consisting of three proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, transmits time-of-day signals to clock-output proteins, which reciprocally regulate global transcription. Research performed under constant light facilitates analysis of intrinsic cycles separately from direct environmental responses, but does not provide insight into how these regulatory systems are integrated during light-dark cycles. Thus, we sought to identify genes that are specifically necessary in a day-night environment. We screened a dense bar-coded transposon library in both continuous light and daily cycling conditions and compared the fitness consequences of loss of each nonessential gene in the genome. Although the clock itself is not essential for viability in light-dark cycles, the most detrimental mutations revealed by the screen were those that disrupt KaiA. The screen broadened our understanding of light-dark survival in photosynthetic organisms, identified unforeseen clock-protein interaction dynamics, and reinforced the role of the clock as a negative regulator of a night-time metabolic program that is essential for S. elongatus to survive in the dark.nnSignificanceUnderstanding how photosynthetic bacteria respond to and anticipate natural light-dark cycles is necessary for predictive modeling, bioengineering, and elucidating metabolic strategies for diurnal growth. Here, we identify the genetic components that are important specifically under light-dark cycling conditions and determine how a properly functioning circadian clock prepares metabolism for darkness, a starvation period for photoautotrophs. This study establishes that the core circadian clock protein KaiA is necessary to enable rhythmic de-repression of a night-time circadian program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welkie, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide fitness assessment during diurnal growth reveals an expanded role of the cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuisance Effects and the Limitations of Nuisance Regression in Dynamic Functional Connectivity fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In resting-state fMRI, dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) measures are used to characterize temporal changes in the brains intrinsic functional connectivity. A widely used approach for DFC estimation is the computation of the sliding window correlation between blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals from different brain regions. Although the source of temporal fluctuations in DFC estimates remains largely unknown, there is growing evidence that they may reflect dynamic shifts between functional brain networks. At the same time, recent findings suggest that DFC estimates might be prone to the influence of nuisance factors such as the physiological modulation of the BOLD signal. Therefore, nuisance regression is used in many DFC studies to regress out the effects of nuisance terms prior to the computation of DFC estimates. In this work we examined the relationship between DFC estimates and nuisance factors. We found that DFC estimates were significantly correlated with temporal fluctuations in the magnitude (norm) of various nuisance regressors, with significant correlations observed in the majority (76%) of the cases examined. Significant correlations between the DFC estimates and nuisance regressor norms were found even when the underlying correlations between the nuisance and fMRI time courses were relatively small. We then show that nuisance regression does not eliminate the relationship between DFC estimates and nuisance norms, with significant correlations observed in the majority (71%) of the cases examined after nuisance regression. We present theoretical bounds on the difference between DFC estimates obtained before and after nuisance regression and relate these bounds to limitations in the efficacy of nuisance regression with regards to DFC estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nalci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuisance Effects and the Limitations of Nuisance Regression in Dynamic Functional Connectivity fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in the genetic requirements for microbial interactions with increasing community complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial community structure and function rely on complex interactions whose underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate these interactions in a simple microbiome, we introduced E. coli into an experimental community based on a cheese rind and identified the differences in E. colis genetic requirements for growth in interactive and non-interactive contexts using Random Barcode Transposon Sequencing (RB-TnSeq) and RNASeq. E. colis genetic requirements varied among pairwise growth conditions and between pairwise and community conditions. Our analysis points to mechanisms by which growth conditions change as a result of increasing community complexity and suggests that growth within a community relies on a combination of pairwise and higher order interactions. Our work provides a framework for using the model organism E. coli as a probe to investigate microbial interactions regardless of the genetic tractability of members of the studied ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in the genetic requirements for microbial interactions with increasing community complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a joint evolutionary model for the genome and the epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInterspecies epigenome comparisons yielded functional information that cannot be revealed by genome comparison alone, begging for theoretical advances that enable principled analysis approaches. Whereas probabilistic genome evolution models provided theoretical foundation to comparative genomics studies, it remains challenging to extend DNA evolution models to epigenomes.nnResultsWe present an effort to develop ab initio evolution models for epigenomes, by explicitly expressing the joint probability of multispecies DNA sequences and histone modifications on homologous genomic regions. This joint probability is modeled as a mixture of four components representing four evolutionary hypotheses, namely dependence and independence of interspecies epigenomic variations to sequence mutations and to sequence insertions and deletions (indels). For model fitting, we implemented a maximum likelihood method by coupling downhill simplex algorithm with dynamic programming. Based on likelihood comparisons, the model can be used to infer whether interspecies epigenomic variations depend on mutation or indels in local genomic sequences. We applied this model to analyze DNase hypersensitive regions and spermatid H3K4me3 ChIP-seq data from human and rhesus macaque. Approximately 5.5% of homologous regions in the genomes exhibited H3K4me3 modification in either species, among which approximately 67% homologous regions exhibited sequence-dependent interspecies H3K4me3 variations. Mutations accounted for less sequence-dependent H3K4me3 variations than indels. Among transposon-mediated indels, ERV1 insertions and L1 insertions were most strongly associated with H3K4me3 gains and losses, respectively.nnConclusionThis work initiates a class of probabilistic evolution models that jointly model the genomes and the epigenomes, thus helps to bring evolutionary principles to comparative epigenomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/293076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a joint evolutionary model for the genome and the epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inter-chromosomal transcription hub activates the unfolded protein response in plasma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have indicated that the transcription signature of antibody-secreting cells is closely associated with the induction of the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR). Here we have used genome-wide and single cell analyses to examine the folding patterns of plasma cell genomes. We found that plasma cells adopt a cartwheel configuration and undergo large-scale changes in chromatin folding at genomic regions associated with a plasma cell specific transcription signature. During plasma cell differentiation, Blimp1 assembles into an inter-chromosomal transcription hub with genes associated with the UPR, biosynthesis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as well as a cluster of genes linked with Alzheimers disease. We suggest that the assembly of the Blimp1-UPR-ER transcription hub permits the coordinate activation of a wide spectrum of genes that collectively establish plasma cell identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bortnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubrey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denholtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inter-chromosomal transcription hub activates the unfolded protein response in plasma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/297267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAVITES: simultaneous simulation of transmission networks, phylogenetic trees, and sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/297267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe ability to simulate epidemics as a function of model parameters allows insights that are unobtainable from real datasets. Further, reconstructing transmission networks for fast-evolving viruses like HIV may have the potential to greatly enhance epidemic intervention, but transmission network reconstruction methods have been inadequately studied, largely because it is difficult to obtain "truth" sets on which to test them and properly measure their performance.nnResultsWe introduce FAVITES, a robust framework for simulating realistic datasets for epidemics that are caused by fast-evolving pathogens like HIV. FAVITES creates a generative model to produce contact networks, transmission networks, phylogenetic trees, and sequence datasets, and to add error to the data. FAVITES is designed to be extensible by dividing the generative model into modules, each of which is expressed as a fixed API that can be implemented using various models. We use FAVITES to simulate HIV datasets and study the realism of the simulated datasets. We then use the simulated data to study the impact of the increased treatment efforts on epidemiological outcomes. We also study two transmission network reconstruction methods and their effectiveness in detecting fast-growing clusters.nnAvailability and implementationFAVITES is available at https://github.com/niemasd/FAVITES, and a Docker image can be found on DockerHub (https://hub.docker.com/r/niemasd/favites).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragonnet-Cronin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/297267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAVITES: simultaneous simulation of transmission networks, phylogenetic trees, and sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parameterizing neural power spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiological signals across species and recording scales exhibit both periodic and aperiodic features. Periodic oscillations have been widely studied and linked to numerous physiological, cognitive, behavioral, and disease states, while the aperiodic "background" 1/f component of neural power spectra has received far less attention. Most analyses of oscillations are conducted on a priori, canonically-defined frequency bands without consideration of the underlying aperiodic structure, or verification that a periodic signal even exists in addition to the aperiodic signal. This is problematic, as recent evidence shows that the aperiodic signal is dynamic, changing with age, task demands, and cognitive state. It has also been linked to the relative excitation/inhibition of the underlying neuronal population. This means that standard analytic approaches easily conflate changes in the periodic and aperiodic signals with one another because the aperiodic parameters--along with oscillation center frequency, power, and bandwidth--are all dynamic in physiologically meaningful, but likely different, ways. In order to overcome the limitations of traditional narrowband analyses and to reduce the potentially deleterious effects of conflating these features, we introduce a novel algorithm for automatic parameterization of neural power spectral densities (PSDs) as a combination of the aperiodic signal and putative periodic oscillations. Notably, this algorithm requires no a priori specification of band limits and accounts for potentially-overlapping oscillations while minimizing the degree to which they are confounded with one another. This algorithm is amenable to large-scale data exploration and analysis, providing researchers with a tool to quickly and accurately parameterize neural power spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shestyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parameterizing neural power spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAs as proximity labeling media for identifying nuclear speckle positions relative to the genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear speckles are interchromatin structures enriched in RNA splicing factors. Determining their relative positions with respect to the folded nuclear genome could provide critical information on co-and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. However, it remains challenging to identify which parts of the nuclear genome are in proximity to nuclear speckles, due to physical separation between nuclear speckle cores and chromatin. We hypothesized that noncoding RNAs including small nuclear RNAs, 7SK and Malat1, which accumulate at the periphery of nuclear speckles (nsaRNA, nuclear speckle associated RNA), may extend to sufficient proximity to the nuclear genome. Leveraging a transcriptome-genome interaction assay (MARGI), we identified nsaRNA-interacting genomic sequences, which exhibited clustering patterns (nsaPeaks) in the genome, suggesting existence of relatively stable interaction sites for nsaRNAs in nuclear genome. Posttranscriptional pre-mRNAs, which are known to be clustered to nuclear speckles, exhibited proximity to nsaPeaks but rarely to other genomic regions. Furthermore, CDK9 proteins that localize to the vicinity of nuclear speckles produced ChIP-seq peaks that overlapped with nsaPeaks. Our combined DNA FISH and immunofluorescence analysis in 182 single cells revealed a 3-fold increase in odds for nuclear speckles to localize near an nsaPeak than its neighboring genomic sequence. These data suggest a model that nsaRNAs locate in sufficient proximity to nuclear genome and leave identifiable genomic footprints, thus revealing the parts of genome proximal to nuclear speckles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAs as proximity labeling media for identifying nuclear speckle positions relative to the genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing key decisions for transcriptomic data integration in biochemical networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTo gain insights into complex biological processes, genome-scale data (e.g., RNA-Seq) are often overlaid on biochemical networks. However, many networks do not have a one-to-one relationship between genes and network edges, due to the existence of isozymes and protein complexes. Therefore, decisions must be made on how to overlay data onto networks. For example, for metabolic networks, these decisions include (1) how to integrate gene expression levels using gene-protein-reaction rules, (2) the approach used for selection of thresholds on expression data to consider the associated gene as "active", and (3) the order in which these steps are imposed. However, the influence of these decisions has not been systematically tested.nnResultsWe compared 20 decision combinations using a transcriptomic dataset across 32 tissues and showed that definition of which reaction may be considered as active is mainly influenced by thresholding approach used. To determine the most appropriate decisions, we evaluated how these decisions impact the acquisition of tissue-specific active reaction lists that recapitulate organ-system tissue groups. These results will provide guidelines to improve data analyses with biochemical networks and facilitate the construction of context-specific metabolic models.nnContactnlewisres@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing key decisions for transcriptomic data integration in biochemical networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cycle-by-cycle analysis of neural oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural oscillations are widely studied using methods based on the Fourier transform, which models data as sums of sinusoids. For decades these Fourier-based approaches have successfully uncovered links between oscillations and cognition or disease. However, because of the fundamental sinusoidal basis, these methods might not fully capture neural oscillatory dynamics, because neural data are both nonsinusoidal and non-stationary. Here, we present a new analysis framework, complementary to Fourier analysis, that quantifies cycle-by-cycle time-domain features. For each cycle, the amplitude, period, and waveform symmetry are measured, the latter of which is missed using conventional approaches. Additionally, oscillatory bursts are algorithmically identified, allowing us to investigate the variability of oscillatory features within and between bursts. This approach is validated on simulated noisy signals with oscillatory bursts and outperforms conventional metrics. Further, these methods are applied to real data--including hippocampal theta, motor cortical beta, and visual cortical alpha--and can differentiate behavioral conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cycle-by-cycle analysis of neural oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of a phenotypic high-content imaging assay for assessing the antiviral activity of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to the development of microcephaly in newborns, as well as Guillain-Barre syndrome. There are currently no drugs available to treat infection, and accordingly there is an unmet medical need for discovery of new therapies. High-throughput drug screening efforts focusing on indirect readouts of cell viability are prone to a higher frequency of false positives in cases where the virus is viable in the cell but the cytopathic effect is reduced or delayed. Here, we describe a fast and label-free phenotypic high-content imaging assay used to detect cells affected by the viral-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) using automated imaging and analysis. Protection from CPE correlates with a decrease in viral antigen production as observed by immunofluorescence. We trained our assay using a collection of nucleoside analogues against ZIKV; the previously reported antiviral activities of 2-C-methylribonucleosides and ribavirin against the Zika virus in Vero cells were confirmed using our developed method. Profiling of a novel library of 24 natural product derivatives using our assay revealed compound 1 as an inhibitor of ZIKV-induced cytopathic effect; activity of the compound was confirmed in human fetal neural stem cells (NSCs). The described technique can be easily leveraged as a primary screening assay for profiling large compound libraries against ZIKV, and can be expanded to other ZIKV strains and other cell lines displaying morphological changes upon ZIKV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purse, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of a phenotypic high-content imaging assay for assessing the antiviral activity of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel sialylation site on Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide links heptose II lactose expression with pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sialylation of lacto-W-neotetraose (LNnT) extending from heptose I (HepI) of gonococcal lipooligosaccharide (LOS) contributes to pathogenesis. Previously, gonococcal LOS sialyltransterase (Lst) was shown to sialylate LOS in Triton X-100 extracts of strain 15253, which expresses lactose from both HepI and HepII, the minimal structure required for mAb 2C7 binding. Ongoing work has shown that growth of 15253 in cytidine monophospho-W-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac)-containing media enables binding to CD33/Siglec-3, a cell surface receptor that binds sialic acid, suggesting that lactose termini on LOS of intact gonococci can be sialylated. Neu5Ac was detected on LOSs of strains 15253 and a MS11 mutant with only lactose from HepI and HepII by mass spectrometry; deleting HepII lactose rendered Neu5Ac undetectable. Resistance of HepII lactose Neu5Ac to desialylation by 2-3-specific neuraminidase suggested an 2-6-linkage. Although not associated with increased factor H binding, HepII lactose sialylation inhibited complement C3 deposition on gonococci. 15253 mutants that lacked Lst or HepII lactose were significantly attenuated in mice, confirming the importance of HepII Neu5Ac in virulence. All 75 minimally passaged clinical isolates from Nanjing, China, expressed HepII lactose, evidenced by reactivity with mAb 2C7; mAb 2C7 was bactericidal against the first 62 (of 75) isolates that had been collected sequentially and were sialylated before testing. mAb 2C7 effectively attenuated 15253 vaginal colonization in mice. In conclusion, this novel sialylation site could explain the ubiquity of gonococcal HepII lactose in vivo. Our findings reiterate the candidacy of the 2C7 epitope as a vaccine antigen and mAb 2C7 as an immunotherapeutic antibody.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeOliveira, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Michael, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landig, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RICE, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel sialylation site on Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide links heptose II lactose expression with pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement-related activity dominates cortex during sensory-guided decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When experts are immersed in a task, do their brains prioritize task-related activity? Most efforts to understand neural activity during well-learned tasks focus on cognitive computations and specific task-related movements. We wondered whether task-performing animals explore a broader movement landscape, and how this impacts neural activity. We characterized movements using video and other sensors and measured neural activity using widefield and two-photon imaging. Cortex-wide activity was dominated by movements, especially uninstructed movements, reflecting unknown priorities of the animal. Some uninstructed movements were aligned to trial events. Accounting for them revealed that neurons with similar trial-averaged activity often reflected utterly different combinations of cognitive and movement variables. Other movements occurred idiosyncratically, accounting for trial-by-trial fluctuations that are often considered "noise". This held true for extracellular Neuropixels recordings in cortical and subcortical areas. Our observations argue that animals execute expert decisions while performing richly varied, uninstructed movements that profoundly shape neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement-related activity dominates cortex during sensory-guided decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme promiscuity shapes evolutionary innovation and optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence suggests that novel enzyme functions evolved from low-level promiscuous activities in ancestral enzymes. Yet, the evolutionary dynamics and physiological mechanisms of how such side activities contribute to systems-level adaptations are poorly understood. Furthermore, it remains untested whether knowledge of an organisms promiscuous reaction set ( underground metabolism) can aid in forecasting the genetic basis of metabolic adaptations. Here, we employ a computational model of underground metabolism and laboratory evolution experiments to examine the role of enzyme promiscuity in the acquisition and optimization of growth on predicted non-native substrates in E. coli K-12 MG1655. After as few as 20 generations, the evolving populations repeatedly acquired the capacity to grow on five predicted novel substrates-D-lyxose, D-2-deoxyribose, D-arabinose, m-tartrate, and monomethyl succinate-none of which could support growth in wild-type cells. Promiscuous enzyme activities played key roles in multiple phases of adaptation. Altered promiscuous activities not only established novel high-efficiency pathways, but also suppressed undesirable metabolic routes. Further, structural mutations shifted enzyme substrate turnover rates towards the new substrate while retaining a preference for the primary substrate. Finally, genes underlying the phenotypic innovations were accurately predicted by genome-scale model simulations of metabolism with enzyme promiscuity. Computational approaches will be essential to synthesize the complex role of promiscuous activities in applied biotechnology and in models of evolutionary adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guzman, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyerges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Raad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notebaart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme promiscuity shapes evolutionary innovation and optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Origins of Dynamic Instability in Filaments from the Phage Tubulin, PhuZ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A bacteriophage-encoded tubulin homologue, PhuZ, harnesses dynamic instability to position genomes of KZ-like bacteriophage at the midline of their Pseudomonas hosts, facilitating phage infectivity. While much has been learned about molecular origins of microtubule dynamics, how GTP binding and hydrolysis control dynamics in the divergent 3-stranded PhuZ filaments is not understood. Here we present cryo-EM reconstructions of the PhuZ filamentin a pre-hydrolysis (3.5[A]) and three post-hydrolysis states (4.2 [A], 7.3 [A] and 8.1 [A] resolutions), likely representing distinct depolymerization stages. Core polymerization-induced structural changes reveal similarities to {beta}-tubulin, suggesting broad conservation within the tubulin family. By contrast, GTP hydrolysis is sensed quite differently and is communicated by the divergent PhuZ C-terminus to the lateral interface, leading to PhuZ polymer destabilization. This provides a contrasting molecular description of how nucleotide state can be harnessed by the tubulin fold to regulate filament assembly, metastability and disassembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zehr, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verba, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Origins of Dynamic Instability in Filaments from the Phage Tubulin, PhuZ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Isoforms of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Daple/CCDC88C Cooperate as Tumor Suppressors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/312934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously Aznar et al., showed that Daple enables Wnt/Frizzled receptors to transactivate trimeric G proteins during non-canonical Wnt signaling via a novel G-protein binding and activating (GBA) motif. By doing so, Daple serves as a double-edged sword; earlier during oncogenesis it suppresses neoplastic transformation and tumor growth, but later it triggers epithelial messenchymal transition (EMT). We have identified and characterized two isoforms of the human Daple/CCDC88c gene. While both isoforms cooperatively suppress tumor growth via their GBA motif, only the full-length transcript triggers EMT and invasion. Aspirin suppresses the full-length transcript and protein but upregulates the short isoform. Both isoforms are suppressed during colon cancer progression, and their reduced expression carries additive prognostic significance. These findings provide insights into the opposing roles of Daple during cancer progression and define the G protein regulatory GBA motif as one of the minimal modules essential for Daples role as a tumor suppressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitsche, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbazan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/312934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Isoforms of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Daple/CCDC88C Cooperate as Tumor Suppressors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mobile-CRISPRi: Enabling Genetic Analysis of Diverse Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphThe vast majority of bacteria, including human pathogens and microbiome species, lack genetic tools needed to systematically associate genes with phenotypes. This is the major impediment to understanding the fundamental contributions of genes and gene networks to bacterial physiology and human health. CRISPRi, a versatile method of blocking gene expression using a catalytically inactive Cas9 protein (dCas9) and programmable single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), has emerged as a powerful genetic tool to dissect the functions of essential and non-essential genes in species ranging from bacteria to human. However, the difficulty of establishing effective CRISPRi systems in non-model bacteria is a major barrier to its widespread use to dissect bacterial gene function. Here, we establish "Mobile-CRISPRi", a suite of CRISPRi systems that combine modularity, stable genomic integration and ease of transfer to diverse bacteria by conjugation. Focusing predominantly on human pathogens associated with antibiotic resistance, we demonstrate the efficacy of Mobile-CRISPRi in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at the individual gene scale by examining drug-gene synergies and at the library scale by systematically phenotyping conditionally essential genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. Mobile-CRISPRi enables genetic dissection of non-model bacteria, facilitating analyses of microbiome function, antibiotic resistances and sensitivities, and comprehensive screens for host-microbe interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heussler, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearne, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inclan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osadnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mobile-CRISPRi: Enabling Genetic Analysis of Diverse Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial gene-by-environment mapping for schizophrenia reveals locale of upbringing effects beyond urban-rural differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of mechanisms underlying the incidence of psychiatric disorders has been hampered by the difficulty in discovering highly-predictive environmental risk factors. For example, prior efforts have failed to establish environmental effects predicting geospatial clustering of schizophrenia incidence beyond urban-rural differences. Here, we employ a novel statistical framework for decomposing the geospatial risk for schizophrenia based on locale of upbringing (place of residence, ages 0-7 years) and its synergistic effects with genetic liabilities (polygenic risk for schizophrenia). We use this statistical framework to analyze unprecedented geolocation and genotyping data in a case-cohort study of n=24,028 subjects, drawn from the 1.47 million Danish persons born between 1981 and 2005. Using this framework we estimate the effects of upbringing locale (E) and gene-by-locale interactions (GxE). After controlling for potential confounding variables, upbringing at high-risk locales increases the risk for schizophrenia on average by 122%, while GxE modulates genetic risk for schizophrenia on average by 78%. Within the boundaries of Copenhagen (the largest and most densely populated city of Denmark) specific locales vary substantially in their E and GxE effects, with hazard ratios ranging from 0.26 to 9.26 for E and from 0.20 to 5.95 for GxE. This study provides insight into the degree of geospatial clustering of schizophrenia risk, and our novel analytic procedure provides a framework for decomposing variation in geospatial risk into G, E, and GxE components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appadurai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandal, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agerbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial gene-by-environment mapping for schizophrenia reveals locale of upbringing effects beyond urban-rural differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling genome-wide evolution of catalytic turnover rates: Strong epistasis shaped modern enzyme kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems biology describes cellular phenotypes as properties that emerge from the complex interactions of individual system components. Little is known about how these interactions have affected the evolution of metabolic enzymes. To address this question, we combine genome-scale metabolic modelling with population genetics models to simulate the evolution of enzyme turnover numbers (kcats) from a theoretical ancestor with inefficient enzymes. This systems view of biochemical evolution reveals strong epistatic interactions between metabolic genes that shape evolutionary trajectories and influence the magnitude of evolved kcats. A small number of biophysically constrained enzymes suffice to induce diminishing returns epistasis that prevents enzymes from developing higher kcats in all reactions and keeps the organism far from the potential fitness optimum. In addition, multifunctional enzymes cause synergistic epistasis that slows down adaptation. The resulting fitness landscape is smooth and causes kcat evolution to be convergent. Predicted kcat parameters show a significant correlation with experimental data on in vitro and in vivo turnover rates, validating our modelling approach. Our analysis thus suggests that enzyme evolution can be predicted on a genome scale and reveals the mechanisms by which evolutionary forces shape modern kcats and the whole of cell metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heckmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling genome-wide evolution of catalytic turnover rates: Strong epistasis shaped modern enzyme kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Links between environment, diet, and the hunter-gatherer microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of traditional populations provides a view of human-associated microbes unperturbed by industrialization, as well as a window into the microbiota that co-evolved with humans. Here we discuss our recent work characterizing the microbiota from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. We found seasonal shifts in bacterial taxa, diversity, and carbohydrate utilization by the microbiota. When compared to the microbiota composition from other populations around the world, the Hadza microbiota shares bacterial families with other traditional societies that are rare or absent from microbiotas of industrialized nations. We present additional observations from the Hadza microbiota and their lifestyle and environment, including microbes detected on hands, water, and animal sources, how the microbiota varies with sex and age, and the shortterm effects of introducing agricultural products into the diet. In the context of our previously published findings and of these additional observations, we discuss a path forward for future work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smits, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Treuren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjurano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changalucha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Bello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Links between environment, diet, and the hunter-gatherer microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALEdb 1.0: A Database of Mutations from Adaptive Laboratory Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Full genomic sequences are readily available, but their functional interpretation remains a fundamental challenge. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) has emerged as an experimental approach to discover causal mutations that confer desired phenotypic functions. Thus, ALE not only represents a controllable experimental approach to systematically discover genotype-phenotype relationships, but it also allows for the revelation of the series of genetic alterations required to acquire the new phenotype. Numerous ALE studies have appeared in the literature providing a strong impetus for developing structured databases to warehouse experimental evolution information and make it retrievable for large-scale analysis. Here, the first step towards establishing this capability is presented: ALEdb (http://aledb.org). This initial release contains over 11,000 mutations that have been discovered in ALE experiments. ALEdb is the first of its kind; (1) it is a web-based platform that comprehensively reports on ALE acquired mutations and their conditions, (2) it reports key mutations using previously established trends, (3) it enables a search-driven workflow to enhance user mutation functional analysis, (4) it allows exporting of mutation query results for custom analysis, (5) it has a bibliome that describes the underlying published literature, and (6) contains experimental evolution mutations from multiple model organisms. Thus, ALEdb is an informative platform which will become increasingly revealing as the number of reported ALE experiments and identified mutations continue to expand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosting, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALEdb 1.0: A Database of Mutations from Adaptive Laboratory Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Repertoire of Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations in cancer genomes are caused by multiple mutational processes each of which generates a characteristic mutational signature. Using 84,729,690 somatic mutations from 4,645 whole cancer genome and 19,184 exome sequences encompassing most cancer types we characterised 49 single base substitution, 11 doublet base substitution, four clustered base substitution, and 17 small insertion and deletion mutational signatures. The substantial dataset size compared to previous analyses enabled discovery of new signatures, separation of overlapping signatures and decomposition of signatures into components that may represent associated, but distinct, DNA damage, repair and/or replication mechanisms. Estimation of the contribution of each signature to the mutational catalogues of individual cancer genomes revealed associations with exogenous and endogenous exposures and defective DNA maintenance processes. However, many signatures are of unknown cause. This analysis provides a systematic perspective on the repertoire of mutational processes contributing to the development of human cancer including a comprehensive reference set of mutational signatures in human cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haradhvala, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covington, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordenin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bigas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimczak, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morganella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabarinathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustonen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PCAWG Mutational Signatures Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Net,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Repertoire of Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TreeSwift: a massively scalable Python package for trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic trees are essential to evolutionary biology, and numerous methods exist that attempt to extract phylogenetic information applicable to a wide range of disciplines, such as epidemiology and metagenomics. Currently, the three main Python packages for trees are Bio.Phylo, DendroPy, and the ETE Toolkit, but as dataset sizes grow, parsing and manipulating ultra-large trees becomes impractical for these tools. To address this issue, we present TreeSwift, a user-friendly and massively scalable Python package for traversing and manipulating trees that is ideal for algorithms performed on ultra-large trees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TreeSwift: a massively scalable Python package for trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperactive Rac1 drives MAPK-independent proliferation in melanoma by assembly of a mechanosensitive dendritic actin network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCancer cells use a variety of mechanisms to subvert growth regulation and overcome environmental challenges. Often, these same mechanisms enable cancer cells to also develop resistance to targeted therapies. Here, we describe how a hyperactivating mutation of the Rac1 GTPase (Rac1P29S) harnesses Rac1s role as a regulator of actin polymer assembly to sustain cell cycle progression in growth limiting conditions. This proliferative advantage supports metastatic colonization of melanoma cells and confers insensitivity to inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, a frequent target for melanoma treatment. Rac1P29S bypasses the MAPK axis through a mechanism that necessitates cell-matrix attachment, however, does not depend on integrin-mediated focal adhesion assembly and focal adhesion kinase signaling. Even without involvement of canonical adhesion signaling, cells carrying the Rac1P29S mutation show elevated traction upon drug treatment and require mechanical resistance from their surrounding matrix to gain a proliferative advantage. We describe an alternative arm for cell mechanosensing, whereby actin polymerization against a matrix of minimal rigidity organizes biochemical cues to drive proliferative signals. Hyperactivation of Rac1 by the P29S mutation channels this pathway in melanoma through Arp 2/3-dependent formation of a constrained actin brush network that results in the inactivation of tumor suppressor NF2/Merlin. These data suggest an alternative mechanism for mechanosensitive growth regulation that can be hijacked by cancer cells to circumvent the adverse conditions of foreign microenvironments or drug treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasitinon, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isogai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siruvallur Murali, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danuser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperactive Rac1 drives MAPK-independent proliferation in melanoma by assembly of a mechanosensitive dendritic actin network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relevance of coral geometry in the outcomes of the coral-algal benthic war 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corals have built reefs on the benthos for millennia, becoming an essential element in marine ecosystems. Climate change and human impact, however, are favoring the invasion of non-calcifying benthic algae and reducing coral coverage. Corals rely on energy derived from photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding, which depends on their surface area, to defend their outer perimeter. But the relation between geometric properties of corals and the outcome of competitive coral-algal interactions is not well known. To address this, 50 coral colonies interacting with algae were sampled in the Caribbean island of Curacao. 3D and 2D digital models of corals were reconstructed to measure their surface area, perimeter, and polyp sizes. A box counting algorithm was applied to calculate their fractal dimension. The perimeter and surface dimensions were statistically non-fractal, but differences in the mean surface fractal dimension captured relevant features in the structure of corals. The mean fractal dimension and surface area were negatively correlated with the percentage of losing perimeter and positively correlated with the percentage of winning perimeter. The combination of coral perimeter, mean surface fractal dimension, and coral species explained 19% of the variability of losing regions, while the surface area, perimeter, and perimeter-to-surface area ratio explained 27% of the variability of winning regions. Corals with surface fractal dimensions smaller than two and small perimeters displayed the highest percentage of losing perimeter, while corals with large surface areas and low perimeter-to-surface ratios displayed the largest percentage of winning perimeter. This study confirms the importance of fractal surface dimension, surface area, and perimeter of corals in coral-algal interactions. In combination with non-geometrical measurements such as microbial composition, this approach could facilitate environmental conservation and restoration efforts on coral reefs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullinix, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felts, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nulton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, T. N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveira, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohwer, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relevance of coral geometry in the outcomes of the coral-algal benthic war]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation on wound healing, tumor growth and RACPP cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/-9) are key tissue remodeling enzymes that have multiple overlapping activities critical for wound healing and tumor progression in vivo. To overcome issues of redundancy, we created MMP-2/-9 double knockout (DKO) mice in the C57BL/6 background to examine wound healing. We then bred the DKO mice into the polyomavirus middle T (PyVmT) model of breast cancer to analyze the role of these enzymes in tumorigenesis. Breeding analyses indicated that significantly fewer DKO mice were born than predicted by Mendelian genetics and weaned DKO mice were growth compromised compared with wild type (WT) cohorts. Epithelial wound healing was dramatically delayed in adult DKO mice and when the DKO was combined with the PyVmT oncogene, we found that the biologically related process of mammary tumorigenesis was inhibited in a site-specific manner. To further examine the role of MMP-2/-9 in tumor progression, tumor cells derived from WT or DKO PyVmT transgenic tumors were grown in WT or DKO mice. Ratiometric activatable cell penetrating peptides (RACPPs) previously used to image cancer based on MMP-2/-9 activity were used to understand differences in MMP activity in WT or knockout syngeneic tumors in WT and KO animals. Analysis of an MMP-2 selective RACPP in WT or DKO mice bearing WT and DKO PyVmT tumor cells indicated that the genotype of the tumor cells was more important than the host stromal genotype in promoting MMP-2/-9 activity in the tumors in this model system. Additional complexities were revealed as the recruitment of host macrophages by the tumor cells was found to be the source of the tumor MMP-2/-9 activity and it is evident that MMP-2/-9 from both host and tumor is required for maximum signal using RACPP imaging for detection. We conclude that in the PyVmT model, the majority of MMP-2/-9 activity in mammary tumors is associated with host macrophages recruited into the tumor rather than that produced by the tumor cells themselves. Thus therapies that target tumor-associated macrophage functions have the potential to slow tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellies, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippert, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisp, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savariar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselmann, J. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation on wound healing, tumor growth and RACPP cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using global t-SNE to preserve inter-cluster data structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) method is one of the leading techniques for data visualization and clustering. This method finds lower dimensional embeddings of data points while minimizing distortions in distances between neighboring data points. By construction, t-SNE discards information about large scale structure of the data. We show that adding a global cost function to the t-SNE cost function makes it possible to cluster the data while preserving global inter-cluster data structure. We test the new "global t-SNE" (g-SNE) method on one synthetic and two real data sets on flowers and human brain cells which have significant and meaningful global structures. In all cases, g-SNE outperforms t-SNE in preserving the global structure. The weight parameter {lambda} of the global cost function determines the balance between local and global distances preservations. For the human brain atlas data set, we show the tradeoff of {lambda} in representing global structure of data. Using g-SNE with the optimized {lambda} may therefore yield biological insights into how data is organized on multiple scales. The MATLAB code is available at: https://github.com/gyrheart/gsne
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using global t-SNE to preserve inter-cluster data structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using deep whole genome sequence, transcriptome and epigenome data to characterize the mutational burden of induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the mutational burden of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we whole genome sequenced 18 fibroblast-derived iPSC lines and identified different classes of somatic mutations based on structure, origin and frequency. Copy number alterations affected 295 kb in each sample and strongly impacted gene expression. UV-damage mutations were present in ~45% of the iPSCs and accounted for most of the observed heterogeneity in mutation rates across lines. Subclonal mutations (not present in all iPSCs within a line) composed 10% of point mutations, and compared with clonal variants, showed an enrichment in active promoters and increased association with altered gene expression. Our study shows that, by combining WGS, transcriptome and epigenome data, we can understand the mutational burden of each iPSC line on an individual basis and suggests that this information could be used to prioritize iPSC lines for models of specific human diseases and/or transplantation therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubosky, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using deep whole genome sequence, transcriptome and epigenome data to characterize the mutational burden of induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI(4,5)P2 Binding Sites in the Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Modulate Assembly and Budding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes sever hemorrhagic fever in humans, can cause death in a large percentage of those infected, and still lacks FDA approved treatment options. In this study, we investigated how the essential EBOV protein, VP40, forms stable oligomers to mediate budding and assembly from the host cell plasma membrane. An array of in vitro and cellular assays identified and characterized two lysine rich regions that bind to PI(4,5)P2 and serve distinct functions through the lipid binding and assembly of the viral matrix layer. We found that when VP40 binds PI(4,5)P2, VP40 oligomers become extremely stable and long lived. Together, this work characterizes the molecular basis of PI(4,5)P2 binding by VP40, which stabilizes formation of VP40 oligomers necessary for viral assembly and budding. Quercetin, a natural product that lowers PI(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane, inhibited budding of VP40 VLPs and may inform future treatment strategies against EBOV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budicini, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI(4,5)P2 Binding Sites in the Ebola Virus Matrix Protein Modulate Assembly and Budding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic discovery of uncharacterized transcription factors in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulation enables cells to respond to environmental changes. Yet, among the estimated 304 candidate transcription factors (TFs) in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655, 185 have been experimentally identified and only a few tens of them have been fully characterized by ChIP methods. Understanding the remaining TFs is key to improving our knowledge of the E. coli transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). Here, we developed an integrated workflow for the computational prediction and comprehensive experimental validation of TFs using a suite of genome-wide experiments. We applied this workflow to: 1) identify 16 candidate TFs from over a hundred candidate uncharacterized genes; 2) capture a total of 255 DNA binding peaks for 10 candidate TFs resulting in six high-confidence binding motifs; 3) reconstruct the regulons of these 10 TFs by determining gene expression changes upon deletion of each TF; and 4) determine the regulatory roles of three TFs (YiaJ, YdcI, and YeiE) as regulators of L-ascorbate utilization, proton transfer and acetate metabolism, and iron homeostasis under iron limited condition, respectively. Together, these results demonstrate how this workflow can be used to discover, characterize, and elucidate regulatory functions of uncharacterized TFs in parallel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabimoldayev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drager, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mih, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic discovery of uncharacterized transcription factors in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolution of White Matter Microstructural Changes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal DTI and NODDI Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging biomarkers show promise for improving precision diagnosis and prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but none has yet been adopted in routine clinical practice. Biophysical modeling of multishell diffusion MRI, using the neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) framework, may improve upon conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in revealing subtle patterns of underlying white matter microstructural pathology, such as diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and neuroinflammation, that are important for detecting mTBI and determining patient outcome. With a cross-sectional and longitudinal design, we assessed structural MRI, DTI and NODDI in 40 mTBI patients at 2 weeks and 6 months after injury and 14 matched control participants with orthopedic trauma but not suffering from mTBI at 2 weeks. Self-reported and performance-based cognitive measures assessing postconcussive symptoms, memory, executive functions and processing speed were investigated in post-acute and chronic phase after injury for the mTBI subjects. Machine learning analysis was used to identify mTBI patients with the best neuropsychological improvement over time and relate this outcome to DTI and NODDI biomarkers. In the cross-sectional comparison with the trauma control group at 2 weeks post-injury, mTBI patients showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased mean diffusivity (MD) on DTI mainly in anterior tracts that corresponded to white matter regions of elevated free water fraction (FISO) on NODDI, signifying vasogenic edema. Patients showed decreases from 2 weeks to 6 months in white matter neurite density on NODDI, predominantly in posterior tracts. No significant longitudinal changes in DTI metrics were observed. The machine learning analysis divided the mTBI patients into two groups based on their recovery. Voxel-wise group comparison revealed associations between white matter orientation dispersion index (ODI) and FISO with degree and trajectory of improvement within the mTBI group. In conclusion, white matter FA and MD alterations early after mTBI might reflect vasogenic edema, as shown by elevated free water on NODDI. Longer-term declines in neurite density on NODDI suggest progressive axonal degeneration due to DAI, especially in tracts known to be integral to the structural connectome. Overall, these results show that the NODDI parameters appear to be more sensitive to longitudinal changes than DTI metrics. Thus, NODDI merits further study in larger cohorts for mTBI diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palacios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuh, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassar, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Arrastia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacino, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okonkwo, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Donald, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TRACK-TBI Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolution of White Matter Microstructural Changes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal DTI and NODDI Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prognostic Relevance of CCDC88C (Daple) Transcripts in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Malignant Melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A loss of balance between G-protein activation and deactivation has been implicated in the initiation of melanomas, and non-canonical Wnt signaling via the Wnt5A/Frizzled (FZD) pathway has been shown to be critical for the switch to an invasive phenotype. Daple [CCDC88C gene], a cytosolic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which enhances non-canonical Wnt5A/FZD signaling via activation of trimeric G protein, Gai has been shown to serve opposing roles-- as an inducer of EMT and invasiveness and a potent tumor suppressor -- via two isoforms, V1 (full-length) and V2, respectively. Here we report that the relative abundance of these isoforms in the peripheral circulation, presumably largely from circulating tumor cells (CTCs), is a prognostic marker of cutaneous melanomas. Expression of V1 is increased in both the early and late clinical stages (p<0.001, p=0.002, respectively); V2 is decreased exclusively in the late clinical stage (p=0.011). The two isoforms have opposing prognostic effects: high expression of V2 increases progression-free survival (PFS; p = 0.02), whereas high expression of V1 decreases PFS (p=0.013). Furthermore, these effects are additive, in that melanoma patients with a low V2-high V1 signature carry the highest risk of metastatic disease. We conclude that detection of Daple transcripts in the peripheral blood (i.e., liquid biopsies) of patients with melanoma may serve as a prognostic marker and an effective strategy for non-invasive long-term follow-up of patients with melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aznar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prognostic Relevance of CCDC88C (Daple) Transcripts in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Malignant Melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untargeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Tracks Molecular Changes in Raw and Processed Foods and Beverages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major aspect of our daily lives is the need to acquire, store and prepare our food. Storage and preparation can have drastic effects on the compositional chemistry of our foods, but we have a limited understanding of the temporal nature of processes such as storage, spoilage, fermentation and brewing on the chemistry of the foods we eat. Here, we performed a temporal analysis of the chemical changes in foods during common household preparations using untargeted mass spectrometry and novel data analysis approaches. Common treatments of foods such as home fermentation of yogurt, brewing of tea, spoilage of meats and ripening of tomatoes altered the chemical makeup through time, through both chemical and biological processes. For example, brewing tea altered its composition by increasing the diversity of molecules, but this change was halted after 4 min of brewing. The results indicate that this is largely due to differential extraction of the material from the tea and not modification of the molecules during the brewing process. This is in contrast to the preparation of yogurt from milk, spoilage of meat and the ripening of tomatoes where biological transformations directly altered the foods molecular composition. Comprehensive assessment of chemical changes using multivariate statistics showed the varied impacts of the different food treatments, while analysis of individual chemical changes show specific alterations of chemical families in the different food types. The methods developed here represent novel approaches to studying the changes in food chemistry that can reveal global alterations in chemical profiles and specific transformations at the chemical level.nnO_LSTHighlightsC_LSTO_LIWe created a reference data set for tomato, milk to yogurt, tea, coffee, turkey and beef.nC_LIO_LIWe show that normal preparation and handling affects the molecular make-up.nC_LIO_LITea preparation is largely driven by differential extraction.nC_LIO_LIFormation of yogurt involves chemical transformations.nC_LIO_LIThe majority of meat molecules are not altered in 5 days at room temperature.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aceves, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaliti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demko, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Ottavio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elijah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ul-Hasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untargeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Tracks Molecular Changes in Raw and Processed Foods and Beverages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memote: A community-driven effort towards a standardized genome-scale metabolic model test suite 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies have shown that neither the formal representation nor the functional requirements of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are precisely defined. Without a consistent standard, comparability, reproducibility, and interoperability of models across groups and software tools cannot be guaranteed.nnHere, we present memote (https://github.com/opencobra/memote) an open-source software containing a community-maintained, standardized set of metabolic model tests. The tests cover a range of aspects from annotations to conceptual integrity and can be extended to include experimental datasets for automatic model validation. In addition to testing a model once, memote can be configured to do so automatically, i.e., while building a GEM. A comprehensive report displays the models performance parameters, which supports informed model development and facilitates error detection.nnMemote provides a measure for model quality that is consistent across reconstruction platforms and analysis software and simplifies collaboration within the community by establishing workflows for publicly hosted and version controlled models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieven, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babaei, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dräger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, R. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Helvoirt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrgard, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehorst, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klamt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klipp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Novere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardinoglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlock, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nookaew, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resendis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memote: A community-driven effort towards a standardized genome-scale metabolic model test suite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Inflammatory Cell States in Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Synovial Tissues by Integrating Single-cell Transcriptomics and Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To define the cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) driving joint inflammation, we applied single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry, bulk RNA-seq, and flow cytometry to sorted T cells, B cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts from 51 synovial tissue RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patient samples. Utilizing an integrated computational strategy based on canonical correlation analysis to 5,452 scRNA-seq profiles, we identified 18 unique cell populations. Combining mass cytometry and transcriptomics together revealed cell states expanded in RA synovia: THY1+HLAhigh sublining fibroblasts (OR=33.8), IL1B+ pro-inflammatory monocytes (OR=7.8), CD11c+T-bet+ autoimmune-associated B cells (OR=5.7), and PD-1+Tph/Tfh (OR=3.0). We also defined CD8+ T cell subsets characterized by GZMK+, GZMB+, and GNLY+ expression. Using bulk and single-cell data, we mapped inflammatory mediators to source cell populations, for example attributing IL6 production to THY1+HLAhigh fibroblasts and naive B cells, and IL1B to pro-inflammatory monocytes. These populations are potentially key mediators of RA pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slowikowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseka, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabechian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon-Escoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, G. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apruzzese, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Partnership: RA Phase 1,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AMP RA/SLE,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCarlo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravallese, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holers, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bykerk, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anolik, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Inflammatory Cell States in Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Synovial Tissues by Integrating Single-cell Transcriptomics and Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale reconstructions of the mammalian secretory pathway predict metabolic costs and limitations of protein secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, >25% of synthesized proteins are exported through the secretory pathway. The pathway complexity, however, obfuscates its impact on the secretion of different proteins. Unraveling its impact on diverse proteins is particularly important for biopharmaceutical production. Here we delineate the core secretory pathway functions and integrate them with genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of human, mouse, and Chinese hamster cells. The resulting reconstructions enable the computation of energetic costs and machinery demands of each secreted protein. By integrating additional omics data, we find that highly secretory cells have adapted to reduce expression and secretion of other expensive host cell proteins. Furthermore, we predict metabolic costs and maximum productivities of biotherapeutic proteins and identify protein features that most significantly impact protein secretion. Finally, the model successfully predicts the increase in secretion of a monoclonal antibody after silencing a highly expressed selection marker. This work represents a knowledgebase of the mammalian secretory pathway that serves as a novel tool for systems biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallehauge, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grav, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hizal, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voldborg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildegaard, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale reconstructions of the mammalian secretory pathway predict metabolic costs and limitations of protein secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific NKX2-5 binding underlies multiple genetic associations with human EKG traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation affecting the binding of transcription factors (TFs) has been proposed as a major mechanism underlying susceptibility to common disease. NKX2-5, a key cardiac development TF, has been associated with electrocardiographic (EKG) traits through GWAS, but the extent to which differential binding of NKX2-5 contributes to these traits has not yet been studied. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic and epigenomic data generated from iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte lines (iPSC-CMs) from seven whole-genome sequenced individuals in a three-generational family. We identified ~2,000 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with allele-specific effects (ASE) on NKX2-5 binding. These ASE-SNVs were enriched for altered TF motifs (both cognate and other cardiac TFs), and were positively correlated with changes in H3K27ac in iPSC-CMs, suggesting they impact cardiac enhancer activity. We found that NKX2-ASE-SNVs were significantly enriched for being heart-specific eQTLs and EKG GWAS variants, suggesting that altered NKX2-5 binding at multiple sites across the genome influences EKG traits. We used a fine-mapping approach to integrate iPSC-CM molecular phenotype data with a GWAS for heart rate, and determined that NKX2-5 ASE variants are likely causal for numerous known, as well as previously unidentified, heart rate loci. Analyzing Hi-C and gene expression data from iPSC-CMs at these heart rate loci, we identified several genes likely to be causally involved in heart rate variability. Our study demonstrates that differential binding of NKX2-5 is a common mechanism underlying genetic association with EKG traits, and shows that characterizing variants associated with differential binding of development TFs in iPSC-derived cell lines can identify novel loci and mechanisms influencing complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoever, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific NKX2-5 binding underlies multiple genetic associations with human EKG traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Communication and quorum sensing in non-living mimics of eukaryotic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells in tissues or biofilms communicate with one another through chemical and mechanical signals to coordinate collective behaviors. Non-living cell mimics provide simplified models of natural systems, however, it has remained challenging to implement communication capabilities comparable to living cells. Here we present a porous artificial cell-mimic containing a nucleus-like DNA-hydrogel compartment that is able to express and display proteins, and communicate with neighboring cell-mimics through diffusive protein signals. We show that communication between cell-mimics allows distribution of tasks, quorum sensing, and cellular differentiation according to local environment. Cell-mimics can be manufactured in large quantities, easily stored, chemically modified, and spatially organized into diffusively connected tissue-like arrangements, offering a means for studying communication in large ensembles of artificial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niederholtmeyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaggan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Communication and quorum sensing in non-living mimics of eukaryotic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PROTEIN-CODING VARIANTS IMPLICATE NOVEL GENES RELATED TO LIPID HOMEOSTASIS CONTRIBUTING TO BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Body fat distribution is a heritable risk factor for a range of adverse health consequences, including hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes. To identify protein-coding variants associated with body fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, we analyzed 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries for discovery and 132,177 independent European-ancestry individuals for validation. We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF[&ge;]5%) and 9 low frequency or rare (MAF<5%) coding variants that have not been reported previously. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses of all associated variants highlight lipid particle, adiponectin level, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology, and bone development and morphology as processes affecting fat distribution and body shape. Furthermore, the cross-trait associations and the analyses of variant and gene function highlight a strong connection to lipids, cardiovascular traits, and type 2 diabetes. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdown crosses, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). By examining variants often poorly tagged or entirely missed by genome-wide association studies, we implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempradl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedantam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfred, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivapalaratnam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzumanyan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balkau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blüher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böger,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PROTEIN-CODING VARIANTS IMPLICATE NOVEL GENES RELATED TO LIPID HOMEOSTASIS CONTRIBUTING TO BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDeep3M - Plug-and-Play cloud based deep learning for image segmentation of light, electron and X-ray microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As biological imaging datasets increase in size, deep neural networks are considered vital tools for efficient image segmentation. While a number of different network architectures have been developed for segmenting even the most challenging biological images, community access is still limited by the difficulty of setting up complex computational environments and processing pipelines, and the availability of compute resources. Here, we address these bottlenecks, providing a ready-to-use image segmentation solution for any lab, with a pre-configured, publicly available, cloud-based deep convolutional neural network on Amazon Web Services (AWS). We provide simple instructions for training and applying CDeep3M for segmentation of large and complex 2D and 3D microscopy datasets of diverse biomedical imaging modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haberl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDeep3M - Plug-and-Play cloud based deep learning for image segmentation of light, electron and X-ray microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TP53 mutations promote immunogenic activity in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough immunotherapy has recently achieved clinical successes in a variety of cancers, thus far there is no any immunotherapeutic strategy for breast cancer (BC). Thus, it is important to discover biomarkers for identifying the BC patients responsive to immunotherapy. TP53 mutations were often associated with worse clinical outcome in BC, of which the triple-negative BC (TNBC) has a high TP53 mutation rate (approximately 80%). TNBC is high-risk due to its high invasiveness, and lack of targeted therapy. To explore a potentially promising therapeutic option for the TP53-mutated BC subtype, we studied the associations between TP53 mutations and immunogenic activity in BC.nnMethodsWe compared enrichment levels of 26 immune gene-sets that indicated activities of diverse immune cells, functions, and pathways between TP53-mutated and TP53-wildtype BCs based on two large-scale BC multi-omics data. Moreover, we explored the molecular cues that were associated with the differences in immunogenic activity between TP53-mutated and TP53-wildtype BCs. Furthermore, we performed experimental validation of the findings from bioinformatics analysis.nnResultsWe found that almost all analyzed immune gene-sets had significantly higher enrichment levels in TP53-mutated BCs compared to TP53-wildtype BCs. Moreover, our experiments confirmed that mutant p53 could increase BC immunogenicity. Furthermore, our computational and experimental results showed that TP53 mutations could promote BC immunogenicity via regulation of the p53-mediated pathways including cell cycle, apoptosis, Wnt, Jak-STAT, NOD-like receptor, and glycolysis. Interestingly, we found that elevated immune activities were likely to be associated with better survival prognosis in TP53-mutated BCs, but not necessarily in TP53-wildtype BCs.nnConclusionsTP53 mutations promote immunogenic activity in breast cancer. This finding demonstrates a different effect of p53 dysfunction on tumor immunogenicity from that of previous studies, suggesting that the TP53 mutation status could be a useful biomarker for stratifying BC patients responsive to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TP53 mutations promote immunogenic activity in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that recurrent Group A streptococcus tonsillitis is animmunosusceptibility disease involving antibody deficiency and aberrant Tfh cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryRecurrent tonsillitis is a multifactorial disease associated with an aberrant tonsillar germinal center response to Group A Streptococcus.nnABSTRACTRecurrent Group A Streptococcus (GAS) tonsillitis (RT) is a common indication for pediatric tonsillectomy.  Strep throat is highly prevalent among children; yet, it is unknown why some children develop RT. To gain insights into this classic childhood disease, we performed phenotypic, genotypic, and functional studies on pediatric GAS RT and non-RT tonsils. We observed significantly smaller germinal centers in GAS RT tonsils, and underrepresentation of GAS-specific germinal center follicular helper (GC Tfh) CD4+ T cells. RT children exhibited reduced antibody responses to GAS virulence factor SpeA. Risk and protective HLA Class II alleles for RT were identified. Finally, SpeA induced granzyme B+ GC Tfh cells in RT tonsils that had capacity to kill B cells. Together, these observations suggest that RT susceptibility can occur due to genetic differences that can result in aberrant GC Tfh cells and poor antibody responses to GAS SpeA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havenar-Daughton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendric, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutress, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottensmeier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that recurrent Group A streptococcus tonsillitis is animmunosusceptibility disease involving antibody deficiency and aberrant Tfh cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic paralogs control a switch between growth and pathogen resistance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune genes are under intense pressure from pathogens, which cause these genes to diversify over evolutionary time and become species-specific. Through a forward genetic screen we recently described a C. elegans-specific gene called pals-22 to be a repressor of "Intracellular Pathogen Response" or IPR genes. Here we describe pals-25, which, like pals-22, is a species-specific gene of unknown biochemical function. We identified pals-25 in a screen for suppression of pals-22 mutant phenotypes and found that mutations in pals-25 suppress all known phenotypes caused by mutations in pals-22. These phenotypes include increased IPR gene expression, thermotolerance, and immunity against natural pathogens. Mutations in pals-25 also reverse the reduced lifespan and slowed growth of pals-22 mutants. Transcriptome analysis indicates that pals-22 and pals-25 control expression of genes induced not only by natural pathogens of the intestine, but also by natural pathogens of the epidermis. Indeed, in an independent forward genetic screen we identified pals-22 as a repressor and pals-25 as an activator of epidermal defense gene expression. These phenotypic and evolutionary features of pals-22 and pals-25 are strikingly similar to species-specific R gene pairs in plants that control immunity against co-evolved pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjardins, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkoulas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic paralogs control a switch between growth and pathogen resistance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peak p-values and false discovery rate inference in neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peaks are a mainstay of neuroimage analysis for reporting localization results. The current peak detection procedure in SPM12 requires a pre-threshold for approximating p-values and a false discovery rate (FDR) nominal level for inference. However, the pre-threshold is an undesirable feature, while the FDR level is meaningless if the signal is assumed to be nonzero everywhere. This article provides: 1) a peak height distribution for smooth Gaussian error fields that does not require a screening pre-threshold; 2) a signal-plus-noise model where FDR of peaks can be controlled and properly interpreted. Matlab code for calculation of p-values using the exact peak height distribution is available as an SPM extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telschow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peak p-values and false discovery rate inference in neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakdown of spatial coding and neural synchronization in epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal lobe epilepsy causes significant cognitive deficits in both human patients and rodent models, yet the specific circuit mechanisms that alter cognitive processes remain unknown. There is dramatic and selective interneuron death and axonal reorganization within the hippocampus of both humans and animal models, but the functional consequences of these changes on information processing at the neuronal population level have not been well characterized. To examine spatial representations of epileptic and control mice, we developed a novel wire-free miniature microscope to allow for unconstrained behavior during in vivo calcium imaging of neuronal activity. We found that epileptic mice running on a linear track had severely impaired spatial processing in CA1 within a single session, as place cells were less precise and less stable, and population coding was impaired. Long-term stability of place cells was also compromised as place cells in epileptic mice were highly unstable across short time intervals and completely remapped across a week. Because of the large-scale reorganization of inhibitory circuits in epilepsy, we hypothesized that degraded spatial representations were caused by dysfunctional inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we examined the temporal dynamics of hippocampal interneurons using silicon probes to simultaneously record from CA1 and dentate gyrus during head-fixed virtual navigation. We found that epileptic mice had a profound reduction in theta coherence between the dentate gyrus and CA1 regions and altered interneuron synchronization. In particular, dentate interneurons of epileptic mice had altered phase preferences to ongoing theta oscillations, which decorrelated inhibitory population firing between CA1 and dentate gyrus. To assess the specific contribution of desynchronization on spatial coding, we built a CA1 network model to simulate hippocampal desynchronization. Critically, we found that desynchronized inputs reduced the information content and stability of CA1 neurons, consistent with the experimental data. Together, these results demonstrate that temporally precise intra-hippocampal communication is critical for forming the spatial code and that desynchronized firing of hippocampal neuronal populations contributes to poor spatial processing in epileptic mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavlis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taxidis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaherian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaba, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakhurin, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masmanidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakh, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirazi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakdown of spatial coding and neural synchronization in epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPAC1 couples with TRPV4 channel to promote calcium-dependent gastric cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although VPAC1 and its ligand vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are important in gastrointestinal physiology, their involvements in progression of gastrointestinal tumor have not been explored. Here, we found that higher expression of VIP/VPAC1 was observed in gastric cancer compared to the adjacent normal tissues. The increased expression of VIP/VPAC1 in gastric cancer correlated positively with invasion, tumor stage, lymph node, distant metastases, and poor survival. Moreover, high expression of VIP and VPAC1, advanced tumor stage and distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors. VPAC1 activation by VIP markedly induced TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ entry, and eventually promoted gastric cancer progression in a Ca2+ signaling-dependent manner. Inhibition of VPAC1 and its signaling pathway could block the progressive responses. VPAC1/TRPV4/Ca2+ signaling in turn enhanced the expression and secretion of VIP in gastric cancer cells, enforcing a positive feedback regulation mechanism. Taken together, our study demonstrate that VPAC1 is significantly overexpressed in gastric cancer and VPAC1/TRPV4/Ca2+ signaling axis could enforce a positive feedback regulation in gastric cancer progression. VIP/VPAC1 may serve as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, T. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carethers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPAC1 couples with TRPV4 channel to promote calcium-dependent gastric cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beauty-in-averageness and its contextual modulations: A Bayesian statistical account 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how humans perceive the likability of high-dimensional "objects" such as faces is an important problem in both cognitive science and AI/ML. Existing models of human preferences generally assume these preferences to be fixed. However, human assessment of facial attractiveness have been found to be highly context-dependent. Specifically, the classical Beauty-in-Averageness (BiA) effect, whereby a face blended from two original faces is judged to be more attractive than the originals, is significantly diminished or reversed when the original faces are recognizable, or when the morph is mixed-race/mixed gender and the attractiveness judgment is preceded by a race/gender categorization. This effect, dubbed Ugliness-in-Averageness (UiA), has previously been attributed to a disfluency account, which is both qualitative and clumsy in explaining BiA. We hypothesize, instead, that these contextual influences on face processing result from the dependence of attractiveness perception on an element of statistical typicality, and from an attentional mechanism that restricts face representation to a task-relevant subset of features, thus redefining typicality within that subspace. Furthermore, we propose a principled explanation of why statistically atypical objects are less likable: they incur greater encoding or processing cost associated with a greater prediction error, when the brain uses predictive coding to compare the actual stimulus properties with those expected from its associated categorical prototype. We use simulations to show our model provides a parsimonious, statistically grounded, and quantitative account of contextual dependence of attractiveness. We also validate our model using experimental data from a gender categorization task. Finally, we make model predictions for a proposed experiment that can disambiguate the previous disfluency account and our statistical typicality theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beauty-in-averageness and its contextual modulations: A Bayesian statistical account]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of social face perception in humans: Leveraging the active appearance model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Face processing plays a central role in human social life. Humans readily infer social traits (e.g. attractiveness and trustworthiness) from a strangers face. Previous attempts to characterize the facial (physiognomic) features underlying social processing have lacked either systematicity or interpretability. Here, we utilize a statistical framework to tackle this problem, by learning a vector space to represent faces, and a linear mapping from this face space into human social trait judgments. Specifically, we obtain a face space by training the Active Appearance Model on large datasets of face images. Based on human evaluations of numerous social traits on these images, we then use regression to find linear combinations of facial features (what we call Linear Trait Axis, or LTA) that best predict human social judgments. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in overall predictive accuracy - comparable to the best convolutional neural network and better than human prediction of other human ratings. To interpret the LTAs, we regress them against a large repertoire of geometric features. To understand the relationship between the facial features that underlie different social, emotional, and demographic traits, we present a novel "dual space analysis" that characterizes the geometric relationship among LTA vectors. It shows that facial features important for social trait perception are largely distinct from those underlying demographic and emotion perception, contrary to previous suggestions that social trait perception is driven by over-generalization of relatively primitive demographic and emotion perception processes. In addition, we present a novel correlation decomposition analysis that quantifies how correlations in trait judgments (e.g. between attractiveness and babyfacedness) independently arise from (1) shared facial features among traits, and (2) correlation in the distribution of facial features in the human population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of social face perception in humans: Leveraging the active appearance model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ad-Seq, a genome-wide DNA-adduct profiling assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryCarcinogens form adducts with the DNA which, when not properly repaired, can lead to mutations and drive oncogenesis. The identity, sequence specificity and mutagenicity of most DNA-adducts is however poorly understood and current molecular assays are limited in their scope and scalability. We present a novel genome-wide DNA adduct sequencing (Ad-Seq) assay to map the location of DNA-adducts at single-nucleotide resolution. Ad-Seq enriches for DNA fragments containing nuclease digestion resistant DNA-adducts. The genomic location of the resulting reads is aggregated in a quantitative profile showing the DNA-adduct sequence context. Ad-Seq is quantitative and confirms known specificity of damages from Ultra-Violet light (di-pyrimidine) and cisplatin (AG and GG di-purines). Furthermore, in cells, Ad-Seq profile can be compared to chromatin segments to show that cisplatin associated adducts are depleted in open and active chromatin regions. The Ad-Seq assay can therefore generate a broad DNA signature of DNA damage and, by comparing to mutagen exposure or downstream mutational profile and signatures, be used to improve our understanding of cancer molecular etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ad-Seq, a genome-wide DNA-adduct profiling assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread in epithelia is heterogeneous and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/367797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
L. monocytogenes hijacks host actin to promote its intracellular motility and intercellular spread. While L. monocytogenes virulence hinges on cell-to-cell spread, little is known about the dynamics of bacterial spread in epithelia at a population level. Here, we use live microscopy and statistical modeling to demonstrate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread proceeds anisotropically in an epithelial monolayer in culture. We show that boundaries of infection foci are irregular and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria that spread farther than the rest. We extend our quantitative model for bacterial spread to show that heterogeneous spreading behavior can improve the chances of creating a persistent L. monocytogenes infection in an actively extruding epithelium. Thus, our results indicate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread is heterogeneous, and that rare pioneer bacteria determine the frontier of infection foci and may promote bacterial infection persistence in dynamic epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/367797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread in epithelia is heterogeneous and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsal Premotor Contributions to Auditory Rhythm Perception: Causal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies of Interval, Tempo, and Phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been suggested that movement planning networks are critical for time perception. The Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis proposes that the dorsal auditory stream is involved in predictive beat-based timing through bidirectional interchange between auditory perception and dorsal premotor (dPMC) prediction via parietal regions, as has been supported by brain imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, causal impact of dPMC on time perception has not been tested directly. We used a TMS protocol that down-regulates cortical activity, continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), to test for causal contributions of left dPMC to time perception. Three experiments measured (1) discrete interval timing perception, and relative beat-based musical timing for (2) tempo perception and (3) phase perception. Perceptual acuity was tested pre- and post-cTBS using a test of sub-second interval discrimination and the Adaptive Beat Alignment Test (A-BAT). We show (N = 30) that cTBS down-regulation of left dPMC interferes with interval timing perception and the ability to detect differences in musical tempo, but not phase. Our data support causal involvement of premotor networks in perceptual timing, supporting a causal role of the left dPMC in accurate interval and musical tempo perception, possibly via dorsal stream interactions with auditory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsal Premotor Contributions to Auditory Rhythm Perception: Causal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies of Interval, Tempo, and Phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overview of the SAMPL6 host-guest binding affinity prediction challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately predicting the binding affinities of small organic molecules to biological macro-molecules can greatly accelerate drug discovery by reducing the number of compounds that must be synthesized to realize desired potency and selectivity goals. Unfortunately, the process of assessing the accuracy of current computational approaches to affinity prediction against binding data to biological macro-molecules is frustrated by several challenges, such as slow conformational dynamics, multiple titratable groups, and the lack of high-quality blinded datasets. Over the last several SAMPL blind challenge exercises, host-guest systems have emerged as a practical and effective way to circumvent these challenges in assessing the predictive performance of current-generation quantitative modeling tools, while still providing systems capable of possessing tight binding affinities. Here, we present an overview of the SAMPL6 host-guest binding affinity prediction challenge, which featured three supramolecular hosts: octa-acid (OA), the closely related tetra-endo-methyl-octa-acid (TEMOA), and cucurbit[8]uril (CB8), along with 21 small organic guest molecules. A total of 119 entries were received from 10 participating groups employing a variety of methods that spanned from electronic structure and movable type calculations in implicit solvent to alchemical and potential of mean force strategies using empirical force fields with explicit solvent models. While empirical models tended to obtain better performance than first-principle methods, it was not possible to identify a single approach that consistently provided superior results across all host-guest systems and statistical metrics. Moreover, the accuracy of the methodologies generally displayed a substantial dependence on the system considered, emphasizing the need for host diversity in blind evaluations. Several entries exploited previous experimental measurements of similar host-guest systems in an effort to improve their physical-based predictions via some manner of rudimentary machine learning; while this strategy succeeded in reducing systematic errors, it did not correspond to an improvement in statistical correlation. Comparison to previous rounds of the host-guest binding free energy challenge highlights an overall improvement in the correlation obtained by the affinity predictions for OA and TEMOA systems, but a surprising lack of improvement regarding root mean square error over the past several challenge rounds. The data suggests that further refinement of force field parameters, as well as improved treatment of chemical effects (e.g., buffer salt conditions, protonation states) may be required to further enhance predictive accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murkli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibb, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overview of the SAMPL6 host-guest binding affinity prediction challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Control of Neuronal Metabolism Through Glucose-Mediated Mitochondrial Transport Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells modulate their metabolism by organizing metabolic components in response to varying nutrient availability and energy demands. In the axons of mammalian neurons, mitochondria have been shown to respond to glucose levels by halting active transport preferentially in high glucose regions. Here, we employ quantitative modeling to explore the physical limits on spatial organization of organelles through such regulated stopping of processive motion, as well as the consequences to cellular metabolism. We delineate the role of key parameters, including cellular glucose uptake and consumption rates, that are expected to modulate mitochondrial distribution and metabolic response in spatially varying glucose conditions. Our quantitative estimates indicate that physiological brain glucose levels fall within the limited range necessary for metabolic enhancement, making this a plausible regulatory mechanism for neuronal metabolic flexibility in the presence of spatially heterogeneous glucose. These findings highlight the role of spatial organization in the regulation of neuronal metabolism, while providing a quantitative framework for the establishment of such organization by control of organelle trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekkurnaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Control of Neuronal Metabolism Through Glucose-Mediated Mitochondrial Transport Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-occurring genetic alterations in the RAS pathway promote resistance to MET inhibitor treatment in non-small cell lung cancer with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEWhile patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring MET exon 14 skipping mutations (METex14) often benefit from MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, clinical benefit is limited by primary and acquired drug resistance. The molecular basis for this resistance remains incompletely understood.nnMETHODSTargeted sequencing analysis was performed on cell-free circulating tumor DNA obtained from 289 patients with advanced-stage METex14-mutated NSCLC.nnRESULTSProminent co-occurring RAS-MAPK pathway gene alterations (e.g. in KRAS, NF1) were detected in NSCLCs with METex14 skipping alterations as compared to EGFR-mutated NSCLCs. There was an association between decreased MET TKI treatment response and RAS-MAPK pathway co-occurring alterations. In a preclinical model expressing a canonical METex14 mutation, KRAS overexpression or NF1 downregulation hyperactivated MAPK signaling to promote MET TKI resistance. This resistance was overcome by co-treatment with crizotinib and the MEK inhibitor trametinib.nnCONCLUSIONOur study provides a genomic landscape of co-occurring alterations in advanced-stage METex14-mutated NSCLC and suggests a potential combination therapy strategy targeting MAPK pathway signaling to enhance clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotow, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fece de la Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadres, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastian, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starostik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivas, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collisson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoach, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-occurring genetic alterations in the RAS pathway promote resistance to MET inhibitor treatment in non-small cell lung cancer with a MET exon 14 skipping mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome organization through self-assembly of a filamentous chromosome axis core 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The meiotic chromosome axis plays key roles in meiotic chromosome organization and recombination, yet the underlying protein components of this structure are highly diverged. Here, we show that "axis core proteins" from budding yeast (Red1), mammals (SYCP2/SYCP3), and plants (ASY3/ASY4) are evolutionarily related and play equivalent roles in chromosome axis assembly. We first identify motifs in each complex that recruit meiotic HORMADs, the master regulators of meiotic recombination. We next find that axis core complexes form homotetrameric (Red1) or heterotetrameric (SYCP2:SYCP3 and ASY3:ASY4) coiled-coil assemblies that further oligomerize into micron-length filaments. Thus, the meiotic chromosome axis core in fungi, mammals, and plants shares a common molecular architecture and role in axis assembly and recombination control. We propose that the meiotic chromosome axis self-assembles through cooperative interactions between dynamic DNA loop-extruding cohesin complexes and the filamentous axis core, then serves as a platform for chromosome organization, recombination, and synaptonemal complex assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, A. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ur, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome organization through self-assembly of a filamentous chromosome axis core]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nonlinear simulation framework supports adjusting for age when analyzing BrainAGE. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several imaging modalities, including T1-weighted structural imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional MRI can show chronological age related changes. Employing machine learning algorithms, an individuals imaging data can predict their age with reasonable accuracy. While details vary according to modality, the general strategy is to: 1) extract image-related features, 2) build a model on a training set that uses those features to predict an individuals age, 3) validate the model on a test dataset, producing a predicted age for each individual, 4) define the "Brain Age Gap Estimate" (BrainAGE) as the difference between an individuals predicted age and his/her chronological age, and 5) estimate the relationship between BrainAGE and other variables of interest, and 6) make inferences about those variables and accelerated or delayed brain aging. For example, a group of individuals with overall positive BrainAGE may show signs of accelerated aging in other variables as well. There is inevitably an overestimation of the age of younger individuals and an underestimation of the age of older individuals due to  regression to the mean. The correlation between chronological age and BrainAGE may significantly impact the relationship between BrainAGE and other variables of interest when they are also related to age. In this study, we examine the detectability of variable effects under different assumptions. We use empirical results from two separate datasets [training=475 healthy volunteers, aged 18 - 60 years (259 female); testing=489 participants including people with mood/anxiety, substance use, eating disorders and healthy controls, aged 18 - 56 years (312 female)] to inform simulation parameter selection. Outcomes in simulated and empirical data strongly support the proposal that models incorporating BrainAGE should include chronological age as a covariate. We propose either including age as a covariate in step 5 of the above framework, or employing a multistep procedure where age is regressed on BrainAGE prior to step 5, producing BrainAGE Residualized (BrainAGER) scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuplicki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulsa 1000 Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nonlinear simulation framework supports adjusting for age when analyzing BrainAGE.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Episodic Memory Can Replace Active Storage in Visual Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have remarkable visual long-term memory abilities, capable of storing thousands of objects with significant detail. However, it remains unknown how such memory is utilized during the short-term maintenance of information. Specifically, if people have a previously encoded memory for an item, how does this affect subsequent working memory for that same item? Here, we demonstrate people can quickly and accurately make use of visual long-term memories and therefore maintain less perceptual information actively in working memory. We assessed how much perceptual information is actively maintained in working memory by measuring neural activity during the delay period of a working memory task using electroencephalography. We find that despite maintaining less perceptual information in working memory when long-term memory representations are available, there is no decrement in memory performance. This suggests under certain circumstances people can dynamically disengage working memory maintenance and instead use long-term memories when available. However, this does not mean participants always utilize long-term memory. In a follow-up experiment, we introduced additional perceptual interference into working memory and found participants actively maintained items in working memory even when they had existing long-term memories available. These results clarify the kinds of conditions under which long-term and working memory operate. Specifically, working memory is engaged when new information is encountered or perceptual interference is high. Visual long-term memory may otherwise be rapidly accessed and utilized in lieu of active perceptual maintenance. These data demonstrate the interactions between working memory and long-term memory are more dynamic and fluid than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schurgin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egeth, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Episodic Memory Can Replace Active Storage in Visual Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TreeN93: a non-parametric distance-based method for inferring viral transmission clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryHighly-used methods for identifying transmission clusters of rapidly-evolving pathogens from molecular data require a user-determined distance threshold. The choice of threshold is often motivated by epidemiological information known a priori, which may be unfeasible for epidemics without rich epidemiological information. TreeN93 is a fully non-parametric distance-based method for transmission cluster identification that scales polynomially.nnAvailability and implementationTreeN93 is implemented in Python 3 and is freely available at https://github.com/niemasd/TreeN93/.nnContactniemamoshiri@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TreeN93: a non-parametric distance-based method for inferring viral transmission clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read amplicon denoising 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read next generation amplicon sequencing shows promise for studying complete genes or genomes from complex and diverse populations. Current long-read sequencing technologies have challenging error profiles, hindering data processing and incorporation into downstream analyses. Here we consider the problem of how to reconstruct, free of sequencing error, the true sequence variants and their associated frequencies. Called "amplicon denoising", this problem has been extensively studied for short-read sequencing technologies, but current solutions do not appear to generalize well to long reads with high indel error rates. We introduce two methods: one that runs nearly instantly and is very accurate for medium length reads (here ~2.6kb) and high template coverage, and another, slower method that is more robust when reads are very long or coverage is lower.nnOn one real dataset with ground truth, and on a number of simulated datasets, we compare our two approaches to each other and to existing algorithms. We outperform all tested methods in accuracy, with competitive run times even for our slower method.nnFast Amplicon Denoising (FAD) and Robust Amplicon Denoising (RAD) are implemented purely in the Julia scientific computing language, and are hereby released along with a complete toolkit of functions that allow long-read amplicon sequence analysis pipelines to be constructed in pure Julia. Further, we make available a webserver to dramatically simplify the processing of long-read PacBio sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollbrecht, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernyshev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanst, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavafa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketteringham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read amplicon denoising]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing consensus of context-specific metabolic models by integrating data-inferred cell functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/384099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale metabolic models provide a valuable context for analyzing data from diverse high-throughput experimental techniques. Models can quantify the activities of diverse pathways and cellular functions. Since some metabolic reactions are only catalyzed in specific environments, several algorithms exist that build context-specific models. However, these methods make differing assumptions that influence the content and associated predictive capacity of resulting models, such that model content varies more due to methods used than cell types. Here we overcome this problem with a novel framework for inferring the metabolic functions of a cell before model construction. For this, we curated a list of metabolic tasks and developed a framework to infer the activity of these functionalities from transcriptomic data. We protected the data-inferred tasks during the implementation of diverse context-specific model extraction algorithms for 44 cancer cell lines. We show that the protection of data-inferred metabolic tasks decreases the variability of models across extraction methods. Furthermore, resulting models better capture the actual biological variability across cell lines. This study highlights the potential of using biological knowledge, inferred from omics data, to obtain a better consensus between existing extraction algorithms. It further provides guidelines for the development of the next-generation of data contextualization methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing consensus of context-specific metabolic models by integrating data-inferred cell functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting allelic read counts from 250,000 human sequencing runs in Sequence Read Archive 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) contains over one million publicly available sequencing runs from various studies using a variety of sequencing library strategies. These data inherently contain information about underlying genomic sequence variants which we exploit to extract allelic read counts on an unprecedented scale. We reprocessed over 250,000 human sequencing runs (>1000 TB data worth of raw sequence data) into a single unified dataset of allelic read counts for nearly 300,000 variants of biomedical relevance curated by NCBI dbSNP, where germline variants were detected in a median of 912 sequencing runs, and somatic variants were detected in a median of 4,876 sequencing runs, suggesting that this dataset facilitates identification of sequencing runs that harbor variants of interest. Allelic read counts obtained using a targeted alignment were very similar to read counts obtained from whole genome alignment. Analyzing allelic read count data for matched DNA and RNA samples from tumors, we find that RNA-seq can also recover variants identified by WXS, suggesting that reprocessed allelic read counts can support variant detection across different library strategies in SRA. This study provides a rich database of known human variants across SRA samples that can support future meta-analyses of human sequence variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsui, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skola, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting allelic read counts from 250,000 human sequencing runs in Sequence Read Archive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain pericyte-like cells induce blood-brain barrier properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain pericytes play an important role in the formation and maintenance of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and their dysfunction has been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. While human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been used to model other components of the NVU including brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), astrocytes, and neurons, cells having brain pericyte-like phenotypes have not been described. In this study, we generated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), the embryonic precursor to forebrain pericytes, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and subsequently differentiated NCSCs to brain pericyte-like cells. The brain pericyte-like cells expressed marker profiles that closely resembled primary human brain pericytes, and they self-assembled with endothelial cells to support vascular tube formation. Importantly, the brain pericyte-like cells induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties in BMECs, including barrier enhancement and reduction of transcytosis. Finally, brain pericyte-like cells were incorporated with iPSC-derived BMECs, astrocytes, and neurons to form an isogenic human NVU model that should prove useful for the study of the BBB in CNS health, disease, and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stebbins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastfriend, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canfield, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubion, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palecek, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shusta, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain pericyte-like cells induce blood-brain barrier properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human frontoparietal cortex represents behaviorally-relevant target status during invariant object recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Searching for items that are useful given current goals, or "target" recognition, requires an observer to generalize across identity-preserving transformations such as viewpoint changes, as well as to incorporate contextual information. While past work has found target recognition signals in areas of ventral visual cortex, it is not clear whether these signals support performance on demanding tasks that require invariant, flexible search. Here, we used a task that required subjects to match novel object stimuli based on invariant features (identity and viewpoint). Based on multivariate fMRI analyses, the data suggest that the multiple-demand (MD) network, including sub-regions of parietal and frontal cortex, encodes invariant representations of an objects status as a target. Furthermore, target information in MD regions, but not early or ventral visual cortex, was higher on correct compared to incorrect trials, suggesting a strong link between MD target signals and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human frontoparietal cortex represents behaviorally-relevant target status during invariant object recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconciling fMRI and EEG indices of attentional modulations in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are the two most popular non-invasive methods used to study the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition. These approaches are considered complementary: fMRI has higher spatial resolution but sluggish temporal resolution, whereas EEG has millisecond temporal resolution, but only at a broad spatial scale. Beyond the obvious fact that fMRI measures properties of blood and EEG measures changes in electric fields, many foundational studies assume that, aside from differences in spatial and temporal precision, these two methods index the same underlying neural modulations. We tested this assumption by using EEG and fMRI to measure attentional modulations of neural responses to stimuli of different visual contrasts. We found that equivalent experiments performed using fMRI and EEG on the same participants revealed remarkably different patterns of attentional modulations: event-related fMRI responses provided evidence for an additive increase in responses across all contrasts equally, whereas early stimulus-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs) showed larger modulations with increasing stimulus contrast and only a later negative-going ERP and low-frequency oscillatory EEG signals showed effects similar to fMRI. These results demonstrate that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the physiological mechanisms that give rise to modulations of fMRI responses and the most commonly used ERP markers, and that the typical approach of employing fMRI and EEG to gain complementary information about localization and temporal dynamics is over-simplified. Instead, fMRI and EEG index different physiological modulations and their joint application affords synergistic insights into the neural mechanisms supporting human cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconciling fMRI and EEG indices of attentional modulations in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific binding of RNA-binding proteins reveals functional genetic variants in the RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/396275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific protein-RNA binding is an essential aspect that may reveal functional genetic variants influencing RNA processing and gene expression phenotypes. Recently, genome-wide detection of in vivo binding sites of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) is greatly facilitated by the enhanced UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) protocol. Hundreds of eCLIP-Seq data sets were generated from HepG2 and K562 cells during the ENCODE3 phase. These data afford a valuable opportunity to examine allele-specific binding (ASB) of RBPs. To this end, we developed a new computational algorithm, called BEAPR (Binding Estimation of Allele-specific Protein-RNA interaction). In identifying statistically significant ASB sites, BEAPR takes into account UV cross-linking induced sequence propensity and technical variations between replicated experiments. Using simulated data and actual eCLIP-Seq data, we show that BEAPR largely outperforms often-used methods Chi-Squared test and Fishers Exact test. Importantly, BEAPR overcomes the inherent over-dispersion problem of the other methods. Complemented by experimental validations, we demonstrate that ASB events are significantly associated with genetic regulation of splicing and mRNA abundance, supporting the usage of this method to pinpoint functional genetic variants in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Many variants with ASB patterns of RBPs were found as genetic variants with cancer or other disease relevance. About 38% of ASB variants were in linkage disequilibrium with single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association studies. Overall, our results suggest that BEAPR is an effective method to reveal ASB patterns in eCLIP and can inform functional interpretation of disease-related genetic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahn, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, E. Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, B. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Valdez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/396275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific binding of RNA-binding proteins reveals functional genetic variants in the RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet we know little about the specific genetic loci influencing human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants, including structural variants, impacting cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain MRI data from 51,662 individuals. We analysed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specialisations. We identified 255 nominally significant loci (P [&le;] 5 x 10-8); 199 survived multiple testing correction (P [&le;] 8.3 x 10-10; 187 surface area; 12 thickness). We found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci impacting regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signalling pathways, known to influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinsons disease, insomnia, depression and ADHD.nnOne Sentence SummaryCommon genetic variation is associated with inter-individual variation in the structure of the human cortex, both globally and within specific regions, and is shared with genetic risk factors for some neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro-Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzagalli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatokhina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buimer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvy-Duchesne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwarte, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Planar cell polarity pathway and development of the human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The radial unit hypothesis provides a framework for global (proliferation) and regional (distribution) expansion of the primate cerebral cortex. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we have identified cortical regions with shared variance in their surface area and cortical thickness, respectively, segmented from magnetic resonance images obtained in 23,800 participants. We then carried out meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies of the first two principal components for each phenotype. For surface area (but not cortical thickness), we have detected strong associations between each of the components and single nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of gene loci. The first (global) component was associated mainly with loci on chromosome 17 (9.5e-32 [&le;] p [&le;] 2.8e-10), including those detected previously as linked with intracranial volume and/or general cognitive function. The second (regional) component captured shared variation in the surface area of the primary and adjacent secondary visual cortices and showed a robust association with polymorphisms in a locus on chromosome 14 containing Disheveled Associated Activator of Morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1; p=2.4e-34). DAAM1 is a key component in the planar-cell-polarity signaling pathway. In follow-up studies, we have focused on the latter finding and established that: (1) DAAM1 is highly expressed between 12th and 22nd post-conception weeks in the human cerebral cortex; (2) genes co-expressed with DAAM1 in the primary visual cortex are enriched in mitochondria-related pathways; and (3) volume of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which projects to regions of the visual cortex staining for cytochrome oxidase (a mitochondrial enzyme), correlates with the surface area of the visual cortex in major-allele homozygotes but not in carriers of the minor allele. Altogether, we speculate that, in concert with thalamocortical input to cortical subplate, DAAM1 enables migration of neurons to cytochrome-oxidase rich regions of the visual cortex, and, in turn, facilitates regional expansion of this set of cortical regions during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshchupkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirpamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion-Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikrum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Planar cell polarity pathway and development of the human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many social mammals, social adversity predicts compromised health and reduced fitness. These effects are thought to be driven in part by chronic social stress, but their molecular underpinnings are not well understood. Recent work suggests that chronic stress can affect mitochondrial copy number, heteroplasmy rates, and function. Here, we tested the first two possibilities, for the first time in nonhuman primates. We manipulated dominance rank in captive female rhesus macaques (n=45), where low rank induces chronic social stress, and measured mitochondrial DNA copy number and heteroplasmy in five peripheral blood mononuclear cell types from each study subject. We found no effect of dominance rank on either mtDNA copy number or heteroplasmy rates. However, grooming rates, a measure of affiliative social behavior predicted by high social status, was positively associated with mtDNA copy number in B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes. Our results suggest that social interactions can influence mtDNA regulation in immune cells. Further, they indicate the importance of considering both affiliative and competitive interactions in investigating this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Determinants of Cortical Structure (Thickness, Surface Area and Volumes) among Disease Free Adults in the CHARGE Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical thickness, surface area and volumes (MRI cortical measures) vary with age and cognitive function, and in neurological and psychiatric diseases. We examined heritability, genetic correlations and genome-wide associations of cortical measures across the whole cortex, and in 34 anatomically predefined regions. Our discovery sample comprised 22,822 individuals from 20 cohorts within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the United Kingdom Biobank. Significant associations were replicated in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, and their biological implications explored using bioinformatic annotation and pathway analyses. We identified genetic heterogeneity between cortical measures and brain regions, and 161 genome-wide significant associations pointing to wnt/{beta}-catenin, TGF-{beta} and sonic hedgehog pathways. There was enrichment for genes involved in anthropometric traits, hindbrain development, vascular and neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric conditions. These data are a rich resource for studies of the biological mechanisms behind cortical development and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshchupkin, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirpamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himali, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trollor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Determinants of Cortical Structure (Thickness, Surface Area and Volumes) among Disease Free Adults in the CHARGE Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAPS: model-based analysis of long-range chromatin interactions from PLAC-seq and HiChIP experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) have been combined to identify long-range chromatin interactions genome-wide at reduced cost and enhanced resolution, but extracting the information from the resulting datasets has been challenging. Here we describe a computational method, MAPS, Model-based Analysis of PLAC-seq and HiChIP, to process the data from such experiments and identify long-range chromatin interactions. MAPS adopts a zero-truncated Poisson regression framework to explicitly remove systematic biases in the PLAC-seq and HiChIP datasets, and then uses the normalized chromatin contact frequencies to identify significant chromatin interactions anchored at genomic regions bound by the protein of interest. MAPS shows superior performance over existing software tools in analysis of chromatin interactions centered on cohesin, CTCF and H3K4me3 associated regions in multiple cell types. MAPS is freely available at https://github.com/ijuric/MAPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juric, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/411835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAPS: model-based analysis of long-range chromatin interactions from PLAC-seq and HiChIP experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laboratory evolution reveals a two-dimensional rate-yield tradeoff in microbial metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth rate and yield are fundamental features of micro-bial growth. However, we lack a mechanistic and quantita-tive understanding of the rate-yield relationship. Studies pairing computational predictions with experiments have shown the importance of maintenance energy and proteome allocation in explaining rate-yield tradeoffs and overflow metabolism. Recently, adaptive evolution experiments of Es-cherichia coli reveal a phenotypic diversity beyond what has been explained using simple models of growth rate versus yield. Here, we identify a two-dimensional rate-yield trade-off in adapted E. coli strains where the dimensions are (A) a tradeoff between growth rate and yield and (B) a tradeoff between substrate (glucose) uptake rate and growth yield. We employ a multi-scale modeling approach, combining a previously reported coarse-grained small-scale proteome allocation model with a fine-grained genome-scale model of metabolism and gene expression (ME-model), to develop a quantitative description of the full rate-yield relationship for E. coli K-12 MG1655. The multi-scale analysis resolves the complexity of ME-model which hindered its practical use in proteome complexity analysis, and provides a mecha-nistic explanation of the two-dimensional tradeoff. Further, the analysis identifies modifications to the P/O ratio and the flux allocation between glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway as potential mechanisms that enable the tradeoff between glucose uptake rate and growth yield. Thus, the rate-yield tradeoffs that govern microbial adaptation to new environments are more complex than previously reported, and they can be understood in mechanistic detail using a multi-scale modeling approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'brien, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloskey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utrilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laboratory evolution reveals a two-dimensional rate-yield tradeoff in microbial metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active protein neddylation or ubiquitylation is dispensable for stress granule dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many protein homeostasis stressors induce the formation of membraneless cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) that contain large assemblies of repressed mRNAs and associated RNA binding proteins. Similar stressors have been shown to globally alter the function of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) resulting in the accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that ubiquitin and specific UPS components co-localize with SGs and that reducing the abundance or activity of ubiquitin pathway proteins can inhibit SG formation. These studies suggest that SG dynamics and composition may be regulated by ubiquitylation of SG resident proteins. Using ubiquitin-specific proteomic approaches, we demonstrate that many proteins, including some SG proteins are dynamically ubiquitylated upon SG-inducing sodium arsenite treatment. We utilized potent and selective inhibitors of the ubiquitin activating enzyme (UAE) or the NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) to directly test if active protein ubiquitylation or neddylation was required for SG dynamics. Using ubiquitin-site specific proteomics, we establish that UAE inhibition results in the rapid loss of nearly all protein ubiquitylation regardless of ubiquitin chain type. Addition of UAE or NAE inhibitors to cells did not alter arsenite-induced SG formation or dissolution. While we confirmed that ubiquitin co-localizes with both sodium arsenite and thapsigargin-induced SGs, antibodies that recognize all forms of ubiquitin more strongly co-localize with SGs compared to antibodies that preferentially recognize polyubiquitin or specific polyubiquitin-linkages. Interestingly, ubiquitin itself co-localizes with SGs in a UAE independent manner suggesting that the ubiquitin present within SGs is likely unconjugated ubiquitin. Our findings clearly demonstrate that active protein ubiquitylation or neddylation is not required for SG dynamics. These results suggest that ubiquitin-binding SG proteins may recruit free ubiquitin into SGs to modulate SG protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulzele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active protein neddylation or ubiquitylation is dispensable for stress granule dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects [~]10% of the global population, with considerable ethnic differences in prevalence and aetiology. We assembled genome-wide association studies (GWAS)1-3 of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function that defines CKD, in 312,468 individuals from four ancestry groups. We identified 93 loci (20 novel), which were delineated to 127 distinct association signals. These signals were homogenous across ancestries, and were enriched for protein-coding exons, kidney-specific histone modifications, and transcription factor binding sites for HDAC2 and EZH2. Fine-mapping revealed 40 high-confidence variants driving eGFR associations and highlighted potential causal genes with cell-type specific expression in glomerulus, and proximal and distal nephron. Mendelian randomisation (MR) supported causal effects of eGFR on overall and cause-specific CKD, kidney stone formation, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and hypertension. These results define novel molecular mechanisms and effector genes for eGFR, offering insight into clinical outcomes and routes to CKD treatment development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares-Salgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacher-Rodarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamatani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnlov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Borst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charchar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eales, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharavi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Split-miniSOG for detecting and localizing intracellular protein-protein interactions: application to correlated light and electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A protein complementation assay (PCA) for detecting and localizing intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) was built by bisection of miniSOG, a fluorescent flavoprotein derived from the light, oxygen, voltage (LOV)-2 domain of Arabidopsis phototropin. When brought together by interacting proteins, the fragments reconstitute a functional reporter that permits tagged protein complexes to be visualized by fluorescence light microscopy (LM), and then by standard as well as "multicolor" electron microscopy (EM) imaging methods via the photooxidation of 3-3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and its lanthanide-conjugated derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BOASSA, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev-Ram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Split-miniSOG for detecting and localizing intracellular protein-protein interactions: application to correlated light and electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combating viral contaminants in CHO cells by engineering STAT1 mediated innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral contamination in biopharmaceutical manufacturing can lead to shortages in the supply of critical therapeutics. To facilitate the protection of bioprocesses, we explored the basis for the susceptibility of CHO cells, the most commonly used cell line in biomanufacturing, to RNA virus infection. Upon infection with certain ssRNA and dsRNA viruses, CHO cells fail to generate a significant interferon (IFN) response. Nonetheless, the downstream machinery for generating IFN responses and its antiviral activity is intact in these cells: treatment of cells with exogenously-added type I IFN or poly I:C prior to infection limited the cytopathic effect from Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and Reovirus-3 virus (Reo-3) in a STAT1-dependent manner. To harness the intrinsic antiviral mechanism, we used RNA-Seq to identify two upstream repressors of STAT1: Gfi1 and Trim24. By knocking out these genes, the engineered CHO cells exhibited increased resistance to the prototype RNA viruses tested. Thus, omics-guided engineering of mammalian cell culture can be deployed to increase safety in biotherapeutic protein production among many other biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeisser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen Bjorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voldborg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combating viral contaminants in CHO cells by engineering STAT1 mediated innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cortico- Basal Ganglia Model for choosing an optimal rehabilitation strategy in Hemiparetic Stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To facilitate the selection of an optimal therapy for a stroke patient with upper extremity hemiparesis, we propose a cortico-basal ganglia model capable of performing reaching tasks under normal and stroke conditions. The model contains two hemispherical systems, each organized into an outer sensory-motor cortical loop and an inner basal ganglia (BG) loop, controlling their respective hands. In addition to constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT), the model performs both unimanual and bimanual reaching tasks and the simulation results are in congruence with the experiment conducted by Rose et al (2004). Based on our study on the effect of lesion size on arm performance, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of a therapy could greatly depend on this factor. By virtue of the models ability to capture the experimental results effectively, we believe that it can serve as a benchmark for the development and testing of various rehabilitation strategies for stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanamurthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elango, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/423863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cortico- Basal Ganglia Model for choosing an optimal rehabilitation strategy in Hemiparetic Stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Sparse Unreliable Distributed Code Underlies the Limits of Behavioral Discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortical code that underlies perception must enable subjects to perceive the world at timescales relevant for behavior. We find that mice can integrate visual stimuli very quickly (<100 ms) to reach plateau performance in an orientation discrimination task. To define features of cortical activity that underlie performance at these timescales, we measured single unit responses in the mouse visual cortex at timescales relevant to this task. In contrast to high contrast stimuli of longer duration, which elicit reliable activity in individual neurons, stimuli at the threshold of perception elicit extremely sparse and unreliable responses in V1 such that the activity of individual neurons do not reliably report orientation. Integrating information across neurons, however, quickly improves performance. Using a linear decoding model, we estimate that integrating information over 50-100 neurons is sufficient to account for behavioral performance. Thus, at the limits of perception the visual system is able to integrate information across a relatively small number of highly unreliable single units to generate reliable behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sriram, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinagel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Sparse Unreliable Distributed Code Underlies the Limits of Behavioral Discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation during adolescence: Sex differences inacute thermoregulatory tolerance and in feeding during adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescents are regularly exposed to {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) via smoking, and, more recently, vaping, cannabis / extracts. Growing legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes, combined with decreasing perceptions of harm, makes it increasingly important to determine the consequences of frequent adolescent exposure for motivated behavior and lasting tolerance in response to THC. Male and female rats inhaled THC vapor, or that from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, twice daily for 30 minutes from postnatal day (PND) 35-39 and PND 42-45 using an e-cigarette system. Thermoregulatory responses to vapor inhalation were assessed by radio-telemetry during adolescence and from PND 86-94; chow intake was assessed in adulthood. Blood samples were obtained from additional adolescent groups following initial THC inhalation and after four days of twice daily exposure. Additional groups exposed repeatedly to THC or PG during adolescence were evaluated for intravenous self-administration of oxycodone as adults. Female, not male, adolescents developed tolerance to the hypothermic effects of THC inhalation in the first week of repeated exposure despite similar plasma THC levels. Each sex exhibited tolerance to THC hypothermia in adulthood after repeated adolescent THC with THC greater potency exhibited in females. Repeated-THC male rats consumed more food than their PG treated control group, in the absence of a significant bodyweight difference. Adolescent THC did not alter oxycodone self-administration in either sex, but increased fentanyl self-administration in females. Repeated THC vapor inhalation in adolescent rats results in lasting consequences observable in adulthood.nnAbbreviationsPG, propylene glycol; THC, {Delta}9tetrahydrocannabinol;
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation during adolescence: Sex differences inacute thermoregulatory tolerance and in feeding during adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing metabolic network dynamics through time-series metabolomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New technologies have given rise to an abundance of -omics data, particularly metabolomics data. The scale of these data introduces new challenges for the interpretation and extraction of knowledge, requiring the development of new computational visualization methodologies. Here, we present a new method for the visualization of time-course metabolomics data within the context of metabolic network maps. We demonstrate the utility of this method by examining previously published data for two cellular systems--the human platelet and erythrocyte under cold storage for use in transfusion medicine.nnThe results comprise two animated videos that allow for new insights into the metabolic state of both cell types. In the case study of the platelet metabolome during storage, the new visualization technique elucidates a nicotinamide accumulation which mirrors that of hypoxanthine and might, therefore, reflect similar pathway usage. This visual analysis provides a possible explanation for why the salvage reactions in purine metabolism exhibit lower activity during the first few days of the storage period. The second case study displays drastic changes in specific erythrocyte metabolite pools at different times during storage at different temperatures.nnIn conclusion, this new visualization technique introduced in this article constitutes a well-suitable approach for large-scale network exploration and advances hypothesis generation. This method can be applied to any system with data and a metabolic map to promote visualization and understand physiology at the network level. More broadly, we hope that our approach will provide the blueprints for new visualizations of other longitudinal -omics data types.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYProfiling the dynamic state of a metabolic network through the use of time-course metabolomics technologies allows insights into cellular biochemistry. Interpreting these data together at the systems level provides challenges that can be addressed through the development of new visualization approaches. Here, we present a new method for the visualization of time-course metabolomics data that integrates data into an existing metabolic network map. In brief, the metabolomics data are visualized directly on a network map with dynamic elements (nodes that either change size, fill level, or color corresponding with the concentration) while the user controls the time series (i.e., which time point is being displayed) through a graphical interface. We provide short videos that illustrate the utility of this method through its application to existing data sets for the human platelet and erythrocyte. The results presented here give blueprints for the development of visualization methods for other time-course -omics data types that attempt to understand systems-level physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchweitz, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blessing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzkopf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigurjonsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draeger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing metabolic network dynamics through time-series metabolomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric ephaptic inhibition between compartmentalized olfactory receptor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Drosophila antenna, different subtypes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in the same sensory hair (sensillum) can inhibit each other non-synaptically. However, the mechanisms underlying this unusual form of lateral inhibition remain unclear. Here we use recordings from pairs of sensilla impaled by the same tungsten electrode to prove that direct electrical ("ephaptic") interactions mediate lateral inhibition between ORNs. Intriguingly, within individual sensilla, we find that ephaptic lateral inhibition is asymmetric such that one ORN exerts greater influence onto its neighbor. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of genetically identified ORNs and circuit modeling indicate that asymmetric lateral inhibition reflects a surprisingly simple mechanism: the physically larger ORN in a pair corresponds to the dominant neuron in ephaptic interactions. Thus, morphometric differences between compartmentalized ORNs account for highly specialized inhibitory interactions that govern information processing at the earliest stages of olfactory coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reingruber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric ephaptic inhibition between compartmentalized olfactory receptor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix components are required to protect Bacillus subtilis colonies from T6SS-dependent Pseudomonas invasion and modulate co-colonization of plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria adapt to environmental changes and interact with other microorganisms using a wide array of molecules, metabolic plasticity, secretion systems and the formation of biofilms. Some research has looked at changes in the expression of biofilm related genes during interactions between different bacterial species, however no studies have directly demonstrated the functional significance of biofilms in modulating such interactions. In this study, we have explored this fundamental question by studying the interaction between Bacillus subtilis 3610 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1606. We demonstrate the important role of the extracellular matrix in protecting B. subtilis colonies from infiltration by Pseudomonas. Surprisingly, we find that the Pseudomonas type VI secretion system (T6SS) is required in the cell-to-cell contact with matrix-impaired B. subtilis cells, revealing a novel role for T6SS against Gram-positive bacteria. In response to P. chlororaphis infiltration, we find that B. subtilis activates sporulation and expresses motility-related genes. Experiments using plant organs demonstrate the functional importance of these different bacterial strategies in their coexistence as stable bacterial communities. The findings described here further our understanding of the functional role played by biofilms in mediating bacterial social interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molina-Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlanga-Clavero, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazorla, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vicente, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/429001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular matrix components are required to protect Bacillus subtilis colonies from T6SS-dependent Pseudomonas invasion and modulate co-colonization of plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow delivery immunization enhances HIV neutralizing antibody and germinal center responses via modulation of immunodominance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The observation that humans can produce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 has generated enthusiasm about the potential for a bnAb vaccine against HIV-1. Conventional immunization strategies will likely be insufficient for the development of a bnAb HIV vaccine and vaccines to other difficult pathogens, due to the significant immunological hurdles posed, including B cell immunodominance and germinal center (GC) quantity and quality. Using longitudinal lymph node fine needle aspirates, we found that two independent methods of slow delivery immunization of rhesus macaques (RM) resulted in larger GCs, more robust and sustained GC Tfh cell responses, and GC B cells with improved Env-binding, which correlated with the development of ~20 to 30-fold higher titers of tier 2 HIV-1 nAbs. Using a new RM genomic immunoglobulin loci reference sequence, we identified differential IgV gene usage between slow delivery immunized and conventional bolus immunized animals. The most immunodominant IgV gene used by conventionally immunized animals was associated with many GC B cell lineages. Ab mapping of those GC B cell specificities demonstrated targeting of an immunodominant non-neutralizing trimer base epitope, while that response was muted in slow delivery immunized animals. Thus, alternative immunization strategies appear to enhance nAb development by altering GCs and modulating immunodominance of non-neutralizing epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cirelli, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnathan, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enemuo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebru, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viviano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauthner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastidas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolabaugh, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokatlian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosinger, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow delivery immunization enhances HIV neutralizing antibody and germinal center responses via modulation of immunodominance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INSTRAL: Discordance-aware Phylogenetic Placement using Quartet Scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic analyses have increasingly adopted species tree reconstruction using methods that account for gene tree discordance using pipelines that require both human effort and computational resources. As the number of available genomes continues to increase, a new problem is facing researchers. Once more species become available, they have to repeat the whole process from the beginning because updating species trees is currently not possible. However, the de novo inference can be prohibitively costly in human effort or machine time. In this paper, we introduce INSTRAL, a method that extends ASTRAL to enable phylogenetic placement. INSTRAL is designed to place a new species on an existing species tree after sequences from the new species have already been added to gene trees; thus, INSTRAL is complementary to existing placement methods that update gene trees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INSTRAL: Discordance-aware Phylogenetic Placement using Quartet Scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCR-pMHC bond length controls TCR ligand discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell receptors (TCRs) detect specifically and sensitively a small number of agonist peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) from an ocean of structurally similar self-pMHCs to trigger antigen-specific adaptive immune responses1-4. Despite intense efforts, the mechanism underlying TCR ligand discrimination remains a major unanswered question in immunology. Here we show that a TCR discriminates between closely related peptides by forming TCR-pMHC bonds with different lengths, which precisely control the accessibility of CD3{zeta} immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) for phosphorylation. Using in situ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)3,5, we measured the intermolecular length of single TCR-pMHC bonds and the intramolecular distance of individual TCR-CD3{zeta} complexes at the membrane of live primary T cells. We found that an agonist forms a short TCR-pMHC bond to pull the otherwise sequestered CD3{zeta} off the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, leading to full exposure of its ITAMs for strong phosphorylation. By contrast, a structurally similar weaker peptide forms a longer bond with the TCR, resulting in partial dissociation of CD3{zeta} from the membrane and weak phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that TCR-pMHC bond length determines 2D TCR binding kinetics and affinity, T-cell calcium signaling and T-cell proliferation, governing the entire process of signal reception, transduction and regulation. Thus, our data reveal the fundamental mechanism by which a TCR deciphers the structural differences between foreign antigens and self-peptides via TCR-pMHC bond length to initiate different TCR signaling for ligand discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCR-pMHC bond length controls TCR ligand discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-allele species reconstruction using ASTRAL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide phylogeny reconstruction is becoming increasingly common, and one driving factor behind these phylogenomic studies is the promise that the potential discordance between gene trees and the species tree can be modeled. Incomplete lineage sorting is one cause of discordance that bridges population genetic and phylogenetic processes. ASTRAL is a species tree reconstruction method that seeks to find the tree with minimum quartet distance to an input set of inferred gene trees. However, the published ASTRAL algorithm only works with one sample per species. To account for polymorphisms in present-day species, one can sample multiple individuals per species to create multi-allele datasets. Here, we introduce how ASTRAL can handle multi-allele datasets. We show that the quartet-based optimization problem extends naturally, and we introduce heuristic methods for building the search space specifically for the case of multi-individual datasets. We study the accuracy and scalability of the multi-individual version of ASTRAL-III using extensive simulation studies and compare it to NJst, the only other scalable method that can handle these datasets. We do not find strong evidence that using multiple individuals dramatically improves accuracy. When we study the trade-off between sampling more genes versus more individuals, we find that sampling more genes is more effective than sampling more individuals, even under conditions that we study where trees are shallow (median length: {approx} 1Ne) and ILS is extremely high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayyari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-allele species reconstruction using ASTRAL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the average power of neural oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/441626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeural oscillations are often quantified as average power relative to a cognitive, perceptual, and/or behavioral task. This is commonly done using Fourier-based techniques, such as Welchs method for estimating the power spectral density, and/or by estimating narrowband oscillatory power across trials, conditions, and/or groups. The core assumption underlying these approaches is that the mean is an appropriate measure of central tendency. Despite the importance of this assumption, it has not been rigorously tested.nnNew methodWe introduce extensions of common approaches that are better suited for the physiological reality of how neural oscillations often manifest: as nonstationary, high-power bursts, rather than sustained rhythms. Log-transforming, or taking the median power, significantly reduces erroneously inflated power estimates.nnResultsAnalyzing 101 participants worth of human electrophysiology, totaling 3,560 channels and over 40 hours data, we show that, in all cases examined, spectral power is not Gaussian distributed. This is true even when oscillations are prominent and sustained, such as visual cortical alpha. Power across time, at every frequency, is characterized by a substantial long tail, which implies that estimates of average power are skewed toward large, infrequent high-power oscillatory bursts.nnComparison with existing methodsIn a simulated event-related experiment we show how introducing just a few high-power oscillatory bursts, as seen in real data, can, perhaps erroneously, cause significant differences between conditions using traditional methods. These erroneous effects are substantially reduced with our new methods.nnConclusionsThese results call into question the validity of common statistical practices in neural oscillation research.nnHighlightsO_LIAnalyses of oscillatory power often assume power is normally distributed.nC_LIO_LIAnalyzing >40 hours of human M/EEG and ECoG, we show that in all cases it is not.nC_LIO_LIThis effect is demonstrated in simple simulation of an event-related task.nC_LIO_LIOverinflated power estimates are reduced via log-transformation or median power.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Izhikevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/441626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the average power of neural oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act To Steer the Direction of Cell Migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to recreate observed cell shapes and trajectories in a computational model. Surprisingly, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning - that is, cells steer from the rear.nnHighlightsO_LIFish keratocytes can migrate with persistent angular velocity, straight or in circles.nC_LIO_LIAsymmetry in protrusion at the leading edge is not sufficient to generate persistent turning.nC_LIO_LIAsymmetries in myosin II contraction, actin flow and adhesion at the cell rear cause turns.nC_LIO_LIOur new computational model of migration predicts observed cell trajectories.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhart, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act To Steer the Direction of Cell Migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Author summarySchizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a lifetime risk of about 1% world-wide. Most large schizophrenia genetic studies have studied people of primarily European ancestry, potentially missing important biological insights. Here we present a study of East Asian participants (22,778 schizophrenia cases and 35,362 controls), identifying 21 genome-wide significant schizophrenia associations in 19 genetic loci. Over the genome, the common genetic variants that confer risk for schizophrenia have highly similar effects in those of East Asian and European ancestry (rg=0.98), indicating for the first time that the genetic basis of schizophrenia and its biology are broadly shared across these world populations. A fixed-effect meta-analysis including individuals from East Asian and European ancestries revealed 208 genome-wide significant schizophrenia associations in 176 genetic loci (53 novel). Trans-ancestry fine-mapping more precisely isolated schizophrenia causal alleles in 70% of these loci. Despite consistent genetic effects across populations, polygenic risk models trained in one population have reduced performance in the other, highlighting the importance of including all major ancestral groups with sufficient sample size to ensure the findings have maximum relevance for all populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benyamin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamatani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusumawardhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psychiatric Genomics Consortium - Schizophrenia Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genetic REsearch on schizophreniA neTwork-China and Netherland (GREAT-CN),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildenauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein AATF coordinates rRNA maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AATF is a central regulator of the cellular outcome upon p53 activation, a finding that has primarily been attributed to its function as a transcription factor. Recent data showed that AATF is essential for ribosome biogenesis and plays a role in rRNA maturation. AATF has been implicated to fulfil this role through direct interaction with rRNA and was identified in several RNA-interactome capture experiments. Here, we provide a first comprehensive analysis of the RNA bound by AATF using CLIP-sequencing. Interestingly, this approach shows predominant binding of the 45S pre-ribosomal RNA precursor molecules. Furthermore, AATF binds to mRNAs encoding for ribosome biogenesis factors as well as snoRNAs. These findings are complemented by an in-depth analysis of the protein interactome of AATF containing a large set of proteins known to play a role in rRNA maturation with an emphasis on the protein-RNA-complexes known to be required for the generation of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU). In line with this finding, the binding sites of AATF within the 45S rRNA precursor localize in close proximity to the SSU cleavage sites. Consequently, our multilayer analysis of the protein-RNA interactome of AATF reveals this protein to be an important hub for protein and RNA interactions involved in ribosome biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignarski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frese, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cukoski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaechter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommolt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höhne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schermer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höpker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieterich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, R.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabretti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-binding protein AATF coordinates rRNA maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High stretchability, strength and toughness of living cells enabled by hyperelastic vimentin network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many normal and abnormal physiological processes, including cellular migration during normal development and invasion in cancer metastasis, cells are required to withstand severe deformations. The structural integrity of eukaryotic cells under small deformations has been known to depend on the cytoskeleton including actin filaments (F-actin), microtubules and intermediate filaments (IFs). However, it remains unclear how cells resist severe deformations since both F-actin and microtubules fluidize or disassemble under moderate strains. Here, we demonstrate that vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs), a marker of mesenchymal cells, dominate cytoplasmic mechanics at large deformations. Our results show that cytoskeletal VIFs form a stretchable, hyperelastic network. This network works synergistically with other dissipative cytoplasmic components, substantially enhancing the strength, stretchability, resilience and toughness of the living cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parada, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High stretchability, strength and toughness of living cells enabled by hyperelastic vimentin network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homogenization of capillary flow and oxygenation in deeper cortical layers correlates with increased oxygen extraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of how capillary blood flow and oxygen distribute across cortical layers to meet the local metabolic demand is incomplete. We addressed this question by using two-photon imaging of microvascular oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and flow in the whisker barrel cortex in awake mice at rest. Our measurements in layers I-V show that the capillary red-blood-cell flux and oxygenation heterogeneity, and the intracapillary resistance to oxygen delivery, all decrease with depth, reaching a minimum around layer IV, while the depth-dependent oxygen extraction fraction is increased in layer IV, where oxygen demand is presumably the highest. Our findings suggest that homogenization of physiological observables relevant to oxygen transport to tissue is an important part of the microvascular network adaptation to a local brain metabolism increase. These results will inform the biophysical models of layer-specific cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption and improve our understanding of diseases that affect the cerebral microcirculation.nnIMPACT STATEMENTHomogenization of cortical capillary blood flow and oxygenation underpins an important mechanism, by which the microvascular network adapts to an increase in the local brain oxidative metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esipova, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sencan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kılıc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjardins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaseen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostergaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boas, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinogradov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakadzic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homogenization of capillary flow and oxygenation in deeper cortical layers correlates with increased oxygen extraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated in vivo quantitative proteomics and nutrient tracing reveals age-related metabolic rewiring of pancreatic β-cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic {beta}-cell physiology changes substantially throughout life; yet, the mechanisms that drive these changes are poorly understood. Here, we performed comprehensive in vivo quantitative proteomic profiling of pancreatic islets from adolescent and one-year-old mice. The analysis revealed striking differences in abundance of enzymes controlling glucose metabolism. We show that these changes in protein abundance are associated with higher activities of glucose metabolic enzymes involved in coupling factor generation as well as increased activity of the coupling factor-dependent amplifying pathway of insulin secretion. Nutrient tracing and targeted metabolomics demonstrated accelerated accumulation of glucose-derived metabolites and coupling factors in islets from one-year-old mice, indicating that age-related changes in glucose metabolism contribute to improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with age. Together, our study provides the first in-depth characterization of age-related changes in the islet proteome and establishes metabolic rewiring as an important mechanism for age-associated changes in {beta}-cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wortham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benthuysen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divakaruni, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated in vivo quantitative proteomics and nutrient tracing reveals age-related metabolic rewiring of pancreatic β-cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal theta bursting and waveform shape reflect CA1 spiking patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain rhythms are nearly always analyzed in the spectral domain in terms of their power, phase, and frequency. While this conventional approach has uncovered spike-field coupling, as well as correlations to normal behaviors and pathological states, emerging work has highlighted the physiological and behavioral importance of multiple novel oscillation features. Oscillatory bursts, for example, uniquely index a variety of cognitive states, and the nonsinusoidal shape of oscillations relate to physiological changes, including Parkinsons disease. Open questions remain regarding how bursts and nonsinusoidal features relate to circuit-level processes, and how they interrelate. By analyzing unit and local field recordings in the rodent hippocampus, we uncover a number of significant relationships between oscillatory bursts, nonsinusoidal waveforms, and local inhibitory and excitatory spiking patterns. Bursts of theta oscillations are surprisingly related to a decrease in pyramidal neuron synchrony, and have no detectable effect on firing sequences, despite significant increases in neuronal firing rates during periods of theta bursting. Theta burst duration is predicted by the asymmetries of its first cycle, and cycle asymmetries relate to firing rate, synchrony, and sequences of pyramidal neurons and interneurons. These results provide compelling physiological evidence that time-domain features, of both nonsinusoidal hippocampal theta waveform and the theta bursting state, reflects local circuit properties. These results point to the possibility of inferring circuit states from local field potential features in the hippocampus and perhaps other brain regions with other rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal theta bursting and waveform shape reflect CA1 spiking patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large-scale genetic studies have allowed for the first glimpse of the effects of common genetic variability in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), identifying risk variants with appreciable effect sizes. However, it is currently well established that a substantial portion of the genetic heritable component of complex traits is not captured by genome-wide significant SNPs. To overcome this issue, we have estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic variability (SNP heritability) in DLB using a method that is unbiased by allele frequency or linkage disequilibrium properties of the underlying variants. This shows that the heritability of DLB is nearly twice as high as previous estimates based on common variants only (31% vs 59.9%). We also determine the amount of phenotypic variance in DLB that can be explained by recent polygenic risk scores from either Parkinsons disease (PD) or Alzheimers disease (AD), and show that, despite being highly significant, they explain a low amount of variance. Additionally, to identify pleiotropic events that might improve our understanding of the disease, we performed genetic correlation analyses of DLB with over 200 diseases and biomedically relevant traits. Our data shows that DLB has a positive correlation with education phenotypes, which is opposite to what occurs in AD. Overall, our data suggests that novel genetic risk factors for DLB should be identified by larger GWAS and these are likely to be independent from known AD and PD risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerreiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun-Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarimon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lleo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morenas-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaeva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sarraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated demethylation of H3K9 and H3K27 is required for rapid inflammatory responses of endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine 9 di-methylation and lysine 27 tri-methylation of histone H3 (H3K9me2 and H3K27me3) are generally linked to gene repression. However, the functions of repressive histone methylation dynamics during inflammatory responses remain enigmatic. We found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- rapidly induces the co-occupancy of lysine demethylases 7A (KDM7A) and 6A (UTX) with nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-{kappa}B) recruited elements in human endothelial cells. KDM7A and UTX demethylate H3K9me2 and H3K27me3, respectively, and both are required for activation of NF-{kappa}B-dependent inflammatory genes. Chromosome conformation capture-based methods demonstrated increased interactions between TNF--induced super enhancers at NF-{kappa}B-relevant loci, coinciding with KDM7A- and UTX-recruitment. Simultaneous inhibition of KDM7A and UTX significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion in mice, establishing the biological and potential translational relevance of this mechanism. Collectively, these findings suggest that rapid erasure of repressive histone marks by KDM7A and UTX is essential for NF-{kappa}B-dependent regulation of genes that control inflammatory responses of endothelial cells.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIKDM7A and UTX cooperatively control NF-{kappa}B-dependent transcription in vascular endothelial cells.nC_LIO_LIDemethylation of repressive histone marks by KDM7A and UTX is critical for early inflammatory responses.nC_LIO_LIKDM7A and UTX are associated with TNF--induced looping of super enhancers.nC_LIO_LIPharmacological inhibition of KDM7A and UTX reduces leukocyte adhesive interactions with endothelial cells in mice.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HIGASHIJIMA, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MATSUI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SHIMAMURA, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TSUTSUMI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NAKAKI, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ABE, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LINK, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OSAKA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YOSHIDA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WATANABE, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TANAKA, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TAGUCHI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MIURA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>INOUE, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NANGAKU, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KIMURA, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FURUKAWA, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ABURATANI, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WADA, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GLASS, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KANKI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated demethylation of H3K9 and H3K27 is required for rapid inflammatory responses of endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Basis of Monopolin Recruitment to the Kinetochore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In budding yeast meiosis I, the kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are fused by the monopolin complex to mediate their monoorientation on the meiosis I spindle, enabling the biorientation and segregation of homologs. Monopolin forms a V-shaped complex with binding sites for the kinetochore protein Dsn1 at the apices of the V, suggesting that monopolin forms a physical bridge between the two sister kinetochores. Here, we reveal the molecular basis of the monopolin-kinetochore interaction and identify the key interfaces required for monopolin function at the kinetochore. The disordered N-terminus of budding-yeast Dsn1 unexpectedly possesses two binding motifs for the monopolin subunit Csm1, encompassing the previously-identified "Box 1" and "Box 2-3" regions of Dsn1. Strikingly, Dsn1 Box 1 and Box 2-3 bind the same conserved hydrophobic cavity on the monopolin complex subunit Csm1, suggesting that they are mutually exclusive for Csm1 binding, yet both regions are critical for monopolin function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis I. We find that Dsn1 Box 1 is an ancestral monopolin-binding motif that is conserved throughout fungi, including in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In contrast, Box 2-3 is found only in species with sequence-defined point centromeres (S. cerevisiae and its close relatives), suggesting that this region contributes specifically to sister kinetochore crosslinking in meiosis I. Finally, we propose that phosphorylation of two conserved serine residues in Box 3 may stabilize monopolin at the kinetochore, providing a potential mechanism for enforcing specific sister kinetochore crosslinking in meiosis I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marston, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Basis of Monopolin Recruitment to the Kinetochore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/457739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is an ongoing, nationwide study of the effects of environmental influences on behavioral and brain development in adolescents. The ABCD Study is a collaborative effort, including a Coordinating Center, 21 data acquisition sites across the United States, and a Data Analysis and Informatics Center (DAIC). The main objective of the study is to recruit and assess over eleven thousand 9-10-year-olds and follow them over the course of 10 years to characterize normative brain and cognitive development, the many factors that influence brain development, and the effects of those factors on mental health and other outcomes. The study employs state-of-the-art multimodal brain imaging, cognitive and clinical assessments, bioassays, and careful assessment of substance use, environment, psychopathological symptoms, and social functioning. The data will provide a resource of unprecedented scale and depth for studying typical and atypical development. Here, we describe the baseline neuroimaging processing and subject-level analysis methods used by the ABCD DAIC in the centralized processing and extraction of neuroanatomical and functional imaging phenotypes. Neuroimaging processing and analyses include modality-specific corrections for distortions and motion, brain segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), analysis of brain microstructure using diffusion MRI (dMRI), task-related analysis of functional MRI (fMRI), and functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI.nnHighlightsO_LIAn overview of the MRI processing pipeline for the ABCD StudynC_LIO_LIA discussion on the challenges of large, multisite population studiesnC_LIO_LIA methodological reference for users of publicly shared data from the ABCD StudynC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjork, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pung, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicat, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitzeg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squeglia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howlett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soules, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz de Leon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodurka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bre</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/457739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermittent abstinence potentiates oxycodone self-administration under extended access conditions and alters brain reward sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and PurposeThe extra-medical use of, and addiction to, prescription opioid analgesics is a growing health problem. To characterize how prescription opioid abuse develops, this study investigated the affective consequences of escalating prescription opioid use using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) reward and oxycodone intravenous self-administration (IVSA) models.

Experimental ApproachMale Wistar rats were given access to oxycodone IVSA (0.15 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) in Short Access (ShA; 1 h) or Long Access (LgA; 12 h) sessions for 5 sessions/week followed by intermittent 60 h discontinuations from drug access, a novel explicit test of the negative reinforcement hypothesis. Separate groups were first trained in the ICSS procedure and then in oxycodone IVSA in 11 h LgA sessions.

Key ResultsRats given LgA to oxycodone escalated their responding more than ShA rats, with further significant increases observed following each 60 h discontinuation. Pre-session brain reward thresholds increased with sequential daily LgA IVSA sessions, consistent with a growing negative affective state consequent to successive daily intoxication/abstinence cycles. A 1 h oxycodone IVSA interval was sufficient to normalize these elevated reward thresholds, as was, paradoxically, a 60 h weekend abstinence. The increase in ICSS thresholds was attenuated in a group treated with the long-acting kappa opioid antagonist norBNI prior to IVSA training.

Conclusions and ImplicationsChanges in brain reward function during escalation of oxycodone self-administration are driven by an interplay between kappa opioid receptor-mediated negative affective state associated with escalated oxycodone intake and dynamic restoration of brain reward status during longer periods of abstinence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermittent abstinence potentiates oxycodone self-administration under extended access conditions and alters brain reward sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive mass spectrometry-guided plant specialized metabolite phenotyping reveals metabolic diversity in the cosmopolitan plant family Rhamnaceae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants produce a myriad of specialized metabolites to overcome their sessile habit and combat biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Evolution has shaped specialized metabolite diversity, which drives many other aspects of plant biodiversity. However, until recently, large-scale studies investigating specialized metabolite diversity in an evolutionary context have been limited by the impossibility to identify chemical structures of hundreds to thousands of compounds in a time-feasible manner. Here, we introduce a workflow for large-scale, semi-automated annotation of specialized metabolites, and apply it for over 1000 metabolites of the cosmopolitan plant family Rhamnaceae. We enhance the putative annotation coverage dramatically, from 2.5 % based on spectral library matches alone to 42.6 % of total MS/MS molecular features extending annotations from well-known plant compound classes into the dark plant metabolomics matter. To gain insights in substructural diversity within the plant family, we also extract patterns of co-occurring fragments and neutral losses, so-called Mass2Motifs, from the dataset; for example, only the Ziziphoid clade developed the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, whereas the Rhamnoid clade predominantly developed diversity in flavonoid glycosides, including 7-O-methyltransferase activity. Our workflow provides the foundations towards the automated, high-throughput chemical identification of massive metabolite spaces, and we expect it to revolutionize our understanding of plant chemoevolutionary mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medema, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive mass spectrometry-guided plant specialized metabolite phenotyping reveals metabolic diversity in the cosmopolitan plant family Rhamnaceae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteogenomic annotation of the Chinese hamster reveals extensive novel translation events and endogenous retroviral elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A high quality genome annotation greatly facilitates successful cell line engineering. Standard draft genome annotation pipelines are based largely on de novo gene prediction, homology, and RNA-Seq data. However, draft annotations can suffer from incorrectly predictions of translated sequence, incorrect splice isoforms and missing genes. Here we generated a draft annotation for the newly assembled Chinese hamster genome and used RNA-Seq, proteomics, and Ribo-Seq to experimentally annotate the genome. We identified 4,333 new proteins compared to the hamster RefSeq protein annotation and 2,503 novel translational events (e.g., alternative splices, mutations, novel splices). Finally, we used this pipeline to identify the source of translated retroviruses contaminating recombinant products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, including 131 type-C retroviruses, thus enabling future efforts to eliminate retroviruses by reducing the costs incurred with retroviral particle clearance. In summary, the improved annotation provides a more accurate platform for guiding CHO cell line engineering, including facilitating the interpretation of omics data, defining of cellular pathways, and engineering of complex phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hizal, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaerkady, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meleady, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharfstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betenbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteogenomic annotation of the Chinese hamster reveals extensive novel translation events and endogenous retroviral elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure to a Healthy Gut Microbiome Protects Against Reproductive and Metabolic Dysregulation in a PCOS Mouse Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Diagnosis requires two of the following: hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation and polycystic ovaries. In addition to reproductive dysfunction, many women with PCOS display metabolic abnormalities associated with hyperandrogenism. Recent studies have reported that the gut microbiome is altered in women with PCOS and rodent models of the disorder. However, it is unknown whether the gut microbiome plays a causal role in the development and pathology of PCOS. Given its potential role, we hypothesized that exposure to a healthy gut microbiome would protect against development of PCOS. A co-housing study was performed using a letrozole-induced PCOS mouse model that recapitulates many reproductive and metabolic characteristics of PCOS. Since mice are coprophagic, co-housing results in repeated, non-invasive inoculation of gut microbes in co-housed mice via the fecal-oral route. In contrast to letrozole-treated mice housed together, letrozole-treated mice co-housed with placebo mice showed significant improvement in both reproductive and metabolic PCOS phenotypes. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed that the gut microbial composition of letrozole-treated mice co-housed with placebo mice differed from letrozole mice housed together. In addition, our analyses identified several bacterial taxa including Coprobacillus, Dorea and Adlercreutzia associated with the improved PCOS phenotype in letrozole-treated mice co-housed with placebo mice. These results indicate that disruption of the gut microbiome may play a causal role in PCOS and that manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a potential treatment option for PCOS.nnSignificancePCOS is a common cause of female infertility and ~80% of women with PCOS have metabolic dysregulation that predisposes them to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since treatment options for the metabolic symptoms of PCOS are limited, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic options. The gut microbiome has emerged as an important player in human health and has been shown to play a causal role in obesity. In this study, we found that exposure to a healthy gut microbiome through co-housing protected against the development of reproductive and metabolic dysregulation in a PCOS mouse model. These results suggest that manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a potential treatment option for women with PCOS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure to a Healthy Gut Microbiome Protects Against Reproductive and Metabolic Dysregulation in a PCOS Mouse Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of RNA-dependent interactions in stress granules prevents persistent TDP-43 accumulation in ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetic variants are usually represented by four values with variable length: chromosome, position, reference and alternate alleles. Thereis no guarantee that these components are represented in a consistent way across different data sources, and processing variant-based data can be inefficient because four different comparison operations are needed for each variant, three of which are string comparisons. Working with strings, in contrast to numbers, poses extra challenges on computer memory allocation and data-representation. Existing variant identifiers do not typicallyrepresent every possible variant we may be interested in, nor they are directly reversible. To overcome these limitations, VariantKey, a novel reversible numerical encoding schema for human genetic variants, is presented here alongside a multi-language open-source software implementation (http://github.com/genomicspls/variantkey). VariantKey represents variants as single 64 bit numeric entities, while preserving the ability to be searched and sorted by chromosome and position. The individual components of short variants can be directly read back from the VariantKey, while long variants are supported with a fast lookup table.nnHighlightsO_LI~100 compounds identified by high-content screen inhibit SGs in HEK293, NPCs and iPS-MNs.nC_LIO_LIALS-associated RBPs are recruited to SGs in an RNA-dependent mannernC_LIO_LIMolecules with planar moieties prevent recruitment of ALS-associated RBPs to SGsnC_LIO_LICompounds inhibit TDP-43 accumulation in SGs and in TARDBP mutant iPS-MNs.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markmiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowdle, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushway, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercola, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewcock, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of RNA-dependent interactions in stress granules prevents persistent TDP-43 accumulation in ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of eukaryotic chromosomes and manipulation of DNA N6-methyladenine alters chromatin and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA N6-adenine methylation (6mA) has recently been reported in diverse eukaryotes, spanning unicellular organisms to metazoans. Yet the functional significance of 6mA remains elusive due to its low abundance, difficulty of manipulation within native DNA, and lack of understanding of eukaryotic 6mA writers. Here, we report a novel DNA 6mA methyltransferase in ciliates, termed MTA1. The enzyme contains an MT-A70 domain but is phylogenetically distinct from all known RNA and DNA methyltransferases. Disruption of MTA1 in vivo leads to the genome-wide loss of 6mA in asexually growing cells and abolishment of the consensus ApT dimethylated motif. Genes exhibit subtle changes in chromatin organization or RNA expression upon loss of 6mA, depending on their starting methylation level. Mutants fail to complete the sexual cycle, which normally coincides with a peak of MTA1 expression. Thus, MTA1 functions in a developmental stage-specific manner. We determine the impact of 6mA on chromatin organization in vitro by reconstructing complete, full-length ciliate chromosomes harboring 6mA in native or ectopic positions. Using these synthetic chromosomes, we show that 6mA directly disfavors nucleosomes in vitro in a local, quantitative manner, independent of DNA sequence. Furthermore, the chromatin remodeler ACF can overcome this effect. Our study identifies a novel MT-A70 protein necessary for eukaryotic 6mA methylation and defines the impact of 6mA on chromatin organization using epigenetically defined synthetic chromosomes.nnHighlightsO_LIThe MT-A70 protein MTA1 mediates DNA N6-adenine methylation in OxytrichanC_LIO_LIMTA1 mutants exhibit subtle changes in nucleosome organization and transcription in vivonC_LIO_LI6mA directly disfavors nucleosome occupancy in natural and synthetic chromosomes in vitronC_LIO_LIDe novo synthesis of complete, epigenetically defined Oxytricha chromosomesnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beh, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of eukaryotic chromosomes and manipulation of DNA N6-methyladenine alters chromatin and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hi-Culfite assay reveals relationships between chromatin contacts and DNA methylation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-Culfite, a protocol combining Hi-C and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), determines chromatin contacts and DNA methylation simultaneously. Hi-Culfite also reveals relationships that cannot be seen when the two assays are performed separately. For instance, we show that loci associated with open chromatin exhibit context-sensitive methylation: when their spatial neighbors lie in closed chromatin, they are much more likely to be methylated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stamenova, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bochkov, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnirke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hi-Culfite assay reveals relationships between chromatin contacts and DNA methylation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of action of methotrexate against Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV), which is associated with microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barre syndrome, reemerged as a serious public health threat in Latin America in recent years. Previous high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns have revealed several potential hit molecules against ZIKV, including methotrexate (MTX), which is clinically used as an anti-cancer chemotherapy and anti-rheumatoid agent. We studied the mechanism of action of MTX against ZIKV in relation to its inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in vitro using Vero and human neural stem cells (hNSCs). As expected, an antiviral effect for MTX against ZIKV was observed, showing up to ten-fold decrease in virus titer during MTX treatment. We also observed that addition of leucovorin (a downstream metabolite of DHFR pathway) rescued the ZIKV replication impaired by MTX treatment in ZIKV-infected cells, explaining the antiviral effect of MTX through inhibition of DHFR. We also found that addition of adenosine to ZIKV-infected cells was able to rescue ZIKV replication inhibited by MTX, suggesting that restriction of de novo synthesis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pools suppresses viral replication. These results confirm that the DFHR pathway can be targeted to inhibit replication of ZIKV, similar to other published results showing this effect in related flaviviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of action of methotrexate against Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations In PIK3C2A Cause Syndromic Short Stature, Skeletal Abnormalities, and Cataracts Associated With Ciliary Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIK3C2A is a class II member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) into PI(3)P and the phosphorylation of PI(4)P into PI(3,4)P2. We identified homozygous loss-of-function mutations in PIK3C2A in children from three independent consanguineous families with short stature, coarse facial features, cataracts with secondary glaucoma, multiple skeletal abnormalities, neurological manifestations, among other findings. Cellular studies of patient-derived fibroblasts found that they lacked PIK3C2A protein, had impaired cilia formation and function, and demonstrated reduced proliferative capacity. Collectively, the genetic and molecular data implicate mutations in PIK3C2A in a new Mendelian disorder of PI metabolism, thereby shedding light on the critical role of a class II PI3K in growth, vision, skeletal formation and neurological development. This discovery expands what is known about disorders of PI metabolism and helps unravel the role of PIK3C2A and class II PI3Ks in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiosano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baris Feldman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitzert, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulluni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mory, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rump, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Meer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sival, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haucke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriwinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knaup, K. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauer, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfundt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesener, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslanyan, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchner, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations In PIK3C2A Cause Syndromic Short Stature, Skeletal Abnormalities, and Cataracts Associated With Ciliary Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid screening of engineered microbial therapies in a 3-D multicellular model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic biology is transforming therapeutic paradigms by engineering living cells and microbes to intelligently sense and respond to diseases including inflammation1,2, infections3-5, metabolic disorders6,7, and cancer8,9. However, the ability to rapidly engineer new therapies far outpaces the throughput of animal-based testing regimes, creating a major bottleneck for clinical translation10,11. In vitro approaches to address this challenge have been limited in scalability and broad-applicability. Here, we present a bacteria-in-spheroid co-culture (BSCC) platform that simultaneously tests host species, therapeutic payloads and synthetic gene circuits of engineered bacteria within multicellular spheroids over a timescale of weeks. Long-term monitoring of bacterial dynamics and disease progression enables quantitative comparison of critical therapeutic parameters such as efficacy and biocontainment. Specifically, we screen S. typhimurium strains expressing and delivering a library of antitumor therapeutic molecules via several synthetic gene circuits. We identify novel candidates exhibiting significant tumor reduction and demonstrate high similarity in their efficacies using a syngeneic mouse model. Lastly, we show that our platform can be expanded to dynamically profile diverse microbial species including L. monocytogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli in various host cell types. This high-throughput framework may serve to accelerate synthetic biology for clinical applications and understanding the host-microbe interactions in disease sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchliffe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid screening of engineered microbial therapies in a 3-D multicellular model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis with expanded DNA methylation data reveals common key regulators and pathways in cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of genomic and DNA methylation data has been demonstrated as a powerful strategy in understanding cancer mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets. The TCGA consortium has mapped DNA methylation in thousands of cancer samples using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip (Illumina 450K array) that only covers about 1.5% of CpGs in the human genome. Therefore, increasing the coverage of the DNA methylome would significantly leverage the usage of the TCGA data. Here, we present a new model called EAGLING that can expand the Illumina 450K array data 18 times to cover about 30% of the CpGs in the human genome. We applied it to analyze 13 cancers in TCGA. By integrating the expanded methylation, gene expression and somatic mutation data, we identified the genes showing differential patterns in each of the 13 cancers. Many of the triple-evidenced genes identified in the majority of the cancers are biomarkers or potential biomarkers. Pan-cancer analysis also revealed the pathways in which the triple-evidenced genes are enriched, which include well known ones as well as new ones such as axonal guidance signaling pathway and pathways related to inflammatory processing or inflammation response. Triple-evidenced genes, particularly TNXB, RRM2, CELSR3, SLC16A3, FANCI, MMP9, MMP11, SIK1, TRIM59, showed superior predictive power in both tumor diagnosis and prognosis. These results have demonstrated that the integrative analysis using the expanded methylation data is powerful in identifying critical genes/pathways that may serve as new therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis with expanded DNA methylation data reveals common key regulators and pathways in cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schizophrenia risk conferred by protein-coding de novo mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-coding de novo mutations (DNMs) in the form of single nucleotide changes and short insertions/deletions are significant genetic risk factors for autism, intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epileptic encephalopathy. In contrast, the burden of DNMs has thus far only had a modest documented impact on schizophrenia (SCZ) risk. Here, we analyze whole-exome sequence from 1,695 SCZ affected parent-offspring trios from Taiwan along with DNMs from 1,077 published SCZ trios to better understand the contribution of coding DNMs to SCZ risk. Among 2,772 SCZ affected probands, the increased burden of DNMs is modest. Gene set analyses show that the modest increase in risk from DNMs in SCZ probands is concentrated in genes that are either highly brain expressed, under strong evolutionary constraint, and/or overlap with genes identified as DNM risk factors in other neurodevelopmental disorders. No single gene meets the criteria for genome-wide significance, but we identify 16 genes that are recurrently hit by a protein-truncating DNM, which is a 3.15-fold higher rate than mutation model expectation of 5.1 genes (permuted 95% CI=1-10 genes, permuted p=3e-5). Overall, DNMs explain only a small fraction of SCZ risk, and this risk is polygenic in nature suggesting that coding variation across many different genes will be a risk factor for SCZ in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samocha, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schizophrenia risk conferred by protein-coding de novo mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular architecture of engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of cell biology is limited by the difficulty in visualizing cellular structures at high spatial resolution within their native milieu. Here, we have visualized sporulation in Bacillus subtilis using cryo-electron tomography coupled with cryo-focused ion beam milling, a technique that allows the 3D reconstruction of cellular structures in near-native state at molecular resolution. During sporulation, an asymmetrically-positioned septum divides the cell into a larger mother cell and a smaller forespore. Subsequently, the mother cell phagocytoses the forespore in a process called engulfment, which entails a dramatic rearrangement of the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall around the forespore. By imaging wild-type sporangia, engulfment mutants, and sporangia treated with PG synthesis inhibitors, we show that the initiation of engulfment does not entail the complete dissolution of the septal PG by the mother cell SpoIIDMP complex, as was previously thought. Instead, DMP is required to maintain a flexible septum that is uniformly and only slightly thinned at the onset of engulfment. Then, the mother cell membrane migrates around the forespore by forming tiny finger-like projections, the formation of which requires both SpoIIDMP and new PG synthesized ahead of the leading edge of the engulfing membrane. We propose a molecular model for engulfment membrane migration in which a limited number of SpoIIDMP complexes tether the membrane to and degrade the new PG ahead of the leading edge, thereby generating an irregular engulfing membrane front. Our data also reveal other structures that will provide a valuable resource for future mechanistic studies of endospore formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garrido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular architecture of engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond SNP Heritability: Polygenicity and Discoverability of Phenotypes Estimated with a Univariate Gaussian Mixture Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/498550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Of signal interest in the genetics of human traits is estimating their polygenicity (the proportion of causally associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and the discoverability (or effect size variance) of the causal SNPs. Narrow-sense heritability is proportional to the product of these quantities. We present a basic model, using detailed linkage disequilibrium structure from an extensive reference panel, to estimate these quantities from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics for SNPs with minor allele frequency >1%. We apply the model to diverse phenotypes and validate the implementation with simulations. We find model polygenicities ranging from [~=] 2 x 10-5 to [~=] 4 x 10-3, with discoverabilities similarly ranging over two orders of magnitude. A power analysis allows us to estimate the proportions of phenotypic variance explained additively by causal SNPs at current sample sizes, and map out sample sizes required to explain larger portions of additive SNP heritability. The model also allows for estimating residual inflation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/498550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond SNP Heritability: Polygenicity and Discoverability of Phenotypes Estimated with a Univariate Gaussian Mixture Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the PKA RIα holoenzyme with the FLHCC driver J-PKAcα or wild type PKAcα 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is driven by J-PKAc, a kinase fusion chimera of the J-domain of DnaJB1 with PKAc, the catalytic subunit of Protein Kinase A (PKA). Here we report the crystal structures of the chimeric fusion RI2:J-PKAc2 holoenzyme formed by J-PKAc and the PKA regulatory (R) subunit RI, and the wild type (wt) RI2:PKAc2 holoenzyme. The chimeric and wt RI holoenzymes have quaternary structures different from the previously solved wt RI{beta} and RII{beta} holoenzymes. The chimeric holoenzyme shows an isoform-specific interface dominated by antiparallel interactions between the N3A-N3A motifs of RI that serves as an anchor for RI structural rearrangements during cAMP activation. The wt RI holoenzyme showed the same configuration as well as a distinct second conformation. In the structure of the chimeric fusion RI2:J-PKAc2 holoenzyme, the presence of the J-domain does not prevent formation of the holoenzymes, and is positioned away from the symmetrical interface between the two RI:J-PKAc heterodimers in the holoenzyme. The J-domains have significantly higher temperature factors than the rest of the holoenzyme, implying a large degree of conformational flexibility. Furthermore molecular dynamics simulations were applied to analyze the conformational states of chimeric fusion and wt RI holoenzymes, and showed an ensemble of conformations in the majority of which the J-domain was dynamic and rotated away from the R:J-PKAc interface. Thus, rather than affecting the interactions with the regulatory subunits, the fusion of the J-domain to the PKAc alters the conformational landscape of the chimeric fusion holoenzymes and potentially, as result, the interactions with other molecules. The structural and dynamic features of these holoenzymes enhance our understanding of the fusion chimera protein J-PKAc that drives FLHCC as well as the isoform specificity of PKA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Fiesco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the PKA RIα holoenzyme with the FLHCC driver J-PKAcα or wild type PKAcα]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structure of OSCA1.2 from Oryza sativa: Mechanical basis of hyperosmolality-gating in Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensing and responding to environmental water deficiency and osmotic stresses is essential for the growth, development and survival of plants. Recently, an osmolality-sensing ion channel called OSCA1 was discovered that functions in sensing hyperosmolality in Arabidopsis. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure and function of an ion channel from rice (Oryza sativa; OsOSCA1.2), showing how it mediates hyperosmolality sensing and ion permeability. The structure reveals a dimer; the molecular architecture of each subunit consists of eleven transmembrane helices and a cytosolic soluble domain that has homology to RNA recognition proteins. The transmembrane domain is structurally related to the TMEM16 family of calcium dependent ion channels and scramblases. The cytosolic soluble domain possesses a distinct structural feature in the form of extended intracellular helical arms that is parallel to the plasma membrane. These helical arms are well positioned to sense lateral tension on the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer caused by changes in turgor pressure. Computational dynamic analysis suggests how this domain couples to the transmembrane portion of the molecule to open the channel. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDXMS) experimentally confirms the conformational dynamics of these coupled domains. The structure provides a framework to understand the structural basis of hyperosmolality sensing in an important crop plant, extends our knowledge of the anoctamin superfamily important for plants and fungi, and provides a structural mechanism for translating membrane stress to ion transport regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maity, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopcho, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapes, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano-Soto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendargo, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komives, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowell, M. H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structure of OSCA1.2 from Oryza sativa: Mechanical basis of hyperosmolality-gating in Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partitioning the genetic architecture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not well understood. Using large genome-wide association studies and validated tools to quantify genetic overlap, we systematically identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with ALS conditional on genetic data from 65 different traits and diseases from >3 million people. We found strong genetic enrichment between ALS and a number of disparate traits including frontotemporal dementia, coronary artery disease, C-reactive protein, celiac disease and memory function. Beyond C9ORF72, we detected novel genetic signal within numerous loci including GIPC1, ELMO1 and COL16A and confirmed previously reported variants, such as ATXN2, KIF5A, UNC13A and MOBP. We found that ALS variants form a small-world co-expression network characterized by highly inter-connected  hub genes. This network clustered into smaller sub-networks, each associated with a unique function. Altered gene expression of several sub-networks and hubs was over-represented in neuropathological samples from ALS patients and SOD1 G93A mice. Our collective findings indicate that the genetic architecture of ALS can be partitioned into distinct components where some genes are highly important for developing disease. These findings have implications for stratification and enrichment strategies for ALS clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broce, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olney, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomen-Hoerth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atassi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cudkowicz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glastonbury, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rheenen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldink, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Chalabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugrue, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partitioning the genetic architecture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperation of dominant oncogenes with regulatory germline variants shapes clinical outcomes in childhood cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHDeciphering principles of inter-individual tumor heterogeneity is essential for refinement of personalized anti-cancer therapy. Unlike cancers of adulthood, pediatric malignancies including Ewing sarcoma (EwS) feature a striking paucity of somatic alterations except for pathognomonic driver-mutations that cannot explain overt variations in clinical outcome.nnHere we demonstrate in the EwS model how cooperation of a dominant oncogene and regulatory variants determine tumor growth, patient survival and drug response.nnWe show that binding of the oncogenic EWSR1-FLI1 fusion transcription factor to a polymorphic enhancer-like DNA element controls expression of the transcription factor MYBL2, whose high expression promotes poor patient outcome via activation of pro-proliferative signatures. Analysis of paired germline and tumor whole-genome sequencing data revealed that regulatory variability at this locus is inherited via the germline. CRISPR-mediated interference with this regulatory element almost abolished MYBL2 transcription, and MYBL2 knockdown decreased cell proliferation, cell survival and tumorigenicity of EwS cells. Combined RNA- and ChIP-seq analyses as well as functional experiments and clinical data identified CCNF, BIRC5 and AURKB as direct MYBL2 targets and critical mediators of its phenotype. In drug-response experiments, high MYBL2 levels sensitized EwS cells for inhibition of its activating cyclin dependent kinase CDK2 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting MYBL2 as a predictive biomarker for targeted anti-CDK2-therapy.nnCollectively, our findings establish cooperation of somatic mutations and regulatory germline variants as a major determinant of tumor progression and indicate the importance of integrating the regulatory genome in the process of developing new diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies to fully harness the potential of precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cidre-Aranaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aynaud, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabeau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossetete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surdez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldauf, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartlgruber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelting, T. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sannino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Perez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirksen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotblat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delattre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunewald, T. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperation of dominant oncogenes with regulatory germline variants shapes clinical outcomes in childhood cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary loss of foot muscle during development with characteristics of atrophy and no evidence of cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species that run or leap across sparsely vegetated habitats, including horses and deer, evolved the severe reduction or complete loss of foot muscles as skeletal elements elongated and digits were lost, and yet the developmental mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report the natural loss of foot muscles in the bipedal jerboa, Jaculus jaculus. Although adults have no muscles in their feet, newborn animals have muscles that rapidly disappear soon after birth. We were surprised to find no evidence of apoptotic or necrotic cell death during stages of peak myofiber loss, countering well-supported assumptions of developmental tissue remodeling. We instead see hallmarks of muscle atrophy, including an ordered disassembly of the sarcomere associated with upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and Atrogin-1. We propose that the natural loss of muscle, which remodeled foot anatomy during evolution and development, involves cellular mechanisms that are typically associated with disease or injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsumi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary loss of foot muscle during development with characteristics of atrophy and no evidence of cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual-olfactory integration in the human disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes rely on the integration of multiple sensory cues, including olfactory, visual, and thermal stimuli, to detect, identify and locate their hosts [1-4]. Although we increasingly know more about the role of chemosensory behaviours in mediating mosquito-host interactions [1], the role of visual cues remains comparatively less studied [3], and how the combination of olfactory and visual information is integrated in the mosquito brain remains unknown. In the present study, we used a tethered-flight LED arena, which allowed for quantitative control over the stimuli, to show that CO2 exposure affects target-tracking responses, but not responses to large-field visual stimuli. In addition, we show that CO2 modulates behavioural responses to visual objects in a time-dependent manner. To gain insight into the neural basis of this olfactory and visual coupling, we conducted two-photon microscopy experiments in a new GCaMP6s-expressing mosquito line. Imaging revealed that the majority of ROIs in the lobula region of the optic lobe exhibited strong responses to small-field stimuli, but showed little response to a large-field stimulus. Approximately 20% of the neurons we imaged were modulated when an attractive odour preceded the visual stimulus; these same neurons also elicited a small response when the odour was presented alone. By contrast, imaging in the antennal lobe revealed no modulation when visual stimuli were presented before or after the olfactory stimulus. Together, our results are the first to reveal the dynamics of olfactory modulation in visually evoked behaviours of mosquitoes, and suggest that coupling between these sensory systems is asymmetrical and time-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinauger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Breugel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual-olfactory integration in the human disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active site plasticity and possible modes of chemical inhibition of the human DNA deaminase APOBEC3B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) functions in innate immunity against viruses, but is also strongly implicated in eliciting mutations in cancer genomes. Because of the critical role of A3B in promoting virus and tumor evolution, small molecule inhibitors are desirable. However, there is no reported structure for any of the APOBEC3-family enzymes in complex with a small molecule bound in the active site, which hampers the development of small molecules targeting A3B. Here we report high-resolution structures of an active A3B catalytic domain chimera with loop 7 residues exchanged with those from the corresponding region of APOBEC3G (A3G). The structures reveal novel open conformations lacking the catalytically essential zinc ion, with the highly conserved active site residues extensively rearranged. These inactive conformations are stabilized by 2-pyrimidone or an iodide ion bound in the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the remarkable plasticity of the engineered active site and identify key interactions that stabilize the native A3B active site. These data provide insights into A3B active site dynamics and suggest possible modes of its inhibition by small molecules, which would aid in rational design of selective A3B inhibitors for constraining virus and tumor evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harki, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active site plasticity and possible modes of chemical inhibition of the human DNA deaminase APOBEC3B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric control of frequency modulation of cAMP oscillations due to Ca2+-bursts in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP and its dynamic interactions with other second messengers such as calcium are critical features of signaling specificity required for neuronal development and connectivity. cAMP is known to contribute to long-term potentiation and memory formation by controlling the formation and regulation of dendritic spines. Despite the recent advances in biosensing techniques for monitoring spatiotemporal cAMP dynamics, the underlying molecular mechanisms that attribute to the subcellular modulation of cAMP remain unknown. In the present work, we model the spatio-temporal dynamics of calcium-induced cAMP signaling pathway in dendritic spines. Using a 3D reaction-diffusion model, we investigate the effect of different spatial characteristics of cAMP dynamics that may be responsible for subcellular regulation of cAMP concentrations. Our model predicts that the volume-to-surface ratio of the spine, regulated through the spine head size, spine neck size, and the presence of physical barriers (spine apparatus) is an important regulator of cAMP dynamics. Furthermore, localization of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of cAMP in different compartments also modulates the oscillatory patterns of cAMP through exponential relationships. Our findings shed light on the significance of complex geometric and localization relationships for cAMP dynamics in dendritic spines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric control of frequency modulation of cAMP oscillations due to Ca2+-bursts in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling reveals frequency modulation of calcium-cAMP/PKA pathway in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are the primary excitatory postsynaptic sites that act as subcompartments of signaling. Ca2+ is often the first and most rapid signal in spines. Downstream of calcium, the cAMP/PKA pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of spine formation, morphological modifications, and ultimately, learning and memory. While the dynamics of calcium are reasonably well-studied, calcium-induced cAMP/PKA dynamics, particularly with respect to frequency modulation, are not fully explored. In this study, we present a well-mixed model for the dynamics of calcium-induced cAMP/PKA dynamics in dendritic spines. The model is constrained using experimental observations in the literature. Further, we measured the calcium oscillation frequency in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal CA1 neurons and used these dynamics as model inputs. Our model predicts that the various steps in this pathway act as frequency modulators for calcium and the high frequency of calcium input is filtered by AC1 and PDEs in this pathway such that cAMP/PKA only responds to lower frequencies. This prediction has important implications for noise filtering and long-timescale signal transduction in dendritic spines. A companion manuscript presents a three-dimensional spatial model for the same pathway.nnStatement of SignificancecAMP/PKA activity triggered by calcium is an essential biochemical pathway for synaptic plasticity, regulating spine structure, and long-term potentiation. In the current study, we predicted that for a given calcium input, AC1, and PDE1 kinetics reflect both the high and the low frequencies with different amplitudes and cAMP/PKA acts as a leaky integrator of calcium because of frequency attenuation by the intermediary steps. These findings have implications for cAMP/PKA signaling in dendritic spines in particular and neuronal signal transduction in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohadi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling reveals frequency modulation of calcium-cAMP/PKA pathway in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiomes are vast communities of microbes and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared to other environments. Here we investigate the origin, evolution, and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboratory, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from over one-third of the worlds countries, and showed that its phylogeography is locally clustered within countries, cities, and individuals. We also found colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, challenging genomic mosaicism and suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign globetrotter virus that may have co-evolved with the human lineage and an integral part of the normal human gut virome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohaeri, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinsdale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Munoz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyakht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuesa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagemans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asangba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condeff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Iglesia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decewicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doane,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Planning Face, Hand, and Leg Movements: Anatomical Constraints on Preparatory Inhibition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), elicited by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex, are reduced during the preparatory period in delayed response tasks. Here we examine how MEP suppression varies as a function of the anatomical organization of the motor cortex. MEPs were recorded from a left index muscle while participants prepared a hand or leg movement in Experiment 1, or prepared an eye or mouth movement in Experiment 2. In this manner, we assessed if the level of MEP suppression in a hand muscle varied as a function of the anatomical distance between the agonist for the forthcoming movement and the muscle targeted by TMS. MEPs suppression was attenuated when the cued effector was anatomically distant from the hand (e.g., leg or facial movement compared to finger movement). A similar effect was observed in Experiment 3 in which MEPs were recorded from a muscle in the leg and the forthcoming movement involved the upper limb or face. These results demonstrate an important constraint on preparatory inhibition: It is sufficiently broad to be manifest in a muscle that is not involved in the task, but is not global, showing a marked attenuation when the agonist muscle belongs to a different segment of the body.

New & NoteworthyUsing TMS, we examine changes in corticospinal excitability as people prepare to move. Consistent with previous work, we observe a reduction in excitability during the preparatory period, an effect observed in both task relevant and task irrelevant muscles. However, this preparatory inhibition is anatomically constrained, attenuated in muscles belonging to a different body segment than the agonist of the forthcoming movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labruna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Planning Face, Hand, and Leg Movements: Anatomical Constraints on Preparatory Inhibition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colibactin is an as-yet-uncharacterized human gut bacterial genotoxin, whose biosynthesis is linked to clb genomic island that distributes widespread in pathogenic and commensal human enterobacteria. Colibactin-producing gut microbes promote colon tumor formation and enhance progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) via DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)-induced cellular senescence and death; however, the chemical basis contributing to the pathogenesis at the molecular level remains elusive. Here we report the discovery and the mechanism of action of colibactin-645 as the highly sought final colibactin metabolite with a novel molecular scaffold. Colibactin-645 recapitulates its previously assumed genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, exhibiting a strong DNA DSBs activity in vitro and in human cell cultures via a unique copper-mediated oxidative mechanism. We also present a complete model for colibactin biosynthesis, revealing an unprecedented dual function of the aminomalonate-utilizing polyketide synthases. This work thus provides the first molecular basis for colibactins genotoxic activity and facilitates further mechanistic study of colibactin-related CRC incidence and prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Selected Nucleoside Analogue ProTides against Zika Virus in Human Neural Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus which causes neurodevelopmental impairment to fetuses and has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome, continues to threaten global health due to the absence of targeted prophylaxis or treatment. Nucleoside analogues are good examples of efficient anti-viral inhibitors, and prodrug strategies using phosphate masking groups (ProTides) have been employed to improve the bioavailability of ribonucleoside analogues. Here, we synthesized and tested a library of 13 ProTides against ZIKV in human neural stem cells. Strong activity was observed for 2'-C-methyluridine and 2'-C-ethynyluridine ProTides with an aryloxyl phosphoramidate masking group. Conversion of the aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide group of 2'-C-methyluridine to a 2-(methylthio)ethyl phosphoramidate completely abolished antiviral activity of the compound. The aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide of 2'-C-methyluridine outperformed the hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug sofosbuvir in suppression of viral titers and protection from cytopathic effect, while the former compounds triphosphate active metabolite was better incorporated by purified ZIKV NS5 polymerase over time. Molecular superpositioning revealed different orientations of residues opposite the 2'-fluoro group of sofosbuvir. These findings suggest both a nucleobase and ProTide group bias for the anti-ZIKV activity of nucleoside analogue ProTides in a disease-relevant cell model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purse, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Selected Nucleoside Analogue ProTides against Zika Virus in Human Neural Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characteristics of Beta Waveform Shape in Parkinson's Disease Detected with Scalp Electroencephalography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity in the beta frequency range (13-30 Hz) is excessively synchronized in Parkinsons Disease (PD). Previous work using invasive intracranial recordings and non-invasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has shown that correlations between beta phase and broadband gamma amplitude (i.e., phase-amplitude coupling) are elevated in PD, perhaps a reflection of this synchrony. Recently, it has also been shown, in invasive human recordings, that nonsinusoidal features of beta oscillation shape also characterize PD. Here we show that these features of beta waveform shape also distinguish PD patients on and off medication using non-invasive recordings in a dataset of 15 PD patients with resting scalp EEG. Specifically, beta oscillations over sensorimotor electrodes in PD patients off medication had greater sharpness asymmetry and steepness asymmetry than on medication (sign rank, p=0.006, p=0.003 respectively). We also showed that beta oscillations over sensorimotor cortex most often had a canonical shape and that using this prototypical shape as an inclusion criterion increased the effect size of our findings. Together our findings suggest that novel ways of measuring beta synchrony that incorporate waveform shape could improve detection of PD pathophysiology in non-invasive recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characteristics of Beta Waveform Shape in Parkinson's Disease Detected with Scalp Electroencephalography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAMer 2: A System for 3D Mesh Processing of Cellular Electron Micrographs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveRecent advances in electron microscopy have, for the first time, enabled imaging of single cells in 3D at a nanometer length scale resolution. An uncharted frontier for in silico biology is the ability to simulate cellular processes using these observed geometries. However, this will require a system for going from EM images to 3D volume meshes which can be used in finite element simulations.

MethodsIn this paper, we develop an end-to-end pipeline for this task by adapting and extending computer graphics mesh processing and smoothing algorithms. Our workflow makes use of our recently rewritten mesh processing software, GAMer 2, which implements several mesh conditioning algorithms and serves as a platform to connect different pipeline steps.

ResultsWe apply this pipeline to a series of electron micrographs of dendrite morphology explored at three different length scales and show that the resultant meshes are suitable for finite element simulations.

ConclusionOur pipeline, which consists of free and open-source community driven tools, is a step towards routine physical simulations of biological processes in realistic geometries.

SignificanceWe posit that a new frontier at the intersection of computational technologies and single cell biology is now open. Innovations in algorithms to reconstruct and simulate cellular length scale phenomena based on emerging structural data will enable realistic physical models and advance discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angliviel de La Beaumelle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamoorthi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAMer 2: A System for 3D Mesh Processing of Cellular Electron Micrographs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Occupation and Parkinson disease in Women's Health Initiative Observational Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/535732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThere is a lack of consistency in associations between workplace factors and risk of Parkinson disease (PD), and paucity of such data on women. We took a classic occupational epidemiology approach that assesses associations with occupational groups in order to derive insights about potential occupation-specific exposures that may be causal.

MethodsThe Womens Health Initiative (WHI-OS) is a prospective cohort that enrolled 91,627 postmenopausal women, 50 to 79 years of age from 10/01/93 to 12/31/98, at 40 clinical centers across the US with average follow-up of 11 years, who reported up to three paid jobs held the longest since age 18; these jobs were coded and duration of employment calculated. We defined the case by self-report of doctor-diagnosed PD (at baseline or follow-up), death attributed to PD, or medication consistent with PD.

ResultsAmong 2,590 cases, we report evidence of excess risk among "counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists". There was a suggestion of increase in risk among post-secondary teachers, and "building and grounds cleaning and maintenance". There was also evidence of deficit in risk among women who worked in sales.

Results with ever-employed and duration were similar, except for evidence of excess of risk among "health technologists and technicians" with more than 20 years of employment. Longer duration of life on a farm was associated with higher risk.

ConclusionOur findings paint a largely reassuring picture of occupational risks for PD among US women, especially for trades largely unaffected by recent technological advances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burstyn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Checkoway, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/535732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Occupation and Parkinson disease in Women's Health Initiative Observational Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivering genes across the blood-brain barrier: LY6A, a novel cellular receptor for AAV-PHP.B capsids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The engineered AAV-PHP.B family of adeno-associated virus efficiently delivers genes throughout the mouse central nervous system. To guide their application across disease models, and to inspire the development of translational gene therapy vectors useful for targeting neurological diseases in humans, we sought to elucidate the host factors responsible for the CNS tropism of AAV-PHP.B vectors. Leveraging CNS tropism differences across mouse strains, we conducted a genome-wide association study, and rapidly identified and verified LY6A as an essential receptor for the AAV-PHP.B vectors in brain endothelial cells. Importantly, this newly discovered mode of AAV binding and transduction is independent of other known AAV receptors and can be imported into different cell types to confer enhanced transduction by the AAV-PHP.B vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobey, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poterba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deverman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivering genes across the blood-brain barrier: LY6A, a novel cellular receptor for AAV-PHP.B capsids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DLITE: Dynamic Local Intercellular Tension Estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of cell-cell interfaces and the forces resulting from actomyosin interactions, mem-brane tension, or cell-cell adhesion are closely coupled. For example, the tight junction protein, ZO-1, forms a link between the force-bearing actin cortex and the rest of the tight junction protein (TJP) complex, regulating epithelial cell differentiation and the flux of solutes across epithelia. Here we introduce a method for Dynamic Local Intercellular Tension Estimation (DLITE) to computationally infer the evolution of cell-cell forces from a mechanical model of collective cell behaviour. This builds upon prior work in the field (CellFIT, Brodland et al., PloS one 9.6 (2014): e99116). We validate our estimated forces against those predicted by Surface Evolver simulations. Inferred tensions of a cell colony rearranging over time correlate better with the ground truth for our method (DLITE) than for prior methods intended for single time-points. DLITE is robust to both skeletonization errors and topological changes. Finally, we used DLITE in WTC-11 human induced pluripotent stem (hIPS) cells endogenously expressing ZO-1 GFP to find that major topo-logical changes in cell connectivity, e.g. mitosis, can result in an increase in tension. This suggests a correlation between the dynamics of cell-cell forces and colony rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maleckar, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DLITE: Dynamic Local Intercellular Tension Estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age and sex-dependent patterns of gut microbial diversity in human adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial diversity changes throughout the human lifespan and is known to be affected by host sex. We investigated the association of age, sex and gut bacterial alpha diversity in three large cohorts of adults from four geographical regions: US and UK cohorts in the American Gut Project, and two independent cohorts of Colombians and Chinese. In three of the four cohorts, we observed a strong positive association between age and alpha diversity in young adults that plateaued after age 40. We also found pronounced sex-dependent differences in younger but not middle-aged adults, and women had higher alpha diversity than men. In contrast, no association of alpha diversity with age or sex was observed in the Chinese cohort. These associations were maintained after adjusting for cardiometabolic parameters in the Colombian cohort and antibiotic usage in the AGP cohort, suggesting that these factors do not affect the association of alpha diversity with age and sex. We also used a machine learning approach to predict individual age based on the gut microbiome. Consistent with our alpha diversity-based findings, women had significantly higher predicted age than men in the US and UK cohort, with a reduced difference above age 40. This was not observed in the Colombian cohort and only in the group of middle-age adults in the Chinese cohort. Together, our results provide new insights into the influence of age and sex on biodiversity of the human gut microbiota during adulthood while highlighting similarities and differences across diverse cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esobar, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/544270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age and sex-dependent patterns of gut microbial diversity in human adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implementations of the chemical structural and compositional similarity metric in R and Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationTandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has the potential to substantially improve metabolomics by acquiring spectra of fragmented ions. These fragmentation spectra can be represented as a molecular network, by measuring cosine distances between them, thus identifying signals from the same or similar molecules. Metrics that enable comparison between pairs of samples based on their metabolite profiles are in great need. Taking inspiration from the successful phylogeny-aware beta-diversity measures used in microbiome research, integrating chemical similarity information about the features in addition to their abundances could lead to better insights when comparing metabolite profiles. Chemical Structural and Compositional Similarity (CSCS) is a recently published similarity metric comparing the full set of signals and their chemical similarity between two samples. Efficient, scalable and easily accessible implementations of this algorithm is currently lacking. Here, we present an easily accessible and scalable implementation of CSCS in both python and R, including a version not weighted by intensity information.

ResultsWe provide a new implementation of the CSCS algorithm that is over 300 times faster than the published implementation in R, making the algorithm suitable for large-scale metabolomics applications. We also show that adding chemical information enriches existing methods. Furthermore, the R implementation includes functions for exporting molecular networks directly from the mass spectral molecular networking platform GNPS for ease of use for downstream applications.

Contactbrejnrod@sund.ku.dk

Availabilitygithub.com/askerdb/rCSCS, github.com/askerdb/pyCSCS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brejnrod, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworzynski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implementations of the chemical structural and compositional similarity metric in R and Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red Sea SAR11 and Prochlorococcus Single-cell Genomes Reflect Globally Distributed Pangenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence suggests many marine bacteria are cosmopolitan, with widespread but sparse strains poised to seed abundant populations upon conducive growth conditions. However, studies supporting this "microbial seed bank" hypothesis have analyzed taxonomic marker genes rather than whole genomes/metagenomes, leaving open the possibility that disparate ocean regions harbor endemic gene content. The Red Sea is isolated geographically from the rest of the ocean and has a combination of high irradiance, high temperature, and high salinity that is unique among the ocean; we therefore asked whether it harbors endemic gene content. We sequenced and assembled single-cell genomes of 21 SAR11 (subclades Ia, Ib, Id, II) and 5 Prochlorococcus (ecotype HLII) cells from the Red Sea and combined them with globally-sourced reference genomes to cluster genes into ortholog groups (OGs). Ordination of OG composition could distinguish clades, including phylogenetically cryptic Prochlorococcus ecotypes LLII and LLIII. Compared with reference genomes, 1% of Prochlorococcus and 17% of SAR11 OGs were unique to the Red Sea genomes (RS-OGs). Most (83%) RS-OGs had no annotated function, but 65% of RS-OGs were expressed in diel Red Sea metatranscriptomes, suggesting they could be functional. Searching Tara Oceans metagenomes, RS-OGs were as likely to be found as non-RS-OGs; nevertheless, Red Sea and other warm samples could be distinguished from cooler samples using the relative abundances of OGs. The results suggest that the prevalence of OGs in these surface ocean bacteria is largely cosmopolitan, with differences in population metagenomes manifested by differences in relative abundance rather than complete presence-absence of OGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibl, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngugi, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red Sea SAR11 and Prochlorococcus Single-cell Genomes Reflect Globally Distributed Pangenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flower-like patterns in multi-species biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse interactions among species within bacterial biofilms often lead to intricate spatiotemporal dynamics. The spatial structure of biofilms can determine growth and survival of different species, but the mechanisms driving formation of this structure are not fully understood. Here, we describe the emergence of complex structures in a biofilm grown from mixtures of motile and non-motile bacterial species on a soft agar surface. Time-lapse imaging shows that non-motile bacteria "hitchhike" on the motile bacteria as the latter migrate outward. The non-motile bacteria accumulate at the boundary of the colony and trigger an instability that leaves behind striking flower-like patterns. The mechanism of the front instability governing this pattern formation is elucidated by a mathematical model for the frictional motion of the colony interface, with friction depending on the local concentration of the nonmotile species along the interface. A more elaborate two-dimensional phase-field model that explicitly accounts for the interplay between growth, mechanical stress from the motile species, and friction provided by the non-motile species, fully reproduces the observed flower-like patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimring, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flower-like patterns in multi-species biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiAlignment: alignment with both DNA sequence and epigenomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/562199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative epigenomics, by subjecting both epigenome and genome to interspecies comparison, has become a powerful approach to reveal regulatory features of the genome. Thus elucidated regulatory features surpassed the information derived from comparison of genomic sequences alone. Here, we present EpiAlignment, a web-based tool to align genomic regions with both DNA sequence and epigenomic data. EpiAlignment takes DNA sequence and epigenomic profiles derived by ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, or ATAC-seq from two species as input data, and outputs the best semi-global alignments. These alignments are based on EpiAlignment scores, computed by a dynamic programming algorithm that accounts for both sequence alignment and epigenome similarity. For timely response, the EpiAlignment web server automatically initiates up to 140 computing threads depending on the size of user input data. For users convenience, we have pre-compiled the comparable human and mouse epigenome datasets in matched cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics and ENCODE consortia. Users can either upload their own data or select pre-compiled datasets as inputs for EpiAlignment analyses. Results are presented in graphical and tabular formats where the entries can be interactively expanded to visualize additional features of these aligned regions. EpiAlignment is available at https://epialign.ucsd.edu/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiAlignment: alignment with both DNA sequence and epigenomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The laminar profile of sleep spindles in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep spindles are generated in thalamocortical, corticothalamic and possibly cortico-cortical circuits. Previous hypotheses suggested that slow and fast spindles or spindles with various spatial extent may be generated in different circuits with various cortical laminar innervation patterns. We used NREM sleep EEG data recorded from four human epileptic patients undergoing presurgical electrophysiological monitoring with subdural electrocorticographic grids (ECoG) and implanted laminar microelectrodes penetrating the cortex (IME). The position of IME electrodes within cortical layers was confirmed using postsurgical histological reconstructions. Many micro-domain spindles detected on the IME occurred only in one layer and were absent from the ECoG, but with increasing amplitude simultaneous detection in other layers and on the ECoG became more likely. Macro-domain spindles sufficiently large to be detected on the ECoG were in contrast usually accompanied by IME spindles. Neither micro-domain nor macro-domain spindle cortical profiles were strongly associated with sleep spindle frequency or globality. Multiple-unit and single-unit activity during spindles, however, was heterogeneous across spindle types, but also across layers and subjects. Our results indicate that extremely local spindles may occur in any cortical layer, but co-occurrence at other locations becomes likelier with increasing amplitude and the relatively large spindles detected on ECoG channels have a stereotypical laminar profile. We found no compelling evidence that different spindle types are associated with different laminar profiles, suggesting that they are generated in cortical and thalamic circuits with similar cortical innervation patterns. Local neuronal activity is a stronger candidate mechanism for driving functional differences between spindles subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ujma, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajnal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodizs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gombos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The laminar profile of sleep spindles in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-depth genetic analysis of 6p21.3 reveals insights into associations between HLA types and complex traits and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly polymorphic major histocompatibility (MHC) region encodes the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) gene complex and is associated with many autoimmune and infectious diseases. Despite the importance of this interval, comprehensive genetic studies interrogating associations between HLA types, expression of non-HLA genes and disease, have not yet been conducted. To address this issue, we collected high-coverage whole genome sequence from 419 individuals and performed HLA typing at the highest resolution. Using RNA-seq from matched iPSC lines, we conducted an in-depth eQTL analysis using "personalized" transcripts, which significantly improved estimated expression levels of HLA genes, and showed HLA types have genetic associations independent from SNPs. We leveraged the eQTL results to examine associations between expression levels of non-HLA genes and disease. As a proof-of-principle, we investigated RNF5, whose protein product is a novel drug target in cystic fibrosis. We observed that decreased expression of RNF5 was associated with the 8.1 ancestral haplotype, which was previously found associated with protection against infection in cystic fibrosis. Overall, our study shows that genetically dissecting the MHC region provides novel insights into mechanisms underlying associations of this interval with disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubosky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nariai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-depth genetic analysis of 6p21.3 reveals insights into associations between HLA types and complex traits and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longshot: accurate variant calling in diploid genomes using single-molecule long read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-read sequencing technologies such as Illumina enable the accurate detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertion/deletion variants in human genomes but are unable to provide information about haplotypes and variants in repetitive regions of the genome. Single-molecule sequencing technologies such as Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore generate long reads ([&ge;] 10 kb in length) that can potentially address these limitations of short reads. However, the high error rate of SMS reads makes it challenging to detect small-scale variants in diploid genomes. We introduce a variant calling method, Longshot, that leverages the haplotype information present in SMS reads to enable the accurate detection and phasing of single nucleotide variants in diploid genomes. Using whole-genome Pacific Biosciences data for multiple human individuals, we demonstrate that Longshot achieves very high accuracy for SNV detection (precision [&ge;]0.992 and recall [&ge;]0.96) that is significantly better than existing variant calling methods. Longshot can also call SNVs with good accuracy using whole-genome Oxford Nanopore data. Finally, we demonstrate that it enables the discovery of variants in duplicated regions of the genome that cannot be mapped using short reads. Longshot is freely available at https://github.com/pjedge/longshot.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longshot: accurate variant calling in diploid genomes using single-molecule long read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygous variants in KMT2E cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We delineate a KMT2E gene-related neurodevelopmental disorder based on 38 individuals in 36 families. This includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in the KMT2E gene (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and 3 previously reported), and 4 individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing the KMT2E gene (1 previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants, and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. Over 70% of the individuals were male and expressivity was variable by sex, with epilepsy more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E may explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pais, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Jamra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accogli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amburgey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderlid, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzarello-Burri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basinger, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carre, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceulemans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culliton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demurger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowling, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duban-Bedu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubourg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrarini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haack, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helbig, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helbig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heredia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonasson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joset, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroes, H. Y</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygous variants in KMT2E cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Tangent copy-number inference pipeline for cancer genome analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSomatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) play an important role in cancer development. Systematic noise in sequencing and array data present a significant challenge to the inference of SCNAs for cancer genome analyses. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Broad Institute Genome Characterization Center developed the Tangent copy-number inference pipeline to generate copy-number profiles using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and whole-exome sequencing (WES) data from over 10,000 pairs of tumors and matched normal samples. Here, we describe the Tangent pipeline, which begins with DNA sequencing data in the form of .bam files or raw SNP array probe-level intensity data, and ends with segmented copy-number calls to facilitate the identification of novel genes potentially targeted by SCNAs. We also describe a modification of Tangent, Pseudo-Tangent, which enables denoising through comparisons between tumor profiles when few normal samples are available.nnResultsTangent Normalization offers substantial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvements compared to conventional normalization methods in both SNP array and WES analyses. The improvement in SNRs is achieved primarily through noise reduction with minimal effect on signal. Pseudo-Tangent also reduces noise when few normal samples are available. Tangent and Pseudo-Tangent are broadly applicable and enable more accurate inference of SCNAs from DNA sequencing and array data.nnAvailability and ImplementationTangent is available at https://github.com/coyin/tangent and as a Docker image (https://hub.docker.com/r/coyin/tangent). Tangent is also the normalization method for the Copy Number pipeline in Genome Analysis Toolkit 4 (GATK4).nnContactmatthew_meyerson@dfci.harvard.edu, rameen@broadinstitute.org, gadgetz@broadinstitute.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill Meyers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlake, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherniack, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Tangent copy-number inference pipeline for cancer genome analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of Hippocampal Ripples and Cortical Slow Waves Leads to Coordinated Large-Scale Sleep Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dialogue between cortex and hippocampus is known to be crucial for sleep dependent consolidation of long lasting memories. During slow wave sleep memory replay depends on slow oscillation (SO) and spindles in the (neo)cortex and sharp wave-ripple complexes (SWR) in the hippocampus, however, the mechanisms underlying interaction of these rhythms are poorly understood. Here, we examined the interaction between cortical SOs and hippocampal SWRs in a computational model of the hippocampo-cortico-thalamic network and compared the results with human intracranial recordings during sleep. We observed that ripple occurrence peaked following the onset of SO (Down-to-Up-state transition) and that cortical input to hippocampus was crucial to maintain this relationship. Ripples influenced the spatiotemporal structure of cortical SO and duration of the Up/Down-states. In particular, ripples were capable of synchronizing Up-to-Down state transition events across the cortical network. Slow waves had a tendency to initiate at cortical locations receiving hippocampal ripples, and these "initiators" were able to influence sequential reactivation within cortical Up states. We concluded that during slow wave sleep, hippocampus and neocortex maintain a complex interaction, where SOs bias the onset of ripples, while ripples influence the spatiotemporal pattern of SOs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of Hippocampal Ripples and Cortical Slow Waves Leads to Coordinated Large-Scale Sleep Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can sleep protect memories from catastrophic forgetting? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continual learning remains to be an unsolved problem in artificial neural networks. Biological systems have evolved mechanisms by which they can prevent catastrophic forgetting of old knowledge during new training and allow lifelong learning. Building upon data suggesting the importance of sleep in learning and memory, here we test a hypothesis that sleep protects memories from catastrophic forgetting. We found that training in a thalamocortical network model of a "new" memory that interferes with previously stored "old" memory may result in degradation and forgetting of the old memory trace. Simulating NREM sleep immediately after new learning leads to replay, which reverses the damage and ultimately enhances both old and new memory traces. Surprisingly, we found that sleep replay goes beyond recovering old memory traces that were damaged by new learning. When a new memory competes for the neuronal/synaptic resources previously allocated to the old memory, sleep replay changes the synaptic footprint of the old memory trace to allow for the overlapping populations of neurons to store multiple memories. Different neurons become preferentially supporting different memory traces to allow successful recall. We compared synaptic weight dynamics during sleep replay with that during interleaved training - a common approach to overcome catastrophic forgetting in artificial networks - and found that interleaved training promotes synaptic competition and weakening of reciprocal synapses, effectively reducing an ensemble of neurons contributing to memory recall. This leads to suboptimal recall performance compared to that after sleep. Together, our results suggest that sleep provides a powerful mechanism to achieve continual learning by combining consolidation of new memory traces with reconsolidation of old memory traces to minimize memory interference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/569038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can sleep protect memories from catastrophic forgetting?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of DNA motifs that regulate DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark but how its locus-specificity is decided in relation to DNA sequence is not fully understood. Here, we have analyzed 34 diverse whole-genome bisulfite sequencing datasets in human and identified 313 motifs, including 92 and 221 associated with methylation (methylation motifs, MMs) and unmethylation (unmethylation motifs, UMs), respectively. The functionality of these motifs is supported by multiple lines of evidences. First, the methylation levels at the MM and UM motifs are respectively higher and lower than the genomic background. Second, these motifs are enriched at the binding sites of methylation modifying enzymes including DNMT3A and TET1, indicating their possible roles of recruiting these enzymes. Third, these motifs significantly overlap with SNPs associated with gene expression and those with DNA methylation. Fourth, disruption of these motifs by SNPs is associated with significantly altered methylation level of the CpGs in the neighbor regions. Furthermore, these motifs together with somatic SNPs are predictive of cancer subtypes and patient survival. We revealed some of these motifs were also associated with histone modifications, suggesting possible interplay between the two types of epigenetic modifications. We also found some motifs form feed forward loops to contribute to DNA methylation dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of DNA motifs that regulate DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postmortem Cortex Samples Identify Distinct Molecular Subtypes of ALS: Retrotransposon Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Activated Glia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. While several inherited pathogenic mutations have been identified as causative, the vast majority of cases are sporadic with no family history of disease. Thus, for the majority of ALS cases, a specific causal abnormality is not known and the disease may be a product of multiple inter-related pathways contributing to varying degrees in different ALS patients. Using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, we stratified the transcriptomes of 148 ALS decedent cortex tissue samples into three distinct and robust molecular subtypes. The largest cluster, identified in 61% of patient samples, displayed hallmarks of oxidative and proteotoxic stress. Another 20% of the ALS patient samples exhibited high levels of retrotransposon expression and other signatures of TDP-43 dysfunction. Finally, a third group showed predominant signatures of glial activation (19%). Together these results demonstrate that at least three distinct molecular signatures contribute to ALS disease. While multiple dysregulated components and pathways comprising these clusters have previously been implicated in ALS pathogenesis, unbiased analysis of this large survey demonstrated that sporadic ALS patient tissues can be segregated into distinct molecular subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozhkov, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennessey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The NYGC ALS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagegaltier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phatnani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale Hammell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postmortem Cortex Samples Identify Distinct Molecular Subtypes of ALS: Retrotransposon Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Activated Glia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying and understanding well-to-well contamination in microbiome research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial sequences inferred as belonging to one sample may not have originated from that sample. Such contamination may arise from laboratory or reagent sources or from physical exchange between samples. This study seeks to rigorously assess the behavior of this often-neglected between-sample contamination. Using unique bacteria each assigned a particular well in a plate, we assess the frequency at which sequences from each source appears in other wells. We evaluate the effects of different DNA extraction methods performed in two labs using a consistent plate layout including blanks, low biomass, and high biomass samples. Well-to-well contamination occurred primarily during DNA extraction, and to a lesser extent in library preparation, while barcode leakage was negligible. Labs differed in the levels of contamination. DNA extraction methods differed in their occurrences and levels of well-to-well contamination, with robotic methods having more well-to-well contamination while manual methods having higher background contaminants. Well-to-well contamination was observed to occur primarily in neighboring samples, with rare events up to 10 wells apart. The effect of well-to-well was greatest in samples with lower biomass, and negatively impacted metrics of alpha and beta diversity. Our work emphasizes that sample contamination is a combination of crosstalk from nearby wells and background contaminants. To reduce well-to-well effects, samples should be randomized across plates, and samples of similar biomass processed together. Researchers should evaluate well-to-well contamination in study design and avoid removal of taxa or OTUs appearing in negative controls, as many will be microbes from other samples rather than reagent contaminants.nnImportanceMicrobiome research has uncovered magnificent biological and chemical stories across nearly all areas of life science, at times creating controversy when findings reveal fantastic descriptions of microbes living and even thriving in once thought to be sterile environments. Scientists have refuted many of these claims because of contamination, which has led to robust requirements including use of controls for validating accurate portrayals of microbial communities. In this study, we describe a previously undocumented form of contamination, well-to-well contamination and show that contamination primarily occurs during DNA extraction rather than PCR, is highest in plate-based methods as compared to single tube extraction, and occurs in higher frequency in low biomass samples. This finding has profound importance on the field as many current techniques to  decontaminate a dataset simply relies on an assumption that microbial reads found in blanks are contaminants from  outside namely the reagents or consumables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying and understanding well-to-well contamination in microbiome research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple memory tests in midlife improve prediction of mild cognitive impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONPredicting risk for Alzheimers disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple memory tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI.nnMETHODSWe examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age=55.69{+/-}2.45).nnRESULTSCalifornia Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR=4.75). A latent factor incorporating 7 measures across 3 memory tests provided much stronger prediction (OR=9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults.nnDISCUSSIONNeuropsychological tests are sensitive and early indicators of Alzheimers disease risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. Single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing, and use of multiple scores within tests, provides substantially improved prediction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson-Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple memory tests in midlife improve prediction of mild cognitive impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A newly defined cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase promotes thermotolerance as part of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogen infection leads to proteotoxic stress in host organisms. Previously we described a physiological program in the nematode C. elegans called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), which promotes resistance to proteotoxic stress and appears to be distinct from canonical proteostasis pathways. The IPR is controlled by PALS-22 and PALS-25, proteins of unknown biochemical function, which regulate expression of genes induced by natural intracellular pathogens. We previously showed that PALS-22 and PALS-25 regulate the mRNA expression of the predicted ubiquitin ligase component cullin cul-6, which promotes thermotolerance in pals-22 mutants. However, it was unclear whether CUL-6 acted alone, or together with other ubiquitin ligase components. Here we use co-immunoprecipitation studies paired with genetic analysis to define the cullin-RING ligase components that act together with CUL-6 to promote thermotolerance. First, we identify a previously uncharacterized RING domain protein in the TRIM family we named RCS-1, which acts as a core component with CUL-6 to promote thermotolerance. Next, we show that the Skp-related proteins SKR-3, SKR-4 and SKR-5 act redundantly to promote thermotolerance with CUL-6. Finally, we screened F-box proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with CUL-6 and find that FBXA-158 promotes thermotolerance. In summary, we have defined the three core components and an F-box adaptor of a cullin-RING ligase complex that promotes thermotolerance as part of the IPR in C. elegans, which adds to our understanding of how organisms cope with proteotoxic stress.nnSignificance StatementIntracellular pathogen infection in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans induces a robust transcriptional response as the host copes with infection. This response program includes several ubiquitin ligase components that are predicted to function in protein quality control. In this study, we show that these infection-induced ubiquitin ligase components form a protein complex that promotes increased tolerance of acute heat stress, an indicator of improved protein homeostasis capacity. These findings show that maintaining protein homeostasis may be a critical component of a multifaceted approach allowing the host to deal with stress caused by intracellular infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luallen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulzele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A newly defined cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase promotes thermotolerance as part of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive recruitment of distal MEC-4 channels determines touch response strength in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Touch deforms, or strains, the skin beyond the immediate point of contact. The spatiotemporal nature of the touch-induced strain fields depend on the mechanical properties of the skin and the tissues below. Somatosensory neurons that sense touch branch out within the skin and rely on a set of mechano-electrical transduction channels distributed within their dendrites to detect mechanical stimuli. Here, we sought to understand how tissue mechanics shape touch-induced mechanical strain across the skin over time and how individual channels located in different regions of the strain field contribute to the overall touch response. We leveraged C. elegans touch receptor neurons (TRNs) as a simple model amenable to in vivo whole-cell patch clamp recording and an integrated experimental-computational approach to dissect the mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal dynamics that we observed. Consistent with the idea that strain is produced at a distance, we show that delivering strong stimuli outside the anatomical extent of the neuron is sufficient to evoke MRCs. The amplitude and kinetics of the MRCs depended on both stimulus displacement and speed. Finally, we found that the main factor responsible for touch sensitivity is the recruitment of progressively more distant channels by stronger stimuli, rather than modulation of channel open probability. This principle may generalize to somatosensory neurons with more complex morphologies.nnSummaryThrough experiment and simulation, Katta et al. reveal that pushing faster and deeper recruits more and more distant mechano-electrical transduction channels during touch. The net result is a dynamic receptive field whose size and shape depends on tissue mechanics, stimulus parameters, and channel distribution within sensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanzeni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergassola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive recruitment of distal MEC-4 channels determines touch response strength in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic factors, can be estimated from pedigree data 1, but such estimates are uninformative with respect to the underlying genetic architecture. Analyses of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on unrelated individuals have shown that for human traits and disease, approximately one-third to two-thirds of heritability is captured by common SNPs 2-5. It is not known whether the remaining heritability is due to the imperfect tagging of causal variants by common SNPs, in particular if the causal variants are rare, or other reasons such as overestimation of heritability from pedigree data. Here we show that pedigree heritability for height and body mass index (BMI) appears to be largely recovered from whole-genome sequence (WGS) data on 25,465 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We assigned 33.7 million genetic variants to groups based upon their minor allele frequencies (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants nearby, and estimated and partitioned genetic variance accordingly. The estimated heritability was 0.68 (SE 0.10) for height and 0.30 (SE 0.10) for BMI, with a range of ~0.60 - 0.71 for height and ~0.25 - 0.35 for BMI, depending on quality control and analysis strategies. Low-MAF variants in low LD with neighbouring variants were enriched for heritability, to a greater extent for protein-altering variants, consistent with negative selection thereon. Cumulatively variants with 0.0001 < MAF < 0.1 explained 0.47 (SE 0.07) and 0.30 (SE 0.10) of heritability for height and BMI, respectively. Our results imply that rare variants, in particular those in regions of low LD, is a major source of the still missing heritability of complex traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wainschtein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.-L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting primary production in the southern California Current Ecosystem from chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations, and irradiance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated the processes driving variability in primary productivity in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) in order to develop an algorithm for predicting primary productivity from in situ irradiance, nutrient, and chlorophyll (chl) measurements. Primary productivity data from seven process cruises of the CCE Long-Term Ecological Research (CCE LTER) program were used to parameterize the algorithm. An initial algorithm was developed using only irradiance to predict chl-specific productivity was found to have model-data misfit that was correlated with NH4+ concentrations. We thus found that the best estimates of primary productivity were obtained using an equation including NH4+ and irradiance: PP/Chl = V0mx(1-exp(-xPAR/V0m)xNH4/(NH4+KS), where PP/Chl is chlorophyll-specific primary production in units of mg C d-1 / mg Chl, PAR is photosynthetically active radiation (units of Ei m-2 s-1), NH4+ is in units of mol L-1, V0m = 66.5 mg C d-1 / mg Chl,  = 1.5, and KS = 0.025 mol L-1. We then used this algorithm to compute primary productivity rates for the CCE-P1706 cruise on which in situ primary productivity samples were not available. We compared these estimates to independent productivity estimates derived from protistan grazing dilution experiments and found excellent agreement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goericke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting primary production in the southern California Current Ecosystem from chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations, and irradiance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved acidic cluster motif in SERINC5 confers resistance to antagonism by HIV-1 Nef 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular protein SERINC5 inhibits the infectivity of diverse retroviruses and is counteracted by the glycoGag protein of MLV, the S2 protein of EIAV, and the Nef protein of HIV-1. Determining regions within SERINC5 that provide restrictive activity or Nef-sensitivity should inform mechanistic models of the SERINC5/HIV-1 relationship. Here, we report that deletion of the highly conserved sequence EDTEE, which is located within a cytoplasmic loop of SERINC5 and is reminiscent of an acidic cluster membrane trafficking signal, increases the sensitivity of SERINC5 to antagonism by Nef while having no effect on the intrinsic activity of the protein as an inhibitor of infectivity. The effects on infectivity correlated with enhanced removal of the {Delta}EDTEE mutant relative to wild type SERINC5 from the cell surface and with enhanced exclusion of the mutant protein from virions by Nef. Mutational analysis revealed that the acidic residues, but not the threonine, within the EDTEE motif are important for the relative resistance to Nef. Deletion of the EDTEE sequence did not increase the sensitivity of SERINC5 to antagonism by the glycoGag protein of MLV, suggesting that its virologic role is Nef-specific. These results are consistent with the reported mapping of the cytoplasmic loop that contains the EDTEE sequence as a general determinant of Nef-responsiveness, but they further indicate that sequences inhibitory to as well as supportive of Nef-activity reside in this region. We speculate that the EDTEE motif might have evolved to mediate resistance against retroviruses that use Nef-like proteins to antagonize SERINC5.nnImportanceCellular membrane proteins in the SERINC family, especially SERINC5, inhibit the infectivity of retroviral virions. This inhibition is counteracted by retroviral proteins, specifically HIV-1 Nef, MLV glycoGag, and EIAV S2. One consequence of such a host-pathogen "arms race" is compensatory change in the host antiviral protein as it evolves to escape the effects of the viral antagonist. This is often reflected in a genetic signature, positive selection, which is conspicuously missing in SERINC5. Here we show that despite this lack of genetic evidence, a sequence in SERINC5 nonetheless provides relative resistance to antagonism by HIV-1 Nef.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved acidic cluster motif in SERINC5 confers resistance to antagonism by HIV-1 Nef]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting networks and personality predict attack speed in social spiders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Groups of social predators capture large prey items collectively, and their social interaction patterns may impact how quickly they can respond to time-sensitive predation opportunities. We investigated whether various organizational levels of resting interactions (individual, sub-group, group), observed at different intervals leading up to a collective prey attack, impacted the predation speed of colonies of the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We found that in adult spiders overall group connectivity (average degree) increased group attack speed. However, this effect was detected only immediately before the predation event; connectivity two and four days before prey capture had little impact on the collective dynamics. Significantly, lower social proximity of the groups boldest individual to other group members (closeness centrality) immediately prior and two days before prey capture was associated with faster attack speeds. These results suggest that for adult spiders, the long-lasting effects of the boldest individual on the groups attack dynamics are mediated by its role in the social network, and not only by its boldness. This suggests that behavioural traits and social network relationships should be considered together when defining keystone individuals in some contexts. By contrast, for subadult spiders, while the group maximum boldness was negatively correlated with latency to attack, no significant resting network predictors of latency to attack were found. Thus, separate behavioural mechanisms might play distinctive roles in determining collective outcomes at different developmental stages, timescales, and levels of social organization.nnSignificance statementCertain animals in a group, such as leaders, may have a more important role than other group members in determining their collective behavior. Often these individuals are defined by their behavioral attributes, for example, being bolder than others. We show that in social spiders both the behavioral traits of the influential individual, and its interactions with other group members, shape its role in affecting how quickly the group collectively attacks prey.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunt, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geremew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruitt, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter-Wollman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting networks and personality predict attack speed in social spiders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common DNA sequence variation influences 3-dimensional conformation of the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 3-dimensional (3D) conformation of chromatin inside the nucleus is integral to a variety of nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair. Aberrations in 3D chromatin conformation have been implicated in developmental abnormalities and cancer. Despite the importance of 3D chromatin conformation to cellular function and human health, little is known about how 3D chromatin conformation varies in the human population, or whether DNA sequence variation between individuals influences 3D chromatin conformation. To address these questions, we performed Hi-C on Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) from 20 individuals. We identified thousands of regions across the genome where 3D chromatin conformation varies between individuals and found that this conformational variation is often accompanied by variation in gene expression, histone modifications, and transcription factor (TF) binding. Moreover, we found that DNA sequence variation influences several features of 3D chromatin conformation including loop strength, contact insulation, contact directionality and density of local cis contacts. We mapped hundreds of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) associated with 3D chromatin features and found evidence that some of these same variants are associated at modest levels with other molecular phenotypes as well as complex disease risk. Our results demonstrate that common DNA sequence variants can influence 3D chromatin conformation, pointing to a more pervasive role for 3D chromatin conformation in human phenotypic variation than previously recognized.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletez-Brant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common DNA sequence variation influences 3-dimensional conformation of the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cutibacterium acnes antibiotic production shapes niche competition in the human skin microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the skin microbiome varies widely among individuals sampled at the same body site. A key question is which molecular factors determine strain-level variability within sub-ecosystems of the skin. We used a genomics-guided approach to identify an antibacterial biosynthetic gene cluster in Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) that is widely distributed across individuals and skin sites. Experimental characterization of this cluster enabled the identification of a new thiopeptide antibiotic, cutimycin. Analysis of individual human skin hair follicles showed that cutimycin is an important factor regulating colonization resistance against Staphylococcus species.nnOne Sentence SummaryCutimycin, a thiopeptide antibiotic produced by a widespread skin commensal, reduces Staphylococcus colonization of human follicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagnolo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurita, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donia, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linington, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cutibacterium acnes antibiotic production shapes niche competition in the human skin microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StanDep: capturing transcriptomic variability improves context-specific metabolic models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse algorithms can integrate transcriptomics with genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) to build context-specific metabolic models. These algorithms require identification of a list of high confidence (core) reactions from transcriptomics, but parameters related to identification of core reactions, such as thresholding of expression profiles, can significantly change model content. Importantly, current thresholding approaches are burdened with setting singular arbitrary thresholds for all genes; thus, resulting in removal of enzymes needed in small amounts and even many housekeeping genes. Here, we describe StanDep, a novel heuristic method for using transcriptomics to identify core reactions prior to building context-specific metabolic models. StanDep clusters gene expression data based on their expression pattern across different contexts and determines thresholds for each cluster using data-dependent statistics, specifically standard deviation and mean. To demonstrate the use of StanDep, we built hundreds of models for the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. These models successfully increased the inclusion of housekeeping reactions, which are often lost in models built using standard thresholding approaches. Further, StanDep also provided a transcriptomic explanation for inclusion of lowly expressed reactions that were otherwise only supported by model extraction methods. Our study also provides novel insights into how cells may deal with context-specific and ubiquitous functions. StanDep, as a MATLAB toolbox, is available at https://github.com/LewisLabUCSD/StanDep
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinn, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StanDep: capturing transcriptomic variability improves context-specific metabolic models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuisance effects in inter-scan functional connectivity estimates before and after nuisance regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In resting-state functional MRI, the correlation between blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals across brain regions is used to estimate the functional connectivity (FC) of the brain. FC estimates are prone to the influence of nuisance factors including scanner-related artifacts and physiological modulations of the BOLD signal. Nuisance regression is widely performed to reduce the effect of nuisance factors on FC estimates on a per-scan basis. However, a dedicated analysis of nuisance effects on the variability of FC metrics across a collection of scans has been lacking. This work investigates the effects of nuisance factors on the variability of FC estimates across a collection of scans both before and after nuisance regression. Inter-scan variations in FC estimates are shown to be significantly correlated with the geometric norms of various nuisance terms, including head motion measurements, signals derived from white-matter and cerebrospinal regions, and the whole-brain global signal (GS) both before and after nuisance regression. In addition, it is shown that GS regression (GSR) can introduce GS norm-related fluctuations that are negatively correlated with inter-scan FC estimates. The empirical results are shown to be largely consistent with the predictions of a theoretical framework previously developed for the characterization of dynamic FC measures. This work shows that caution must be exercised when interpreting inter-scan FC measures across scans both before and after nuisance regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nalci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/603183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuisance effects in inter-scan functional connectivity estimates before and after nuisance regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin co-accessibility is highly structured, spans entire chromosomes, and mediates long range regulatory genetic effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin accessibility identifies active regions of the genome, often at transcription factor (TF) binding sites, enhancers, and promoters, and contains regulatory genetic variation. Functionally related accessible sites have been reported to be co-accessible; however, the prevalence and range of co-accessibility is unknown. We perform ATAC-seq in induced pluripotent stem cells from 134 individuals and integrate it with RNA-seq, WGS, and ChIP-seq, providing the first long-range chromosome-length analysis of co-accessibility. We show that co-accessibility is highly connected, with sites having a median of 24 co-accessible partners up to 250Mb away. We also show that co-accessibility can de novo identify known and novel co-expressed genes, and co-regulatory TFs and chromatin states. We perform a cis and trans-caQTL, a trans-eQTL, and examine allelic effects of co-accessibility, identifying tens of thousands of trans-caQTLs, and showing that trans genetic effects can be propagated through co-accessibility to gene expression for cell-type and disease relevant genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin co-accessibility is highly structured, spans entire chromosomes, and mediates long range regulatory genetic effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe discovery of CRISPR-based gene editing and its application to homing-based gene drive systems has been greeted with excitement, for its potential to control mosquito-borne diseases on a wide scale, and concern, for the invasiveness and potential irreversibility of a release. Gene drive systems that display threshold-dependent behavior could potentially be used during the trial phase of this technology, or when localized control is otherwise desired, as simple models predict them to spread into partially isolated populations in a confineable manner, and to be reversible through releases of wild-type organisms. Here, we model hypothetical releases of two recently-engineered threshold-dependent gene drive systems - reciprocal chromosomal translocations and a form of toxin-antidote-based underdominance known as UDMEL - to explore their ability to be confined and remediated.

ResultsWe simulate releases of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses, in Yorkeys Knob, a suburb of Cairns, Australia, where previous biological control interventions have been undertaken on this species. We monitor spread to the neighboring suburb of Trinity Park to assess confinement. Results suggest that translocations could be introduced on a suburban scale, and remediated through releases of non-disease-transmitting male mosquitoes with release sizes on the scale of what has been previously implemented. UDMEL requires fewer releases to introduce, but more releases to remediate, including of females capable of disease transmission. Both systems are expected to be confineable to the release site; however, spillover of translocations into neighboring populations is less likely.

ConclusionsOur analysis supports the use of translocations as a threshold-dependent drive system capable of spreading disease-refractory genes into Ae. aegypti populations in a confineable and reversible manner. It also highlights increased release requirements when incorporating life history and population structure into models. As the technology nears implementation, further ecological work will be essential to enhance model predictions in preparation for field trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez C., H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confinement and reversibility of threshold-dependent gene drive systems in spatially-explicit Aedes aegypti populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motto: Representing motifs in consensus sequences with minimum information loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/607408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence analysis frequently requires intuitive understanding and convenient representation of motifs. Typically, motifs are represented as position weight matrices (PWMs) and visualized using sequence logos. However, in many scenarios, representing motifs by wildcard-style consensus sequences is compact and sufficient for interpreting the motif information and search for motif match. Based on mutual information theory and Jenson-Shannon Divergence, we propose a mathematical framework to minimize the information loss in converting PWMs to consensus sequences. We name this representation as sequence Motto and have implemented an efficient algorithm with flexible options for converting motif PWMs into Motto from nucleotides, amino acids, and customized alphabets. Here we show that this representation provides a simple and efficient way to identify the binding sites of 1156 common TFs in the human genome. The effectiveness of the method was benchmarked by comparing sequence matches found by Motto with PWM scanning results found by FIMO. On average, our method achieves 0.81 area under the precision-recall curve, significantly (p-value < 0.01) outperforming all existing methods, including maximal positional weight, Douglas and minimal mean square error. We believe this representation provides a distilled summary of a motif, as well as the statistical justification.nnAVAILABILITYMotto is freely available at http://wanglab.ucsd.edu/star/motto.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motto: Representing motifs in consensus sequences with minimum information loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for the generation of heritable germline mutations in the disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus using CRISPR/Cas9. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/609206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culex quinquefasciatus is vector of many diseases that adversely impact human and animal health; however, compared to other mosquito vectors limited genome engineering technologies have been characterized for this vector. CRISPR-Cas9 based technologies are a powerful tool for genome engineering and functional genomics and consequently have transformed genomics studies in many organisms. Our objective was to improve upon the limited technologies available for genome editing in Cx. quinquefasciatus to create a reproducible and straightforward method for CRISPR-Cas9-targeted mutagenesis in this vector. Here we describe methods to both improve embryo survival rates as well as mutagenesis rates by optimizing injection supplies and equipment, embryo injection procedures, embryo handling and gRNA target design. Through these efforts, we achieved embryo survival rates and germline mutagenesis rates that greatly exceed any previously reported rates in this vector. This work was also the first characterize the white gene marker, which is a valuable phenotypic marker for future transgenesis or mutagenesis of this vector. In the end, these tools provide the framework for future functional genomic studies in this important disease vector and may support the development of future gene drive and genetic technologies that can be used to control this vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raban, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for the generation of heritable germline mutations in the disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus using CRISPR/Cas9.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of a Protein Kinase Via Asymmetric Allosteric Coupling of Structurally Conserved Signaling Modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/611772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domains are universally conserved signaling modules that regulate the activities of diverse protein functions. Yet, the structural and dynamic features that enable the cyclic nucleotide binding signal to allosterically regulate other functional domains remain unknown. We use force spectroscopy and molecular dynamics to monitor in real time the pathways of signals transduced by cAMP binding in protein kinase A (PKA). Despite being structurally conserved, we find that the response of the folding energy landscape to cAMP is domain-specific, resulting in unique but mutually coordinated regulatory tasks: one CNB domain initiates cAMP binding and cooperativity, while the other triggers inter-domain interactions that lock the active conformation. Moreover, we identify a new cAMP-responsive switch, whose stability and conformation depends on cAMP occupancy. Through mutagenesis and nucleotide analogs we show that this dynamic switch serves as a signaling hub, a previously unidentified role that amplifies the cAMP binding signal during the allosteric activation of PKA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belluci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/611772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of a Protein Kinase Via Asymmetric Allosteric Coupling of Structurally Conserved Signaling Modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-dependent polygenic effects on the clinical progressions of Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in the manifestations of Alzheimers disease (AD) are under intense investigations 1,2. Despite the emerging importance of polygenic predictions for AD 3-8, the sex-dependent polygenic effects have not been demonstrated. Here, using a sex crossover analysis, we show that sex-dependent autosomal genetic effects on AD can be revealed by characterizing disease progress via the hazard function. We first performed sex-stratified genome-wide associations, and then applied derived sex-dependent weights to two independent cohorts. Sex-matched polygenic hazard scores (PHS) have significantly stronger associations with age-at-disease-onset, clinical progressions, amyloid depositions, neurofibrillary tangles, and composite neuropathological scores, than sex-mismatched PHS, independent of apolipoprotein E. Models without using hazard weights, i.e. polygenic risk scores (PRS), have lower predictive power than PHS and show no evidence for sex differences. Our results indicate revealing sex-dependent genetic architecture requires the consideration of temporal processes of AD. This has strong implications not only for the genetic underpinning of AD but also for how we estimate sex-dependent polygenic effects for clinical use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEvoy, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukull, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-dependent polygenic effects on the clinical progressions of Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Accurate Clustering of Single Cell Epigenomes Reveals Cis-Regulatory Elements in Rare Cell Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of the cis-regulatory elements controlling cell-type specific gene expression patterns is essential for understanding the origin of cellular diversity. Conventional assays to map regulatory elements via open chromatin analysis of primary tissues is hindered by heterogeneity of the samples. Single cell analysis of transposase-accessible chromatin (scATAC-seq) can overcome this limitation. However, the high-level noise of each single cell profile and the large volumes of data could pose unique computational challenges. Here, we introduce SnapATAC, a software package for analyzing scATAC-seq datasets. SnapATAC can efficiently dissect cellular heterogeneity in an unbiased manner and map the trajectories of cellular states. Using the Nystrom method, a sampling technique that generates the low rank embedding for large-scale dataset, SnapATAC can process data from up to a million cells. Furthermore, SnapATAC incorporates existing tools into a comprehensive package for analyzing single cell ATAC-seq dataset. As demonstration of its utility, SnapATAC was applied to 55,592 single-nucleus ATAC-seq profiles from the mouse secondary motor cortex. The analysis revealed [~]370,000 candidate regulatory elements in 31 distinct cell populations in this brain region and inferred candidate transcriptional regulators in each of the cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motamedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiau, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Accurate Clustering of Single Cell Epigenomes Reveals Cis-Regulatory Elements in Rare Cell Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic mechanisms may shape the type and duration of oscillatory modulation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural oscillations are observed ubiquitously in the mammalian brain, but their stability is known to be rather variable. Some oscillations are tonic and last for seconds or even minutes. Other oscillations appear as unstable bursts. Likewise, some oscillations rely on excitatory AMPAergic synapses, but others are GABAergic and inhibitory. Why this diversity exists is not clear. We hypothesized Ca 2+ -dependent homeostasis could be important in finding an explanation. We tested this hypothesis in a highly simplified model of hippocampal neurons. In this model homeostasis profoundly alters the modulatory effect of neural oscillations. Under homeostasis, tonic AMPAergic oscillations actually decrease excitability and desynchronize firing. Tonic oscillations that are synaptically GABAergic-like those in real hippocampus-dont provoke a homeostatic response, however. If our simple model is correct, homeostasis can explain why the theta rhythm in the hippocampus is synaptically inhibitory: GABA has little to no intrinsic homeostatic response, and so can preserve the pyramidal cells natural dynamic range. Based on these results we can also speculate that homeostasis may explain why AMPAergic oscillations in cortex, and hippocampus, often appear as bursts. Bursts do not interact with the slow homeostatic time constant, and so retain their normal excitatory effect.

NO_SCPLOWEWC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWANDC_SCPLOW NO_SCPLOWOTEWORTHYC_SCPLOWThe intricate interplay of neuromodulators, like acetylcholine, with homeostasis is well known. The interplay between oscillatory modulation and homeostasis is not. We studied oscillatory modulation and homeostasis for the first time using a simplified model of hippocampus. We report a paradoxical result: Ca-mediated homeostasis causes AMPAergic oscillations to become effectively inhibitory. This result, along with other new observations, means homeostasis might be just as complex and important for oscillations as it is for other neuromodulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic mechanisms may shape the type and duration of oscillatory modulation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catestatin improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice: in vivo and in silico validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/615997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic, unresolved inflammation in insulin-targeted tissues. Obesity-induced inflammation accumulates proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue and liver. Proinflammatory cytokines released from tissue macrophages inhibits insulin sensitivity. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372) improves obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance by reducing inflammation and inhibiting proinflammatory macrophage infiltration. Obesity leads to inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance. We reasoned that the anti-inflammatory effects of CST would alleviate ER stress. CST decreased obesity-induced ER dilation in hepatocytes and macrophages. CST reduced phosphorylation of UPR signaling molecules and increased phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules. We developed an in silico state space model mimicking dynamics of integrated ER stress and insulin pathways. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers helped in checking whether the reduction of phosphorylated PERK resulting in attenuation of ER stress, resembling CST effect, could enhance insulin sensitivity. The simulation results showed CST not only decreased ER stress but also enhanced insulin sensitivity. Simulation results also revealed that enhancement of AKT phosphorylation overcame effects of high ER stress to achieve insulin sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/615997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catestatin improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice: in vivo and in silico validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A network of microRNAs acts to promote cell cycle exit and differentiation of human pancreatic endocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation is orchestrated by transcription factors that operate in a gene regulatory network to activate endocrine lineage genes and repress lineage-inappropriate genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important modulators of gene expression, yet their role in endocrine cell differentiation has not been explored system-wide. Here we characterize miRNA-regulatory networks active in human endocrine cell differentiation by combining small RNA sequencing, miRNA overexpression experiments, and network modeling approaches. This analysis identifies Let-7g, Let-7a, miR-200a, and miR-375 as endocrine-enriched miRNAs with high impact on driving endocrine differentiation-associated gene expression changes. These miRNAs target different sets of transcription factors, which converge on a network of genes involved in cell cycle regulation. When expressed in human embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors these miRNAs induce cell cycle exit and promote endocrine cell differentiation. Our study delineates the role of miRNAs in human endocrine cell differentiation and identifies miRNAs that could facilitate endocrine cell reprogramming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaertner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinckier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Ngoc, K.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A network of microRNAs acts to promote cell cycle exit and differentiation of human pancreatic endocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic hazard score to personalize prostate cancer screening, applied to population data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic risk stratification may inform decisions of whether--and when--a man should undergo prostate cancer (PCa) screening. We previously validated a polygenic hazard score (PHS), a weighted sum of 54 single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes, for accurate prediction of age of onset of aggressive PCa and improved screening performance. We now assess the potential impact of PHS-informed screening.nnMethodsUnited Kingdom population data were fit to a continuous model of age-specific PCa incidence. Using hazard ratios estimated from ProtecT trial data, age-specific incidence rates were calculated for percentiles of genetic risk. Incidence of higher-grade PCa (Gleason[&ge;]7) was estimated from age-specific data from the linked CAP trial. PHS and incidence data were combined to give a risk-equivalent age, when a man with a given PHS percentile will have risk of higher-grade PCa equivalent to that of a typical man at age 50 (50-years standard). Positive predictive value (PPV) of PSA testing was calculated using PHS-adjusted (PCa-risk-equivalent age) groups identified from ProtecT.nnResultsExpected age of onset of higher-grade PCa is modulated by 19 years between the 1st and 99th PHS percentiles. A man with PHS in the 99th percentile reaches 50-years-standard risk at age 41; conversely, a man in the 1st percentile reaches this risk at age 60. PPV of PSA was higher for men with higher PHS-adjusted age.nnConclusionsPHS informs PCa screening strategies with individualized estimates of risk-equivalent age for higher-grade PCa. Screening initiation could be adjusted according to a mans genetic hazard score, improving PPV of PSA screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh-Le, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunamuni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdy, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeles, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kote-Jarai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin Al Olama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlloch Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiklund, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleutker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipeky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammela, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordestgaard, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Key, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashayan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaw, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibodeau, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaid, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedeke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herkommer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cybulski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wokolorczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluzniak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon-Albright,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic hazard score to personalize prostate cancer screening, applied to population data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Escherichia coli Transcriptome Consists of Independently Regulated Modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Underlying cellular responses is a transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) that modulates gene expression. A useful description of the TRN would decompose the transcriptome into targeted effects of individual transcriptional regulators. Here, we applied unsupervised learning to a compendium of high-quality Escherichia coli RNA-seq datasets to identify 70 statistically independent signals that modulate the expression of specific gene sets. We show that 50 of these transcriptomic signals represent the effects of currently characterized transcriptional regulators. Condition-specific activation of signals was validated by exposure of E. coli to new environmental conditions. The resulting decomposition of the transcriptome provided: (1) a mechanistic, systems-level, network-based explanation of responses to environmental and genetic perturbations, (2) a guide to gene and regulator function discovery, and (3) a basis for characterizing transcriptomic differences in multiple strains. Taken together, our results show that signal summation forms an underlying principle that describes the composition of a model prokaryotic transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Escherichia coli Transcriptome Consists of Independently Regulated Modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo emergence of adaptive membrane proteins from thymine-rich intergenic sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence demonstrates that novel protein-coding genes can arise de novo from intergenic loci. This evolutionary innovation is thought to be facilitated by the pervasive translation of intergenic transcripts, which exposes a reservoir of variable polypeptides to natural selection. Do intergenic translation events yield polypeptides with useful biochemical capacities? The answer to this question remains controversial. Here, we systematically characterized how de novo emerging coding sequences impact fitness. In budding yeast, overexpression of these sequences was enriched in beneficial effects, while their disruption was generally inconsequential. We found that beneficial emerging sequences have a strong tendency to encode putative transmembrane proteins, which appears to stem from a cryptic propensity for transmembrane signals throughout thymine-rich intergenic regions of the genome. These findings suggest that novel genes with useful biochemical capacities, such as transmembrane domains, tend to evolve de novo within intergenic loci that already harbored a blueprint for these capacities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vakirlis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilho Coelho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Oss, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacholder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medetgul-Ernar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianotta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLysaght, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo emergence of adaptive membrane proteins from thymine-rich intergenic sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupillary dilation responses as a midlife indicator of risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: Association with Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological changes in Alzheimers disease (AD) begin decades before dementia onset. Because locus coeruleus tau pathology is the earliest occurring AD pathology, targeting indicators of locus coeruleus (dys)function may improve midlife screening for earlier identification of AD risk. Pupillary responses during cognitive tasks are driven by the locus coeruleus and index cognitive effort. Several findings suggest task-associated pupillary response as an early marker of AD risk. Requiring greater effort suggests being closer to ones compensatory capacity, and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have greater pupil dilation during digit span tasks than cognitively normal individuals, despite equivalent task performance. Higher AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRSs) are associated with increased odds of MCI and tau positivity. We hypothesized that AD-PRSs would be associated with pupillary responses in cognitively normal middle-aged adults. We demonstrated that pupillary responses during digit span tasks were heritable (h2=.30-.36) in 1119 men ages 56-66. We then examined associations between AD-PRSs and pupillary responses in a cognitively normal subset who all had comparable span capacities (n=539). Higher AD-PRSs were associated with greater pupil dilation/effort in a high (9-digit recall) cognitive load condition; Cohens d=.36 for the upper versus lower quartile of the AD-PRS distribution. Results held up after controlling for APOE genotype. The results support pupillary response--and by inference, locus coeruleus dysfunction--as a genetically-mediated biomarker of early MCI/AD risk. In some studies, cognition predicted disease progression earlier than biomarkers. Pupillary responses might improve screening and early identification of genetically at-risk individuals even before cognitive performance declines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granholm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupillary dilation responses as a midlife indicator of risk for Alzheimer’s Disease: Association with Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell chromatin accessibility analysis of mammary gland development reveals cell state transcriptional regulators and cellular lineage relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has only recently become possible to obtain single-cell level resolution of the epigenetic changes that occur during organ development. We reasoned that precision single-cell chromatin accessibility mapping of mammary gland development could provide needed insight into the epigenetic reprogramming and transcriptional regulators involved in normal mammary gland development. Here, we provide the first single-cell resource of chromatin accessibility for murine mammary development from the peak of fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) functional activity in late embryogenesis to the differentiation of adult basal and luminal cells. We find that the chromatin landscape within individual cells predicts both gene accessibility and transcription factor activity, and we present a web application as a scientific resource for facilitating future analyses. Strikingly, these single-cell chromatin profiling data reveal that fMaSCs can be separated into basal-like and luminal-like lineages, providing evidence of early lineage segregation prior to birth. Such distinctions were not evident in analyses of single-cell transcriptomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dravis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraddi, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell chromatin accessibility analysis of mammary gland development reveals cell state transcriptional regulators and cellular lineage relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian gene expression variability is explained by underlying cell state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/626424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression variability in mammalian systems plays an important role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This variability can come from differential regulation related to cell state (extrinsic) and allele-specific transcriptional bursting (intrinsic). Yet, the relative contribution of these two distinct sources is unknown. Here we exploit the qualitative difference in the patterns of covariance between these two sources to quantify their relative contributions to expression variance in mammalian cells. Using multiplexed error robust RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (MERFISH) we measured the multivariate gene expression distribution of 150 genes related to Ca2+ signaling coupled with the dynamic Ca2+ response of live cells to ATP. We show that after controlling for cellular phenotypic states such as size, cell cycle stage, and Ca2+ response to ATP, the remaining variability is effectively at the Poisson limit for most genes. These findings demonstrate that the majority of expression variability results from cell state differences and that the contribution of transcriptional bursting is relatively minimal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foreman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wollman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian gene expression variability is explained by underlying cell state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Confidence Sets for Raw Effect Size Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mass-univariate approach for functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) analysis remains a widely used and fundamental statistical tool within neuroimaging. However, this method suffers from at least two fundamental limitations: First, with sample sizes growing to 4, 5 or even 6 digits, the entire approach is undermined by the null hypothesis fallacy, i.e. with sufficient sample size, there is high enough statistical power to reject the null hypothesis everywhere, making it difficult if not impossible to localize effects of interest. Second, with any sample size, when cluster-size inference is used a significant p-value only indicates that a cluster is larger than chance, and no notion of spatial uncertainty is provided. Therefore, no perception of confidence is available to express the size or location of a cluster that could be expected with repeated sampling from the population.nnIn this work, we address these issues by extending on a method proposed by Sommerfeld, Sain, and Schwartzman (2018) to develop spatial Confidence Sets (CSs) on clusters found in thresholded raw effect size maps. While hypothesis testing indicates where the null, i.e. a raw effect size of zero, can be rejected, the CSs give statements on the locations where raw effect sizes exceed, and fall short of, a non-zero threshold, providing both an upper and lower CS.nnWhile the method can be applied to any parameter in a mass-univariate General Linear Model, we motivate the method in the context of BOLD fMRI contrast maps for inference on percentage BOLD change raw effects. We propose several theoretical and practical implementation advancements to the original method in order to deliver an improved performance in small-sample settings. We validate the method with 3D Monte Carlo simulations that resemble fMRI data. Finally, we compute CSs for the Human Connectome Project working memory task contrast images, illustrating the brain regions that show a reliable %BOLD change for a given %BOLD threshold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telschow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Confidence Sets for Raw Effect Size Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Score of Intelligence is More Predictive of Crystallized than Fluid Performance Among Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFindings in adults have shown more culturally sensitive  crystallized measures of intelligence have greater heritability, these results were not able to be shown in children.

MethodsWith data from 8,518 participants, aged 9 to 11, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study(R), we used polygenic predictors of intelligence test performance (based on genome-wide association meta-analyses of data from 269,867 individuals) and of educational attainment (based on data from 1.1 million individuals), associating these predictors with neurocognitive performance. We then assessed the extent of mediation of these associations by a measure of recreational reading.

Resultsmore culturally sensitive  crystallized measures were more strongly associated with the polygenic predictors than were less culturally sensitive  fluid measures. This mirrored heritability differences reported previously in adults and suggests similar associations in children. Recreational reading more strongly statistically mediated the genetic associations with crystallized than those with fluid measures of cognition.

ConclusionThis is consistent with a prominent role of gene-environment correlation in cognitive development measured by "crystallized" intelligence tests. Such experiential mediators may represent malleable targets for improving cognitive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Score of Intelligence is More Predictive of Crystallized than Fluid Performance Among Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
metaFlye: scalable long-read metagenome assembly using repeat graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies substantially improved assemblies of many isolate bacterial genomes as compared to fragmented assemblies produced with short-read technologies. However, assembling complex metagenomic datasets remains a challenge even for the state-of-the-art long-read assemblers. To address this gap, we present the metaFlye assembler and demonstrate that it generates highly contiguous and accurate metagenome assemblies. In contrast to short-read metagenomics assemblers that typically fail to reconstruct full-length 16S RNA genes, metaFlye captures many 16S RNA genes within long contigs, thus providing new opportunities for analyzing the microbial "dark matter of life". We also demonstrate that long-read metagenome assemblers significantly improve full-length plasmid and virus reconstruction as compared to short-read assemblers and reveal many novel plasmids and viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polevikov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[metaFlye: scalable long-read metagenome assembly using repeat graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes represent mechanical and energetic barriers that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) must overcome during transcription. A high-resolution description of the barrier topography, its modulation by epigenetic modifications, and their effects on Pol II nucleosome crossing dynamics, is still missing. Here, we obtain topographic and transcriptional (Pol II residence time) maps of canonical, H2A.Z, and monoubiquitinated H2B (uH2B) nucleosomes at near base-pair resolution and accuracy. Pol II crossing dynamics are complex, displaying pauses at specific loci, backtracking, and nucleosome hopping between wrapped states. While H2A.Z widens the barrier, uH2B heightens it, and both modifications greatly lengthen Pol II crossing time. Using the dwell times of Pol II at each nucleosomal position we extract the energetics of the barrier. The orthogonal barrier modifications of H2A.Z and uH2B, and their effects on Pol II dynamics rationalize their observed enrichment in +1 nucleosomes and suggest a mechanism for selective control of gene expression.nnHighlightsO_LIA single-molecule unzipping assay mimics DNA unwinding by Pol II and maps the topography of human canonical, H2A.Z and uH2B nucleosome barriers at high resolutionnC_LIO_LIReal-time dynamics and full molecular trajectories of Pol II crossing the nucleosomal barrier reveal the transcriptional landscape of the barrier at high accuracynC_LIO_LIH2A.Z enhances the width and uH2B the height of the barriernC_LIO_LIA unified mechanical model links position-dependent dwell times of Pol II on the nucleosome with energetics of the barriernC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabizon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Celis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslover, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverted encoding models estimate sensible channel responses for sensible models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a commentary published in eNeuro, Gardner & Liu (2019) discuss the role of model specification in interpreting the output of complex models of neural data. As a case study, they suggest that one variant of such analyses, the inverted encoding model (IEM) analysis framework, should not be used to assay properties of "stimulus representations" because the ability to apply linear transformations at various stages of the analysis procedure renders results  arbitrary. As we discuss, the specification of all models is arbitrary to the extent that an experimenter makes choices based on current knowledge of the model system. However, the results derived from any given model, such as the reconstructed channel response profiles obtained from an IEM analysis, are uniquely defined and are arbitrary only in the sense that changes in the model can predictably change results. Moreover, with knowledge of the model used for IEM analyses, the results remain informative as comparisons between reconstructed channel response profiles across task conditions using a fixed encoding model - the most common use of the IEM technique - can generally capture changes in population-level representation magnitude across linear transformations. Thus, changes in the magnitude of the response profiles across conditions are preserved, even across unprincipled linear transforms. IEM-based channel response profiles should therefore not be considered arbitrary when the model is clearly specified and guided by our best understanding of neural population representations in the brain regions being analyzed. Intuitions derived from this case study are important to consider when interpreting results from all model-based analyses, which are similarly contingent upon the specification of the models used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boynton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverted encoding models estimate sensible channel responses for sensible models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The olfactory basis of orchid pollination by mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are important vectors of disease and require sources of carbohydrates for reproduction and survival. Unlike host-related behaviors of mosquitoes, comparatively less is understood about the mechanisms involved in nectar-feeding decisions, or how this sensory information is processed in the mosquito brain. Here we show that Aedes spp. mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti, are effective pollinators of the Platanthera obtusata orchid, and demonstrate this mutualism is mediated by the orchids scent and the balance of excitation and inhibition in the mosquitos antennal lobe (AL). The P. obtusata orchid emits an attractive, nonanal-rich scent, whereas related Platanthera species - not visited by mosquitoes - emit scents dominated by lilac aldehyde. Calcium imaging experiments in the mosquito AL revealed that nonanal and lilac aldehyde each respectively activate the LC2 and AM2 glomerulus, and remarkably, the AM2 glomerulus is also sensitive to DEET, a mosquito repellent. Lateral inhibition between these two glomeruli reflects the level of attraction to the orchid scents: whereas the enriched nonanal scent of P. obtusata activates the LC2 and suppresses AM2, the high level of lilac aldehyde in the other orchid scents inverts this pattern of glomerular activity, and behavioral attraction is lost. These results demonstrate the ecological importance of mosquitoes beyond operating as disease vectors and open the door towards understanding the neural basis of mosquito nectar-seeking behaviors.nnSignificance StatementNectar-feeding by mosquitoes is important for survival and reproduction, and hence disease transmission. However, we know little about the sensory mechanisms that mediate mosquito attraction to sources of nectar, like those of flowers, or how this information is processed in the mosquito brain. Using a unique mutualism between Aedes mosquitoes and Platanthera obtusata orchids, we reveal that this mutualism is mediated by the orchids scent. Furthermore, lateral inhibition in the mosquitos antennal (olfactory) lobe - via the neurotransmitter GABA - is critical for the representation of the scent. These results have implications toward understanding the olfactory basis of mosquito-nectar-seeking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lahondere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinauger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okubo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The olfactory basis of orchid pollination by mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial morphology provides a mechanism for energy buffering at synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria as the main energy suppliers of eukaryotic cells are highly dynamic organelles that fuse, divide and are transported along the cytoskeleton to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. While these processes are well established, substantial evidence indicates that the internal structure is also highly variable in dependence on metabolic conditions. However, a quantitative mechanistic understanding of how mitochondrial morphology affects energetic states is still elusive. To address this question, we here present an agent-based dynamic model using three-dimensional morphologies from electron microscopy tomography which considers the molecular dynamics of the main ATP production components. We apply our modeling approach to mitochondria at the synapse which is the largest energy consumer within the brain. Interestingly, comparing the spatiotemporal simulations with a corresponding space-independent approach, we find minor space dependence when the system relaxes toward equilibrium but a qualitative difference in fluctuating environments. These results suggest that internal mitochondrial morphology is not only optimized for ATP production but also provides a mechanism for energy buffering and may represent a mechanism for cellular robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartol, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skupin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial morphology provides a mechanism for energy buffering at synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage impact response to WNT inhibition and cardiac differentiation fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-genetic variability in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines impacts their differentiation outcome, limiting their utility for genetic studies and clinical applications. Despite the importance of understanding how non-genetic molecular variability influences iPSC differentiation outcome, large-scale studies capable of addressing this question have not yet been conducted. Here, we performed 258 directed differentiations of 191 iPSC lines using established protocols to generate iPSC-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (iPSC-CVPCs). We observed cellular heterogeneity across the iPSC-CVPC samples due to varying fractions of two cell types: cardiomyocytes (CMs) and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs). Analyzing the transcriptomes of CM-fated and EPDC-fated iPSCs discovered that 91 signature genes and X chromosome dosage differences influence WNT inhibition response during differentiation and are associated with cardiac fate. Analysis of an independent set of 39 iPSCs differentiated to the cardiac lineage confirmed shared sex and transcriptional differences that impact cardiac fate outcome. The scale and systematic approach of our study enabled novel insights into how iPSC transcriptional and X chromosome gene dosage differences influence WNT signaling during differentiation and hence cardiac cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soncin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parast, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage impact response to WNT inhibition and cardiac differentiation fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of cell migration resulting from mechanochemical coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells can migrate using different modes, ranging from amoeboid-like, during which actin filled protrusions come and go, to keratocyte-like, characterized by a stable morphology and persistent motion. How cells can switch between these modes is still not well understood but waves of signaling events on the cell cortex are thought to play an important role in these transitions. Here we present a simple two component biochemical reaction-diffusion model based on relaxation oscillators and couple this to a model for the mechanics of cell deformations. Different migration modes, including amoeboid-like and keratocyte-like, naturally emerge through phase transitions determined by interactions between biochemical traveling waves, cell mechanics and morphology. The model predictions are explicitly verified by systematically reducing the protrusive force of the actin network in experiments using wild-type Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Our results indicate the importance of coupling signaling events to cell mechanics and morphology and may be applicable in a wide variety of cell motility systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghabache, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of cell migration resulting from mechanochemical coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of miRNA profiling methods using synthetic miRNA pools and standardized exRNA samples reveals substantial performance differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/645762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) found in biofluids play functional roles in health and in disease pathogenesis, underpinning their potential as clinical biomarkers. Several platforms for measurement of extracellular RNAs have recently become available. We evaluated the reproducibility, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of four miRNA quantification platforms, including one widely used discovery approach (small RNA-seq) and three targeted platforms (FirePlex, EdgeSeq, and nCounter). Using pools of synthetic miRNAs, we observed that reproducibility was highest for RNA-seq and EdgeSeq, that all three targeted platforms had lower bias than RNA-seq, and that RNA-seq had the best ability to distinguish between present and absent sequences. Overall reproducibility was lower for plasma samples than synthetic miRNA pools. We compared expression of placental miRNAs in plasma from pregnant and non-pregnant women and observed expected differences with RNA-seq and EdgeSeq, but not FirePlex or nCounter. We conclude that differences in performance among miRNA profiling platforms impact their relative utility as potential assay systems for clinical biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godoy, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barczak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/645762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of miRNA profiling methods using synthetic miRNA pools and standardized exRNA samples reveals substantial performance differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHLPP1 Counter-regulates STAT1-mediated Inflammatory Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation is an essential aspect of innate immunity but also contributes to diverse human diseases. Although much is known about the kinases that control inflammatory signaling, less is known about the opposing phosphatases. Here we report that deletion of the gene encoding PH domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) protects mice from lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and live Escherichia coli infection. Investigation of PHLPP1 function in macrophages reveals that it controls the magnitude and duration of inflammatory signaling by dephosphorylating the transcription factor STAT1 on Ser727 to inhibit its activity, reduce its promoter residency, and reduce the expression of target genes involved in innate immunity and cytokine signaling. This previously undescribed function of PHLPP1 depends on a bipartite nuclear localization signal in its unique N-terminal extension. Our data support a model in which nuclear PHLPP1 dephosphorylates STAT1 to control the magnitude and duration of inflammatory signaling in macrophages.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIPHLPP1 controls the transcription of genes involved in inflammatory signalingnC_LIO_LIPHLPP1 dephosphorylates STAT1 on Ser727 to reduce its transcriptional activitynC_LIO_LIPHLPP1 has a nuclear localization signal and a nuclear exclusion signalnC_LIO_LILoss of PHLPP1 protects mice from sepsis-induced deathnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen Katsenelson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stender, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorden, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHLPP1 Counter-regulates STAT1-mediated Inflammatory Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age dependence of modern clinical risk groups for localized prostate cancer -- a population-based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOptimal prostate cancer (PCa) screening strategies will focus on men most likely to have potentially-lethal, localized disease. Age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs) for clinical risk groups could guide risk-stratified screening.nnObjectiveDetermine ASIRs and proportions of PCa diagnoses in Norway for modern risk-group and Gleason score categories.nnDesign, Setting, and ParticipantsAll men diagnosed with PCa in Norway in 2014-2017 (n=20,356).nnOutcome Measurements and Statistical AnalysisPatients were assigned to clinical risk groups: low, favorable-intermediate, unfavorable-intermediate, high, regional, and metastatic, using Gleason score and clinical stage. Associations were assessed between age and (1) Gleason score (including Gleason 3+4 and 4+3) and (2) PCa risk group. Risk-group ASIRs were calculated by multiplying the overall Norwegian ASIR by the proportions observed for each category.nnResultsOlder age was significantly associated with higher Gleason score and more advanced disease. For example, among men aged 55-59, 65-69, 75-79, and 85-89 years, the percentage with Gleason 8-10 disease was 16.5%, 23.4%, 37.2%, and 59.9%, respectively (p<0.001); the percentage with at least high-risk disease was 29.3%, 39.1%, 60.4%, and 90.6%, respectively. Corresponding percentages for low-risk PCa were 24.0%, 17.9%, 10.2%, and 4.1% (p<0.001). The respective maximum ASIRs (per 100,000 men) for low-risk, favorable-intermediate-risk, unfavorable-intermediate-risk, high-risk, regional, and metastatic disease were: 157.1, 183.8, 194.8, 408.3, 172.3, and 330.0; incidence for low-risk and favorable-intermediate-risk PCa peaked before age 70, while more advanced categories peaked after 70. At age 75-79 years, the ASIR of high-risk disease was approximately 6 times greater than at 55-59 years.nnConclusionsRisk of clinically-significant, localized PCa increases with age. Healthy older men may be among those most likely to benefit from PCa screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh-Le, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myklebust, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunamuni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesen, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibert, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age dependence of modern clinical risk groups for localized prostate cancer -- a population-based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the impact of biomass composition in constraint-based flux analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biomass equation is a critical component in genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs): it is used as the de facto objective function in flux balance analysis (FBA). This equation accounts for the quantities of all known biomass precursors that are required for cell growth based on the macromolecular and monomer compositions measured at certain conditions. However, it is often reported that the macromolecular composition of cells could change across different environmental conditions; the use of the same single biomass equation in FBA, under multiple conditions, is questionable. Thus, we first investigated the qualitative and quantitative variations of macromolecular compositions of three representative host organisms, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cricetulus griseus, across different environmental/genetic variations. While macromolecular building blocks such as DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid composition vary notably, variations in fundamental biomass monomer units such as nucleotides and amino acids are not appreciable. We further observed that while macromolecular compositions are similar across taxonomically closer species, certain monomers, especially fatty acids, vary substantially. Based on the analysis results, we subsequently propose a new extension to FBA, named "Flux Balance Analysis with Ensemble Biomass (FBAwEB)", to embrace the natural variation in selected components of the biomass equation. The current study clearly highlights that certain components of the biomass equation are very sensitive to different conditions, and the ensemble representation of biomass equation in the FBA framework enables us to account for such natural variations accurately during GEM-guided in silico simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the impact of biomass composition in constraint-based flux analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tyr1 phosphorylation promotes the phosphorylation of Ser2 on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II by P-TEFb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) phosphorylates Ser2 residues of RNA polymerase IIs C-terminal domain (CTD) and is essential for the transition from transcription initiation to elongation in vivo. Surprisingly, P-TEFb exhibits Ser5 phosphorylation activity in vitro. The mechanism garnering Ser2 specificity to P-TEFb remains elusive and hinders understanding of the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. Through in vitro reconstruction of CTD phosphorylation, mass spectrometry analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis we uncover a mechanism by which Tyr1 phosphorylation directs the kinase activity of P-TEFb and alters its specificity from Ser5 to Ser2. The loss of Tyr1 phosphorylation causes a reduction of phosphorylated Ser2 and accumulation of RNA polymerase II in the promoter region as detected by ChIP-seq. We demonstrate the ability of Tyr1 phosphorylation to generate a heterogeneous CTD modification landscape that expands the CTDs coding potential. These findings provide direct experimental evidence for a combinatorial CTD phosphorylation code wherein previously installed modifications direct the identity and abundance of subsequent coding events by influencing the behavior of downstream enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkholder, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehaffey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipe, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathuria, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodbelt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tyr1 phosphorylation promotes the phosphorylation of Ser2 on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II by P-TEFb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SigProfilerMatrixGenerator: a tool for visualizing and exploring patterns of small mutational events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCancer genomes are peppered with somatic mutations imprinted by different mutational processes. The mutational pattern of a cancer genome can be used to identify and understand the etiology of the underlying mutational processes. A plethora of prior research has focused on examining mutational signatures and mutational patterns from single base substitutions and their immediate sequencing context. We recently demonstrated that further classification of small mutational events (including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and doublet substitutions) can be used to provide a deeper understanding of the mutational processes that have molded a cancer genome. However, there has been no standard tool that allows fast, accurate, and comprehensive classification for all types of small mutational eventsnnResultsHere, we present SigProfilerMatrixGenerator, a computational tool designed for optimized exploration and visualization of mutational patterns for all types of small mutational events. SigProfilerMatrixGenerator is written in Python with an R wrapper package provided for users that prefer working in an R environment. SigProfilerMatrixGenerator produces fourteen distinct matrices by considering transcriptional strand bias of individual events and by incorporating distinct classifications for single base substitutions, doublet base substitutions, and small insertions and deletions. While the tool provides a comprehensive classification of mutations, SigProfilerMatrixGenerator is also faster and more memory efficient than existing tools that generate only a single matrix.nnConclusionsSigProfilerMatrixGenerator provides a standardized method for classifying small mutational events that is both efficient and scalable to large datasets. In addition to extending the classification of single base substitutions, the tool is the first to provide support for classifying doublet base substitutions and small insertions and deletions. SigProfilerMatrixGenerator is freely available at https://github.com/AlexandrovLab/SigProfilerMatrixGenerator with an extensive documentation at https://osf.io/s93d5/wiki/home/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahto, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SigProfilerMatrixGenerator: a tool for visualizing and exploring patterns of small mutational events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral Pallidum is Essential for Cocaine Reinstatement After Voluntary Abstinence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and during recovery many people experience several relapse events as they attempt to voluntarily abstain from drug. New preclinical relapse models have emerged which capture this common human experience of relapse after voluntary abstinence, and mounting evidence indicates that reinstatement of drug seeking after voluntary abstinence recruits neural circuits distinct from reinstatement following experimenter-imposed abstinence, or abstinence due to extinction training. Ventral pallidum (VP), a key limbic node involved in drug seeking, has well-established roles in conventional reinstatement models tested following extinction training, but it is unclear whether this region also participates in more translationally-relevant models of relapse. Here we show that chemogenetic inhibition of VP neurons strongly attenuates cocaine-, context-, and cue-induced reinstatement tested after voluntary, punishment-induced abstinence. This effect was strongest in the most compulsive, punishment-resistant rats, and reinstatement was associated with neural activity in anatomically-defined VP subregions. VP inhibition also attenuated the propensity of rats to display  hesitations, a risk assessment behavior seen during punished drug taking that is likely due to concurrent approach and avoidance motivations. These results indicate that VP, unlike other connected limbic brain regions, is essential for reinstatement of drug seeking after voluntary abstinence. Since VP inhibition effects were strongest in the most compulsively cocaine-seeking individuals, this could indicate that VP plays a particularly important role in the most pathological, addiction-like behavior, making it an attractive target for future therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faget, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanbijian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hnasko, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahler, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral Pallidum is Essential for Cocaine Reinstatement After Voluntary Abstinence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia regulatory network defines novel therapeutic targets in IGH-CRLF2 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although genetic alterations are initial drivers of disease, aberrantly activated transcriptional regulatory programs are often responsible for the maintenance and progression of cancer. CRLF2-overexpression in B-ALL patients leads to activation of JAK-STAT, PI3K and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways and is associated with poor outcome. Although inhibitors of these pathways are available, there remains the issue of treatment-associated toxicities, thus it is important to identify new therapeutic targets. Using a network inference approach, we reconstructed a B-ALL specific transcriptional regulatory network to evaluate the impact of CRLF2-overexpression on downstream regulatory interactions.

Comparing RNA-seq from CRLF2-High and other B-ALL patients (CRLF2-Low), we defined a CRLF2-High gene signature. Patient-specific chromatin accessibility was interrogated to identify altered putative regulatory elements that could be linked to transcriptional changes. To delineate these regulatory interactions, a B-ALL cancer-specific regulatory network was inferred using 868 B-ALL patient samples from the NCI TARGET database coupled with priors generated from ATAC-seq peak TF-motif analysis. CRISPRi, siRNA knockdown and ChIP-seq of nine TFs involved in the inferred network were analyzed to validate predicted TF-gene regulatory interactions.

In this study, a B-ALL specific regulatory network was constructed using ATAC-seq derived priors. Inferred interactions were used to identify differential patient-specific transcription factor activities predicted to control CRLF2-High deregulated genes, thereby enabling identification of new potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhoumaud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skok, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia regulatory network defines novel therapeutic targets in IGH-CRLF2 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical Impacts of the Microbiome Across Scales Reveal Novel Conjugated Bile Acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A mosaic of cross-phyla chemical interactions occurs between all metazoans and their microbiomes. In humans, the gut harbors the heaviest microbial load, but many organs, particularly those with a mucosal surface, associate with highly adapted and evolved microbial consortia1. The microbial residents within these organ systems are increasingly well characterized, yielding a good understanding of human microbiome composition, but we have yet to elucidate the full chemical impact the microbiome exerts on an animal and the breadth of the chemical diversity it contributes2. A number of molecular families are known to be shaped by the microbiome including short-chain fatty acids, indoles, aromatic amino acid metabolites, complex polysaccharides, and host lipids; such as sphingolipids and bile acids3-11. These metabolites profoundly affect host physiology and are being explored for their roles in both health and disease. Considering the diversity of the human microbiome, numbering over 40,000 operational taxonomic units12, a plethora of molecular diversity remains to be discovered. Here, we use unique mass spectrometry informatics approaches and data mapping onto a murine 3D-model13-15 to provide an untargeted assessment of the chemical diversity between germ-free (GF) and colonized mice (specific-pathogen free, SPF), and report the finding of novel bile acids produced by the microbiome in both mice and humans that have evaded characterization despite 170 years of research on bile acid chemistry16.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patras, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandborn, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmierczak, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical Impacts of the Microbiome Across Scales Reveal Novel Conjugated Bile Acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cohesin loader NIPBL interacts with pre-ribosomal RNA and treacle to regulate ribosomal RNA synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NIPBL is an essential loader of cohesin to mediate sister chromatid cohesion and chromatin loop organization. NIPBL mutations cause Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. How NIPBLs genomic localization is specified is not fully understood. We found that NIPBL localizes to the nucleolus in an RNA-dependent manner and binds directly to ribosomal RNA (rRNA). We identified two RNA binding domains in NIPBL in vitro, both of which are required for efficient rRNA binding in vivo. NIPBL binds to ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in an RNA-stimulated manner, recruits PAF1 and promotes pre-rRNA transcription. Stress that inhibits rRNA synthesis displaces NIPBL from the nucleolus and rDNA. Interestingly, treacle, mutated in Treacher Collins syndrome, tightly binds to and recruits NIPBL to the nucleolus, nucleolar organizer regions, and the stress-induced nucleolar cap. The results reveal that a subpopulation of NIPBL is recruited to the nucleolus through its interaction with RNA and treacle and regulates pre-rRNA transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C. I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawauchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuwaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokomori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/658492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cohesin loader NIPBL interacts with pre-ribosomal RNA and treacle to regulate ribosomal RNA synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vapor inhalation of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly available in e-cigarette liquids and other products. CBD use has been promoted for numerous purported benefits which have not been rigorously assessed in preclinical studies. The objective of this study was to further validate an inhalation model to assess CBD effects in the rat. The primary goal was to determine plasma CBD levels after vapor inhalation and compare that with the levels observed after injection. Secondary goals were to determine if hypothermia is produced in male Sprague-Dawley rats and if CBD affects nociception measured by the warm water tail-withdrawal assay. Blood samples were collected from rats exposed for 30 minutes to vapor generated by an e-cigarette device using CBD (100, 400 mg/mL in the propylene glycol vehicle). Separate experiments assessed the body temperature response to CBD in combination with nicotine (30 mg/mL) and the anti-nociceptive response to CBD. Vapor inhalation of CBD produced concentration-related plasma CBD levels in male and female Wistar rats that were within the range of levels produced by 10 or 30 mg/kg, CBD, i.p.. Dose-related hypothermia was produced by CBD in male Sprague-Dawley rats and this was partially attenuated by 5-HT1a receptor blockade. Nicotine (30 mg/mL) inhalation enhanced the effect of CBD. CBD inhalation had no effect on anti-nociception alone or in combination with {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhalation. The vapor-inhalation approach is a suitable pre-clinical model for the investigation of the effects of inhaled CBD. This route of administration produces hypothermia in rats, while i.p. injection does not at comparable plasma CBD levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javadi-Paydar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vapor inhalation of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural signatures of working memory in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory function changes across development and varies across individuals. The patterns of behavior and brain function that track individual differences in working memory during development, however, are not well understood. Here we establish associations between working memory, cognitive abilities, and functional MRI activation in data from over 4,000 9-10-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, an ongoing longitudinal study in the United States. Behavioral analyses reveal robust relationships between working memory, short-term memory, language skills, and fluid intelligence. Analyses relating out-of-scanner working memory performance to memory-related fMRI activation in an emotional n-back task demonstrate that frontoparietal activity in response to an explicit memory challenge indexes working memory ability. Furthermore, this relationship is domain-specific, such that fMRI activation related to emotion processing during the emotional n-back task, inhibitory control during a stop-signal task, and reward processing during a monetary incentive delay task does not track memory abilities. Together these results inform our understanding of the emergence of individual differences in working memory and lay the groundwork for characterizing the ways in which they change across adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural signatures of working memory in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic Fluency Predicts Six-Year Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Men 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTest the hypothesis that individual differences in episodic memory and verbal fluency in cognitively normal middle-aged adults will predict progression to amnestic MCI after 6 years.nnMethodThe analysis sample included 842 male twins who were cognitively normal at baseline (M=56 years), completed measures of episodic memory and verbal fluency at baseline and again 6 years later (M=62 years).nnResultsPoor episodic memory predicted progression to both amnestic MCI (OR=4.42, 95% CI [2.44, 10.60]) and non-amnestic MCI (OR=1.92, 95% CI [1.32, 3.44]). Poor semantic verbal fluency also independently predicted progression to amnestic MCI (OR=1.86, 95% CI [1.12, 3.52]). In the full sample, a semantic-specific fluency latent variable at wave 1 (which controls for letter fluency) predicted change in episodic memory at wave 2 ({beta}=.13), but not vice-versa ({beta}=.04). Associations between episodic memory and verbal fluency factors were primarily explained by genetic, rather than environmental, correlations.nnConclusionsAmong individuals who were cognitively normal at wave 1, episodic memory moderately-to-strongly predicted progression to MCI at average age 62, emphasizing the fact that there is still meaningful variability even among cognitively normal individuals. Episodic memory, which is typically a primary focus for AD risk, declined earlier and more quickly than fluency. However, semantic fluency at average age 56 predicted 6-year change in memory as well as progression to amnestic MCI even after accounting for baseline memory performance. These findings emphasize the utility of memory and fluency measures in early identification of AD risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson-Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic Fluency Predicts Six-Year Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Men]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-molecule control of super-Mendelian inheritance in gene drives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By surpassing the 50% inheritance limit of Mendels law of independent assortment, CRISPR-based gene drives have the potential to fight vector-borne diseases or suppress crop pests. However, contemporary gene drives could spread unchecked, posing safety concerns that limit their use in both laboratory and field settings. Current technologies also lack chemical control strategies, which could be applied in the field for dose, spatial and temporal control of gene drives. We describe in Drosophila the first gene-drive system controlled by an engineered Cas9 and a synthetic, orally-available small molecule.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=51 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665620v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (15K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aa8522org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a99c8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f63636org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1613408_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez Del Amo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leger, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlon, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-molecule control of super-Mendelian inheritance in gene drives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulation augments spike sequence replay and memory consolidation during slow-wave sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Newly acquired memory traces are spontaneously reactivated during slow-wave sleep (SWS), leading to the consolidation of recent memories. Empirical studies found that sensory stimulation during SWS selectively enhances memory consolidation and the effect depends on the phase of stimulation. In this new study, we aimed to understand the mechanisms behind the role of sensory stimulation on memory consolidation using computational models implementing effects of neuromodulators to simulate transitions between awake and SWS sleep, and synaptic plasticity to allow the change of synaptic connections due to the training in awake or replay during sleep. We found that when closed-loop stimulation was applied during the Down states (900-2700) of sleep slow oscillation, particularly right before transition from Down to Up state, it significantly affected the spatio-temporal pattern of the slow-waves and maximized memory replay. In contrast, when the stimulation was presented during the Up states (2700-3600 and 00-900), it did not have a significant impact on the slow-waves or memory performance after sleep. For multiple memories trained in awake, presenting stimulation cues associated with specific memory trace could selectively augment replay and enhance consolidation of that memory and interfere with consolidation of the others (particularly weak) memories. Our study proposes a synaptic level mechanism of how memory consolidation is affected by sensory stimulation during sleep.nnSignificance statementStimulation, such as training-associated cues or auditory stimulation, during sleep can augment consolidation of the newly encoded memories. In this study, we used a computational model of the thalamocortical system to describe the mechanisms behind the role of stimulation in memory consolidation during slow-wave sleep. Our study suggested that stimulation preferentially strengthens the memory traces when delivered at specific phase of slow oscillations just before Down to Up state transition when it makes the largest impact on the spatio-temporal pattern of sleep slow waves. In the presence of multiple memories, presenting sensory cues during sleep could selectively strengthen selected memories. Our study proposes a synaptic level mechanism of how memory consolidation is affected by sensory stimulation during sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinetz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BAZHENOV, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulation augments spike sequence replay and memory consolidation during slow-wave sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane neck formation is essential for scission, which, as recent experiments on tubules have demonstrated, can be location dependent. The diversity of biological machinery that can constrict a neck such as dynamin, actin, ESCRTs and BAR proteins, and the range of forces and deflection over which they operate, suggest that the constriction process is functionally mechanical and robust to changes in biological environment. In this study, we used a mechanical model of the lipid bilayer to systematically investigate the influence of location, symmetry constraints, and helical forces on membrane neck constriction. Simulations from our model demonstrated that the energy barriers associated with constriction of a membrane neck are location-dependent. Importantly, if symmetry restrictions are relaxed, then the energy barrier for constriction is dramatically lowered and the membrane buckles at lower values of forcing parameters. Our simulations also show that constriction due to helical proteins further reduces the energy barrier for neck formation compared to cylindrical proteins. These studies establish that despite different molecular mechanisms of neck formation in cells, the mechanics of constriction naturally leads to a loss of symmetry that can lower the energy barrier to constriction.

Significance statementMembrane tubule constriction is a critical step of cellular membrane trafficking processes and is thought to be mechanically regulated. Mechanical modeling techniques employing the Helfrich Hamiltonian and axisymmetric continuum frameworks have previously described energy barriers to constriction as a function of location along a 26 membrane tubule. Recent advances in numerical modeling using spline basis functions (Isogeometric Analysis) enable us to conduct our analyses of membrane mechanics in a generalized 3D framework. Here, we implement a novel 3D Isogeometric Analysis framework and juxtapose it against an axisymmetric model to study the influence of location, symmetry constraints and helical collars on the constriction pathway. We show that an unsymmetric, "crushed soda can" neck consistently displays a lower energy barrier than a symmetric neck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudraraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garikipati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher fitness yeast genotypes are less robust to deleterious mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection drives populations towards higher fitness, but second-order selection for adaptability and mutational robustness can also influence the dynamics of adaptation. In many microbial systems, diminishing returns epistasis contributes to a tendency for more-fit genotypes to be less adaptable, but no analogous patterns for robustness are known. To understand how robustness varies across genotypes, we measure the fitness effects of hundreds of individual insertion mutations in a panel of yeast strains. We find that more-fit strains are less robust: they have distributions of fitness effects (DFEs) with lower mean and higher variance. These shifts in the DFE arise because many mutations have more strongly deleterious effects in faster-growing strains. This negative correlation between fitness and robustness implies that second-order selection for robustness will tend to conflict with first-order selection for fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martsul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher fitness yeast genotypes are less robust to deleterious mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular and Microbial Microenvironments in Chronically Diseased Lungs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/676148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To visualize the personalized distributions of pathogens, chemical environments including microbial metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and their metabolic products within and between human lungs afflicted with cystic fibrosis, we generated 3D microbiome and metabolome maps of six explanted lungs from three cystic fibrosis patients. These 3D spatial maps revealed that the chemical environments are variable between patients and within the lungs of each patient. Although the patients microbial ecosystems were defined by the dominant pathogen, their chemical diversity was not. Additionally, the chemical diversity between locales in lungs of the same individual sometimes exceeded inter-individual variation. Thus, the chemistry and microbiome of the explanted lungs appear to be not only personalized but also regiospecific. Previously undescribed analogs of microbial quinolones and antibiotic metabolites were also detected. Furthermore, mapping the chemical and microbial distributions allowed visualization of microbial community interactions, such as increased production of quorum sensing quinolones in locations where Pseudomonas was in contact with Staphylococcus and Granulicatella, consistent with in vitro observations of bacteria isolated from these patients. Visualization of microbe-metabolite associations within a host organ in early-stage CF disease in animal models will help elucidate a complex interplay between the presence of a given microbial structure, antibiotics, metabolism of antibiotics, microbial virulence factors, and host responses.nnImportanceMicrobial infections are now recognized to be polymicrobial and personalized in nature. A comprehensive analysis and understanding of the factors underlying the polymicrobial and personalized nature of infections remains limited, especially in the context of the host. By visualizing microbiomes and metabolomes of diseased human lungs, we describe how different the chemical environments are between hosts that are dominated by the same pathogen and how community interactions shape the chemical environment, or vice versa. We highlight that three-dimensional organ mapping are hypothesis building tools that allow us to design mechanistic studies aimed at addressing microbial responses to other microbes, the host, and pharmaceutical drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvoy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protsyuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luzzatto-Knaan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouha, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohwer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular and Microbial Microenvironments in Chronically Diseased Lungs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies have examined alterations in white matter organization in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using diffusion MRI (dMRI), but the results have been mixed, which may be partially due to relatively small sample sizes among studies. Altered structural connectivity may be both a neurobiological vulnerability for, and a result of, PTSD. In an effort to find reliable effects, we present a multi-cohort analysis of dMRI metrics across 3,049 individuals from 28 cohorts currently participating in the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD working group (a joint partnership between the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis consortium). Comparing regional white matter metrics across the full brain in 1,446 individuals with PTSD and 1,603 controls (2152 males/897 females) between ages 18-83, 92% of whom were trauma-exposed, we report associations between PTSD and disrupted white matter organization measured by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the tapetum region of the corpus callosum (Cohens d=-0.12, p=0.0021). The tapetum connects the left and right hippocampus, structures for which structure and function have been consistently implicated in PTSD. Results remained significant/similar after accounting for the effects of multiple potentially confounding variables: childhood trauma exposure, comorbid depression, history of traumatic brain injury, current alcohol abuse or dependence, and current use of psychotropic medications. Our results show that PTSD may be associated with alterations in the broader hippocampal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menefee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aequorea victoria’s secrets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using mRNA-Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly, we identified, cloned and characterized nine previously undiscovered fluorescent protein (FP) homologs from Aequorea victoria and a related Aequorea species, with most sequences highly divergent from avGFP. Among these FPs are the brightest GFP homolog yet characterized and a reversibly photochromic FP that responds to UV and blue light. Beyond green emitters, Aequorea species express purple- and blue-pigmented chromoproteins (CPs) with absorbances ranging from green to far-red, including two that are photoconvertible. X-ray crystallography revealed that Aequorea CPs contain a chemically novel chromophore with an unexpected crosslink to the main polypeptide chain. Because of the unique attributes of several of these newly discovered FPs, we expect that Aequorea will, once again, give rise to an entirely new generation of useful probes for bioimaging and biosensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lambert, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depernet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotthard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navizet, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindels, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levesque, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nero Moffatt, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaner, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aequorea victoria’s secrets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force generation due to actin assembly is a fundamental aspect of membrane sculpting for many essential processes. In this work, we use a multiscale computational model constrained by experimental measurements to show that a minimal branched actin network is sufficient to internalize endocytic pits against physiological membrane tension. A parameter sweep identified the number of Arp2/3 complexes as particularly important for robust internalization, which prompted the development of a molecule-counting method in live mammalian cells. Using this method, we found that ~200 Arp2/3 complexes assemble at sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human cells. Our simulations also revealed that actin networks self-organize in a radial branched array with barbed filament ends oriented to grow toward the base of the pit, and that the distribution of linker proteins around the endocytic pit is critical for this organization. Surprisingly, our model predicted that long actin filaments bend from their attachment sites in the coat to the base of the pit and store elastic energy that can be harnessed to drive endocytosis. This prediction was validated using cryo-electron tomography on cells, which revealed the presence of bent actin filaments along the endocytic site. Furthermore, we predict that under elevated membrane tension, the self-organized actin network directs more growing filaments toward the base of the pit, increasing actin nucleation and bending for increased force production. Thus, our study reveals that spatially constrained actin filament assembly utilizes an adaptive mechanism that enables endocytosis under varying physical constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serwas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of self-organization and load adaptation by the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A receptor for herbivore-associated molecular patterns mediates plant immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant-herbivore interactions are ubiquitous across nature and drive major agricultural losses. Inducible defense responses triggered through immune recognition aid in host plant protection; however, specific ligand-receptor pairs mediating the initial perception of herbivory remain unknown. Plants in the subtribe Phaseolinae detect herbivore-associated peptides in caterpillar oral secretions and the defined ligands are proteolytic fragments of chloroplastic ATP synthase termed inceptins. Using forward genetic mapping of inceptin-induced responses, we identify a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein as an inceptin receptor (INR) sufficient for elicitor-induced responses and enhanced defense against armyworms (Spodoptera exigua). INR defines a receptor by which plants perceive herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) and expands the paradigm of surface immune recognition to attack with mandibles.nnOne Sentence SummaryA plant cell surface receptor directly perceives peptides associated with caterpillar herbivory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinbrenner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Amatriain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venegas, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipfel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abagyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffaker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A receptor for herbivore-associated molecular patterns mediates plant immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of insertion sequences on convergent evolution of Shigella species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigella species are specialised lineages of Escherichia coli that have converged to become human-adapted and cause dysentery by invading human gut epithelial cells. Most studies of Shigella evolution have been restricted to comparisons of single representatives of each species; and population genomic studies of individual Shigella species have focused on genomic variation caused by single nucleotide variants and ignored the contribution of insertion sequences (IS) which are highly prevalent in Shigella genomes. Here, we investigate the distribution and evolutionary dynamics of IS within populations of Shigella dysenteriae Sd1, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. We find that five IS (IS1, IS2, IS4, IS600 and IS911) have undergone expansion in all Shigella species, creating substantial strain-to-strain variation within each population and contributing to convergent patterns of functional gene loss within and between species. We find that IS expansion and genome degradation are most advanced in S. dysenteriae and least advanced in S. sonnei; and using genome-scale models of metabolism we show that Shigella species display convergent loss of core E. coli metabolic capabilities, with S. sonnei and S. flexneri following a similar trajectory of metabolic streamlining to that of S. dysenteriae. This study highlights the importance of IS to the evolution of Shigella and provides a framework for the investigation of IS dynamics and metabolic reduction in other bacterial species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawkey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billman-Jacobe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of insertion sequences on convergent evolution of Shigella species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of two ischemic white matter disease subtypes in the brain, periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities (PVWMH and DWMH). In 26,654 participants, we found 10 independent genome-wide significant loci only associated with PVWMH, four of which have not been described previously for total WMH burden (16q24.2, 17q21.31, 10q23.1, 7q36.1). Additionally, in both PVWMH and DWMH we observed the previous association of the 17q25.1 locus with total WMH. We found that both phenotypes have shared but also distinct genetic architectures, consistent with both different underlying and related pathophysiology. PVWMH had more extensive genetic overlap with small vessel ischemic stroke, and unique associations with several loci implicated in ischemic stroke. DWMH were characterized by associations with loci previously implicated in vascular as well as astrocytic and neuronal function. Our study confirms the utility of these phenotypes and identifies new candidate genes associated only with PVWMH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro-Almagro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennema-Notestine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gampawar, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffanti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of IRF4 in dendritic cells by PRR-independent and -dependent signals inhibit Th2 and promote Th17 responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in multiple biological processes. However, little is known about its role in shaping immunity. Here we show that cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling (a pattern recognition receptor [PRR]-independent) regulates conventional type-2 Dendritic Cells (cDC2s), but not cDC1s and reprograms their Th17-inducing properties via repression of IRF4 and KLF4, transcription factors (TFs) for Th2 induction. Genetic loss of IRF4 phenocopies the effects of cAMP signaling on Th17-induction, indicating that the cAMP effect is secondary to repression of IRF4. Moreover, signaling in cDC2s by a PRR-dependent microbial product, curdlan, represses IRF4 and KLF4, resulting in a pro-Th17 phenotype. These results define a novel signaling pathway by which cDC2s display plasticity and provide a new molecular basis for the novel cDC2 and cDC17 classification. In addition, the data reveal that cAMP signaling can alter DCs function and fate by repressing IRF4 and KLF4, a pathway that can be harnessed for immuno-regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kook, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Navajas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nürnberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broide, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciammas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of IRF4 in dendritic cells by PRR-independent and -dependent signals inhibit Th2 and promote Th17 responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent metatarsal fusion in jerboas and chickens is mediated by similarities and differences in the patterns of osteoblast and osteoclast activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extraordinary malleability of the vertebrate limb supports a variety of locomotor functions including running and leaping in cursorial and saltatorial species. In many of these animals, the metatarsals and/or metacarpals are disproportionately elongated to increase stride length and fused into a single larger element, likely to resist fracture due to increased ground reaction forces. Despite the fact that metapodial fusion evolved convergently in modern birds, ungulates, and jerboas, the developmental basis has only been explored in chickens, which diverged from the mammalian lineage approximately 300 million years ago. Here, we use the lesser Egyptian jerboa, Jaculus jaculus, to understand the cellular processes that unite three distinct metatarsal elements into a single cannon bone in a mammal, and we revisit the developing chicken to assess similarities and differences in the localization of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. In both species, adjacent metatarsals align along flat surfaces, osteoblasts cross the periosteal membrane to unite the three elements in a single circumference, and osteoclasts resorb bone at the interfaces leaving a single marrow cavity. However, although spatial and temporal partitioning of osteoblast and osteoclast activities reshape three bones into one in both species, the localization of osteoclasts is distinct. While osteoclasts are uniformly distributed throughout the endosteum of chicken metatarsals, these catabolic cells are highly localized to resorb bone at the interfaces of neighboring jerboa metatarsals. Each species therefore provides an opportunity to better understand the mechanisms that partition osteoblasts and osteoclasts to alter the shape of bone during development and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsumi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent metatarsal fusion in jerboas and chickens is mediated by similarities and differences in the patterns of osteoblast and osteoclast activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation of muscle stem cells from rat skeletal muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMuscle stem cells (MuSCs) are involved in homeostatic maintenance of skeletal muscles and play a central role in muscle regeneration in response to injury. Thus, understanding MuSC autonomous properties is of fundamental importance for studies of muscle degenerative diseases and muscle plasticity. Rat, as an animal model, has been widely used in the skeletal muscle field, however an efficient approach for MuSC isolation through fluorescence-activated cell sorting from rat muscles has never been described. This work aims to develop and validate an effective protocol for MuSC isolation from rat skeletal muscles.nnMethodsTibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and the individual components of the pelvic floor muscle complex (coccygeus, iliocaudalis, and pubocaudalis) were harvested from female rats and digested for isolation of MuSCs. Three protocols, employing different cell surface markers (CD106, CD56, and CD29), were compared for their ability to isolate a pure MuSC population.nnResultsCells obtained using the protocol that relies only on VCAM-1 (CD106) as a positive marker showed high expression of Pax7 upon isolation, ability to progress through myogenic lineage while in culture, and complete differentiation in serum deprived conditions. The protocol was further validated in other skeletal muscles proving to be reproducible.nnConclusionsCD106 is an efficient marker for reliable isolation of MuSCs from a variety of rat skeletal muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boscolo Sesillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alperin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation of muscle stem cells from rat skeletal muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correcting for sparsity and non-independence in glycomic data through a system biology framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans are fundamental cellular building blocks, involved in many organismal functions. Advances in glycomics are elucidating the roles of glycans, but it remains challenging to properly analyze large glycomics datasets, since the data are sparse (each sample often has only a few measured glycans) and detected glycans are non-independent (sharing many intermediate biosynthetic steps). We address these challenges with GlyCompare, a glycomic data analysis approach that leverages shared biosynthetic pathway intermediates to correct for sparsity and non-independence in glycomics. Specifically, quantities of measured glycans are propagated to intermediate glycan substructures, which enables direct comparison of different glycoprofiles and increases statistical power. Using GlyCompare, we studied diverse N-glycan profiles from glycoengineered erythropoietin. We obtained biologically meaningful clustering of mutant cell glycoprofiles and identified knockout-specific effects of fucosyltransferase mutants on tetra-antennary structures. We further analyzed human milk oligosaccharide profiles and identified novel impacts that the mothers secretor-status on fucosylation and sialylation. Our substructure-oriented approach will enable researchers to take full advantage of the growing power and size of glycomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haymond, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correcting for sparsity and non-independence in glycomic data through a system biology framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HORMA domain proteins and a Pch2-like ATPase regulate bacterial cGAS-like enzymes to mediate bacteriophage immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria are continually challenged by foreign invaders including bacteriophages, and have evolved a variety of defenses against these invaders. Here, we describe the structural and biochemical mechanisms of a bacteriophage immunity pathway found in a broad array of bacteria, including pathogenic E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This pathway employs eukaryotic-like HORMA domain proteins that recognize specific peptides, then bind and activate a cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferase (CD-NTase) to generate a cyclic tri-AMP (cAAA) second messenger; cAAA in turn activates an endonuclease effector, NucC. Signaling is attenuated by a homolog of the AAA+ ATPase Pch2/TRIP13, which binds and likely disassembles the active HORMA-CD-NTase complex. When expressed in non-pathogenic E. coli, this pathway confers immunity against bacteriophage {lambda} infection. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial defense pathway integrating a cGAS-like nucleotidyltransferase with HORMA domain proteins for threat sensing through protein detection, and negative regulation by a Pch2-like ATPase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HORMA domain proteins and a Pch2-like ATPase regulate bacterial cGAS-like enzymes to mediate bacteriophage immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of a cyclic trinucleotide-activated bacterial endonuclease mediating bacteriophage immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria possess an array of defenses against foreign invaders, including diverse nucleases that target and destroy the genome of an invading bacteriophage or foreign DNA element. A recently-described bacteriophage immunity pathway employs a cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferase to produce a cyclic tri-AMP second messenger, which activates the DNA endonuclease effector NucC. Here, we show that NucC is related to restriction enzymes but uniquely assembles into a homotrimer in solution. cAAA binding in a conserved allosteric pocket promotes assembly of two NucC trimers into a homohexamer competent for double-strand DNA cleavage. We propose that NucC mediates bacteriophage immunity either through global activation, causing altruistic cell death and abortive infection, or through local activation and targeted phage genome destruction. Finally, we identify NucC homologs in type III CRISPR-Cas systems, where they likely function as accessory nucleases activated by cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers synthesized by these systems effector complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watrous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekalanos, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of a cyclic trinucleotide-activated bacterial endonuclease mediating bacteriophage immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic factors underlying the bidirectional relationship between autoimmune and mental disorders - findings from a Danish population-based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrevious studies have indicated the bidirectionality between autoimmune and mental disorders. However, genetic studies underpinning the co-occurrence of the two disorders have been lacking. In this study, we examined the potential genetic contribution to the association between autoimmune and mental disorders.nnMethodsWe used diagnostic information for patients with seven autoimmune diseases and six mental disorders from the Danish population-based case-cohort sample (iPSYCH2012). We explored the epidemiological association using survival analysis and modelled the effect of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) on two diseases. The genetic factors were investigated using GWAS and HLA imputation data based on iPSYCH cohort.nnResultsAmong 64,039 individuals, a total of 43,902 (68.6%) were diagnosed with mental disorders and 1,383 (2.2%) with autoimmune diseases. There was a significant comorbidity between the two diseases (P=2.67x10-7, OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.22-1.56), with an overall bidirectional association wherein individuals with autoimmune diseases had an increased risk of subsequent mental disorders (HR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.07-1.21, P=7.95x10-5) and vice versa (HR=1.27, 95%CI=1.16-1.39, P=8.77x10-15). Though PRSs were significantly correlated with both types of diagnosis, PRSs had little effect on the bidirectional relationship. Importantly, we for the first time observed 12 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci and 20 HLA alleles strongly associated with overall autoimmune diseases, but we did not find significant evidence of their associations with overall mental disorders.nnConclusionsOur findings confirm the overall comorbidity and bidirectionality between autoimmune and mental disorders and discover HLA genes which are significantly associated with overall autoimmune diseases, but not with overall mental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appadurai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesoee, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mors, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerglum, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hougaard, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordentoft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benros, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic factors underlying the bidirectional relationship between autoimmune and mental disorders - findings from a Danish population-based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A structural mechanism for phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of the AP2 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis of transmembrane proteins is orchestrated by the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex. AP2 dwells in a closed, inactive state in the cytosol, but adopts an open, active conformation on the plasma membrane. Membrane-activated complexes are also phosphorylated, but the significance of this mark is debated. We recently proposed that NECAP negatively regulates AP2 by binding open and phosphorylated complexes (Beacham et al., 2018). Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM structures of NECAP bound to phosphorylated AP2. The site of AP2 phosphorylation is directly coordinated by residues of the NECAP PHear domain that are predicted from genetic screens in C. elegans. Using membrane mimetics to generate conformationally open AP2, we find that a second domain of NECAP binds these complexes and cryo-EM reveals both domains of NECAP engaging closed, inactive AP2. Assays in vitro and in vivo confirm these domains cooperate to inactivate AP2. We propose that phosphorylation marks adaptors for inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Partlow, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beacham, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappie, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollopeter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/701532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A structural mechanism for phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of the AP2 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved identification and differentiation from epileptiform activity of human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples during NREM sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, pyramidal cell firing patterns from waking may be replayed in NREM sleep during hippocampal sharpwave-ripples (HC-SWR). In humans, HC-SWR have only been recorded with electrodes implanted to localize epileptogenesis. Here, we characterize human HC-SWR with rigorous rejection of epileptiform activity, requiring multiple oscillations and coordinated sharpwaves. We demonstrated typical SWR in those rare HC recordings which lack interictal epileptiform spikes (IIS), and with no or minimal seizure involvement. These HC-SWR have a similar rate (~12/min) and apparent intra-HC topography (ripple maximum in putative stratum pyramidale, slow wave in radiatum) as rodents, though with lower frequency (~85Hz compared to ~140Hz in rodents). Similar SWR are found in HC with IIS, but no significant seizure involvement. These SWR were modulated by behavior, being largely absent (<2/min) except during NREM sleep in both stage 2 (~9/min) and stage 3 (~15/min), distinguishing them from IIS. This study quantifies the basic characteristics of a strictly selected sample of SWR recorded in relatively healthy human hippocampi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved identification and differentiation from epileptiform activity of human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples during NREM sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination of human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples during NREM sleep with cortical theta bursts, spindles, downstates and upstates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, waking firing patterns replay in NREM sleep during hippocampal sharpwave-ripples (HC-SWR), correlated with neocortical graphoelements (NC-GE). NC-GE include theta-bursts, spindles, downstates and upstates. In humans, consolidation during sleep is correlated with scalp-recorded spindles and down-upstates, but HC-SWR cannot be recorded non-invasively. Here we show in humans of both sexes that HC-SWR are highly correlated with NC-GE during NREM, with significantly more related HC-SWR/NC-GE for downstates or upstates than theta-bursts or spindles, in N2 than N3, in posterior than anterior HC, in frontal than occipital cortex, and ipsilaterally than contralaterally. The preferences interacted, e.g. frontal spindles co-occurred frequently with posterior HC-SWR in N2. These preferred GE, stages and locations for HC-SWR/NC-GE interactions may index selective consolidation activity, although that was not tested in this study. SWR recorded in different HC regions seldom co-occurred, and were related to GE in different cortical areas, showing that HC-NC interact in multiple transient, widespread but discrete, networks. NC-GE tend to occur with consistent temporal relationships to HC-SWR, and to each other. Cortical theta-bursts usually precede HC-SWR, where they may help define cortical input triggering HC-SWR firing. HC-SWR often follow cortical downstate onsets, surrounded by locally-decreased broadband power, suggesting a mechanism synchronizing cortical, thalamic and hippocampal activities. Widespread cortical upstates and spindles follow HC-SWR, consistent with the hypothesized contribution by hippocampal firing during HC-SWR to cortical firing-patterns during upstates and spindles. Overall, our results describe how hippocampal and cortical oscillations are coordinated in humans during events that are critical for memory consolidation in rodents.nnSignificance StatementHippocampal sharpwave-ripples, essential for memory consolidation, mark when hippocampal neurons replay waking firing patterns. In rodents, cortical sleep waves coordinate the transfer of temporary hippocampal to permanent cortical memories, but their relationship with human HC-SWR remains unclear. We show that human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples co-occur with all varieties of cortical sleep waves, in all cortical regions, and in all stages of Non-REM sleep but with overall preferences for each of these. We found that sharpwave-ripples in different parts of the hippocampus usually occurred independently of each other, and preferentially interacted with different cortical areas. We found that sharpwave-ripples typically occur after certain types of cortical waves, and before others, suggesting how the cortico-hippocampo-cortical interaction may be organized in time and space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination of human hippocampal sharpwave-ripples during NREM sleep with cortical theta bursts, spindles, downstates and upstates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posterior hippocampal spindle-ripples co-occur with neocortical theta-bursts and down-upstates, and phase-lock with parietal spindles during NREM sleep in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/702936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human anterior and posterior hippocampus (aHC, pHC) differ in connectivity and behavioral correlates. Here we report physiological differences. During NREM sleep, the human hippocampus generates sharpwave-ripples (SWR) similar to those which in rodents mark memory replay. We show that while pHC generates SWR, it also generates about as many spindle-ripples (SSR: ripples phase-locked to local spindles). In contrast, SSR are rare in aHC. Like SWR, SSR often co-occur with neocortical theta bursts (TB), downstates (DS), spindles (SS) and upstates (US), which coordinate cortico-hippocampal interactions and facilitate consolidation in rodents. SWR co-occur with these waves in widespread cortical areas, especially fronto-central. These waves typically occur in the sequence TB-DS-SS-US, with SWR usually occurring prior to SS-US. In contrast, SSR occur [~]350 ms later, with a strong preference for co-occurrence with posterior-parietal SS. pHC-SS were strongly phase-locked with parietal-SS, and pHC-SSR were phase-coupled with pHC-SS and parietal-SS. Human SWR (and associated replay events, if any) are separated by [~]5 s on average, whereas ripples on successive SSR peaks are separated by only [~]80 ms. These distinctive physiological properties of pHC-SSR enable an alternative mechanism for hippocampal engagement with neocortex.nnSignificance StatementRodent hippocampal neurons replay waking events during sharpwave-ripples in NREM sleep, facilitating memory transfer to a permanent cortical store. We show that human anterior hippocampus also produces sharpwave-ripples, but spindle-ripples predominate in posterior. Whereas sharpwave-ripples typically occur as cortex emerges from inactivity, spindle-ripples typically occur at peak cortical activity. Furthermore, posterior hippocampal spindle-ripples are tightly coupled to posterior parietal locations activated by conscious recollection. Finally, multiple spindle-ripples can recur within a second, whereas sharpwave-ripples are separated by about 5s. The human posterior hippocampus is considered homologous to rodent dorsal hippocampus, which is thought to be specialized for consolidation of specific memory details. We speculate that these distinct physiological characteristics of posterior hippocampal spindle-ripples may support a related function in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/702936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posterior hippocampal spindle-ripples co-occur with neocortical theta-bursts and down-upstates, and phase-lock with parietal spindles during NREM sleep in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The potential for gas-free measurements of absolute oxygen metabolism during both baseline and activation states in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative functional magnetic resonance imaging methods make it possible to measure cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) in the human brain. Current methods require the subject to breathe special gas mixtures (hypercapnia and hyperoxia). We tested a noninvasive suite of methods to measure absolute CMRO2 in both baseline and dynamic activation states without the use of special gases: arterial spin labeling (ASL) to measure baseline and activation cerebral blood flow (CBF), with concurrent measurement of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as a dynamic change in tissue R2*; VSEAN to estimate baseline O2 extraction fraction (OEF) from a measurement of venous blood R2, which in combination with the baseline CBF measurement yields an estimate of baseline CMRO2; and FLAIR-GESSE to measure tissue R2' to estimate the scaling parameter needed for calculating the change in CMRO2 in response to a stimulus with the calibrated BOLD method. Here we describe results for a study sample of 17 subjects (8 female, mean age=25.3 years, range 21-31 years). The primary findings were that OEF values measured with the VSEAN method were in good agreement with previous PET findings, while estimates of the dynamic change in CMRO2 in response to a visual stimulus were in good agreement between the traditional hypercapnia calibration and calibration based on R2'. These results support the potential of gas-free methods for quantitative physiological measurements.nnSynopsisWe tested noninvasive methods to measure absolute oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) in both baseline and activation states without the use of special gases: VSEAN to measure baseline O2 extraction fraction (OEF), and FLAIR-GESSE to measure R2' to estimate the scaling parameter M. Primary findings were: CMRO2 changes to visual stimulation derived from R2' were similar to estimates based on hypercapnia-derived M; OEF values were in good agreement with previous PET findings; and, variation of baseline CBF/CMRO2 coupling across subjects does not follow activation coupling, suggesting different mechanisms may be involved. These results support the potential of gas-free methods for quantitative physiological measurements.nnPurposeTo demonstrate the potential for two non-invasive techniques, VSEAN and FLAIR-GESSE, for absolute measurements of CMRO2 during both baseline and activation states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubowitz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The potential for gas-free measurements of absolute oxygen metabolism during both baseline and activation states in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linkage Disequilibrium and Heterozygosity Modulate the Genetic Architecture of Human Complex Phenotypes: Evidence of Natural Selection from GWAS Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose an extended Gaussian mixture model for the distribution of causal effects of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for human complex phenotypes that depends on linkage disequilibrium (LD) and heterozygosity (H), while also allowing for independent components for small and large effects. Using a precise methodology showing how genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics (z-scores) arise through LD with underlying causal SNPs, we applied the model to GWAS of multiple human phenotypes. Our findings indicated that causal effects are distributed with dependence on total LD and H, whereby SNPs with lower total LD and H are more likely to be causal with larger effects; this dependence is consistent with models of the influence of negative pressure from natural selection. Compared with the basic Gaussian mixture model it is built on, the extended model - primarily through quantification of selection pressure - reproduces with greater accuracy the empirical distributions of z-scores, thus providing better estimates of genetic quantities, such as polygenicity and heritability, that arise from the distribution of causal effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linkage Disequilibrium and Heterozygosity Modulate the Genetic Architecture of Human Complex Phenotypes: Evidence of Natural Selection from GWAS Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans RIG-I homolog drh-1 mediates the Intracellular Pathogen Response upon viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian RIG-I-like receptors detect viral dsRNA and 5 triphosphorylated RNA to activate transcription of interferon genes and promote antiviral defense. The C. elegans RIG-I-like receptor DRH-1 promotes defense through antiviral RNA interference, but less is known about its role in regulating transcription. Here we describe a role for drh-1 in directing a transcriptional response in C. elegans called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), which is associated with increased pathogen resistance. The IPR includes a set of genes induced by diverse stimuli including intracellular infection and proteotoxic stress. Previous work suggested that the proteotoxic stress caused by intracellular infections might be the common trigger of the IPR, but here we demonstrate that different stimuli act through distinct pathways. Specifically, we demonstrate that DRH-1/RIG-I is required for inducing the IPR in response to Orsay virus infection, but not in response to other triggers like microsporidian infection or proteotoxic stress. Furthermore, drh-1 appears to be acting independently of its known role in RNAi. Interestingly, expression of the replication competent Orsay virus RNA1 segment alone is sufficient to induce most of the IPR genes in a manner dependent on RNA dependent RNA polymerase activity and on drh-1. Altogether, these results suggest that DRH-1 is a pattern-recognition receptor that detects viral replication products to activate the IPR stress/immune program in C. elegans.nnImportanceC. elegans lacks homologs of most mammalian pattern recognition receptors, and how nematodes detect pathogens is poorly understood. We show that the C. elegans RIG-I homolog drh-1 mediates induction of the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), a novel transcriptional defense program, in response to infection by the natural C. elegans viral pathogen Orsay virus. drh-1 appears to act as a pattern-recognition receptor to induce the IPR transcriptional defense program by sensing the products of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Interestingly, this signaling role of drh-1 is separable from its previously known role in antiviral RNAi. In addition, we show that there are multiple host pathways for inducing the IPR, shedding light on the regulation of this novel transcriptional immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sowa, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans RIG-I homolog drh-1 mediates the Intracellular Pathogen Response upon viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pyBedGraph: a Python package for fast operations on 1-dimensional genomic signal tracks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationModern genomic research relies heavily on next-generation sequencing experiments such as ChIP-seq and ChIA-PET that generate coverage files for transcription factor binding, as well as DHS and ATAC-seq that yield coverage files for chromatin accessibility. Such files are in a bedGraph text format or a bigWig binary format. Obtaining summary statistics in a given region is a fundamental task in analyzing protein binding intensity or chromatin accessibility. However, the existing Python package for operating on coverage files is not optimized for speed.nnResultsWe developed pyBedGraph, a Python package to quickly obtain summary statistics for a given interval in a bedGraph file. When tested on 8 ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq datasets, pyBedGraph is on average 245 times faster than the existing program. Notably, pyBedGraph can look up the exact mean signal of 1 million regions in ~0.26 second on a conventional laptop. An approximate mean for 10,000 regions can be computed in ~0.0012 second with an error rate of less than 5 percent.nnAvailabilitypyBedGraph is publicly available at https://github.com/TheJacksonLaboratory/pyBedGraph under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pyBedGraph: a Python package for fast operations on 1-dimensional genomic signal tracks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase mediates trophoblast fusion and placental development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion or syncytialization is fundamental to the reproduction, development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In addition to various cell-type specific fusogenic proteins, cell surface externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), a universal eat-me signal in apoptotic cells, has been observed in different cell-fusion events. Nevertheless, molecular underpinnings of PS externalization and cellular mechanisms of PS-facilitated cell-cell fusion are unclear. Here we report that TMEM16F, a Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase (CaPLSase), plays an indispensable role in placental trophoblast fusion by translocating PS to the cell surface independent of apoptosis. Consistent with its essential role in trophoblast fusion, the placentas from TMEM16F-deficient mice exhibit deficiency in syncytialization, placental developmental defects and perinatal lethality. Our findings thus identify a cell-cell fusion mechanism by which TMEM16F CaPLSase-dependent externalization of PS serves as a critical cell fusion signal to facilitate trophoblast syncytialization and placental development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohseni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase mediates trophoblast fusion and placental development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and Quality Analysis of a Comprehensive Set of Structural Variants and Short Tandem Repeats using Deep Whole Genome Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) and short tandem repeats (STRs) are important sources of genetic diversity but are not routinely analyzed in genetic studies because they are difficult to accurately identify and genotype. Because SVs and STRs range in size and type, it is necessary to apply multiple algorithms that incorporate different types of evidence from sequencing data and employ complex filtering strategies to discover a comprehensive set of high-quality and reproducible variants. Here we assembled a set of 719 deep whole genome sequencing (WGS) samples (mean 42x) from 477 distinct individuals which we used to discover and genotype a wide spectrum of SV and STR variants using five algorithms. We used 177 unique pairs of genetic replicates to identify factors that affect variant call reproducibility and developed a systematic filtering strategy to create of one of the most complete and well characterized maps of SVs and STRs to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jakubosky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i2QTL Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HipSci Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoever, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and Quality Analysis of a Comprehensive Set of Structural Variants and Short Tandem Repeats using Deep Whole Genome Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALS Motor Neurons Exhibit Hallmark Metabolic Defects That Are Rescued by Nicotinamide and SIRT3 Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neurons (MNs) are highly energetic cells and recent studies suggest that altered energy metabolism precede MN loss in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), an age-onset neurodegenerative disease. However, clear mechanistic insights linking altered metabolism and MN death are still missing. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from healthy controls, familial ALS and sporadic ALS patients were differentiated towards spinal MNs, cortical neurons and cardiomyocytes. Metabolic flux analyses reveal a MN-specific deficiency in mitochondrial respiration in ALS. Intriguingly, all forms of familial and sporadic ALS MNs tested in our study exhibited similar defective metabolic profiles, which were attributed to hyper-acetylation of mitochondrial proteins. In the mitochondria, SIRT3 functions as a mitochondrial deacetylase to maintain mitochondrial function and integrity. We found that activating SIRT3 using nicotinamide or a small molecule activator reversed the defective metabolic profiles in all our ALS MNs, as well as correct a constellation of ALS-associated phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hor, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad Santosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, V. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, B. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khong, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liou, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, B.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALS Motor Neurons Exhibit Hallmark Metabolic Defects That Are Rescued by Nicotinamide and SIRT3 Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural variant classes and short tandem repeats differentially impact gene expression and complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) and short tandem repeats (STRs) comprise a broad group of diverse DNA variants which vastly differ in their sizes and distributions across the genome. Here, we show that different SV classes and STRs differentially impact gene expression and complex traits. Functional differences between SV classes and STRs include their genomic locations relative to eGenes, likelihood of being associated with multiple eGenes, associated eGene types (e.g., coding, noncoding, level of evolutionary constraint), effect sizes, linkage disequilibrium with tagging single nucleotide variants used in GWAS, and likelihood of being associated with GWAS traits. We also identified a set of high-impact SVs/STRs associated with the expression of three or more eGenes via chromatin loops and showed they are highly enriched for being associated with GWAS traits. Our study provides insights into the genomic properties of structural variant classes and short tandem repeats that impact gene expression and human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jakubosky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i2QTL Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBoever, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural variant classes and short tandem repeats differentially impact gene expression and complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LSD1-mediated enhancer silencing enables endocrine cell development through attenuation of retinoic acid signalling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental progression depends on temporally defined changes in gene expression mediated by transient exposure of lineage intermediates to signals in the progenitor niche. To identify a possible contribution of cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms to signal-induced transcriptional responses, we manipulated the signalling environment and activity of the histone demethylase LSD1 during stepwise differentiation of gut tube intermediates into pancreatic endocrine cells. Analysis of enhancer and transcriptome landscapes revealed that lineage progression and endocrine cell differentiation requires LSD1-mediated silencing of transiently active retinoic acid (RA)-induced enhancers. In the absence of LSD1, early RA-responsive enhancers remain partially active despite RA removal, resulting in perduring expression of RA-induced genes, and failure to progress in development. Our findings identify LSD1-mediated enhancer silencing as a cell-intrinsic epigenetic feedback mechanism by which the duration of the transcriptional response to a developmental signal is limited. Given LSD1s requirement in numerous developmental contexts, the here-described mechanism would be broadly relevant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinckier, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhala, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LSD1-mediated enhancer silencing enables endocrine cell development through attenuation of retinoic acid signalling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skeletal Muscle mTORC1 Activation Increases Energy Expenditure and Reduces Longevity in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) is a nutrient responsive protein kinase complex that helps co-ordinate anabolic processes across all tissues. There is evidence that signaling through mTORC1 in skeletal muscle may be a determinant of energy expenditure and aging and therefore components downstream of mTORC1 signaling may be potential targets for treating obesity and age-associated metabolic disease. Here, we generated mice with Ckmm-Cre driven ablation of Tsc1, which confers constitutive activation of mTORC1 in skeletal muscle and performed unbiased transcriptional analyses to identify pathways and candidate genes that may explain how skeletal muscle mTORC1 activity regulates energy balance and aging. Activation of skeletal muscle mTORC1 produced a striking resistance to diet-and age-induced obesity without inducing systemic insulin resistance. We found that increases in energy expenditure following a high fat diet were mTORC1-dependent and that elevated energy expenditure caused by ablation of Tsc1 coincided with the upregulation of skeletal muscle-specific thermogenic mechanisms that involve sarcolipin-driven futile cycling of Ca2+ through SERCA2. Additionally, we report that constitutive activation of mTORC1 in skeletal muscle reduces lifespan. These findings support the hypothesis that activation of mTORC1 and its downstream targets, specifically in skeletal muscle, may play a role in nutrient-dependent thermogenesis and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redd, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloquin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltiel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skeletal Muscle mTORC1 Activation Increases Energy Expenditure and Reduces Longevity in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive coding account of action perception: Evidence from effective connectivity in the Action Observation Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual perception of actions is supported by a network of brain regions in the occipito-temporal, parietal, and premotor cortex in the primate brain, known as the Action Observation Network (AON). Although there is a growing body of research that characterizes the functional properties of each node of this network, the communication and direction of information flow between the nodes is unclear. According to the predictive coding account of action perception, this network is not a purely feedforward system but has feedback connections through which prediction error signals are communicated between the regions of the AON. In the present study, we investigated the effective connectivity of the AON in an experimental setting where the human subjects predictions about the observed agent were violated, using fMRI and Dynamical Causal Modeling (DCM). We specifically examined the influence of the lowest and highest nodes in the AON hierarchy, pSTS and ventral premotor cortex, respectively, on the middle node, inferior parietal cortex during prediction violation. Our DCM results suggest that the influence on the inferior parietal node is through a feedback connection from ventral premotor cortex during perception of actions that violate peoples predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urgen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saygin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive coding account of action perception: Evidence from effective connectivity in the Action Observation Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo lineage conversion of vertebrate muscle into early endoderm-like cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which differentiated cells, while remaining in their native microenvironment, can be reprogrammed to assume a different identity will reveal fundamental insight into cellular plasticity and impact regenerative medicine. To investigate in vivo cell lineage potential, we leveraged the zebrafish as a practical vertebrate platform to determine factors and mechanisms necessary to induce differentiated cells of one germ layer to adopt the lineage of another. We discovered that ectopic co-expression of Sox32 and Oct4 in several non-endoderm lineages, including skeletal muscle, can specifically trigger an early endoderm genetic program in a cell-autonomous manner. Gene expression, live imaging, and functional studies reveal that the endoderm-induced muscle cells lose muscle gene expression and morphology, while specifically gaining endoderm organogenesis markers, such as the pancreatic specification genes, hhex and ptf1a, via a mechanism resembling normal development. Endoderm induction by a pluripotent defective form of Oct4, endoderm markers appearing prior to loss of muscle cell morphology, a lack of dependence on cell division, and a lack of mesoderm, ectoderm, dedifferentiation, and pluripotency gene activation, together, suggests that reprogramming is endoderm specific and occurs via direct lineage conversion. Our work demonstrates that within a vertebrate animal, stably differentiated cells can be induced to directly adopt the identity of a completely unrelated cell lineage, while remaining in a distinct microenvironment, suggesting that differentiated cells in vivo may be more amenable to lineage conversion than previously appreciated. This discovery of possibly unlimited lineage potential of differentiated cells in vivo challenges our understanding of cell lineage restriction and may pave the way towards a vast new in vivo supply of replacement cells for degenerative diseases such as diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espin-Palazon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matalonga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.-X. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huisken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo lineage conversion of vertebrate muscle into early endoderm-like cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating visual production and recognition of objects in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drawing is a powerful tool that can be used to convey rich perceptual information about objects in the world. What are the neural mechanisms that enable us to produce a recognizable drawing of an object, and how does this visual production experience influence how this object is represented in the brain? Here we evaluate the hypothesis that producing and recognizing an object recruit a shared neural representation, such that repeatedly drawing the object can enhance its perceptual discriminability in the brain. We scanned participants using fMRI across three phases of a training study: during training, participants repeatedly drew two objects in an alternating sequence on an MR-compatible tablet; before and after training, they viewed these and two other control objects, allowing us to measure the neural representation of each object in visual cortex. We found that: (1) stimulus-evoked representations of objects in visual cortex are recruited during visually cued production of drawings of these objects, even throughout the period when the object cue is no longer present; (2) the object currently being drawn is prioritized in visual cortex during drawing production, while other repeatedly drawn objects are suppressed; and (3) patterns of connectivity between regions in occipital and parietal cortex supported enhanced decoding of the currently drawn object across the training phase, suggesting a potential substrate for learning how to transform perceptual representations into representational actions. Taken together, our study provides novel insight into the functional relationship between visual production and recognition in the brain.nnSignificance StatementHumans can produce simple line drawings that capture rich information about their perceptual experiences. However, the mechanisms that support this behavior are not well understood. Here we investigate how regions in visual cortex participate in the recognition of an object and the production of a drawing of it. We find that these regions carry diagnostic information about an object in a similar format both during recognition and production, and that practice drawing an object enhances transmission of information about it to downstream regions. Taken together, our study provides novel insight into the functional relationship between visual production and recognition in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wammes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating visual production and recognition of objects in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance and Necessity in the Pleiotropic Consequences of Adaptation for Budding Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that a population accumulates during evolution in one ("home") environment may cause fitness gains or losses in other conditions. Such pleiotropic fitness effects determine the evolutionary fate of the population in variable environments and can lead to ecological specialization. It is unclear how the pleiotropic outcomes of evolution are shaped by the intrinsic randomness of the evolutionary process and by the deterministic variation in selection pressures across environments. To address this question, we evolved 20 replicate populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 11 laboratory environments and measured their fitness across multiple other conditions. We found that evolution in all home environments led to a diversity of patterns of pleiotropic fitness gains and losses, driven by multiple types of mutations. Approximately 60% percent of this variation are explained by clones home environment and the most common parallel genetic changes, while about 40% are attributed to the stochastic accumulation of mutations whose pleiotropic effects are unpredictable. On average, populations specialized to their home environment, but generalists also evolved in almost all conditions. Our results suggest that the mutations accumulating in a home environment incur a variety of pleiotropic effects, from costs to benefits, with different probabilities. Therefore, whether a population evolves towards a specialist or a generalist phenotype is heavily influenced by chance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen Ba, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance and Necessity in the Pleiotropic Consequences of Adaptation for Budding Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laccase-mediated catalyzed fluorescent reporter deposition for live cell imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) is a widely established method for labeling biological samples analyzed using microscopy. Horseradish peroxidase, commonly used in CARD to amplify reporter signals, requires the addition of hydrogen peroxide which may perturb samples used in live-cell microscopy. Herein we describe an alternative method of performing CARD using a laccase enzyme, which does not require exogenous hydrogen peroxide. Laccase is an oxidative enzyme which can carry out single-electron oxidations of phenols and related compounds by reducing molecular oxygen. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for this technique through the non-targeted covalent labeling of bovine serum albumin using a fluorescently-labeled ferulic acid derivative as the laccase reporter substrate. We further demonstrate the viability of this approach by performing live-cell CARD with an antibody-conjugated laccase against a surface bound target. CARD using laccase produces an amplified fluorescence signal by labeling cells without the need for exogenous hydrogen peroxide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laccase-mediated catalyzed fluorescent reporter deposition for live cell imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variations in Brain Morphometry Among Healthy Preschoolers Born Very Preterm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPreterm birth is associated with an increased risk of neonatal brain injury, which can lead to alterations in brain maturation. Advances in neonatal care have dramatically reduced the incidence of the most significant medical consequences of preterm birth. Relatively healthy preterm infants remain at increased risk for subtle injuries that impact future neurodevelopmental and functioning.nnAimsTo investigate the gray matter morphometry measures of cortical thickness, surface area, and sulcal depth in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging at 5 years of age in healthy children born very preterm.nnStudy designCohort studynnSubjectsParticipants were 52 children born very preterm (VPT; less than 33 weeks gestational age) and 37 children born full term.nnOutcome measuresCortical segmentation and calculation of morphometry measures were completed using FreeSurfer version 5.3.0 and compared between groups using voxel-wise, surface-based analyses.nnResultsThe VPT group had a significantly thinner cortex in temporal and parietal regions as well as thicker gray matter in the occipital and inferior frontal regions. Reduced surface area was found in the fusiform area in the VPT group. Sulcal depth was also lower in the VPT group within the posterior parietal and inferior temporal regions and greater sulcal depth was found in the middle temporal and medial parietal regions. Results in some of these regions were correlated with gestational age at birth in the VPT group.nnConclusionsThe most widespread differences between the VPT and FT groups were found in cortical thickness. These findings may represent a combination of delayed maturation and permanent alterations caused by the perinatal processes associated with very preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasler, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akshoomoff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variations in Brain Morphometry Among Healthy Preschoolers Born Very Preterm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement abilities and brain development in preschoolers born very preterm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimTo examine how healthy preschoolers born very preterm (VPT) with and without significant movement impairments differ from full term (FT) controls in subcortical brain volume measures and white matter diffusion properties.nnMethodA case-control, observational study of fifty-four VPT-born and 32 FT-born children were administered the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2) and underwent MRI within 6-months of starting kindergarten. Selected subcortical structural volumes, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) of selected white matter tracts were compared across VPT children with movement impairments (VPT-abnormal), and VPT and FT children without movement impairments.nnResultsThe VPT-abnormal group had higher MD in the corpus callosum and inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus and lower FA in the anterior thalamic radiations, corpus callosum, and cingulum than the FT group. The forceps major was particularly affected in the VPT-abnormal group compared with the VPT and FT groups without movement impairments. Both VPT groups had reduced brainstem and cerebellar white matter volumes and larger lateral ventricles compared to the FT group.nnInterpretationMovement impairments in healthy VPT preschoolers were associated with more abnormalities in white matter integrity and reduced subcortical brain volumes most likely reflecting a greater extent of white matter damage associated with their very preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasler, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaucher, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akshoomoff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement abilities and brain development in preschoolers born very preterm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of talin-vinculin pre-complexes dictates maturation of nascent adhesions by accelerated force transmission and vinculin recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Talin, vinculin, and paxillin are mechanosensitive proteins that are recruited early to integrin-based nascent adhesions (NAs). Using machine learning, traction microscopy, single-particle-tracking, and fluorescence fluctuation analysis, we find that talin, vinculin, and paxillin are recruited in near-synchrony to NAs maturing to focal adhesions. After initial recruitment of all three proteins under minimal load, vinculin accumulates in these NAs at a ~5 fold higher rate than in non-maturing NAs and with faster growth in traction. We identify a domain in talin, R8, which exposes a vinculin-binding-site (VBS) without requiring load. Stabilizing this domain via mutation lowers load-free vinculin binding to talin, impairs maturation of NAs, and reduces the rate of additional vinculin recruitment. Taken together, our data show that talins concurrent localization with vinculin, before engagement with integrins, is essential for NA maturation, which entails traction-mediated unfolding of talin and exposure of additional VBSs triggering further vinculin binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitewood, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttierrez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goult, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danuser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of talin-vinculin pre-complexes dictates maturation of nascent adhesions by accelerated force transmission and vinculin recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWOne of the most promising new compound classes in clinical development for the treatment of malaria is the imidazolopiperazines (IZPs) class. Human trials have demonstrated that members of the IZP series, which includes KAF156 (Ganaplacide) and GNF179, are potent and effective against Plasmodium symptomatic asexual blood-stage infections. Unlike other commonly used antimalarials, they also prevent transmission and block future infection in animal models. Despite the identification of several Plasmodium falciparum resistance mechanisms including mutations in ER-localized PfCARL (PfEMP65), Acetyl-coA transporter, and PfUGT transporter, IZPs mechanism of action remains unknown.nnTo investigate, we combined in vitro evolution and whole-genome analysis in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae with molecular, metabolomic, and chemogenomic methods, in P. falciparum. S. cerevisiae clones that resist IZP activity carry multiple mutations in genes that encode endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-based lipid homeostasis and autophagy including elo2, elo3, sur2, atg15 and lcb4, as well as ER-based sec66. In Plasmodium, IZPs cause inhibition of protein trafficking, block the establishment of new permeation pathways and result in ER expansion. We also observe sensitization with other secretion inhibitors such as brefeldin A and golgicidin as well as synthetic lethality with PfSEC62. Our data show that IZPs target the secretory pathway and highlight a novel mechanism for blocking parasite growth and development that is distinct from those of standard compounds used to treat malaria. In addition, we provide physiological signatures and hallmarks for inhibitors that work through this mechanism of action and show that IZPs are tool compounds for studying ER-dependent protein processing in different species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marapana, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnadig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worgall, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohunlal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowman, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidock, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-active imidazolopiperazine antimalarials target the Plasmodium falciparum intracellular secretory pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After nearly two decades of improvements, the current human reference genome (GRCh38) is the most accurate and complete vertebrate genome ever produced. However, no one chromosome has been finished end to end, and hundreds of unresolved gaps persist 1,2. The remaining gaps include ribosomal rDNA arrays, large near-identical segmental duplications, and satellite DNA arrays. These regions harbor largely unexplored variation of unknown consequence, and their absence from the current reference genome can lead to experimental artifacts and hide true variants when re-sequencing additional human genomes. Here we present a de novo human genome assembly that surpasses the continuity of GRCh38 2, along with the first gapless, telomere-to-telomere assembly of a human chromosome. This was enabled by high-coverage, ultra-long-read nanopore sequencing of the complete hydatidiform mole CHM13 genome, combined with complementary technologies for quality improvement and validation. Focusing our efforts on the human X chromosome 3, we reconstructed the [~]2.8 megabase centromeric satellite DNA array and closed all 29 remaining gaps in the current reference, including new sequence from the human pseudoautosomal regions and cancer-testis ampliconic gene families (CT-X and GAGE). This complete chromosome X, combined with the ultra-long nanopore data, also allowed us to map methylation patterns across complex tandem repeats and satellite arrays for the first time. These results demonstrate that finishing the human genome is now within reach and will enable ongoing efforts to complete the remaining human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrickson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremitzki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maduro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belton, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabudhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surti, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risques, R. a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of immunity through post-translational control of defense transcript splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival of all living organisms requires the ability to detect attack and swiftly counter with protective immune responses. Despite considerable mechanistic advances, interconnectivity of signaling circuits often remains unclear. A newly-characterized protein, IMMUNOREGULATORY RNA-BINDING PROTEIN (IRR), negatively regulates immune responses in both maize and Arabidopsis, with disrupted function resulting in enhanced disease resistance. IRR physically interacts with, and promotes canonical splicing of, transcripts encoding defense signaling proteins, including the key negative regulator of pattern recognition receptor signaling complexes, CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 28 (CPK28). Upon immune activation by Plant Elicitor Peptides (Peps), IRR is dephosphorylated, disrupting interaction with CPK28 transcripts and resulting in accumulation of an alternative splice variant encoding a truncated CPK28 protein with impaired kinase activity and diminished function as a negative regulator. We demonstrate a novel circuit linking Pep-induced post-translational modification of IRR with post-transcriptionally-mediated attenuation of CPK28 function to dynamically amplify Pep signaling and immune output.nnOne Sentence SummaryPlant innate immunity is promoted by post-translational modification of a novel RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing of transcripts encoding defense signaling proteins to dynamically increase immune receptor signaling capacity through deactivation of a key signal-buffering circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dressano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckwerth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poretsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffaker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of immunity through post-translational control of defense transcript splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPTSD and depression commonly co-occur and have been associated with smaller hippocampal volumes compared to healthy and trauma-exposed controls. However, the hippocampus is heterogeneous, with subregions that may be uniquely affected in individuals with PTSD and depression.nnMethodsWe used random effects regressions and a harmonized neuroimaging protocol based on FreeSurfer (v6.0) to identify sub-structural hippocampal markers of current PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, and the interaction of these conditions across 31 cohorts worldwide (N=3,115; Mage=38.9{+/-}13.9 years). Secondary analyses tested these associations by sex and after modeling the simultaneous effects of remitted PTSD, childhood trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, and alcohol use disorder.nnResultsA significant negative main effect of depression (n=800, vs. no depression, n=1456) was observed in the hippocampal tail ({beta}=-0.13) and CA1 ({beta}=-0.09) after adjusting for covariates and multiple testing (adjusted ps (q)=0.028). A main effect of C-PTSD (n=1042 vs. control, n=1359) was not significant, but an interaction between C-PTSD and depression was significant in the CA1 ({beta}=-0.24, q=0.044). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly smaller CA1 volumes in individuals with C-PTSD+Depression than controls ({beta}=-0.12, q=0.012), C-PTSD-only ({beta}=-0.17, q=0.001), and Depression-only ({beta}=-0.18, q=0.023). Follow-up analyses revealed sex effects in the hippocampal tail of depressed females, and an interaction effect of C-PTSD and depression in the fimbria of males.nnConclusionsCollectively our results suggest that depression is a stronger predictor of hippocampal volumetry than PTSD, particularly in the CA1, and provide compelling evidence of more pronounced hippocampal phenotypes in comorbid PTSD and depression compared to either condition alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sämann, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollifield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy-Krage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targetable Tetrazine-Based Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Agents for Biological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has shown great promise as a tool to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of proteins in the cellular environment. As the sensitivity increases, the ability to select and efficiently polarize a specific macromolecule over the cellular background has become desirable. Here, we address this need and present a tetrazine-based DNP polarization agent that can be targeted selectively to proteins containing the unnatural amino acid (UAA) norbornene-lysine. The UAA can be introduced efficiently by genetic means in the cellular milieu. Our approach is bio-orthogonal and easily adaptable to any protein of interest. We illustrate the scope of our methodology and investigate the DNP polarization transfer mechanisms in several biological systems. Our results present the first molecular view of the complex polarization transfer pathways in targeted DNP and ultimately pave the way to selective DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy in both bacterial and mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targetable Tetrazine-Based Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Agents for Biological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trading Genome Vulnerability for Stable Genetic Inheritance: Active Retrotransposons Help Maintain Pericentromeric Heterochromatin Required for Faithful Cell Division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrotransposons are extensively populated in vertebrate genomes, which, when active, are thought to cause genome instability with potential benefit to genome evolution. Retrotransposon-derived RNAs are also known to give rise to small endo-siRNAs to help maintain heterochromatin at their sites of transcription; however, as not all heterochromatic regions are equally active in transcription, it remains unclear how heterochromatin is maintained across the genome. Here, we attack these problems by defining the origins of repeat-derived RNAs and their specific chromatin registers in Drosophila S2 cells. We demonstrate that repeat RNAs are predominantly derived from active Gypsy elements, and upon their processing by Dicer-2, these endo-siRNAs act in cis and trans to help maintain pericentromeric heterochromatin. Remarkably, we show that synthetic repeat-derived siRNAs are sufficient to rescue Dicer-2 deficiency-induced defects in heterochromatin formation in interphase and chromosome segregation during mitosis, thus demonstrating that active retrotransposons are actually required for stable genetic inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trading Genome Vulnerability for Stable Genetic Inheritance: Active Retrotransposons Help Maintain Pericentromeric Heterochromatin Required for Faithful Cell Division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient regulation of the islet epigenome controls adaptive insulin secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation of the islet {beta}-cell insulin secretory response to changing insulin demand is critical for blood glucose homeostasis, yet the mechanisms underlying this adaptation are unknown. Here, we show that nutrient-stimulated histone acetylation plays a key role in adapting insulin secretion through regulation of genes involved in {beta}-cell nutrient sensing and metabolism. Nutrient regulation of the epigenome occurs at sites occupied by the chromatin-modifying enzyme Lsd1 in islets. We demonstrate that {beta}-cell-specific deletion of Lsd1 leads to insulin hypersecretion, aberrant expression of nutrient response genes, and histone hyperacetylation. Islets from mice adapted to chronically increased insulin demand exhibited similar epigenetic and transcriptional changes. Moreover, genetic variants associated with fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes are enriched at LSD1-bound sites in human islets, suggesting that interpretation of nutrient signals is genetically determined. Our findings reveal that adaptive insulin secretion involves Lsd1-mediated coupling of nutrient state to regulation of the islet epigenome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wortham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischman, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinckier, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhala, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirihai, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huising, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient regulation of the islet epigenome controls adaptive insulin secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological inhibition of the heart of glass (HEG1)-Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) protein complex increases Kruppel-like Factors 4 and 2 (KLF4/2) expression in endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Kruppel-like Factors 4 and 2 (KLF4/2) are transcription factors and master regulators of endothelial cells (ECs) phenotype and homeostasis. KLF4/2 are important blood-flow-responsive genes within ECs that differentially regulate the expression of factors that confer anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antiproliferative effects in ECs. Genetic inactivation of endothelial KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped protein 1) or HEG1 (Heart of glass) lead to upregulation of KLF4/2 expression levels. Furthermore, increased expression of thrombomodulin (THBD) and suppression of thrombospondin (THBS1) was ascribed to elevation of KLF4/2 as a result of loss of endothelial KRIT1. Here, we developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction and identified, HEG1-KRIT1 inhibitor 1 (HKi1), as a promising hit inhibitor. The crystal structure of HKi1 bound to the KRIT1 FERM domain confirmed the primary screening results and ultimately led to the identification of a fragment-like inhibitor (HKi3), which occupies the HEG1 pocket producing comparable activity. These findings suggest that these inhibitors block the interaction by competing with the HEG1 for binding to KRIT1 FERM domain. Moreover, our results demonstrate that HKi3 upregulates KLF4/2 gene expression in two types of human ECs. These results reveal that acute pharmacological inhibition of the HEG1-KRIT1 interaction rapidly induces expression of KLF4/2 and their important transcriptional targets thrombomodulin and thrombospondin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oukoloff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyy, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballatore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological inhibition of the heart of glass (HEG1)-Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (KRIT1) protein complex increases Kruppel-like Factors 4 and 2 (KLF4/2) expression in endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of resistance in vitro reveals a novel mechanism of artemisinin activity in Toxoplasma gondii. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artemisinins are effective against a variety of parasites and provide the first line of treatment for malaria. Laboratory studies have identified several mechanisms for artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, including mutations in Kelch13 that are associated with delayed clearance in some clinical isolates, although other mechanisms are likely involved. To explore other potential mechanisms of resistance in parasites, we took advantage of the genetic tractability of T. gondii, a related apicomplexan parasite that shows moderate sensitivity to artemisinin. Resistant populations of T. gondii were selected by culture in increasing drug concentrations and whole genome sequencing identified several non-conservative point mutations that emerged in the population and were fixed over time. Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce point mutations conferring amino acids changes in a serine protease homologous to DegP and a serine/threonine protein kinase of unknown function. Single and double mutations conferred a competitive advantage over wild type parasites in the presence of drug, despite not changing EC50 values. Additionally, the evolved resistant lines showed dramatic amplification of the mitochondrial genome, including genes encoding cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I. Consistent with prior studies in yeast and mammalian tumor cells that implicate the mitochondrion as a target of artemisinins, treatment of wild type parasites with artemisinin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and resistant parasites showed altered morphology and decreased membrane potential. These findings extend the repertoire of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance and suggest that the mitochondrion may be an important target of inhibition in T. gondii.nnSignificanceArtemisinins provide important therapeutic agents for treatment of malaria and have potential for use in other infections and in cancer. Their use is threatened by the potential for resistance development, so understanding their mechanism of action and identifying genetic changes that alter sensitivity are important for improving clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that mutations in novel targets can contribute to the emergence of parasites with increased tolerance to artemisinin treatment and that such mutations can confer a fitness advantage even in the absence of a notable shift in EC50. Our findings also support the idea that inhibition of mitochondrial function may be an important target in T. gondii, as previously suggested by studies in yeast and human cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibley, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of resistance in vitro reveals a novel mechanism of artemisinin activity in Toxoplasma gondii.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme-free synthesis of natural phospholipids in water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All living organisms synthesize phospholipids as the primary constituent of their cell membranes. While phospholipids can spontaneously self-assemble in water to form membrane-bound vesicles, their aqueous synthesis requires pre-existing membrane-embedded enzymes. This limitation has led to models in which the first cells used simpler types of membrane building blocks and has hampered integration of phospholipid synthesis into artificial cells. Here we demonstrate that a combination of ion pairing and self-assembly of reactants allows high-yielding synthesis of cellular phospholipids in water. Acylation of 2-lysophospholipids using cationic thioesters occurs in mildly alkaline solutions resulting in the formation of cell-like membranes. A variety of membrane-forming natural phospholipids can be synthesized. Membrane formation takes place in water from natural alkaline sources, such as soda lakes and hydrothermal oceanic vents. When formed vesicles are transferred to more acidic solutions, electrochemical proton gradients are spontaneously established and maintained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houk, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme-free synthesis of natural phospholipids in water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Prediction of Substance Use Disorders in Clinical and Population Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/748038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide, polygenic risk scores (PRS) have emerged as a useful way to characterize genetic liability using genotypic data. There is growing evidence that PRS may prove useful to identify those at increased risk for developing certain diseases. The current utility of PRS in relation to alcohol use disorders (AUD) remains an open question. Using data from both a population-based sample [the FinnTwin12 (FT12) study] and a high risk sample [the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA)], we examined the association between PRSs derived from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 1) alcohol dependence/alcohol problems, 2) alcohol consumption, and 3) risky behaviors with AUD and other substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Individuals in the top 20%, 10%, and 5% of PRSs had increasingly greater odds of having an AUD compared to the lower end of the continuum in both COGA (80th % OR = 1.95; 90th % OR = 2.03; 95th % OR = 2.13) and FT12 (80th % OR = 1.77; 90th % OR = 2.27; 95th % OR = 2.39). Those in the top 5% reported greater levels of licit (alcohol and nicotine) and illicit (cannabis) SUD symptoms. PRSs can predict elevated risk for SUD in independent samples. However, clinical utility of these scores in their current form is modest. As these scores become more predictive of SUD, they may become useful to practitioners. Improvement in predictive ability will likely be dependent on increasing the size of well-phenotyped discovery samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksinan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latvala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleive, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuckit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Prediction of Substance Use Disorders in Clinical and Population Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution reveals the genetic basis and systems biology of superoxide stress tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial response to oxidative stress is of fundamental importance. Oxidative stresses are endogenous, such as reactive oxidative species (ROS) production during respiration, or exogenous in industrial biotechnology, due to culture conditions or product toxicity. The immune system inflicts strong ROS stress on invading pathogens. In this study we make use of Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) to generate two independent lineages of Escherichia coli with increased tolerance to superoxide stress by up to 500% compared to wild type. We found: 1) that the use of ALE reveals the genetic basis for and systems biology of ROS tolerance, 2) that there are only 6 and 7 mutations, respectively, in each lineage, five of which reproducibly occurred in the same genes (iron-sulfur cluster regulator iscR, putative iron-sulfur repair protein ygfZ, pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit E aceE, succinate dehydrogenase sucA, and glutamine tRNA glnX), and 3) that the transcriptome of the strain lineages exhibits two different routes of tolerance: the direct mitigation and repair of ROS damage and the up-regulation of cell motility and swarming genes mediated through phosphate starvation, which has been linked to biofilm formation and aggregation. These two transcriptomic responses can be interpreted as  flight and  fight phenotypes.nnImportanceBacteria encounter oxidative stress from multiple sources. During pathogenic infections, our bodys immune system releases ROS as a form of antimicrobial defense whilst bacteria used in industrial biotechnology are frequently exposed to genetic modifications and culture conditions which induce oxidative stress. In order to get around the bodys defences, pathogens have developed various adaptations to tolerate high levels of ROS, and these adaptive mechanisms are not always well understood. At the same time, there is a need to improve oxidative stress tolerance for industrially relevant strains in order to increase robustness and productivity. In this study we generate two strains of superoxide tolerant Escherichia coli and identify several adaptive mechanisms. These findings can be directly applied to improve production strain fitness in an industrial setting. They also provide insight into potential virulence factors in other pathogens, highlighting potential targets for antimicrobial compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phaneuf, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution reveals the genetic basis and systems biology of superoxide stress tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repository-scale Co- and Re-analysis of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolomics data are difficult to find and reuse, even in public repositories. We, therefore, developed the Reanalysis of Data User (ReDU) interface (https://redu.ucsd.edu/), a community- and data-driven approach that solves this problem at the repository scale. ReDU enables public data discovery and co- or re-analysis via uniformly formatted, publicly available MS/MS data and metadata in the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking Platform (GNPS), consistent with findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) principles.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aceves, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolleddu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coras, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elijah, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husband, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouellec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhail, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya-Giraldo, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repository-scale Co- and Re-analysis of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic network-based approach for developing feeding strategies for CHO cells to increase monoclonal antibody production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/751347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the main workhorse in the biopharmaceutical industry for the production of recombinant proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies. To date, a variety of metabolic engineering approaches have been used to improve the productivity of CHO cells. While genetic manipulations are potentially laborious in mammalian cells, rational design of CHO cell culture medium or efficient fed-batch strategies are more popular approaches for bioprocess optimization. In this study, a genome-scale metabolic network model of CHO cells was used to design feeding strategies for CHO cells to improve monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. A number of metabolites, including threonine and arachidonate, were suggested by the model to be added into cell culture medium. The designed composition has been experimentally validated, and then optimized, using design of experiment methods. About a two-fold increase in the total mAb expression has been observed using this strategy. Our approach can be used in similar bioprocess optimization problems, in order to suggest new ways of increasing production in different cell factories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fouladiha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marashi, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkashvand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahboudi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic network-based approach for developing feeding strategies for CHO cells to increase monoclonal antibody production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/754002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interspecies transcriptome analyses identify genes that control the development and evolution of limb skeletal proportion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/754002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the great diversity of vertebrate limb proportion and our deep understanding of the genetic mechanisms that drive skeletal elongation, little is known about how individual bones reach different lengths in any species. Here, we directly compare the transcriptomes of homologous growth cartilages of the mouse (Mus musculus) and bipedal jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), which has extremely long metatarsals of the feet and  mouse-like arms. When we intersected gene expression differences in metatarsals of the two species with expression differences in forearms, we found that about 10% of all orthologous genes are associated with disproportionate elongation of jerboa feet. Among these, Shox2, has gained expression in jerboa metatarsals where it is not expressed in other vertebrates that have been assessed. This transcription factor is necessary for proximal limb elongation, and we show that it is sufficient to increase mouse distal limb length. Unexpectedly, we also found evidence that jerboa foot elongation occurs in part by releasing latent growth potential that is repressed in mouse feet. In jerboa metatarsals, we observed higher expression of Crabp1, an antagonist of growth inhibitory retinoic acid, lower expression of Gdf10, an inhibitory TGF{beta} ligand, and lower expression of Mab21L2, a BMP signaling inhibitor that we show is sufficient to reduce limb bone elongation. By intersecting our data with prior expression analyses in other systems, we identify mechanisms that may both establish limb proportion during development and diversify proportion during evolution. The genes we identified here therefore provide a framework to understand the modular genetic control of skeletal growth and the remarkable malleability of vertebrate limb proportion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birmingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/754002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interspecies transcriptome analyses identify genes that control the development and evolution of limb skeletal proportion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thymocytes bearing {beta} T cell receptors (TCR{beta}) with high affinity for self-peptide-MHC complexes undergo negative selection or are diverted to alternate T cell lineages, a process termed agonist selection. Among thymocytes bearing TCRs restricted to MHC class I, agonist selection can lead to the development of precursors that can home to the gut and give rise to CD8-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8 IELs). The factors that influence the choice between negative selection versus CD8 IEL development remain largely unknown. Using a synchronized thymic tissue slice model that supports both negative selection and CD8IEL development, we show that the affinity threshold for CD8 IEL development is higher than for negative selection. We also investigate the impact of peptide presenting cells and cytokines, and the migration patterns associated with these alternative cell fates. Our data highlight the roles of TCR affinity and the thymic microenvironments on T cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weist, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors that influence the thymic selection of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/762237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess neurofilament light chain (NfL), as a biomarker for Parkinsons disease (PD).

MethodsWe quantified NfL in (1) longitudinal CSF samples from PD, other cognate/neurodegenerative disorders (OND), and healthy controls (HC); (2) a cross-sectional cohort with paired CSF and serum samples from participants with PD, OND, and HC, and (3) a large longitudinal validation cohort with serum samples from PD, OND, HC, prodromal conditions, and mutation carriers.

ResultsIn the longitudinal discovery cohort (1) NfL in CSF was highest in OND and higher in PD vs. HC across all visits (p<0.05) but did not change longitudinally. In the cross-sectional cohort (2) paired CSF and serum NfL samples were highly correlated (Spearmans rank [Formula]; p<10^-6). In the large validation cohort (3) mean baseline serum NfL was higher in PD (13{+/-}7.2pg/ml) vs. HC (12{+/-}6.7pg/ml; p=0.0336) and was highest in OND (18{+/-}7pg/ml; p=0.0351). Serum NfL increased longitudinally in PD vs. HC (p<0.01). Longitudinal motor scores were positively longitudinally associated with NfL, whereas some cognitive scores showed a negative longitudinal association with NfL.

ConclusionsNfL levels in serum samples are increased in PD vs. HC, increase significantly over time, and correlate with clinical measures of PD severity. Although the specificity of NfL in PD is low and more specific biomarkers are needed, serum NfL is the first blood-based biomarker candidate that could support disease stratification (PD vs. OND), track clinical progression, and possibly assess responsiveness to neuroprotective treatments. NfL as a biomarker of response to neuroprotective interventions remains to be determined.

Funding sources for studyPPMI is sponsored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research (MJFF) and is co-funded by MJFF, Abbvie, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Covance, Eli Lilly & Co., F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, MesoScale, Piramal, Pfizer and UCB. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Financial Disclosure/Conflict of Interest concerning the research related to the manuscriptBrit Mollenhauer, Douglas Galasko, Tatiana Foroud, Lana M. Chahine, Christopher S. Coffey, Andrew B. Singleton, Tanya Simuni, Daniel Weintraub, John Seibyl, Arthur W. Toga, and Caroline M. Tanner received funding from The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research.

Mohammed Dakna, Tzu-Ying Liu, Henrik Zetterberg, Sebastian Schade, Roland G. Gera, Wenting Wang, Feng Gao, Niels Kruse, Mark Frasier, Jesse M. Cedarbaum, Samantha J. Hutten, Claudia Trenkwalder, and Danielle Graham report no disclosures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simuni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibyl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieburtz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siderowf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedarbaum, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenkwalder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based clustering for drug sensitivity prediction in cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/764043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of large-scale pharmacogenomics provides an unprecedented opportunity to develop computational models that can accurately predict large cohorts of cell lines and drugs. In this work, we present a novel method for predicting drug sensitivity in cancer cell lines which considers both cell line genomic features and drug chemical features. Our network-based approach combines the theory of optimal mass transport (OMT) with machine learning techniques. It starts with unsupervised clustering of both cell line and drug data, followed by the prediction of drug sensitivity in the paired cluster of cell lines and drugs. We show that prior clustering of the heterogenous cell lines and structurally diverse drugs significantly improves the accuracy of the prediction. In addition, it facilities the interpretability of the results and identification of molecular biomarkers which are significant for both clustering of the cell lines and predicting the drug response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pouryahya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkhatir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moosmuller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannenbaum, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based clustering for drug sensitivity prediction in cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon stimulated genes mark pathogenic cells of the emergency myelopoietic response to sterile tissue injury in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sterile tissue injury locally activates innate immune responses via interactions with damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, by analyzing [~]120K single cell transcriptomes after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice and humans, we show neutrophil and monocyte subsets induce type I interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs) in myeloid progenitors of the bone marrow, far from the site of injury. In patients with acute MI, peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes express ISGs at levels far beyond healthy individuals and comparable to patients with lupus. In the bone marrow of Tet2-/- mice, ISGs are spontaneously induced in myeloid progenitors and their progeny. In the heart, IFN responses are negatively regulated by Ccr2- resident macrophages in a Nrf2-dependent fashion. Our results show post-MI IFN signaling begins in the bone marrow, implicate multiple transcription factors in its regulation (Tet2, Irf3, Nrf2), and provide a clinical biomarker (ISG score) for studying post-MI IFN signaling in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcagno, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon stimulated genes mark pathogenic cells of the emergency myelopoietic response to sterile tissue injury in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open Source Mesh Generation Platform for Biophysical Modeling Using Realistic Cellular Geometries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in imaging methods such as electron microscopy, tomography, and other modalities are enabling high-resolution reconstructions of cellular and organelle geometries. Such advances pave the way for using these geometries for biophysical and mathematical modeling once these data can be represented as a geometric mesh, which, when carefully conditioned, enables the discretization and solution of partial differential equations. In this study, we outline the steps for a naive user to approach GAMer 2, a mesh generation code written in C++ designed to convert structural datasets to realistic geometric meshes, while preserving the underlying shapes. We present two example cases, 1) mesh generation at the subcellular scale as informed by electron tomography, and 2) meshing a protein with structure from x-ray crystallography. We further demonstrate that the meshes generated by GAMer are suitable for use with numerical methods. Together, this collection of libraries and tools simplifies the process of constructing realistic geometric meshes from structural biology data.

SIGNIFICANCEAs biophysical structure determination methods improve, the rate of new structural data is increasing. New methods that allow the interpretation, analysis, and reuse of such structural information will thus take on commensurate importance. In particular, geometric meshes, such as those commonly used in graphics and mathematics, can enable a myriad of mathematical analysis. In this work, we describe GAMer 2, a mesh generation library designed for biological datasets. Using GAMer 2 and associated tools PyGAMer and BlendGAMer, biologists can robustly generate computer and algorithm friendly geometric mesh representations informed by structural biology data. We expect that GAMer 2 will be a valuable tool to bring realistic geometries to biophysical models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open Source Mesh Generation Platform for Biophysical Modeling Using Realistic Cellular Geometries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the ecology of fear: non-lethal effects of predators are strong whereas those of parasites are diverse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ecology of fear demonstrates how prey responses to avoid predation cause non-lethal effects at all ecological scales. Parasites also elicit defensive responses in hosts with associated non-lethal effects, which raises the longstanding, yet unresolved question of how non-lethal effects of parasites compare with those of predators. We developed a framework for systematically answering this question for all types of predator and parasite systems. Our framework predicts that trait responses and their non-lethal effects should be strongest from predators and parasites that do not kill individuals to feed on them, but which nevertheless damage fitness. Analysing trait response data on amphibians, which have been well-studied for this area of research, showed that individuals generally responded more directly to short-term predation risks than to parasitism. Apart from studies using amphibians, there have been few direct comparisons of responses to predation and parasitism, and none have incorporated responses to micropredators, parasitoids, or parasitic castrators, or examined their long-term consequences. Addressing these and other data gaps highlighted by our general framework can advance the field toward understanding how non-lethal effects shape real food webs, which contain multiple predator and parasite species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daversa, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hechinger, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the ecology of fear: non-lethal effects of predators are strong whereas those of parasites are diverse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the role of urban design in disease spreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cities are complex systems whose characteristics impact the health of people who live in them. Nonetheless, urban determinants of health often vary within spatial scales smaller than the resolution of epidemiological datasets. Thus, as cities expand and their inequalities grow, the development of theoretical frameworks that explain health at the neighborhood level is becoming increasingly critical. To this end, we developed a methodology that uses census data to introduce urban geography as a leading-order predictor in the spread of influenza-like pathogens. Here, we demonstrate our framework using neighborhood-level census data for Guadalajara (GDL, Western Mexico). Our simulations were calibrated using weekly hospitalization data from the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic and show that daily mobility patterns drive neighborhood-level variations in the basic reproduction number R0, which in turn give rise to robust spatiotemporal patterns in the spread of disease. To generalize our results, we ran simulations in hypothetical cities with the same population, area, schools and businesses as GDL but different land use zoning. Our results demonstrate that the agglomeration of daily activities can largely influence the growth rate, size and timing of urban epidemics. Overall, these findings support the view that cities can be redesigned to limit the geographic scope of influenza-like outbreaks and provide a general mathematical framework to study the mechanisms by which local and remote health consequences result from characteristics of the physical environment.

Author summaryEnvironmental, social and economic factors give rise to health inequalities among the inhabitants of a city, prompting researchers to propose smart urban planning as a tool for public health. Here, we present a mathematical framework that relates the spatial distributions of schools and economic activities to the spatiotemporal spread of influenza-like outbreaks. First, we calibrated our model using city-wide data for Guadalajara (GDL, Western Mexico) and found that a persons place of residence can largely influence their role and vulnerability during an epidemic. In particular, the higher contact rates of people living near major activity hubs can give rise to predictable patterns in the spread of disease. To test the universality of our findings, we redesigned GDL by redistributing houses, schools and businesses across the city and ran simulations in the resulting geographies. Our results suggest that, through its impact on the agglomeration of economic activities, urban planning may be optimized to inhibit epidemic growth. By predicting health inequalities at the neighborhood-level, our methodology may help design public health strategies that optimize resources and target those who are most vulnerable. Moreover, it provides a mathematical framework for the design and analysis of experiments in urban health research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brizuela, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Chan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Pulido, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the role of urban design in disease spreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Making the MOSTest of imaging genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regional brain morphology has a complex genetic architecture, consisting of many common polymorphisms with small individual effects, which has proven challenging for genome-wide association studies to date, despite its high heritability1,2. Given the distributed nature of the genetic signal across brain regions, joint analysis of regional morphology measures in a multivariate statistical framework provides a way to enhance discovery of genetic variants with current sample sizes. While several multivariate approaches to GWAS have been put forward over the past years3-5, none are optimally suited for complex, large-scale data. Here, we applied the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest), with an efficient computational design enabling rapid and reliable permutation-based inference, to 171 subcortical and cortical brain morphology measures from 26,502 participants of the UK Biobank (mean age 55.5 years, 52.0% female). At the conventional genome-wide significance threshold of =5x10-8, MOSTest identifies 347 genetic loci associated with regional brain morphology, more than any previous study, improving upon the discovery of established GWAS approaches more than threefold. Our findings implicate more than 5% of all protein-coding genes and provide evidence for gene sets involved in neuron development and differentiation. As such, MOSTest, which we have made publicly available, enhances our understanding of the genetic determinants of regional brain morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Making the MOSTest of imaging genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pairwise Distance Distribution Correction (DDC) algorithm for blinking-free super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy (SMLM), a fluorophore stochastically switches between fluorescent- and dark-states, leading to intermittent emission of fluorescence, a phenomenon known as blinking. Intermittent emissions create multiple localizations belonging to the same molecule, resulting in blinking-artifacts within SMLM images. These artifacts are often interpreted as true biological assemblies, confounding quantitative analyses and interpretations. Multiple methods have been developed to eliminate these artifacts, but they either require additional experiments, arbitrary thresholds, or specific photo-kinetic models. Here we present a method, termed Distance Distribution Correction (DDC), to eliminate blinking-caused repeat localizations without any additional calibrations. The approach relies on the finding that the true pairwise distance distribution of different fluorophores in an SMLM image can be naturally obtained from the imaging sequence by using distances between localizations separated by a time much longer than the average fluorescence survival time. We show that using the true pairwise distribution we can define and then maximize the likelihood of obtaining a particular set of localizations void of blinking-artifacts, generating an accurate reconstruction of the underlying cellular structure. Using both simulated and experimental data, we show that DDC surpasses all previous existing blinking-artifact correction methodologies, resulting in drastic improvements in obtaining the closest estimate of the true spatial organization and number of fluorescent emitters in a wide range of applications. The simplicity and robustness of DDC will allow it to become the field standard in SMLM imaging, enabling the most accurate reconstruction and quantification of SMLM images to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohrer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcquillen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pairwise Distance Distribution Correction (DDC) algorithm for blinking-free super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability of Mismatch Negativity Event-Related Potentials in a Multisite, Traveling Subjects Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMismatch negativity (MMN) is an auditory event-related potential (ERP) used to study schizophrenia and psychosis risk. MMN reliability from a multisite, traveling subjects study was compared using different ERP referencing, averaging, and scoring techniques.nnMethodsReliability of frequency, duration, and double (frequency+duration) MMN was determined from eight traveling subjects, tested on two occasions at eight EEG laboratory sites. Deviant-specific variance components were estimated for MMN peak amplitude and latency measures using different ERP processing methods. Generalizability (G) coefficients were calculated using two-facet (site, occasion), fully-crossed models and single-facet (occasion) models within each laboratory to assess MMN reliability.nnResultsG-coefficients calculated from two-facet models indicated fair (0.4<G<=0.6) duration MMN reliability at electrode Fz, but poor (G<0.4) double and frequency MMN reliability. Single-facet G-coefficients averaged across laboratory resulted in improved reliability (G>0.5). Reliability of MMN amplitude was greater than latency, and reliability with mastoid referencing significantly outperformed nose-referencing.nnConclusionsEEG preprocessing methods have a significant impact on the reliability of MMN amplitude. Within site MMN reliability can be excellent, consistent with prior single site studies.nnSignificanceWith standardized data collection and ERP processing, MMN can be reliably obtained in multisite studies, providing larger samples sizes within rare patient groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niznikiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability of Mismatch Negativity Event-Related Potentials in a Multisite, Traveling Subjects Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
centroFlye: Assembling Centromeres with Long Error-Prone Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although variations in centromeres have been linked to cancer and infertility, centromeres still represent the "dark matter of the human genome" and remain an enigma for both biomedical and evolutionary studies. Since centromeres have withstood all previous attempts to develop an automated tool for their assembly and since their assembly using short reads is viewed as intractable, recent efforts attempted to manually assemble centromeres using long error-prone reads. We describe the centroFlye algorithm for centromere assembly using long error-prone reads, apply it for assembling the human X centromere, and use the constructed assembly to gain insights into centromere evolution. Our analysis reveals putative breakpoints in the previous manual reconstruction of the human X centromere and opens a possibility to automatically close the remaining multi-megabase gaps in the reference human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[centroFlye: Assembling Centromeres with Long Error-Prone Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotation-Informed Causal Mixture Modeling (AI-MiXeR) reveals phenotype-specific differences in polygenicity and effect size distribution across functional annotation categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the contribution of functional genetic categories is fundamental to understanding the genetic etiology of complex human traits and diseases. Here we present Annotation Informed MiXeR: a likelihood-based method to estimate the number of variants influencing a phenotype and their effect sizes across different functional annotation categories of the genome using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Applying the model to 11 complex phenotypes suggests diverse patterns of functional category-specific genetic architectures across human diseases and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O`Connell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uggen, T. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotation-Informed Causal Mixture Modeling (AI-MiXeR) reveals phenotype-specific differences in polygenicity and effect size distribution across functional annotation categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary Motor Cortex Transforms Spatial Information into Planned Action During Navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluid navigation requires constant updating of planned movements to adapt to evolving obstacles and goals. A neural substrate for navigation demands spatial and environmental information and the ability to effect actions through efferents. Secondary motor cortex is a prime candidate for this role given its interconnectivity with association cortices that encode spatial relationships and its projection to primary motor cortex. Here we report that secondary motor cortex neurons robustly encode both planned and current left/right turning actions across multiple turn locations in a multi-route navigational task. Comparisons within a common statistical framework reveal that secondary motor cortex neurons differentiate contextual factors including environmental position, route, action sequence, orientation, and choice availability. Despite significant modulation by context, action planning and execution are the dominant output signals of secondary motor cortex neurons. These results identify secondary motor cortex as a structure integrating environmental context toward the updating of planned movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary Motor Cortex Transforms Spatial Information into Planned Action During Navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific enhancer-promoter connectivity maps in the human brain and disease risk association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unique cell type-specific patterns of activated enhancers can be leveraged to interpret non-coding genetic variation associated with complex traits and diseases such as neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we have defined active promoters and enhancers for major cell types of the human brain. Whereas psychiatric disorders were primarily associated with regulatory regions in neurons, idiopathic Alzheimers disease (AD) variants were largely confined to microglia enhancers. Interactome maps connecting GWAS variants in cell type-specific enhancers to gene promoters revealed an extended microglia gene network in AD. Deletion of a microglia-specific enhancer harboring AD-risk variants ablated BIN1 expression in microglia but not in neurons or astrocytes. These findings revise and expand the genes likely to be influenced by non-coding variants in AD and suggest the probable brain cell types in which they function.nnOne Sentence SummaryIdentification of cell type-specific regulatory elements in the human brain enables interpretation of non-coding GWAS risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtman, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coufal, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuelen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasillas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonda, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVicker, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific enhancer-promoter connectivity maps in the human brain and disease risk association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P<5.0x10-8), 15 of which showed evidence for associations with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate <0.05). Five loci showed associations (P<0.05) in opposite directions between luminal- and non-luminal subtypes. In-silico analyses showed these five loci contained cell-specific enhancers that differed between normal luminal and basal mammary cells. The genetic correlations between five intrinsic-like subtypes ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. The proportion of genome-wide chip heritability explained by all known susceptibility loci was 37.6% for triple-negative and 54.2% for luminal A-like disease. These findings provide an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecarpentier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Ful, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondavalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burwinkel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenome Analysis of Enterobacteria Reveals Richness of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters and their Associated Gene Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing number of sequenced genomes enables the study of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) in phyla beyond well-studied soil bacteria. We mined 2627 enterobacterial genomes to detect 8604 BGCs, including nonribosomal peptide synthetases, siderophores, polyketide-nonribosomal peptide hybrids, and 60 other BGC types, with an average of around 3.3 BGCs per genome. These BGCs represented 212 distinct BGC families, of which only 20 have associated products in the MIBiG standard database with functions such as siderophores, antibiotics, and genotoxins. Pangenome analysis identified genes associated with a specific BGC encoding for colon cancer-related colibactin. In one example, we associated genes involved in the type VI secretion system with the presence of a colibactin BGC in Escherichia. This richness of BGCs in enterobacteria opens up the possibility to discover novel secondary metabolites, their physiological roles and provides a guide to identify and understand PKS associated gene sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohite, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenome Analysis of Enterobacteria Reveals Richness of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters and their Associated Gene Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic assessment of regulatory effects of human disease variants in pluripotent cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying regulatory genetic effects in pluripotent cells provides important insights into disease variants with potentially transient or developmental origins. Combining existing and newly-generated data, we characterized 1,367 iPSC lines from 948 unique donors, collectively analyzed within the "Integrated iPSC QTL" (i2QTL) Consortium. The sample size of our study allowed us to derive the most comprehensive map of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in pluripotent human cells to date. We mapped the effects of nearby common genetic variants on five expression phenotypes, identifying cis-QTL at gene-, exon-level and transcript-, splicing-, alternative polyadenylation-ratio (APA) for a total of 18,556 genes. For gene-level, we further quantified the effects of rare and singleton variants, and the effect of distal variants that act in trans (trans-eQTL), which we replicated in independent samples. Our data are a valuable community resource, uncovering novel regulatory effects that have not previously been described in differentiated cells and tissues. Building on this regulatory map, we functionally explore GWAS signals for over 4,336 trait loci, finding evidence for colocalization with common and rare iPSC QTL for traits such as height and BMI, and diseases, such as cancer and coronary artery disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloudemans, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubosky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo-Orive, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirauta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaton, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HipSci Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSCORE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GENESiPS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PhLiPS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic assessment of regulatory effects of human disease variants in pluripotent cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac function modulates endocardial cell dynamics to shape the cardiac outflow tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Physical forces are important participants in the cellular dynamics that shape developing organs. During heart formation, for example, contractility and blood flow generate biomechanical cues that influence patterns of cell behavior. Here, we address the interplay between function and form during the assembly of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT), a crucial connection between the heart and vasculature that develops while circulation is underway. In zebrafish, we find that the OFT expands via accrual of both endocardial and myocardial cells. However, when cardiac function is disrupted, OFT endocardial growth ceases, accompanied by reduced proliferation and reduced addition of cells from adjacent vessels. The TGF{beta} receptor Acvrl1 is required for addition of endocardial cells, but not for their proliferation, indicating distinct regulation of these essential cell behaviors. Together, our results suggest that cardiac function modulates OFT morphogenesis by triggering endocardial cell accumulation that induces OFT lumen expansion and shapes OFT dimensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidhwani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boezio, G. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainier, D. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac function modulates endocardial cell dynamics to shape the cardiac outflow tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-di-AMP hydrolysis by a novel type of phosphodiesterase promotes differentiation of multicellular bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic-producing Streptomyces use the diadenylate cyclase DisA to synthesize the nucleotide second messenger c-di-AMP but the mechanism for terminating c-di-AMP signaling and the proteins that bind the molecule to effect signal transduction are unknown. Here, we identify the AtaC protein as a new type of c-di-AMP-specific phosphodiesterase that is also conserved in pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. AtaC is monomeric in solution and binds Mn2+ to specifically hydrolyze c-di-AMP to AMP via the intermediate 5-pApA. As an effector of c-di-AMP signaling, we characterize the RCK-domain protein CpeA as the first c-di-AMP-binding protein to be identified in Streptomyces. CpeA interacts with the predicted cation / proton antiporter, CpeB, linking c-di-AMP signaling to ion homeostasis in actinobacteria. Hydrolysis of c-di-AMP is critical for normal growth and differentiation in Streptomyces, connecting osmotic stress to development. Thus, we present the discovery of two novel components of c-di-AMP signaling in bacteria and show that precise control of this second messenger is essential for osmoregulation and coordinated development in Streptomyces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latoscha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bassam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaever, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschowri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/789354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-di-AMP hydrolysis by a novel type of phosphodiesterase promotes differentiation of multicellular bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolome-informed microbiome analysis refines metadata classifications and reveals unexpected medication transfer in captive cheetahs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractEven high-quality collection and reporting of study metadata in microbiome studies can lead to various forms of inadvertently missing or mischaracterized information that can alter the interpretation or outcome of the studies, especially with non-model organisms. Metabolomic profiling of fecal microbiome samples can provide empirical insight into unanticipated confounding factors that are not possible to obtain even from detailed care records. We illustrate this point using data from cheetahs from the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. The metabolomic characterization indicated that one cheetah had to be moved from the non-antibiotic-exposed to the antibiotic-exposed group. The detection of the antibiotic in this second cheetah was likely due to grooming interactions with the cheetah that was administered antibiotics. Similarly, because transit time for stool is variable, early fecal samples within the first few days of antibiotic prescription do not all contain detectable antibiotics. Therefore, the microbiome is not affected by the antibiotics at those time points. These insights significantly altered the way the samples were grouped for analysis (antibiotic vs no antibiotic), and the subsequent understanding of the effect of the antibiotics on the cheetah microbiome. Metabolomics also revealed information about numerous other medications, and provided unexpected dietary insights that in turn improved our understanding of the molecular patterns on the impact on the community microbial structure. These results suggest that untargeted metabolomics data provide empirical evidence to correct records of non-model organisms in captivity, although we also expect these methods will be appropriate for experimental conditions typical in human studies.nnImportanceMetabolome-informed analyses can enhance  omics studies by enabling the correct partitioning of samples by identifying hidden confounders inadvertently misrepresented or omitted from carefully curated metadata. We demonstrate the utility of metabolomics in a study characterizing the microbiome associated with liver disease in cheetahs. Metabolome-informed reinterpretation of metagenome and metabolome profiles factored in an unexpected transfer of antibiotics preventing misinterpretation of the data. Our work suggests that untargeted metabolomics can be used to verify, augment, and correct sample metadata to support improved grouping of sample data for microbiome analyses, here for non-model organisms in captivity. However, the techniques also suggest a path forward for correcting clinical information in human studies to enable higher-precision analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parampil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidgett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swafford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolome-informed microbiome analysis refines metadata classifications and reveals unexpected medication transfer in captive cheetahs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional dynamics of fractal dimension of the LV endocardium from cine CT images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method to leverage the high fidelity of CT to quantify regional left ventricular function using topography variation of the endocardium as a surrogate measure of strain. 4DCT images of 10 normal and 10 abnormal subjects, acquired with standard clinical protocols, were used. The topography of the endocardium was characterized by its regional values of fractal dimension (FD), computed using a box-counting algorithm developed in-house. The average FD in each of the 16 American Heart Association segments was calculated for each subject as a function of time over the cardiac cycle. The normal subjects showed a peak systolic percentage change in FD of 5.9% {+/-} 2% in all free-wall segments, while the abnormal cohort experienced a change of 2% {+/-} 1.2% (p < 0.00001). Septal segments, being smooth, did not undergo large changes in FD. Additionally, a principal component analysis was performed on the temporal profiles of FD to highlight the possibility for unsupervised classification of normal and abnormal function. The method developed is free from manual contouring and does not require any feature tracking or registration algorithms. The FD values in the free wall segments correlated well with radial strain and with endocardial regional shortening measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manohar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneault, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contijoch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVeigh, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional dynamics of fractal dimension of the LV endocardium from cine CT images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SAMPL6 SAMPLing challenge: Assessing the reliability and efficiency of binding free energy calculations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approaches for computing small molecule binding free energies based on molecular simulations are now regularly being employed by academic and industry practitioners to study receptor-ligand systems and prioritize the synthesis of small molecules for ligand design. Given the variety of methods and implementations available, it is natural to ask how the convergence rates and final predictions of these methods compare. In this study, we describe the concept and results for the SAMPL6 SAMPLing challenge, the first challenge from the SAMPL series focusing on the assessment of convergence properties and reproducibility of binding free energy methodologies. We provided parameter files, partial charges, and multiple initial geometries for two octa-acid (OA) and one cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) host-guest systems. Participants submitted binding free energy predictions as a function of the number of force and energy evaluations for seven different alchemical and physical-pathway (i.e., potential of mean force and weighted ensemble of trajectories) methodologies implemented with the GROMACS, AMBER, NAMD, or OpenMM simulation engines. To rank the methods, we developed an efficiency statistic based on bias and variance of the free energy estimates. For the two small OA binders, the free energy estimates computed with alchemical and potential of mean force approaches show relatively similar variance and bias as a function of the number of energy/force evaluations, with the attach-pull-release (APR), GROMACS expanded ensemble, and NAMD double decoupling submissions obtaining the greatest efficiency. The differences between the methods increase when analyzing the CB8-quinine system, where both the guest size and correlation times for system dynamics are greater. For this system, nonequilibrium switching (GROMACS/NS-DS/SB) obtained the overall highest efficiency. Surprisingly, the results suggest that specifying force field parameters and partial charges is insufficient to generally ensure reproducibility, and we observe differences between seemingly converged predictions ranging approximately from 0.3 to 1.0 kcal/mol, even with almost identical simulations parameters and system setup (e.g., Lennard-Jones cutoff, ionic composition). Further work will be required to completely identify the exact source of these discrepancies. Among the conclusions emerging from the data, we found that Hamiltonian replica exchange--while displaying very small variance--can be affected by a slowly-decaying bias that depends on the initial population of the replicas, that bidirectional estimators are significantly more efficient than unidirectional estimators for nonequilibrium free energy calculations for systems considered, and that the Berendsen barostat introduces non-negligible artifacts in expanded ensemble simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slochower, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapsys, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntekoumes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosisio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadourakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Groot, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SAMPL6 SAMPLing challenge: Assessing the reliability and efficiency of binding free energy calculations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaping nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes produces addiction-like behaviors and cardiopulmonary abnormalities in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The debate about electronic cigarettes has divided healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities. Central points of disagreement are whether vaping electronic cigarettes are addictive and whether they produce major pulmonary complications. We developed a novel model of nicotine vapor self-administration in rats and found that rats voluntarily exposed themselves to nicotine vapor to the point of reaching blood nicotine levels that are similar to humans, exhibiting both addiction-like behaviors and cardiopulmonary abnormalities. The smoking cessation drug varenicline decreased electronic cigarette self-administration. These findings confirm the addictive properties and harmful effects of nicotine vapor and identify a potential medication for the treatment of electronic cigarette addiction.nnOne Sentence SummaryVaping nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes produces cardiopulmonary abnormalities, nicotine dependence and addiction-like behaviors, which are reduced by the smoking cessation drug varenicline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallupi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velarde, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedighim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klodnicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Guglielmo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaping nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes produces addiction-like behaviors and cardiopulmonary abnormalities in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maize heterotrimeric G-protein β subunit controls shoot meristem development and immune responses. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are important transducers of receptor signaling, functioning in plants with CLAVATA receptors in control of shoot meristem size, and with pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors in basal immunity. However, whether specific members of the heterotrimeric complex potentiate crosstalk between development and defense, and the extent to which these functions are conserved across species, has not been addressed. Here we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the maize G{beta} subunit gene, and found that the mutants were lethal, differing from Arabidopsis, where homologous mutants have normal growth and fertility. We show that lethality is not caused by a specific developmental arrest, but by autoimmunity. We used a genetic diversity screen to suppress the lethal g{beta} phenotype, and also identified a new maize G{beta} allele with weak autoimmune responses but strong development phenotypes. Using these tools, we show that G{beta} controls meristem size in maize, acting epistatically with G, suggesting that G{beta} and G function in a common signaling complex. Furthermore, we used an association study to show that natural variation in G{beta} influences maize kernel row number, an important agronomic trait. Our results demonstrate the dual role of G{beta} in immunity and development in a cereal crop, and suggest that it functions in crosstalk between these competing signaling networks. Therefore, modification of G{beta} has the potential to optimize the tradeoff between growth and defense signaling to improve agronomic production.nnSignificanceCereal crops, such as maize provide our major food and feed. Crop productivity has been significantly improved by selection of favorable architecture and development alleles, however crops are constantly under attack from pathogens, which severely limits yield due to a defense-growth tradeoff. Therefore, it is critical to identify key signaling regulators that control both developmental and immune signaling, to provide basic knowledge to maximize productivity. This work shows that the maize G protein {beta} subunit regulates both meristem development and immune signaling, and suggests that manipulation of this gene has the potential to optimize the tradeoff between yield and disease resistance to improve crop yields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Char, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maize heterotrimeric G-protein β subunit controls shoot meristem development and immune responses.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of modified sialic acids on mucus and erythrocytes on influenza A virus HA and NA functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sialic acids (Sia) are the primary receptors for influenza viruses, and are widely displayed on cell surfaces and in secreted mucus. Sia may be present in variant forms that include O-acetyl modifications at C4, C7, C8, and C9 positions, and N-acetyl or N-glycolyl at C5. They can also vary in their linkages, including 2-3 or 2-6-linkages. Here, we analyzed the distribution of modified Sia in cells and tissues of wild-type mice, or in mice lacking cytidine 5-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) enzyme that synthesizes N-glycolyl modifications (Neu5Gc). We also examined the variation of Sia forms on erythrocytes and saliva from different animals. To determine the effect of Sia modifications on influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we tested for effects on hemagglutinin (HA) binding and neuraminidase (NA) cleavage. We confirmed that 9-O-acetyl, 7,9-O-acetyl, 4-O-acetyl, and Neu5Gc modifications are widely but variably expressed in mouse tissues, with the highest levels detected in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Secreted mucins in saliva and surface proteins of erythrocytes showed a great degree of variability in display of modified Sia between different species. IAV HA from different virus strains showed consistently reduced binding to both Neu5Gc and O-acetyl modified Sia; however, while IAV NA were inhibited by Neu5Gc and O-acetyl modifications, there was significant variability between NA types. The modifications of Sia in mucus may therefore have potent effects on the functions of IAV, and may affect both pathogens and the normal flora of different mucosal sites.nnIMPORTANCESialic acids (Sia) are involved in many different cellular functions and are receptors for many pathogens. Sia come in many chemically modified forms but we lack a clear understanding of how they alter the interactions with microbes. Here we examine the expression of modified Sia in mouse tissues, on secreted mucus in saliva, and on erythrocytes, including those from IAV host species and animals used in IAV research. These Sia forms varied considerably between different animals, and their inhibitory effects on IAV NA and HA activities and on bacterial sialidases (neuraminidases) suggest a host-variable protective role in secreted mucus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnard, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford-Lawrence, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaClair, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherity, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Cherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of modified sialic acids on mucus and erythrocytes on influenza A virus HA and NA functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protocol for Community-created Public MS/MS Reference Library Within the GNPS Infrastructure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleA major hurdle in identifying chemicals in mass spectrometry experiments is the availability of MS/MS reference spectra in public databases. Currently, scientists purchase databases or use public databases such as GNPS. The MSMS-Chooser workflow empowers the creation of MS/MS reference spectra directly in the GNPS infrastructure.nnMethodsAn MSMS-Chooser sample template was completed with the required information and sequence tables were generated programmatically. Standards in methanol-water (1:1) solution (1 M) were placed into wells individually. An LC-MS/MS system using data-dependent acquisition in positive and negative modes was used. Species that may be generated under typical ESI conditions are chosen. The MS/MS spectra and MSMS-Chooser sample template were subsequently uploaded to MSMS-Chooser in GNPS for automatic MS/MS spectral annotation.nnResultsData acquisition quickly and effectively collected MS/MS spectra. MSMS-Chooser was able to accurately annotate 99.2% of the manually validated MS/MS scans that were generated from the chemical standards. The output of MSMS-Chooser includes a table ready for inclusion in the GNPS library (after inspection) as well as the ability to directly launch searches via MASST. Altogether, the data acquisition, processing, and upload to GNPS took ~2 hours for our proof-of-concept results.nnConclusionsThe MSMS-Chooser workflow enables the rapid data acquisition, analysis, and annotation of chemical standards, and uploads the MS/MS spectra to community-driven GNPS. MSMS-Chooser democratizes the creation of MS/MS reference spectra in GNPS which will improve annotation and strengthen the tools which use the annotation information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protocol for Community-created Public MS/MS Reference Library Within the GNPS Infrastructure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple mass-action model predicts protein timecourses from mRNA trajectories during a dynamic response in two strains of S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although mRNA is a necessary precursor to protein, several studies have argued that the relationship between mRNA and protein levels is often weak. This claim undermines the functional relevance of conclusions based on quantitative analyses of mRNA levels, which are ubiquitous in modern biology from the single gene to the whole genome scale. Furthermore, if post-translational processes vary between strains and species, then comparative studies based on mRNA alone would miss an important driver of diversity. However, gene expression is dynamic, and most studies examining relationship between mRNA and protein levels at the genome scale have analyzed single timepoints. We measure yeast gene expression after pheromone exposure and show that, for most genes, protein timecourses can be predicted from mRNA timecourses through a simple, gene-specific, generative model. By comparing model parameters and predictions between strains, we find that while mRNA variation often leads to protein differences, evolution also manipulates protein-specific processes to amplify or buffer transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egertson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrihew, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCoss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple mass-action model predicts protein timecourses from mRNA trajectories during a dynamic response in two strains of S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of RNA processing from analysis of enhanced CLIP maps for 150 RNA binding proteins. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical step in uncovering rules of RNA processing is to study the in vivo regulatory networks of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) methods enabled mapping RBP targets transcriptome-wide, but methodological differences present challenges to large-scale integrated analysis across datasets. The development of enhanced CLIP (eCLIP) enabled the large-scale mapping of targets for 150 RBPs in K562 and HepG2, creating a unique resource of RBP interactomes profiled with a standardized methodology in the same cell types. Here we describe our analysis of 223 enhanced (eCLIP) datasets characterizing 150 RBPs in K562 and HepG2 cell lines, revealing a range of binding modalities, including highly resolved positioning around splicing signals and mRNA untranslated regions that associate with distinct RBP functions. Quantification of enrichment for repetitive and abundant multi-copy elements reveals 70% of RBPs have enrichment for non-mRNA element classes, enables identification of novel ribosomal RNA processing factors and sites and suggests that association with retrotransposable elements reflects multiple RBP mechanisms of action. Analysis of spliceosomal RBPs indicates that eCLIP resolves AQR association after intronic lariat formation (enabling identification of branch points with single-nucleotide resolution) and provides genome-wide validation for a branch point-based scanning model for 3 splice site recognition. Further, we show that eCLIP peak co-occurrences across RBPs enables the discovery of novel co-interacting RBPs. Finally, we present a protocol for visualization of RBP:RNA complexes in the eCLIP workflow using biotin and standard chemiluminescent visualization reagents, enabling simplified confirmation of ribonucleoprotein enrichment without radioactivity. This work illustrates the value of integrated analysis across eCLIP profiling of RBPs with widely distinct functions to reveal novel RNA biology. Further, our quantification of both mRNA and other element association will enable further research to identify novel roles of RBPs in regulating RNA processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelboin-Burkhart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararaman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of RNA processing from analysis of enhanced CLIP maps for 150 RNA binding proteins.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upon microbial challenge human neutrophils undergo rapid changes in nuclear architecture to orchestrate an immediate inflammatory gene program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiating neutrophils undergo large-scale changes in nuclear morphology. How such alterations in structure are established and modulated upon exposure to microbial agents is largely unknown. Here, we found that prior to encounter with bacteria, an armamentarium of inflammatory genes was positioned in a transcriptionally passive environment suppressing premature transcriptional activation. Upon microbial exposure, however, human neutrophils rapidly (<3 hours) repositioned the ensemble of pro-inflammatory genes towards the transcriptionally permissive compartment. We show that the repositioning of genes was closely associated with the swift recruitment of cohesin across the inflammatory enhancer landscape permitting an immediate transcriptional response upon bacterial exposure. These data reveal at the mechanistic level how upon microbial challenge human neutrophils undergo rapid changes in nuclear architecture to orchestrate an immediate inflammatory gene program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denholtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doehrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isoda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upon microbial challenge human neutrophils undergo rapid changes in nuclear architecture to orchestrate an immediate inflammatory gene program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Brain Imaging Studies Offer Clues about the Effects of the Shared Genetic Etiology among Neuropsychiatric Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenomewide association studies have found significant genetic correlations among many neuropsychiatric disorders. In contrast, we know much less about the degree to which structural brain alterations are similar among disorders and, if so, the degree to which such similarities have a genetic etiology.

MethodsFrom the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, we acquired standardized mean differences (SMDs) in regional brain volume and cortical thickness between cases and controls. We had data on 41 brain regions for: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), epilepsy, major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). These data had been derived from 24,360 patients and 37,425 controls.

ResultsThe SMDs were significantly correlated between SCZ and BD, OCD, MDD, and ASD. MDD was positively correlated with BD and OCD. BD was positively correlated with OCD and negatively correlated with ADHD. These pairwise correlations among disorders were correlated with the corresponding pairwise correlations among disorders derived from genomewide association studies (r = 0.49).

ConclusionsOur results show substantial similarities in sMRI phenotypes among neuropsychiatric disorders and suggest that these similarities are accounted for, in part, by corresponding similarities in common genetic variant architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radonjic, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisodiya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Brain Imaging Studies Offer Clues about the Effects of the Shared Genetic Etiology among Neuropsychiatric Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The γH2AX Peak in the S Phase After UV Irradiation Corresponds to the sites of DNA Replication and not DNA Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental mutagen. Exposure to UV leads to a sharp peak of γH2AX – the phosphorylated form of a histone variant H2AX – in the S phase within an asynchronous population of cells. γH2AX is often considered as a definitive marker of DNA damage inside a cell. In this report we show that γH2AX in the S phase cells after UV irradiation does not report on the extent of primary DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or on the extent of its secondary manifestations as DNA double strand breaks or in the inhibition of global transcription. Instead γH2AX in the S phase corresponds to the sites of active replication at the time of UV irradiation – despite which, the cells complete the replication of their genomes and arrest within the G2 phase. Moreover, cells in all the phases of the cell cycle develop similar levels of DNA damage. Our study suggests that it is not DNA damage but the response elicited, which peaks in the S phase upon UV damage.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhuppar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The γH2AX Peak in the S Phase After UV Irradiation Corresponds to the sites of DNA Replication and not DNA Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The polyvertex score (PVS): a whole-brain phenotypic prediction framework for neuroimaging studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional brain mapping approach has greatly advanced our understanding of the localized effect of the brain on behavior. However, the statistically significant brain regions identified by standard mass univariate models only explain minimal variance in behavior despite increased sample sizes and statistical power. This is potentially due to the generalizable explanatory signal in the brain being non-sparse, therefore not captured by the thresholded, localized model. Here we introduced the Bayesian polyvertex score (PVS-B), a whole-brain prediction framework that aggregates the effect sizes across all vertices to predict individual variability in behavior. The PVS-B estimates the posterior mean effect size at each vertex with mass univariate summary statistics and the correlation structure of the imaging phenotype, and weights the imaging phenotype of participants from an independent sample with these posterior mean effect sizes to estimate the generalizable effect of a brain-behavior association. Empirical data showed that the PVS-B was able to double the variance explained in general cognitive ability by an n-back fMRI contrast when compared to prediction models based on the mass univariate parameter estimates as well as models in which only vertices thresholded based on p-value were included. A fivefold improvement in variance explained by the PVS-B was observed using a stop signal task fMRI contrast to predict individual variability in the stop signal reaction time. We believe that the PVS-B can shed light on the multivariate investigation of brain-behavioral associations and will empower small scale neuroimaging studies with more reliable and accurate effect size estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The polyvertex score (PVS): a whole-brain phenotypic prediction framework for neuroimaging studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and clinical analyses of psychosis spectrum symptoms in a large multi-ethnic youth cohort reveal significant link with ADHD. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivePsychotic symptoms are an important feature of severe neuropsychiatric disorders, but are also common in the general population, especially in youth. The genetic etiology of psychosis symptoms in youth remains poorly understood. To characterize genetic risk for psychosis spectrum symptoms (PS), we leverage a community-based multi-ethnic sample of children and adolescents aged 8-22 years, the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (n = 7,225, 20% PS).nnMethodsUsing an elastic net regression model, we aim to classify PS status using polygenic scores (PGS) based on a range of heritable psychiatric and brain-related traits in a multi-PGS model. We also perform univariate PGS associations and evaluate age-specific effects.nnResultsThe multi-PGS analyses do not improve prediction of PS status over univariate models, but reveal that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) PGS is robustly and uniquely associated with PS (OR 1.12 (1.05, 1.18) P = 0.0003). This association is: i) driven by subjects of European ancestry (OR=1.23 (1.14, 1.34), P=4.15x10-7) but is not observed in African American subjects (P=0.65) and ii) independent of phenotypic overlap. We also find a significant interaction with age (P=0.01), with a stronger association in younger children. In an independent sample, we replicate an increased ADHD PGS in 328 youth at clinical high risk for psychosis, compared to 216 unaffected controls (OR 1.06, CI(1.01, 1.11), P= 0.02).nnConclusionsOur findings suggest that PS in youth may reflect a different genetic etiology than psychotic symptoms in adulthood, one more akin to ADHD, and shed light on how genetic risk can be investigated across early disease trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olde Loohuis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennigen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, A. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and clinical analyses of psychosis spectrum symptoms in a large multi-ethnic youth cohort reveal significant link with ADHD.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the association between cortical morphology and cognition in 10,145 children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study using the MOSTest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals undergo protracted changes in cortical morphology during childhood and adolescence, coinciding with cognitive development. Studies quantifying the association between brain structure and cognition do not always assess regional cortical morphology relative to global brain measures and typically rely on mass univariate statistics or ROI-based analyses. After controlling for global brain measures, it is possible to detect a residual regionalisation pattern indicating the size or thickness of different regions relative to the total cortical surface area or mean thickness. Individual variability in regionalisation may be important for understanding and predicting between subject variability in cognitive performance. Here we sought to determine whether the relative configuration of cortical architecture across the whole cortex was associated with cognition using a novel multivariate omnibus statistical test (MOSTest) in 10,145 children aged 9-10 years from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. MOSTest is better powered to detect associations that are widely distributed across the cortex compared to methods that assume sparse associations. We then quantified the magnitude of the association between vertex-wise cortical morphology and cognitive performance using a linear weighted sum across vertices, based on the estimated vertex-wise effect sizes. We show that the relative pattern of cortical architecture, after removing the effects of global brain measures, predicted unique variance associated with cognition across different imaging modalities and cognitive domains.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis paper demonstrates a significant advance in our understanding of the relationship between cortical morphology and individual variability in cognition. There is increasing evidence that brain-behaviour associations are distributed across the cortex. Using the unprecedented sample from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and a novel application of a multivariate statistical approach (MOSTest), we have discovered specific distributed regionalization patterns across the cortex associated with cognition across multiple cognitive domains. This furthers our understanding of the relationship between brain structure and cognition, namely that these associations are not sparse and localized as assumed with traditional neuroimaging analyses. This multivariate method is extremely versatile and can be used in several different applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the association between cortical morphology and cognition in 10,145 children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study using the MOSTest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The circadian clock and darkness control natural competence in cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural genetic competence-based transformation contributed to the evolution of prokaryotes, including the cyanobacterial phylum that established oxygenic photosynthesis. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is noted both as a model system for analyzing a prokaryotic circadian clock and for its facile, but poorly understood, natural competence. Here a genome-wide screen aimed at determining the genetic basis of competence in cyanobacteria identified all genes required for natural transformation in S. elongatus, including conserved Type IV pilus, competence-associated, and newly described genes, and revealed that the circadian clock controls the process. The findings uncover a daily program that determines the state of competence in S. elongatus and adapts to seasonal changes of day-length. Pilus biogenesis occurs daily in the morning, but competence is maximal upon the coincidence of circadian dusk and the onset of darkness. As in heterotrophic bacteria, where natural competence is conditionally regulated by nutritional or other stress, cyanobacterial competence is conditional and is tied to the daily cycle set by the cells most critical nutritional source, the Sun.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erikson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The circadian clock and darkness control natural competence in cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-terminal domain Increases Activation of Elephant Shark Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthologs of human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and human mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) first appear in cartilaginous fishes. Subsequently, the MR and GR diverged to respond to different steroids: the MR to aldosterone and the GR to cortisol and corticosterone. We report that cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone activate full-length elephant shark GR, and progesterone, which activates elephant shark MR, does not activate elephant shark GR. However, progesterone inhibits steroid binding to elephant shark GR, but not to human GR. Together, this indicates partial functional divergence of elephant shark GR from the MR. Deletion of the N-terminal domain (NTD) from elephant shark GR (truncated GR) reduced the response to corticosteroids, while truncated and full-length elephant shark MR had similar responses to corticosteroids. Swapping of NTDs of elephant shark GR and MR yielded an elephant shark MR chimera with full-length GR-like increased activation by corticosteroids and progesterone compared to full-length elephant shark MR. Elephant shark MR NTD fused to GR DBD+LBD had similar activation as full-length MR, indicating that the MR NTD lacked GR-like NTD activity. We propose that NTD activation of human GR evolved early in GR divergence from the MR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shariful, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urushitani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyodo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-terminal domain Increases Activation of Elephant Shark Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STRIPAK directs PP2A activity toward MAP4K4 to promote oncogenic transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/823096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations involving serine-threonine phosphatase PP2A subunits occur in a range of human cancers and partial loss of PP2A function contributes to cell transformation. Displacement of regulatory B subunits by the SV40 Small T antigen (ST) or mutation/deletion of PP2A subunits alters the abundance and types of PP2A complexes in cells, leading to transformation. Here we show that ST not only displaces common PP2A B subunits but also promotes A-C subunit interactions with alternative B subunits (B, striatins) that are components of the Striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex. We found that STRN4, a member of STRIPAK, is associated with ST and is required for ST-PP2A-induced cell transformation. ST recruitment of STRIPAK facilitates PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of MAP4K4 and induces cell transformation through the activation of the Hippo pathway effector YAP1. These observations identify an unanticipated role of MAP4K4 in transformation and show that the STRIPAK complex regulates PP2A specificity and activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schade, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelmant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeerna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjoerup, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/823096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STRIPAK directs PP2A activity toward MAP4K4 to promote oncogenic transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native Electrospray-based Metabolomics Enables the Detection of Metal-binding Compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metals are essential for the molecular machineries of life, and microbes have evolved a variety of small molecules to acquire, compete for, and utilize metals. Systematic methods for the discovery of metal-small molecule complexes from biological samples are limited. Here we describe a two-step native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method, in which double-barrel post-column metal-infusion and pH adjustment is combined with ion identity molecular networking, a rule-based informatics workflow. This method can be used to identify metal-binding compounds in complex samples based on defined mass (m/z) offsets of ion features with the same chromatographic profiles. As this native metal metabolomics approach can be easily implemented on any liquid chromatography-based mass spectrometry system, this method has the potential to become a key strategy for elucidating and understanding the role of metal-binding molecules in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antelo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saak, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malarney, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thines, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native Electrospray-based Metabolomics Enables the Detection of Metal-binding Compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the impact of contaminants on the accuracy of genome skimming and the effectiveness of exclusion read filters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to detect the identity of a sample obtained from its environment is a cornerstone of molecular ecological research. Thanks to the falling price of shotgun sequencing, genome skimming, the acquisition of short reads spread across the genome at low coverage, is emerging as an alternative to traditional barcoding. By obtaining far more data across the whole genome, skimming has the promise to increase the precision of sample identification beyond traditional barcoding while keeping the costs manageable. While methods for assembly-free sample identification based on genome skims are now available, little is known about how these methods react to the presence of DNA from organisms other than the target species. In this paper, we show that the accuracy of distances computed between a pair of genome skims based on k-mer similarity can degrade dramatically if the skims include contaminant reads; i.e., any reads originating from other organisms. We establish a theoretical model of the impact of contamination. We then suggest and evaluate a solution to the contamination problem: Query reads in a genome skim against an extensive database of possible contaminants (e.g., all microbial organisms) and filter out any read that matches. We evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy when implemented using Kraken-II, in detailed analyses. Our results show substantial improvements in accuracy as a result of filtering but also point to limitations, including a need for relatively close matches in the contaminant database.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachtman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the impact of contaminants on the accuracy of genome skimming and the effectiveness of exclusion read filters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving intrinsic ambiguities of the fMRI signal in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal is a standard tool in human neuroscience studies. However, the BOLD signal is physiologically complex, depending on the baseline state of the brain and the balance of changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism in response to a change in neural activity. Interpretation of the magnitude of the BOLD response is thus problematic; specifically, group differences of the BOLD response to a standard task or stimulus, or a change after administration of a drug, could be due to a change in the neural response, neurovascular coupling, or the baseline state. While changes in oxygen metabolism can serve as a biomarker of neural activity change, reflecting the energy cost of activity, oxygen metabolism cannot be estimated from BOLD measurements alone. Here we used the effects of caffeine as a test case to show that a suite of additional noninvasive measurements, requiring no manipulation of inhaled gases, makes it possible to untangle the underlying effects of caffeine on blood flow and oxygen metabolism. After caffeine administration, the BOLD response to a standard motor task was reduced, but oxygen metabolism was not reduced; rather, caffeine reduced the balance of blood flow relative to oxygen metabolism, both in the baseline state and in response to the task. The MRI methods used required only an additional 12 minutes of scanning, can be implemented on any MRI system, and painted a more complete picture of the physiological effects of caffeine. In addition to the assessment of drug effects in the human brain, these methods make it possible to resolve ambiguities of the BOLD signal in studies of development, aging, and disease. (Duplicated from first paragraph of manuscript)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxton, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving intrinsic ambiguities of the fMRI signal in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline and somatic genetic variants in the p53 pathway interact to affect cancer risk, progression and drug response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights into oncogenesis derived from cancer susceptibility loci could facilitate better cancer management and treatment through precision oncology. However, therapeutic applications have thus far been limited by our current lack of understanding regarding both their interactions with somatic cancer driver mutations and their influence on tumorigenesis. Here, by integrating germline datasets relating to cancer susceptibility with tumour data capturing somatically-acquired genetic variation, we provide evidence that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway can interact to influence cancer development, progression and treatment response. We go on to provide human genetic evidence of a tumor-promoting role for the pro-survival activities of p53, which supports the development of more effective therapy combinations through their inhibition in cancers retaining wild-type p53.

SignificanceWe describe significant interactions between heritable and somatic genetic variants in the p53 pathway that affect cancer susceptibility, progression and treatment response. Our results offer evidence of how cancer susceptibility SNPs can interact with cancer driver genes to affect cancer progression and identify novel therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen-Smith, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stracquadanio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahgal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nornes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Val, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surakhy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeron-Medina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveday, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grochola, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protheroe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagadala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagden, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maughan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/835918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline and somatic genetic variants in the p53 pathway interact to affect cancer risk, progression and drug response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-Increasing Neuronal Noise and Beta Power in the Developing Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence across species indicates that brain oscillations are superimposed upon an aperiodic 1/f - like power spectrum. Maturational changes in neuronal oscillations have not been assessed in tandem with this underlying aperiodic spectrum. The current study uncovers co-maturation of the aperiodic component alongside the periodic components (oscillations) in spontaneous magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. Beamformer-reconstructed MEG time-series allowed a direct comparison of power in the source domain between 24 children (8.0 {+/-} 2.5 years, 17 males) and 24 adults (40.6 {+/-} 17.4 years, 16 males). Our results suggest that the redistribution of oscillatory power from lower to higher frequencies that is observed in childhood does not hold once the age-related changes in the aperiodic signal are controlled for. When estimating both the periodic and aperiodic components, we found that power increases with age in the beta band only, and that the 1/f signal is flattened in adults compared to children. These results suggest a pattern of co-maturing beta oscillatory power with the aperiodic 1/f signal in typical childhood development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowman, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seymour, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillebrand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-Increasing Neuronal Noise and Beta Power in the Developing Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cervicovaginal microbiome composition drives metabolic profiles in healthy pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrobes and their metabolic products influence early-life immune and microbiome development, yet remain understudied during pregnancy. Vaginal microbial communities are typically dominated by one or a few well adapted microbes, which are able to survive in a narrow pH range. In comparison to other human-associated microbes, vaginal microbes are adapted to live on host-derived carbon sources, likely sourced from glycogen and mucin present in the vaginal environment.

MethodsUsing 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing, we characterized the cervicovaginal microbiomes of 18 healthy women throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing permitted refinement of the taxonomy established by amplicon sequencing, and identification of functional genes. Additionally, we analyzed saliva and urine metabolomes using GC-TOF and LC-MS/MS lipidomics approaches for samples from mothers and their infants through the first year of life.

ResultsAmplicon sequencing revealed most women had either a simple community with one highly abundant species of Lactobacillus or a more diverse community characterized by a high abundance of Gardnerella, as has also been previously described in several independent cohorts. Integrating GC-TOF and lipidomics data with amplicon sequencing, we found metabolites that distinctly associate with particular communities. For example, cervicovaginal microbial communities dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus also have high mannitol levels, which contradicts the basic characterization of L. crispatus as a homofermentative Lactobacillus species. It may be that fluctuations in which Lactobacillus dominate a particular vaginal microbiome are dictated by the availability of host sugars, such as fructose, which is the most likely substrate being converted to mannitol. Furthermore, indole-3-lactate (ILA) was also indicative of L. crispatus specifically. ILA has immunomodulatory properties through binding the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which may maintain the especially low diversity of L. crispatus dominated communities.

ConclusionsOverall, using a multi- omic approach, we begin to address the genetic and molecular means by which a particular vaginal microbiome becomes vulnerable to large changes in composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMere, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pride, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Raad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiny, J. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cervicovaginal microbiome composition drives metabolic profiles in healthy pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anthropomorphic left ventricular mesh phantom: a framework to investigate the accuracy of SQUEEZ using Coherent Point Drift for the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an anthropomorphically accurate left ventricular (LV) phantom derived from human CT data to serve as the ground truth for the optimization and the spatial resolution quantification of a CT-derived regional strain metric (SQUEEZ) for the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities. Displacements were applied to the mesh points of a clinically derived end-diastolic LV mesh to create analytical end-systolic poses with physiologically accurate endocardial strains. Normal function as well as regional dysfunction of four sizes (1, 2/3, 1/2, and 1/3 AHA (American Heart Association) segments as core diameter), each exhibiting hypokinesia (70% reduction in strain) and subtle hypokinesia (40% reduction in strain), were simulated. Regional shortening (RSCT) estimates were obtained by registering the end-diastolic mesh to each simulated end-systolic mesh condition using a non-rigid registration algorithm. Ground-truth models of normal function and of hypokinesia were used to identify the optimal parameters in the registration algorithm, and to measure the accuracy of detecting regional dysfunction of varying sizes and severities. For normal LV function, RSCT values in all 16 AHA segments were accurate to within {+/-}5%. For cases with regional dysfunction, the errors in RSCT around the dysfunctional region increased with decreasing size of dysfunctional tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manohar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvert, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluchter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contijoch, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVeigh, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anthropomorphic left ventricular mesh phantom: a framework to investigate the accuracy of SQUEEZ using Coherent Point Drift for the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive Coding Models for Pain Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain is a complex, multidimensional experience that involves dynamic interactions between sensory-discriminative and affective-emotional processes. Pain experiences have a high degree of variability depending on their context and prior anticipation. Viewing pain perception as a perceptual inference problem, we propose a predictive coding paradigm to characterize evoked and non-evoked pain. We record the local field potentials (LFPs) from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of freely behaving rats--two regions known to encode the sensory-discriminative and affective-emotional aspects of pain, respectively. We further use predictive coding to investigate the temporal coordination of oscillatory activity between the S1 and ACC. Specifically, we develop a phenomenological predictive coding model to describe the macroscopic dynamics of bottom-up and top-down activity. Supported by recent experimental data, we also develop a biophysical neural mass model to describe the mesoscopic neural dynamics in the S1 and ACC populations, in both naive and chronic pain-treated animals. Our proposed predictive coding models not only replicate important experimental findings, but also provide new prediction about the impact of the model parameters on the physiological or behavioral read-out--thereby yielding mechanistic insight into the uncertainty of expectation, placebo or nocebo effect, and chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemprecos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>byrne, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive Coding Models for Pain Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photon count histograms in small domains. Part I: General theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of fluctuations arising as fluorescent particles pass through a focused laser beam has enabled quantitative characterization of molecular kinetic processes. The mathematical frameworks of both fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis, which can measure these fluctuations, assume an infinite Gaussian beam, which prevents their application to particles within domains bounded at the nanoscale. We therefore derived general forms of FCS and PCH for bounded systems. The finite domain form of FCS differs from the classical form in its boundary and initial conditions and requires development of a new Fourier space solution for fitting data. Our finite-domain FCS predicts simulated data accurately and reduces to a previous model for the special case of molecules confined by two boundaries under Gaussian beams. Our approach enables estimation of the concentration of diffusing fluorophores within a finite domain for the first time. The method opens the possibility of quantification of kinetics in several systems for which this has never been possible, including in the one-dimensional lipid tubules discussed in Part 2 of this paper.

Statement of SignificanceMethods based on fluorescence measurements of molecular concentration fluctuations, including Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Photon Count Histogram analysis, are widely used to determine rates of diffusion, chemical reaction and sizes of molecular aggregates. Typically, the range over which the molecules can diffuse is large compared to the size of the focused laser beam that excites the fluorescence. This work extends these measurements to systems that are comparable in size to the excitation laser beam. This extends the application of these methods to very small samples such as the interior of bacterial cells or the diffusion of molecules along individual macromolecules such as DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnykov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photon count histograms in small domains. Part I: General theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic odor interactions in olfactory sensory neurons are widespread in freely breathing mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Odor landscapes contain complex blends of discrete molecules that each activate unique, overlapping populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Despite the presence of hundreds of OSN subtypes in many animals, the overlapping nature of odor inputs may lead to saturation of neural responses at the early stages of stimulus encoding. Information loss due to saturation could be mitigated by normalizing mechanisms such as antagonism at the level of receptor-ligand interactions, whose existence and prevalence remains uncertain. By imaging OSN axon terminals in olfactory bulb glomeruli as well as OSN cell bodies within the olfactory epithelium in freely breathing mice, we found widespread antagonistic interactions in binary odor mixtures. In complex mixtures of up to 12 odorants, antagonistic interactions became stronger and more prevalent with increasing mixture complexity. Therefore, antagonism is a remarkably common feature of odor mixture encoding in olfactory sensory neurons and helps in normalizing activity to reduce saturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergassola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic odor interactions in olfactory sensory neurons are widespread in freely breathing mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-specific regulatory features of brain development manifest staggering breadth of associations with physiological processes and pathological conditions of H. sapiens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/848762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in identification and characterization of human-specific regulatory DNA sequences set the stage for the assessment of their global impact on physiology and pathology of Modern Humans. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) of 8,405 genes linked with 35,074 human-specific neuro-regulatory single-nucleotide changes (hsSNCs) revealed a staggering breadth of significant associations with morphological structures, physiological processes, and pathological conditions of Modern Humans. Significantly enriched traits include more than 1,000 anatomically-distinct regions of the adult human brain, many different types of cells and tissues, more than 200 common human disorders and more than 1,000 records of rare diseases. Thousands of genes connected with neuro-regulatory hsSNCs have been identified, which represent essential genetic elements of the autosomal inheritance and offspring survival phenotypes. A total of 1,494 hsSNC- linked genes are associated with either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance and 2,273 hsSNC-linked genes have been associated with premature death, embryonic lethality, as well as pre-, peri-, neo-, and post-natal lethality phenotypes of both complete and incomplete penetrance. Differential GSEA implemented on hsSNC-linked loci and associated genes identify 7,990 genes linked to evolutionary distinct classes of human-specific regulatory sequences (HSRS), expression of a majority of which (5,389 genes; 67%) is regulated by stem cell-associated retroviral sequences (SCARS). Interrogations of the MGI database revealed readily available mouse models tailored for precise experimental definitions of functional effects of hsSNCs and SCARS on genes causally affecting thousands of mammalian phenotypes and implicated in hundreds of common and rare human disorders. These observations suggest that a preponderance of human-specific traits evolved under a combinatorial regulatory control of HSRS and neuro-regulatory loci harboring hsSNCs that are fixed in humans, distinct from other primates, and located in differentially-accessible chromatin regions during brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-specific regulatory features of brain development manifest staggering breadth of associations with physiological processes and pathological conditions of H. sapiens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Economic, social, and physiological resilience predict brain structure and cognitive performance in 9 - 10-year-old children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While children with economic disadvantage are at risk for poorer outcomes in cognitive and brain development, less understood is the contribution of other factors in the broader socioeconomic context that may more closely index the underlying mechanisms influencing risk and resilience. We examined brain structure and cognitive test performance in association with economic disadvantage and 22 measures in the broader socioeconomic context among n = 8,158 demographically diverse 9-10-year-old children from the ABCD Study. Total cortical surface area and total cognition scores increased as a function of income-to-needs, with the steepest differences most apparent among children below and near poverty relative to their wealthier peers. We found three latent factors encompassing distinct relationships among our proximal measures, including social, economic, and physiological well-being, each associated with brain structure and cognitive performance independently of economic advantage. Our findings will inform future studies of risk and resilience in developmental outcomes for children with economic disadvantage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uban, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowell, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/852988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Economic, social, and physiological resilience predict brain structure and cognitive performance in 9 - 10-year-old children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-2 A Resolution Structure Determination Using Single-Particle Cryo-EM at 200 keV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the advent of direct electron detectors (DEDs) and software developments have enabled the routine use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structure determination of well-behaved specimens to high-resolution, there nonetheless remains a discrepancy between the resolutions attained for biological specimens and the information limits of modern transmission electron microscopes (TEMs). Instruments operating at 300 kV equipped with DEDs are the current paradigm for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM, while 200 kV TEMs remain comparatively underutilized for purposes beyond sample screening. Here, we expand upon our prior work and demonstrate that one such 200 kV microscope, the Talos Arctica, equipped with a K2 DED is capable of determining structures of macromolecules to as high as [~]1.7 [A] resolution. At this resolution, ordered water molecules are readily assigned and holes in aromatic residues can be clearly distinguished in the reconstructions. This work emphasizes the utility of 200 keV for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM and applications such as structure-based drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzik, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-2 A Resolution Structure Determination Using Single-Particle Cryo-EM at 200 keV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic analyses of factors required for adhesion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to corn salad (Valerianella locusta) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen leading to gastroenteritis and is commonly acquired by consumption of contaminated food of animal origin. However, numbers of outbreaks linked to the consumption of fresh or minimally processed food of non-animal origin are increasing. New infection routes of S. enterica by vegetables, fruits, nuts and herbs have to be considered. This leads to special interest in S. enterica interactions with leafy products, e.g. salads, that are consumed unprocessed. The attachment of S. enterica to salad is a crucial step in contamination, but little is known about the bacterial factors required and mechanisms of adhesion. S. enterica possesses a complex set of adhesive structures whose functions are only partly understood. Potentially, S. enterica may deploy multiple adhesive strategies for adhering to various salad species, and other vegetables. Here, we systematically analyzed the contribution of the complete adhesiome, of LPS, and of flagella-mediated motility of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) in adhesion to corn salad. We deployed a reductionist, synthetic approach to identify factors involved in the surface binding of STM to leaves of corn salad with particular regard to the expression of all known adhesive structures using the Tet-on system. This work reveals the contribution of Saf fimbriae, type 1 secretion system-secreted BapA, an intact LPS, and flagella-mediated motility of STM in adhesion to corn salad leaves.

Importance

Human gastrointestinal pathogens are often transmitted by animal products, but recent outbreaks show increasing importance of vegetables as source of infection by pathogenic E. coli or Salmonella enterica. The mechanisms of binding of S. enterica to vegetables such as salad are only poorly understood. We established an experimental model system to systematically investigate the role of adhesive structures of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in binding to corn salad leaves. The contributions of all members of the complex adhesiome, flagella, and O-antigen were evaluated. We identified that Saf fimbriae, type 1 secretion system-secreted BapA, an intact LPS, and flagella-mediated motility contribute to adhesion of Salmonella to corn salad leaves. These results will enable future investigations on factors contributing to contamination of vegetables under agricultural conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hensel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elpers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzschmar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bäumler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic analyses of factors required for adhesion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to corn salad (Valerianella locusta)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Brain Network Topology Changes in Task Processes and Psychiatric Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTA central goal in neuroscience is to understand how dynamic networks of neural activity produce effective representations of the world. Advances in the theory of graph measures raise the possibility of elucidating network topologies central to the construction of these representations. We leverage a result from the description of lollipop graphs to identify an iconic network topology in functional magnetic resonance imaging data and characterize changes to those networks during task performance and in populations diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. During task performance, we find that task-relevant subnetworks change topology, becoming more integrated by increasing connectivity throughout cortex. Analysis of resting-state connectivity in clinical populations shows a similar pattern of subnetwork topology changes; resting-scans becoming less default-like with more integrated sensory paths. The study of brain network topologies and their relationship to cognitive models of information processing raises new opportunities for understanding brain function and its disorders.

AUTHOR SUMMARYOur mental lives are made up of a series of predictions about the world calculated by our brains. The calculations that produce these predictions are a result of how areas in our brain interact. Measures based on graph representations can make it clear what information can be combined and therefore help us better understand the computations the brain is performing. We make use of cutting-edge techniques that overcome a number of previous limitations to identify specific shapes in the functional brain network. These shapes are similar to hierarchical processing streams which play a fundamental role in cognitive neuroscience. The importance of these structures and the technique is highlighted by how they change under different task constraints and in individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rezaeinia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Brain Network Topology Changes in Task Processes and Psychiatric Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the polygenic architecture of the human cerebral cortex: Extensive genetic overlap between cortical thickness and surface area 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe thickness of the cerebral cortical sheet and its surface area are highly heritable traits thought to have largely distinct polygenic architectures. Despite large-scale efforts, the majority of their genetic determinants remains unknown. Our ability to identify causal genetic variants can be improved by employing better delineated, less noisy brain measures that better map onto the biology we seek to understand. Such measures may have fewer variants but with larger effects, i.e. lower polygenicity and higher discoverability.

MethodsUsing Gaussian mixture modeling, we estimated the number of causal variants shared between mean cortical thickness and total surface area. We further determined the polygenicity and discoverability of regional cortical measures from five often-employed parcellation schemes. We made use of UK Biobank data from 31,312 healthy White European individuals (mean age 55.5, standard deviation (SD) 7.4, 52.1% female).

ResultsContrary to previous reports, we found large genetic overlap between total surface area and mean thickness, sharing 4427 out of 7150 causal variants. Regional surface area was more discoverable (p=4.1x10-6) and less polygenic (p=.007) than regional thickness measures. We further found that genetically-informed and less granular parcellation schemes had highest discoverability, with no differences in polygenicity.

ConclusionsThese findings may serve as a roadmap for improved future GWAS studies; Knowledge of which measures or parcellations are most discoverable, as well as the genetic overlap between these measures, may be used to boost identification of genetic predictors and thereby gain a better understanding of brain morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monereo Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the polygenic architecture of the human cerebral cortex: Extensive genetic overlap between cortical thickness and surface area]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive Functions Mediate the Effect of Preterm Birth on Mathematics Skills in Young Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children born preterm are at risk for cognitive deficits and lower academic achievement. Notably, mathematics achievement is generally most affected. Here, we investigated the cognitive functions mediating early mathematics skills and how these are impacted by preterm birth. Healthy children born preterm (gestational age at birth < 33 weeks; n = 51) and children born full term (n = 27) were tested at ages 5, 6, and 7 years with a comprehensive battery of tests. We categorized items of the TEMA-3: Test for Early Mathematics Abilities Third Edition into number skills and arithmetic skills. Using multiple mediation models, we assessed how the effect of preterm birth on mathematics skills is mediated spatial working memory, inhibitory control, visual-motor integration, and phonological processing. Both number and arithmetic skills showed group differences, but with different developmental trajectories. The initial poorer performance observed in the preterm children decreased over time for number skills but increased for arithmetic skills. Phonological processing, visual-motor integration, and inhibitory control were poorer in children born preterm. These cognitive functions, particularly phonological processing, had a mediating effect on both types of mathematics skills. These findings help define and chart the trajectory of the specific cognitive skills directly influencing math deficit phenotypes in children born very preterm. This knowledge provides guidance for targeted evaluation and treatment implementation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adrian, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakeman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akshoomoff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haist, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive Functions Mediate the Effect of Preterm Birth on Mathematics Skills in Young Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SODA: Multi-locus species delimitation using quartet frequencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/869396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSpecies delimitation, the process of deciding how to group a set of organisms into units called species, is one of the most challenging problems in evolutionary computational biology. While many methods exist for species delimitation, most based on the coalescent theory, few are scalable to very large datasets and methods that scale tend to be not accurate. Species delimitation is closely related to species tree inference from discordant gene trees, a problem that has enjoyed rapid advances in recent years.

ResultsIn this paper, we build on the accuracy and scalability of recent quartet-based methods for species tree estimation and propose a new method called SODA for species delimitation. SODA relies heavily on a recently developed method for testing zero branch length in species trees. In extensive simulations, we show that SODA can easily scale to very large datasets while maintaining high accuracy.

AvailabilityThe code and data presented here are available on https://github.com/maryamrabiee/SODA

Contactsmirarab@ucsd.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabiee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/869396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SODA: Multi-locus species delimitation using quartet frequencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIV/Girdin and Exo70 Constitute the Core of the Mammalian Polarized Exocytic Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polarized exocytosis is a fundamental process by which membrane and cargo proteins are delivered to the plasma membrane with precise spatial control; it is essential for cell growth, morphogenesis, and migration. Although the need for the octameric exocyst complex is conserved from yeast to humans, what imparts spatial control is known only in yeast, i.e., a polarity scaffold without mammalian homolog, called Bem1p. We demonstrate that polarity scaffold GIV/Girdin fulfills the key criteria and functions of its yeast counterpart Bem1p. Both Bem1p and GIV bind yeast and mammalian Exo70 proteins via similar short-linear interaction motifs, but each preferentially binds its evolutionary counterpart. In cells where this GIV*Exo-70 interaction is selectively disrupted, delivery of the metalloprotease MT1-MMP to podosomes, collagen degradation and haptotaxis through basement membrane matrix were impaired. GIVs interacting partners reveal other components of polarized exocytosis in mammals. Findings not only expose how GIV "upgrades" the exocytic process in mammals, but also how the ability to regulate exocytosis shapes GIVs ability to fuel metastasis.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY Graphic Abstract: Schematic comparing the components of polarized exocytosis, i.e., the major polarity scaffold in yeast (Bem1p; left) and humans (Girdin; right) and the various cellular components and signaling mechanisms that are known to converge on them.

C_FIG_DISPLAY

The eTOC blurbPolarized exocytosis is a precision-controlled process that is enhanced in disease states, e.g., cancer invasion; what imparts polarity was unknown. Authors reveal how the process underwent an evolutionary upgrade from yeast to humans by pinpointing GIV/Girdin as the polarity scaffold which orchestrates the exocytosis of matrix metalloproteases during cell invasion.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGIV (human) and Bem1p (yeast) bind Exo70; are required for exocytosis
C_LIO_LIGIV binds and aids PM localization Exo70 via a conserved short linear motif
C_LIO_LIBinding facilitates MT1-MMP delivery to podosomes, ECM degradation, invasion
C_LIO_LIRegulatory control over polarized exocytosis is upgraded during evolution
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novick, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIV/Girdin and Exo70 Constitute the Core of the Mammalian Polarized Exocytic Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIV-Kindlin interaction is required for Kindlin-Mediated Integrin Recognition and Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells perceive and respond to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrin receptors; their dysregulation has been implicated in inflammation and cancer metastasis. Here we show that a guanine nucleotide exchange modulator of trimeric-GTPase Gi, GIV (a.k.a Girdin), directly binds the integrin adaptor Kindlin-2. A non-canonical short linear motif within GIVs C-terminus binds Kindlin-2-FERM3 domain at a site that is distinct from the binding site for the canonical NPxY motif on the -integrin tail. Binding of GIV to Kindlin-2 allosterically enhances Kindlin-2s affinity for {beta}1-integrin. Consequently, integrin activation and clustering are maximized, which augments cell adhesion, spreading and invasion. Findings elucidate how the GIV*Kindlin-2 complex has a two-fold impact: it allosterically synergizes integrin activation and enables {beta}1-integrins to indirectly access and modulate trimeric GTPases via the complex. Furthermore, Cox proportional-hazard models on tumor transcriptomics provide trans-scale evidence of synergistic interactions between GIV*Kindlin-2*{beta}1-integrin on time to progression to metastasis.

The eTOC blurbIntegrins mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix; their dysregulation fuels inflammation, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Authors show how two pro-metastatic scaffold proteins, Kindlin and GIV/Girdin bind and cooperatively enhance their allosteric coupling to integrins, and their subsequent activation. Findings reveal novel interfaces in integrin signaling for pharmacologic manipulation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGIV and Kindlin(K2), two integrin adaptors that promote metastasis, bind each other
C_LIO_LIBinding of GIV or integrin to K2 allosterically enhances GIV*K2*integrin complexes
C_LIO_LIBinding is required for the maximal recruitment of GIV and K2 to active integrins
C_LIO_LIBinding facilitates integrin clustering, activation, tumor cell adhesion, invasion.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalogriopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ablack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIV-Kindlin interaction is required for Kindlin-Mediated Integrin Recognition and Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent space visualization, characterization, and generation of diverse vocal communication signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals produce vocalizations that range in complexity from a single repeated call to hundreds of unique vocal elements patterned in sequences unfolding over hours. Characterizing complex vocalizations can require considerable effort and a deep intuition about each species vocal behavior. Even with a great deal of experience, human characterizations of animal communication can be affected by human perceptual biases. We present here a set of computational methods that center around projecting animal vocalizations into low dimensional latent representational spaces that are directly learned from data. We apply these methods to diverse datasets from over 20 species, including humans, bats, songbirds, mice, cetaceans, and nonhuman primates, enabling high-powered comparative analyses of unbiased acoustic features in the communicative repertoires across species. Latent projections uncover complex features of data in visually intuitive and quantifiable ways. We introduce methods for analyzing vocalizations as both discrete sequences and as continuous latent variables. Each method can be used to disentangle complex spectro-temporal structure and observe long-timescale organization in communication. Finally, we show how systematic sampling from latent representational spaces of vocalizations enables comprehensive investigations of perceptual and neural representations of complex and ecologically relevant acoustic feature spaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sainburg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent space visualization, characterization, and generation of diverse vocal communication signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The compact genome of Giardia muris reveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diplomonad parasites of the genus Giardia have adapted to colonizing different hosts, most notably the intestinal tract of mammals. The human-pathogenic Giardia species, Giardia intestinalis, has been extensively studied at the genome and gene expression level, but no such information is available for other Giardia species. Comparative data would be particularly valuable for Giardia muris, which colonizes mice and is commonly used as a prototypic in vivo model for investigating host responses to intestinal parasitic infection. Here we report the draft-genome of G. muris. We discovered a highly streamlined genome, amongst the most densely encoded ever described for a nuclear eukaryotic genome. G. muris and G. intestinalis share many known or predicted virulence factors, including cysteine proteases and a large repertoire of cysteine-rich surface proteins involved in antigenic variation. Different to G. intestinalis, G. muris maintains tandem arrays of pseudogenized surface antigens at the telomeres, whereas intact surface antigens are present centrally in the chromosomes. The two classes of surface antigens engage in genetic exchange. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the G. muris genome suggest significant metabolic differences to G. intestinalis. Additionally, G. muris encodes proteins that might be used to modulate the prokaryotic microbiota. The responsible genes have been introduced in the Giardia genus via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotic sources. Our findings point to important evolutionary steps in the Giardia genus as it adapted to different hosts and it provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic exploration of host-pathogen interaction in the G. muris - mouse pathosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einarsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astvaldsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peirasmaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svärd, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerlström-Hultqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The compact genome of Giardia muris reveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While population-level genomic sequence data have been gathered extensively for humans, similar data from our closest living relatives are just beginning to emerge. Examination of genomic variation within great apes offers many opportunities to increase our understanding of the forces that have differentially shaped the evolutionary history of hominid taxa. Here, we expand upon the work of the Great Ape Genome Project by analyzing medium to high coverage whole genome sequences from 14 western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 2 eastern lowland gorillas (G. beringei graueri), and a single Cross River individual (G. gorilla diehli). We infer that the ancestors of western and eastern lowland gorillas diverged from a common ancestor [~]261 thousand years ago (kya), and that the ancestors of the Cross River population diverged from the western lowland gorilla lineage [~]68 kya. Using a diffusion approximation approach to model the genome-wide site frequency spectrum, we infer a history of western lowland gorillas that includes an ancestral population expansion of [~]1.4-fold around [~]970 kya and a recent [~]5.6-fold contraction in population size [~]23 kya. The latter may correspond to a major reduction in African equatorial forests around the Last Glacial Maximum. We also analyze patterns of variation among western lowland gorillas to identify several genomic regions with strong signatures of recent selective sweeps. We find that processes related to taste, pancreatic and saliva secretion, sodium ion transmembrane transport, and cardiac muscle function are overrepresented in genomic regions predicted to have experienced recent positive selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimberly F. McManus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna L. Kelley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiya Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna Veeramah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August E. Woerner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie S. Stevison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver A. Ryder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Great Ape Genome Project</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey M. Kidd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey D. Wall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D. Bustamante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael F. Hammer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal X Chromosome Inactivation in Females with Major Psychiatric Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia are severe brain disorders. No biological hallmark has been identified for any of these disorders. Here, we report that abnormal X chromosome inactivation (XCI) often presents in lymphoblastoid cells of female patients with different major psychiatric disorders in the general population. X chromosome inactivation is well preserved in human lymphoblastoid cells. XIST, KDM5C, and other X-linked genes are over-expressed in the lymphoblastoid cells of female patients, suggesting an abnormal XCI. Trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3) is significantly increased at both XIST and KDM5C gene loci. We found that XIST and KDM5C expression can be used as a potential diagnostic hallmark for major psychiatric disorders in a large sub-population of female patients. Preliminary studies also suggest an increased XIST expression in postmortem brains from female patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. An increased gene dosage from some X-linked genes may contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders, as functional disomy of partial X chromosome have been suggested to cause mental retardation and other developmental abnormalities. Additionally, patients with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) or Triple X syndrome (XXX) frequently display psychiatric disorders due to an extra X chromosome. Mutation of the KDM5C gene was reported to cause X-linked syndromic mental retardation. Our studies suggest that abnormal X chromosome inactivation could play a causal role in development of major psychiatric disorders in females. Correction of abnormal X chromosome inactivation may prevent and/or cure major psychiatric disorders in a sub-population of female patients in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baohu Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerin K Higa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Kelsoe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xianjin Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal X Chromosome Inactivation in Females with Major Psychiatric Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the scope and limitations of baker’s yeast as a model organism for studying human tissue-specific pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, has been used extensively as a model organism for studying cellular processes in evolutionarily distant species, including humans. However, different human tissues, while inheriting a similar genetic code, exhibit distinct anatomical and physiological properties. Specific biochemical processes and associated biomolecules that differentiate various tissues are not completely understood, neither is the extent to which a unicellular organism, such as yeast, can be used to model these processes within each tissue.nnWe propose a novel computational and statistical framework to systematically quantify the suitability of yeast as a model organism for different human tissues. We develop a computational method for dissecting the human interactome into tissue-specific cellular networks. Using these networks, we simultaneously partition the functional space of human genes, and their corresponding pathways, based on their conservation both across species and among different tissues. We study these subspaces in detail, and relate them to the overall similarity of each tissue with yeast.nnMany complex disorders are driven by a coupling of housekeeping (universally expressed in all tissues) and tissue-selective (expressed only in specific tissues) dysregulated pathways. We show that human-specific subsets of tissue-selective genes are significantly associated with the onset and development of a number of pathologies. Consequently, they provide excellent candidates as drug targets for therapeutic interventions. We also present a novel tool that can be used to assess the suitability of the yeast model for studying tissue-specific physiology and pathophysiology in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahin Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharak Saberidokht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar Subramaniam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananth Grama</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the scope and limitations of baker’s yeast as a model organism for studying human tissue-specific pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of an Arabidopsis Aminotransferase that Facilitates Tryptophan and Auxin Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IAA plays a critical role in regulating numerous aspects of plant growth and development. While there is much genetic support for tryptophan-dependent (Trp-D) IAA synthesis pathways, there is little genetic evidence for tryptophan-independent (Trp-I) IAA synthesis pathways. Using Arabidopsis, we identified two mutant alleles of ISS1 (Indole Severe Sensitive) that display indole-dependent IAA overproduction phenotypes including leaf epinasty and adventitious rooting. Stable isotope labeling showed that iss1, but not WT, uses primarily Trp-I IAA synthesis when grown on indolesupplemented medium. In contrast, both iss1 and WT use primarily Trp-D IAA synthesis when grown on unsupplemented medium. iss1 seedlings produce 8-fold higher levels of IAA when grown on indole and surprisingly have a 174-fold increase in Trp. These findings indicate that the iss1 mutants increase in Trp-I IAA synthesis is due to a loss of Trp catabolism. ISS1 was identified as At1g80360, a predicted aromatic aminotransferase, and in vitro and in vivo analysis confirmed this activity. At1g80360 was previously shown to primarily carry out the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid to Trp as an IAA homeostatic mechanism in young seedlings. Our results suggest that in addition to this activity, in more mature plants ISS1 has a role in Trp catabolism and possibly in the metabolism of other aromatic amino acids. We postulate that this loss of Trp catabolism impacts the use of Trp-D and/or Trp-I IAA synthesis pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael Pieck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youxi Yuan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Godfrey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Fisher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanda Zolj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connie Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Normanly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Celenza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of an Arabidopsis Aminotransferase that Facilitates Tryptophan and Auxin Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of Sp4 in forebrain GABAergic neurons rescues hypersensitivity to ketamine in Sp4 hypomorphic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/015677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketamine produces schizophrenia-like behavioral phenotypes in healthy people. Prolonged ketamine effects and exacerbation of symptoms were observed in schizophrenia patients after administration of ketamine. More recently, ketamine has been used as a potent antidepressant to treat patients with major depression. The genes and neurons that regulate behavioral responses to ketamine, however, remain poorly understood. Our previous studies found that Sp4 hypomorphic mice displayed several behavioral phenotypes relevant to psychiatric disorders, consistent with human SP4 gene associations with schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depression. Among those behavioral phenotypes, hypersensitivity to ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion has been observed in Sp4 hypomorphic mice. Here, we report differential genetic restoration of Sp4 expression in forebrain excitatory neurons or GABAergic neurons in Sp4 hypomorphic mice and the effects of these restorations on different behavioral phenotypes. Restoration of Sp4 in forebrain excitatory neurons did not rescue deficient sensorimotor gating, fear learning, or ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion. Restoration of Sp4 in forebrain GABAergic neurons, however, rescued ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, but did not rescue deficient sensorimotor gating or fear learning. Our studies suggest that the Sp4 gene in forebrain GABAergic neurons plays an essential role in regulating some behavioral responses to ketamine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerin K Higa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baohu Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalah R Buell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough B Victoria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan B Powell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jared W Young</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark A Geyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xianjin Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of Sp4 in forebrain GABAergic neurons rescues hypersensitivity to ketamine in Sp4 hypomorphic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans ephrin EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously with heparan sulfate proteoglycans to promote axon outgrowth and branching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Eph receptors and their cognate ephrin ligands play key roles in many aspects of nervous system development. These interactions typically occur within an individual tissue type, serving either to guide axons to their terminal targets or to define boundaries between the rhombomeres of the hindbrain. We have identified a novel role for the Caenorhabditis elegans ephrin EFN-4 in promoting primary neurite outgrowth in AIY interneurons and D-class motor neurons. Rescue experiments reveal that EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the epidermis to promote primary neurite outgrowth. We also find that EFN-4 plays a role in promoting ectopic axon branching in a C. elegans model of X-linked Kallmann syndrome. In this context, EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the body wall muscle, and in parallel with HS biosynthesis genes and HSPG core proteins, which function cell autonomously in the AIY neurons. This is the first report of an epidermal ephrin providing a developmental cue to the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alicia A Schwieterman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyse N Steves</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivian Yee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cory J Donelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron Pital</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor Voyles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin M Howard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle E Ereddia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsie S Effrein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan L McMurry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian D Ackley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew D Chisholm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin L Hudson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans ephrin EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously with heparan sulfate proteoglycans to promote axon outgrowth and branching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing transcriptional heterogeneity through pathway and gene set overdispersion analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome measurements are being applied at rapidly increasing scales to study cellular repertoires underpinning functions of complex tissues and organs, including mammalian brains. The transcriptional state of each cell, however, reflects a variety of biological factors, including persistent cell-type specific regulatory configurations, transient processes such as cell cycle, local metabolic demands, and extracellular signals. Depending on the biological setting, all such aspects of transcriptional heterogeneity can be of potential interest, but detecting complex heterogeneity structure from inherently uncertain single-cell data presents analytical challenges. We developed PAGODA to resolve multiple, potentially overlapping aspects of transcriptional heterogeneity by identifying known pathways or novel gene sets that show significant excess of coordinated variability among the measured cells. We demonstrate that PAGODA effectively recovers the subpopulations and their corresponding functional characteristics in a variety of single-cell samples, and use it to characterize transcriptional diversity of neuronal progenitors in the developing mouse cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeraj Salathia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gwen Kaeser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun Yung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph L Herman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiona Kaper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian-Bing Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerold Chun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Kharchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing transcriptional heterogeneity through pathway and gene set overdispersion analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balanced Oscillatory Coupling Improves Information Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All animals are able to rapidly change their behavior. The neural basis of such flexibility requires that groups of distant neural ensembles rapidly alter communications with selectivity and fidelity. Low frequency oscillations are a strong candidate for how neurons coordinate communication via the dynamic instantiation of functional networks. These dynamic networks are argued to rapidly guide the flow of information, with the presumption that stronger oscillations more strongly influence information flow. Surprisingly, there is scant evidence or theoretical support for how oscillatory activity might enhance information flow. Here we introduce a novel computational model for oscillatory neural communication and show that, rather than the strength of the oscillation, it is the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity that has the largest effect on information flow. When coupling between an oscillation and spiking has balanced excitatory-inhibitory inputs, information flow is enhanced via improved discriminability between signal and noise. In contrast, when coupling is unbalanced, driven either by excessive excitation or inhibition, information flow is obstructed, regardless of the strength of the oscillation. A multitude of neuropathologies, including Parkinsons disease, schizophrenia, and autism, are associated with oscillatory disruptions and excitation-inhibition imbalances. Our results show that understanding the distinction between balanced and unbalanced oscillatory coupling offers a unifying mechanistic framework for understanding effective neural communication and its disruption in neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erik J Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley Voytek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balanced Oscillatory Coupling Improves Information Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resources for the comprehensive discovery of functional RNA elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide maps of RNA binding protein (RBP)-RNA interactions by immunoprecipitation (IP)-based methods such as RNA IP (RIP) and crosslinking and IP (CLIP) are key starting points for evaluating the molecular roles of the thousands of human RBPs. A significant bottleneck to the application of these methods in diverse cell-lines, tissues and developmental stages, is the availability of validated IP-quality antibodies. Using IP followed by immunoblot assays, we have developed a validated repository of 438 commercially available antibodies that interrogate 365 unique RBPs. In parallel, 362 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs against 276 unique RBPs were also used to confirm specificity of these antibodies. These antibodies can characterize subcellular RBP localization. With the burgeoning interest in the roles of RBPs in cancer, neurobiology and development, these resources are invaluable to the broad scientific community. Detailed information about these resources is publicly available at the ENCODE portal (https://www.encodeproject.org/).nnHighlightsO_LIAntibodies against 365 unique RBPs successfully immunoprecipitate the RBPsnC_LIO_LIShort-hairpin RNAs against 276 unique RBPs confirm the specificity of RBP antibodiesnC_LIO_LIAntibodies characterize subcellular localization of RBPsnC_LIO_LIAntibody and hairpin RNA information are provided at https://www.encodeproject.org/nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balaji Sundararaman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lijun Zhan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven Blue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Stanton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keri Elkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Olson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xintao Wei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric L Van Nostrand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie C Huelga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan M Smalec</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaofeng Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eurie L Hong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean M Davidson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Lecuyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton R Graveley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gene W Yeo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resources for the comprehensive discovery of functional RNA elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Effect Sizes and Expected Replication Probabilities from GWAS Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/032474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) result in millions of summary statistics ("z-scores") for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with phenotypes. These rich datasets afford deep insights into the nature and extent of genetic contributions to complex phenotypes such as psychiatric disorders, which are understood to have substantial genetic components that arise from very large numbers of SNPs. The complexity of the datasets, however, poses a significant challenge to maximizing their utility. This is reflected in a need for better understanding the landscape of z-scores, as such knowledge would enhance causal SNP and gene discovery, help elucidate mechanistic pathways, and inform future study design. Here we present a parsimonious methodology for modeling effect sizes and replication probabilities that does not require raw genotype data, relying only on summary statistics from GWAS substudies, and a scheme allowing for direct empirical validation. We show that modeling z-scores as a mixture of Gaussians is conceptually appropriate, in particular taking into account ubiquitous non-null effects that are likely in the datasets due to weak linkage disequilibrium with causal SNPs. The four-parameter model allows for estimating the degree of polygenicity of the phenotype - the proportion of SNPs (after uniform pruning, so that large LD blocks are not over-represented) likely to be in strong LD with causal/mechanistically associated SNPs - and predicting the proportion of chip heritability explainable by genome-wide significant SNPs in future studies with larger sample sizes. We apply the model to recent GWAS of schizophrenia (N=82,315) and additionally, for purposes of illustration, putamen volume (N=12,596), with approximately 9.3 million SNP z-scores in both cases. We show that, over a broad range of z-scores and sample sizes, the model accurately predicts expectation estimates of true effect sizes and replication probabilities in multistage GWAS designs. We estimate the degree to which effect sizes are over-estimated when based on linear-regression association coefficients. We estimate the polygenicity of schizophrenia to be 0.037 and the putamen to be 0.001, while the respective sample sizes required to approach fully explaining the chip heritability are 106 and 105. The model can be extended to incorporate prior knowledge such as pleiotropy and SNP annotation. The current findings suggest that the model is applicable to a broad array of complex phenotypes and will enhance understanding of their genetic architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominic Holland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunpeng Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley K Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Schork</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi-Hua Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min-Tzu Lo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aree Witoelar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Werge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael O'Donovan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ole A Andreassen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Dale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/032474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Effect Sizes and Expected Replication Probabilities from GWAS Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on early endosomes using the novel linker protein PxdA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells use microtubule-based intracellular transport for the delivery of many subcellular cargos, including organelles. The canonical view of organelle transport is that organelles directly recruit molecular motors via cargo-specific adaptors. In contrast to this view, we show here that peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on early endosomes, an organelle that directly recruits the transport machinery. Using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans we find that hitchhiking is mediated by a novel endosome-associated linker protein, PxdA. PxdA is required for normal distribution and long-range movement of peroxisomes, but not early endosomes or nuclei. Using simultaneous time-lapse imaging we find that early endosome-associated PxdA localizes to the leading edge of moving peroxisomes. We identify a coiled-coil region within PxdA that is necessary and sufficient for early endosome localization and peroxisome distribution and motility. These results present a new mechanism of microtubule-based organelle transport where peroxisomes hitchhike on early endosomes and identify PxdA as the novel linker protein required for this coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John Salogiannis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin J. Egan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samara L. Reck-Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on early endosomes using the novel linker protein PxdA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Arabidopsis Auxin F-box proteins AFB4 and AFB5 are Required for Response to the Synthetic Auxin Picloram 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plant hormone auxin is perceived by a family of F-box proteins called the TIR1/AFBs. Phylogenetic studies reveal that these proteins fall into four clades in flowering plants called TIR1, AFB2, AFB4, and AFB6 (Parry et al. 2009). Genetic studies indicate that members of the TIR1 and AFB2 groups act as positive regulators of auxin signaling by promoting the degradation of the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors (Dharmasiri et al. 2005; Parry et al. 2009). In this report, we demonstrate that both AFB4 and AFB5 also function as auxin receptors based on in vitro assays. We also provide genetic evidence that both AFB4 and AFB5 are targets of the picloram family of auxinic herbicides. In contrast to previous studies we find that null afb4 alleles do not exhibit obvious defects in seedling morphology or auxin hypersensitivity. We conclude that AFB4 and AFB5 act in a similar fashion to other members of the family but exhibit a distinct auxin specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael J Prigge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen Greenham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron Santner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristina Castillejo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronan C O'Malley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph R Ecker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Estelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Arabidopsis Auxin F-box proteins AFB4 and AFB5 are Required for Response to the Synthetic Auxin Picloram]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of cooperation between DNA binding proteins in 3D space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperation between DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) such as transcription factors and chromatin remodeling enzymes plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression and other biological processes. Such cooperation is often via interaction between DBPs that bind to loci located distal in the linear genome but close in the 3D space, referred as trans-cooperation. Due to the lack of 3D chromosomal structure, identification of DBP cooperation has been limited to those binding to neighbor regions in the linear genome, referred as cis-cooperation. Here we present the first study that integrates protein ChIP-seq and Hi-C data to systematically identify both cis- and trans-cooperation between DBPs. We developed a new network model that allows identification of cooperation between multiple DBPs and reveals cell type specific or independent regulations. Particularly interesting, we have retrieved many known and previously unknown trans-cooperation between DBPs in the chromosomal loops that may be a key factor for influencing 3D chromosomal structure. The software is available at http://wanglab.ucsd.edu/star/DBPnet/index.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kai Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of cooperation between DNA binding proteins in 3D space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Expression Signatures of Sporadic ALS Motor Neuron Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting motor neurons (MNs) to cause progressive paralysis. Ninety percent of cases are sporadic (sALS) and ten percent are familial (fALS). The molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration remain elusive and there is a lack of promising biomarkers that define ALS phenotypes and progression. To date, most expression studies have focused on either complex whole tissues that contain cells other than MNs or induced pluripotent derived MNs (iMNs). Furthermore, as human tissue samples have high variability, estimation of differential gene-expression is not a trivial task.nnResultsHere, we report a battery of orthogonal computational analyses to discover geneexpression defects in laser capture microdissected and enriched MN RNA pools from sALS patient spinal cords in regions destined for but not yet advanced in neurodegenerative stage. We used total RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), applied multiple percentile rank (MPR) analysis to analyze MN-specific gene-expression signatures, and used high-throughput qPCR to validate RNA-seq results. Furthermore, we used a systems-level approach that identified molecular networks perturbed in sALS MNs. Weighted gene co-expression correlation network (WGCNA) analysis revealed defects in neurotransmitter biosynthesis and RNA-processing pathways while gene-gene interaction analysis showed abnormalities in networks that pertained to cell-adhesion, immune response and wound healing.nnConclusionsWe discover gene-expression signatures that distinguish sALS from control MNs and our findings illuminate possible mechanisms of cellular toxicity. Our systematic and comprehensive analysis serves as a framework to reveal expression signatures and disrupted pathways that will be useful for future mechanistic studies and biomarker based therapeutic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan Batra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasey Hutt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony Vu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart J Rabin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael W Baughn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan T Libby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawn Hoon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Ravits</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gene W Yeo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Expression Signatures of Sporadic ALS Motor Neuron Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rigidity of silicone substrates controls cell spreading and stem cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple functions of cells cultured on flat substrates have been shown to depend on the elastic modulus of the substrate, E, with the dependence being strongest in a physiological range of soft tissues, corresponding to E from 0.1 to 100 kPa. Among those functions are stem cell differentiation, cell spreading, and cell signaling [1]. In the context of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), substrates with E in the ranges of <4 kPa, 8-17 kPa, and >25 kPa, have been classified as soft (adipogenic) [2,3], medium rigidity (myogenic)1, and hard (osteogenic) [1], respectively. In most studies, the soft substrates are hydrogels, and variations in their elastic moduli are usually accompanied by variations in the dry mass and porosity. The paradigm of the effect of substrate rigidity on the cellular functions has been challenged by Trappmann et al. [4], who claimed that cell spreading and differentiation on hydrogel substrates depend not on the elastic moduli of the substrates, but rather on their porosity, which affects the density of adhesion points between the substrate surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM) coating on it. This claim has been rebutted by Wen at al. [3], who have used hydrogel substrates with different porosities but identical elastic moduli to show that it is the elastic modulus rather than the porosity that is key to the effect of the substrate on cell spreading and differentiation. Both publications agree, however, that there is no appreciable effect of the substrate rigidity on either cell spreading or differentiation, if the substrate is made of a silicone gel rather than a hydrogel. This conclusion appears to contradict the findings of several other groups, who reported that when cells are plated on an array of flexible silicone microposts, their spreading and differentiation depend on the rigidity of the substrate [5], and that when cell are plated on silicone gels, their differentiation depends on the gel rigidity [6]. To resolve this contradiction, we used soft, medium, and hard silicone gel substrates with elastic moduli of 0.5, 16, and 64 kPa, respectively, (Fig.1) to perform experiments similar to those reported in Refs.4 and 3, testing the dependence of differentiation and spreading of MSCs and of spreading of fibroblasts and keratinocytes on the substrate rigidity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grigory Vertelov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar Gutierrez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin-Ae Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward Ronan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Groisman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugene Tkachenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rigidity of silicone substrates controls cell spreading and stem cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of Transposon-mediated Activation of the glpFK Operon of Escherichia coli by two DNA binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/046649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli cells deleted for the cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (Crp) gene ({Delta}crp) cannot utilize glycerol because cAMP-Crp is a required positive activator of glycerol utilization operon glpFK. We have previously shown that a transposon, Insertion Sequence 5 (IS5), can reversibly insert into the upstream regulatory region of the operon so as to activate glpFK and enable glycerol utilization. GlpR, which represses glpFK transcription, binds to the glpFK upstream region near the site of IS5 insertion, and prevents insertion. We here show that the cAMP-Crp complex, which also binds to the glpFK upstream regulatory region, also inhibits IS5 hopping into the activating site. This finding allowed us to identify conditions under which wild type cells can acquire glpFK-activating IS5 insertions. Maximal rates of IS5 insertion into the activating site require the presence of glycerol as well as a non-metabolizable sugar analogue that lowers cytoplasmic cAMP concentrations. Under these conditions, IS5 insertional mutants accumulate and outcompete the wild type cells. Because of the widespread distribution of glucose analogues in nature, this mechanism of gene activation could have evolved by natural selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhongge Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milton H. Saier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/046649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of Transposon-mediated Activation of the glpFK Operon of Escherichia coli by two DNA binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Natural Microsporidian Pathogen with a Broad Tissue Tropism in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial pathogens often establish infection within particular niches of their host for replication. Determining how infection occurs preferentially in specific host tissues is a key aspect of understanding host-microbe interactions. Here, we describe the discovery of a natural microsporidian parasite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that has a unique tissue tropism compared to other parasites of C. elegans. We characterize the life cycle of this new species, Nematocida displodere, including pathogen entry, intracellular replication, and exit. N. displodere can invade multiple host tissues, including the epidermis, muscle, neurons, and intestine of C. elegans. Despite robust invasion of the intestine very little replication occurs there, with the majority of replication occurring in the muscle and epidermis. This feature distinguishes N. displodere from two closely related microsporidian pathogens, N. parisii and N. sp. 1, which exclusively invade and replicate in the intestine. Comparison of the N. displodere genome with N. parisii and N. sp. 1 reveals that N. displodere is the earliest diverging species of the Nematocida genus and devotes over 10% of its genome to a single species-specific gene family that may be mediating host interactions upon infection. Altogether, this system provides a convenient whole-animal model to investigate factors responsible for pathogen growth in different tissue niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert J Luallen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron W Reinke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linda Tong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R Botts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Anne Felix</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily R Troemel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Natural Microsporidian Pathogen with a Broad Tissue Tropism in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune DNA signature of T-cell infiltration in breast tumor exomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been associated with favorable prognosis in multiple tumor types. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) represents the largest collection of cancer molecular data, but lacks detailed information about the immune environment. Here, we show that exome reads mapping to the complementarity-determining-region 3 (CDR3) of mature T-cell receptor beta (TCRB) can be used as an immune DNA (iDNA) signature. Specifically, we propose a method to identify CDR3 reads in a breast tumor exome and validate it using deep TCRB sequencing. In 1,078 TCGA breast cancer exomes, the fraction of CDR3 reads was associated with TILs fraction, tumor purity, adaptive immunity gene expression signatures and improved survival in Her2+ patients. Only 2/839 TCRB clonotypes were shared between patients and none associated with a specific HLA allele or somatic driver mutations. The iDNA biomarker enriches the comprehensive dataset collected through TCGA, revealing associations with other molecular features and clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric Levy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachel Marty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentina Garate-Calderon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Woo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Dow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricardo Armisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah Carter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier Harismendy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune DNA signature of T-cell infiltration in breast tumor exomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca2+ responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit sensory potentiation and establish involvement of plastidial KEA transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractPlants experience hyperosmotic stress when faced with saline soils and possibly drought stress, but it is currently unclear how plants perceive this stress in an environment of dynamic water availabilities. Hyperosmotic stress induces a rapid rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in plants, and this Ca2+ response may reflect the activities of osmo-sensory components. Here, we find in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana that the rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca2+ response exhibited enhanced response magnitudes after pre-exposure to an intermediate hyperosmotic stress. We term this phenomenon "osmo-sensory potentiation". The initial sensing and potentiation occurred in intact plants as well as in roots. Having established a quantitative understanding of WT responses, we investigated effects of pharmacological inhibitors and candidate channel/transporter mutants. Quintuple MSL channel mutants as well as double MCA channel mutants did not affect the response. However interestingly, double mutations in the plastid KEA transporters, kea1kea2, and a single mutation that does not visibly affect chloroplast structure, kea3, impaired the rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca2+ responses. These mutations did not significantly affect sensory potentiation of the response. These findings suggest that plastids may play an important role in the early steps mediating the response to hyperosmotic stimuli. Together, these findings demonstrate that the plant osmosensory components necessary to generate rapid osmotic-induced Ca2+ responses remains responsive under varying osmolarities, endowing plants with the ability to perceive the dynamic intensities of water limitation imposed by osmotic stress.nnSignificance StatementThe sensitivity ranges of biological sensors determine when- and to what extent responses to environmental stimuli are activated. Plants may perceive water limitation imposed by soil salinity or drought in the form of osmotic stress, among other mechanisms. Rapid osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ responses provide the opportunity to quantitatively characterize the responses to osmotic stress under environmental and genetic perturbations. This report describes a phenomenon whereby prior exposure to osmotic stress increases the sensitivity of the rapid responses to subsequent stress. Further, mutations in specific plastidial transporters were found to reduce the stress response. These findings inform the reader of new avenues for understanding osmotic stress responses in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aaron Benjamin Stephan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans-Henning Kunz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian I. Schroeder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca2+ responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit sensory potentiation and establish involvement of plastidial KEA transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient spine enlargement (3-5 min timescale) is an important event associated with the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Many of the molecular mechanisms associated with transient spine en{-}largement have been identified experimentally. Here, we use a systems biology approach to construct a mathematical model of biochemical signaling and actin-mediated transient spine expansion in response to calcium-influx due to NMDA receptor activation. We have identified that a key feature of this signaling network is the paradoxical signaling loop. Paradoxical components act bifunctionally in signaling net{-}works and their role is to control both the activation and inhibition of a desired response function (protein activity or spine volume). Using ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based modeling, we show that the dynamics of different regulators of transient spine expansion including CaMKII, RhoA, and Cdc42 and the spine volume can be described using paradoxical signaling loops. Our model is able to capture the experimentally observed dynamics of transient spine volume. Furthermore, we show that actin remod{-}eling events provide a robustness to spine volume dynamics. We also generate experimentally testable predictions about the role of different components and parameters of the network on spine dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael G. Levy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid M. Khan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Oster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shear-induced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a biochemical model of the wall shear stress (WSS)-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in an endothelial cell (EC). The model includes three key mechanotransducers: mechanosensing ion channels, integrins and G-protein-coupled receptors. The reaction cascade consists of two interconnected parts. The first is rapid activation of calcium, which results in formation of calcium-calmodulin complexes, followed by recruitment of eNOS from caveolae. The second is phosphoryaltion of eNOS by protein kinases PKC and AKT. The model also includes a negative feedback loop due to inhibition of calcium influx into the cell by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In this feedback, increased nitric oxide (NO) levels cause an increase in cGMP levels, so that cGMP inhibition of calcium influx can limit NO production. The model was used to predict the dynamics of NO production by an EC subjected to a step increase of WSS from zero to a finite physiologically relevant value. Among several experimentally observed features, the model predicts a highly nonlinear, bipha-sic transient behavior of eNOS activation and NO production: a rapid initial activation due to the very rapid influx of calcium into the cytosol (occurring within 1 to 5 minutes) is followed by a sustained period of activation due to protein kinases.nnAcronymsAKT, protein kinase B; [Ca2+]c, [Ca2+]s, [Ca2+]e and [Ca2+]b, cytosolic, stored, external and buffer concentrations of calcium ions, respectively; Ca3-CaM and Ca4-CaM, calcium-calmodulin complexes with 3 and 4 calcium ions bound to CaM, respectively; CaM, calmodulin; CCE, capacitative calcium entry; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; EC, endothelial cell; ECM, extracellular matrix; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; eNOScav, eNOS bound to caveolin; eNOS*, eNOS-CaM complex phosphorylated at Ser-1197; eNOS0, caveolin-bound eNOS phosphorylated at Thr-495; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; G, active G proteins; Gt, total G proteins; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptors; Hsp90, heat shock protein 90; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; IP3, inositol triphosphate; L-Arg, L-form of arginine; MSIC, mechanosensing ion channel; NO, nitric oxide; O2, oxygen; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phos-phatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate; PI3K, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases; PKC, protein kinase C; RBC, red blood cell; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; WSS, wall shear stress
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna Sriram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin G. Laughlin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel M. Tartakovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shear-induced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of human adaptation during the past 2,000 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of recent natural selection is a challenging problem in population genetics, as standard methods generally integrate over long timescales. Here we introduce the Singleton Density Score (SDS), a powerful measure to infer very recent changes in allele frequencies from contemporary genome sequences. When applied to data from the UK10K Project, SDS reflects allele frequency changes in the ancestors of modern Britons during the past 2,000 years. We see strong signals of selection at lactase and HLA, and in favor of blond hair and blue eyes. Turning to signals of polygenic adaptation we find, remarkably, that recent selection for increased height has driven allele frequency shifts across most of the genome. Moreover, we report suggestive new evidence for polygenic shifts affecting many other complex traits. Our results suggest that polygenic adaptation has played a pervasive role in shaping genotypic and phenotypic variation in modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yair Field</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan A Boyle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalie Telis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziyue Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle J Gaulton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Golan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loic Yengo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghislain Rocheleau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Froguel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark I McCarthy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of human adaptation during the past 2,000 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell spread of microsporidia causes C. elegans organs to form syncytia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of pathogens is dictated by their interactions with the host environment. Many obligate intracellular pathogens undergo several cellular decisions as they progress through their life cycles inside of host cells. We studied this process for several species of microsporidia in the genus Nematocida in their co-evolved animal host Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that microsporidia can restructure multicellular host tissues into a single contiguous multinucleate cell. In particular, we found that all three Nematocida species we studied were able to spread across the cells of C. elegans tissues before forming spores, with two species causing syncytial formation in the intestine, and one species causing syncytial formation in the muscle. We also found that the decision to switch from replication to differentiation in N. parisii was altered by the density of infection, suggesting that environmental cues influence the dynamics of the pathogen life cycle. These findings show how microsporidia can maximize the use of host space for growth, and that environmental cues in the host can regulate a developmental switch in the pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keir M Balla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J Luallen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malina A Bakowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily R Troemel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-to-cell spread of microsporidia causes C. elegans organs to form syncytia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing Molecular Motors for Nanoscale Pulldown in Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) regulate signal transduction and cellular behavior, yet studying PPIs within live cells remains fundamentally challenging. We have miniaturized the affinity pulldown, a gold-standard PPI interrogation technique, for use within live cells. Our assay hijacks endogenous myosin motors to forcibly traffic, or pulldown, macromolecular complexes within the native cytosolic environment. Macromolecules captured by nanoscale pulldown (NanoSPD) are optically interrogated in situ by tagging individual protein components. Critically, continuous motor trafficking concentrates query complexes into nanoscopic subcellular compartments, providing fluorescence enhancement and allowing nanoscale pulldowns to be visualized and quantified by standard microscopy. Nanoscale pulldown is compatible with nuclear, membrane-associated and cytoplasmic proteins and can investigate functional effects of protein truncations or amino acid substitutions. Moreover, binding hierarchies in larger complexes can be quickly examined within the natural cytosol, making nanoscale pulldown a powerful new optical platform for quantitative high-content screening of known and novel PPIs that act within macromolecular assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonathan E Bird</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanie Barzik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meghan Drummond</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel C Sutton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer M Goodman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva L Morozko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey M Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Skidmore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana Syam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth A Wilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy Fitzgerald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atteeq U Rehman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donna M Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erich T Boger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inna A Belyantseva</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Friedman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing Molecular Motors for Nanoscale Pulldown in Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapidly evolving homing CRISPR barcodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present here an approach for engineering evolving DNA barcodes in living cells. The methodology entails using a homing guide RNA (hgRNA) scaffold that directs the Cas9-hgRNA complex to target the DNA locus of the hgRNA itself. We show that this homing CRISPR-Cas9 system acts as an expressed genetic barcode that diversifies its sequence and that the rate of diversification can be controlled in cultured cells. We further evaluate these barcodes in cultured cell populations and show that they can record lineage history and and that their RNA can be assayed as single molecules in situ. This integrated approach will have wide ranging applications, such as in deep lineage tracing, cellular barcoding, molecular recording, dissecting cancer biology, and connectome mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reza Kalhor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashant Mali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George M Church</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapidly evolving homing CRISPR barcodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fungal Induced Protein Hyperacetylation Identified by Acetylome Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine acetylation is a key post-translational modification that regulates diverse proteins involved in a range of biological processes. The role of histone acetylation in plant defense is well established and it is known that pathogen effector proteins encoding acetyltransferses can directly acetylate host proteins to alter immunity. However, it is unclear whether endogenous plant enzymes can modulate protein acetylation during an immune response. Here we investigate how the effector molecule HC-toxin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, produced by Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 promotes pathogen virulence in maize through altering protein acetylation. Using mass spectrometry we globally quantified the abundance of 3,636 proteins and the levels of acetylation at 2,791 sites in maize plants treated with HC-toxin as well as HC-toxin deficient or producing strains of C. carbonum. Analyses of these data demonstrate that acetylation is a widespread post-translational modification impacting proteins encoded by many intensively studied maize genes. Furthermore, the application of exogenous HC-toxin enabled us to show that the activity of plant-encoded enzymes can be modulated to alter acetylation of non-histone proteins during an immune response. Collectively, these results provide a resource for further mechanistic studies examining the regulation of protein function and offer insight into the complex immune response triggered by virulent C. carbonum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justin W Walley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouxin Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell R McReynolds</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steven P Briggs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fungal Induced Protein Hyperacetylation Identified by Acetylome Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Cellular States Determine Calcium Signaling Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity in mammalian cells signaling response is largely a result of preexisting cell-to-cell variability. It is unknown whether cell-to-cell variability rises from biochemical stochastic fluctuations or distinct cellular states. Here we utilize calcium response to ATP as a model for investigating the structure of heterogeneity within a population of cells and analyze whether distinct cellular response states co-exist. We use a functional definition of cellular state that is based on a mechanistic dynamical systems model of calcium signaling. Using Bayesian parameter inference we obtain high confidence parameter value distributions for several hundred cells, each fitted individually. Clustering the inferred parameter distributions revealed three major distinct cellular states within the population. The existence of distinct cellular states raises the possibility that the observed variability in response is a result of structured heterogeneity between cells. Our work shows how mechanistic models and single-cell parameter fitting can uncover hidden population structure and demonstrate the need for parameter inference at the single-cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jason Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy Wollman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Cellular States Determine Calcium Signaling Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Williams Syndrome-Specific Neuroarchitectural Profile and Its Associations with Cognitive Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Williams Syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorders caused by hemizyous deletion of ~26 genes on the chromosome 7, has unique cognitive features and neuroanatomic abnormalities. Limited in statistical power due to its rareness had led to inconsistent in many direct comparisons using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and their associations with cognitive features of WS are not clear. Here, we used a novel approach to derive a WS specific neuroarchitectural profile and tested its association with cognitive features of WS. Using a WS adult cohort (n = 43), we trained a logistic elastic-net model to extract a sparse representation of WS specific neuroarchitectural profile. The predictive performances are robust within the training cohort (leave one out cross-validation AUC = 1.0) and generalized well in an independent teenager WS cohort (n = 60, AUC = 1.0). The WS specific neuroarchitectural profile includes multiple MRI measurements in the orbitofrontal cortex, superior parietal cortex, Sylvian fissures, and basal ganglia, whereas its variations reflect the underlying size of hemizygous deletion, and mediated the disease impact on the cognitive features of WS. In this study, we demonstrate the robustness of the derived WS specific neuroarchitectural profile, suggesting the joint developmental abnormalities in the cortical-subcortical circuitry cause the unique features of WS cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chun Chieh Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy T. Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauke Bartsch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua M. Kuperman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald J. Hagler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Schork</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Halgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Dale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Williams Syndrome-Specific Neuroarchitectural Profile and Its Associations with Cognitive Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic complementation in bacterial communities: necessary conditions and optimality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities may display metabolic complementation, in which different members of the association partially contribute to the same biosynthetic pathway. In this way, the end product of the pathway is synthesized by the community as a whole. However, the emergence and the benefits of such complementation are poorly understood. Herein we present a simple model to analyze the metabolic interactions among bacteria, including the host in the case of endosymbiotic bacteria. The model considers two cell populations, with both cell types encoding for the same linear biosynthetic pathway. We have found that, for metabolic complementation to emerge as an optimal strategy, both product inhibition and large permeabilities are needed. In the light of these results, we then consider the patterns found in the case of tryptophan biosynthesis in the endosymbiont consortium hosted by the aphid Cinara cedri. Using in-silico computed physicochemical properties of metabolites of this and other biosynthetic pathways, we verified that the splitting point of the pathway corresponds to themost permeable intermediate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matteo Mori</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel Ponce-de-Leon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juli Pereto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco Montero Montero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic complementation in bacterial communities: necessary conditions and optimality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical modeling is now used commonly in the analysis of signaling networks. With advances in high resolution microscopy, the spatial location of different signaling molecules and the spatio-temporal dynamics of signaling microdomains are now widely acknowledged as key features of biochemical signal transduction. Reaction-diffusion mechanisms are commonly used to model such features, often with a heavy reliance on numerical simulations to obtain results. However, simulations are parameter dependent and may not be able to provide an understanding of the full range of the system responses. Analytical approaches on the other hand provide a framework to study the entire phase space. In this tutorial, we provide a largely analytical method for studying reaction-diffusion models and analyzing their stability properties. Using two representative biological examples, we demonstrate how this approach can guide experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasmine Nirody</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An introduction to linear stability analysis for deciphering spatial patterns in signaling networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaotic propagation of spatial cytoskeletal instability modulates integrity of podocyte foot processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kidney podocytes function depends on its distinctive morphology. Each podocyte has fingerlike projections, called foot processes, that interdigitate with the processes of neighboring cells to form the glomerular filtration barrier. The integrity of foot process interactions depends on tight spatial control of the dynamics of the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA. To understand how spatially-specific regulation of actin filament dynamics within foot processes controls local morphology, we used a combination of 3-D microscopy and dynamical models. We experimentally determined cell-cell interactions using serial blockface scanning electron microscopy and reconstructed a 3-D spatial representation of a podocyte. We developed a minimal dynamical system for regulation of the actin cytoskeleton; using this 3-D model, we determined how spatial reaction-diffusion dynamics can dysregulate actin bundling, leading to propagation of chaotic foot process effacement. Consistent with experimental observations, our simulations predicted that hyperactive RhoA could destabilize the cytoskeleton. Our simulations showed that deleterious mechanochemical stimuli could lead to local heterogeneity of cytoskeletal dynamics resulting in the emergence of progressive and chaotic loss of foot processes. While global enhancement of Rac1 may result in stronger bundles, the spatial simulations showed that even transient local heterogeneities in polymerization could have dramatic consequences in the stability of multiple foot processes. We conclude that the podocyte morphology optimized for filtration contains intrinsic fragility whereby local imbalances in biochemical and biophysical reactions lead to morphological changes associated with glomerular pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cibele V Falkenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evren U Azeloglu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Stothers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Deerinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yibang Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark H. Ellisman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James C. Hone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi Iyengar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie M. Loew</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaotic propagation of spatial cytoskeletal instability modulates integrity of podocyte foot processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Literature mining supports a next-generation modeling approach to predict cellular byproduct secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic byproducts secreted by growing cells can be easily measured and provide a window into the state of a cell; they have been essential to the development of microbiology1, cancer biology2, and biotechnology3. Progress in computational modeling of cells has made it possible to predict metabolic byproduct secretion with bottom-up reconstructions of metabolic networks. However, owing to a lack of data, it has not been possible to validate these predictions across a wide range of strains and conditions. Through literature mining, we were able to generate a database of Escherichia coli strains and their experimentally measured byproduct secretions. We simulated these strains in six historical genome-scale models of E. coli, and we report that the predictive power of the models has increased as they have expanded in size and scope. Next-generation models of metabolism and gene expression are even more capable than previous models, but parameterization poses new challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zachary Andrew King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward J O'Brien</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam M Feist</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard O Palsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Literature mining supports a next-generation modeling approach to predict cellular byproduct secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChIP-exo interrogation of Crp, DNA, and RNAP holoenzyme interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous in vitro studies have yielded a refined picture of the structural and molecular associations between Cyclic-AMP receptor protein (Crp), the DNA motif, and RNA polymerase (RNAP) holoenzyme. In this study, high-resolution ChIP-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) was applied to study Crp binding in vivo and at genome-scale. Surprisingly, Crp was found to provide little to no protection of the DNA motif under activating conditions. Instead, Crp demonstrated binding patterns that closely resembled those generated by {sigma}70. The binding patterns of both Crp and {sigma}70 are indicative of RNAP holoenzyme DNA footprinting profiles associated with stages during transcription initiation that occur post-recruitment. This is marked by a pronounced advancement of the template strand footprint profile to the +20 position relative to the transcription start site and a multimodal distribution on the nontemplate strand. This trend was also observed in the familial transcription factor, Fnr, but full protection of the motif was seen in the repressor ArcA. Given the time-scale of ChIP studies and that the rate-limiting step in transcription initiation is typically post recruitment, we propose a hypothesis where Crp is absent from the DNA motif but remains associated with RNAP holoenzyme post-recruitment during transcription initiation. The release of Crp from the DNA motif may be a result of energetic changes that occur as RNAP holoenzyme traverses the various stable intermediates towards elongation complex formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haythem Latif</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen Federowicz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Ebrahim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janna Tarasova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Szubin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Utrilla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsten Zengler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard Palsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChIP-exo interrogation of Crp, DNA, and RNAP holoenzyme interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulsatile lipid vesicles under osmotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response of lipid bilayers to osmotic stress is an important part of cellular function. Previously, in (Oglecka et al., 2014), we reported that cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) exposed to hypotonic media, respond to the osmotic assault by undergoing a cyclical sequence of swelling and bursting events, coupled to the membranes compositional degrees of freedom. Here, we seek to deepen our quantitative understanding of the essential pulsatile behavior of GUVs under hypotonic conditions, by advancing a comprehensive theoretical model for vesicle dynamics. The model quantitatively captures our experimentally measured swell-burst parameters for single-component GUVs, and reveals that thermal fluctuations enable rate dependent pore nucleation, driving the dynamics of the swell-burst cycles. We further identify new scaling relationships between the pulsatile dynamics and GUV properties. Our findings provide a fundamental framework that has the potential to guide future investigations on the non-equilibrium dynamics of vesicles under osmotic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan Chabanon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James C.S. Ho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo Liedberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atul N. Parikh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmini Rangamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulsatile lipid vesicles under osmotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new foreperiod effect on single-trial phase coherence.\\ Part I: existence and relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expecting events in time leads to more efficient behavior. A remarkable early finding in the study of temporal expectancy is the foreperiod effect on reaction times; i.e., the fact that the time period between a warning signal and an impendent stimuli, to which subjects are instructed to respond as quickly as possible, influences reaction times. Recently it has been shown that the phase of oscillatory activity preceding stimulus presentation is related to behavior. Here we connect both of these findings by reporting a novel foreperiod effect on the inter-trial phase coherence triggered by a stimulus to which subjects do not respond. Until now, inter-trial phase coherence has been used to describe a regularity in the phases of groups of trials. We propose a single-trial measure of inter-trial phase coherence and prove its soundness. Equipped with this measure, and using a multivariate decoding method, we demonstrate that the foreperiod duration modulates single-trial phase coherence. In principle, this modulation could be an artifact due to the decoding method used to detect it. We show that this is not the case, since the modulation can also be observed with a very simple averaging method. Although real, the single-trial modulation of inter-trial phase coherence by the foreperiod duration could just reflect a nuisance in our data. We argue against this possibility by showing that the strength of the modulation correlates with subjects behavioral measures, both error rates and mean-reaction times. We anticipate that the new foreperiod effect on inter-trial phase coherence, and the decoding method used here to detect it, will be important tools to understand cognition at the single-trial level. In Part II of this manuscript, we support this claim, by showing that attention modulates the strength of the new foreperiod effect in a trial-by-trial basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joaquin Rapela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marissa Westerfield</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanne Townsend</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Makeig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new foreperiod effect on single-trial phase coherence.\\ Part I: existence and relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hand2 Inhibits Kidney Specification While Promoting Vein Formation Within the Posterior Mesoderm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper organogenesis depends upon defining the precise dimensions of organ progenitor territories. Kidney progenitors originate within the intermediate mesoderm (IM), but the pathways that set the boundaries of the IM are poorly understood. Here, we show that the bHLH transcription factor Hand2 limits the size of the embryonic kidneyby restricting IM dimensions. The IM is expanded in zebrafish hand2 mutants and is diminished when hand2 is overexpressed. Within the posterior mesoderm, hand2 is expressed laterally adjacent to the IM. Venous progenitors arise between these two territories, and hand2 promotes venous development while inhibiting IM formation at this interface. Furthermore, hand2 and the co-expressed zinc-finger transcription factor osr1 have functionally antagonistic influences on kidney development. Together, our data suggest that hand2 functions in opposition to osr1 to balance the formation of kidney and vein progenitors by regulating cell fate decisions at the lateral boundary of the IM.nnIMPACT STATEMENTThe Hand2 transcription factor regulates the dimensions of the kidney by controlling cell fate decisions at the interface between organ fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliot A. Perens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zayra V. Garavito-Aguilar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gina P. Guio-Vega</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen T. Pena</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yocheved L. Schindler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah Yelon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hand2 Inhibits Kidney Specification While Promoting Vein Formation Within the Posterior Mesoderm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDGF signaling directs cardiomyocyte movement toward the midline during heart tube assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between neighboring tissues plays a central role in guiding organ morphogenesis. During heart tube assembly, interactions with the adjacent endoderm control the medial movement of cardiomyocytes, a process referred to as cardiac fusion. However, the molecular underpinnings of this endodermal-myocardial relationship remain unclear. Here, we show an essential role for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) in directing cardiac fusion. In both zebrafish and mouse, mutation of pdgfra inhibits cardiac fusion and can lead to cardia bifida. Timelapse analysis of individual cardiomyocyte trajectories reveals misdirected cells in zebrafish pdgfra mutants, suggesting that PDGF signaling steers cardiomyocytes toward the midline. Intriguingly, the ligand pdgfaa is expressed in the endoderm medial to the pdgfra-expressing myocardial precursors. Ectopic expression of pdgfaa interferes with cardiac fusion, consistent with an instructive role for PDGF signaling. Together, these data uncover a novel mechanism through which endodermal-myocardial communication guides the cell movements that initiate cardiac morphogenesis.nnIMPACT STATEMENTStudies in zebrafish and mouse implicate the PDGF signaling pathway in the communication between the endoderm and the myocardium that drives medial myocardial movement and thereby initiates cardiac morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua Bloomekatz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reena Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen W.J. Prall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel C. Dunn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megan Vaughan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin-San Loo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard P. Harvey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah Yelon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDGF signaling directs cardiomyocyte movement toward the midline during heart tube assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Change-point detection without needing to detect change-points? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how humans and animals learn about statistical regularities in stable and volatile environments, and utilize these regularities to make predictions and decisions, is an important problem in neuroscience and psychology. Using a Bayesian modeling framework, specifically the Dynamic Belief Model (DBM), it has previously been shown that humans tend to make the default assumption that environmental statistics undergo abrupt, unsignaled changes, even when environmental statistics are actually stable. Because exact Bayesian inference in this setting, an example of switching state space models, is computationally intensive, a number of approximately Bayesian and heuristic algorithms have been proposed to account for learning/prediction in the brain. Here, we examine a neurally plausible algorithm, a special case of leaky integration dynamics we denote as EXP (for exponential filtering), that is significantly simpler than all previously suggested algorithms except for the delta-learning rule, and which far outperforms the delta rule in approximating Bayesian prediction performance. We derive the theoretical relationship between DBM and EXP, and show that EXP gains computational efficiency by foregoing the representation of inferential uncertainty (as does the delta rule), but that it nevertheless achieves near-Bayesian performance due to its ability to incorporate a "persistent prior" influence unique to DBM and absent from the other algorithms. Furthermore, we show that EXP is comparable to DBM but better than all other models in reproducing human behavior in a visual search task, suggesting that human learning and prediction also incorporates an element of persistent prior. More broadly, our work demonstrates that when observations are information-poor, detecting changes or modulating the learning rate is both difficult and (thus) unnecessary for making Bayes-optimal predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaitanya K Ryali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angela J Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Change-point detection without needing to detect change-points?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLEAR: Composition of Likelihoods for Evolve And Resequence Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental evolution (EE) studies are powerful tools for observing molecular evolution "in-action" from populations sampled in controlled and natural environments. The advent of next generation sequencing technologies has made whole-genome and whole-population sampling possible, even for eukaryotic organisms with large genomes, and allowed us to locate the genes and variants responsible for genetic adaptation. While many computational tests have been developed for detecting regions under selection, they are mainly designed for static (single time) data, and work best when the favored allele is close to fixation.nnEE studies provide samples over multiple time points, underscoring the need for tools that can exploit the data. At the same time, EE studies are constrained by the limited time span since onset of selection, depending upon the generation time for the organism. This constraint impedes adaptation studies, as the population can only be evolve-and-resequenced for a small number of generations relative to the fixation time of the favored allele. Moreover, coverage in pool-sequenced experiments varies across replicates and time points, leading to heterogeneous ascertainment bias in measuring population allele frequency across different measurements.nnIn this article, we directly address these issues while developing tools for identifying selective sweep in pool-sequenced EE of sexual organisms and propose Composition of Likelihoods for Evolve-And-Resequence experiments (CO_SCPLOWLEARC_SCPLOW). Extensive simulations show that CO_SCPLOWLEARC_SCPLOW achieves higher power in detecting and localizing selection over a wide range of parameters. In contrast to existing methods, the CO_SCPLOWLEARC_SCPLOW statistics are robust to variation of coverage. CO_SCPLOWLEARC_SCPLOW also provides robust estimates of model parameters, including selection strength and overdominance, as byproduct of the statistical test, while being orders of magnitude faster than existing methods. Finally, we apply the CO_SCPLOWLEARC_SCPLOW statistic to data from a study of D. melanogaster adaptation to alternating temperatures and discover enrichment of genes related to "response to heat" and "cold acclimation".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arya Iranmehr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Akbari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Schlötterer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vineet Bafna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLEAR: Composition of Likelihoods for Evolve And Resequence Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete coverage of space favors modularity of the grid system in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex fire when animals that are exploring a certain region of space occupy the vertices of a triangular grid that spans the environment. Different neurons feature triangular grids that differ in their properties of periodicity, orientation and ellipticity. Taken together, these grids allow the animal to maintain an internal, mental representation of physical space. Experiments show that grid cells are modular, i.e. there are groups of neurons which have grids with similar periodicity, orientation and ellipticity. We use statistical physics methods to derive a relation between variability of the properties of the grids within a module and the range of space that can be covered completely (i.e. without gaps) by the grid system with high probability. Larger variability shrinks the range of representation, providing a functional rationale for the experimentally observed co-modularity of grid cell periodicity, orientation and ellipticity. We obtain a scaling relation between the number of neurons and the period of a module, given the variability and coverage range. Specifically, we predict how many more neurons are required at smaller grid scales than at larger ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanzeni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergassola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete coverage of space favors modularity of the grid system in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconstructing cell size control into physiological modules in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is generally assumed that the allocation and synthesis of total cellular resources in microorganisms are uniquely determined by the growth conditions. Adaptation to a new physiological state leads to a change in cell size via reallocation of cellular resources. However, it has not been understood how cell size is coordinated with biosynthesis and robustly adapts to physiological states. We show that cell size in Escherichia coli can be predicted for any steady-state condition by projecting all biosynthesis into three measurable variables representing replication initiation, replication-division cycle, and the global biosynthesis rate. These variables can be decoupled by selectively controlling their respective core biosynthesis using CRISPR interference and antibiotics, verifying our predictions that different physiological states can result in the same cell size. We performed extensive growth inhibition experiments, and discovered that cell size at replication initiation per origin, namely the initiation mass or "unit cell," is remarkably invariant under perturbations targeting transcription, translation, ribosome content, replication kinetics, fatty acid and cell-wall synthesis, cell division, and cell shape. Based on this invariance and balanced resource allocation, we explain why the total cell size is the sum of all unit cells. These results provide an overarching framework with quantitative predictive power over cell size in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Si, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauls, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickstad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconstructing cell size control into physiological modules in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human functional genome defined by genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large scale efforts to sequence whole human genomes provide extensive data on the non-coding portion of the genome. We used variation information from 11,257 human genomes to describe the spectrum of sequence conservation in the population. We established the genome-wide variability for each nucleotide in the context of the surrounding sequence in order to identify departure from expectation at the population level (context-dependent conservation). We characterized the population diversity for functional elements in the genome and identified the coordination of conserved sequences of distal and cis enhancers, chromatin marks, promoters, coding and intronic regions. The most context-dependent conserved regions of the genome are associated with unique functional annotations and a genomic organization that spreads up to one megabase. Importantly, these regions are enriched by over 100-fold of non-coding pathogenic variants. This analysis of human genetic diversity thus provides a detailed view of sequence conservation, functional constraint and genomic organization of the human genome. Specifically, it identifies highly conserved non-coding sequences that are not captured by analysis of interspecies conservation and are greatly enriched in disease variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>di Iulio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkness, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human functional genome defined by genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell analysis of lincRNA expression during human blastocyst differentiation identifies TERT (+) multi-lineage precursor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome instability and aneuploidies occur very frequently in human embryos, impairing proper embryogenesis and leading to cell cycle arrest, loss of cell viability, and developmental failures in 50-80% of cleavage-stage embryos. This high frequency of cellular extinction events represents a significant experimental obstacle challenging analyses of individual cells isolated from human preimplantation embryos. Here, we carried out single cell expression profiling analyses of 241 individual cells recovered from 32 human embryos during the early and late stages of viable human blastocyst differentiation. Classification of embryonic cells was performed solely based on expression patterns of human pluripotency-associated transcripts (HPAT), which represent a family of transposable element-derived lincRNAs highly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and regulating nuclear reprogramming and pluripotency induction. We then validated our findings by analyzing 1,708 individual embryonic cells recovered from more than 100 human embryos and 259 mouse embryonic cells at different stages of preimplantation embryogenesis. Our experiments demonstrate that segregation of human blastocyst cells into distinct sub-populations based on single-cell expression profiling of just three HPATs (HPAT-21; -2; and -15) appears to inform key molecular and cellular events of naive pluripotency induction and accurately captures a full spectrum of cellular diversity during human blastocyst differentiation. HPATs expression-guided spatiotemporal reconstruction of human embryonic development inferred from single-cell expression analysis of viable blastocyst differentiation enabled identification of TERT(+) sub-populations, which are significantly enriched for cells expressing key naive pluripotency regulatory genes and genetic markers of all three major lineages created during human blastocyst differentiation. Results of our analyses suggest that during early stages of preimplantation embryogenesis putative immortal multi-lineage precursor cells (iMPCs) are created, which then differentiate into trophectoderm, primitive endoderm and pluripotent epiblast lineages. We propose that cellular extinction events in cleavage-stage embryos are triggered by premature activation of HPAT lincRNAs reflecting failed iMPCs creation attempts.nnHighlightsO_LISingle cell analysis of 1,949 human & 259 mouse embryonic cellsnC_LIO_LIIdentification of 5 most abundant HPAT lincRNAs in viable human blastocystsnC_LIO_LIExpression profiling of just 3 lincRNAs captures cellular diversity of human blastocystsnC_LIO_LIIdentification & characterization of TERT(+) multi-lineage precursor cellsnC_LIO_LIMTTH/HPAT lincRNAs regulatory axis of naive pluripotency induction in vivonC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durruthy-Durruthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wossidlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastiano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell analysis of lincRNA expression during human blastocyst differentiation identifies TERT (+) multi-lineage precursor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-coding transitions to conjunction-coding with progression through human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying an object and distinguishing it from similar items depends upon the ability to perceive its component parts as conjoined into a cohesive whole, but the brain mechanisms underlying this ability remain elusive. The ventral visual processing pathway in primates is organized hierarchically: Neuronal responses in its early stages are sensitive to the manipulation of simple visual features whereas neuronal responses in subsequent stages are tuned to increasingly complex stimulus attributes. It is widely assumed that feature-coding dominates in early visual cortex whereas later visual regions employ conjunction-coding in which object representations are different from the sum of their simple-feature parts. However, no study has demonstrated that putative object-level codes in higher visual cortex cannot be accounted for by feature-coding and that putative feature-codes in regions prior to ventral temporal cortex are not equally well characterized as object-level codes. Thus the existence of a transition from feature- to conjunction-coding in visual cortex remains unconfirmed, and, if a transition does occur, its location remains unknown. By employing multivariate analysis of human functional imaging data, we measure both feature-coding and conjunction-coding directly, using the same set of visual stimuli, and pit them against each other to reveal the relative dominance of one versus the other throughout cortex. We provide the first demonstration of a transition from feature-coding in early visual cortex to conjunction-coding in both inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortices. This novel method enables the use of experimentally controlled stimulus features to investigate population-level feature- and conjunction-codes throughout human cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-coding transitions to conjunction-coding with progression through human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete avian malaria parasite genomes reveal host-specific parasite evolution in birds and mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Avian malaria parasites are prevalent around the world, and infect a wide diversity of bird species. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of high quality draft genome sequences for two avian malaria species, Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium gallinaceum. We identify 50 genes that are specific to avian malaria, located in an otherwise conserved core of the genome that shares gene synteny with all other sequenced malaria genomes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the avian malaria species form an outgroup to the mammalian Plasmodium species and using amino acid divergence between species, we estimate the avian and mammalian-infective lineages diverged in the order of 10 million years ago. Consistent with their phylogenetic position, we identify orthologs of genes that had previously appeared to be restricted to the clades of parasites containing P. falciparum and P. vivax - the species with the greatest impact on human health. From these orthologs, we explore differential diversifying selection across the genus and show that the avian lineage is remarkable in the extent to which invasion related genes are evolving. The subtelomeres of the P. relictum and P. gallinaceum genomes contain several novel gene families, including an expanded surf multigene family. We also identify an expansion of reticulocyte binding protein homologs in P. relictum and within these proteins, we detect distinct regions that are specific to non-human primate, humans, rodent and avian hosts. For the first time in the Plasmodium lineage we find evidence of transposable elements, including several hundred fragments of LTR-retrotransposons in both species and an apparently complete LTR-retrotransposon in the genome of P. gallinaceum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boehme, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyola, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modrzynska, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berriman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete avian malaria parasite genomes reveal host-specific parasite evolution in birds and mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor that suppresses T cell activation and is an important cancer immunotherapy target. Upon activation by its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 is thought to suppress signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). Here, by titrating the strength of PD-1 signaling in both biochemical reconstitution systems and in T cells, we demonstrate that the coreceptor CD28 is strongly preferred over the TCR as a target for dephosphorylation by PD-1- recruited Shp2 phosphatase. We also show that PD-1 colocalizes with the costimulatory receptor CD28 in plasma membrane microclusters but partially segregates from the TCR. These results reveal that PD-1 suppresses T cell function primarily by inactivating CD28 signaling, suggesting that costimulatory pathways may play unexpected roles in regulating effector T cell function and therapeutic responses to anti-PD-L1/PD-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallweber, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural Genetic Variation Modifies Gene Expression Dynamics at the Protein Level During Pheromone Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritable variation in gene expression patterns plays a fundamental role in trait variation and evolution, making understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns a major goal for biology. Both theoretical and empirical work have largely focused on variation in steady-state mRNA levels and mRNA synthesis rates, particularly of protein-coding genes. Yet in order for this variation to affect higher order traits it must lead to differences at the protein level. Variation in protein-specific processes including protein synthesis rates and protein decay rates could amplify, mask, or even reverse effects transmitted from the transcript level, but the extent to which this happens is unclear. Moreover, mechanisms that underlie protein expression variation under dynamic conditions have not been examined. To address this challenge, we analyzed how mRNA and protein expression dynamics covary between two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mating pheromone response. Although divergent steady-state mRNA expression levels explained divergent steady-state protein levels for four out of five genes in our study, the same was true for only one out of five genes for expression dynamics. By integrating decay rate and allele-specific protein expression analyses, we resolved that expression divergence for Fig1p was caused by genetic variation acting in trans on protein synthesis rate, expression divergence for Ina1p was caused by cis-by-trans epistatic effects on transcript level and protein synthesis rate, and expression divergence for Fus3p and Tos6p were caused by divergence in protein synthesis rates. Our study demonstrates that steady-state analysis of gene expression is insufficient to understand the impact of genetic variation on gene expression variation. An integrated and dynamic approach to gene expression analysis - comparing mRNA levels, protein levels, protein decay rates, and allele-specific protein expression - allows for a detailed analysis of the genetic mechanisms underlying protein expression divergences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asamoto, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahnamoun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abendroth, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifkin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural Genetic Variation Modifies Gene Expression Dynamics at the Protein Level During Pheromone Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-linear tradeoffs allow cooperation to evolve from Prisoner’s Dilemma to Snow Drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The existence of cooperation, or the production of public goods, is an evolutionary problem. Cooperation is not favored because the Prisoners Dilemma (PD) game drives cooperators to extinction. We have re-analyzed this problem by using RNA viruses to motivate a model for the evolution of cooperation. Gene products are the public goods and group size is the number of virions co-infecting the same host cell. Our results show that if the tradeoff between replication and production of gene products is linear, PD is observed. However, if the tradeoff is nonlinear, the viruses evolve into separate lineages of ultra-defectors and ultra-cooperators as group size is increased. The nonlinearity was justified by the existence of real viral ultra-defectors, known as defective interfering (DI) particles, which gain a nonlinear advantage by being smaller. The evolution of ultra-defectors and ultra-cooperators creates the Snow Drift game, which promotes high-level production of public goods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-linear tradeoffs allow cooperation to evolve from Prisoner’s Dilemma to Snow Drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCurrent bioinformatics methods to detect changes in gene isoform usage in distinct phenotypes compare the relative expected isoform usage in phenotypes. These statistics model differences in isoform usage in normal tissues, which have stable regulation of gene splicing. Pathological conditions, such as cancer, can have broken regulation of splicing that increases the heterogeneity of the expression of splice variants. Inferring events with such differential heterogeneity in gene isoform usage requires new statistical approaches.nnResultsWe introduce Splice Expression Variability Analysis (SEVA) to model increased heterogeneity of splice variant usage between conditions (e.g., tumor and normal samples). SEVA uses a rank-based multivariate statistic that compares the variability of junction expression profiles within one condition to the variability within another. Simulated data show that SEVA is unique in modeling heterogeneity of gene isoform usage, and benchmark SEVAs performance against EBSeq, DiffSplice, and rMATS that model differential isoform usage instead of heterogeneity. We confirm the accuracy of SEVAin identifying known splice variants in head and neck cancer and perform cross-study validation of novel splice variants. A novel comparison of splice variant heterogeneity between subtypes of head and neck cancer demonstrated unanticipated similarity between the heterogeneity of gene isoform usage in HPV-positive and HPV-negative subtypes and anticipated increased heterogeneity among HPV-negative samples with mutations in genes that regulate the splice variant machinery.nnConclusionThese results show that SEVA accurately models differential heterogeneity of gene isoform usage from RNA-seq data.nnAvailabilitySEVA is implemented in the R/Bioconductor package GSReg.nnContactbahman@jhu.edu, favorov@sensi.org, ejfertig@jhmi.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florea, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splice Expression Variation Analysis (SEVA) for Differential Gene Isoform Usage in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework to interpret short tandem repeat variation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying regions of the genome that are depleted of mutations can reveal potentially deleterious variants. Short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellites, are among the largest contributors of de novo mutations in humans and are implicated in a variety of human disorders. However, because of the challenges STRs pose to bioinformatics tools, per-locus studies of STR mutations have been limited to highly ascertained panels of several dozen loci. Here, we harnessed bioinformatics tools and a novel analytical framework to estimate mutation parameters for each STR in the human genome by correlating STR genotypes with local sequence heterozygosity. We applied our method to obtain robust estimates of the impact of local sequence features on mutation parameters and used this to create a framework for measuring constraint at STRs by comparing observed vs. expected mutation rates. Constraint scores identified known pathogenic variants with early onset effects. Our constraint metrics will provide a valuable tool for prioritizing pathogenic STRs in medical genetics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework to interpret short tandem repeat variation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DataMed: Finding useful data across multiple biomedical data repositories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The value of broadening searches for data across multiple repositories has been identified by the biomedical research community. As part of the NIH Big Data to Knowledge initiative, we work with an international community of researchers, service providers and knowledge experts to develop and test a data index and search engine, which are based on metadata extracted from various datasets in a range of repositories. DataMed is designed to be, for data, what PubMed has been for the scientific literature. DataMed supports Findability and Accessibility of datasets. These characteristics - along with Interoperability and Reusability - compose the four FAIR principles to facilitate knowledge discovery in todays big data-intensive science landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohno-Machado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fore, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Beltran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soysal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bioCADDIE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DataMed: Finding useful data across multiple biomedical data repositories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood flow directs arterial-venous remodeling through Notch activation and endothelial cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arteries and veins are formed independently by different types of endothelial cells (ECs). In vascular remodeling, arteries and veins become connected and some arteries become veins. It is unclear how ECs in transforming vessels change their type and how fates of individual vessels are determined. In embryonic trunk, vascular remodeling transforms arterial intersegmental vessels (ISVs) into a functional network of arteries and veins. We found that, once an ISV is connected to venous circulation, venous blood flow promotes upstream migration of ECs that results in displacement of arterial ECs by venous ECs, completing the transformation of this ISV into a vein without trans-differentiation of ECs. Arterial blood flow initiated in two neighboring ISVs prevents their transformation into veins by activating Notch signaling in ECs. Together, different responses of ECs to arterial and venous blood flow lead to the formation of a balanced network with equal numbers of arteries and veins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weijts, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saikin, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ablooglu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood flow directs arterial-venous remodeling through Notch activation and endothelial cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro reconstitution of T cell receptor-mediated segregation of the CD45 phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell signaling initiates upon binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) to the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell. TCR phosphorylation in response to pMHC binding is accompanied by segregation of the transmembrane phosphatase CD45 away from TCR-pMHC complexes. The kinetic segregation hypothesis proposes that CD45 exclusion shifts the local kinase-phosphatase balance to favor TCR phosphorylation. Spatial partitioning may arise from the size difference between the large CD45 extracellular domain and the smaller TCR-pMHC complex, although parsing potential contributions of extracellular protein size, actin activity, and lipid domains is difficult in living cells. Here, we reconstitute segregation of CD45 from bound receptor-ligand pairs using purified proteins on model membranes. Using a model receptor-ligand pair (FRB-FKBP), we first test physical and computational predictions for protein organization at membrane interfaces. We then show that the TCR-pMHC interaction causes partial exclusion of CD45. Comparing two developmentally-regulated isoforms of CD45, the larger RABC variant is excluded more rapidly and efficiently (~50%) than the smaller R0 isoform (~20%), suggesting that CD45 isotypes could regulate signaling thresholds in different T cell subtypes. Similar to the sensitivity of T cell signaling, TCR-pMHC interactions with Kds of [&le;]15 M were needed to exclude CD45. We further show that the co-receptor PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1, immunotherapy targets that inhibit T cell signaling, also exclude CD45. These results demonstrate that the binding energies of physiological receptor-ligand pairs on the T cell are sufficient to create spatial organization at membrane-membrane interfaces.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) results in the formation of biochemically distinct plasma membrane domains that initiate signaling cascades. Here, using biochemical reconstitution and microscopy, we show that the binding energies of the TCRpMHC and PD-1-PD-L1 complexes are sufficient to create spatial organization at a model membrane-membrane interface. We show that spatial organization depends upon receptor-ligand binding affinity and the relative sizes of the extracellular domains. These biophysical parameters may be used to fine-tune signaling cascades in T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carbone, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro reconstitution of T cell receptor-mediated segregation of the CD45 phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Sequence, Structure and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is descended from a corticoid receptor (CR), which has descendants in lamprey and hagfish, cyclostomes (jawless fish), a taxon that evolved at the base of the vertebrate line. A distinct MR and GR first appear in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), such as sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. Skate MR has a strong response to corticosteroids that are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in humans. The half-maximal responses (EC50s) for skate MR for the mineralocorticoids aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone are 0.07 nM and 0.03 nM, respectively. EC50s for the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone are 1 nM and 0.09 nM, respectively. The physiological mineralocorticoid in ray-finned fish, which do not synthesize aldosterone, is not fully understood because several 3-ketosteroids, including cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and progesterone are transcriptional activators of fish MR. Divergence of the MR and GR in terrestrial vertebrates, which synthesize aldosterone, led to increased selectivity of the MR for aldosterone, coupled with a diminished response to cortisol and corticosterone. Here, we combine sequence analysis of the CR and vertebrate MRs and GRs, analysis of crystal structures of human MR and GR and data on transcriptional activation by 3-ketosteroids of wild-type and mutant MRs and GRs to investigate the evolution of selectivity for 3-ketosteroids by the MR in terrestrial vertebrates and ray-finned fish, as well as the basis for binding of some glucocorticoids by human MR and other vertebrate MRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/098921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Sequence, Structure and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Network Integration Approach for Drug-Target Interaction Prediction and Computational Drug Repositioning from Heterogeneous Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of large-scale genomic, chemical and pharmacological data provides new opportunities for drug discovery and repositioning. Systematic integration of these heterogeneous data not only serves as a promising tool for identifying new drug-target interactions (DTIs), which is an important step in drug development, but also provides a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug action. In this work, we integrate diverse drug-related information, including drugs, proteins, diseases and side-effects, together with their interactions, associations or similarities, to construct a heterogeneous network with 12,015 nodes and 1,895,445 edges. We then develop a new computational pipeline, called DTINet, to predict novel drug-target interactions from the constructed heterogeneous network. Specifically, DTINet focuses on learning a low-dimensional vector representation of features for each node, which accurately explains the topological properties of individual nodes in the heterogeneous network, and then predicts the likelihood of a new DTI based on these representations via a vector space projection scheme. DTINet achieves substantial performance improvement over other state-of-the-art methods for DTI prediction. Moreover, we have experimentally validated the novel interactions between three drugs and the cyclooxygenase (COX) protein family predicted by DTINet, and demonstrated the new potential applications of these identified COX inhibitors in preventing inflammatory diseases. These results indicate that DTINet can provide a practically useful tool for integrating heterogeneous information to predict new drug-target interactions and repurpose existing drugs. The source code of DTINet and the input heterogeneous network data can be downloaded from http://github.com/luoyunan/DTINet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Network Integration Approach for Drug-Target Interaction Prediction and Computational Drug Repositioning from Heterogeneous Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially periodic activation patterns of retrosplenial cortex encode route sub-spaces and distance travelled 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traversal of a complicated route is often facilitated by considering it as a set of related sub-spaces. Such compartmentalization processes could occur within retrosplenial cortex, a structure whose neurons simultaneously encode position within routes and other spatial coordinate systems. Here, retrosplenial cortex neurons were recorded as rats traversed a track having recurrent structure at multiple scales. Consistent with a major role in compartmentalization of complex routes, individual RSC neurons exhibited periodic activation patterns that repeated across route segments having the same shape. Concurrently, a larger population of RSC neurons exhibited single-cycle periodicity over the full route, effectively defining a framework for encoding of sub-route positions relative to the whole. The same population simultaneously provides a novel metric for distance from each route position to all others. Together, the findings implicate retrosplenial cortex in the extraction of path sub-spaces, the encoding of their spatial relationships to each other, and path integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially periodic activation patterns of retrosplenial cortex encode route sub-spaces and distance travelled]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-generational silencing dynamics control cell aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular aging plays an important role in many diseases, such as cancers, metabolic syndromes and neurodegenerative disorders. There has been steady progress in identifying aging-related factors such as reactive oxygen species and genomic instability, yet an emerging challenge is to reconcile the contributions of these factors with the fact that genetically identical cells can age at significantly different rates. Such complexity requires single-cell analyses designed to unravel the interplay of aging dynamics and cell-to-cell variability. Here we use novel microfluidic technologies to track the replicative aging of single yeast cells and reveal that the temporal patterns of heterochromatin silencing loss regulate cellular lifespan. We found that cells show sporadic waves of silencing loss in the heterochromatic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) during the early phases of aging, followed by sustained loss of silencing preceding cell death. Isogenic cells have different lengths of the early intermittent silencing phase that largely determine their final lifespans. Combining computational modeling and experimental approaches, we found that the intermittent silencing dynamics is important for longevity and is dependent on the conserved Sir2 deacetylase, whereas either sustained silencing or sustained loss of silencing shortens lifespan. These findings reveal, for the first time, that the temporal patterns of a key molecular process can directly influence cellular aging and thus could provide guidance for the design of temporally controlled strategies to extend lifespan.nnSignificanceAging is an inevitable consequence of living, and with it comes increased morbidity and mortality. Novel approaches to mitigating age-related chronic diseases demand a better understanding of the biology of aging. Studies in model organisms have identified many conserved molecular factors that influence aging. The emerging challenge is to understand how these factors interact and change dynamically to drive aging. Using multidisciplinary technologies, we have revealed a sirtuin-dependent intermittent pattern of chromatin silencing during yeast aging that is crucial for longevity. Our findings highlight the important role of silencing dynamics in aging, which deserves careful consideration when designing schemes to delay or reverse aging by modulating sirtuins and silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Laughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimring, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-generational silencing dynamics control cell aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COBRAme: A Computational Framework for Building and Manipulating Models of Metabolism and Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale models of metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME-models) explicitly compute the optimal proteome composition of a growing cell. ME-models expand upon the well-established genome-scale models of metabolism (M-models), and they enable new and exciting insights that are fundamental to understanding the basis of cellular growth. ME-models have increased predictive capabilities and accuracy due to their inclusion of the biosynthetic costs for the machinery of life, but they come with a significant increase in model size and complexity. This challenge results in models which are both difficult to compute and challenging to understand conceptually. As a result, ME-models exist for only two organisms (Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima) and are still used by relatively few researchers. To address these challenges, we have developed a new software framework called COBRAme for building and simulating ME-models. It is coded in Python and built on COBRApy, a popular platform for using M-models. COBRAme streamlines computation and analysis of ME-models. It provides tools to simplify constructing and editing ME-models to enable ME-model reconstructions for new organisms. We used COBRAme to reconstruct a condensed E. coli ME-model called iJL1678b-ME. This reformulated model gives virtually identical solutions to previous E. coli ME-models while using [1/4] the number of free variables and solving in less than 10 minutes, a marked improvement over the 6 hour solve time of previous ME-model formulations. This manuscript outlines the architecture of COBRAme and demonstrates how ME-models can be reconstructed and edited most efficiently using the software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catoiu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COBRAme: A Computational Framework for Building and Manipulating Models of Metabolism and Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-tissue polygenic models for transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I.Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have proven to be a powerful tool to identify genes associated with human diseases by aggregating cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. However, TWAS relies on building predictive models of gene expression, which are sensitive to the sample size and tissue on which they are trained. The Gene Tissue Expression Project has produced reference transcriptomes across 53 human tissues and cell types; however, the data is highly sparse, making it difficult to build polygenic models in relevant tissues for TWAS. Here, we propose fQTL, a multi-tissue, multivariate model for mapping expression quantitative trait loci and predicting gene expression. Our model decomposes eQTL effects into SNP-specific and tissue-specific components, pooling information across relevant tissues to effectively boost sample sizes. In simulation, we demonstrate that our multi-tissue approach outperforms single-tissue approaches in identifying causal eQTLs and tissues of action. Using our method, we fit polygenic models for 13,461 genes, characterized the tissue-specificity of the learned cis-eQTLs, and performed TWAS for Alzheimers disease and schizophrenia, identifying 107 and 382 associated genes, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-tissue polygenic models for transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H3 Lysine 4 methyltransferases MLL3 and MLL4 Modulate Long-range Chromatin Interactions at Enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells depends on long-range chromatin interactions between enhancers and promoters. Currently, the exact mechanisms that connect distal enhancers to their specific target promoters remain to be fully elucidated. Here we show that the histone H3 Lysine 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1) writer proteins MLL3 and MLL4 (MLL3/4) play an active role in this process. We demonstrate that in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells, MLL3/4-dependent deposition of H3K4me1 at enhancers correlates with increased levels of chromatin interactions, whereas loss of MLL3/4 leads to greatly reduced frequencies of chromatin interactions and failure of lineage-specific gene expression programs. We further show that H3K4me1 facilitates recruitment of the Cohesin complex to chromatin in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential mechanism for MLL3/4 to promote chromatin looping. Taken together, our results support an active role for MLL3/4 in modulating chromatin organization at enhancers in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Local, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H3 Lysine 4 methyltransferases MLL3 and MLL4 Modulate Long-range Chromatin Interactions at Enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SV2: Accurate Structural Variation Genotyping and De Novo Mutation Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationStructural Variation (SV) detection from short-read whole genome sequencing is error prone, presenting significant challenges for population or family-based studies of disease.nnResultsHere we describe SV2, a machine-learning algorithm for genotyping deletions and duplications from paired-end sequencing data. SV2 can rapidly integrate variant calls from multiple structural variant discovery algorithms into a unified call set with high genotyping accuracy and capability to detect de novo mutations.nnAvailability and ImplementationSV2 is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/dantaki/SV2)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandler, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SV2: Accurate Structural Variation Genotyping and De Novo Mutation Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/117812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many disciplines, data is highly decentralized across thousands of online databases (repositories, registries, and knowledgebases). Wringing value from such databases depends on the discipline of data science and on the humble bricks and mortar that make integration possible; identifiers are a core component of this integration infrastructure. Drawing on our experience and on work by other groups, we outline ten lessons we have learned about the identifier qualities and best practices that facilitate large-scale data integration. Specifically, we propose actions that identifier practitioners (database providers) should take in the design, provision and reuse of identifiers; we also outline important considerations for those referencing identifiers in various circumstances, including by authors and data generators. While the importance and relevance of each lesson will vary by context, there is a need for increased awareness about how to avoid and manage common identifier problems, especially those related to persistence and web-accessibility/resolvability. We focus strongly on web-based identifiers in the life sciences; however, the principles are broadly relevant to other disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumontier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Beltran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heriche, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laibe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Novere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muilu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariyar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoep, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soiland-Reyes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swainston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalaratne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolstencroft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifiers for the 21st century:How to design, provision, and reuse persistent identifiers to maximize utility and impact of life science data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preservation of Chromatin Organization after Acute Loss of CTCF in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is widely regarded as a key player in chromosome organization in mammalian cells, yet direct assessment of the impact of loss of CTCF on genome architecture has been difficult due to its essential role in cell proliferation and early embryogenesis. Here, using auxin-inducible degron techniques to acutely deplete CTCF in mouse embryonic stem cells, we show that cell growth is severely slowed yet chromatin organization remains largely intact after loss of CTCF. Depletion of CTCF reduces interactions between chromatin loop anchors, diminishes occupancy of cohesin complex genome-wide, and slightly weakens topologically associating domain (TAD) structure, but the active and inactive chromatin compartments are maintained and the vast majority of TAD boundaries persist. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation and histone marks associated with enhancers are broadly unchanged upon CTCF depletion. Our results suggest CTCF-independent mechanisms in maintenance of chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/118737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preservation of Chromatin Organization after Acute Loss of CTCF in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepBound: Accurate Identification of Transcript Boundaries via Deep Convolutional Neural Fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationReconstructing the full-length expressed transcripts (a.k.a. the transcript assembly problem) from the short sequencing reads produced by RNA-seq protocol plays a central role in identifying novel genes and transcripts as well as in studying gene expressions and gene functions. A crucial step in transcript assembly is to accurately determine the splicing junctions and boundaries of the expressed transcripts from the reads alignment. In contrast to the splicing junctions that can be efficiently detected from spliced reads, the problem of identifying boundaries remains open and challenging, due to the fact that the signal related to boundaries is noisy and weak.nnResultsWe present DeepBound, an effective approach to identify boundaries of expressed transcripts from RNA-seq reads alignment. In its core DeepBound employs deep convolutional neural fields to learn the hidden distributions and patterns of boundaries. To accurately model the transition probabilities and to solve the label-imbalance problem, we novelly incorporate the AUC (area under the curve) score into the optimizing objective function. To address the issue that deep probabilistic graphical models requires large number of labeled training samples, we propose to use simulated RNA-seq datasets to train our model. Through extensive experimental studies on both simulation datasets of two species and biological datasets, we show that DeepBound consistently and significantly outperforms the two existing methods.nnAvailabilityDeepBound is freely available at https://github.com/realbigws/DeepBound.nnContactmingfu.shao@cs.cmu.edu, realbigws@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepBound: Accurate Identification of Transcript Boundaries via Deep Convolutional Neural Fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Protein Binding Affinity With Word EmbeddingsAnd Recurrent Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At the core of our immunological system lies a group of proteins named Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), to which epitopes (also proteins sometimes named antigenic determinants), bind to eliciting a response. These responses are extremely varied and of widely different nature. For instance, Killer and Helper T cells are responsible for, respectively, counteracting viral pathogens and tumorous cells. Many other types exist, but their underlying structure can be very similar due to the fact that they all are proteins and bind to the MHC receptor in a similar fashion. With this framework in mind, being able to predict with precision the structure of a protein that will elicit a specific response in the human body represents a novel computational approach to drug discovery. Although many machine learning approaches have been used, no attempt to solve this problem using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) exist. We extend the current efforts in the field by applying a variety of network architectures based on RNNs and word embeddings (WE). The code is freely available and under current development at https://github.com/carlomazzaferro/mhcPreds
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzaferro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Protein Binding Affinity With Word EmbeddingsAnd Recurrent Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Single-Cell Analysis By Transcriptional And Epigenetic States In Human Adult Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed characterization of the cell types comprising the highly complex human brain is essential to understanding its function. Such tasks require highly scalable experimental approaches to examine different aspects of the molecular state of individual cells, as well as the computational integration to produce unified cell state annotations. Here we report the development of two highly scalable methods (snDrop-Seq and scTHS-Seq), that we have used to acquire nuclear transcriptome and DNA accessibility maps for thousands of single cells from the human adult visual and frontal cortex. This has led to the best-resolved human neuronal subtypes to date, identification of a majority of the non-neuronal cell types, as well as the cell-type specific nuclear transcriptome and DNA accessibility maps. Integrative analysis allowed us to identify transcription factors and regulatory elements shaping the state of different brain cell types, and to map genetic risk factors of human brain common diseases to specific pathogenic cell types and subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Single-Cell Analysis By Transcriptional And Epigenetic States In Human Adult Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Degree Of Polygenicity, Causal Effect Size Variance, And Confounding Bias In GWAS Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating the polygenicity (proportion of causally associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and discoverability (effect size variance) of causal SNPs for human traits is currently of considerable interest. SNP-heritability is proportional to the product of these quantities. We present a basic model, using detailed linkage disequilibrium structure from an extensive reference panel, to estimate these quantities from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics. We apply the model to diverse phenotypes and validate the implementation with simulations. We find model polygenicities ranging from [~=] 2 x 10-5 to [~=] 4 x 10-3, with discoverabilities similarly ranging over two orders of magnitude. A power analysis allows us to estimate the proportions of phenotypic variance explained additively by causal SNPs reaching genome-wide significance at current sample sizes, and map out sample sizes required to explain larger portions of additive SNP heritability. The model also allows for estimating residual inflation (or deflation from over-correcting of z-scores), and assessing compatibility of replication and discovery GWAS summary statistics.

Author SummaryThere are ~10 million common variants in the genome of humans with European ancestry. For any particular phenotype a number of these variants will have some causal effect. It is of great interest to be able to quantify the number of these causal variants and the strength of their effect on the phenotype.

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) produce very noisy summary statistics for the association between subsets of common variants and phenotypes. For any phenotype, these statistics collectively are difficult to interpret, but buried within them is the true landscape of causal effects. In this work, we posit a probability distribution for the causal effects, and assess its validity using simulations. Using a detailed reference panel of ~11 million common variants - among which only a small fraction are likely to be causal, but allowing for non-causal variants to show an association with the phenotype due to correlation with causal variants - we implement an exact procedure for estimating the number of causal variants and their mean strength of association with the phenotype. We find that, across different phenotypes, both these quantities - whose product allows for lower bound estimates of heritability - vary by orders of magnitude.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundar, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ENIGMA,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Degree Of Polygenicity, Causal Effect Size Variance, And Confounding Bias In GWAS Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BugBase Predicts Organism Level Microbiome Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shotgun metagenomics and marker gene amplicon sequencing can be used to directly measure or predict the functional repertoire of the microbiota en masse, but current methods do not readily estimate the functional capability of individual microorganisms. Here we present BugBase, an algorithm that predicts organism-level coverage of functional pathways as well as biologically interpretable phenotypes such as oxygen tolerance, Gram staining and pathogenic potential, within complex microbiomes using either whole-genome shotgun or marker gene sequencing data. We find BugBases organism-level pathway coverage predictions to be statistically higher powered than current  bag-of-genes approaches for discerning functional changes in both host-associated and environmental microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meulemans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiropoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spear, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporaso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BugBase Predicts Organism Level Microbiome Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision Medicine Screening Using Whole Genome Sequencing And Advanced Imaging To Identify Disease Risk In Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDProgress in science and technology have created the capabilities and alternatives to symptom-driven medical care. Reducing premature mortality associated with age-related chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, is an urgent priority we address using advanced screening detection.nnMETHODSWe enrolled active adults for early detection of risk for age-related chronic disease associated with premature mortality. Whole genome sequencing together with: global metabolomics, 3D/4D imaging using non-contrast whole body magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography, and 2-week cardiac monitoring were employed to detect age-related chronic diseases and risk for diseases.nnRESULTSWe detected previously unrecognized age-related chronic diseases requiring prompt (<30 days) medical attention in 17 (8%, 1:12) of 209 study participants, including 4 participants with early stage neoplasms (2%, 1:50). Likely mechanistic genomic findings correlating with clinical data were identified in 52 participants (25%. 1:4). More than three-quarters of participants (n=164, 78%, 3:4) had evidence of age-related chronic diseases or associated risk factors.nnCONCLUSIONSPrecision medicine screening using genomics with other advanced clinical data among active adults identified unsuspected disease risks for age-related chronic diseases associated with premature mortality. This technology-driven phenotype screening approach has the potential to extend healthy life among active adults through improved early detection and prevention of age-related chronic diseases. Our success provides a scalable strategy to move medical practice and discovery toward risk detection and disease modification thus achieving healthier extension of life.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAdvances in science and technology have enabled scientists to analyze the human genome cost-effectively and to combine genome sequencing with noninvasive imaging technologies for alternatives to symptom-driven medical care. Using whole genome sequencing and noninvasive 3D/4D imaging technologies we screened 209 adults to detect age-related chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. We found unrecognized age-related chronic diseases requiring prompt (<30 days) medical attention in 1:12 study participants, likely genomic findings correlating with clinical data in 1:4 participants, and evidence of age-related chronic diseases or associated risk factors in more than 3 of 4 participants. These results demonstrate that genome sequencing with clinical imaging data can be used for screening and early detection of diseases associated with premature mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dec, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeldt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hands, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewerton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpaz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision Medicine Screening Using Whole Genome Sequencing And Advanced Imaging To Identify Disease Risk In Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MutPred2: inferring the molecular and phenotypic impact of amino acid variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce MutPred2, a tool that improves the prioritization of pathogenic amino acid substitutions, generates molecular mechanisms potentially causative of disease, and returns interpretable pathogenicity score distributions on individual genomes. While its prioritization performance is state-of-the-art, a novel and distinguishing feature of MutPred2 is the probabilistic modeling of variant impact on specific aspects of protein structure and function that can serve to guide experimental studies of phenotype-altering variants. We demonstrate the utility of MutPred2 in the identification of the structural and functional mutational signatures relevant to Mendelian disorders and the prioritization of de novo mutations associated with complex neurodevelopmental disorders. We then experimentally validate the functional impact of several variants identified in patients with such disorders. We argue that mechanism-driven studies of human inherited diseases have the potential to significantly accelerate the discovery of clinically actionable variants.nnAvailability: http://mutpred.mutdb.org/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pejaver, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urresti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MutPred2: inferring the molecular and phenotypic impact of amino acid variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-Accurate Genome Sequencing And Haplotyping Of Single Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate detection of variants and long-range haplotypes in genomes of single human cells remains very challenging. Common approaches require extensive in vitro amplification of genomes of individual cells using DNA polymerases and high-throughput short-read DNA sequencing. These approaches have two notable drawbacks. First, polymerase replication errors could generate tens of thousands of false positive calls per genome. Second, relatively short sequence reads contain little to no haplotype information. Here we report a method, which is dubbed SISSOR (Single-Stranded Sequencing using micrOfluidic Reactors), for accurate single-cell genome sequencing and haplotyping. A microfluidic processor is used to separate the Watson and Crick strands of the double-stranded chromosomal DNA in a single cell and to randomly partition megabase-size DNA strands into multiple nanoliter compartments for amplification and construction of barcoded libraries for sequencing. The separation and partitioning of large single-stranded DNA fragments of the homologous chromosome pairs allows for the independent sequencing of each of the complementary and homologous strands. This enables the assembly of long haplotypes and reduction of sequence errors by using the redundant sequence information and haplotype-based error removal. We demonstrated the ability to sequence single-cell genomes with error rates as low as 10-8 and average 500kb long DNA fragments that can be assembled into haplotype contigs with N50 greater than 7Mb. The performance could be further improved with more uniform amplification and more accurate sequence alignment. The ability to obtain accurate genome sequences and haplotype information from single cells will enable applications of genome sequencing for diverse clinical needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-Accurate Genome Sequencing And Haplotyping Of Single Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/136564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDTargeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancer in vitro model.nnRESULTSAn unsupervised algorithm, CoGAPS, was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically.nnCONCLUSIONSGenes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize resistance. These genes include FGFR1, which was associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. Our findings provide a relevant towards better understanding of the time course progression of changes resulting in acquired resistance to targeted therapies. This is an important contribution to the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce new drugs before the resistant phenotype develops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagohara, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaykalova, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/136564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling The Gene-Epigenome Networks: Timing Of Epigenetic Regulation Of Gene Expression In Acquired Cetuximab Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gaussian Curvature Directs The Distribution Of Spontaneous Curvature On Bilayer Membrane Necks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formation of membrane necks is crucial for fission and fusion in lipid bilayers. In this work, we seek to answer the following fundamental question: what is the relationship between protein-induced spontaneous mean curvature and the Gaussian curvature at a membrane neck? Using an augmented Helfrich model for lipid bilayers to include membrane-protein interaction, we solve the shape equation on catenoids to find the field of spontaneous curvature that satisfies mechanical equilibrium of membrane necks. In this case, the shape equation reduces to a variable coefficient Helmholtz equation for spontaneous curvature, where the source term is proportional to the Gaussian curvature. We show how this latter quantity is responsible for non-uniform distribution of spontaneous curvature in minimal surfaces. We then explore the energetics of catenoids with different spontaneous curvature boundary conditions and geometric asymmetries to show how heterogeneities in spontaneous curvature distribution can couple with Gaussian curvature to result in membrane necks of different geometries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chabanon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gaussian Curvature Directs The Distribution Of Spontaneous Curvature On Bilayer Membrane Necks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding The Computable Reactome In Pseudomonas putida Reveals Metabolic Cycles Providing Robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale network reconstructions are organism-specific representations of metabolism and powerful tools for analyzing systemic metabolic properties. The use of reconstructions is limited by the lack of coverage of the metabolic reactome. We present an exhaustive and validated reconstruction of the biotechnologically relevant bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, greatly expanding its computable metabolic states. The reconstruction, iJN1411, represents a significant expansion over other reconstructed bacterial metabolic networks. Computations based on the reconstruction exhibit high accuracy in predicting nutrient sources, growth rates, carbon flux distributions, and gene essentiality, thus providing a deep understanding of Pseudomonas metabolism. iJN1411 was used for: i) the assessment of the metabolic capabilities of P. putida as a species through multi-strain modeling, ii) deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic robustness, and iii) identification of metabolic "capacitors" based on ATP-fueled metabolic cycles. This study represents the most complete and comprehensive bacterial metabolic reconstruction built to date, while providing computational and experimental evidence about how bacteria increase metabolic robustness, paving the way for engineering more robust biocatalysts and searching for drug targets in robust pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding The Computable Reactome In Pseudomonas putida Reveals Metabolic Cycles Providing Robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Cytoplasmic Dynein Interactome Reveals Novel Activators Of Motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human cells, cytoplasmic dynein-1 is essential for long-distance transport of many cargos, including organelles, RNAs, proteins, and viruses, towards microtubule minus ends. To understand how a single motor achieves cargo specificity, we identified the human dynein interactome or "transportome" by attaching a promiscuous biotin ligase ("BioID") to seven components of the dynein machinery, including a subunit of the essential cofactor dynactin. This method reported spatial information about the large cytosolic dynein/dynactin complex in living cells. To achieve maximal motile activity and to bind its cargos, human dynein/dynactin requires "activators", of which only five have been described. We developed methods to identify new activators in our BioID data, and discovered that ninein and ninein-like are a new family of dynein activators. Analysis of the protein interactomes for six activators, including ninein and ninein-like, suggests that each dynein activator has multiple cargos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redwine, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washburn, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Cytoplasmic Dynein Interactome Reveals Novel Activators Of Motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delay discounting (DD), which is the tendency to discount the value of delayed versus current rewards, is elevated in a constellation of diseases and behavioral conditions. We performed a genome-wide association study of DD using 23,127 research participants of European ancestry. The most significantly associated SNP was rs6528024 (P = 2.40 x 10-8), which is located in an intron of the gene GPM6B. We also showed that 12% of the variance in DD was accounted for by genotype, and that the genetic signature of DD overlapped with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, major depression, smoking, personality, cognition, and body weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic factors contribute to the risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). In collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, Inc., we performed a genome-wide association (GWAS) study of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), an instrument designed to screen for alcohol misuse over the past year. Our final sample consisted of 20,328 research participants of European ancestry (55.3% females; mean age = 53.8, SD = 16.1) who reported ever using alcohol. Our results showed that the  chip-heritability of AUDIT score, when treated as a continuous phenotype, was 12%. No loci reached genome-wide significance. The gene ADH1C, which has been previously implicated in AUD, was among our most significant associations (4.4 x 10-7; rs141973904). We also detected a suggestive association on chromosome 1 (2.1 x 10-7; rs182344113) near the gene KCNJ9, which has been implicated in mouse models of high ethanol drinking. Using LD score regression, we identified positive genetic correlations between AUDIT score and AUD, high alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. We also observed an unexpected positive genetic correlation between AUDIT and educational attainment, and additional unexpected negative correlations with BMI/obesity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conclude that conducting a genetic study using data from a population unselected for AUD and responding to an online questionnaire may represent a cost-effective strategy for elucidating the etiology of AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Modulator, GIV/Girdin, Serves as a Tunable Valve for Growth Factor-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular levels of the versatile second messenger, cyclic-(c)AMP are regulated by the antagonistic actions of the canonical G protein[-&gt;]adenylyl cyclase pathway that is initiated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and by phosphodiesterases (PDEs); dysregulated cAMP signaling drives many diseases, including cancers. Recently, an alternative paradigm for cAMP signaling has emerged, in which growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g., EGFR) access and modulate G proteins via cytosolic guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM), GIV/Girdin; dysregulation of this pathway is frequently encountered in cancers. Here we present a comprehensive network-based compartmental model for the paradigm of GEM-dependent signaling that reveals unforeseen crosstalk and network dynamics between upstream events and the various feedback-loops that fine-tune the GEM action of GIV, and captures the experimentally determined dynamics of cAMP. The model also reveals that GIV acts a tunable control-valve within the RTK[-&gt;]cAMP pathway; hence, it modulates cAMP via mechanisms distinct from the two most-often targeted classes of cAMP modulators, GPCRs and PDEs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Modulator, GIV/Girdin, Serves as a Tunable Valve for Growth Factor-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of traction in membrane curvature generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Curvature of biological membranes can be generated by a variety of molecular mechanisms including protein scaffolding, compositional heterogeneity, and cytoskeletal forces. These mechanisms have the net effect of generating tractions (force per unit length) on the bilayer that are translated into distinct shapes of the membrane. Here, we demonstrate how the local shape of the membrane can be used to infer the traction acting locally on the membrane. We show that buds and tubes, two common membrane deformations studied in trafficking processes, have different traction distributions along the membrane and that these tractions are specific to the molecular mechanism used to generate these shapes. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of an axial force applied to the membrane as well as that of an effective line tension can be calculated from these tractions. Finally, we consider the sensitivity of these quantities with respect to uncertainties in material properties and follow with a discussion on sources of uncertainty in membrane shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of traction in membrane curvature generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nucleus analysis of the chromatin landscape in mouse forebrain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis of chromatin accessibility in primary tissues has uncovered millions of candidate regulatory sequences in the human and mouse genomes1-4. However, the heterogeneity of biological samples used in previous studies has prevented a precise understanding of the dynamic chromatin landscape in specific cell types. Here, we show that analysis of the transposase-accessible-chromatin in single nuclei isolated from frozen tissue samples can resolve cellular heterogeneity and delineate transcriptional regulatory sequences in the constituent cell types. Our strategy is based on a combinatorial barcoding assisted single cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin5 and is optimized for nuclei from flash-frozen primary tissue samples (snATAC-seq). We used this method to examine the mouse forebrain at seven development stages and in adults. From snATAC-seq profiles of more than 15,000 high quality nuclei, we identify 20 distinct cell populations corresponding to major neuronal and non-neuronal cell-types in foetal and adult forebrains. We further define cell-type specific cis regulatory sequences and infer potential master transcriptional regulators of each cell population. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a general approach for identifying cell-type-specific cis regulatory sequences in heterogeneous tissue samples, and provide a rich resource for understanding forebrain development in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sos, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nucleus analysis of the chromatin landscape in mouse forebrain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common Piezo1 allele in African populations causes xerocytosis and attenuates Plasmodium infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/159830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hereditary xerocytosis (HX) is thought to be a rare genetic condition characterized by red blood cell (RBC) dehydration with mild hemolysis. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in mechanosensitive Piezo1 ion channels are identified in HX patients. RBC dehydration is linked to reduced Plasmodium infection rates in vitro. We engineered a Piezo1 mouse model of HX and show that Plasmodium infection fails to cause experimental cerebral malaria in these mice. Furthermore, we identified a novel GOF human Piezo1 variant, E756del, present in a third of African population. Remarkably, RBCs from individuals carrying this allele are dehydrated and protected against Plasmodium infection in vitro. The presence of an HX-causing Piezo1 mutation at such high frequencies in African population is surprising, and suggests an association with malaria resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paytas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacs, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitwam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengelnik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/159830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common Piezo1 allele in African populations causes xerocytosis and attenuates Plasmodium infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and scalable preparation of bacterial lysates for cell-free gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free gene expression systems are emerging as an important platform for a diverse range of synthetic biology and biotechnology applications, including production of robust field-ready biosensors. Here, we combine programmed cellular autolysis with a freeze-thaw or freeze-dry cycle to create a practical, reproducible, and a labor- and cost-effective approach for rapid production of bacterial lysates for cell-free gene expression. Using this method, ro-bust and highly active bacterial cell lysates can be produced without specialized equipment at a wide range of scales, making cell-free gene expression easily and broadly accessible. More-over, live autolysis strain can be freeze-dried directly and subsequently lysed upon rehydration to produce active lysate. We demonstrate the utility of autolysates for synthetic biology by reg-ulating protein production and degradation, implementing quorum sensing, and showing quan-titative protection of linear DNA templates by GamS protein. To allow versatile and sensitive {beta}-galactosidase (LacZ) based readout we produce autolysates with no detectable background LacZ activity and use them to produce sensitive mercury(II) biosensors with LacZ-mediated colorimetric and fluorescent outputs. The autolysis approach can facilitate wider adoption of cell-free technology for cell-free gene expression as well as other synthetic biology and biotechnology applications, such as metabolic engineering, natural product biosynthesis, or proteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Didovyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonooka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimring, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and scalable preparation of bacterial lysates for cell-free gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the synaptic mechanisms that tune CA3-CA1 reactivation during sharp-wave ripples. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During non-REM sleep, memory consolidation is driven by a dialogue between hippocampus and cortex involving the reactivation of specific neural activity sequences ( replay). In the hippocampus, replay occurs during sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), short bouts of excitatory activity in area CA3 which induce high frequency oscillations in the inhibitory interneurons of area CA1. Despite growing evidence for the functional importance of replay, its neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a novel theoretical model of hippocampal spiking during SWRs. In our model, noise-induced activation of CA3 pyramidal cells triggered an excitatory cascade capable of inducing local ripple events in CA1. Ripples occurred stochastically, with Schaffer Collaterals driving their coordination, so that localized sharp waves in CA3 produced consistently localized CA1 ripples. In agreement with experimental data, the majority of pyramidal cells in the model showed low reactivation probabilities across SWRs. We found, however, that a subpopulation of pyramidal cells had high reactivation probabilities, which derived from fine-tuning of the network connectivity. In particular, the excitatory inputs along synaptic pathway(s) converging onto cells and cell pairs controlled emergent single cell and cell pair reactivation, with inhibitory inputs and intrinsic cell excitability playing differential roles in CA3 vs. CA1. Our model predicts (1) that the hippocampal network structure driving the emergence of SWR is also able to generate and modulate reactivation, (2) inhibition plays a particularly prominent role in CA3 reactivation and (3) CA1 sequence reactivation is reliant on CA3-CA1 interactions rather than an intrinsic CA1 process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the synaptic mechanisms that tune CA3-CA1 reactivation during sharp-wave ripples.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal DNA Methylome Dynamics of the Developing Mammalian Fetus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies have revealed an essential role for cytosine DNA methylation in mammalian development. However, its spatiotemporal distribution in the developing embryo remains obscure. Here, we profiled the methylome landscapes of 12 mouse tissues/organs at 8 developmental stages spanning from early embryogenesis to birth. Indepth analysis of these spatiotemporal epigenome maps systematically delineated ~2 million methylation variant regions and uncovered widespread methylation dynamics at nearly one-half million tissue-specific enhancers, whose human counterparts were enriched for variants involved in genetic diseases. Strikingly, these predicted regulatory elements predominantly lose CG methylation during fetal development, whereas the trend is reversed after birth. Accumulation of non-CG methylation within gene bodies of key developmental transcription factors coincided with their transcriptional repression during later stages of fetal development. These spatiotemporal epigenomic maps provide a valuable resource for studying gene regulation during mammalian tissue/organ progression and for pinpointing regulatory elements involved in human developmental diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrhein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal DNA Methylome Dynamics of the Developing Mammalian Fetus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems-level identification of transcription factors critical for mouse embryonic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in the transcriptional regulatory circuit can influence the specification of distinct cell types. Numerous transcription factors (TFs) have been shown to function through dynamic rewiring during embryonic development but a comprehensive survey on the global regulatory network is still lacking. Here, we performed an integrated analysis of epigenomic and transcriptomic data to reveal key regulators from 2 cells to postnatal day 0 in mouse embryogenesis. We predicted 3D chromatin interactions including enhancer-promoter interactions in 12 tissues across 8 developmental stages, which facilitates linking TFs to their target genes for constructing genetic networks. To identify driver TFs particularly those not necessarily differentially expressed ones, we developed a new algorithm, dubbed as Taiji, to assess the global importance of TFs in development. Through comparative analysis across tissues and developmental stages, we systematically uncovered TFs that are critical for lineage-specific and stage-dependent tissue specification. Most interestingly, we have identified TF combinations that function in spatiotemporal order to form transcriptional waves regulating developmental progress and differentiation. Not only does our analysis provide the first comprehensive map of transcriptional regulatory circuits during mouse embryonic development, the identified novel regulators and the predicted 3D chromatin interactions also provide a valuable resource to guide further mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems-level identification of transcription factors critical for mouse embryonic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomewide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that features episodes of mania and depression. We performed the largest genome-wide association study to date, including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 sentinel variants at loci with P<1x10-4 in an independent sample of 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. In the combined analysis, 30 loci reached genome-wide significant evidence for association, of which 20 were novel. These significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters (CACNA1C, GRIN2A, SCN2A, SLC4A1), synaptic components (RIMS1, ANK3), immune and energy metabolism components. Bipolar disorder type I (depressive and manic episodes; ~73% of our cases) is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia whereas bipolar disorder type II (depressive and hypomanic episodes; ~17% of our cases) is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential new biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomewide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of large scale transcriptome data draws a comprehensive landscape of Phaeodactylum tricornutum functional genome and evolutionary origin of diatoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are one of the most successful and ecologically important groups of eukaryotic phytoplankton in the modern ocean. Deciphering their genomes is a key step towards better understanding of their biological innovations, evolutionary origins, and ecological underpinnings. Here, we have used 90 RNA-Seq datasets from different growth conditions combined with published expressed sequence tags and protein sequences from multiple taxa to explore the genome of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and introduce 1,489 novel genes. The new annotation additionally permitted the discovery for the first time of extensive alternative splicing (AS) in diatoms, including intron retention and exon skipping which increases the diversity of transcripts to regulate gene expression in response to nutrient limitations. In addition, we have used up-to-date reference sequence libraries to dissect the taxonomic origins of diatom genomes. We show that the P. tricornutum genome is replete in lineage-specific genes, with up to 47% of the gene models present only possessing orthologues in other stramenopile groups. Finally, we have performed a comprehensive de novo annotation of repetitive elements showing novel classes of TEs such as SINE, MITE, LINE and TRIM/LARD. This work provides a solid foundation for future studies of diatom gene function, evolution and ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswari, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrell, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maumus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha Jimenez Vieira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirichine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of large scale transcriptome data draws a comprehensive landscape of Phaeodactylum tricornutum functional genome and evolutionary origin of diatoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-regulated entry into the HRD ERAD pathway: The dark side of allostery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) undergoes regulated degradation as part of feedback control of the sterol pathway. In yeast the stability of the Hmg2 isozyme of HMGR is controlled by the 20 carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP): increasing levels of GGPP causes more efficient degradation by the HRD pathway, allowing feedback regulation of HMGR. The HRD pathway is a conserved quality control pathway critical for the ER-associated degradation of misfolded ER proteins. We have explored the action of GGPP in HRD-dependent Hmg2 degradation. GGPP was highly potent as a regulatory molecule in vivo, and in vitro, GGPP altered Hmg2 folding at nanomolar concentrations. These effects of GGPP were absent in a variety of stabilized or non-regulated Hmg2 mutants. Consistent with its high potency, the effects of GGPP were highly specific; other closely related molecules were ineffective in altering Hmg2 structure. In fact, two close GGPP analogues, 2F-GGPP and GGSPP were completely inactive at all concentrations tested, and GGSPP was an antagonist of GGPPs effects in vivo and in vitro. The effects of GGPP on Hmg2 structure and degradation were reversed by chemical chaperones, indicating that GGPP caused selective Hmg2 misfolding. These data indicate that GGPP functions in a manner analogous to an allosteric ligand, causing Hmg2 misfolding through interaction with a reversible, specific binding site. Consistent with this, the Hmg2 protein forms mulitmers. We propose that this "allosteric misfolding," or mallostery, may be a widely used tactic of biological regulation, with potential for development of small molecule pharmaceuticals that induce selective misfolding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wangeline, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-regulated entry into the HRD ERAD pathway: The dark side of allostery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large-Scale Binding and Functional Map of Human RNA Binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes encompass all the information necessary to specify the development and function of an organism. In addition to genes, genomes also contain a myriad of functional elements that control various steps in gene expression. A major class of these elements function only when transcribed into RNA as they serve as the binding sites for RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which act to control post-transcriptional processes including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, RNA editing, RNA localization, stability, and translation. Despite the importance of these functional RNA elements encoded in the genome, they have been much less studied than genes and DNA elements. Here, we describe the mapping and characterization of RNA elements recognized by a large collection of human RBPs in K562 and HepG2 cells. These data expand the catalog of functional elements encoded in the human genome by addition of a large set of elements that function at the RNA level through interaction with RBPs.nnHighlightsO_LI223 eCLIP datasets for 150 RBPs reveal a wide variety of in vivo RNA target classes.nC_LIO_LI472 knockdown/RNA-seq profiles of 263 RBPs reveal factor-responsive targets and integration with eCLIP indicates RNA expression and splicing regulatory patterns.nC_LIO_LI78 RNA Bind-N-Seq profiles of in vitro binding motifs reveal links between in vitro and in vivo binding and indicate that eCLIP peaks that contain in vitro motifs are more strongly associated with regulation.nC_LIO_LI274 maps of RBP subcellular localization by immunofluorescence indicate widespread organelle-specific RNA processing regulation.nC_LIO_LI63 ChIP-seq profiles of DNA association suggest broad interconnectivity between chromatin association and RNA processing.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, N. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararaman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit Bouvrette, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelboin-Burkhart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aigner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergalet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large-Scale Binding and Functional Map of Human RNA Binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key player in the intracellular trafficking network is cytoplasmic dynein, a protein complex that transports molecular cargo along microtubule tracks. It has been shown that vertebrate dyneins movement becomes strikingly enhanced upon interacting with a cofactor named dynactin and one of several cargo-adapters, such as BicaudalD2. However, the mechanisms responsible for this increase in transport efficiency are not well understood, largely due to a lack of structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the first 3-dimensional structure of the intact dynein-dynactin complex bound to microtubules. Our structure reveals that the dynactin-cargo-adapter complex recruits and binds to two dimeric cytoplasmic dyneins. Interestingly, the dynein motor organization closely resembles that of axonemal dynein, suggesting that cytoplasmic dynein and axonemal dyneins may utilize similar mechanisms to coordinate multiple motors. We propose that grouping dyneins onto a single dynactin scaffold promotes collective force production as well as unidirectional processive motility. These findings provide a structural platform that facilitates a deeper biochemical and biophysical understanding of dynein regulation and cellular transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization and discovery of modulators of SbMATE, the agronomically important aluminium tolerance transporter from Sorghum bicolor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About 50% of the worlds arable land is strongly acidic (soil pH < 5). The low pH of these soils solubilizes root-toxic ionic aluminium (Al3+) species from clay minerals, driving the evolution of various counteractive adaptations in cultivated crops. The food crop Sorghum bicolor, for example, upregulates the membrane-embedded transporter protein SbMATE in its roots. SbMATE mediates efflux of the anionic form of the organic acid, citrate, into the soil rhizosphere, chelating Al3+ ions and thereby imparting Al-resistance based on excluding Al+3 from the growing root tip. Here, we use electrophysiological, radiolabeled, and fluorescence-based transport assays in two heterologous expression systems to establish a broad substrate recognition profile of SbMATE, showing the transport of 14C- citrate anion, as well as the organic monovalent cation, ethidium, but not the divalent ethidium-derivative, propidium. The transport cycle is proton and/or sodium-driven, and shares certain molecular mechanisms with bacterial MATE-family transporters. We further complement our transport assays by directly measuring substrate binding to detergent-purified SbMATE protein. Finally, we use the functionally-folded, purified membrane protein as an antigen to discover high-affinity, native conformation-binding and transport function-altering nanobodies using an animal-free, mRNA/cDNA display technology. Our results demonstrate the utility of using Pichia pastoris as an efficient eukaryotic host to express large quantities of functional plant transporter proteins for in vitro characterization. The nanobody discovery approach is applicable to other low immunogenic plant proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineros, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szewczyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochian, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization and discovery of modulators of SbMATE, the agronomically important aluminium tolerance transporter from Sorghum bicolor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural decoder for learned vocal behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain Machine Interfaces (BMIs) hold promise to restore impaired motor function and, because they decode neural signals to infer behavior, can serve as powerful tools to understand the neural mechanisms of motor control. Yet complex behaviors, such as vocal communication, exceed state-of-the-art decoding technologies which are currently restricted to comparatively simple motor actions. Here we present a BMI for birdsong, that decodes a complex, learned vocal behavior directly from neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arneodo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural decoder for learned vocal behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distributed algorithm to maintain and repair the trail networks of arboreal ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study how the arboreal turtle ant (Cephalotes goniodontus) solves a fundamental computing problem: maintaining a trail network and finding alternative paths to route around broken links in the network. Turtle ants form a routing backbone of foraging trails linking several nests and temporary food sources. This species travels only in the trees, so their foraging trails are constrained to lie on a natural graph formed by overlapping branches and vines in the tangled canopy. Links between branches, however, can be ephemeral, easily destroyed by wind, rain, or animal movements. Here we report a biologically feasible distributed algorithm, parameterized using field data, that can plausibly describe how turtle ants maintain the routing backbone and find alternative paths to circumvent broken links in the backbone. We validate the ability of this probabilistic algorithm to circumvent simulated breaks in synthetic and real-world networks, and we derive an analytic explanation for why certain features are crucial to improve the algorithms success. Our proposed algorithm uses fewer computational resources than common distributed graph search algorithms, and thus may be useful in other domains, such as for swarm computing or for coordinating molecular robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navlakha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distributed algorithm to maintain and repair the trail networks of arboreal ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamocortical and Intracortical Laminar Connectivity Determines Sleep Spindle Properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spindle oscillations are brief oscillatory activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Spindle density and synchronization properties are different in MEG versus EEG recordings in humans and also vary with learning performance, suggesting spindle involvement in memory consolidation. Using computational models, we identified network mechanisms that may explain differences in spindle properties across cortical structures. First, we report that differences in spindle occurrence between MEG and EEG data may arise from the properties of the core vs. matrix thalamocortical systems. The matrix system, projecting superficially, has wider thalamocortical fanout compared to the core system, projecting to the middle layers, and requires the recruitment of a larger population of neurons to initiate a spindle. Our model demonstrates that this property is sufficient to explain lower spindle density and higher spatial synchrony of spindles in the superficial cortical layers, as observed in the EEG signal. In contrast, spindles in the core system occurred more frequently but less synchronously, as observed in the MEG recordings. Futhermore, consistent with human recordings, in the model, spindles occurred independently in the core system but matrix system spindles commonly co-occurred with core one. We found that the intracortical excitatory connections from layer III/IV to layer V promote spindle propagation from the core to the matrix system, leading to widespread spindle activity. Our study predicts that plasticity of the intra and inter cortical connectivity can potentially be a mechanism for increasing in spindle density as observed during learning.nnAuthor summaryThe density of sleep spindles has been shown to correlate with memory consolidation. Further, sleep spindles occur more often in human MEG than EEG. We developed thalamocortical network model that is capable of spontaneous generation of spindles across cortical layers and that captures the essential statistical features of spindles observed in experiments. We predict that differences in thalamo-cortical connectivity, known from anatomical studies, lead to the differences in the spindle properties between EEG and MEG as observed in human recordings. Further, we predict that the intracortical connectivity between cortical layers, a property influenced by sleep preceding learning, increases spindle density. Results from our study highlight the role of cortical and thalamic projections on the occurrence and properties of spindles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamocortical and Intracortical Laminar Connectivity Determines Sleep Spindle Properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling of autonomic and central events during sleep boosts declarative memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While anatomical pathways between forebrain cognitive and brainstem autonomic nervous centers are well defined, autonomic-central interactions during sleep and their contribution to waking performance are not understood. Here, we analyzed simultaneous central activity via electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic heart beat-to-beat intervals (RR intervals) from electrocardiography (ECG) during wake and daytime sleep. We identified bursts of ECG activity that lasted 4-5 seconds and predominated in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM). Using event-based analysis of NREM sleep, we found an increase in delta (0.5-4Hz) and sigma (12-15Hz) power and an elevated density of slow oscillations (0.5-1Hz) about 5 secs prior to peak of the heart rate burst, as well as a surge in vagal activity, assessed by high-frequency (HF) component of RR intervals. Using regression framework, we show that these Autonomic/Central Events (ACE) positively predicted post-nap improvement in a declarative memory task after controlling for the effects of spindles and slow oscillations from sleep periods without ACE. No such relation was found between memory performance and a control nap. Additionally, NREM ACE negatively correlated with REM sleep and learning in a non-declarative memory task. These results provide the first evidence that coordinated autonomic and central events play a significant role in declarative memory consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mednick, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling of autonomic and central events during sleep boosts declarative memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable signatures of visual salience and behavioral relevance across attentional priority maps in human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models posit that visual attention is guided by activity within spatial maps that index the image-computable salience and the behavioral relevance of objects in the scene. However, the simultaneous influence of these factors on putative neural  attentional priority maps in human cortex is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that visual salience and behavioral relevance independently impact the activation profile across retinotopically-organized cortical regions by quantifying attentional priority maps measured in human brains using functional MRI while participants attended one of two differentially-salient stimuli. We find that the topography of activation in priority maps, as reflected in the modulation of region-level patterns of population activity, independently indexed the physical salience and behavioral relevance of each scene element. Moreover, salience strongly impacted activation patterns in early visual areas, whereas later visual areas were dominated by relevance. This suggests that prioritizing spatial locations relies on distributed neural codes containing graded representations of salience and relevance across the visual hierarchy.nnSignificance StatementOften, it is necessary to orient towards bright, unique, or sudden events in the environment - that is, salient stimuli. However, we can focus processing resources on less salient visual information if it is relevant to the task at hand. We tested a theory which supposes that we represent different scene elements according to both their salience and their relevance in a series of  priority maps by measuring fMRI activation patterns across the human brain and reconstructing spatial maps of the visual scene under different task conditions. We found that different regions indexed either the salience or the relevance of scene items, but not their interaction, suggesting an evolving representation of salience and relevance across different visual areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable signatures of visual salience and behavioral relevance across attentional priority maps in human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell surface vimentin is involved in matrix stiffness-dependent infection of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is one of many mechanical forces acting on mammalian adherent cells that influence cellular function. We have addressed the open question of how ECM stiffness might alter the susceptibility of host cells to infection by bacterial pathogens. We manufactured hydrogels of varying physiologically-relevant stiffness and seeded human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) on them. We then infected HMEC-1 with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and found that adhesion of Lm onto host cells increases monotonically with increasing matrix stiffness, an effect that requires the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We identified cell surface vimentin as a candidate surface receptor mediating stiffness-dependent adhesion of Lm to HMEC-1, and demonstrated that bacterial infection of these host cells is decreased when surface vimentin is perturbed. Our results provide the first evidence that ECM stiffness can mediate the susceptibility of host cells to bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastounis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell surface vimentin is involved in matrix stiffness-dependent infection of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational model of brainstem circuit for state dependent control of hypoglossal motoneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) the pharyngeal muscles become relaxed during sleep, which leads to a partial or complete closure of upper airway. Empirical studies suggest that withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives importantly contribute to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons during rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep and, therefore, may contribute to OSA pathophysiology; however, specific cellular and synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. It was recently suggested that, in order to explain experimental observations, the neuronal network for monoaminergic control of excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons has to include excitatory and inhibitory perihypoglossal interneurons that would mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to the motoneurons. In this study, we applied a biophysical network model to validate the rationality of the proposed circuit and to investigate the dynamics of its neuronal populations during REM sleep-induced withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives. The state-dependent activity of the model hypoglossal motoneurons during simulated REM sleep with or without a virtual application of noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs was in qualitative agreement with in vivo data. The study predicts the dynamics of the perihypoglossal interneurons during these conditions and corroborates the hypothesis that the excitatory interneurons may integrate both noradrenergic and serotonergic drives. The latter drive has to be mediated by the inhibitory interneurons. The study suggests that perihypoglossal interneurons may serve as novel potential targets for pharmacological treatment of OSA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukhadze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational model of brainstem circuit for state dependent control of hypoglossal motoneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.868489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is N-Hacking Ever OK? A Simulation-based study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.868489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After an experiment has been completed, a trend may be observed that is "not quite significant". Sometimes in this situation, researchers collect more data in an effort to achieve statistical significance. Such "N-hacking" is condemned because it can lead to an excess of false positive results. I use simulations to demonstrate how N-hacking causes false positives. However, in a parameter regime relevant for many experiments, the increase in false positives is quite modest. Moreover, results obtained this way have higher Positive Predictive Value than non-incremented experiments of the same sample size and statistical power. In other words, adding a few more observations to shore up a nearly-significant result can increase the reproducibility of results, counter to some current rhetoric. Many experiments are non-confirmatory, and unplanned sample augmentation with reasonable decision rules would not cause rampant irreproducibility in that context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinagel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.868489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is N-Hacking Ever OK? A Simulation-based study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASTRAL-Pro: quartet-based species tree inference despite paralogy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species tree inference via summary methods that combine gene trees has become an increasingly common analysis in recent phylogenomic studies. This broad adoption has been partly due to the greater availability of genome-wide data and ample recognition that gene trees and species trees can differ due to biological processes such as gene duplication and gene loss. This increase has also been encouraged by the recent development of accurate and scalable summary methods, such as ASTRAL. However, most of these methods, including ASTRAL, can only handle single-copy gene trees and do not attempt to model gene duplication and gene loss. In this paper, we introduce a measure of quartet similarity between single-copy and multi-copy trees (accounting for orthology and paralogy relationships) that can be optimized via a scalable dynamic programming similar to the one used by ASTRAL. We then present a new quartet-based species tree inference method: ASTRAL-Pro (ASTRAL for PaRalogs and Orthologs). By studying its performance on an extensive collection of simulated datasets and on a real plant dataset, we show that ASTRAL-Pro is more accurate than alternative methods when gene trees differ from the species tree due to the simultaneous presence of gene duplication, gene loss, incomplete lineage sorting, and estimation errors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scornavacca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASTRAL-Pro: quartet-based species tree inference despite paralogy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.850305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.14.850305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway is considered an attractive drug target against the rising threat of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we report two novel small-molecule inhibitors (compounds 1 and 2) of the acyltransferase LpxA, the first enzyme in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway. We show genetically that the antibacterial activities of the compounds against efflux-deficient Escherichia coli are mediated by LpxA inhibition. Consistently, the compounds inhibited the LpxA enzymatic reaction in vitro. Intriguingly, using biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization, we reveal two distinct mechanisms of LpxA inhibition; compound 1 is a substrate-competitive inhibitor targeting apo LpxA and compound 2 is an uncompetitive inhibitor targeting the LpxA-product complex. Compound 2 exhibited more favorable biological and physicochemical properties than compound 1, and was optimized using structural information to achieve improved antibacterial activity against wild type E. coli. These results show that LpxA is a promising antibacterial target and imply the advantages of targeting enzyme-product complexes in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balibar, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter Rath, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi-Leon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommlet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pascale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prathapam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosen, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartchow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.14.850305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two distinct mechanisms of small molecule inhibition of LpxA acyltransferase essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing 'omic feature rankings and log-ratios using Qurro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tools for dealing with compositional "omics" data produce feature-wise values that can be ranked in order to describe features associations with some sort of variation. These values include differentials (which describe features associations with specified covariates) and feature loadings (which describe features associations with variation along a given axis in a biplot). Although prior work has discussed the use of these "rankings" as a starting point for exploring the log-ratios of particularly high-or low-ranked features, such exploratory analyses have previously been done using custom code to visualize feature rankings and the log-ratios of interest. This approach is laborious, prone to errors, and raises questions about reproducibility. To address these problems we introduce Qurro, a tool that interactively visualizes a plot of feature rankings (a "rank plot") alongside a plot of selected features log-ratios within samples (a "sample plot"). Qurros interface includes various controls that allow users to select features from along the rank plot to compute a log-ratio; this action updates both the rank plot (through highlighting selected features) and the sample plot (through displaying the current log-ratios of samples). Here we demonstrate how this unique interface helps users explore feature rankings and log-ratios simply and effectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fedarko, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing 'omic feature rankings and log-ratios using Qurro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.868844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implications of TP53 Allelic State for Genome Stability, Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.868844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TP53 mutations are associated with poor clinical outcomes and treatment resistance in myelodysplastic syndromes. However, the biological and clinical relevance of the underlying mono- or bi-allelic state of the mutations is unclear. We analyzed 3,324 MDS patients for TP53 mutations and allelic imbalances of the TP53 locus and found that 1 in 3 TP53-mutated patients had mono-allelic targeting of the gene whereas 2 in 3 had multiple hits consistent with bi-allelic targeting. The established associations for TP53 with complex karyotype, high-risk presentation, poor survival and rapid leukemic transformation were specific to patients with multi-hit state only. TP53 multi-hit state predicted risk of death and leukemic transformation independently of the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System, while mono-allelic patients did not differ from TP53 wild-type patients. The separation by allelic state was retained in therapy-related MDS. Findings were validated in a cohort of 1,120 patients. Ascertainment of TP53 allelic state is critical for diagnosis, risk estimation and prognostication precision in MDS, and future correlative studies of treatment response should consider TP53 allelic state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nannya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasserjian, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuechler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Martinez, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcovati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sole, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cargo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creignou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germing, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Loosdrecht, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadersten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobiasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmider, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follo, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsianidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boultwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasahara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsurumi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaori-Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polprasert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimek, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savon</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.868844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implications of TP53 Allelic State for Genome Stability, Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuft cells restrain pancreatic tumorigenesis through paracrine eicosanoid signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite numerous advances in our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) genetics and biology, this disease is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related U.S. deaths within the next few years. Incomplete understanding of how it arises precludes development of early detection and interception strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Acinar to ductal metaplasia involving genesis of tuft cells is one early step in PDA formation, but their functional significance has remained obscure due to their rarity and a lack of methods and relevant animal models for their molecular and functional analysis. Here, we show that deletion of tuft cell master regulator Pou2f3 eliminates pancreatic tuft cells and increases fibrosis, alters immune cell activation, and accelerates disease progression. We demonstrate that tuft cell expression of the prostaglandin D2 synthase Hpgds restrains pancreatic disease progression in early stages by inhibiting stromal activation. Analyses of human data sets are consistent with mouse studies. We propose that tuft cells and, by inference, the associated metaplastic lesions, play a protective role early in pancreatic tumorigenesis.

SignificanceWe find that tuft cell formation in response to oncogenic Kras is protective and restrains tumorigenesis through local production of anti-inflammatory substances, including paracrine prostaglandin D2 signaling to the stroma. Our findings establish tuft cells as a metaplasia-induced tumor suppressive cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser Novak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraddi, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubbala, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridinger-Saison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erikson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokhirev, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urade, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.882985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuft cells restrain pancreatic tumorigenesis through paracrine eicosanoid signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter abnormalities across different epilepsy syndromes in adults: an ENIGMA Epilepsy study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epilepsies are commonly accompanied by widespread abnormalities in cerebral white matter. ENIGMA-Epilepsy is a large quantitative brain imaging consortium, aggregating data to investigate patterns of neuroimaging abnormalities in common epilepsy syndromes, including temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal epilepsy, and genetic generalized epilepsy. Our goal was to rank the most robust white matter microstructural differences across and within syndromes in a multicentre sample of adult epilepsy patients. Diffusion-weighted MRI data were analyzed from 1,069 non-epileptic controls and 1,249 patients: temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (N=599), temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI (N=275), genetic generalized epilepsy (N=182) and nonlesional extratemporal epilepsy (N=193). A harmonized protocol using tract-based spatial statistics was used to derive skeletonized maps of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity for each participant, and fiber tracts were segmented using a diffusion MRI atlas. Data were harmonized to correct for scanner-specific variations in diffusion measures using a batch-effect correction tool (ComBat). Analyses of covariance, adjusting for age and sex, examined differences between each epilepsy syndrome and controls for each white matter tract (Bonferroni corrected at p<0.001). Across "all epilepsies" lower fractional anisotropy was observed in most fiber tracts with small to medium effect sizes, especially in the corpus callosum, cingulum and external capsule. Less robust effects were seen with mean diffusivity. Syndrome-specific fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity differences were most pronounced in patients with hippocampal sclerosis in the ipsilateral parahippocampal cingulum and external capsule, with smaller effects across most other tracts. Those with temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI showed a similar pattern of greater ipsilateral than contralateral abnormalities, but less marked than those in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Patients with generalized and extratemporal epilepsies had pronounced differences in fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, corona radiata and external capsule, and in mean diffusivity of the anterior corona radiata. Earlier age of seizure onset and longer disease duration were associated with a greater extent of microstructural abnormalities in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. We demonstrate microstructural abnormalities across major association, commissural, and projection fibers in a large multicentre study of epilepsy. Overall, epilepsy patients showed white matter abnormalities in the corpus callosum, cingulum and external capsule, with differing severity across epilepsy syndromes. These data further define the spectrum of white matter abnormalities in common epilepsy syndromes, yielding new insights into pathological substrates that may be used to guide future therapeutic and genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmann, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvim, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandra, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernasconi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernasconi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldairou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caligiuri, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoodi-Bojd, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmond, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niels, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambardella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleichgerrcht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamandi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotikalapudi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreilkamp, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter abnormalities across different epilepsy syndromes in adults: an ENIGMA Epilepsy study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Empirical dynamic modeling reveals ecological drivers of dengue dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.883363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experiments and models suggest that climate affects mosquito-borne disease transmission. However, disease transmission involves complex nonlinear interactions between climate and population dynamics, which makes detecting climate drivers at the population level challenging. By analyzing incidence data, estimated susceptible population size, and climate data with methods based on nonlinear time series analysis (collectively referred to as empirical dynamic modeling), we identified drivers and their interactive effects on dengue dynamics in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Climatic forcing arose only when susceptible availability was high: temperature and rainfall had net positive and negative effects, respectively. By capturing mechanistic, nonlinear, and context-dependent effects of population susceptibility, temperature, and rainfall on dengue transmission empirically, our model improves forecast skill over recent, state-of-the-art models for dengue incidence. Together, these results provide empirical evidence that the interdependence of host population susceptibility and climate drive dengue dynamics in a nonlinear and complex, yet predictable way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyle, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shocket, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rypdal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.883363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Empirical dynamic modeling reveals ecological drivers of dengue dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Log Transformation Improves Dating of Phylogenies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic trees inferred from sequence data often have branch lengths measured in the expected number of substitutions and therefore, do not have divergence times estimated. These trees give an incomplete view of evolutionary histories since many applications of phylogenies require time trees. Many methods have been developed to convert the inferred branch lengths from substitution unit to time unit using calibration points, but none is universally accepted as they are challenged in both scalability and accuracy under complex models. Here, we introduce a new method that formulates dating as a non-convex optimization problem where the variance of log-transformed rate multipliers are minimized across the tree. On simulated and real data, we show that our method, wLogDate, is often more accurate than alternatives and is more robust to various model assumptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mai, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Log Transformation Improves Dating of Phylogenies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequestration of Methane by Symbiotic Deep-Sea Annelids: Ancient and Future Implications of Redefining the Seep Influence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep-sea methane seeps are dynamic sources of greenhouse gas production and unique habitats supporting ocean biodiversity and productivity. Here, we demonstrate new animal-bacterial symbioses fueled by methane, between two undescribed species of annelid (a serpulid Laminatubus and sabellid Bispira) and distinct methane-oxidizing Methylococcales bacteria. Worm tissue {delta}13C of -44{per thousand} to -58{per thousand} suggested methane-fueled nutrition for both species and shipboard experiments revealed active assimilation of 13C-labelled CH4 into animal biomass, occurring via engulfment of methanotrophic bacteria across the host epidermal surface. These worms represent a new addition to the few animals known to intimately associate with methane-oxidizing bacteria, and further explain their enigmatic mass occurrence at 150-million-year-old fossil seeps. High-resolution seafloor surveys document significant coverage by these symbioses, beyond typical obligate seep fauna. These findings uncover novel consumers of methane in the deep-sea, and by expanding the known spatial extent of methane seeps, may have important implications for deep-sea conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goffredi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequestration of Methane by Symbiotic Deep-Sea Annelids: Ancient and Future Implications of Redefining the Seep Influence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.25.888495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Chloroplast Super-Complex Consisting of the ATP Synthase and Photosystem I Reaction Center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.25.888495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several  super-complexes of individual hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes, whose function is to facilitate intra-membrane electron and proton transfer and harvesting of light energy, have been previously characterized in the mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The latter membrane is reported here to also be the location of an intra-membrane super-complex which is dominated by the ATP-synthase and photosystem I (PSI) reaction-center complexes, defined by mass spectrometry, clear-native PAGE and Western Blot analyses. This is the first documented presence of ATP synthase in a super-complex with the PSI reaction-center located in the non-appressed stromal domain of the thylakoid membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitelegge, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.25.888495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Chloroplast Super-Complex Consisting of the ATP Synthase and Photosystem I Reaction Center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.26.888685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The String Decomposition Problem and its Applications to Centromere Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.26.888685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent attempts to assemble long tandem repeats (such as multi-megabase long centromeres) faced the challenge of accurate translation of long error-prone reads from the nucleotide alphabet into the alphabet of repeat units. Centromeres represent a particularly complex type of nested tandem repeats, where each unit is itself a repeat formed by chromosome-specific monomers (a repeat within repeat). Given a set of monomers forming a specific centromere, translation of a read into monomers is modeled as the String Decomposition Problem, finding a concatenate of monomers with the highest-scoring sequence alignment to a given read. We developed a StringDecomposer algorithm for solving this problem, benchmarked it on the set of reads generated by the Telomere-to-Telomere consortium, and identified a novel (rare) monomer that extends the set of twelve X-chromosome specific monomers identified more than three decades ago. The accurate translation of each read into a monomer alphabet turns centromere assembly into a more tractable problem than the notoriously difficult problem of assembling centromeres in the nucleotide alphabet. Our identification of a novel monomer emphasizes the importance of careful identification of all (even rare) monomers for follow-up centromere assembly efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.26.888685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The String Decomposition Problem and its Applications to Centromere Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Molecular Pathway for Arterial-Specific Association of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.27.889782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The preferential accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells on arteries versus veins during early development is a well-described phenomenon, but the molecular pathways underlying this polarization are not well understood. During zebrafish embryogenesis the cxcr4a receptor (mammalian CXCR4) and its ligand cxcl12b (mammalian CXCL12) are both preferentially expressed on arteries at time points consistent with the arrival and differentiation of the first vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). We show that autocrine cxcl12b/cxcr4 activity leads to increased production of the vSMC chemoattractant ligand pdgfb by endothelial cells in vitro and increased expression of pdgfb by arteries in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrate that expression of the well-characterized blood flow-regulated transcription factor klf2a in primitive veins negatively regulates cxcr4/cxcl12 and pdgfb expression, restricting vSMC recruitment to the arterial vasculature. Together, this signaling axis leads to the differential acquisition of smooth muscle cells at sites where klf2a expression is low and both cxcr4a and pdgfb are co-expressed, i.e. arteries during early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrelly, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castranova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venero Galanternik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolan, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukouyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.27.889782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Molecular Pathway for Arterial-Specific Association of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.881581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual role of auxin in regulating plant defense and bacterial virulence gene expression during Pseudomonas syringae PtoDC3000 pathogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.29.881581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modification of host hormone biology is a common strategy used by plant pathogens to promote disease. For example, the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 produces the plant hormone auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, or IAA) to promote PtoDC3000 growth in plant tissue. Previous studies suggest that auxin may promote PtoDC3000 pathogenesis through multiple mechanisms, including both suppression of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated host defenses and via an unknown mechanism that appears to be independent of SA. To test if host auxin signaling is important during pathogenesis, we took advantage of Arabidopsis thaliana lines impaired in either auxin signaling or perception. We found that disruption of auxin signaling in plants expressing an inducible dominant axr2-1 mutation resulted in decreased bacterial growth, demonstrating that host auxin signaling is required for normal susceptibility to PtoDC3000, and this phenotype was dependent on SA-mediated defenses. However, despite exhibiting decreased auxin perception, tir1 afb1 afb4 afb5 quadruple mutant plants lacking four of the six known auxin co-receptors supported increased levels of bacterial growth. This mutant also exhibited elevated IAA levels, suggesting that the increased IAA in these plants may promote PtoDC3000 growth independent of host auxin signaling, perhaps through a direct effect on the pathogen. In support of this, we found that IAA directly impacted the pathogen, by modulating expression of bacterial virulence genes, both in liquid culture and in planta. Thus, in addition to suppressing host defenses, IAA acts as a microbial signaling molecule that regulates bacterial virulence gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Djami-Tchatchou, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigge, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkel, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.29.881581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual role of auxin in regulating plant defense and bacterial virulence gene expression during Pseudomonas syringae PtoDC3000 pathogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence, Structure and Context Preferences of Human RNA Binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of functional cellular RNAs involves multiple processing and regulatory steps principally mediated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Here we present the affinity landscapes of 78 human RBPs using an unbiased assay that determines the sequence, structure, and context preferences of an RBP in vitro from deep sequencing of bound RNAs. Analyses of these data revealed several interesting patterns, including unexpectedly low diversity of RNA motifs, implying frequent convergent evolution of binding specificity toward a relatively small set of RNA motifs, many with low compositional complexity. Offsetting this trend, we observed extensive preferences for contextual features outside of core RNA motifs, including spaced "bipartite" motifs, biased flanking nucleotide context, and bias away from or towards RNA structure. These contextual features are likely to enable targeting of distinct subsets of transcripts by different RBPs that recognize the same core motif. Our results enable construction of "RNA maps" of RBP activity without requiring crosslinking-based assays, and provide unprecedented depth of information on the interaction of RBPs with RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nostrand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graveley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence, Structure and Context Preferences of Human RNA Binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage induced during mitosis undergoes DNA repair synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mitotic DNA damage response (DDR) is critical to our comprehension of cancer, premature aging and developmental disorders which are marked by DNA repair deficiencies. In this study we use a micro-focused-laser to induce DNA damage in selected mitotic chromosomes to study the subsequent repair response. Our findings demonstrate that (1) mitotic cells are capable of DNA repair as evidenced by DNA synthesis at damage sites, (2) Repair is attenuated when DNA-PKcs and ATM are simultaneously compromised, (3) Laser damage may permit the observation of previously undetected DDR proteins when damage is elicited by other methods in mitosis, and (4) Twenty five percent of mitotic DNA-damaged cells undergo a subsequent mitosis. Together these findings suggest that mitotic DDR is more complex than previously thought and may involve factors from multiple repair pathways that are better understood in interphase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez Godinez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabbara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maravillas-Montero, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preece, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokomori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage induced during mitosis undergoes DNA repair synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A qualitative difference in decision-making of rats vs. humans explained by quantitative differences in behavioral variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When observers make rapid, difficult perceptual decisions, their response time is highly variable from trial to trial. In a visual motion discrimination task, it has been reported that human accuracy declines with increasing response time, whereas rat accuracy increases with response time. This is of interest because different mathematical theories of decision-making differ in their predictions regarding the correlation of accuracy with response time. On the premise that perceptual decision-making mechanisms are likely to be conserved among mammals, we seek to unify the rodent and primate results in a common theoretical framework. We show that a bounded drift diffusion model (DDM) can explain both effects with variable parameters: trial-to-trial variability in the starting point of the diffusion process produces the pattern typically observed in rats, whereas variability in the drift rate produces the pattern typically observed in humans. We further show that the same effects can be produced by deterministic biases, even in the absence of parameter stochasticity or parameter change within a trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinagel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A qualitative difference in decision-making of rats vs. humans explained by quantitative differences in behavioral variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid-specific labeling of enveloped viruses with quantum dots for single-virus tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.895805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantum dots (QDs) possess optical properties of superbright fluorescence, excellent photostability, narrow emission spectra, and optional colors. Labeled with QDs, single molecules/viruses can be rapidly and continuously imaged for a long time, providing more detailed information than labeled with other fluorophores. While they are widely used to label proteins in single-molecule tracking studies, QDs have rarely been used to study virus infection, mainly due to lack of accepted labeling strategies. Here, we report a general method to mildly and readily label enveloped viruses with QDs. Lipid-biotin conjugates were used to recognize and mark viral lipid membranes, and streptavidin (SA)-QD conjugates were used to light them up. Such a method allowed enveloped viruses to be labeled in 2 hours with specificity and efficiency up to 99% and 98%. The intact morphology and the native infectivity of viruses could be furthest preserved. With the aid of this QD labeling method, we lit wild-type (WT) and mutant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) up, tracked their infection in living Vero cells, and found that H144A and Q258A substitutions in the envelope (E) protein didnt affect the virus intracellular trafficking. The lipid-specific QD labeling method described in this study provides a handy and practical tool to readily "see" the viruses and follow their infection, facilitating the widespread use of single-virus tracking and the uncovering of complex infection mechanisms.

Author summaryVirus infection in host cells is a complex process comprising a large number of dynamic molecular events. Single-virus tracking is a versatile technique to study these events. To perform this technique, viruses must be fluorescently labeled to be visible to fluorescence microscopes. Quantum dot is a kind of fluorescent tags that has many unique optical properties. It has been widely used to label proteins in single-molecule tracking studies, but rarely used to study virus infection, mainly due to lack of accepted labeling method. In this study, we developed a lipid-specific method to readily, mildly, specifically, and efficiently label enveloped viruses with quantum dots by recognizing viral envelope lipids with lipid-biotin conjugates and recognizing these lipid-biotin conjugates with streptavidin-quantum dot conjugates. Such a method is superior to the commonly used DiD/DiO labeling and the other QD labeling methods. It is not only applicable to normal viruses, but also competent to label the key protein-mutated viruses and the inactivated high virulent viruses, providing a powerful tool for single-virus tracking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid-specific labeling of enveloped viruses with quantum dots for single-virus tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of diatoms, much remains to be understood about their physiology and metabolism, including their carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Early carotenoid biosynthesis steps are well-conserved, while the identity of the enzymes that catalyze the later steps and their order remain unclear. Those steps lead to the biosynthesis of the final pathway products: the main accessory light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin (Fx) and the main photoprotective pigment pool comprised of diadinoxanthin (Ddx) and its reversibly de-epoxidized form diatoxanthin (Dtx). We used sequence comparison to known carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes to identify novel candidates in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microarray and RNA-seq data was used to select candidates with transcriptomic responses similar to known carotenoid biosynthesis genes and to create full-length gene models, and we focused on those that encode proteins predicted to be chloroplast-localized. We identified a violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like gene (Thaps3_11707, VDL2) that when overexpressed results in increased Fx abundance while stoichiometrically reducing Ddx+Dtx. Based on transcriptomics, we hypothesize that Thaps3_10233 may also contribute to Fx biosynthesis, in addition to VDL2. Separately using antisense RNA to target VDL2, VDL1, and both LUT1-like copies (hypothesized to catalyze an earlier step in the pathway) simultaneously, reduced the overall cellular photosynthetic pigment content, including chlorophylls, suggesting destabilization of light-harvesting complexes by Fx deficiency. Based on transcriptomic and physiological data, we hypothesize that the two predicted T. pseudonana zeaxanthin epoxidases have distinct functions and that different copies of phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase may serve to initiate carotenoid biosynthesis in response to different cellular needs. Finally, nine carotene cis/trans isomerase (CRTISO) candidates identified based on sequence identity to known CRTISO proteins were narrowed to two most likely to be part of the T. pseudonana carotenoid biosynthesis pathway based on transcriptomic responses and predicted chloroplast targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpression of Thalassiosira pseudonana violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) increases fucoxanthin while stoichiometrically reducing diadinoxanthin cycle pigment abundance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global post-translational modification profiling of HIV-1-infected cells reveals mechanisms of host cellular pathway remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses must effectively remodel host cellular pathways to replicate and evade immune defenses, and they must do so with limited genomic coding capacity. Targeting post-translational modification (PTM) pathways provides a mechanism by which viruses can broadly and rapidly transform a hostile host environment into a hospitable one. We used quantitative proteomics to measure changes in two PTM types - phosphorylation and ubiquitination - in response to HIV-1 infection with viruses harboring targeted deletions of a subset of HIV-1 genes. PTM analysis revealed a requirement for Aurora kinase A activity in HIV-1 infection and furthermore revealed that AMP-activated kinase activity is modulated during infection via HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation of B56-containing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Finally, we demonstrated that the Cullin4A-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase ubiquitinates histone H1 somatic isoforms and that HIV-1 Vpr inhibits this process, leading to defects in DNA repair. Thus, global PTM profiling of infected cells serves as an effective tool for uncovering specific mechanisms of host pathway modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hüttenhain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fregoso, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global post-translational modification profiling of HIV-1-infected cells reveals mechanisms of host cellular pathway remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of HDAC2-PDX1 by RNF125 defines pancreatic cancer development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need to define mechanisms underlying pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) development. Our studies of ubiquitin ligases that may underlie PDA development led us to identify and characterize RNF125. We show that RNF125 exhibits nuclear expression in acinar cells, with reduced and largely cytosolic expression in ductal cells, PanIN and PDA specimens. We find that RNF125 interacts with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and promotes its non-canonical K63-linked ubiquitination. Inhibition of HDAC2 activity by RNF125 resulted in elevated expression of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1). Correspondingly, inhibition of RNF125 expression enhanced organoid growth in culture and orthotopic tumor development. Conversely, restoration of PDX1 levels in human or mouse PDA cells and organoids depleted of RNF125, inhibited cell proliferation and growth, while expression of HDAC2 enhanced it. Notably, higher expression of RNF125 and PDX1 coincided with differentiated tumor phenotypes, and better outcome in PDA patients. In demonstrating the importance of RNF125 control of PDX1 expression via HDAC2 ubiquitination in PDA development, our findings highlight markers (RNF125, PDX1) and targets (HDAC2) for monitoring and possible treatment of PDA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasnis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almog, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavinskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alelbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ishay, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuveson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronai, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of HDAC2-PDX1 by RNF125 defines pancreatic cancer development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term warming weakens stabilizing effects of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the consensus that warming will affect biodiversity, alter physicochemical environments, and disrupt biological interactions, the relative importance of these key processes and how they interact to determine overall ecosystem function is poorly understood. Here, we analyze long-term (16[~]39 years) time series data from ten aquatic ecosystems and use convergent cross mapping (CCM) to quantify the hidden causal network linking species diversity, ecosystem function, and physicochemical factors. We observe that aquatic ecosystems subject to stronger warming exhibit decreased stability (larger fluctuations in phytoplankton biomass). We further show that this effect can be attributed to a weakening of stabilizing causal pathways between biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and phytoplankton biomass. Thus, rather than thinking in terms of separate factors, a more holistic view, that causally links biodiversity and the other ecosystem components, is required to understand and predict climate impacts on the temporal stability of aquatic ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyle, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souissi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anneville, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, Y.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichise, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumagai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzaki, S.-i. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiah, F.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term warming weakens stabilizing effects of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The wild grape genome sequence provides insights into the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism during grape domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grapevine has a major economical and cultural importance since antiquity. A key step in domestication was the transition from separate sexes (dioecy) in wild Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (V. sylvestris) to hermaphroditism in cultivated Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera. While the grapevine sex locus is known to be small, its precise boundaries, gene content and the sex-determining genes are unknown. Here we obtained a high-quality de novo reference genome for V. sylvestris and whole-genome resequencing data of a cross. Studying SNP segregation patterns, gene content and expression in wild and cultivated accessions allowed us to build a model for sex determination in grapevine. In this model, up- and down-regulation of a cytokinin regulator is sufficient to cause female sterility and reversal to hermaphroditism, respectively. This study highlights the importance of neo-functionalization of Y alleles in sex determination and provides a resource for studying genetic diversity in V. sylvestris and the genomic processes of grapevine domestication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badouin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gindraud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flutre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vautrin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marande, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganofsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berges, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugueney, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacilieri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustenholz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marais, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The wild grape genome sequence provides insights into the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism during grape domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgal productivity in mass cultures is limited by the inefficiency with which available light energy is utilized. In dense cultures, cells closest to the light source absorb more light energy than they can use and dissipate the excess, while light penetrance into the culture is steeply attenuated. Reducing microalgal light harvesting and/or dissipating capacity per cell may improve total light utilization efficiency in mass cultures. In this study, two transgenic lines of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigment content are evaluated with respect to photosynthetic parameters, growth, and macromolecule accumulation. In one line, violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) is overexpressed (OE), resulting in a reduction of the diadinoxanthin cycle pigments, which are involved in light energy dissipation (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), accompanied by a stoichiometric increase in the light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin. No differences in the maximum potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or light-limited photosynthetic rate () were found. However, when adapted to 30 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, the VDL2 OE maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) upon exposure to saturating light intensities was 86-95% of wild type (WT). When adapted to 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1, VDL2 OE saturated photosynthesis at 62-71% of the light intensity needed to saturate WT (Ek). NPQ was substantially lower at and below 300 {micro}mol photons m-2 sec-1. VDL2 OE accumulated up to 3.4 times as much triacylglycerol (TAG) as WT during exponential growth, and up to twice as much protein. Growth in terms of culture density was up to 7% slower. TAG and protein accumulation inversely correlated with NPQ. The second line evaluated was obtained by using antisense RNA to simultaneously silence or knock down (KD) both LUT1-like (LTL) genes, hypothesized to catalyze an intermediate carotenoid biosynthesis step of converting {beta}-carotene to zeaxanthin. Overall reduction of photosynthetic pigment content without altering the relative abundance of individual pigments resulted. No significant differences in photosynthetic parameters compared to WT were found. LTL KD grew at a rate comparable to WT and accumulated up to 40% more TAG during exponential growth, while protein content was reduced by 11-19%. LTL KD cells were elongated and 5-10% smaller than WT, and cultures contained auxospores, indicating stress that may relate to a cell cycle progression defect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaidarenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase Ugd in E. coli is activated by Gmd and RffD, is inhibited by CheY, and regulates swarming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The two most common mechanisms of polymyxin resistance in bacteria involve glycosylation of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and production of the exocapsular polysaccharide, colanic acid (CA). UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, Ugd, is required for both CA biosynthesis and LPS modification. We here show that Ugd is activated by the GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (Gmd, YefA, YefN), UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase (RffD, WecC), and ribonuclease HII (RnhB). The former two enzymes are involved in Lipid A and colanic acid biosyntheses, respectively, while RnhB cleaves RNA in RNA:DNA hybrids. Moreover, CheY inhibits the phosphorylated, activated form of Ugd (Ugd-P). Finally, Ugd is involved in the regulation of swarming, since a ugd mutant has an increased swarming rate, while Ugd overproduction inhibits swarming. Two-hybrid bacterial assays reveal direct interaction of Ugd with RssB (an anti-RpoS factor) and CheY in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboulwafa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UDP-glucose dehydrogenase Ugd in E. coli is activated by Gmd and RffD, is inhibited by CheY, and regulates swarming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crosslinking-guided geometry of a complete CXC receptor-chemokine complex and the basis of chemokine subfamily selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemokines and their receptors are orchestrators of cell migration in humans. Because dysregulation of the receptor-chemokine system leads to inflammation and cancer, both chemokines and receptors are highly sought therapeutic targets. Yet one of the barriers for their therapeutic targeting is the limited understanding of the structural principles behind receptor-chemokine recognition and selectivity. The existing structures do not include CXC subfamily complexes and lack information about the receptor distal N-termini, despite the importance of the latter in signaling, regulation, and bias. Here we report the discovery of the geometry of the complex between full-length CXCR4, a prototypical CXC receptor and driver of cancer metastasis, and its endogenous ligand CXCL12. By comprehensive disulfide crosslinking, we establish the existence and the structure of a novel interface between the CXCR4 distal N-terminus and CXCL12 {beta}1-strand, while also recapitulating earlier findings from NMR, modeling and crystallography of homologous receptors. A crosslinking-informed high-resolution model of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex pinpoints the interaction determinants and reveals the occupancy of the receptor major subpocket by the CXCL12 proximal N-terminus. This newly found positioning of the chemokine proximal N-terminus provides a structural explanation of CXC receptor-chemokine selectivity against other subfamilies. Our findings challenge the traditional two-site understanding of receptor-chemokine recognition, suggest the possibility of new affinity and signaling determinants, and fill a critical void on the structural map of an important class of therapeutic targets. These results will aid the rational design of selective chemokine-receptor-targeting small molecules and biologics with novel pharmacology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abagyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.900951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crosslinking-guided geometry of a complete CXC receptor-chemokine complex and the basis of chemokine subfamily selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transport Phenomena in Fluid Films with Curvature Elasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular membranes are elastic lipid bilayers that contain a variety of proteins, including ion channels, receptors, and scaffolding proteins. These proteins are known to diffuse in the plane of the membrane and to influence the bending of the membrane. Experiments have shown that lipid flow in the plane of the membrane is closely coupled with the diffusion of proteins. Thus there is a need for a comprehensive framework that accounts for the interplay between these processes. Here, we present a theory for the coupled in-plane viscous flow of lipids, diffusion of transmembrane proteins, and curvature elastic deformation of lipid bilayers. The proteins in the membrane are modeled such that they influence membrane bending by inducing a spontaneous curvature. We formulate the free energy of the membrane with a Helfrich-like curvature elastic energy density function modified to account for the chemical potential energy of proteins. We derive the conservation laws and equations of motion for this system. Finally, we present results from dimensional analysis and numerical simulations and demonstrate the effect of coupled transport processes in governing the dynamics of membrane bending and protein diffusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saintillan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transport Phenomena in Fluid Films with Curvature Elasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rigor and Transparency Index, a new metric of quality for assessing biological and medical science methods. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reproducibility crisis in science is a multifaceted problem involving practices and incentives, both in the laboratory and in publication. Fortunately, some of the root causes are known and can be addressed by scientists and authors alike. After careful consideration of the available literature, the National Institutes of Health identified several key problems with the way that scientists conduct and report their research and introduced guidelines to improve the rigor and reproducibility of pre-clinical studies. Many journals have implemented policies addressing these same criteria. We currently have, however, no comprehensive data on how these guidelines are impacting the reporting of research. Using SciScore, an automated tool developed to review the methods sections of manuscripts for the presence of criteria associated with the NIH and other reporting guidelines, e.g., ARRIVE, RRIDs, we have analyzed ~1.6 million PubMed Central papers to determine the degree to which articles were addressing these criteria. The tool scores each paper on a ten point scale identifying sentences that are associated with compliance with criteria associated with increased rigor (5 pts) and those associated with key resource identification and authentication (5 pts). From these data, we have built the Rigor and Transparency Index, which is the average score for analyzed papers in a particular journal. Our analyses show that the average score over all journals has increased since 1997, but remains below five, indicating that less than half of the rigor and reproducibility criteria are routinely addressed by authors. To analyze the data further, we examined the prevalence of individual criteria across the literature, e.g., the reporting of a subject’s sex (21-37% of studies between 1997 and 2019), the inclusion of sample size calculations (2-10%), whether the study addressed blinding (3-9%), or the identifiability of key biological resources such as antibodies (11-43%), transgenic organisms (14-22%), and cell lines (33-39%). The greatest increase in prevalence for rigor criteria was seen in the use of randomization of subjects (10-30%), while software tool identifiability improved the most among key resource types (42-87%). We further analyzed individual journals over time that had implemented specific author guidelines covering rigor criteria, and found that in some journals, they had a big impact, whereas in others they did not. We speculate that unless they are enforced, author guidelines alone do little to improve the number of criteria addressed by authors. Our Rigor and Transparency Index did not correlate with the impact factors of journals.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelandse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozyurt, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandrowski, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.908111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rigor and Transparency Index, a new metric of quality for assessing biological and medical science methods.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mosaicFlye: Resolving long mosaic repeats using long error-prone reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read technologies revolutionized genome assembly and enabled resolution of bridged repeats (i.e., repeats that are spanned by some reads) in various genomes. However, the problem of resolving unbridged repeats (such as long segmental duplications in the human genome) remains largely unsolved, making it a major obstacle towards achieving the goal of complete genome assemblies. Moreover, the challenge of resolving unbridged repeats is not limited to eukaryotic genomes but also impairs assemblies of bacterial genomes and metagenomes. We describe the mosaicFlye algorithm for resolving complex unbridged repeats based on differences between various repeat copies and show how it improves assemblies of the human genome as well as bacterial genomes and metagenomes. In particular, we show that mosaicFlye results in a complete assembly of both arms of the human chromosome 6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.908285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mosaicFlye: Resolving long mosaic repeats using long error-prone reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iterative Refinement of Cellular Identity from Single-Cell Data Using Online Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experimental advances have enabled high-throughput single-cell measurement of gene expression, chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation. We previously used integrative non-negative matrix factorization (iNMF) to jointly learn interpretable low-dimensional representations from multiple single-cell datasets using dataset-specific and shared metagene factors. These factors provide a principled, quantitative definition of cellular identity and how it varies across biological contexts. However, datasets exceeding 1 million cells are now widely available, creating computational barriers to scientific discovery. For instance, it is no longer feasible to analyze large datasets using standard pipelines on a personal computer with limited memory capacity. Moreover, there is a need for an algorithm capable of iteratively refining the definition of cellular identity as efforts to create a comprehensive human cell atlas continually sequence new cells.

To address these challenges, we developed an online learning algorithm for integrating large and continually arriving single-cell datasets. We extended previous online learning approaches for NMF to minimize the expected cost of a surrogate function for the iNMF objective. We also derived a novel hierarchical alternating least squares algorithm for iNMF and incorporated it into an efficient online algorithm. Our online approach accesses the training data as mini-batches, decoupling memory usage from dataset size and allowing on-the-fly incorporation of new datasets as they are generated. The online implementation of iNMF converges much more quickly using a fraction of the memory required for the batch implementation, without sacrificing solution quality. Our new approach processes 1.3 million single cells from the entire mouse embryo on a laptop in 25 minutes using less than 500 MB of RAM. We also analyze large datasets without downloading them to disk by streaming them over the internet on demand. Furthermore, we construct a single-cell multi-omic cell atlas of the mouse motor cortex by iteratively incorporating eight single-cell RNA-seq, single-nucleus RNA-seq, single-nucleus ATAC-seq, and single-nucleus DNA methylation datasets generated by the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network.

Our approach obviates the need to recompute results each time additional cells are sequenced, dramatically increases convergence speed, and allows processing of datasets too large to fit in memory or on disk. Most importantly, it facilitates continual refinement of cell identity as new single-cell datasets from different biological contexts and data modalities are generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iterative Refinement of Cellular Identity from Single-Cell Data Using Online Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV Ablates Neurogenesis in the Adult Murine Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.18.911362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been widely used as a viral vector across mammalian biology and has been shown to be safe and effective in human gene therapy. We demonstrate that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and immature dentate granule cells (DGCs) within the adult murine hippocampus are particularly sensitive to rAAV-induced cell death. Cell loss is dose dependent and nearly complete at experimentally relevant viral titers. rAAV-induced cell death is rapid and persistent, with loss of BrdU-labeled cells within 18 hours post-injection and no evidence of recovery of adult neurogenesis at 3 months post-injection. The remaining mature DGCs appear hyperactive 4 weeks post-injection based on immediate early gene expression, consistent with previous studies investigating the effects of attenuating adult neurogenesis. In vitro application of AAV or electroporation of AAV2 inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) is sufficient to induce cell death. Efficient transduction of the dentate gyrus (DG)--without ablating adult neurogenesis--can be achieved by injection of rAAV2-retro serotyped virus into CA3. rAAV2-retro results in efficient retrograde labeling of mature DGCs and permits in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging of dentate activity while leaving adult neurogenesis intact. These findings expand on recent reports implicating rAAV-linked toxicity in stem cells and other cell types and suggest that future work using rAAV as an experimental tool in the DG and as a gene therapy for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) should be carefully evaluated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parylak, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newberry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novák, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.18.911362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV Ablates Neurogenesis in the Adult Murine Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of statistical normalisation on network propagation scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationNetwork diffusion and label propagation are fundamental tools in computational biology, with applications like gene-disease association, protein function prediction and module discovery. More recently, several publications have introduced a permutation analysis after the propagation process, due to concerns that network topology can bias diffusion scores. This opens the question of the statistical properties and the presence of bias of such diffusion processes in each of its applications. In this work, we characterised some common null models behind the permutation analysis and the statistical properties of the diffusion scores. We benchmarked seven diffusion scores on three case studies: synthetic signals on a yeast interactome, simulated differential gene expression on a protein-protein interaction network and prospective gene set prediction on another interaction network. For clarity, all the datasets were based on binary labels, but we also present theoretical results for quantitative labels.

ResultsDiffusion scores starting from binary labels were affected by the label codification, and exhibited a problem-dependent topological bias that could be removed by the statistical normalisation. Parametric and non-parametric normalisation addressed both points by being codification-independent and by equalising the bias. We identified and quantified two sources of bias -mean value and variance- that yielded performance differences when normalising the scores. We provided closed formulae for both and showed how the null covariance is related to the spectral properties of the graph. Despite none of the proposed scores systematically outperformed the others, normalisation was preferred when the sought positive labels were not aligned with the bias. We conclude that the decision on bias removal should be problem and data-driven, i.e. based on a quantitative analysis of the bias and its relation to the positive entities.

AvailabilityThe code is publicly available at https://github.com/b2slab/diffuBench

Contactsergi.picart@upc.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Picart-Armada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera-Lluna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.911842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of statistical normalisation on network propagation scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.913772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional anatomy of the full length CXCR4-CXCL12 complex systematically dissected by quantitative model-guided mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.913772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their prominent role in development and infamy in cancer and HIV, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, CXCL12, have been the subject of numerous structural and functional studies. Nevertheless, a high resolution structure of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex has not been reported. Even with several alternative computational models of the complex at hand, the relative contributions of different interaction epitopes to ligand binding, ligand selectivity and signaling are not readily apparent. Here, building upon our latest structural model, we employed a systematic mutagenesis strategy to dissect the functional anatomy of the of CXCR4-CXCL12 complex. Key charge swap mutagenesis experiments supported pairwise interactions between oppositely charged residues in the receptor and chemokine, confirming the accuracy of the predicted orientation of the chemokine relative to the receptor, while also providing insight into ligand selectivity. Progressive deletion of N-terminal residues revealed an unexpected contribution of the receptor N-terminus to chemokine signaling; this finding challenges a longstanding "two-site" hypothesis about the essential features of the receptor-chemokine interaction where the N-terminus is purported to only contribute to binding affinity. The results suggest that while the interaction of the chemokine N-terminus with the receptor binding pocket is the key driver of signaling, the signaling amplitude depends on the extent to which the receptor N-terminus binds the chemokine. Along with systematic characterization of other epitopes, the current data allow us to propose a comprehensive experimentally-consistent structural model for how the chemokine binds CXCR4 and initiates signal transmission through the receptor TM domain.

One sentence summaryA systematic structure-guided mutagenesis study of chemokine receptor CXCR4 reveals novel insights into epitopes regulating ligand recognition, ligand specificity and CXCL12-mediated signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.913772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional anatomy of the full length CXCR4-CXCL12 complex systematically dissected by quantitative model-guided mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt signaling determines body axis polarity in regenerating Hydra tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.915702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How an animal establishes its body axis is a fundamental question in developmental biology. The freshwater cnidarian Hydra is an attractive model for studying axis formation because it is radially symmetric, with a single oral-aboral axis. It was recently proposed that the orientation of the new body axis in a regenerating Hydra is determined by the oral-aboral orientation of the actin-myosin contractile processes (myonemes) in the parent animals outer epithelial layer. However, because the myonemes are not known to possess polarity, it remained unclear how the oral-aboral polarity of the axis would be defined. As Wnt signaling is known to maintain axis polarity in Hydra and bilaterians, we hypothesized that it plays a role in axis specification in excised Hydra tissue pieces. We tested this hypothesis using pharmacological perturbations and novel grafting experiments to set Wnt-derived signals and myoneme orientation perpendicular to each other to determine which controls axis formation. Our results demonstrate that Wnt signaling is the dominant encoder of axis information, in line with its highly conserved role in anterior-posterior patterning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt signaling determines body axis polarity in regenerating Hydra tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.917476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Giant magnetoresistive biosensors for real-time quantitative detection of protease activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.917476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteases are enzymes that cleave proteins and are crucial to physiological processes such as digestion, blood clotting, and wound healing. Unregulated protease activity is a biomarker of several human diseases. Synthetic peptides that are selectively hydrolyzed by a protease of interest can be used as reporter substrates of unregulated protease activity. We developed an activity-based protease sensor by immobilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) to the surface of a giant magnetoresistive spin-valve (GMR SV) sensor using peptides. Cleavage of these peptides by a protease, releases the magnetic nanoparticles resulting in a time-dependent change in the local magnetic field. Using this approach, we detected a significant release of MNPs after 3.5 minutes incubation using just 4 nM of the cysteine protease, papain. In addition, we show that proteases in healthy human urine do not release the MNPs, however addition of 20 nM of papain to the urine samples resulted in a time-dependent change in magnetoresistance. This study lays the foundation for using GMR SV sensors as a platform for real-time quantitative detection of protease activity in biological fluids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveiven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.917476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Giant magnetoresistive biosensors for real-time quantitative detection of protease activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Organization of Human Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the general population, with higher rates in extreme stress groups, including combat veterans or victims of sexual assault. Despite extensive study of the neurobiological correlates of PTSD, little is known about its molecular substrates. Here differential gene expression and network analyses of 4 prefrontal cortex (PFC) postmortem subregions of male and female PTSD subjects demonstrates extensive remodeling of the transcriptomic landscape. The data revealed a highly connected down-regulated set of interneuron transcripts in the most significant gene network associated with PTSD and integration of this data with genotype data from the largest PTSD GWAS identified the interneuron synaptic gene ELFN1 as conferring significant genetic liability for PTSD. We also identified marked sexual dimorphism in the transcriptomic signatures that could contribute to the higher rates of PTSD in women. Comparison with a matched major depressive disorder (MDD) cohort revealed significant divergence between the molecular profiles of subjects with PTSD and depression despite their high comorbidity. Our analysis provides convergent systems-level evidence of genomic networks within the PFC that contribute to the pathophysiology of PTSD in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girgenti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traumatic Stress Brain Research Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Million Veteran Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Organization of Human Posttraumatic Stress Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic regulation of the bacterial omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.924217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A characteristic among many marine Gammaproteobacteria is the biosynthesis and incorporation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into membrane phospholipids. Biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids is accomplished using a polyketide/fatty acid synthase mechanism encoded by a set of five genes pfaABCDE. This unique fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway co-exists with the canonical Type II dissociated fatty acid synthesis pathway, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of saturated, monounsaturated, and hydroxylated fatty acids used in phospholipid and lipid A biosynthesis. In this work, a genetic approach was undertaken to elucidate genetic regulation of the pfa genes in the model marine bacterium Photobacterium profundum SS9. Using a reporter gene fusion, we showed that expression of the pfa operon is down regulated in response to exogenous fatty acids, particularly long chain monounsaturated fatty acids. This regulation occurs independently of the canonical fatty acid regulators, FabR and FadR, present in P. profundum SS9. Transposon mutagenesis and screening of a library of mutants identified a novel transcriptional regulator, which we have designated pfaF, to be responsible for the observed regulation of the pfa operon in P. profundum SS9. Gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays confirmed that PfaF binds the pfaA promoter and identified the PfaF binding site.

ImportanceThe production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by marine Gammaproteobacteria, particularly those from deep-sea environments, has been known for decades. These unique fatty acids are produced by a polyketide-type mechanism and subsequently incorporated into the phospholipid membrane. While much research has focused on the biosynthesis genes, their products and the phylogenetic distribution of these gene clusters, no prior studies have detailed the genetic regulation of this pathway. This study describes how this pathway is regulated under various culture conditions and has identified and characterized a fatty acid responsive transcriptional regulator specific to the PUFA biosynthesis pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allemann, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.924217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic regulation of the bacterial omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early detection of biomarkers for circulating tumor cells in Bone marrow and Peripheral blood in a fast-progressing gastric cancer model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori poses one of the greatest risks for development of gastric cancer. We previously established a crucial role for myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) in the regulation of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. Mice deficient in Myd88 rapidly progressed to neoplasia when infected with H. felis, a close relative of H. pylori. For this study we examined circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by measuring expression of cytokeratins, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of gastric cancer models we termed fast (Myd88-/-)- and slow (WT)-"progressors". We detected cytokeratins CK8/18 as early as 3 months post infection in the fast "progressors". In contrast, cytokeratins were not detected in slow "progressor" gastric cancer model even after 7 months post infection. Expression of MUC1 was observed in both bone marrow and peripheral blood at different time points suggesting its role in gastric cancer metastasis. Snail, Twist and ZEB were expressed at different levels in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Expression of these EMT markers suggests manifestation of cancer metastasis in the early stages of disease development. Lgr5, CD44 and CD133 were the most prominent CSC markers detected. Detection of CSC and EMT markers along with cytokeratins does reinforce their use as biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis. This early detection of markers suggests that CTCs leave primary site even before cancer is well established. Thus, cytokeratins, EMT, and CSCs could be used as biomarkers to detect aggressive forms of gastric cancers. This information will be important in stratifying patients for treatment before the onset of severe disease characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano-Pope, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obonyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early detection of biomarkers for circulating tumor cells in Bone marrow and Peripheral blood in a fast-progressing gastric cancer model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Protein Painting Reveals Structural Changes in the Proteome in Alzheimer Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.929117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 3D structures of aberrant protein folds have been visualized in exquisite detail, yet no method has been able to quantitatively measure protein misfolding across a proteome. Here, we present Covalent Protein Painting (CPP), a mass spectrometry-based structural proteomics approach to quantify the accessibility of lysine {varepsilon}-amines for chemical modification at the surface of natively folded proteins. We used CPP to survey 2,645 lysine residues in the proteome of HEK293T cells in vivo and found that mild heat shock increased rather than decreased lysine accessibility for chemical modification. CPP was able to differentiate patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) or Lewy body disease (LBD) or both from controls based on relative accessibility of lysine residues K147, K137, and K28 in Tubulin-{beta}, Succinate dehydrogenase, and amyloid-{beta} peptide, respectively. The alterations of Tubulin-{beta} and Succinate dehydrogenase hint to broader perturbations of the proteome in AD beyond amyloid-{beta} and hyper-phosphorylated tau.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Bartolome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.929117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Protein Painting Reveals Structural Changes in the Proteome in Alzheimer Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast transport of RNA granules by direct interactions with KIF5A/KLC1 motors prevents axon degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex neural circuitry requires stable connections formed by lengthy axons. To maintain these functional circuits, fast transport delivers RNAs to distal axons where they undergo local translation. However, the mechanism that enables long distance transport of non-membrane enclosed organelles such as RNA granules is not known. Here we demonstrate that a complex containing RNA and the RNA-binding protein (RBP) SFPQ interacts directly with a tetrameric kinesin containing the adaptor KLC1 and the motor KIF5A. We show that binding of SFPQ to KIF5A/KLC1 motor complex is required for axon survival and is impacted by KIF5A mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease. Moreover, therapeutic approaches that bypass the need for local translation of SFPQ-bound proteins prevent axon degeneration in CMT models. Collectively, these observations show that non-membrane enclosed organelles can move autonomously and that replacing axonally translated proteins provides a therapeutic approach to axonal degenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelmant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walensky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazyra-Murphy, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasdemir-Yilmaz, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeoh, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangos, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffken, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast transport of RNA granules by direct interactions with KIF5A/KLC1 motors prevents axon degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrafish Kit ligands cooperate with erythropoietin to promote erythroid cell expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.931634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kit ligand (Kitlg) is pleiotropic cytokine with a prominent role in vertebrate erythropoiesis. Although the role of Kitlg in this process has not yet been reported in Danio rerio (zebrafish), in the present study, we show that its function is evolutionary conserved. Zebrafish possess two copies of Kitlg genes (Kitlga and Kitlgb) due to whole genome duplication. To determine the role of each ligand in zebrafish, we performed a series of ex vivo and in vivo gain- and loss-of-function experiments. First, we tested the biological activity of recombinant Kitlg proteins in suspension culture from zebrafish whole kidney marrow and we demonstrate that Kitlga is necessary for expansion of erythroid progenitors ex vivo. To further address the role of kitlga and kitlgb in hematopoietic development in vivo, we performed gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish embryos, showing that both ligands cooperate with erythropoietin (Epo) to promote erythroid cell expansion. Finally, using the kita mutant (kitab5/b5 or sparse), we show that Kita receptor is crucial for Kitlga/b cooperation with Epo in erythroid cells. In summary, using optimized suspension culture conditions with recombinant cytokines (Epo, Kitlga), we are reporting for the first time ex vivo suspension cultures of zebrafish hematopoietic progenitor cells, which can serve as an indispensable tool to study normal and aberrant hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Furthermore, we conclude that although partial functional diversification of Kit ligands has been described in other processes, in erythroid development, both paralogs play a similar role and their function is evolutionary conserved.

Key points: O_LIKit signaling contributes to erythroid cell development and is conserved from fish to man
C_LIO_LIEx vivo expansion and self-renewal of zebrafish erythroid progenitors requires addition of recombinant Kitlga
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svatonova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartunek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.931634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrafish Kit ligands cooperate with erythropoietin to promote erythroid cell expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of peroxisome and lipid droplet hitchhiking by PxdA and the DipA phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In canonical microtubule-based transport, adaptor proteins link cargos to the molecular motors dynein and kinesin. Recently, an alternative mode of transport known as  hitchhiking was discovered, in which a cargo achieves motility by hitching a ride on an already-motile cargo, rather than attaching to a motor protein. Hitchhiking has been best-studied in two filamentous fungi, Aspergillus nidulans and Ustilago maydis. In U. maydis, ribonucleoprotein complexes, peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and endoplasmic reticulum all hitchhike on early endosomes. In A. nidulans, peroxisomes hitchhike using a putative molecular linker, PxdA, that associates with early endosomes. However, whether other organelles use PxdA to hitchhike on early endosomes is unclear, as are the molecular mechanisms that regulate hitchhiking in A. nidulans. Here we find that the proper distribution of lipid droplets, mitochondria and autophagosomes do not require PxdA, suggesting that PxdA is a molecular linker specific to peroxisomes. We also identify two new pxdA alleles, including a point mutation (R2044P) that disrupts PxdAs ability to associate with early endosomes and reduces peroxisome movement. Finally, we identify a novel regulator of peroxisome hitchhiking, the phosphatase DipA. DipA co-localizes with early endosomes and its early endosome-association relies on PxdA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salogiannis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Maldonado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of peroxisome and lipid droplet hitchhiking by PxdA and the DipA phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twist, Snail, and Sox9 form an allosterically regulated complex, the EMTosome, on a bipartite E-box site. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) of primary tumor cells is a critical trans-differentiation event that contributes to dissemination and metastasis. The process of EMT is controlled by specific DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) that reprogram the tumor transcriptome. In particular, the canonical EMT-TFs Twist and Snail can induce an EMT program when overexpressed in cancer cells, and both are found upregulated in metastatic cancers. Twist and Snail bind DNA directly, by recognition to variants of the E-Box sequence CANNTG. However, it is unclear how this binding is regulated. We have used a biochemical approach to dissect DNA binding and protein-protein interactions that occur amongst these proteins. We find that Twist preferentially recognizes a dyad repeat of E-boxes that are not directly bound by Snail. Our data suggest that Twist use its WR domain to recruit Snail into a binding complex through the Snail zinc-finger motifs. We analyzed Twist-Snail complexes in the breast carcinoma cell line SUM1315 and found evidence that it contains an additional protein partner, Sox9. Notably, we report that a native Twist complex can be displaced from its dyad binding site by consensus DNA binding sites for Snail and Sox9 even though these proteins do not contact the Twist dyad site. Taken together, our findings suggest that Snail and Sox9 interact with Twist to regulate its DNA binding ability via protein-protein interactions, thereby allosterically regulating Twist DNA binding. We designate this ternary complex EMTosome. These results may inform efforts to therapeutically target the EMT program in order to target cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCracken, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyanathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauscher, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauscher, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twist, Snail, and Sox9 form an allosterically regulated complex, the EMTosome, on a bipartite E-box site.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microstructural meal pattern analysis reveals that nicotine is a potent anti-anorectic drug despite producing long-term anorexigenic effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotine consumption in both human and animal studies has been strongly associated with changes in feeding-related behaviors and metabolism. The current dogma is that chronic nicotine decreases food intake and increases metabolism, leading to lower body weight. However, the effect of acute nicotine intake on feeding is unclear. The present study employed microstructural and macrostructural behavioral analyses to elucidate changes in feeding behavior in animals that intravenously self-administered nicotine. At the microstructural level (seconds to minutes), nicotine increased feeding and drinking behavior during the first 5 minutes after nicotine self-administration. This effect was also observed in animals that passively received nicotine, but the effect was not observed in animals that self-administered saline or passively received saline. At the macrostructural level (hours to days), nicotine decreased body weight gain, decreased feeding, and was associated with increases in feeding and body weight gain during abstinence. These results suggest that nicotine first produces anti-anorectic effects before producing long-term anorexigenic effects. These results challenge the notion that nicotine is an anorexigenic drug and paradoxically suggest that the anorexigenic effects of nicotine may be a long-term consequence of acute anti-anorectic effects of nicotine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambroggi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.934414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microstructural meal pattern analysis reveals that nicotine is a potent anti-anorectic drug despite producing long-term anorexigenic effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere length heterogeneity in ALT cells is maintained by PML-dependent localization of the BTR complex to telomeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres consist of TTAGGG repeats bound by protein complexes that serve to protect the natural end of linear chromosomes. Most cells maintain telomere repeat lengths by utilizing the enzyme telomerase, although there are some cancer cells that use a telomerase-independent mechanism of telomere extension, termed Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Cells that employ ALT are characterized, in part, by the presence of specialized PML nuclear bodies called ALT-associated PML-Bodies (APBs). APBs localize to and cluster telomeric ends together with telomeric and DNA damage factors, which led to the proposal that these bodies act as a platform on which ALT can occur. However, the necessity of APBs and their function in the ALT pathway has remained unclear. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to delete PML and APB components from ALT-positive cells to cleanly define the function of APBs in ALT. We find that PML is required for the ALT mechanism, and that this necessity stems from APBs role in localizing the BLM-TOP3A-RMI (BTR) complex to ALT telomere ends. Strikingly, recruitment of the BTR complex to telomeres in a PML-independent manner bypasses the need for PML in the ALT pathway, suggesting that BTR localization to telomeres is sufficient to sustain ALT activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loe, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeroglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddy, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzerini Denchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.938753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere length heterogeneity in ALT cells is maintained by PML-dependent localization of the BTR complex to telomeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative selection on human genes causing severe inborn errors depends on disease outcome and both the mode and mechanism of inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic variants underlying severe diseases are less likely to be transmitted to the next generation, and are thus gradually and selectively eliminated from the population through negative selection. Here, we study the determinants of this evolutionary process in genes underlying severe diseases in humans.

ResultsWe propose a novel approach, CoNeS, integrating known negative selection scores through principal component projection. We compare evidence for negative selection at 319 genes underlying inborn errors of immunity (IEI), which are life-threatening monogenic disorders. We find that genes underlying autosomal dominant (AD) or X-linked IEI are under stronger negative selection than those underlying autosomal recessive (AR) IEI, which are under no stronger selection than genes not known to be disease-causing. However, we find that genes with mutations causing AR IEI that are lethal before reproductive maturity and that display complete penetrance are under stronger negative selection than other genes underlying AR IEI. We also find that genes underlying AD IEI by haploinsufficiency are under stronger negative selection than other genes underlying AD IEI. Finally, we replicate these results in a study of 1,140 genes causing inborn errors of neurodevelopment.

ConclusionsThese findings collectively show that the clinical outcomes of inborn errors, together with the mode and mechanism of inheritance of these errors, determine the strength of negative selection acting on severe disease-causing genes. These findings suggest that estimating the intensity of negative selection with CoNeS may facilitate the selection of candidate genes in patients suspected to carry an inborn error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beziat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisson-Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouanguy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.938894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative selection on human genes causing severe inborn errors depends on disease outcome and both the mode and mechanism of inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism-linked Cullin3 germline haploinsufficiency impacts cytoskeletal dynamics and cortical neurogenesis through RhoA signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E3-ubiquitin ligase Cullin3 (Cul3) is a high confidence risk gene for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Developmental Delay (DD). To investigate how Cul3 mutations impact brain development, we generated haploinsufficient Cul3 mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering. Cul3 mutant mice exhibited social and cognitive deficits and hyperactive behavior. Brain MRI found decreased volume of cortical regions and changes in many other brain regions of Cul3 mutant mice starting from early postnatal development. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of the brain implicated neurogenesis and cytoskeletal defects as key drivers of Cul3 functional impact. Specifically, dendritic growth, filamentous actin puncta, and spontaneous network activity were reduced in Cul3 mutant mice. Inhibition of small GTPase RhoA, a molecular substrate of Cul3 ligase, rescued dendrite length and network activity phenotypes. Our study identified neuronal cytoskeleton and Rho signaling as primary targets of Cul3 mutation during early brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramod, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran-Losada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urresti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerch, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism-linked Cullin3 germline haploinsufficiency impacts cytoskeletal dynamics and cortical neurogenesis through RhoA signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong inhibitory signaling underlies stable temporal dynamics and working memory in spiking neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical neurons process information on multiple timescales, and areas important for working memory (WM) contain neurons capable of integrating information over a long timescale. However, the underlying mechanisms for the emergence of neuronal timescales stable enough to support WM are unclear. By analyzing a spiking recurrent neural network (RNN) model trained on a WM task and activity of single neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex, we show that the temporal properties of our model and the neural data are remarkably similar. Dissecting our RNN model revealed strong inhibitory-to-inhibitory connections underlying a disinhibitory microcircuit as a critical component for long neuronal timescales and WM maintenance. We also found that enhancing inhibitory-to-inhibitory connections led to more stable temporal dynamics and improved task performance. Finally, we show that a network with such microcircuitry can perform other tasks without disrupting its pre-existing timescale architecture, suggesting that strong inhibitory signaling underlies a flexible WM network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong inhibitory signaling underlies stable temporal dynamics and working memory in spiking neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic roles of NOT1 paralogues in the timing of gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NOT1 is the scaffold of the CCR4-NOT complex, a highly conserved multi-protein complex that regulates gene expression in eukaryotes. As opposed to most eukaryotes in which NO1 is encoded by a single gene, malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, carry two NOT1 paralogues, PfNOT1.1 and PfNOT1.2. Here we showed that the two PfNOT1 proteins function as mutually exclusive scaffolds within the PfCCR4-NOT protein complexes that are abundantly located in the parasite cytoplasm. Intriguingly, the two PfNOT1 paralogues appear to have directly opposing functions in regulation of mRNA abundance across the P. falciparum IDC, in which PfNTO1.1 and PfNOT1.2 induces and suppresses transcript abundance during their active transcription, respectively. Targeted disruption of either of the PfNOT1 gene causes defective growth and lower invasion rates presumably due to the deregulation the P. falciparum IDC transcriptional cascade. We also demonstrate that the regulatory function of both PfNOT1.1 and PfNOT1.2 are related to another PfCCR4-NOT subunit, PfCaf1, which indicates their activity during post-transcriptional regulation. Indeed RNA decay studies suggest the active role of both PfNOT1 proteins in regulation of mRNA stability in a directly opposing manner.

Author summaryCCR4-NOT complex is a highly conserved multi-protein complex that regulates gene expression in eukaryotes. NOT1 serves as the scaffold of the complex and plays important roles in gene regulation both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. As opposed to other eukaryotes, P. falciparum encodes two paralogues of PfNOT1, raising the question as to the significance to possess an additional copy of PfNOT1 in the parasite. Here we described antagonistic regulatory functions of two PfNOT1 paralogues in gene expression during the 48-hour intraerythrocytic developmental cycle. We also reported that their regulatory functions are predominantly post-transcriptional and proposed a model in which distinct PfCCR4-NOT complexes defined by mutually exclusive PfNOT1 scaffolds differentially regulate PfCAF1 function in mRNA decay. This study highlights the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in P. falciparum and provides novel insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in this organism. The unique presence of two PfNOT1 paralogues may also open avenues for the development of new drug targets for anti-malarial control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Featherstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdech, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.945477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic roles of NOT1 paralogues in the timing of gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.951699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole exome precision oncology targeting synthetic lethal vulnerabilities across the tumor transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.16.951699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision oncology has made significant advances in the last few years, mainly by targeting actionable mutations in cancer driver genes. However, the proportion of patients whose tumors can be targeted therapeutically remains limited. Recent studies have begun to explore the benefit of analyzing tumor transcriptomics data to guide patient treatment, raising the need for new approaches for systematically accomplishing that. Here we show that computationally derived genetic interactions can successfully predict patient response. Assembling a broad repertoire of 32 datasets spanning more than 1,500 patients and including both tumor transcriptomics and response data, we predicted the response in 17 out of 21 targeted and 8 out of 11 checkpoint therapy datasets across 8 different cancer types with considerable accuracy, without ever training on these datasets. Analyzing the recently published multi-arm WINTHER trial, we show that the fraction of patients benefitting from transcriptomic-based treatments could potentially be markedly increased from 15% to about 85% by targeting synthetic lethal vulnerabilities in their tumors. In summary, this is the first computational approach to obtain considerable predictive performance across many different targeted and immunotherapy datasets, providing a promising new way for guiding cancer treatment based on the tumor transcriptomics of cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzrock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.951699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole exome precision oncology targeting synthetic lethal vulnerabilities across the tumor transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IRE1? regulates macrophage polarization, PD-L1 expression and tumor survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the tumor microenvironment local immune dysregulation is driven in part by macrophages and dendritic cells that are polarized to a mixed proinflammatory/immune suppressive phenotype. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is emerging as the possible origin of these events. Here we report that the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branch of the UPR is directly involved in the polarization of macrophages in vitro and in vivo, including the upregulation of IL-6, IL-23, Arginase1, as well as surface expression of CD86 and PD-L1. Macrophages in which the IRE1/Xbp1 axis is blocked pharmacologically or deleted genetically have significantly reduced polarization, and CD86 and PD-L1 expression, which was induced independent of IFN{gamma} signaling suggesting a novel mechanism in PD-L1 regulation in macrophages. Mice with IRE1- but not Xbp1-deficient macrophages showed greater survival than controls when implanted with B16.F10 melanoma cells. Remarkably, we found a significant association between the IRE1 gene signature and CD274 gene expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages in humans. RNASeq analysis showed that bone marrow derived macrophages with IRE1 deletion lose the integrity of the gene connectivity characteristic of regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) and the ability to activate CD274 gene expression. Thus, the IRE1/Xbp1 axis drives the polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment initiating a complex immune dysregulation leading to failure of local immune surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodvold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searles, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwawaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almanza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IRE1? regulates macrophage polarization, PD-L1 expression and tumor survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acoustogenetic Control of CAR T Cells via Focused Ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetics can control specific molecular events in living systems, but the penetration depth of light is typically limited at hundreds of micrometers. Focused ultrasound (FUS), on the other hand, can deliver energy safely and noninvasively into tissues at depths of centimeters. Here we have developed an acoustogenetic approach using short-pulsed FUS to remotely and directly control the genetics and cellular functions of engineered mammalian cells for therapeutic purposes. We applied this acoustogenetic approach to control chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with high spatiotemporal precision, aiming to mitigate the potentially lethal "on-target off-tumor" effects of CAR T cell therapy. We first verified the controllability of our acoustogenetic CAR T cells in recognizing and killing tumor cells in vitro, and then applied this approach in vivo to suppress tumor growth of both lymphoma and prostate cancers. The results indicate that FUS-based acoustogenetics can allow the noninvasive and remote activation, without any exogenous cofactor, of different types of CAR T cells for cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WU, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limsakul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acoustogenetic Control of CAR T Cells via Focused Ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal oral Rothia mucilaginosa produces enterobactin - a metal chelating siderophore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.956391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Next-generation sequencing studies of saliva and dental plaque from subjects in both healthy and diseased states have identified bacteria belonging to the Rothia genus as ubiquitous members of the oral microbiota. To gain a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the chemical ecology of this unexplored group, we applied a genome mining approach that targets functionally important biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). All 45 genomes that were mined, representing Rothia mucilaginosa, R. dentocariosa and R. aeria, harbored a catechol-siderophore-like BGC. To explore siderophore production further we grew the previously characterized R. mucilaginosa ATCC 25296 in liquid cultures, amended with glycerol, which led to the identification of the archetype siderophore enterobactin by using tandem Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Normally attributed to pathogenic gut bacteria, R. mucilaginosa is the first commensal oral bacterium found to produce enterobactin. Co-cultivation studies including R. mucilaginosa or purified enterobactin revealed that enterobactin reduced growth of certain strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Commensal oral bacteria were either unaffected by, reduced in growth, or induced to grow adjacent to enterobactin producing R. mucilaginosa or the pure compound. Taken together with Rothias known capacity to ferment a variety of carbohydrates and amino acids, our findings of enterobactin production adds an additional level of explanation to R. mucilaginosas colonization success of the oral cavity. Enterobactin is the strongest Fe(III)-binding siderophore known, and its role in oral health requires further investigation.

ImportanceThe communication language of the human oral microbiota is vastly underexplored. However, a few studies have shown that specialized small molecules encoded by BGCs have critical roles such as in colonization resistance against pathogens and quorum sensing. Here, by using a genome mining approach in combination with compound screening of growth cultures, we identified that the commensal oral community member mucilaginosa harbors a catecholate-siderophore BGC, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of enterobactin. The iron-scavenging role of enterobactin is known to have positive effects on the hosts iron pool and negative effects on host immune function, however its role in oral health remains unexplored. R. mucilaginosa was previously identified as an abundant community member in cystic fibrosis, where bacterial iron cycling plays a major role in virulence development. With respect to irons broad biological importance, iron-chelating enterobactin may explain R. mucilaginosas colonization success in both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uranga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.956391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal oral Rothia mucilaginosa produces enterobactin - a metal chelating siderophore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cells expressing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs can be primed and recruited to germinal centers in multiple independent mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal models of human antigen-specific B cell receptors (BCR) generally depend on "inferred germline" sequences, and thus their relationship to authentic naive human B cell BCR sequences and affinities is unclear. Here, BCR sequences from authentic naive human VRC01-class B cells from healthy human donors were selected for the generation of three new BCR knock-in mice. The BCRs span the physiological range of affinities found in humans, and use three different light chains (VK3-20, VK1-5, and VK1-33) found among subclasses of naive human VRC01-class B cells and HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The germline-targeting HIV immunogen eOD-GT8 60mer is currently in clinical trial as a candidate bnAb vaccine priming immunogen. To attempt to model human immune responses to the eOD-GT8 60mer, we tested each authentic naive human VRC01-class BCR mouse model under rare human physiological B cell precursor frequency conditions. B cells with high (HuGL18HL) or medium (HuGL17HL) affinity BCRs were primed, recruited to germinal centers, accrued substantial somatic hypermutation, and formed memory B cells. Precursor frequency and affinity interdependently influenced responses. Taken together, these experiments utilizing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs validate a central tenet of germline-targeting vaccine design and extend the overall concept of the reverse vaccinology approach to vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havenar-Daughton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skog, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Kolla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groschel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thinnes, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupryianov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.24.963629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cells expressing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs can be primed and recruited to germinal centers in multiple independent mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep neural networks identify context-specific determinants of transcription factor binding affinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.965343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) bind DNA by recognizing highly specific DNA sequence motifs, typically of length 6-12bp. A TF motif can occur tens of thousands of times in the human genome, but only a small fraction of those sites are actually bound. Despite the availability of genome-wide TF binding maps for hundreds of TFs, predicting whether a given motif occurrence is bound and identifying the influential context features remain challenging. Here we present a machine learning framework leveraging existing convolutional neural network architectures and state of the art model interpretation techniques to identify, visualize, and interpret context features most important for determining binding activity for a particular TF. We apply our framework to predict binding at motifs for 38 TFs in a lymphoblastoid cell line and achieve superior classification performance compared to existing frameworks. We compute importance scores for context regions at single base pair resolution and uncover known and novel determinants of TF binding. Finally, we demonstrate that important context bases are under increased purifying selection compared to nearby bases and are enriched in disease-associated variants identified by genome-wide association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.965343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep neural networks identify context-specific determinants of transcription factor binding affinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbiome Pattern Reflects Healthy Aging and Predicts Extended Survival in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome has important effects on human health, yet its importance in human aging remains unclear. Using two independent cohorts comprising 4582 individuals across the adult lifespan we demonstrate that, starting in mid-to-late adulthood, gut microbiomes become increasingly unique with age. This uniqueness pattern is strongly associated with gut microbial amino acid derivatives circulating within the bloodstream, many of which have been previously identified as longevity biomarkers. At the latest stages of human life, two distinct patterns emerge wherein individuals in good health show continued microbial drift toward a unique compositional state, while the same drift is absent in individuals who perform worse on a number of validated health measures. The identified healthy aging pattern is characterized by an overall depletion of core genera found across most humans - primarily a depletion in the nearly ubiquitous genus Bacteroides. Consistently, retaining a high Bacteroides dominance into extreme age, or, equivalently, having a low gut microbiome uniqueness score, predicts decreased survival in a four-year follow-up. Our comprehensive analysis identifies the gut microbiome as a novel component of healthy aging, with important implications for the worlds growing older population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilmanski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earls, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glusman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kado, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmuda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magis, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovejoy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orwoll, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbiome Pattern Reflects Healthy Aging and Predicts Extended Survival in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.961391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TP53 abnormalities correlate with immune infiltration and are associated with response to flotetuzumab, an investigational immunotherapy, in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.961391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeSomatic TP53 mutations and 17p deletions with genomic loss of TP53 occur in 37-46% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases with adverse risk cytogenetics and are associated with primary induction failure (PIF), high risk of relapse and dismal prognosis. Herein, we aimed to characterize the immune landscape of TP53 mutated AML and to determine whether TP53 abnormalities identify a patient subgroup that may benefit from T-cell targeting immunotherapy approaches.

Experimental DesignThe NanoString Pan-Cancer IO 360 assay was used for the immune transcriptomic analysis of 64 diagnostic bone marrow (BM) samples from adults with TP53 mutated AML (n=42) or TP53 wild type AML (n=22), and 35 BM samples from heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML (11 cases with TP53 mutations and/or 17p deletion with genomic loss of TP53) who received immunotherapy with flotetuzumab, an investigational CD123xCD3 bispecific DART(R) molecule (NCT02152956). In silico data series included The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort and a Dutch-Belgian Cooperative Trial Group for Hematology-Oncology (HOVON) cohort.

ResultsAll TCGA cases with TP53 mutations (n=13) expressed higher levels of negative immune checkpoints, inflammatory chemokines, interferon (IFN)-{gamma}-inducible molecules, and had a higher tumor inflammation signature (TIS) score, compared with TCGA cases with other risk-defining molecular lesions. The comparison between TP53 mutated and TP53 wild type primary BM samples showed higher expression of IFNG, FoxP3, immune checkpoints and markers of exhaustion and senescence in the former cohort and allowed the computation of a 34-gene immune classifier prognostic for overall survival. In vitro modeling experiments with AML cell lines showed heightened expression of IFN-{gamma} and inflammation pathway genes in KG-1 cells (loss-of-function mutation of TP53) compared with Kasumi-1 cells (gain-of-function mutation of TP53). Finally, 5 out of 11 (45.5%) patients with R/R AML and TP53 abnormalities showed evidence of anti-leukemic activity of flotetuzumab immunotherapy and had higher TIS, FoxP3, CD8 T-cell abundance, inflammatory chemokine and PD1 gene expression scores at baseline compared with non-responders.

ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for a correlation between IFN-{gamma}-dominant immune subtypes and TP53 abnormalities. The anti-leukemic activity with flotetuzumab encourages further study of this immunotherapeutic approach in this patient subgroup.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadakekolathu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldoss, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieduwilt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravandi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolzel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middeke, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciciarello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valk, P. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhauser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPersio, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson-Moncada, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.961391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TP53 abnormalities correlate with immune infiltration and are associated with response to flotetuzumab, an investigational immunotherapy, in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.955443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ConsHMM Atlas: conservation state annotations for major genomes and human genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.955443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ConsHMM is a method recently introduced to annotate genomes into conservation states, which are defined based on the combinatorial and spatial patterns of which species align to and match a reference genome in a multi-species DNA sequence alignment. Previously, ConsHMM was only applied to a single genome for one multi-species sequence alignment. Here we apply ConsHMM to produce 22 additional genome annotations covering human and seven other organisms for a variety of multi-species alignments. Additionally, we have extended ConsHMM to generate allele specific annotations, which we used to produce conservation state annotations for every possible single nucleotide mutation in the human genome. Finally, we provide a web interface to interactively visualize parameters and annotation enrichments for ConsHMM models. These annotations and visualizations comprise the ConsHMM Atlas, which we expect will be a valuable resource for analyzing a variety of major genomes and genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arneson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsheim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.955443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ConsHMM Atlas: conservation state annotations for major genomes and human genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants and heterogeneity of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During an immune response to microbial infection, CD8+ T cells give rise to distinct classes of cellular progeny that coordinately mediate clearance of the pathogen and provide long-lasting protection against reinfection, including a subset of non-circulating tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells that mediate potent protection within non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA-sequencing to examine the gene expression patterns of individual CD8+ T cells in the spleen and small intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte (siIEL) compartment throughout the course of their differentiation in response to viral infection. These analyses revealed previously unknown transcriptional heterogeneity within the siIEL CD8+ T cell population at several states of differentiation, representing functionally distinct TRM cell subsets as well as a subset of TRM cell precursors within the tissue early in infection. Taken together, these findings may inform strategies to optimize CD8+ T cell responses to protect against microbial infection and cancer.

One sentence summaryHere, we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to elucidate the gene expression patterns of individual CD8+ T cells differentiating throughout the course of infection in the spleen and small intestinal epithelium, which revealed previously unidentified molecular determinants of tissue-resident T cell differentiation as well as functional heterogeneity within the tissue-resident CD8+ T cell population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omilusik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjaja, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanbar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tysl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants and heterogeneity of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.968750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed relative and absolute quantitative immunopeptidomics reveals MHC I repertoire alterations induced by CDK4/6 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.968750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptides bound to class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) play a critical role in immune cell recognition and can trigger an antitumor immune response in cancer. Surface MHC levels can be modulated by anticancer agents, altering immunity. However, understanding the peptide repertoires response to treatment remains challenging and is limited by quantitative mass spectrometry-based strategies lacking robust normalization controls. We describe a novel approach that leverages recombinant heavy isotope-coded peptide MHCs (hipMHCs) and multiplex isotope tagging to quantify peptide repertoire alterations using low sample input. HipMHCs improve quantitative accuracy of peptide repertoire changes by normalizing for variation across analyses and enable absolute quantification using internal calibrants to determine copies per cell of MHC antigens, which can inform immunotherapy design. Applying this platform in melanoma to profile the immunopeptidome response to CDK4/6 inhibition and interferon gamma, known modulators of antigen presentation, we uncovered treatment-specific alterations, connecting the intracellular response to extracellular immune presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stopfer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesfin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joughin, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.968750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed relative and absolute quantitative immunopeptidomics reveals MHC I repertoire alterations induced by CDK4/6 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.974170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of de novo tandem repeat mutations to autism spectrum disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.974170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an early onset developmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and restrictive or repetitive behaviors1,2. Family studies demonstrate that ASD has a significant genetic basis3 with contributions both from inherited and de novo variants. While the majority of variance in liability to ASD is estimated to arise from common genetic variation4, it has been estimated that de novo mutations may contribute to 30% of all simplex cases, in which only a single child is affected per family5. Tandem repeats (TRs), consisting of approximately 1-20bp motifs repeated in tandem, comprise one of the largest sources of de novo mutations in humans6. Yet, largely due to technical challenges they present, de novo TR mutations have not yet been characterized on a genome-wide scale, and their contribution to ASD remains unexplored. Here, we develop novel bioinformatics tools for identifying and prioritizing de novo TR mutations from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data and use these to perform a genome-wide characterization of de novo TR mutations in ASD-affected probands and unaffected siblings. Compared to recent work on TRs in ASD7, we explicitly infer mutation events and their precise changes in repeat copy number, and primarily focus on more prevalent stepwise copy number changes rather than large or complex expansions. Our results demonstrate a significant genome-wide excess of TR mutations in ASD probands. TR mutations in probands tend to be larger, enriched in fetal brain regulatory regions, and predicted to be more evolutionarily deleterious compared to mutations observed in unaffected siblings. Overall, our results highlight the importance of considering repeat variants in future studies of de novo mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanicky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shleizer-Burko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.974170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of de novo tandem repeat mutations to autism spectrum disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic elucidation of complex biochemical traits mediating maize innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized metabolites constitute key layers of immunity underlying crop resistance; however, challenges in resolving complex pathways limit our understanding of their functions and applications. In maize (Zea mays) the inducible accumulation of acidic terpenoids is increasingly considered as a defense regulating disease resistance. To understand maize antibiotic biosynthesis, we integrated association mapping, pan-genome multi-omic correlations, enzyme structure-function studies, and targeted mutagenesis. We now define ten genes in three zealexin (Zx) gene clusters comprised of four sesquiterpene synthases and six cytochrome P450s that collectively drive the production of diverse antibiotic cocktails. Quadruple mutants blocked in the production of {beta}-macrocarpene exhibit a broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance. Genetic redundancies ensuring pathway resiliency to single null mutations are combined with enzyme substrate-promiscuity creating a biosynthetic hourglass pathway utilizing diverse substrates and in vivo combinatorial chemistry to yield complex antibiotic blends. The elucidated genetic basis of biochemical phenotypes underlying disease resistance demonstrates a predominant maize defense pathway and informs innovative strategies for transferring chemical immunity between crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckwerth, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poretsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldivar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Char, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kono, T. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betsiashvili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffaker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic elucidation of complex biochemical traits mediating maize innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional delineation of tissue-resident CD8 T cell heterogeneity during infection and cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unremitting defense against diverse pathogens and malignancies requires a dynamic and durable immune response. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW) afford robust protection against infection and cancer progression through continuous surveillance of non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we provide insight into how TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW confer potent and persistent immunity through partitioning of distinct cellular subsets differing in longevity, effector function, and multipotency. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells localized to the epithelium of the small intestine are primarily comprised of a shorter-lived effector population most prominent early following both acute viral and bacterial infections, and a longer-lived Id3hi TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW population that subsequently accumulates at later memory timepoints. We define regulatory gene-programs driving these distinct TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW states, and further clarify roles for Blimp1, T-bet, Id2, and Id3 in supporting and maintaining intestinal TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW heterogeneity during infection. Further, through single-cell RNAseq analysis we demonstrate that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes broadly differentiate into discrete populations of short-lived and long-lived TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW-like subsets, which share qualities with terminally-exhausted and progenitor-exhausted cells, respectively. As the clinical relevance of TO_SCPLOWRMC_SCPLOW continues to widen from acute infections to settings of chronic inflammation and malignancy, clarification of the spectrum of phenotypic and functional states exhibited by CD8+ T cells that reside in non-lymphoid tissues will provide a framework for understanding their regulation and identity in diverse pathophysiological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milner, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurd, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjaja, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witherden, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowl, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omilusik, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional delineation of tissue-resident CD8 T cell heterogeneity during infection and cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.981316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One-Day Construction Of Multiplex Arrays to Harness Natural CRISPR Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.981316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems that have proliferated widely not only in bacteria and archaea, but also much more recently, in human biological research and applications. Much work to date has utilized synthetic sgRNAs along with the CRISPR nuclease Cas9, but the discovery of array-processing nucleases now allows the use of more compact, natural CRISPR arrays in heterologous hosts, in addition to organisms with endogenous systems. Unfortunately, the construction of multiplex natural CRISPR arrays remains technically challenging, expensive, and/or time-consuming. This limitation hampers research involving natural CRISPR arrays in both native and heterologous hosts. To address this problem, we present a method to assemble CRISPR arrays that is simple, rapid, affordable, and highly scalable - we assembled 9-spacer arrays with one days worth of work. We used this method to harness the endogenous CRISPR system of the highly competent bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi, showing that while single spacers are not always completely effective at blocking DNA acquisition through natural competence, multiplex natural CRISPR arrays enable both nearly complete DNA exclusion and genome editing, including with multiple targets for both. In addition to demonstrating a CRISPR array assembly method that will benefit a variety of applications, we also find a potential bet-hedging strategy for balancing CRISPR defense vs. DNA acquisition in naturally competent A. baylyi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.981316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One-Day Construction Of Multiplex Arrays to Harness Natural CRISPR Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a biological source of widespread, reproducible nighttime oxygen spikes in tropical reef ecosystems has implications for coral health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary producers release oxygen as the by-product of photosynthetic light reactions during the day. However, a prevalent, globally-occurring nighttime spike in dissolved oxygen in the absence of light challenges the traditional assumption that biological oxygen production is limited to daylight hours, particularly in tropical coral reefs. Here we show: 1) the widespread nature of this phenomenon, 2) its reproducibility across tropical marine ecosystems, 3) the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on this phenomenon across numerous datasets, and 4) the observation of nighttime oxygen spikes in vitro from incubations of coral reef benthic organisms. The data from this study demonstrate that in addition to physical forcing, biological processes are likely responsible for increasing dissolved oxygen at night. Additionally, we demonstrate an association between these nighttime oxygen spikes and measures of both net community calcification and net community production. These results suggest that nighttime oxygen spikes are likely a biological response associated with increased respiration and are most prominent in communities dominated by calcifying organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeshita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, E. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, T. N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohwer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a biological source of widespread, reproducible nighttime oxygen spikes in tropical reef ecosystems has implications for coral health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined membrane potential imaging and connectome of behavioral circuits in an annelid worm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dorsal Excitor motor neuron DE-3 in the medicinal leech plays three very different dynamical roles in three different behaviors. Without rewiring its anatomical connectivity, how can a motor neuron dynamically switch roles to play appropriate roles in various behaviors? We previously used voltage-sensitive dye imaging to record from DE-3 and most other neurons in the leech segmental ganglion during (fictive) swimming, crawling, and local-bend escape (Tomina and Wagenaar, 2017). Here, we repeated that experiment, then re-imaged the same ganglion using serial blockface electron microscopy and traced all of DE-3s processes. Further, we traced back the processes of all of DE-3s presynaptic partners to their respective somata. This allowed us to analyze the relationship between circuit anatomy and the activity patterns it sustains. We found that input synapses important for all of the behaviors were widely distributed over DE-3s branches, yet that functional clusters were different during (fictive) swimming vs. crawling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashaber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassraian-Fard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristan, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined membrane potential imaging and connectome of behavioral circuits in an annelid worm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNF423 orthologs are highly constrained in vertebrates but show domain-level plasticity across invertebrate lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ZNF423 encodes 30 C2H2 zinc fingers that bind DNA and a variety of lineage- and signal-dependent transcription factors. ZNF423 genetic variants are proposed to cause neurodevelopmental and ciliopathy-related disorders in humans. Mouse models show midline brain defects, including cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and defects in adipogenesis. Here I show strong protein sequence constraint among 165 vertebrate orthologs. In contrast, orthologs from invertebrate lineages, spanning larger time intervals, show substantial differences in zinc finger number, arrangement, and identity. A terminal zinc finger cluster common among other lineages was independently lost in vertebrates and insects. Surprisingly, a moderately-constrained non-C2H2 sequence with potential to form a C4-class zinc finger is a previously-unrecognized conserved feature of nearly all identified homologs. These results highlight evolutionary dynamics of a likely signal integration node across species with distinct developmental strategies and body plans. Functions of the newly identified C4-like sequence and lineage-specific fingers remain to be studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNF423 orthologs are highly constrained in vertebrates but show domain-level plasticity across invertebrate lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gamma activity accelerates during prefrontal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma oscillations are a prominent activity pattern in the cerebral cortex. While gamma rhythms have been extensively studied in the adult prefrontal cortex in the context of cognitive (dys)functions, little is known about their development. We addressed this issue by using extracellular recordings and optogenetic stimulations in mice across postnatal development. We show that fast rhythmic activity in the prefrontal cortex becomes prominent during the second postnatal week. While initially at about 15 Hz, fast oscillatory activity progressively accelerates with age and stabilizes within gamma frequency range (30-80 Hz) during the fourth postnatal week. Activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons drives fast oscillations throughout development, yet the acceleration of their frequency follows similar temporal dynamics as the maturation of fast-spiking interneurons. These findings uncover the development of prefrontal gamma activity and provide a framework to examine the origin of abnormal gamma activity in neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bitzenhofer, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poepplau, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanganu-Opatz, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.986281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gamma activity accelerates during prefrontal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Content and performance of the MiniMUGA genotyping array, a new tool to improve rigor and reproducibility in mouse research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The laboratory mouse is the most widely used animal model for biomedical research, due in part to its well annotated genome, wealth of genetic resources and the ability to precisely manipulate its genome. Despite the importance of genetics for mouse research, genetic quality control (QC) is not standardized, in part due to the lack of cost effective, informative and robust platforms. Genotyping arrays are standard tools for mouse research and remain an attractive alternative even in the era of high-throughput whole genome sequencing. Here we describe the content and performance of a new Mouse Universal Genotyping Array (MUGA). MiniMUGA, an array-based genetic QC platform with over 11,000 probes. In addition to robust discrimination between most classical and wild-derived laboratory strains, MiniMUGA was designed to contain features not available in other platforms: 1) chromosomal sex determination, 2) discrimination between substrains from multiple commercial vendors, 3) diagnostic SNPs for popular laboratory strains, 4) detection of constructs used in genetically engineered mice, and 5) an easy to interpret report summarizing these results. In-depth annotation of all probes should facilitate custom analyses by individual researchers. To determine the performance of MiniMUGA we genotyped 6,899 samples from a wide variety of genetic backgrounds. The performance of MiniMUGA compares favorably with three previous iterations of the MUGA family of arrays both in discrimination capabilities and robustness. We have generated publicly available consensus genotypes for 241 inbred strains including classical, wild-derived and recombinant inbred lines. Here we also report the detection of a substantial number of XO and XXY individuals across a variety of sample types, the extension of the utility of reduced complexity crosses to genetic backgrounds other than C57BL/6, and the robust detection of 17 genetic constructs. There is preliminary but striking evidence that the array can be used to identify both partial sex chromosome duplication and mosaicism, and that diagnostic SNPs can be used to determine how long inbred mice have been bred independently from the main stock for a significant action of the genotyped inbred samples. We conclude that MiniMUGA is a valuable platform for genetic QC and important new tool to the increase rigor and reproducibility of mouse research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigmon, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burks, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciavatta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darr, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimsath, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideraabdullah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennette, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashfeen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelada, S. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnertz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livraghi-Butrico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsushima, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohlke, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Content and performance of the MiniMUGA genotyping array, a new tool to improve rigor and reproducibility in mouse research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maturational trajectories of white matter microstructure underlying the right presupplementary motor area reflect individual improvements in motor response cancellation in children and adolescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to effectively suppress motor response tendencies is essential for focused and goal-directed behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that developmental improvement in the ability to cancel a motor response is reflected by maturational changes in the white matter underlying the right presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), two cortical key areas of the fronto-basal ganglia "stopping" network. Eighty-eight typically-developing children and adolescents, aged 7-19 years, were longitudinally assessed with the stop-signal task (SST) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain over a period of six years. Participants were examined from two to nine times with an average of 6.6 times, resulting in 576 SST-DTI datasets. We applied tract-based spatial statistics to extract mean fractional anisotropy (FA) from regions-of-interest in the white matter underlying the right IFG (IFGFA) and right preSMA (preSMAFA) at each time point. Motor response cancelation performance, estimated with the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), improved with age. Initially well performing children plateaued around the age of 11 years, while initially poor performers caught up at the age of 13-14 years. White matter microstructure continued to mature across the investigated age range. Males generally displayed linear maturational trajectories, while females displayed more curvilinear trajectories that leveled off around 12-14 years of age. Maturational increases in right preSMAFA but not right IFGFA were associated with developmental improvements in SSRT. This association differed depending on the mean right preSMAFA across the individual maturational trajectory. Children with lower mean right preSMAFA exhibited poorer SSRT performance at younger ages but steeper developmental trajectories of SSRT improvement. Children with higher mean right preSMAFA exhibited flatter trajectories of SSRT improvement along with faster SSRT already at the first assessments. The results suggest that no further improvement in motor response cancellation is achieved once a certain level of maturity in the white matter underlying the right preSMA is reached. Similar dynamics may apply to other behavioral read-outs and brain structures and, thus, need to be considered in longitudinal MRI studies designed to map brain structural correlates of behavioral changes during development.

HighlightsO_LIMotor response cancellation, i.e. SSRT, improvement plateaued at 13-14 years of age
C_LIO_LIFractional anisotropy (FA) captured maturation of white matter (WM) microstructure
C_LIO_LIFA in the WM underlying right preSMA (preSMAFA) reflected SSRT improvement with age
C_LIO_LIIndividual SSRT improvement depended on mean right preSMAFA across all DTI sessions
C_LIO_LIChildren with lower mean right preSMAFA had the steepest improvements in SSRT
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madsen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebner, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baare, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maturational trajectories of white matter microstructure underlying the right presupplementary motor area reflect individual improvements in motor response cancellation in children and adolescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinctive Gene and Protein Characteristics of Extremely Piezophilic Colwellia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe deep ocean is characterized by low temperatures, high hydrostatic pressures, and low concentrations of organic matter. While these conditions likely select for distinct genomic characteristics within prokaryotes, the attributes facilitating adaptation to the deep ocean are relatively unexplored. In this study, we compared the genomes of seven strains within the genus Colwellia, including some of the most piezophilic microbes known, to identify genomic features that enable life in the deep sea.

ResultsSignificant differences were found to exist between piezophilic and non-piezophilic strains of Colwellia. Piezophilic Colwellia have a more basic and hydrophobic proteome. The piezophilic abyssal and hadal isolates have more genes involved in replication/recombination/repair, cell wall/membrane biogenesis, and cell motility. The characteristics of respiration, pilus generation, and membrane fluidity adjustment vary between the strains, with operons for a nuo dehydrogenase and a tad pilus only present in the piezophiles. In contrast, the piezosensitive members are unique in having the capacity for dissimilatory nitrite and TMAO reduction. A number of genes exist only within deep-sea adapted species, such as those encoding d-alanine-d-alanine ligase for peptidoglycan formation, alanine dehydrogenase for NADH/NAD+ homeostasis, and archaeal methyltransferase for tRNA modification. Many of these piezophile-specific genes are in variable regions of the genome near genomic islands, transposases, and toxin-antitoxin systems.

ConclusionsWe identified a number of adaptations that may facilitate deep-sea radiation in members of the genus Colwellia, as well as in other piezophilic bacteria. An enrichment in more basic and hydrophobic amino acids could help piezophiles stabilize and limit water intrusion into proteins as a result of high pressure. Variations in genes associated with the membrane, including those involved in unsaturated fatty acid production and respiration, indicate that membrane-based adaptations are critical for coping with high pressure. The presence of many piezophile-specific genes near genomic islands highlights that adaptation to the deep ocean may be facilitated by horizontal gene transfer through transposases or other mobile elements. Some of these genes are amenable to further study in genetically tractable piezophilic and piezotolerant deep-sea microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peoples, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyaw, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugalde, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullane, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chastain, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yayanos, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusube, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methe, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.992594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinctive Gene and Protein Characteristics of Extremely Piezophilic Colwellia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Importance of polymorphic SNPs, short tandem repeats and structural variants for differential gene expression among inbred C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 substrains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse substrains are an invaluable model for understanding disease. We compared C57BL/6J, which is the most commonly used inbred mouse strain, with 8 C57BL/6 and 5 C57BL/10 closely related inbred substrains. Whole genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing analysis yielded 352,631 SNPs, 109,096 INDELs, 150,344 short tandem repeats (STRs), 3,425 structural variants (SVs) and 2,826 differentially expressed genes (DEGenes) among these 14 strains. 312,981 SNPs (89%) distinguished the B6 and B10 lineages. These SNPs were clustered into 28 short segments that are likely due to introgressed haplotypes rather than new mutations. Outside of these introgressed regions, we identified 53 SVs, protein-truncating SNPs and frameshifting INDELs that were associated with DEGenes. Our results can be used for both forward and reverse genetic approaches, and illustrate how introgression and mutational processes give rise to differences among these widely used inbred substrains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortazavi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Importance of polymorphic SNPs, short tandem repeats and structural variants for differential gene expression among inbred C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 substrains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.996033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRTools: a toolkit for genome-wide analysis of tandem repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.996033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA rich set of tools have recently been developed for performing genome-wide genotyping of tandem repeats (TRs). However, standardized tools for downstream analysis of these results are lacking. To facilitate TR analysis applications, we present TRTools, a Python library and a suite of command-line tools for filtering, merging, and quality control of TR genotype files. TRTools utilizes an internal harmonization module making it compatible with outputs from a wide range of TR genotypers.

AvailabilityTRTools is freely available at https://github.com/gymreklab/TRTools.

Contactmgymrek@eng.ucsd.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at bioRxiv.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margoliash, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusarla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanicky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gymrek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.996033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRTools: a toolkit for genome-wide analysis of tandem repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From iron to antibiotics: Identification of conserved bacterial-fungal interactions across diverse partners 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial interactions are major determinants in shaping microbiome structure and function. Although fungi are found across diverse microbiomes, the mechanisms through which fungi interact with other species remain largely uncharacterized. In this work, we explore the diversity of ways in which fungi can impact bacteria by characterizing interaction mechanisms across 16 different bacterial-fungal pairs, involving 8 different fungi and 2 bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas psychrophila). Using random barcode transposon-site sequencing (RB-TnSeq), we identified a large number of bacterial genes and pathways important in fungal interaction contexts. Within each interaction, fungal partners elicit both antagonistic and beneficial effects. Using a panel of phylogenetically diverse fungi allowed us to identify interactions that were conserved across all species. Our data show that all fungi modulate the availability of iron and biotin, suggesting that these may represent conserved bacterial-fungal interactions. Several fungi also appear to produce previously uncharacterized antibiotic compounds. Generating a mutant in a master regulator of fungal secondary metabolite production showed that fungal metabolites are key shapers of bacterial fitness profiles during interactions. This work demonstrates a diversity of mechanisms through which fungi are able to interact with bacterial species. In addition to many species-specific effects, there appear to be conserved interaction mechanisms which may be important across microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From iron to antibiotics: Identification of conserved bacterial-fungal interactions across diverse partners]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computation of condition-dependent proteome allocation reveals variability in the macro and micro nutrient requirements for growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustaining a robust metabolic network requires a balanced and fully functioning proteome. In addition to amino acids, many enzymes require cofactors (coenzymes and engrafted prosthetic groups) to function properly. Extensively validated genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression (ME-models) have the unique ability to compute an optimal proteome composition underlying a metabolic phenotype, including the provision of all required cofactors. Here we use the ME-model for Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 to computationally examine how environmental conditions change the proteome and its accompanying cofactor usage. We found that: (1) The cofactor requirements computed by the ME model mostly agree with the standard biomass objective function used in models of metabolism alone (M models); (2) ME-model computations reveal non-intuitive variability in cofactor use under different growth conditions; (3) An analysis of ME-model predicted protein use in aerobic and anaerobic conditions suggests an enrichment in the use of prebiotic amino acids in the proteins used to sustain anaerobic growth (4) The ME-model could describe how limitation in key protein components affect the metabolic state of E. coli. Genome-scale models have thus reached a level of sophistication where they reveal intricate properties of functional proteomes and how they support different E. coli lifestyles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computation of condition-dependent proteome allocation reveals variability in the macro and micro nutrient requirements for growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.008664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin color patterns are ubiquitous in nature, evolve rapidly, and impact social behavior1, predator avoidance2, and protection from ultraviolet irradiation3. A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish4-7; its alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes depend on guanine crystal-containing cells called iridophores that reflect light. It was suggested that the zebrafishs alternating color pattern arises from a single type of iridophore migrating differentially to stripes and interstripes7-9. When we tracked iridophores, however, we found they did not migrate between stripes and interstripes but instead differentiated and proliferated in place based on their micro-environment. RNA seq analysis further revealed stripe and interstripe iridophores had different transcriptomic states, while cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction showed they had different guanine crystal organizations and responsiveness to norepinephrine, all indicating that stripe and interstripe iridophores are different cell types. Based on these results, we present a new model of skin patterning in zebrafish in which distinct iridophore crystallotypes containing specialized, physiologically responsive, subcellular organelles arise in stripe and interstripe zones by in situ differentiation. In this model, pattern phenotype depends not only on interactions among pigment cells that affect their arrangements, but also on factors that specify subcellular organization and physiological responsiveness of specialized organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasoili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deheyn, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parichy, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.985986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDP-43 and HSP70 phase separate into anisotropic, intranuclear liquid spherical annuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.985986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA binding protein TDP-43 naturally phase separates within cell nuclei and forms cytoplasmic aggregates in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that acetylation-mediated inhibition of TDP-43 binding to RNA produces co-de-mixing of acetylated and unmodified TDP-43 into symmetrical, intranuclear spherical annuli whose shells and cores have liquid properties. Shells are anisotropic, like liquid crystals. Consistent with our modelling predictions that annulus formation is driven by components with strong self-interactions but weak interaction with TDP-43, the major components of annuli cores are identified to be HSP70 family proteins, whose chaperone activity is required to maintain liquidity of the core. Proteasome inhibition, mimicking reduction in proteasome activity during aging, induces TDP-43-containing annuli in neurons in rodents. Thus, we identify that TDP-43 phase separation is regulated by acetylation, proteolysis, and ATPase-dependent chaperone activity of HSP70.

One Sentence SummaryAcetylation of TDP-43 drives its phase separation into spherical annuli that form a liquid-inside-a-liquid-inside-a-liquid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasior, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toprani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Cruz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larfaga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladfelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.985986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDP-43 and HSP70 phase separate into anisotropic, intranuclear liquid spherical annuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.014811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algal Neurotoxin Biosynthesis Repurposes the Terpene Cyclase Structural Fold Into an N-prenyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.014811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenylation is a common biological reaction in all domains of life whereupon prenyl diphosphate donors transfer prenyl groups onto small molecules as well as large proteins. The enzymes that catalyze these biotransformations are structurally distinct from ubiquitous terpene cyclases that instead assemble terpene molecules via intramolecular rearrangements. Herein we report the structure and molecular details of a new family of prenyltransferases from marine algae that repurposes the terpene cyclase structural fold for the N-prenylation of glutamic acid during the biosynthesis of the potent neurochemicals domoic acid and kainic acid. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of the prenyltransferase found in domoic acid biosynthesis, DabA, and show distinct active site binding modifications that remodel the canonical Mg2+-binding motif. We then applied our structural knowledge of DabA and a homologous enzyme from the kainic acid biosynthetic pathway, KabA, to alter their isoprene donor specificities (geranyl versus dimethylallyl diphosphate) by a single amino acid switch. While the diatom DabA and seaweed KabA enzymes share a common evolutionary lineage, they are distinct from all other terpene cyclases, suggesting a very distant ancestor.

SignificanceDomoic acid is a neurotoxin produced by marine algae that readily bioaccumulates in shellfish and significantly impacts both human and animal life. The first committed step of the biosynthesis of domoic acid is the N-prenylation of L-glutamic acid by the enzyme DabA. By solving the crystal structure of DabA, we demonstrate that this enzyme has repurposed the common terpene cyclase fold to catalyze an extremely unusual reaction, N-prenylation of an unactivated primary amine. Application of these structural insights enabled rational engineering of two N-prenyltransferase enzymes to accept alternative prenyl donors. Ultimately, these results not only expand the scope of reactions catalyzed by a terpene cyclase family member, but will help inform future domoic acid environmental monitoring efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chekan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.014811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algal Neurotoxin Biosynthesis Repurposes the Terpene Cyclase Structural Fold Into an N-prenyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.017947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common analgesic enhances the anti-tumour activity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine through induction of oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.017947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (DAC, decitabine) has anti-cancer therapeutic potential, but its clinical efficacy is hindered by DNA damage-related side effects. Here we describe how paracetamol augments the effects of DAC on cancer cell proliferation and differentiation, without enhancing DNA damage. Firstly, DAC specifically upregulates cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway, inadvertently increasing cancer cell survival, while the addition of paracetamol offsets this effect. Secondly, combined treatment leads to glutathione depletion and ROS accumulation with oxidative stress further enhanced by DAC suppressing anti-oxidant and thioredoxin responses. The benefits of combined treatment are demonstrated here in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines, further corroborated in a HNSCC xenograft mouse model and through mining of publicly available DAC and paracetamol responses. In summary, the addition of paracetamol could allow for DAC dose reduction, widening its clinical usability and providing a strong rationale for consideration in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleneadie, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clokie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehanna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendoo, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheven, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiench, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.017947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common analgesic enhances the anti-tumour activity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine through induction of oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bedscales: A non-contact adherence-independent multi-person sensor for longitudinal physiologic monitoring in the home bed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Home health monitoring technologies promise to improve care and reduce costs, yet they are limited by the need for adherence to self-monitoring, usage of an app, or application of a wearable. While implantable sensors overcome the adherence barrier, they are expensive and require invasive procedures. Here, we describe a non-invasive, non-contact, adherence-independent sensor, that when placed beneath the legs of a patients home bed, longitudinally monitors total body weight, detailed respiratory signals, and ballistocardiograms for months, without requiring any active patient participation. Accompanying algorithms demix weight and respiratory signals when the bed is shared by a partner or a pet. Validation studies during overnight clinical sleep studies exhibit quantitative equivalence to commercial sensors and allow discrimination of obstructive and central sleep apneas. In-home studies discriminate atrial fibrillation from normal sinus rhythm. To demonstrate real-world feasibility, we performed 3 months of continuous in-home monitoring in a patient with heart failure as he awaited and recovered from coronary artery bypass surgery. By overcoming the adherence barrier, Bedscales has the potential to create a multidimensional picture of chronic disease, learn signatures of impending hospitalization, and enable optimization of care in the home.

DisclosuresDrs. King and Coleman and Nicholas Harrington are inventors on a patent application describing the Bedscales technology. Dr. Kevin R. King discloses consulting relationships with Bristol Myers Squibb and Astrazeneca, Medimmune and is founder of Nightingale Labs. Dr. Deepak L. Bhatt discloses the following relationships - Advisory Board: Cardax, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, Medscape Cardiology, PhaseBio, Regado Biosciences; Board of Directors: Boston VA Research Institute, Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care, TobeSoft; Chair: American Heart Association Quality Oversight Committee; Data Monitoring Committees: Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial, funded by St. Jude Medical, now Abbott), Cleveland Clinic (including for the ExCEED trial, funded by Edwards), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial, funded by Daiichi Sankyo), Population Health Research Institute; Honoraria: American College of Cardiology (Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Trials and News, ACC.org; Vice-Chair, ACC Accreditation Committee), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial steering committee funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; AEGIS-II executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (Editor in Chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial, funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (Editor in Chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Guest Editor; Associate Editor), Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME steering committees), Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), Slack Publications (Chief Medical Editor, Cardiology Todays Intervention), Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care (Secretary/Treasurer), WebMD (CME steering committees); Other: Clinical Cardiology (Deputy Editor), NCDR-ACTION Registry Steering Committee (Chair), VA CART Research and Publications Committee (Chair); Research Funding: Abbott, Afimmune, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chiesi, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Lilly, Medtronic, PhaseBio, Pfizer, PLx Pharma, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Synaptic, The Medicines Company; Royalties: Elsevier (Editor, Cardiovascular Intervention: A Companion to Braunwalds Heart Disease); Site Co-Investigator: Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, St. Jude Medical (now Abbott), Svelte; Trustee: American College of Cardiology; Unfunded Research: FlowCo, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Takeda. Dr. Akshay S. Desai discloses the following relationships - Research grants to Brigham and Womens Hospital to support clinical trial activities from Alnylam, AstraZeneca, and Novartis; Consulting fees from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Biofourmis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Merck, Novartis, Relypsa, Regeneron. Dr. Owens reports consulting fees from Novartis, and research grants to UCSD from Snoozeal, Nitto Denko, and Masimo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Pacheco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duwaik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bedscales: A non-contact adherence-independent multi-person sensor for longitudinal physiologic monitoring in the home bed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural genetic variation affecting transcription factor spacing at regulatory regions is generally well tolerated 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.021535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of gene expression requires the combinatorial binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) at promoters and enhancers. Prior studies showed that alterations in the spacing between TF binding sites can influence promoter and enhancer activity. However, the relative importance of TF spacing alterations resulting from naturally occurring insertions and deletions (InDels) has not been systematically analyzed. To address this question, we first characterized the genome-wide spacing relationships of 75 TFs in K562 cells as determined by ChIP-sequencing. We found a dominant pattern of a relaxed range of spacing between collaborative factors, including 46 TFs exclusively exhibiting relaxed spacing with their binding partners. Next, we exploited millions of InDels provided by genetically diverse mouse strains and human individuals to investigate the effects of altered spacing on TF binding and local histone acetylation. Spacing alterations resulting from naturally occurring InDels are generally tolerated in comparison to genetic variants directly affecting TF binding sites. A remarkable range of tolerance was further established for PU.1 and C/EBP{beta}, which exhibit relaxed spacing, by introducing synthetic spacing alterations ranging from 5-bp increase to >30-bp decrease using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. These findings provide implications for understanding mechanisms underlying enhancer selection and for the interpretation of non-coding genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.021535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural genetic variation affecting transcription factor spacing at regulatory regions is generally well tolerated]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.024562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNF423 patient variants, truncations, and in-frame deletions in mice define an allele-dependent range of midline brain abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.024562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interpreting rare variants remains a challenge in personal genomics, especially for disorders with several causal genes and for genes that cause multiple disorders. ZNF423 encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein that intersects several developmental pathways. ZNF423 has been implicated in rare neurodevelopmental disorders, consistent with midline brain defects in Zfp423-mutant mice, but pathogenic potential of most patient variants remains uncertain. We engineered ~50 patient-derived and small deletion variants into the highly-conserved mouse ortholog and examined neuroanatomical measures for 791 littermate pairs. Three substitutions previously asserted pathogenic appeared benign, while a fourth was effectively null. Heterozygous premature termination codon (PTC) variants showed mild haploabnormality, consistent with loss-of-function intolerance inferred from human population data. In-frame deletions of specific zinc fingers showed mild to moderate abnormalities, as did low-expression variants. These results affirm the need for functional validation of rare variants in biological context and demonstrate cost-effective modeling of neuroanatomical abnormalities in mice.

AUTHOR SUMMARYGene identification in rare disorders is typically supported by finding different mutations of the same gene in multiple families with the same disorder. However, causal evidence for any specific mutation found in one or a few related individuals is weaker, especially if the disorder can be caused by any of several genes and the functional effect of the mutation is not certain. Experimental models can be helpful in testing causal effects, but only to the extent that the model is validated to recapitulate one or more aspects of the disorder. We used CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering to create a wide range of mutations in mouse Zfp423, whose human cognate is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, especially cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and Joubert syndrome. This large collection of animal models shows that both reduced Zfp423 expression, including heterozygosity for loss-of-function mutations, and normally-expressed domain deletions, including specific zinc finger domains, produce measureable abnormalities in midline development. Despite this high level of validation, most patient-derived amino acid substitution variants tested do not produce measureable effects. The single exception is a substitution, H1277Y, that destroys a structural element in the last zinc finger domain and results in dramatic loss of steady-state Zfp423 protein level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.024562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNF423 patient variants, truncations, and in-frame deletions in mice define an allele-dependent range of midline brain abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic Reversal of Chemically Induced Parkinson Disease by Converting Astrocytes into Nigral Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinson disease is characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. As with other neurodegenerative diseases, no disease-modifying treatments exist. While most treatment objectives aim to prevent neuronal loss or protect vulnerable neuronal circuits, an important alternative is to replace lost neurons to reconstruct disrupted circuits. Herein we report an efficient single-step conversion of isolated mouse and human astrocytes into functional neurons by depleting the RNA binding protein PTB. Applying this approach to mice with a chemically induced Parkinsons phenotype, we provide evidence that disease manifestations can be potently reversed through converting astrocytes into new substantia nigral neurons, effectively restoring dopamine levels via reestablishing the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. We further demonstrate similar disease reversal with a therapeutically feasible approach using antisense oligonucleotides to transiently suppress PTB. These findings identify a generalizable therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders through replacing lost neurons in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic Reversal of Chemically Induced Parkinson Disease by Converting Astrocytes into Nigral Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic differences between symbiont subpopulations in the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila lives in intimate symbiosis with intracellular sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria. Although the symbiont population consists of a single 16S rRNA phylotype, bacteria in the same host animal exhibit a remarkable degree of metabolic diversity: They simultaneously utilize two carbon fixation pathways and various energy sources and electron acceptors. Whether these multiple metabolic routes are employed in the same symbiont cells, or rather in distinct symbiont subpopulations, was unclear. As Riftia symbionts vary considerably in cell size and shape, we enriched individual symbiont cell sizes by density gradient centrifugation in order to test whether symbiont cells of different sizes show different metabolic profiles. Metaproteomic analysis and statistical evaluation using clustering and random forests, supported by microscopy and flow cytometry, strongly suggest that Riftia symbiont cells of different sizes represent metabolically dissimilar stages of a physiological differentiation process: Small symbionts actively divide and may establish cellular symbiont-host interaction, as indicated by highest abundance of the cell division key protein FtsZ and highly abundant chaperones and porins in this initial phase. Large symbionts, on the other hand, apparently do not divide, but still replicate DNA, leading to DNA endoreduplication. Highest abundance of enzymes for CO2 fixation, carbon storage and biosynthesis in large symbionts indicates that in this late differentiation stage the symbionts metabolism is efficiently geared towards the production of organic material. We propose that this division of labor between smaller and larger symbionts benefits the productivity of the symbiosis as a whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinzke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlueter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentschker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pane-Farre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felbeck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voelker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic differences between symbiont subpopulations in the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.12.037580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Nucleus Multiomic Profiling Reveals Age-Dynamic Regulation of Host Genes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.12.037580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory failure is the leading cause of COVID-19 death and disproportionately impacts adults more than children. Here, we present a large-scale snATAC-seq dataset (90,980 nuclei) of the human lung, generated in parallel with snRNA-seq (46,500 nuclei), from healthy donors of ~30 weeks, ~3 years and ~30 years of age. Focusing on genes implicated in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, we observed an increase in the proportion of alveolar epithelial cells expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in adult compared to young lungs. Consistent with expression dynamics, 10 chromatin peaks linked to TMPRSS2 exhibited significantly increased activity with age and harbored IRF and STAT binding sites. Furthermore, we identified 14 common sequence variants in age-increasing peaks with predicted regulatory function, including several associated with respiratory traits and TMPRSS2 expression. Our findings reveal a plausible contributor to why children are more resistant to COVID-19 and provide an epigenomic basis for transferring this resistance to older populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirion, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verheyden, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudtarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faddah, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsett, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryhuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI LungMap Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.12.037580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Nucleus Multiomic Profiling Reveals Age-Dynamic Regulation of Host Genes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ISG15 drives immune pathology and respiratory failure during viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokine storm during respiratory viral infection is an indicator of disease severity and poor prognosis. Type 1 interferon (IFN-I) production and signaling has been reported to be causal in cytokine storm-associated pathology in several respiratory viral infections, however, the mechanisms by which IFN-I promotes disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, using Usp18-deficient, USP18 enzymatic-inactive and Isg15-deficient mouse models, we report that lack of deISGylation during persistent viral infection leads to severe immune pathology characterized by hematological disruptions, cytokine amplification, lung vascular leakage and death. This pathology requires T cells but not T cell-intrinsic deletion of Usp18. However, lack of Usp18 in myeloid cells mimicked the pathological manifestations observed in Usp18-/- or Usp18C61A mice which were dependent on Isg15. We further mechanistically demonstrate that interrupting the ISGylation/deISGylation circuit increases extracellular levels of ISG15 which is accompanied by inflammatory neutrophil accumulation to the lung. Importantly, neutrophil depletion reversed morbidity and mortality in Usp18C61A mice. In summary, we reveal that the enzymatic function of Usp18 is crucial for regulating extracellular release of ISG15. This is accompanied by altered neutrophil differentiation, cytokine amplification and mortality following persistent viral infection. Moreover, our results suggest that extracellular ISG15 may drive the inflammatory pathology observed and could be both a prospective predictor of disease outcome and a therapeutic target during severe respiratory viral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaabani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartabedian, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knobeloch, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimoto, K.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijaro, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ISG15 drives immune pathology and respiratory failure during viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycosaminoglycan binding motif at S1/S2 proteolytic cleavage site on spike glycoprotein may facilitate novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) host cell entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread around the globe at an unprecedented rate. To date, no effective therapeutic is available to fight its associated disease, COVID-19. Our discovery of a novel insertion of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding motif at S1/S2 proteolytic cleavage site (681-686 (PRRARS)) and two other GAG-binding-like motifs within SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SGP) led us to hypothesize that host cell surface GAGs might be involved in host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Using a surface plasmon resonance direct binding assay, we found that both monomeric and trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike more tightly bind to immobilized heparin (KD = 40 pM and 73 pM, respectively) than the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV SGPs (500 nM and 1 nM, respectively). In competitive binding studies, the IC50 of heparin, tri-sulfated non-anticoagulant heparan sulfate, and non-anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin against SARS-CoV-2 SGP binding to immobilized heparin were 0.056 M, 0.12 M, and 26.4 M, respectively. Finally, unbiased computational ligand docking indicates that heparan sulfate interacts with the GAG-binding motif at the S1/S2 site on each monomer interface in the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 SGP, and at another site (453-459 (YRLFRKS)) when the receptor-binding domain is in an open conformation. Our study augments our knowledge in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and advances carbohydrate-based COVID-19 therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuster, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linhardt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycosaminoglycan binding motif at S1/S2 proteolytic cleavage site on spike glycoprotein may facilitate novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) host cell entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated docking refinement and virtual compound screening with absolute binding free energy calculations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Absolute binding free energy calculations with explicit solvent molecular simulations can provide estimates of protein-ligand affinities, and thus reduce the time and costs needed to find new drug candidates. However, these calculations can be complex to implement and perform. Here, we introduce the software BAT.py, a Python tool that invokes the AMBER simulation package to fully automate the calculation of binding free energies for a protein with a series of ligands. We report encouraging initial test applications of this software both to re-rank docked poses and to estimate overall binding free energies. We also show that it is practical to carry out these calculations cheaply by using graphical processing units in common machines that can be built for this purpose. The combination of automation and low cost allows this procedure to be applied in a relatively high-throughput mode, and thus enables new applications in early-stage drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinzelmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated docking refinement and virtual compound screening with absolute binding free energy calculations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability of the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy and its importance for early infant colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.044255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life microbiota has been linked to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been hypothesized that maternal vaginal microbiota is an important initial seeding source and therefore can have lifelong effects on disease risk. To understand maternal vaginal microbiotas role in seeding the childs microbiota and the extent of delivery mode-dependent transmission, we studied 700 mother-child dyads from the COPSAC2010 cohort.

The maternal vaginal microbiota was evaluated in the third trimester and compared with the childrens fecal and airway microbiota.

The vaginal samples displayed known stable community state types and only 1:6 changed over time. Only one OTU was significantly transferred to childrens fecal compartment, but an inflated number had positive transfer odds. A few taxonomic families showed early transfer enrichment to vaginally-born children, indicating vertical transfer, while half of the observed transfer effects were delivery mode independent enrichment with attenuating strength over time, indicating a common reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brejnrod, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogfelt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisgaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability of the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy and its importance for early infant colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weight Sensitivity of Temporal SNR Metrics in multi-echo fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeIn multi-echo fMRI (ME-fMRI), various weighting schemes have been proposed for the combination of the data across echoes. Here we introduce a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of the weight dependence of temporal SNR measures in ME-fMRI.

Theory and MethodsWe examine two metrics that have been used to characterize ME-fMRI performance: temporal SNR (tSNR) and multi-echo temporal (metSNR). Both metrics can be described using the generalized Rayleigh quotient (GRQ) and are predicted to be relatively insensitive to the weights when there is a high degree of similarity between a metric-specific matrix in the GRQ numerator and a metricindependent covariance matrix in the GRQ denominator. The application of the GRQ framework to experimental data is demonstrated using a resting-state fMRI dataset acquired with a multi-echo multi-band EPI sequence.

ResultsIn the example dataset, similarities between the covariance matrix and the metSNR and tSNR numerator matrices are highest in grey matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) voxels, respectively. For representative GM and CSF voxels that exhibit high matrix similarity values, the metSNR and tSNR values, respectively, are both within 4% of their optimal values across a range of weighting schemes. However, there is a fundamental tradeoff, with a high degree of weight sensitivity in the tSNR and metSNR metrics for the representative GM and CSF voxels, respectively. Geometric insight into the observed weight dependencies is provided through a graphical interpretation of the GRQ.

ConclusionA GRQ framework can provide insight into the factors that determine the weight sensitivity of tSNR and metSNR measures in ME-fMRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.049460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weight Sensitivity of Temporal SNR Metrics in multi-echo fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.044982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the Depth Limit of Bioluminescent Sources in Scattering Media 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.044982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioluminescence has several potential advantages compared to fluorescence microscopy for in vivo biological imaging. Because bioluminescence does not require excitation light, imaging can be performed for extended periods of time without phototoxicity or photobleaching, and optical systems can be smaller, simpler, and lighter. Eliminating the need for excitation light may also affect how deeply one can image in scattering biological tissue, but the imaging depth limits for bioluminescence have yet to be reported. Here, we perform a theoretical study of the depth limits of bioluminescence microscopy and find that cellular resolution imaging should be possible at a depth of 5-10 mean free paths (MFPs). This limit is deeper than the depth limit for confocal microscopy and slightly lower than the imaging limit expected for two-photon microscopy under similar conditions. We also validate our predictions experimentally using tissue phantoms. Overall we show that with advancements in the brightness of bioluminescent indicators, it should be possible to achieve deep, long-term imaging in biological tissue with cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghuram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeraraghavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.044982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the Depth Limit of Bioluminescent Sources in Scattering Media]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-regulated endocytic trafficking of adenylyl cyclase type 9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GPCRs are increasingly recognized to initiate signaling via heterotrimeric G proteins as they move through the endocytic network, but little is known about how relevant G protein effectors are localized. Here we report dynamic trafficking of adenylyl cyclase type 9 (AC9) from the plasma membrane to endosomes, while adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) remains in the plasma membrane, and stimulation of AC9 trafficking by ligand-induced activation of Gs-coupled GPCRs or Gs. AC9 transits a similar dynamin-dependent early endocytic pathway as activated GPCRs but, in contrast to GPCR trafficking which is regulated by {beta}-arrestin but not Gs, AC9 trafficking is regulated by Gs but not {beta}-arrestin. We also show that AC9, but not AC1, contributes to cAMP production from endosomes. These results reveal dynamic and isoform-specific trafficking of adenylyl cyclase in the endocytic network, and a discrete role of a heterotrimeric G protein in controlling subcellular location of a relevant effector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irannejad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessauer, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Zastrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-regulated endocytic trafficking of adenylyl cyclase type 9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.031138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Brain Structure and its Genetic Architecture over the Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.031138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain structure changes throughout our lives. Altered brain growth or rates of decline are implicated in a vast range of psychiatric, developmental, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we identified common genetic variants that affect rates of brain growth or atrophy, in the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of changes in brain morphology across the lifespan. Longitudinal MRI data from 15,640 individuals were used to compute rates of change for 15 brain structures. The most robustly identified genes GPR139, DACH1 and APOE are associated with metabolic processes. We demonstrate global genetic overlap with depression, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning, insomnia, height, body mass index and smoking. Gene-set findings implicate both early brain development and neurodegenerative processes in the rates of brain changes. Identifying variants involved in structural brain changes may help to determine biological pathways underlying optimal and dysfunctional brain development and ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnack, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeuw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprooten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogtay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olde Loohuis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alloza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breukelaar, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buimer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciufolini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damatac, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dazzan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mol, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwarte, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fröhner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.031138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Brain Structure and its Genetic Architecture over the Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory interactions between Vax1, Pax6, and miR-7 regionalize the lateral Ventricular-Subventricular Zone during post-natal Olfactory Bulb neurogenesis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several subtypes of interneurons destined for the olfactory bulb are continuously generated after birth by neural stem cells located in the ventricular-subventricular zones of the lateral ventricles. Future neuronal identity depends on the positioning of pre-determined neural stem cells along the ventricle walls, which, in turn, depends on delimited expression domains of transcription factors and their cross regulatory interactions. However, mechanisms underlying positional identity of neural stem cells are still poorly understood. Here we show that the transcription factor Vax1 controls the production of two specific neuronal sub-types. First, it is directly necessary to generate Calbindin expressing interneurons from ventro-lateral progenitors. Second, it represses the generation of dopaminergic neurons by dorso-lateral progenitors through inhibiting Pax6 expression in the dorso-lateral wall. We provide evidence that this repression occurs via activation of microRNA miR-7, targeting Pax6 mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Core, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellon, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beclin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory interactions between Vax1, Pax6, and miR-7 regionalize the lateral Ventricular-Subventricular Zone during post-natal Olfactory Bulb neurogenesis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptional regulatory atlas of coronavirus infection of human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.059527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishing consensus around the transcriptional interface between coronavirus (CoV) infection and human cellular signaling pathways can catalyze the development of novel anti-CoV therapeutics. Here, we used publicly archived transcriptomic datasets to compute consensus regulatory signatures, or consensomes, that rank human genes based on their rates of differential expression in MERS-CoV (MERS), SARS-CoV-1 (SARS1) and SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2)-infected cells. Validating the CoV consensomes, we show that high confidence transcriptional targets (HCTs) of CoV infection intersect with HCTs of signaling pathway nodes with known roles in CoV infection. Among a series of novel use cases, we gather evidence for hypotheses that SARS2 infection efficiently represses E2F family target genes encoding key drivers of DNA replication and the cell cycle; that progesterone receptor signaling antagonizes SARS2-induced inflammatory signaling in the airway epithelium; and that SARS2 HCTs are enriched for genes involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The CoV infection consensomes and HCT intersection analyses are freely accessible through the Signaling Pathways Project knowledgebase, and as Cytoscape-style networks in the Network Data Exchange repository.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptional regulatory atlas of coronavirus infection of human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix factorization recovers consistent regulatory signals from disparate datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of gene expression data has dramatically increased in recent years. This data deluge could result in detailed inference of underlying regulatory networks, but the diversity of experimental platforms and protocols introduces critical biases that could hinder scalable analysis of existing data. Here, we show that the underlying structure of the E. coli transcriptome, as determined by Independent Component Analysis (ICA), is conserved across multiple independent datasets, including both RNA-seq and microarray datasets. We also show that echoes of this structure remain in the proteome, accelerating biological discovery through multi-omics analysis. We subsequently combined five transcriptomics datasets into a large compendium containing over 800 expression profiles and discovered that its underlying ICA-based structure was still comparable to that of the individual datasets. ICA thus enables deep analysis of disparate data to uncover new insights that were not visible in the individual datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavvas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.061978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix factorization recovers consistent regulatory signals from disparate datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome prevents ovarian aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation is a hallmark of many processes during aging and reproductive physiology, negatively affecting female fertility. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ovarian aging and female fertility. Age-dependent increased expression of NLRP3 in the ovary was observed in female WT mice during reproductive aging. High expression of NLRP3, caspase 1 and IL-1{beta} was also observed in granulosa cells from patients with primary ovarian insufficiency. Ablation of the NLRP3 inflammasome improved the survival and pregnancy rates in mice, increased hormonal levels of AMH, a biochemical marker of ovarian reserve, and autophagy rates in ovarian tissue. Deficiency of the NLRP3 inflammasome also reduced serum FSH and estradiol levels. Consistent with these results, pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 using a direct NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, improved fertility in female mice to levels comparable to those of Nlrp3-/- mice. These results suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is implicated in the age-dependent loss of female fertility and position this inflammasome as a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of infertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Pando, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcocer-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castejon-Vega, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muntane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbalaviele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryffel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome prevents ovarian aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.061960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding magnetic organelle biogenesis in the domain Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.061960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of membrane-enclosed, metabolically functional organelles in Bacteria and Archaea has transformed our understanding of the subcellular complexity of prokaryotic cells. However, whether prokaryotic organelles emerged early or late in evolutionary history remains unclear and limits understanding of the nature and cellular complexity of early life. Biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles within magnetosomes by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is a fascinating example of prokaryotic organelles. Here, we reconstruct 168 metagenome-assembled MTB genomes from various aquatic environments and waterlogged soils. These genomes represent nearly a 3-fold increase over the number currently available, and more than double the known MTB species. Phylogenomic analysis reveals that these newly described genomes belong to 13 Bacterial phyla, six of which were previously not known to include MTB. These findings indicate a much wider taxonomic distribution of magnetosome organelle biogenesis across the domain Bacteria than previously thought. Comparative genome analysis reveals a vast diversity of magnetosome gene clusters involved in magnetosomal biogenesis in terms of gene content and synteny residing in distinct taxonomic lineages. These gene clusters therefore represent a promising, diverse genetic resource for biosynthesizing novel magnetic nanoparticles. Finally, our phylogenetic analyses of the core magnetosome proteins in this largest available and taxonomically diverse dataset support an unexpectedly early evolutionary origin of magnetosome biomineralization, likely ancestral to the origin of the domain Bacteria. These findings emphasize the potential biological significance of prokaryotic organelles on the early Earth and have important implications for our understanding of the evolutionary history of cellular complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazylinski, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.061960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding magnetic organelle biogenesis in the domain Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative transcriptomic analysis of SLE reveals IFN-driven cross-talk between immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.065227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an incurable autoimmune disease disproportionately affecting women and may lead to damage in multiple different organs. The marked heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations is a major obstacle in finding targeted treatments and involvement of multiple immune cell types further increases this complexity. Thus, identifying molecular subtypes that best correlate with disease heterogeneity and severity as well as deducing molecular cross-talk among major immune cell types that lead to disease progression are critical steps in the development of more informed therapies for SLE. Here we profile and analyze gene expression of six major circulating immune cell types from patients with well-characterized SLE (classical monocytes (n=64), T cells (n=24), neutrophils (n=24), B cells (n=20), conventional (n=20) and plasmacytoid (n=22) dendritic cells) and from healthy control subjects. Our results show that the interferon (IFN) response signature was the major molecular feature that classified SLE patients into two distinct groups: IFN-signature negative (IFNneg) and positive (IFNpos). We show that the gene expression signature of IFN response was consistent (i) across all immune cell types, (ii) all single cells profiled from three IFNpos donors using single-cell RNA-seq, and (iii) longitudinal samples of the same patient. For a better understanding of molecular differences of IFNpos versus IFNneg patients, we combined differential gene expression analysis with differential Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), which revealed a relatively small list of genes from classical monocytes including two known immune modulators, one the target of an approved therapeutic for SLE (TNFSF13B/BAFF: belimumab) and one itself a therapeutic for Rheumatoid Arthritis (IL1RN: anakinra). For a more integrative understanding of the cross-talk among different cell types and to identify potentially novel gene or pathway connections, we also developed a novel gene co-expression analysis method for joint analysis of multiple cell types named integrated WGNCA (iWGCNA). This method revealed an interesting cross-talk between T and B cells highlighted by a significant enrichment in the expression of known markers of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), which also correlate with disease severity in the context of IFNpos patients. Interestingly, higher expression of BAFF from all myeloid cells also shows a strong correlation with enrichment in the expression of genes in T cells that may mark circulating Tfh cells or related memory cell populations. These cell types have been shown to promote B cell class-switching and antibody production, which are well-characterized in SLE patients. In summary, we generated a large-scale gene expression dataset from sorted immune cell populations and present a novel computational approach to analyze such data in an integrative fashion in the context of an autoimmune disease. Our results reveal the power of a hypothesis-free and data-driven approach to discover drug targets and reveal novel cross-talk among multiple immune cell types specific to a subset of SLE patients. This approach is immediately useful for studying autoimmune diseases and is applicable in other contexts where gene expression profiling is possible from multiple cell types within the same tissue compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panwar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.065227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative transcriptomic analysis of SLE reveals IFN-driven cross-talk between immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.062679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional screen of translated pancreatic lncRNAs identifies a microprotein-independent role for LINC00261 in endocrine cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.062679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogenous group of RNAs, which can encode small proteins. The extent to which developmentally regulated lncRNAs are translated and whether the produced microproteins are relevant for human development is unknown. Here, we show that many lncRNAs in direct vicinity of lineage-determining transcription factors (TFs) are dynamically regulated, predominantly cytosolic, and highly translated during pancreas development. We genetically ablated ten such lncRNAs, most of them translated, and found that nine are dispensable for endocrine cell differentiation. However, deletion of LINC00261 diminishes generation of insulin+ endocrine cells, in a manner independent of the nearby TF FOXA2. Systematic deletion of each of LINC00261s seven poorly conserved microproteins shows that the RNA, rather than the microproteins, is required for endocrine development. Our work highlights extensive translation of lncRNAs into recently evolved microproteins during human pancreas development and provides a blueprint for dissection of their coding and noncoding roles.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/062679v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (96K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10715caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27af76org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17083a6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d31f9f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIExtensive lncRNA translation and microprotein production during human pancreas development
C_LIO_LIA small-scale loss-of-function screen shows most translated lncRNAs are dispensable
C_LIO_LILINC00261 is highly translated and regulates endocrine cell differentiation
C_LIO_LIDeleting LINC00261s evolutionary young microproteins reveals no essential roles
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaertner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Lunitz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.062679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional screen of translated pancreatic lncRNAs identifies a microprotein-independent role for LINC00261 in endocrine cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representative diatom and coccolithophore species exhibit divergent responses throughout simulated upwelling cycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wind-driven upwelling followed by relaxation results in cycles of cold nutrient-rich water fueling intense phytoplankton blooms followed by nutrient-depletion, bloom decline, and sinking of cells. Surviving cells at depth can then be vertically transported back to the surface with upwelled waters to seed another bloom. As a result of these cycles, phytoplankton communities in upwelling regions are transported through a wide range of light and nutrient conditions. Diatoms appear to be well-suited for these cycles, but their responses to them remain understudied. To investigate the bases for diatoms ecological success in upwelling environments, we employed laboratory simulations of a complete upwelling cycle with a common diatom, Chaetoceros decipiens, and coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. We show that while both organisms exhibited physiological and transcriptomic plasticity, the diatom displayed a distinct response enabling it to rapidly shift-up growth rates and nitrate assimilation when returned to light and available nutrients following dark, nutrient-deplete conditions. As observed in natural diatom communities, C. decipiens highly expresses before upwelling, or frontloads, key transcriptional and nitrate assimilation genes coordinating its rapid response to upwelling conditions. Low iron simulations showed that C. decipiens is capable of maintaining this response when iron is limiting to growth, whereas E. huxleyi is not. Differential expression between iron treatments further revealed specific genes used by each organism under low iron availability. Overall, these results highlight the responses of two dominant phytoplankton groups to upwelling cycles, providing insight into the mechanisms fueling diatom blooms during upwelling events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representative diatom and coccolithophore species exhibit divergent responses throughout simulated upwelling cycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated genomics approach towards deciphering human genome codes shaping HIV-1 proviral transcription and fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large body of work has revealed fundamental principles of HIV-1 integration into the human genome. However, the effect of the integration site to proviral transcription activity has so far remained elusive. Here we combine open-source, large-scale datasets including epigenetics, transcriptome, and 3D genome architecture to interrogate the chromatin states, transcription activity landscape, and nuclear sub-compartments around HIV-1 integration sites in CD4+ T cells to decipher human genome codes shaping the transcription of proviral classes defined based on their position and orientation in the genome. Using a Hidden Markov Model, we describe the importance of specific chromatin states and genome architecture in the control of HIV-1 transcription activity. Additionally, implementation of a machine-learning logistic regression model reveals upstream chromatin accessibility, transcription activity, and categorical nuclear sub-compartments as optimal features predicting HIV-1 transcriptional outcomes. We finally demonstrate clinical relevance by interrogating the positions of intact proviruses persisting in patients under suppressive therapy and provide a compass compatible with clinical decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruess, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malladi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated genomics approach towards deciphering human genome codes shaping HIV-1 proviral transcription and fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.074617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis of the novel transporter YdhC, is regulated by the YdhB transcription factor controlling adenosine and adenine uptake. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.074617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The YdhB transcriptional factor, re-named here AdnB, homologous to the allantoin regulator, AllS, was shown to regulate ydhC gene expression in Escherichia coli, which is divergently transcribed from adnB, and this gene arrangement is conserved in many Protreobacteria. The predicted consensus DNA binding sequence for YdhB is also conserved in Entrobacterial genomes. RNA-seq data confirmed the activation predicted due to the binding of AdnB as shown by Chip-Exo results. Fluorescent polarization experiments revealed binding of YdhB to the predicted binding site upstream of ydhC in the presence of 0.35 mM adenine, but not in its absence. The E. coli MG1655, strain lacking the ydhB gene, showed a lower level of ydhC mRNA in cells grown in M9-glucose supplemented with 2 mM adenosine. Adenosine and adenine are products of purine metabolism and provide sources of ammonium for many organisms. They are utilized under nitrogen starvation conditions as single nitrogen sources. Deletion of either the ydhC or the ydhB gene leads to a substantially decreased growth rate for E. coli in minimal M9 medium with glycerol as the carbon source and adenosine or adenine as the single nitrogen source. The ydhC mutant showed increased resistance to Paromomycine, Sulfathiazole and Sulfamethohazole using Biolog plates. We provide evidence that YdhB, (a novel LysR family regulator) activates expression of the ydhC gene, encoding a novel adenosine/adenine transporter in E. coli. The YdhB binding consensus for different groups of Enterobacteria was predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodionova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodionov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.074617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis of the novel transporter YdhC, is regulated by the YdhB transcription factor controlling adenosine and adenine uptake.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
igv.js: an embeddable JavaScript implementation of the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
igv.js is an embeddable JavaScript implementation of the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV). It can be easily dropped into any web page with a single line of code and has no external dependencies. The viewer runs completely in the web browser, with no backend server and no data pre-processing required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorvaldsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesirov, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.075499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[igv.js: an embeddable JavaScript implementation of the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.074443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMARCB1 loss interacts with neuronal differentiation state to block maturation and impact cell stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.074443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are challenging pediatric brain cancers which are predominantly associated with inactivation of the gene SMARCB1, a conserved subunit of the chromatin remodeling BAF complex, which has known contributions to developmental processes. To identify potential interactions between SMARCB1 loss and the process of neural development, we introduced an inducible SMARCB1 loss of function system into human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which were subjected to either directed neuronal differentiation or differentiation into cerebral organoids. Using this system, we have identified substantial differences in the downstream effects of SMARCB1 loss depending on differentiation state and identified an interaction between SMARCB1 loss and neural differentiation pressure which causes a resistance to terminal differentiation and a defect in maintenance of a normal cell state. Our results provide insight into how SMARCB1 loss might interact with neural development in the process of ATRT tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parisian, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johann, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kool, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.074443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMARCB1 loss interacts with neuronal differentiation state to block maturation and impact cell stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interhemispheric callosal projections enforce response fidelity and frequency tuning in auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory cortical areas receive glutamatergic callosal projections that link information processing between brain hemispheres. However, the role of interhemispheric projections in sensory processing is unclear. Here we use single unit recordings and optogenetic manipulations in awake mice to probe how callosal inputs modulate spontaneous and tone-evoked activity in primary auditory cortex (A1). Although activation of callosal fibers increased firing of some pyramidal cells, the majority of responsive cells were suppressed. In contrast, callosal stimulation consistently increased fast spiking (FS) cell activity and brain slice recordings indicated that parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells receive stronger callosal input than pyramidal cells or other interneuron subtypes. In vivo silencing of the contralateral cortex revealed that callosal inputs linearly modulate tone-evoked pyramidal cell activity via both multiplicative and subtractive operations. These results suggest that callosal input regulates both the salience and tuning sharpness of tone responses in A1 via PV cell-mediated feedforward inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slater, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interhemispheric callosal projections enforce response fidelity and frequency tuning in auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoid openness profiling links bacterial genome structure to phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression requires specific structural alternations in the nucleoid structure to enable the access of the transcription machinery into the genomic DNA. In prokaryotes, DNA binding proteins, including nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) and transcription factors (TFs), drive the change in structure and gene expression. Currently, studies of global NAP and TF binding are often hindered by the lack of appropriate epigenomic tools. Here, we present POP-seq, a method that provides in vivo genome-wide openness profiles of the bacterial nucleoid. We demonstrate that POP-seq can be used to map the global in vivo protein-DNA binding events. Our results highlight a negative correlation between genome openness, compaction and transcription, suggesting that regions that are not accessible to Tn5 transposase are either too compacted or occupied by RNA polymerase. Importantly, we also show that the least open regions are enriched in housekeeping genes, while the most open regions are significantly enriched in genes important for fast adaptation to changing environment. Finally, we demonstrated that the genome openness profile is growth condition specific. Together, those results suggest a model where one can distinguish two types of epigenetic control: one stable, long-term silencing of highly compacted regions, and a second, highly responsive regulation through the dynamic competition between NAPs and RNA polymerase binding. Overall, POP-seq captures structural changes in the prokaryotic chromatin and provides condition-specific maps of global protein-DNA binding events, thus linking overall transcriptional and epigenetic regulation directly to phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Bassam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyne, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoid openness profiling links bacterial genome structure to phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactive MS/MS Visualization with the Metabolomics Spectrum Resolver Web Service 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of online mass spectrometry metabolomics resources, including data repositories, spectral library databases, and online analysis platforms has created an environment of online/web accessibility. Here, we introduce the Metabolomics Spectrum Resolver (https://metabolomics-usi.ucsd.edu/), a tool that builds upon these exciting developments to allow for consistent data export (in human and machine-readable forms) and publication-ready visualisations of tandem mass spectrometry spectra. This tool supports the Human Proteome Organization - Proteomics Standards Initiatives Universal Spectrum Identifier (USI) specification, which has been extended to deal with the metabolomics use cases. To date, this resource already supports data formats from GNPS, MassBank, MS2LDA, MassIVE, MetaboLights, and Metabolomics Workbench and is integrated into several of these resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schymanski, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.086066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactive MS/MS Visualization with the Metabolomics Spectrum Resolver Web Service]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ion Identity Molecular Networking in the GNPS Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular networking connects tandem mass spectra of molecules based on the similarity of their fragmentation patterns. However, during ionization, molecules commonly form multiple ion species with different fragmentation behavior. To connect ion species of the same molecule, we developed Ion Identity Molecular Networking. These new relationships improve network connectivity, are shown to reveal novel ion-ligand complexes, enhance annotation within molecular networks, and facilitate the expansion of spectral libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsugawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aloy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duehrkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluskal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmusch, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauermeister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albarracin-Orio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundmann, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koester, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauglitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoevelmann, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinina, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendergraft, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tehan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouellec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannochio Russo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluwihare, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.088948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ion Identity Molecular Networking in the GNPS Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-dependent modifier genes determine survival in Zfp423 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zfp423 encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein that interacts with canonical signaling and lineage pathways. Mutations in mouse Zfp423 or its human ortholog ZNF423 are associated with a range of developmental abnormalities reminiscent of ciliopathies, including cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and other midline brain defects. Null mice have reduced viability in most strain backgrounds. Here we show complete lethality on a C57BL/6J background, dominant rescue in backcrosses to any of 13 partner strains, with strain-dependent survival frequencies, and evidence for a BALB/c-derived survival modifier locus on chromosome 5. Survival data indicate both perinatal and postnatal periods of lethality. Anatomical data from a hypomorphic gene trap allele observed on both C57BL/6J and BALB/c congenic backgrounds shows an aggregate effect of background on sensitivity to Zfp423 loss rather than a binary effect on viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alcaraz, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdovino Gonzalez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-dependent modifier genes determine survival in Zfp423 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.066944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity to food and cocaine cues are independent traits in a large sample of heterogeneous stock rats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.066944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensitivity to cocaine and its associated stimuli ("cues") are important factors in the development and maintenance of addiction. Rodent studies suggest that this sensitivity is related, in part, to the propensity to attribute incentive salience to food cues, which, in turn, contributes to the maintenance of cocaine self-administration, and cue-induced relapse of drug-seeking. Whereas each of these traits has established links to drug use, the relatedness between the individual traits themselves has not been well characterized in preclinical models. To this end, the propensity to attribute incentive salience to a food cue was first assessed in a large population of 2716 outbred heterogeneous stock rats. We then determined whether this was associated with performance in two paradigms (cocaine conditioned cue preference and cocaine contextual conditioning). These measure the unconditioned locomotor effects of cocaine, as well as conditioned approach and the locomotor response to a cocaine-paired floor or context. There was large individual variability and sex differences among all traits, but they were largely independent of one another in both males and females. These findings suggest that these traits may contribute to drug-use via independent underlying neuropsychological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripi, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovarth, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamparelii, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg-Woods, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flagel, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.066944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity to food and cocaine cues are independent traits in a large sample of heterogeneous stock rats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
I ncreased accuracy of signaling by hyperbolic odorant mixtures in a beneficial insect-plant relationship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals use odors in many natural contexts, for example, for finding mates or food, or signaling danger. Most analyses of natural odors search for either the most meaningful components of a natural odor mixture, or they use linear metrics to analyze the mixture compositions. However, we have recently shown that the physical space for complex mixtures is  hyperbolic, meaning that there are certain combination of variables that have a disproportionately large impact on perception and that these variables have specific interpretation in terms of metabolic processes taking place inside the flower and fruit that produce the odors. Here we show that the statistics of odorants and odorant mixtures produced by inflorescences (Brassica rapa) are also better described with a hyperbolic rather than a linear metric, and that combinations of odorants in the hyperbolic space are better predictors of the nectar and pollen resources sought by bee pollinators than the standard Euclidian combinations. We also show that honey bee and bumble bee antennae can detect most components of the B. rapa odor space, and the strength of responses correlates with positions of odorants in the hyperbolic space. In sum, a hyperbolic representation can be used to guide investigation of how information is represented at different levels of processing in the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaninia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiestl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[I ncreased accuracy of signaling by hyperbolic odorant mixtures in a beneficial insect-plant relationship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite profiling of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions demonstrates significant perturbations in tissue phospholipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each year 700,000 to 1.2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are reported and yet CL remains one of thirteen diseases classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Leishmania major is one of several different species of that same genus that can cause CL. Current CL treatments are limited by adverse effects and rising resistance. Studying disease metabolism at the site of infection can lead to new drug targets. In this study, samples were collected from mice infected in the ear and footpad with L. major and analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Significant differences in overall metabolite profiles were noted in the ear at the site of the lesion. Interestingly, lesion-adjacent, macroscopically healthy sites also showed alterations in specific metabolites, including select phosphocholines (PCs). Host-derived PCs in the lower m/z range (m/z 200-799) showed an increase with infection in the ear at the lesion site, while those in the higher m/z range (m/z 800-899) were decreased with infection at the lesion site. Overall, our results expanded our understanding of the mechanisms of CL pathogenesis through the host metabolism and may lead to new curative measures against infection with Leishmania.

Author summaryCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of thirteen neglected tropical diseases in the world today. It is an infectious disease with a wide distribution spanning five continents, with increasing distribution expected due to climate change. CL manifests as skin lesions and ulcers that are disabling and stigmatized. With the current treatment options being limited, studying host-pathogen metabolism can uncover mechanisms of disease pathogenesis that may lead to new curative measures against infection. In this paper we used untargeted metabolomics to address molecular-level changes occurring in vivo in experimental skin lesions of Leishmania major. Distinct global metabolic profiles were observed. Total phosphocholines (PCs) and those in the lower m/z ranges were significantly higher at the site of the skin lesion in the ear. In addition, specific PCs as well as PCs of varied m/z ranges were also affected at healthy-appearing lesion-adjacent sites, indicating that infection-induced metabolic perturbations are not restricted to the lesion site. Ultimately, these results provide essential clues to the metabolic pathways affected by CL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lostracco-Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Siquiera-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite profiling of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions demonstrates significant perturbations in tissue phospholipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dermomyotome-derived endothelial cells migrate to the dorsal aorta to support hematopoietic stem cell emergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of the dorsal aorta is a key step in the establishment of the adult blood-forming system, since hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) arise from ventral aortic endothelium in all vertebrate animals studied. Work in zebrafish has demonstrated that arterial and venous endothelial precursors arise from distinct subsets of lateral plate mesoderm. Earlier studies in the chick showed that paraxial mesoderm generates another subset of endothelial cells that incorporate into the dorsal aorta to replace HSPCs as they exit the aorta and enter circulation. Here we show that a similar process occurs in the zebrafish, where a population of endothelial precursors delaminates from the somitic dermomyotome to incorporate exclusively into the developing dorsal aorta. Whereas somite-derived endothelial cells (SDECs) lack hematopoietic potential, they act as local niche to support the emergence of HSPCs from neighboring hemogenic endothelium. Thus, at least three subsets of endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to the developing dorsal aorta: vascular ECs, hemogenic ECs, and SDECs. Taken together, our findings indicate that the distinct spatial origins of endothelial precursors dictate different cellular potentials within the developing dorsal aorta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouget, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dermomyotome-derived endothelial cells migrate to the dorsal aorta to support hematopoietic stem cell emergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Cognitive Brain Functions at Scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental set of cognitive abilities enable humans to efficiently process goal-relevant information, suppress irrelevant distractions, maintain information in working memory, and act flexibly in different behavioral contexts. Yet, studies of human cognition and their underlying neural mechanisms usually evaluate these cognitive constructs in silos, instead of comprehensively in-tandem within the same individual. Here, we developed a scalable, mobile platform, "BrainE" (short for Brain Engagement), to rapidly assay several essential aspects of cognition simultaneous with wireless electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Using BrainE, we rapidly assessed five aspects of cognition including (1) selective attention, (2) response inhibition, (3) working memory, (4) flanker interference and (5) emotion interference processing, in 102 healthy young adults. We evaluated stimulus encoding in all tasks using the EEG neural recordings, and isolated the cortical sources of the spectrotemporal EEG dynamics. Additionally, we used BrainE in a two-visit study in 24 young adults to investigate the reliability of the neuro-cognitive data as well as its plasticity to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We found that stimulus encoding on multiple cognitive tasks could be rapidly assessed, identifying common as well as distinct task processes in both sensory and cognitive control brain regions. Event related synchronization (ERS) in the theta (3-7 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequencies as well as event related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta frequencies (13-30 Hz) were distinctly observed in each task. The observed ERS/ERD effects were overall anticorrelated. The two-visit study confirmed high test-retest reliability for both cognitive and neural data, and neural responses showed specific TMS protocol driven modulation. We also show that the global cognitive neural responses are sensitive to mental health symptom self-reports. This first study with the BrainE platform showcases its utility in studying neuro-cognitive dynamics in a rapid and scalable fashion.

HighlightsO_LIRapid and scalable EEG recordings reveal common and distinct cortical activations across five core cognitive tasks.
C_LIO_LIData acquired across visits one-week-apart show high test-retest reliability for both cognitive and neural measurements.
C_LIO_LIEvoked neural responses during emotion interference processing demonstrate specific short-term plasticity driven by type of neurostimulation.
C_LIO_LICognitively evoked neural responses are sensitive to variations in mental health symptoms.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramani, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maric, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grennan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar-Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Delgado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silveira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.097014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Cognitive Brain Functions at Scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3Kγ inhibition suppresses microglia/TAM accumulation in glioblastoma microenvironment to promote exceptional temozolomide response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in oncology leverages clinical observations of exceptional response. Towards an understanding of the molecular features that define this response, we applied an integrated, multi-platform analysis of RNA profiles derived from clinically annotated glioblastoma samples. This analysis suggested that specimens from exceptional responders are characterized by decreased accumulation of microglia/macrophages in the glioblastoma microenvironment. Glioblastoma-associated microglia/macrophages secreted interleukin 11 (IL11) to activate STAT3-MYC signaling in glioblastoma cells. This signaling induced stem cell states that confer enhanced tumorigenicity and resistance to the standard-of-care chemotherapy, temozolomide (TMZ). Targeting a myeloid cell restricted isoform of PI3K, PI3K{gamma}, by pharmacologic inhibition or genetic inactivation, disrupted this signaling axis by suppressing microglia/macrophage accumulation and associated IL11 secretion in the tumor microenvironment. Mirroring the clinical outcomes of exceptional responders, PI3K{gamma} inhibition synergistically enhanced the anti-neoplastic effects of TMZ in orthotopic murine glioblastoma models. Moreover, inhibition or genetic inactivation of PI3K{gamma} in murine glioblastoma models recapitulated expression profiles observed in clinical specimens isolated from exceptional responders. Our results suggest key contributions from tumor-associated microglia/macrophages in exceptional responses and highlight the translational potential for PI3K{gamma} inhibition as a glioblastoma therapy.

Significance StatementUnderstanding the basis for exceptional responders represents a key pillar in the framework of precision medicine. In this study, we utilized distinct informatics platforms to analyze the expression profiles of clinically annotated tumor specimens derived from patients afflicted with glioblastoma, the most common form of primary brain cancer. These analyses converged on prognostic contributions from glioblastoma-associated microglia/macrophages. Glioblastoma-associated microglia secreted interleukin 11 (IL11) to activate a STAT3-MYC signaling axis in glioblastoma cells, facilitating resistance to the standard-of-care chemotherapy, temozolomide. Microglia recruitment and IL11 secretion were dependent on the myeloid specific phosphoinositide-3-kinase gamma isoform (PI3K{gamma}). Inhibition or genetic inactivation of PI3K{gamma} in murine glioblastoma models recapitulated expression profiles observed in specimens derived from exceptional responders, suggesting potential for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneda, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venteichera, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.097121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3Kγ inhibition suppresses microglia/TAM accumulation in glioblastoma microenvironment to promote exceptional temozolomide response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.038679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid signaling in pancreatic islets modulates gene regulatory programs and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.038679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoids are key regulators of glucose homeostasis and pancreatic islet function, but the gene regulatory programs driving responses to glucocorticoid signaling in islets and the contribution of these programs to diabetes risk are unknown. In this study we used ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to map chromatin accessibility and gene expression from eight primary human islet samples cultured in vitro with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. We identified 2,838 accessible chromatin sites and 1,114 genes with significant changes in activity in response to glucocorticoids. Chromatin sites up-regulated in glucocorticoid signaling were prominently enriched for glucocorticoid receptor binding sites and up-regulated genes were enriched for ion transport and lipid metabolism, whereas down-regulated chromatin sites and genes were enriched for inflammatory, stress response and proliferative processes. Genetic variants associated with glucose levels and T2D risk were enriched in glucocorticoid-responsive chromatin sites, including fine-mapped risk variants at 54 known signals. Among fine-mapped variants in glucocorticoid-responsive chromatin, a likely casual variant at the 2p21 locus had glucocorticoid-dependent allelic effects on beta cell enhancer activity and affected SIX2 and SIX3 expression. Our results provide a comprehensive map of islet regulatory programs in response to glucocorticoids through which we uncover a role for islet glucocorticoid signaling in mediating risk of type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okino, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.038679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid signaling in pancreatic islets modulates gene regulatory programs and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A characterization of the electrophysiological, morphological and input domains of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circuit interactions within the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) translate movement into a coherent code for spatial location. Entorhinal principal cells are subject to strong lateral inhibition, suggesting that a disinhibitory mechanism may drive their activation. Cortical Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) expressing inhibitory neurons predominantly contact interneurons, providing a local disinhibitory mechanism. Here, we investigate the electrophysiological and morphological properties of VIP cells using in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings and use rabies-mediated circuit tracing to discover long-range inputs that may modulate this population in mice. We report physiological and morphological properties of VIP cells that differ across lamina and along the dorsal-ventral MEC axis. Furthermore, we reveal long-range inputs to VIP neurons from regions known to encode proprioceptive and auditory information, including the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and superior para-olivary nuclei, respectively. These results characterize the properties of VIP cells and reveal sensory modalities that could drive disinhibition in the MEC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badrinarayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manseau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.097972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A characterization of the electrophysiological, morphological and input domains of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.095000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing Streptococcus pyogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.095000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The re-emergence of scarlet fever poses a new global public health threat. The capacity of North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage {Phi}HKU.vir encoding the secreted superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. Here we report the comprehensive molecular characterization of {Phi}HKU.vir-encoded exotoxins. We demonstrate that streptolysin O (SLO)-induced glutathione efflux from host cellular stores is a previously unappreciated GAS virulence mechanism that promotes SSA release and activity, representing the first description of a thiol-activated bacterial superantigen. Spd1 is required for optimal growth in human blood, confers resistance to neutrophil killing, and degrades neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Investigating single, double and triple isogenic knockout mutants of the {Phi}HKU.vir-encoded exotoxins, we find that SpeC and Spd1 act synergistically to facilitate nasopharyngeal colonization in a mouse model. These results offer insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by phage {Phi}HKU.vir exotoxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Oliveira, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Hernandez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jespersen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson-Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.095000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing Streptococcus pyogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Inflammasome-independent Activation of IL-1β by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Protease LasB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary damage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during cystic fibrosis lung infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia is mediated both by pathogen virulence factors and host inflammation. Impaired immune function due to tissue damage and inflammation, coupled with pathogen multidrug resistance, complicates management of these deep-seated infections. Therefore, preservation of lung function and effective immune clearance may be enhanced by selectively controlling inflammation. Pathological inflammation during P. aeruginosa pneumonia is driven by interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta}). This proinflammatory cytokine is canonically regulated by caspase-family inflammasome proteases, but we report that plasticity in IL-1{beta} proteolytic activation allows for its direct maturation by the pseudomonal protease LasB. LasB promotes IL-1{beta} activation, neutrophilic inflammation, and destruction of lung architecture characteristic of severe P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection. Discovery of this IL-1{beta} regulatory mechanism provides a distinct target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, such that matrix metalloprotease inhibitors blocking LasB limit inflammation and pathology during P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections.

HighlightsO_LIIL-1{beta} drives pathology during pulmonary infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
C_LIO_LIThe Pseudomonas protease LasB cleaves and activates IL-1{beta} independent of canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes
C_LIO_LIMetalloprotease inhibitors active against LasB limit inflammation and bacterial growth
C_LI

Research in ContextInflammation is highly damaging during lung infections by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sun et al. demonstrate that the Pseudomonas LasB protease directly activates IL-1{beta} in an inflammasome-independent manner. Inhibition of IL-1{beta} conversion by LasB protects against neutrophilic inflammation and destruction of the lung. Adjunctive therapeutics that limit pathological inflammation induced by infection would be beneficial for the treatment of pulmonary infections when used with conventional antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowronski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmey, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Inflammasome-independent Activation of IL-1β by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Protease LasB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Hair Graying is Naturally Reversible and Linked to Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair graying is a universal hallmark of aging believed to be linked to psychological stress. Here we develop a novel approach to quantitatively profile natural graying events along individual human hair shafts, resulting in a quantifiable physical timescale of hair pigmentation patterns (HPPs). Using this approach, we quantify rare events of white/gray hairs that naturally regain pigmentation within days to weeks, thereby quantitatively defining the reversibility of graying in healthy, unmedicated individuals. Proteomic analysis shows that graying is marked by the upregulation of proteins related to energy metabolism, mitochondria, and antioxidant defenses. Combining hair pigmentation profiling and proteomics at the single hair level, we also report hair graying and its reversal occurring in parallel with behavioral and psychological stressors. A computational simulation suggests a threshold-based mechanism for the temporary reversibility of graying. Quantitatively mapping HPPs in humans provides an opportunity to longitudinally examine the influence of life exposures on biological aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Hair Graying is Naturally Reversible and Linked to Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle-gated feedback control mediates desensitization to interferon stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells use sophisticated molecular circuits to interpret and respond to extracellular signal factors, such as hormones and cytokines, which are often released in a temporally varying fashion. In this study, we focus on type I interferon (IFN) signaling in human epithelial cells and combine microfluidics, time-lapse microscopy, and computational modeling to investigate how the IFN-responsive regulatory network operates in single cells to process repetitive IFN stimulation. We found that IFN- pretreatments lead to opposite effects, priming versus desensitization, depending on the input durations. These effects are governed by a regulatory network composed of a fast-acting positive feedback loop and a delayed negative feedback loop, mediated by upregulation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18). We further revealed that USP18 upregulation can only be initiated at the G1 and early S phases of cell cycle upon the treatment onset, resulting in heterogeneous and delayed induction kinetics in single cells. This cell cycle gating provides a temporal compartmentalization of feedback control processes, enabling duration-dependent desensitization to repetitive stimulations. Moreover, our results, highlighting the importance of IFN dynamics, may suggest time-based strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of IFN pretreatment in clinical applications against viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimoto, K.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.103101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle-gated feedback control mediates desensitization to interferon stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.079962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the response of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 to azithromycin in multiple in vitro growth conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.079962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most concerning pathogens in hospital infections. A. baumannii is categorized as an "Urgent Threat" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the highest priority pathogen by the World Health Organization due to its propensity for broad antibiotic resistance and its associated high mortality rates. New treatment options are urgently needed for MDR A. baumannii infections. Our prior studies have demonstrated an unappreciated utility of the macrolide azithromycin (AZM) against MDR A. baumannii in tissue-culture medium. This finding is all the more surprising since AZM has no appreciable activity against A. baumannii in standard bacteriological media. The basis for this media-dependent activity of AZM against A. baumannii is not fully defined. In this study, we utilize a variety of techniques (growth dynamics, bacterial cytological profiling, RNA sequencing, and LC/MS) to profile the response of MDR A. baumannii to AZM in both standard bacteriological and more physiological relevant mammalian tissue-culture medium.


[Table 1]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seif, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunemoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajput, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrbanac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.079962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the response of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 to azithromycin in multiple in vitro growth conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Southern Bluefin Tuna mucosal microbiome is influenced by husbandry method, net pen location, and anti-parasite treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aquaculture is the fastest growing primary industry worldwide. Marine finfish culture in open ocean net pens, or pontoons, is one of the largest growth areas and is currently the only way to rear high value fish such as bluefin tuna. Ranching involves catching wild juveniles, stocking in floating net pens and fattening for four to eight months. Tuna experience several parasite-induced disease challenges in culture that can be mitigated by application of praziquantel (PZQ) as a therapeutic. In this study, we characterized the microbiome of ranched southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, across four anatomic sites (gill, skin, digesta, and anterior kidney) and evaluated environmental and pathological factors that influence microbiome composition, including the impact of PZQ treatment on microbiome stability. Southern bluefin tuna gill, skin, and digesta microbiome communities are unique and potentially influenced by husbandry practices, location of pontoon growout pens, and treatment with the antiparasitic PZQ. There was no significant relationship between the fish mucosal microbiome and incidence or abundance of adult blood fluke in the heart or fluke egg density in the gill. An enhanced understanding of microbiome diversity and function in high-value farmed fish species such as bluefin tuna is needed to optimize fish health and improve aquaculture yield. Comparison of the bluefin tuna microbiome to other fish species, including Seriola lalandi (yellowtail kingfish), a common farmed species from Australia, and Scomber japonicus (Pacific mackerel), a wild caught Scombrid relative of tuna, showed the two Scombrids had more similar microbial communities compared to other families. The finding that mucosal microbial communities are more similar in phylogenetically related fish species exposes an opportunity to develop mackerel as a model for tuna microbiome and parasite research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rough, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Southern Bluefin Tuna mucosal microbiome is influenced by husbandry method, net pen location, and anti-parasite treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes depends on retinoic acid mediated signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.106385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized stromal cells occupy and help define B- and T cell domains, which is crucial for proper functioning of our immune system. Signaling through lymphotoxin and TNF-receptors is crucial for development of different stromal subsets which are thought to arise from a common precursor. However, mechanisms that control the selective generation of the different stromal phenotypes are not known.

Here we show that in mice, retinoic acid mediated signaling is important for the differentiation of precursors towards the Cxcl13pos follicular dendritic cell (FDC) lineage, while blocking lymphotoxin mediated Ccl19pos fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) lineage differentiation. Consequently, we see at day of birth Cxcl13posCcl19neg/low and Cxcl13neg/lowCcl19pos cells within neonatal lymph nodes.

Furthermore, ablation of retinoic acid receptor signaling in stromal precursors early after birth reduces Cxcl13 expression, while in addition, complete blockade of retinoic acid signaling prevents formation of FDC networks in lymph nodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koning, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reijmers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konijn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mebius, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.106385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes depends on retinoic acid mediated signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the effectiveness of small, discriminatively pre-trained language representation models for biomedical text mining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.107003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural language representation models such as BERT [1] have recently shown state of the art performance in downstream NLP tasks and bio-medical domain adaptation of BERT (Bio-BERT [2]) has shown same behavior on biomedical text mining tasks. However, due to their large model size and resulting increased computational need, practical application of models such as BERT is challenging making smaller models with comparable performance desirable for real word applications. Recently, a new language transformers based language representation model named ELECTRA [3] is introduced, that makes efficient usage of training data in a generative-discriminative neural model setting that shows performance gains over BERT. These gains are especially impressive for smaller models. Here, we introduce a small ELECTRA based model named Bio-ELECTRA that is eight times smaller than BERT BASE and achieves comparable performance on biomedical question answering and yes/no question answer classification tasks. The model is pre-trained from scratch on PubMed abstracts using a consumer grade GPU with only 8GB memory. For biomedical named entity recognition, however, large BERT Base model outperforms both Bio-ELECTRA and ELECTRA-Small++.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozyurt, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the effectiveness of small, discriminatively pre-trained language representation models for biomedical text mining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and the US 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate understanding of the global spread of emerging viruses is critically important for public health response and for anticipating and preventing future outbreaks. Here, we elucidate when, where and how the earliest sustained SARS-CoV-2 transmission networks became established in Europe and the United States (US). Our results refute prior findings erroneously linking cases in January 2020 with outbreaks that occurred weeks later. Instead, rapid interventions successfully prevented onward transmission of those early cases in Germany and Washington State. Other, later introductions of the virus from China to both Italy and Washington State founded the earliest sustained European and US transmission networks. Our analyses reveal an extended period of missed opportunity when intensive testing and contact tracing could have prevented SARS-CoV-2 from becoming established in the US and Europe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worobey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and the US]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane bending by protein phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane bending is a ubiquitous cellular process that is required for membrane traffic, cell motility, organelle biogenesis, and cell division. Proteins that bind to membranes using specific structural features, such as wedge-like amphipathic helices and crescent-shaped scaffolds, are thought to be the primary drivers of membrane bending. However, many membrane-binding proteins have substantial regions of intrinsic disorder, which lack a stable three-dimensional structure. Interestingly, many of these disordered domains have recently been found to form networks stabilized by weak, multi-valent contacts, leading to assembly of protein liquid phases on membrane surfaces. Here we ask how membrane-associated protein liquids impact membrane curvature. We find that protein phase separation on the surfaces of synthetic and cell-derived membrane vesicles creates a substantial compressive stress in the plane of the membrane. This stress drives the membrane to bend inward, creating protein-lined membrane tubules. A simple mechanical model of this process accurately predicts the experimentally measured relationship between the rigidity of the membrane and the diameter of the membrane tubules. Discovery of this mechanism, which may be relevant to a broad range of cellular protrusions, illustrates that membrane remodeling is not exclusive to structured scaffolds, but can also be driven by the rapidly emerging class of liquid-like protein networks that assemble at membranes.

Significance StatementCellular membranes take on an elaborate set of highly curved and bent shapes, which are essential to diverse cellular functions from endocytosis to cell division. The prevailing view has been that membrane bending is driven by proteins with curved shapes, which assemble at the membrane surface to form solid scaffolds. In contrast, here we show that proteins which form liquid-like assemblies on membranes are also potent drivers of bending. These "liquid scaffolds" apply compressive stress to the membrane surface, generating a diverse and dynamic family of membrane shapes. These data, which come at a time when liquid-like protein assemblies are being identified throughout the cell, suggest that liquid-like protein assemblies may play an important role in shaping cellular membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakka, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trementozzi, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane bending by protein phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and physiological significance of temporal NFκB signaling codewords deployed by macrophages to classify immune threats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies involve misregulation of macrophage functions. Physiologically, macrophages are immune sentinels that initiate inflammatory responses via the transcription factor NF{kappa}B. The temporal pattern of NF{kappa}B activity determines which genes are expressed, suggesting that a temporal signaling code specifies a stimulus-appropriate immune response. To identify the signaling codewords, we developed tools to enable high-throughput analysis of live, primary macrophages responding to host- and pathogen-derived stimuli. An information-theoretic workflow identified six dynamical features that constitute codewords that convey stimulus information to the nucleus. In particular, "oscillatory" trajectories are a hallmark of the responses to host cytokine TNF. Remarkably, examining macrophages derived from a systemic autoimmune disease model suggests that confusion of two NF{kappa}B signaling codewords, and thus miscoding of TNF as a pathogen-derived stimulus, may underlie sporadic inflammatory pathology. Overall, this study identifies six codewords of the temporal NF{kappa}B signaling code for classifying immune threats and demonstrates their biological significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelaja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and physiological significance of temporal NFκB signaling codewords deployed by macrophages to classify immune threats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden features of the malaria vectormosquito,  Anopheles stephensi  ,revealed by a high-quality referencegenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe mosquito Anopheles stephensi is a vector of urban malaria in Asia that recently invaded Africa. Studying the genetic basis of vectorial capacity and engineering genetic interventions are both impeded by limitations of a vectors genome assembly. The existing assemblies of An. stephensi are draft-quality and contain thousands of sequence gaps, potentially missing genetic elements important for its biology and evolution.

ResultsTo access previously intractable genomic regions, we generated a reference-grade genome assembly and full transcript annotations that achieve a new standard for reference genomes of disease vectors. Here, we report novel species-specific transposable element families and insertions in functional genetic elements, demonstrating the widespread role of TEs in genome evolution and phenotypic variation. We discovered 29 previously hidden members of insecticide resistance genes, uncovering new candidate genetic elements for the widespread insecticide resistance observed in An. stephensi. We identified 2.4 Mb of the Y-chromosome and seven new male-linked gene candidates, representing the most extensive coverage of the Y-chromosome in any mosquito. By tracking full length mRNA for >15 days following blood feeding, we discover distinct roles of previously uncharacterized genes in blood metabolism and female reproduction. The Y-linked heterochromatin landscape reveals extensive accumulation of long-terminal repeat retrotransposons throughout the evolution and degeneration of this chromosome. Finally, we identify a novel Y-linked putative transcription factor that is expressed constitutively through male development and adulthood, suggesting an important role throughout male development.

ConclusionCollectively, these results and resources underscore the significance of previously hidden genomic elements in the biology of malaria mosquitoes and will accelerate development of genetic control strategies of malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaduskar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaprasad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whadgar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden features of the malaria vectormosquito,  Anopheles stephensi  ,revealed by a high-quality referencegenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gene cortex controls scale colour identity in Heliconius 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Heliconius butterflies, wing pattern diversity is controlled by a few genes of large effect that regulate colour pattern switches between morphs and species across a large mimetic radiation. One of these genes, cortex, has been repeatedly associated with colour pattern evolution in butterflies. Here we carried out CRISPR knock-outs in multiple Heliconius species and show that cortex is a major determinant of scale cell identity. Chromatin accessibility profiling and introgression scans identified cis-regulatory regions associated with discrete phenotypic switches. CRISPR perturbation of these regions in black hindwing genotypes recreated a yellow bar, revealing their spatially limited activity. In the H. melpomene/timareta lineage, the candidate CRE from yellow-barred phenotype morphs is interrupted by a transposable element, suggesting that cis-regulatory structural variation underlies these mimetic adaptations. Our work shows that cortex functionally controls scale colour fate and that its cis-regulatory regions control a phenotypic switch in a modular and pattern-specific fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livraghi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenas-Castro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiggins, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gene cortex controls scale colour identity in Heliconius]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An improved CRISPR/dCas9 interference tool for neuronal gene suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.116822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of genetic material governs brain development, differentiation, and function, and targeted manipulation of gene expression is required to understand contributions of gene function to health and disease states. Although recent improvements in CRISPR/dCas9 interference (CRISPRi) technology have enabled targeted transcriptional repression at selected genomic sites, integrating these techniques for use in non-dividing neuronal systems remains challenging. Previously, we optimized a dual lentivirus expression system to express CRISPR-based activation machinery in post-mitotic neurons. Here we used a similar strategy to adapt an improved dCas9-KRAB-MeCP2 repression system for robust transcriptional inhibition in neurons. We find that lentiviral delivery of a dCas9-KRAB-MeCP2 construct driven by the neuron-selective promoter human synapsin 1 enabled transgene expression in primary rat neurons. Next, we demonstrate transcriptional repression using CRISPR sgRNAs targeting diverse gene promoters, and show superiority of this system in neurons compared to existing RNA interference methods for robust transcript specific manipulation at the complex Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene. Our findings advance this improved CRISPRi technology for use in neuronal systems for the first time, potentially enabling improved ability to manipulate gene expression states in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duke, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revanna, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southern, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallus, N. V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An improved CRISPR/dCas9 interference tool for neuronal gene suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local sensitivity analysis of the 'Membrane shape equation'derived from the Helfrich energy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Helfrich energy is commonly used to model the elastic bending energy of lipid bilayers in membrane mechanics. The governing differential equations for certain geometric characteristics of the shape of the membrane can be obtained by applying variational methods (minimization principles) to the Helfrich energy functional and are well-studied in the axisymmetric framework. However, the Helfrich energy functional and the resulting differential equations involve a number of parameters, and there is little explanation of the choice of parameters in the literature, particularly with respect to the choice of the "spontaneous curvature" term that appears in the functional. In this paper, we present a careful analytical and numerical study of certain aspects of parametric sensitivity of Helfrichs model. Using simulations of specific model systems, we demonstrate the application of our scheme to the formation of spherical buds and pearled shapes in membrane vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behzadan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.117275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local sensitivity analysis of the 'Membrane shape equation'derived from the Helfrich energy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmin cascade mediates thrombolytic events in SARS-CoV-2 infection via complement and platelet-activating systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently emerged beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the current pandemic designated COVID-19. COVID-19 manifests as severe illness exhibiting systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thrombotic events, and shock, exacerbated further by co-morbidities and age1-3. Recent clinical reports suggested that the pulmonary failure seen in COVID-19 may not be solely driven by acute ARDS, but also microvascular thrombotic events, likely driven by complement activation4,5. However, it is not fully understood how the SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms mediate thrombotic events, and whether such mechanisms and responses are unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to other respiratory infections. We address these questions here, in the context of normal lung epithelia, in vitro and in vivo, using publicly available data. Our results indicate that plasmin is a crucial mediator which primes interactions between complement and platelet-activating systems in lung epithelia upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a potential for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmin cascade mediates thrombolytic events in SARS-CoV-2 infection via complement and platelet-activating systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antineoplastic kinase inhibitors: a new class of potent anti-amoebic compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in an estimated 70,000 deaths every year. Since the 1960s E. histolytica infection has been successfully treated with metronidazole. However, drawbacks to metronidazole therapy exist, including adverse effects, a long treatment course, and the need for an additional drug to prevent cyst-mediated transmission. E. histolytica possesses a kinome with approximately 300 - 400 members, some of which have been previously studied as potential targets for the development of amoebicidal drug candidates. However, while these efforts have uncovered novel potent inhibitors of E. histolytica kinases, none have resulted in approved drugs. In this study we took the alternative approach of testing a set of twelve previously FDA-approved antineoplastic kinase inhibitors against E. histolytica trophozoites in vitro. This resulted in the identification of dasatinib, bosutinib, and ibrutinib as amoebicidal agents at low-micromolar concentrations. Next, we utilized a recently developed computational tool to identify twelve additional drugs with human protein target profiles similar to the three initial hits. Testing of these additional twelve drugs led to the identification of ponatinib, neratinib, and olmutinib were identified as highly potent, with EC50 values in the sub-micromolar range. All of these six drugs were found to kill E. histolytica trophozoites as rapidly as metronidazole. Furthermore, ibrutinib was found to kill the transmissible cyst stage of the model organism E. invadens. Ibrutinib thus possesses both amoebicidal and cysticidal properties, in contrast to all drugs used in the current therapeutic strategy. These findings together reveal antineoplastic kinase inhibitors as a highly promising class of potent drugs against this widespread and devastating disease.

Author SummaryEvery year, nearly a hundred thousand people worldwide die from infection by the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica, despite the widespread availability of metronidazole as a treatment. Here we report that six anticancer drugs of the kinase inhibitor class possess potent anti-amoebic properties, with one of them killing both actively dividing parasite and its transmissible cysts. These anticancer kinase inhibitors, including the dual-purpose drug with both amoebicidal and cysticidal activities may be used to treat amoebiasis, especially in cancer patients or in life-threatening brain- and liver-infecting forms of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenkaufer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debnath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abagyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antineoplastic kinase inhibitors: a new class of potent anti-amoebic compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sofosbuvir protects human brain organoids against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.125856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 was rapidly declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, only three months after the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China. Early clinical care mainly focused on respiratory illnesses. However, a variety of neurological manifestations in both adults and newborns are also emerging. To determine whether SARS-CoV-2 could target the human brain, we infected iPSC-derived human brain organoids. Our findings show that SARS-CoV-2 was able to infect and kill neural cells, including cortical neurons. This phenotype was accompanied by impaired synaptogenesis. Finally, Sofosbuvir, an FDA-approved antiviral drug, was able to rescue these alterations. Given that there are currently no vaccine or antiviral treatments available, urgent therapies are needed. Our findings put Sofosbuvir forward as a potential treatment to alleviate COVID-19-related neurological symptoms.

One Sentence SummarySARS-CoV-2 infection causes neuronal death and impaired synaptogenesis, both rescued by Sofosbuvir treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sancho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YIN, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snethlage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avansini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.125856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sofosbuvir protects human brain organoids against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.122085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzymatic RNA Biotinylation for Affinity Purification and Identification of RNA-protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.122085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout their cellular lifetime, RNA transcripts are bound to proteins, playing crucial roles in RNA metabolism, trafficking, and function. Despite the importance of these interactions, identifying the proteins that interact with an RNA of interest in mammalian cells represents a major challenge in RNA biology. Leveraging the ability to site-specifically and covalently label an RNA of interest using E. Coli tRNA guanine transglycosylase and an unnatural nucleobase substrate, we establish the identification of RNA-protein interactions and the selective enrichment of cellular RNA in mammalian systems. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through the identification of known binding partners of 7SK snRNA via mass spectrometry. Through a minimal 4-nucleotide mutation of the long noncoding RNA HOTAIR, enzymatic biotinylation enables identification putative HOTAIR binding partners in MCF7 breast cancer cells that suggest new potential pathways for oncogenic function. Furthermore, using RNA sequencing and qPCR, we establish that an engineered enzyme variant achieves high levels of labeling selectivity against the human transcriptome allowing for 145-fold enrichment of cellular RNA directly from mammalian cell lysates. The flexibility and breadth of this approach suggests that this system could be routinely applied to the functional characterization of RNA, greatly expanding the toolbox available for studying mammalian RNA biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busby, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulzele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.122085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzymatic RNA Biotinylation for Affinity Purification and Identification of RNA-protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging non-structural data to predict structures of protein-ligand complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past fifty years, tremendous effort has been devoted to computational methods for predicting properties of ligands that bind macromolecular targets, a problem critical to rational drug design. Such methods generally fall into two categories: physics-based methods, which directly model ligand interactions with the target given the targets three-dimensional (3D) structure, and ligand-based methods, which predict ligand properties given experimental measurements for similar ligands. Here we present a rigorous statistical framework to combine these two sources of information. We develop a method to predict a ligands pose--the 3D structure of the ligand bound to its protein target--that leverages a widely available source of information: a list of other ligands that are known to bind the same target but for which no 3D structure is available. This combination of physics-based and ligand-based modeling improves upon state-of-the-art pose prediction accuracy across all major families of drug targets. As an illustrative application, we predict binding poses of antipsychotics and validate the results experimentally. Our statistical framework and results suggest broad opportunities to predict diverse ligand properties using machine learning methods that draw on physical modeling and ligand data simultaneously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paggi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemparathy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tynan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunahara, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging non-structural data to predict structures of protein-ligand complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained attention and vigilance deficits associated with HIV and a history of methamphetamine dependence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). One factor that is elevated among persons with HIV (PWH) and independently associated with neurocognitive impairment is methamphetamine dependence (METH+). Such dependence may further increase cognitive impairment among PWH, by delaying HIV diagnosis (and thus, ART initiation), which has been posited to account for persistent cognitive impairment among PWH, despite subsequent treatment-related viral load suppression (VLS; [&le;]50 copies of the virus per milliliter in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid). This study examined the independent and combined (additive versus synergistic) effects of HIV and history of METH+ on the sustained attention and vigilance cognitive domain, while controlling for VLS.

MethodsParticipants included 205 (median age=44 years; 77% males; HIV-/METH- n=67; HIV+/METH - n=49; HIV-/METH+ n=36; HIV+/METH+ n=53) individuals enrolled in the Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center, who completed Conners and the 5- Choice continuous performance tests (CPTs).

ResultsMETH+ participants exhibited deficits in sustained attention and vigilance; however, these effects were not significant after excluding participants who had a positive urine toxicology screen for methamphetamine. Controlling for VLS, PWH did not have worse sustained attention and vigilance, but consistently displayed slower reaction times across blocks, relative to HIV-participants. There was no HIV x METH interaction on sustained attention and vigilance.

ConclusionsRecent methamphetamine use among METH+ people and detectable viral loads are detrimental to sustained attention and vigilance. These findings highlight the need for prompt diagnosis of HIV and initiation of ART, and METH use interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pocuca, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacQueen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letendre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minassian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC),</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.132522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained attention and vigilance deficits associated with HIV and a history of methamphetamine dependence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural divergence and convergence for interoceptive and somatosensory attention and detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Body awareness is constructed by signals originating from within and outside the body. How do these apparently divergent signals converge? We developed a signal detection task to study the neural convergence and divergence of interoceptive and somatosensory signals. Participants focused on either cardiac or tactile events and reported their presence or absence. Beyond some evidence of divergence, we observed a robust overlap in the pattern of activation evoked across both conditions in frontal areas including the insular cortex, as well as parietal and occipital areas, and for both attention and detection of these signals. Psycho-physiological interaction analysis revealed that right insular cortex connectivity was modulated by the conscious detection of cardiac compared to somatosensory sensations, with greater connectivity to occipito-parietal regions when attending to cardiac signals. Our findings speak in favour of the inherent convergence of bodily-related signals and move beyond the apparent antagonism between exteroception and interoception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakiris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural divergence and convergence for interoceptive and somatosensory attention and detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate analysis reveals a generalizable human electrophysiological signature of working memory load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) is an online memory system that is critical for holding information in a rapidly accessible state during ongoing cognitive processing. Thus, there is strong value in methods that provide a temporally-resolved index of WM load. While univariate EEG signals have been identified that vary with WM load, recent advances in multivariate analytic approaches suggest that there may be rich sources of information that do not generate reliable univariate signatures. Here, using data from 4 published studies (n = 286 and >250,000 trials), we demonstrate that multivariate analysis of EEG voltage topography provides a sensitive index of the number of items stored in WM that generalizes to novel human observers. Moreover, multivariate load detection ("mvLoad") can provide robust information at the single-trial level, exceeding the sensitivity of extant univariate approaches. We show that this method tracks WM load in a manner that is (1) independent of the spatial position of the memoranda, (2) precise enough to differentiate item-by-item increments in the number of stored items, (3) generalizable across distinct tasks and stimulus displays and (4) correlated with individual differences in WM behavior. Thus, this approach provides a powerful complement to univariate analytic approaches, enabling temporally-resolved tracking of online memory storage in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.135053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate analysis reveals a generalizable human electrophysiological signature of working memory load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multistage and transmission-blocking targeted antimalarials discovered from the open-source MMV Pandemic Response Box 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New chemical matter is needed to target the divergent biology associated with the different life cycle stages of Plasmodium. Here, we report the parallel screening of the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pandemic Response Box to identify multistage-active and stage-specific compounds against various life cycle stages of Plasmodium parasites (asexual parasites, stage IV/V gametocytes, gametes, oocysts and liver stages) and for endectocidal activity. Hits displayed unique chemotypes and included two multistage-active compounds, 16 asexual-targeted, six with prophylactic potential and ten gametocyte-targeted compounds. Notably, four structurally diverse gametocyte-targeted compounds with potent transmission-blocking activity were identified: the JmjC inhibitor ML324, two azole antifungals including eberconazole, and the antitubercular clinical candidate SQ109. Besides ML324, none of these have previously attributed antiplasmodial activity, emphasizing the success of de novo parallel screening against different Plasmodium stages to deliver leads with novel modes-of-action. Importantly, the discovery of such transmission-blocking targeted compounds covers a previously unexplored base for delivery of compounds required for malaria elimination strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Watt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Manach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlank, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezuidenhout, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horatscheck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heerden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coetzer, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koekemoer, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basarab, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkholtz, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.133405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multistage and transmission-blocking targeted antimalarials discovered from the open-source MMV Pandemic Response Box]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO orchestrates multiple alternative DNA-protein crosslink repair pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several endogenous metabolites, environmental agents, and therapeutic drugs promote formation of covalent DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). Persistent DPCs pose a serious threat to genome integrity and are eliminated by multiple repair pathways. Aberrant Top1 crosslinks to DNA, or Top1ccs, are processed by Tdp1 and Wss1 functioning in parallel pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It remains obscure how cells choose between these diverse mechanisms of DPC repair. Here we show that several SUMO biogenesis factors - Ulp1, Siz2, Slx5, Slx8 - control repair of Top1cc or an analogous DPC lesion. Genetic analysis reveals that SUMO promotes Top1cc processing in the absence of Tdp1 but has an inhibitory role if cells additionally lack Wss1. In the tdp1{Delta} wss1{Delta} mutant, the E3 SUMO ligase Siz2 stimulates sumoylation in the vicinity of the DPC, but not SUMO conjugation to Top1. This Siz2-dependent sumoylation delays DPC repair when cells progress through S and G2 phases. Our findings suggest that SUMO tunes available repair pathways to facilitate faithful DPC repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serbyn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagdiul, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhandynata, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO orchestrates multiple alternative DNA-protein crosslink repair pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DYNC1LI2 regulates localization of the chaperone-mediated autophagy-receptor LAMP2A and improves cellular homeostasis in cystinosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.142349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynein motor protein complex is required for retrograde transport but the functions of the intermediate-light chains that form the cargo-binding complex are not elucidated and the importance of individual subunits in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis is unknown. Here, using mRNA arrays and protein analysis, we show that the dynein subunit, intermediate chain 2 (DYNC1LI2) is downregulated in cystinosis, a lysosomal storage disorder caused by genetic defects in the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin. Reconstitution of the expression of DYNC1LI2 in Ctns-/- cells re-established endolysosomal dynamics. Defective vesicular trafficking in cystinotic cells was rescued by DYNC1LI2 expression which correlated with decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress manifested as decreased expression levels of the chaperone Grp78. Mitochondrial fragmentation in cystinotic fibroblasts was also rescued by DYNC1LI2. Survival of cystinotic cells to oxidative stress insult was increased by DYNC1LI2 reconstitution but not by its paralog DYNC1LI1, which also failed to decrease ER stress levels and mitochondrial fragmentation. Restoring DYNC1LI2 expression rescued the localization of the chaperone-mediated autophagy receptor, LAMP2A, and restored cellular homeostasis of cystinotic proximal tubule cells, the primary cell type affected in cystinosis. DYNC1LI2 failed to rescue phenotypes in cystinotic cells when LAMP2A was downregulated or when co-expressed with dominant negative (DN) RAB7 or DN-RAB11, which impair LAMP2A trafficking. DYNC1LI2 emerges as a new target to repair underlying trafficking and CMA defects in cystinosis, a mechanism that is not restored by currently used lysosomal depletion therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherqui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.142349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DYNC1LI2 regulates localization of the chaperone-mediated autophagy-receptor LAMP2A and improves cellular homeostasis in cystinosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.130666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Both HIV Infection and Conditional Tat Expression Decrease Prepulse Inhibition with Further Impairment by Methamphetamine History in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.130666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV infection and methamphetamine (METH) use are highly comorbid and represent a significant public health problem. Both conditions are known to negatively impact a variety of brain functions. One brain function that may be affected by HIV and METH use is sensorimotor gating, an automatic, pre-conscious filtering of sensory information that is thought to contribute to higher order cognitive processes. Sensorimotor gating is often measured using prepulse inhibition (PPI), a paradigm that can be conducted in both humans and animals, thereby enabling cross-species translational studies. While previous studies suggest HIV and METH may individually impair PPI, little research has been conducted on the effects of combined HIV and METH on PPI. The goal of this cross-species study was to determine the effects of METH on PPI in the inducible Tat (iTat) mouse model of HIV and in people with HIV. PPI was measured in the iTat mouse model before, during, and after chronic METH treatment and after Tat induction. Chronic METH treatment decreased PPI in male but not female mice. PPI normalized with cessation of METH. Inducing Tat expression decreased PPI in male but not in female mice. No interactions between chronic METH treatment and Tat expression were observed in mice. In humans, HIV was associated with decreased PPI in both men and women. Furthermore, PPI was lowest in people with HIV who also had a history of METH dependence. Overall, these results suggest HIV and METH may additively impair early information processing in humans, potentially affecting downstream cognitive function.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIHIV decreased PPI in men and women
C_LIO_LIPPI was most decreased in people with HIV and a history of METH dependence
C_LIO_LIChronic METH treatment decreased PPI in male but not female mice
C_LIO_LITat expression decreased PPI in male but not female mice
C_LIO_LIChronic METH treatment and Tat expression did not interact to affect PPI in mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milienne-Petiot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deben, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letendre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grelotti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minassian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.130666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Both HIV Infection and Conditional Tat Expression Decrease Prepulse Inhibition with Further Impairment by Methamphetamine History in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shielding and Beyond: The Roles of Glycans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in more than 15,000,000 infections and 600,000 deaths worldwide to date. Antibody development efforts mainly revolve around the extensively glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which mediates the host cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Similar to many other viruses, the SARS-CoV-2 spike utilizes a glycan shield to thwart the host immune response. Here, we built a full-length model of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 S protein, both in the open and closed states, augmenting the available structural and biological data. Multiple microsecond-long, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to provide an atomistic perspective on the roles of glycans, and the protein structure and dynamics. We reveal an essential structural role of N-glycans at sites N165 and N234 in modulating the conformational dynamics of the spikes receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for ACE2 recognition. This finding is corroborated by biolayer interferometry experiments, which show that deletion of these glycans through N165A and N234A mutations significantly reduces binding to ACE2 as a result of the RBD conformational shift towards the "down" state. Additionally, end-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which may be exploited by therapeutic efforts targeting this molecular machine. Overall, this work presents hitherto unseen functional and structural insights into the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and its glycan coat, providing a strategy to control the conformational plasticity of the RBD that could be harnessed for vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbison, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shielding and Beyond: The Roles of Glycans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid analysis reveals how DNA sequence governs genomic location and DNA contacts of bacterial chromatin H-NS filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene silencing in bacteria is mediated by chromatin proteins, of which Escherichia coli H-NS is a paradigmatic example. H-NS forms nucleoprotein filaments with either one or two DNA duplexes. However, the structures, arrangements of DNA-binding domains (DBDs), and positions of DBD-DNA contacts in linear and bridged filaments are uncertain. To characterize the contacts that silence transcription by RNA polymerase, we combined {middle dot}OH footprinting, molecular dynamics, statistical modeling, and DBD mapping using a chemical nuclease (Fe2+-EDTA) tethered to the DBDs (TEN-map). We find that H-NS DBDs contact DNA at indistinguishable locations in bridged or linear filaments and that the DBDs vary in orientation and position with ~10-bp average spacing. Our results support a hemi-sequestration model of linear-to-bridged H-NS switching in which linear filaments able to inhibit only transcription initiation switch to bridged filaments able to inhibit both initiation and elongation using the same irregularly spaced DNA contact sites.

HighlightsO_LITethered-nuclease mapping (TEN-map) of H-NS DNA-binding domains detects DNA contacts
C_LIO_LIBridged and linear H-NS filaments use the same DNA contact sites
C_LIO_LIH-NS-DNA contacts are unevenly spaced with ~10 bp average separation
C_LIO_LIAT-steps, minor groove width, and electrostatic potential best predict contact sites
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hustmyer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid analysis reveals how DNA sequence governs genomic location and DNA contacts of bacterial chromatin H-NS filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-Occurrence of Enzyme Domains Guides the Discovery of an Oxazolone Synthetase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidomain enzymes are cellular machines that orchestrate two or more catalytic activities to carry out metabolic transformations with increased control and speed. Our understanding of these enzymes capabilities drives progress in fundamental metabolic research, biocatalysis, and human health. Here, we report the development of a new genome mining approach for the targeted discovery of novel biochemical transformations through the analysis of co-occurring enzyme domains (CO-ED) in a single protein. CO-ED was designed to identify unannotated multifunctional enzymes for functional characterization and discovery based on the premise that linked enzyme domains have evolved to function collaboratively. Guided by CO-ED, we targeted an unannotated predicted ThiF-nitroreductase di-domain enzyme found in more than 50 proteobacteria. Through heterologous expression and biochemical reconstitution, we discovered a series of new natural products containing the rare oxazolone (azlactone) heterocycle and characterized the di-domain enzyme as the first reported oxazolone synthetase in biology. This enzyme has the potential to become a valuable biocatalyst for the production of versatile oxazolone synthetic intermediates. This proof-of-principle experiment validates CO-ED-guided genome mining as a new method with potential broad utility for both the discovery of novel enzymatic transformations and the functional gene annotation of multidomain enzymes.

TOC graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/147165v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@20cb16org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f54df0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cffa51org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3b085d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Rond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asay, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-Occurrence of Enzyme Domains Guides the Discovery of an Oxazolone Synthetase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the synaptic and intrinsic membrane dynamics underlying working memory in spiking neural network models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent neural network (RNN) model trained to perform cognitive tasks is a useful computational tool for understanding how cortical circuits execute complex computations. However, these models are often composed of units that interact with one another using continuous signals and overlook parameters intrinsic to spiking neurons. Here, we developed a method to directly train not only synaptic-related variables but also membrane-related parameters of a spiking RNN model. Training our model on a wide range of cognitive tasks resulted in diverse yet task-specific synaptic and membrane parameters. We also show that fast membrane time constants and slow synaptic decay dynamics naturally emerge from our model when it is trained on tasks associated with working memory (WM). Further dissecting the optimized parameters revealed that fast membrane properties and slow synaptic dynamics are important for encoding stimuli and WM maintenance, respectively. This approach offers a unique window into how connectivity patterns and intrinsic neuronal properties contribute to complex dynamics in neural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the synaptic and intrinsic membrane dynamics underlying working memory in spiking neural network models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA glycosylase NEIL2 prevents Fusobacterium-mediated inflammation and DNA damage in colonic epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.147454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent and deadly cancer. Approximately, 15-20 % of CRCs display microsatellite instability (MSI); however, the majority (80-85%) of cases are sporadic and known as microsatellite stable (MSS). Several recent studies indicated that infection and uncontrolled inflammation initiate DNA damage and lead to cancer progression. One of the major microbes, Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is highly associated with CRC, but the role of DNA repair in microbe-associated CRC has been largely unknown. Here we show that NEIL2, an oxidized base-specific DNA glycosylase, is significantly downregulated among all the key DNA repair proteins involved in various DNA repair pathways, after infection of Fn with stem-cell-based enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) of murine and human healthy subjects. Furthermore, following Fn infection, NEIL2-null mouse-derived EDMs showed significantly higher level of DNA damage, including double strand breaks, and inflammatory cytokines.. Murine CRC model also showed downregulation of the NEIL2 transcript and accumulation of DNA damage. Importantly, analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data showed that the downregulation of NEIL2 is specific for MSS compared to MSI CRCs. We thus conclude that the pathogenic bacterial infection-induced downregulation of NEIL2, and consequent accumulation of DNA damage, play critical roles in the progression of CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA glycosylase NEIL2 prevents Fusobacterium-mediated inflammation and DNA damage in colonic epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.143834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic organization of subcortical volumetric change is stable throughout the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.143834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While development and aging of the cerebral cortex show a similar topographic organization and are mainly governed by the same genes, it is unclear whether the same is true for subcortical structures, which follow fundamentally different ontogenetic and phylogenetic principles than the cerebral cortex. To test the hypothesis that genetically governed neurodevelopmental processes can be traced in subcortical structures throughout life, we analyzed a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging dataset (n = 974, age 4-89 years), identifying five clusters of longitudinal change in development. With some exceptions, these clusters followed placement along the cranial axis in embryonic brain development, suggesting continuity in the pattern of change from prenatal stages. Developmental change patterns were conserved through the lifespan and predicted general cognitive function in an age-invariant manner. The results were replicated in longitudinal data from the Lifebrain consortium (n = 756, age 19-83 years). Genetic contributions to longitudinal brain changes were calculated from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (n = 331 male twins, age 51-60 years), revealing that distinct sets of genes tended to govern change for each developmental cluster. This finding was confirmed with single nucleotide polymorphisms and cross-sectional MRI data from the UK Biobank (n = 20,588, age 40-69), demonstrating significantly higher co-heritability among structures belonging to the same developmental clusters. Together, these results suggest that coordination of subcortical change adheres to fundamental principles of lifespan continuity, genetic organization and age-invariant relationships to cognitive function.

Significance statementHere we show that subcortical change during childhood development is organized in clusters. These clusters tend to follow the main gradient of embryonic brain development, and are stable across life. This means that subcortical regions changing together in childhood also change together throughout the rest of life, in accordance with a lifespan perspective on brain development and aging. Twin and single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability analyses in middle-aged and older adults showed that volume and volume change of regions within each developmental cluster tended to be governed by the same sets of genes. Thus, volumetric changes across subcortical regions are tightly organized, and the coordinated change can be described in a lifespan perspective according to ontogenetic and genetic influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fjell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grydeland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartres-Faz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandmaier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kietzmann, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kievit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogsrud, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenberger, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowinckel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sole-Padulles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerhausen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walhovd, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.143834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic organization of subcortical volumetric change is stable throughout the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PP2A:B56 Regulates Meiotic Chromosome Segregation in C. elegans Oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an heterotrimer composed of scaffolding (A), catalytic (C), and regulatory (B) subunits with various key roles during cell division. While A and C subunits form the core enzyme, the diversity generated by interchangeable B subunits dictates substrate specificity. Within the B subunits, B56-type subunits play important roles during meiosis in yeast and mice by protecting centromeric cohesion and stabilising the kinetochore-microtubule attachments. These functions are achieved through targeting of B56 subunits to centromere and kinetochore by Shugoshin and BUBR1. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) the closest BUBR1 ortholog lacks the B56 interaction domain and the Shugoshin orthologue is not required for normal segregation during oocyte meiosis. Therefore, the role of PP2A in C. elegans female meiosis is not known. Here, we report that PP2A is essential for meiotic spindle assembly and chromosome dynamics during C. elegans female meiosis. Specifically, B56 subunits PPTR-1 and PPTR-2 associate with chromosomes during prometaphase I and regulate chromosome congression. The chromosome localization of B56 subunits does not require shugoshin orthologue SGO-1. Instead we have identified the kinase BUB-1 as the key B56 targeting factor to the chromosomes during meiosis. PP2A BUB-1 recruits PP2A:B56 to the chromosomes via dual mechanism: 1) PPTR-1/2 interacts with the newly identified LxxIxE short linear motif (SLiM) within a disordered region in BUB-1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner; and 2) PPTR-2 can also be recruited to chromosomes in a BUB-1 kinase domain-dependent manner. Our results highlight a novel, BUB-1-dependent mechanism for B56 recruitment, essential for recruiting a pool of PP2A required for proper chromosome congression during meiosis I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bel Borja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soubigou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraguas Bringas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen-Turpin, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bembenek, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheerambathur, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelisch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PP2A:B56 Regulates Meiotic Chromosome Segregation in C. elegans Oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.134403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR GENES AND ACE2, THE RECEPTOR FOR SARS-COV-2: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID-19 DISEASE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.134403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Older aged adults and those with pre-existing conditions are at highest risk for severe COVID-19 associated outcomes. Using a large dataset of genome-wide RNA-seq profiles derived from human dermal fibroblasts (GSE113957) we investigated whether age affects the expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) genes and ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Older age was associated with increased expression of PRR genes, ACE2 and four genes that encode proteins that have been shown to interact with SAR2-CoV-2 proteins. Assessment of PRR expression might provide a strategy for stratifying the risk of severe COVID-19 disease at both the individual and population levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bickler, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauvi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaidry, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangarajah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignacio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstmann, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickler, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.134403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR GENES AND ACE2, THE RECEPTOR FOR SARS-COV-2: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID-19 DISEASE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident macrophages establish and control lipid stores via PDGFcc production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages control inflammation in obese animals, and may also directly or indirectly regulate energy storage. In a genetic screen we identify a PDGF-family growth factor, Pvf3, produced by macrophages and required for lipid storage in Drosophila larvaes fat body cells. We next demonstrate using genetic and pharmacological approaches that Pvf3 ortholog PDGFcc, produced by Ccr2-independent embryo-derived tissue macrophages, is also required for storage in mammalian white adipose tissue. PDGFcc production by resident macrophages is regulated by diet, acts on white adipocytes in a paracrine manner, and controls adipocyte hypertrophy in high-fat diet fed and genetically hyperphagic mice. Upon PDGFcc blockade, excess lipids are redirected at the organismal level toward thermogenesis and hepatic storage in adults. This process is altogether independent from inflammation and insulin resistance promoted by Ccr2-dependent monocytes/macrophages. Our data identify a conserved macrophagedependent mechanism that controls energy storage, conducive to the design of pharmacological interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crozet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtman, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyher, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident macrophages establish and control lipid stores via PDGFcc production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Miniaturized Devices for Bioluminescence Imaging in Freely Behaving Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence miniature microscopy in vivo has recently proven a major advance, enabling cellular imaging in freely behaving animals. However, fluorescence imaging suffers from autofluorescence, phototoxicity, photobleaching and non-homogeneous illumination artifacts. These factors limit the quality and time course of data collection. Bioluminescence provides an alternative kind of activity-dependent light indicator. Bioluminescent calcium indicators do not require light input, instead generating photons through chemiluminescence. As such, limitations inherent to the requirement for light presentation are eliminated. Further, bioluminescent indicators also do not require excitation light optics: the removal of this component should make lighter and lower cost microscope with fewer assembly parts. While there has been significant recent progress in making brighter and faster bioluminescence indicators, parallel advances in imaging hardware have not yet been realized. A hardware challenge is that despite potentially higher signal-to-noise of bioluminescence, the signal strength is lower than that of fluorescence. An open question we address in this report is whether fluorescent miniature microscopes can be rendered sensitive enough to detect bioluminescence. We demonstrate this possibility in vitro and in vivo by implementing optimizations of the UCLA fluorescent miniscope. These optimizations yielded a miniscope (BLmini) which is 22% lighter in weight, has 45% fewer components, is up to 58% less expensive, offers up to 15 times stronger signal (as dichroic filtering is not required) and is sensitive enough to capture spatiotemporal dynamics of bioluminescence in the brain with a signal-to-noise ratio of 34 dB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Celinskis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koksharov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochgeschwender, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipscombe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Miniaturized Devices for Bioluminescence Imaging in Freely Behaving Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoperiod-Induced Neurotransmitter Switching in the Circadian Pacemaker Regulates Hypothalamic Dopamine Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light, circadian clocks, and rhythmic behaviors interact closely to produce a temporal order that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. In mammals, the principal circadian pacemaker in the brain is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives direct retinal input and synchronizes itself and other brain regions to the external light-dark cycle. Altered day length (photoperiod) and disrupted circadian rhythms are associated with impaired memory and mood in both humans and animal models. Prior work demonstrated that altering photoperiod can change neurotransmitter (NT) expression in the periventricular nucleus (PeVN) of the hypothalamus in adult rat brain. Here we show that neuromedin S-(NMS-) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-(VIP-) expressing neurons in the SCN also display photoperiod-induced neurotransmitter switching. Such photoperiod-dependent NT plasticity is retained in Bmal1-KO mice, indicating that NT plasticity in the SCN does not require a functional circadian clock. Utilizing a conditional viral DO-DIO vector as an historical marker of NT expression in the SCN, we further reveal that short-day photoperiod induces a cluster of non-NMS-expressing neurons to undergo NT switching and acquire the NMS phenotype. Selective chemogenetic activation of NMS neurons, but not VIP neurons, during the dark phase induces a significant delay in the timing of locomotor activity onset and is sufficient to increase the number of dopaminergic neurons in the PeVN. Our findings provide novel insights into molecular adaptations of the SCN neuronal network in response to altered photoperiod that affect neuronal circuit function in the hypothalamus and lead to changes in circadian behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porcu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booreddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulcis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoperiod-Induced Neurotransmitter Switching in the Circadian Pacemaker Regulates Hypothalamic Dopamine Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential covariance: A new method to estimate functional connectivity in fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring functional connectivity from fMRI recordings is important in understanding processing in cortical networks. However, because the brains connection pattern is complex, currently used methods are prone to producing false functional connections. We introduce differential covariance analysis, a new method that uses derivatives of the signal for estimating functional connectivity. We generated neural activities from Dynamical Causal Modeling and a neural network of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons and then converted them to hemodynamic signals using the forward Balloon model. The simulated fMRI signals together with the ground truth connectivity pattern were used to benchmark our method with other commonly used methods. Differential covariance achieved better results in complex network simulations. This new method opens an alternative way to estimate functional connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>lin, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazhenov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential covariance: A new method to estimate functional connectivity in fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mode of action of an Acyl Protein thioesterase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.157545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biochemical reactions occur at the membrane interfaces. The proper control of these reactions requires spatially and temporally controlled recruitment of protein complexes. These assemblies are largely regulated by post-translational modifications and a frequent one is S-acylation, which consists of the addition of medium length acyl chains. Reversibility of this modification is ensured by acyl protein thioesterases (APTs), which are poorly understood enzymes. Using a combination of computational, structural, biochemical, and cellular approaches, we dissect the mode of action of a major cellular thioesterase, APT2 (LYPLA2). We show that for APT2 to encounter its targets, it must interact with membranes by two consecutive steps, the insertion of a hydrophobic loop and subsequent S-acylation by the ZDHHC3 or ZDHHC7 palmitoyltransferases. Once bound, APT2 deforms the lipid bilayer to extract the acyl chain bound to its substrate, capturing it in a hydrophobic pocket and allowing hydrolysis. Deacylation releases APT2, allowing it to bind to other membranes, but also renders it vulnerable to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This molecular understanding of APT2 paves the way to understand the dynamics of APT2-mediated depalmitoylation throughout the endomembrane system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abrami, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audagnotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcaida, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoz, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pojer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Peraro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Goot, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.157545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mode of action of an Acyl Protein thioesterase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.163709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping cell structure across scales by fusing protein images and interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.21.163709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe eukaryotic cell is a multi-scale structure with modular organization across at least four orders of magnitude1,2. Two central approaches for mapping this structure – protein fluorescent imaging and protein biophysical association – each generate extensive datasets but of distinct qualities and resolutions that are typically treated separately3,4. Here, we integrate immunofluorescent images in the Human Protein Atlas5 with ongoing affinity purification experiments from the BioPlex resource6 to create a unified hierarchical map of eukaryotic cell architecture. Integration involves configuring each approach to produce a general measure of protein distance, then calibrating the two measures using machine learning. The evolving map, called the Multi-Scale Integrated Cell (MuSIC 1.0), currently resolves 69 subcellular systems of which approximately half are undocumented. Based on these findings we perform 134 additional affinity purifications, validating close subunit associations for the majority of systems. The map elucidates roles for poorly characterized proteins, such as the appearance of FAM120C in chromatin; identifies new protein assemblies in ribosomal biogenesis, RNA splicing, nuclear speckles, and ion transport; and reveals crosstalk between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. By integration across scales, MuSIC substantially increases the mapping resolution obtained from imaging while giving protein interactions a spatial dimension, paving the way to incorporate many molecular data types in proteome-wide maps of cells.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winsnes, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttlin, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreisberg, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.21.163709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping cell structure across scales by fusing protein images and interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces bacteriophages and Streptomyces strains encoding biosynthetic arsenals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The threat to public health posed by drug-resistant bacteria is rapidly increasing, as some of healthcares most potent antibiotics are becoming obsolete. Approximately two-thirds of the worlds antibiotics are derived from natural products produced by Streptomyces encoded biosynthetic gene clusters. Thus, in order to identify novel gene clusters, we sequenced the genomes of four bioactive Streptomyces strains isolated from the soil in San Diego County and used Bacterial Cytological Profiling adapted for agar plate culturing in order to examine the mechanisms of bacterial inhibition exhibited by these strains. In the four strains, we identified 101 biosynthetic gene clusters. Some of these clusters were predicted to produce previously studied antibiotics; however, the known mechanisms of these molecules could not fully account for the antibacterial activity exhibited by the strains, suggesting that novel clusters might encode antibiotics. When assessed for their ability to inhibit the growth of clinically isolated pathogens, three Streptomyces strains demonstrated activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, due to the utility of bacteriophages for genetically manipulating bacterial strains via transduction, we also isolated four new phages (BartholomewSD, IceWarrior, Shawty, and TrvxScott) against S. platensis. A genomic analysis of our phages revealed nearly 200 uncharacterized proteins, including a new site-specific serine integrase that could prove to be a useful genetic tool. Sequence analysis of the Streptomyces strains identified CRISPR-Cas systems and specific spacer sequences that allowed us to predict phage host ranges. Ultimately, this study identified Streptomyces strains with the potential to produce novel chemical matter as well as integrase-encoding phages that could potentially be used to manipulate these strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montano, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nideffer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derman, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuppala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luterstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakkaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchagnula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujii, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shing, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enustun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces bacteriophages and Streptomyces strains encoding biosynthetic arsenals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A whole-cortex probabilistic diffusion tractography connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.166041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project (HCP) is a publicly-available dataset containing state-of-art structural, functional, and diffusion-MRI for over a thousand healthy subjects. While the planned scope of the HCP included an anatomical connectome, resting-state functional-MRI forms the bulk of the HCPs current connectomic output. We address this by presenting a full-cortex connectome derived from probabilistic diffusion tractography and organized into the HCP-MMP1.0 atlas. Probabilistic methods and large sample sizes are preferable for whole-connectome mapping as they increase the fidelity of traced low-probability connections. We find that overall, connection strengths are lognormally distributed and decay exponentially with tract length, that connectivity reasonably matches macaque histological tracing in homologous areas, that contralateral homologs and left-lateralized language areas are hyperconnected, and that hierarchical similarity influences connectivity. We compare the diffusion-MRI connectome to existing resting-state fMRI and cortico-cortico evoked potential connectivity matrices and find that it is more similar to the latter. This work helps fulfill the promise of the HCP and will make possible comparisons between the underlying structural connectome and functional connectomes of various modalities, brain states, and clinical conditions.

Significance StatementThe tracts between cortical parcels can be estimated from diffusion MRI, but most studies concentrate on only the largest connections. Here we present an atlas, the largest and most detailed of its kind, showing connections among all cortical parcels. Connectivity is relatively enhanced between frontotemporal language areas and homologous contralateral locations. We find that connectivity decays with fiber tract distance more slowly than predicted by brain volume and that structural and stimulation-derived connectivity are more similar to each other than to resting-state functional MRI correlations. The connectome presented is publicly available and organized into a commonly used scheme for defining brain areas in order to enable ready comparison to other brain imaging datasets of various modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.166041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A whole-cortex probabilistic diffusion tractography connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Live-Cell Assay for the Detection of pre-microRNA-Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts in genome-wide sequencing and proteomics have revealed the fundamental roles that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play in the life cycle and function of both coding and non-coding RNAs. While these methodologies provide a systems-level view of the networking of RNA and proteins, approaches to enable the cellular validation of discovered interactions are lacking. Leveraging the power of bioorthogonal chemistry- and split-luciferase-based assay technologies, we have devised a conceptually new assay for the live-cell detection of RNA-protein interactions (RPIs), RNA interaction with Protein-mediated Complementation Assay, or RiPCA. As proof-of-concept, we have utilized the interaction of the pre-microRNA, pre-let-7, with its binding partner, Lin28. Using this system, we have demonstrated the selective detection of the pre-let-7-Lin28 RPI in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, we determined this technology can be used to discern relative affinities for specific sequences as well as of individual RNA binding domains. Thus, RiPCA has the potential to serve as a useful tool in supporting the investigation of cellular RPIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Live-Cell Assay for the Detection of pre-microRNA-Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-glycosylation network construction and analysis to modify glycans on the spike S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background The spike S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 is N-glycosylated. The N-glycan structure and composition of this glycoprotein influence how the virus interacts with host cells.Objective To identify a putative N-glycan biosynthesis pathway of SARS-CoV-2 (HEK293 cell recombinant) from previously published mass spectrometric studies, and to identify what effect blocking some enzymes has on the overall glycoprotein profile. Finally, our goal was to provide the biosynthesis network, and glycans in easy-to-use format for further glycoinformatics work.Methods We reconstructed the glycosylation network based on previously published empirical data using GNAT, a glycosylation network analysis tool. Our compilation of the network tool had 23 glycosyltransferase and glucosidase enzymes, and could infer the pathway of glycosylation machinery based on glycans identified in the virus spike protein. Once the glycan biosynthesis pathway was generated, we simulated the effect of blocking specific enzymes - Mannosidase-II and alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase to see how they would affect the biosynthesis network.Results Of the 23 enzymes, a total of 12 were involved in glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 - Man-Ia, MGAT1, MGAT2, MGAT4, MGAT5, B4GalT, B4GalT, Man II, SiaT, ST3GalI, ST3GalVI and FucT8. Blocking enzymes resulted in a substantially modified glycan profile of the protein.Conclusions A network analysis of N-glycan biosynthesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein shows an elaborate enzymatic pathway with several intermediate glycans, along with the ones identified by mass spectrometric studies. Variations in the final N-glycan profile of the virus, given its site-specific microheterogeneity, could be a factor in the host response to the infection and response to antibodies. Here we provide all the resources generated - the glycans derived from mass spectrometry and intermediate glycans in glycoCT xml format, and the biosynthesis network for future drug and vaccine development work.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-glycosylation network construction and analysis to modify glycans on the spike S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Simple Procedure for Bacterial Expression and Purification of the Fragile X Protein Family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fragile X protein family consists of three RNA-binding proteins involved in translational regulation. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is well-studied, as its loss leads to fragile X syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder which is the most prevalent form of inherited mental retardation and the primary monogenetic cause of autism. Fragile X related proteins 1 and 2 (FXR1P & FXR2P) are autosomal paralogs of FMRP that are involved in promoting muscle development and neural development, respectively. There is great interest in studying this family of proteins, yet researchers have faced much difficulty in expressing and purifying the full-length versions of these proteins in sufficient quantities. We have developed a simple, rapid, and inexpensive procedure that allows for the recombinant expression and purification of full-length human FMRP, FXR1P, and FXR2P from Escherichia coli in high yields, free of protein and nucleic acid contamination. In order to assess the proteins function after purification, we confirmed their binding to pseudoknot and G-quadruplex forming RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Simple Procedure for Bacterial Expression and Purification of the Fragile X Protein Family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Inhibits the Elongation Step of Translation through its RGG and C-terminal domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of numerous mRNAs in neurons. The precise mechanism of translational regulation by FMRP is unknown. Some studies have indicated that FMRP inhibits the initiation step of translation, whereas other studies have indicated that the elongation step of translation is inhibited by FMRP. To determine whether FMRP inhibits the initiation or the elongation step of protein synthesis, we investigated m7G-cap-dependent and IRES-driven, cap-independent translation of several reporter mRNAs in vitro. Our results show that FMRP inhibits both m7G-cap-dependent and cap-independent translation to similar degrees, indicating that the elongation step of translation is inhibited by FMRP. Additionally, we dissected the RNA-binding domains of hFMRP to determine the essential domains for inhibiting translation. We show that the RGG domain, together with the C-terminal domain (CTD), is sufficient to inhibit translation while the KH domains do not inhibit mRNA translation. However, the region between the RGG domain and the KH2 domain may contribute as NT-hFMRP shows more potent inhibition than the RGG-CTD tail alone. Interestingly, we see a correlation between ribosome binding and translation inhibition, suggesting the RGG-CTD tail of hFMRP may anchor FMRP to the ribosome during translation inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athar, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Inhibits the Elongation Step of Translation through its RGG and C-terminal domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Organoids Model Early Brain Development Disrupted by 16p11.2 Copy Number Variants in Autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reciprocal deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 region is the most common copy number variation (CNV) associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders. We generated cortical organoids from skin fibroblasts of patients with 16p11.2 CNV to investigate impacted neurodevelopmental processes. We show that organoid size recapitulates macrocephaly and microcephaly phenotypes observed in the patients with 16p11.2 deletions and duplications. The CNV has mirror-opposite effect on neuronal maturation, proliferation, and synapse number, in concordance with its effect on brain growth in humans. We demonstrate that 16p11.2 CNV alters the ratio of neurons to neural progenitors in organoids during early neurogenesis, with excess of neurons and depletion of neural progenitors observed in deletions, and mirror phenotypes in duplications. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling revealed multiple dysregulated pathways, including defects in neuron migration. Inhibition of activity of the small GTPase RhoA rescued migration deficits. This study provides insights into potential neurobiological mechanisms behind the 16p11.2 CNV during neocortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urresti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran-Losada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, N.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negraes, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramod, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Organoids Model Early Brain Development Disrupted by 16p11.2 Copy Number Variants in Autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of human gut microbiome composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study the effect of host genetics on gut microbiome composition, the MiBioGen consortium curated and analyzed genome-wide genotypes and 16S fecal microbiome data from 18,340 individuals (24 cohorts). Microbial composition showed high variability across cohorts: only 9 out of 410 genera were detected in more than 95% samples. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of host genetic variation in relation to microbial taxa identified 31 loci affecting microbiome at a genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) threshold. One locus, the lactase (LCT) gene locus, reached study-wide significance (GWAS signal P=1.28x10-20), and it showed an age-dependent association with Bifidobacterium abundance. Other associations were suggestive (1.95x10-10<P<5x10-8) but enriched for taxa showing high heritability and for genes expressed in the intestine and brain. A phenome-wide association study and Mendelian randomization identified enrichment of microbiome trait loci in the metabolic, nutrition and environment domains and suggested the microbiome has causal effects in ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacigalupe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radjabzadeh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirkan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roy, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raygoza Garay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnicum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhlemann, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turpin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lull, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szopinska-Tokov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agreus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedrani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisgaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claringbould, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duijts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falony, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Graaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of human gut microbiome composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminus of GPR37L1 is proteolytically processed by matrix metalloproteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GPR37L1 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain and linked to seizures, neuroprotection and cardiovascular disease. Based upon the observation that fragments of the GPR37L1 N-terminus are found in human cerebrospinal fluid, we hypothesized that GPR37L1 was subject to post-translational modification. Heterologous expression of GPR37L1-eYFP in either HEK293 or U87 glioblastoma cells yielded two cell surface species of approximately equivalent abundance, the larger of which is N-glycosylated at Asn105. The smaller species is produced by matrix metalloprotease/ADAM-mediated proteolysis (shown by the use of pharmacological inhibitors) and has a molecular weight identical to that of a mutant lacking the entire N-terminus, Δ122 GPR37L1. Serial truncation of the N-terminus prevented GPR37L1 expression except when the entire N-terminus was removed, narrowing the predicted site of N-terminal proteolysis to residues 105-122. Using yeast expressing different G protein chimeras, we found that wild type GPR37L1, but not Δ122 GPR37L1, coupled constitutively to Gpa1/Gαs and Gpa1/Gα16 chimeras, in contrast to previous studies. We tested the peptides identified in cerebrospinal fluid as well as their putative newly-generated N-terminal ‘tethered’ counterparts in both wild type and Δ122 GPR37L1 Gpa1/Gαs strains but saw no effect, suggesting that GPR37L1 does not signal in a manner akin to the protease-activated receptor family. We also saw no evidence of receptor activation or regulation by the reported GPR37L1 ligand, prosaptide/TX14A. Finally, the proteolytically processed species predominated both in vivo and ex vivo in organotypic cerebellar slice preparations, suggesting that GPR37L1 is rapidly processed to a signaling-inactive form. Our data indicate that the function of GPR37L1 in vivo is tightly regulated by metalloprotease-dependent N-terminal cleavage.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smythe, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleave, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.174847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminus of GPR37L1 is proteolytically processed by matrix metalloproteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform transcriptome of developing human brain provides new insights into autism risk variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing plays important role in brain development, however its global contribution to human neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD) has not been fully investigated. Here, we examined the relationships between full-length splicing isoforms expression in the brain and de novo loss-of-function mutations identified in the patients with NDDs. We analyzed the full-length isoform transcriptome of the developing human brain and observed differentially expressed isoforms and isoform co-expression modules undetectable by gene-level analyses. These isoforms were enriched in loss-of-function mutations and microexons, co-expressed with a unique set of partners, and had higher prenatal expression. We experimentally tested the impact of splice site mutations in five NDD risk genes, including SCN2A, DYRK1A and BTRC, and demonstrated exon skipping. Furthermore, our results suggest that the splice site mutation in BTRC reduces translational efficiency, likely impacting Wnt signaling through impaired degradation of {beta}-catenin. We propose that functional effect of mutations associated with human diseases should be investigated at the isoform-rather than the gene-level resolution.

HighlightsO_LIDifferential isoform expression analysis of the human brain transcriptome reveals neurodevelopmental processes and pathways undetectable by differential gene expression analyses.
C_LIO_LISplicing isoforms impacted by neurodevelopmental disease (NDD) risk mutations exhibit higher prenatal expression, are enriched in microexons and are involved in neuronal-related functions.
C_LIO_LIIsoform co-expression network analysis identifies modules with splicing and synaptic functions that are enriched in NDD mutations.
C_LIO_LISplice site mutations impacting NDD risk genes cause exon skipping and produce novel isoforms with altered biological properties.
C_LIO_LIFunctional impact of mutations should be investigated at the full-length isoform-level rather than the gene-level resolution
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urresti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramod, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corominas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakoucheva, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform transcriptome of developing human brain provides new insights into autism risk variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Small Molecule Fluorogenic Probe for the Detection of Sphingosine in Living Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.175661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe single-chained sphingolipid sphingosine is an essential structural lipid and signaling molecule. Abnormal sphingosine metabolism is observed in several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. Despite its biological importance, there are a lack of tools for detecting sphingosine in living cells. This is likely due to the broader challenge of developing highly selective and live-cell compatible affinity probes for hydrophobic lipid species. In this work, we have developed a small molecule fluorescent turn-on probe for labeling sphingosine in living cells. This probe utilizes a selective reaction between sphingosine and salicylaldehyde esters to fluorescently label sphingosine molecules. We demonstrate that this probe exhibits a dose-dependent response to sphingosine and is able to detect endogenous pools of sphingosine. Using our probe, we successfully detected sphingosine accumulation in live Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) patient cells, a lipid transport disorder in which increased sphingosine mediates disease progression. This work provides a simple and accessible method for the detection of sphingosine and should facilitate study of this critical signaling lipid in biology and disease.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudd, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Small Molecule Fluorogenic Probe for the Detection of Sphingosine in Living Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial metabolomics identifies localized chemical changes in heart tissue during chronic cardiac Chagas disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chagas disease (CD) is one of thirteen neglected tropical diseases caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. CD is a vector-borne disease transmitted by triatomines but CD can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants and congenital transmission. While endemic to Latin America, T. cruzi infects 7-8 million people worldwide and can induce severe cardiac symptoms including apical aneurysms, thromboembolisms and arrhythmias during the chronic stage of CD. However, these cardiac clinical manifestations and CD disease pathogenesis are not fully understood. Using spatial metabolomics (chemical cartography), we sought to understand the localized impact of infection on the cardiac metabolome of mice chronically infected with two divergent T. cruzi strains. Our data showed chemical differences in localized cardiac regions upon chronic T. cruzi infection, indicating that parasite infection changes the host metabolome at select sites in chronic CD. These sites were distinct from the sites of highest parasite burden. In addition, we identified acylcarnitines and phosphocholines as discriminatory chemical families within each heart region, comparing infected and uninfected samples. Overall, our study indicated overall and positional metabolic differences common to infection with different T. cruzi strains, and identified select infection-modulated pathways. These results provide further insight into CD pathogenesis and demonstrate the advantage of a spatial perspective to understand infectious disease tropism.Author Summary Chagas disease (CD) is a tropical disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. CD originated in South America; however, there are now 7-8 million people infected worldwide due to population movements. CD is transmitted through a triatomine vector, organ transplants, blood transfusions and congenital transmission. It occurs in two stages, an acute stage (usually asymptomatic) and the chronic stage. Chronic stage CD presents with severe cardiac symptoms such as heart failure, localized aneurysms and cardiomyopathy. Unfortunately, what causes severe cardiac symptoms in some individuals in chronic CD is not fully understood. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the heart tissue of chronically T. cruzi-infected and uninfected mice, to understand the impact of infection on the tissue metabolome. We identified discriminatory small molecules related to T. cruzi infection. We also determined that regions with the highest parasite burden are distinct from the regions with the largest changes in overall metabolite profile; these locations of high metabolic perturbation provide a molecular mechanism to why localized cardiac symptoms occur in CD. Overall, our work gives insight to chronic cardiac CD symptom development and shapes a framework for novel treatment and biomarker development.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dean, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautham,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siqueira-Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKerrow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial metabolomics identifies localized chemical changes in heart tissue during chronic cardiac Chagas disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.179861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Field Potentials in a Pre-motor Region Predict Learned Vocal Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.179861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity within the premotor region HVC is tightly synchronized to, and crucial for, the articulate production of learned song in birds. Characterizations of this neural activity typically focuses on patterns of sequential bursting in small carefully identified subsets of single neurons in the HVC population. Much less is known about population dynamics beyond the scale of individual neurons. There is a rich history of using local field potentials (LFP), to extract information about behavior that extends beyond the contribution of individual cells. These signals have the advantage of being stable over longer periods of time and have been used to study and decode complex motor behaviors, such as human speech. Here we characterize LFP signals in the putative HVC of freely behaving male zebra finches during song production, to determine if population activity may yield similar insights into the mechanisms underlying complex motor-vocal behavior. Following an initial observation that structured changes in the LFP were distinct to all vocalizations during song, we show that it is possible to extract time varying features from multiple frequency bands to decode the identity of specific vocalization elements (syllables) and to predict their temporal onsets within the motif. This demonstrates that LFP is a useful signal for studying motor control in songbirds. Surprisingly, the time frequency structure of putative HVC LFP is qualitatively similar to well established oscillations found in both human and non-human mammalian motor areas. This physiological similarity, despite distinct anatomical structures, may give insight to common computational principles for learning and/or generating complex motor-vocal behaviors.

Author SummaryVocalizations, such as speech and song, are a motor process that requires the coordination of several muscle groups receiving instructions from specific brain regions. In songbirds, HVC is a premotor brain region required for singing and it is populated by a set of neurons that fire sparsely during song. How HVC enables song generation is not well understood. Here we describe network activity in putative HVC that precedes the initiation of each vocal element during singing. This network activity can be used to predict both the identity of each vocal element (syllable) and when it will occur during song. In addition, this network activity is similar to activity that has been documented in human, non-human primate, and mammalian premotor regions tied to muscle movements. These similarities add to a growing body of literature that finds parallels between songbirds and humans in respect to the motor control of vocal organs. Given the similarities of the songbird and human motor-vocal systems these results suggest that the songbird model could be leveraged to accelerate the development of clinically translatable speech prosthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadwory, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneodo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentner, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.179861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Field Potentials in a Pre-motor Region Predict Learned Vocal Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical modeling of the neural origin of EEG and MEG signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are among the most important techniques for non-invasively studying cognition and disease in the human brain. These signals are known to originate from cortical neural activity, typically described in terms of current dipoles. While the link between cortical current dipoles and EEG/MEG signals is relatively well understood, surprisingly little is known about the link between different kinds of neural activity and the current dipoles themselves. Detailed biophysical modeling has played an important role in exploring the neural origin of intracranial electric signals, like extracellular spikes and local field potentials. However, this approach has not yet been taken full advantage of in the context of exploring the neural origin of the cortical current dipoles that are causing EEG/MEG signals.

Here, we present a method for reducing arbitrary simulated neural activity to single current dipoles. We find that the method is applicable for calculating extracranial signals, but less suited for calculating intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) signals. We demonstrate that this approach can serve as a powerful tool for investigating the neural origin of EEG/MEG signals. This is done through example studies of the single-neuron EEG contribution, the putative EEG contribution from calcium spikes, and from calculating EEG signals from large-scale neural network simulations. We also demonstrate how the simulated current dipoles can be used directly in combination with detailed head models, allowing for simulated EEG signals with an unprecedented level of biophysical details.

In conclusion, this paper presents a framework for biophysically detailed modeling of EEG and MEG signals, which can be used to better our understanding of non-inasively measured neural activity in humans.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=103 SRC="FIGDIR/small/181875v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47f029org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e8244dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a765c1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@96550_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LICurrent dipoles are computed from biophysically detailed simulated neuron and network activity
C_LIO_LIExtracted current dipoles allow for accurate computation of EEG and MEG signals in simplified and detailed head models
C_LIO_LICurrent-diplole approximation generally not suitable for accurate calculations of ECoG signals
C_LIO_LIMethod provides biophysics-based link between detailed neural activity and systems-level signals
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einevoll, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical modeling of the neural origin of EEG and MEG signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoregulation of HORMA domain protein HIM-3 promotes asymmetric synaptonemal complex disassembly in meiotic prophase in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the two cell divisions of meiosis, diploid genomes are reduced into complementary haploid sets through the discrete, two-step removal of chromosome cohesion, a task carried out in most eukaryotes by protecting cohesion at the centromere until the second division. In eukaryotes without defined centromeres, however, alternative strategies have been innovated. The best-understood of these is that used by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where upon division of the chromosome into two segments or arms by the single off-center crossover, several chromosome-associated proteins or post-translational modifications become specifically partitioned to either the short or long arm, where they affect the timing of cohesion loss through as-yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we investigate the meiotic axis HORMA-domain protein HIM-3 and show that it becomes phosphorylated at its C-terminus, within the conserved “closure motif” region bound by the related HORMA-domain proteins HTP-1 and HTP-2. Binding of HTP-2 is abrogated by phosphorylation of the closure motif in in vitro assays, strongly suggesting that in vivo phosphorylation of HIM-3 likely modulates the hierarchical structure of the chromosome axis. Phosphorylation of HIM-3 only occurs on synapsed chromosomes, and similarly to previously-described phosphorylated proteins of the synaptonemal complex, becomes restricted to the short arm after designation of crossover recombination sites. Regulation of HIM-3 phosphorylation status is required for timely disassembly of synaptonemal complex central elements from the long arm, and is also required for proper timing of HTP-1 and HTP-2 dissociation from the short arm. Phosphorylation of HIM-3 thus plays a role in establishing the identity of short and long arms, thereby contributing to the robustness of the two-step chromosome segregation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sato-Carlton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura-Tabuchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boog, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barroso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoregulation of HORMA domain protein HIM-3 promotes asymmetric synaptonemal complex disassembly in meiotic prophase in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Synthetic Poxvirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.183236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. Mice immunized with these sMVA vectors developed robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiuppesi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltcheva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levytskyy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebelt, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wussow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.183236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Synthetic Poxvirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title: Acetylcholine regulates pulmonary inflammation and facilitates the transition from active immunity to tissue repair during respiratory viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTInflammatory control is critical to recovery from respiratory viral infection. Acetylcholine (ACh) secreted from non-neuronal sources, including lymphocytes, plays an important, albeit underappreciated, role in regulating immune-mediated inflammation. This study was designed to explore the role of ACh in acute viral infection and recovery. Using the murine model of influenza A, cholinergic status in the lungs and airway was examined over the course of infection and recovery. The results showed that airway ACh remained constant through the early stage of infection and increased during the peak of the acquired immune response. As the concentration of ACh increased, cholinergic lymphocytes appeared in the airway and lungs. Cholinergic capacity was found primarily in CD4 T cells, but also in B cells and CD8 T cells. The cholinergic CD4+ T cells bound to influenza-specific tetramers at the same frequency as their conventional (i.e., non-cholinergic) counterparts. In addition, they were retained in the lungs throughout the recovery phase and could still be detected in the resident memory regions of the lung up to two months after infection. Histologically, cholinergic lymphocytes were found in direct physical contact with activated macrophages throughout the lung. When ACh production was inhibited, mice exhibited increased tissue inflammation, altered lung architecture, and delayed recovery. Together, these findings point to a previously unrecognized role for ACh in the transition from active immunity to recovery and pulmonary repair following respiratory viral infection.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horkowitz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatfield, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, U. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title: Acetylcholine regulates pulmonary inflammation and facilitates the transition from active immunity to tissue repair during respiratory viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heart Snapshot: a broadly validated smartphone measure of VO2max for collection of real world data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expanding access to precision medicine will increasingly require that patient biometrics can be measured in remote care settings. VO2max, the maximum volume of oxygen usable during intense exercise, is one of the most predictive biometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease, frailty, and overall mortality.1,2 However, VO2max measurements are rarely performed in clinical care or large-scale epidemiologic studies due to the high cost, participant burden, and need for specialized laboratory equipment and staff.3,4 To overcome these barriers, we developed two smartphone sensor-based protocols for estimating VO2max: a generalization of a 12-minute run test (12-MRT) and a submaximal 3-minute step test (3-MST). In laboratory settings, Lins concordance for these two tests relative to gold standard VO2max testing was pc=0.66 for 12-MRT and pc=0.61 for 3-MST. Relative to "silver standards"5 (Cooper/Tecumseh protocols), concordance was pc=0.96 and pc=0.94, respectively. However, in remote settings, 12-MRT was significantly less concordant with gold standard (pc=0.25) compared to 3-MST (pc=0.61), though both had high test-retest reliability (ICC=0.88 and 0.86, respectively). These results demonstrate the importance of real-world evidence for validation of digital health measurements. In order to validate 3-MST in a broadly representative population in accordance with the All of Us Research Program6 for which this measurement was developed, the camera-based heart rate measurement was investigated for potential bias. No systematic measurement error was observed that corresponded to skin pigmentation level, operating system, or cost of the phone used. The smartphone-based 3-MST protocol, here termed Heart Snapshot, maintained fidelity across demographic variation in age and sex, across diverse skin pigmentation, and between iOS and Android implementations of various smartphone models. The source code for these smartphone measurements, along with the data used to validate them,6 are openly available to the research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webster, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tummalacherla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muse, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olgin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heart Snapshot: a broadly validated smartphone measure of VO2max for collection of real world data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput cultivation of stable, diverse, fecal-derived microbial communities to model the intestinal microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMechanistic understanding of the impacts of the gut microbiota on human health has been hampered by limited throughput in animal models. To enable systematic interrogation of gut-relevant microbial communities, here we generated hundreds of in vitro communities cultured from diverse stool samples in various media. Species composition revealed stool-derived communities that are phylogenetically complex, diverse, stable, and highly reproducible. Community membership depended on both medium and initial inoculum, with certain media preserving inoculum compositions. Different inocula yielded different community compositions, indicating their potential for personalized therapeutics. Communities were robust to freezing and large-volume culturing, enabling future translational applications. Defined communities were generated from isolates and reconstituted growth and composition similar to those of communities derived from stool inocula. Finally, in vitro experiments probing the response to ciprofloxacin successfully predicted many changes observed in vivo, including the resilience and sensitivity of each Bacteroides species. Thus, stool-derived in vitro communities constitute a powerful resource for microbiota research.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Real-Ramirez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittmar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.190181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput cultivation of stable, diverse, fecal-derived microbial communities to model the intestinal microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity Mapping the Acyl Carrier Protein - Elongating Ketosynthase Interaction in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elongating ketosynthases (KSs) catalyze carbon-carbon bond forming reactions during the committed step for each round of chain extension in both fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). A small -helical acyl carrier protein (ACP) shuttles fatty acyl intermediates between enzyme active sites. To accomplish this task, ACP relies on a series of dynamic interactions with multiple partner enzymes of FAS and associated FAS-dependent pathways. Recent structures of the Escherichia coli FAS ACP, AcpP, in covalent complexes with its two cognate elongating KSs, FabF and FabB, provide high-resolution detail of these interfaces, but a systematic analysis of specific interfacial interactions responsible for stabilizing these complexes has not yet been undertaken. Here, we use site-directed mutagenesis with both in vitro and in vivo activity analyses to quantitatively evaluate these contacting surfaces between AcpP and FabF. We delineate the FabF interface into three interacting regions and demonstrate the effects of point mutants, double mutants, and region delete variants. Results from these analyses reveal a robust and modular FabF interface capable of tolerating seemingly critical interface mutations with only the deletion of entire regions significantly compromising activity. Structure and sequence analysis of FabF orthologs from related type II FAS pathways indicate significant conservation of type II FAS KS interface residues and, overall, support its delineation into interaction regions. These findings strengthen our mechanistic understanding of molecular recognition events between ACPs and FAS enzymes and provide a blueprint for engineering ACP-dependent biosynthetic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey T Mindrebo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laetitia Estelle Misson Mindrebo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caitlin Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph P. Noel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Burkart</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.196451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity Mapping the Acyl Carrier Protein - Elongating Ketosynthase Interaction in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.196923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature triggers provide quantitative predictions of multi-species fish spawning peaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.196923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We find a startling correlation (Pearson {rho} > 0.97) between a single event in daily sea surface temperatures each spring, and peak fish egg abundance measurements the following summer, in 7 years of approximately weekly fish egg abundance data collected at Scripps Pier in La Jolla California. Even more surprising is that this event-based result persists despite the large and variable number of fish species involved (up to 46), and the large and variable time interval between trigger and response (up to ~3 months). To mitigate against potential over-fitting, we make a true out-of-sample prediction for the peak summer egg abundance that will be observed at Scripps Pier this year.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emma  S. Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Saberski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Lorimer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unduwap Kandage-don</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald  S. Burton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Sugihara</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.196923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature triggers provide quantitative predictions of multi-species fish spawning peaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.189621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide phenotypic spectrum of human stem cell-derived excitatory neurons with Rett syndrome-associated MECP2 mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.189621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder primarily caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2 that is a global transcriptional regulator. Mutations in the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) of MECP2 disrupt its interaction with methylated DNA. Here, we investigate the effect of MECP2 L124W missense mutation in the MBD of an atypical RTT patient in comparison to severe MECP2 null mutations. L124W protein had a limited ability to disrupt heterochromatic chromocenters due to decreased binding dynamics. We isolated two pairs of isogenic WT and L124W induced pluripotent stem cells. L124W induced excitatory neurons expressed stable protein, exhibited increased input resistance and decreased voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents, and their neuronal dysmorphology was limited to decreased dendritic complexity. Three isogenic pairs of MECP2 null neurons had the expected more extreme morphological and electrophysiological phenotypes. We examined development and maturation of L124W and MECP2 null excitatory neural network activity using micro-electrode arrays. Relative to isogenic controls, L124W neurons had an increase in synchronous network burst frequency, in contrast to MECP2 null neurons that suffered a significant decrease in synchronous network burst frequency and a transient extension of network burst duration. We capture these findings in a computational neural network model that shows the observed changes in network dynamics are best explained by changes in intrinsic adaptation currents in individual neurons. Our multilevel results demonstrate that RTT excitatory neurons show a wide spectrum of morphological, electrophysiological and circuitry phenotypes that are dependent on the severity of the MECP2 mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebecca SF Mok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen-Bo Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taimoor I Sheikh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isabella R Fernandes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leah C DeJong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew R Hildebrandt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marat Mufteev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deivid C Rodrigues</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Wei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alina Piekna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiajie Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alysson R Muotri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John B Vincent</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael W Salter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Ellis</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.189621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide phenotypic spectrum of human stem cell-derived excitatory neurons with Rett syndrome-associated MECP2 mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.198630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tobacco, but not nicotine and flavor-less electronic cigarettes, induces ACE2 and immune dysregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.198630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has infected millions worldwide. This pandemic overlaps with the ongoing epidemics of cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping, with over 1 billion smokers and vapers worldwide. However, there is scarce data relating COVID-19 risks and outcome with cigarette or e-cig use. In this study, we mined 3 independent RNA expression datasets from smokers and vapers to understand the potential relationship between vaping/smoking and the dysregulation of key genes and pathways related to COVID-19. We found that smoking, but not vaping, upregulates ACE2, the cellular receptor that SARS-CoV-2 requires for infection. Both smoking and use of nicotine and flavor-containing e-cig led to upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and expression of genes related to inflammasomes. Vaping flavor-less and nicotine-less e-cig, however, did not lead to significant cytokine dysregulation and inflammasome activation. Release of inflammasome products, such as IL-1B, and cytokine storms are hallmarks of COVID-19 infection, especially in severe cases. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that smoking or vaping, specifically use of flavored or nicotine-containing e-cigs, may critically exacerbate COVID-19-related inflammation or increase susceptibility to the disease. Further scientific and public health investigations should be undertaken to address these concerning links between COVID-19 and e-cig/smoking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakladar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongkeko, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.198630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tobacco, but not nicotine and flavor-less electronic cigarettes, induces ACE2 and immune dysregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine-Containing E-cigarette Vapor Downregulate Lung WWOX Expression Which is Associated with Increased Severity of Murine ARDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALEA history of chronic cigarette smoking is known to increase risk for ARDS, but the corresponding risks associated with chronic e-cigarette use are largely unknown. The chromosomal fragile site gene, WWOX, is highly susceptible to genotoxic stress from environmental exposures, and thus an interesting candidate gene for the study of exposure-related lung disease.

METHODS AND RESULTSLungs harvested from current versus former/never smokers exhibited a 47% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels. Exposure to nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor resulted in an average 57% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels relative to vehicle treated controls. In separate studies, endothelial (EC)-specific WWOX KO versus wild type mice were examined under ARDS-producing conditions. EC WWOX KO mice exhibited significantly greater levels of vascular leak and histologic lung injury. ECs were isolated from digested lungs of untreated EC WWOX KO mice using sorting by flow cytometry for CD31+CD45- cells. These were grown in culture, confirmed to be WWOX-deficient by RT-PCR and Western blotting, and analyzed by electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS) as well as a FITC dextran transwell assay for their barrier properties during MRSA or LPS exposure. WWOX KO ECs demonstrated significantly greater declines in barrier function relative to wild type cells during either MRSA or LPS treatment as measured by both ECIS and the transwell assay.

CONCLUSIONThe increased risk for ARDS observed in chronic smokers may be mechanistically linked, at least in part, to lung WWOX downregulation, and this phenomenon may also manifest in the near future in chronic users of e-cigarettes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldaz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine-Containing E-cigarette Vapor Downregulate Lung WWOX Expression Which is Associated with Increased Severity of Murine ARDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.198010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acidosis, Zinc and HMGB1 in Sepsis: A Common Connection Involving Sialoglycan Recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.198010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35-7.45, with values below 7.3 during sepsis being associated with lactic acidosis, low serum zinc, and release of proinflammatory HMGB1 from activated and/or necrotic cells. Using an ex vivo whole blood system to model lactic acidosis, we show that while HMGB1 does not engage leukocyte receptors at physiological pH, lowering pH with lactic acid facilitates binding. At normal pH, micromolar zinc supports plasma sialoglycoprotein binding by HMGB1, which is markedly reduced when pH is adjusted with lactic acid to sepsis levels. Glycan array studies confirmed zinc and pH-dependent HMGB1 binding to sialoglycans typical of plasma glycoproteins. Thus, proinflammatory effects of HMGB1 are suppressed via plasma sialoglycoproteins until drops in pH and zinc release HMGB1 to trigger downstream immune activation.

Significance StatementHMGB1 sequestered by plasma sialoglycoproteins at physiological pH is released when pH and zinc concentrations fall in sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaramurthy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandala-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.198010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acidosis, Zinc and HMGB1 in Sepsis: A Common Connection Involving Sialoglycan Recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.202929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive alignment using paralogous sequence variants improves long read mapping and variant calling in segmental duplications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.202929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to characterize repetitive regions of the human genome is limited by the read lengths of short-read sequencing technologies. Although long-read sequencing technologies such as Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore can potentially overcome this limitation, long segmental duplications with high sequence identity pose challenges for long-read mapping. We describe a probabilistic method, DuploMap, designed to improve the accuracy of long read mapping in segmental duplications. It analyzes reads mapped to segmental duplications using existing long-read aligners and leverages paralogous sequence variants (PSVs) - sequence differences between paralogous sequences - to distinguish between multiple alignment locations. On simulated datasets, Duplomap increased the percentage of correctly mapped reads with high confidence for multiple long-read aligners including Minimap2 (74.3% to 90.6%) and BLASR (82.9% to 90.7%) while maintaining high precision. Across multiple whole-genome long-read datasets, DuploMap aligned an additional 8-21% of the reads in segmental duplications with high confidence relative to Minimap2. Using Duplomap aligned PacBio CCS reads, an additional 8.9 Mbp of DNA sequence was mappable, variant calling achieved a higher F1-score and 14,713 additional variants supported by linked-read data were identified. Finally, we demonstrate that a significant fraction of PSVs in segmental duplications overlap with variants and adversely impact short-read variant calling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prodanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.202929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive alignment using paralogous sequence variants improves long read mapping and variant calling in segmental duplications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delineation of a molecularly distinct terminally differentiated memory CD8 T cell population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory CD8 T cells provide durable protection against diverse intracellular pathogens and can be broadly segregated into distinct circulating and tissue-resident populations. Paradigmatic studies have demonstrated circulating memory cells can be further divided into effector memory (TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW) and central memory (TO_SCPLOWCMC_SCPLOW) populations based on discrete functional characteristics. Following resolution of infection, we identified a persisting antigen-specific CD8 T cell population that was simultaneously terminally-fated with potent effector function but maintained memory T cell qualities and conferred robust protection against reinfection. Notably, this terminally-differentiated effector memory CD8 T cell population (terminal-TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW) was conflated within the conventional TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW population, prompting redefinition of the classical characteristics of TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW cells. Murine terminal-TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW were transcriptionally, functionally, and developmentally unique compared to TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW cells. Through mass cytometry and single-cell RNAseq analyses of human peripheral blood from healthy individuals, we also identified an analogous terminal-TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW population of CD8 T cells that was transcriptionally distinct from TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW and TO_SCPLOWCMC_SCPLOW. A key finding of this study was that parsing of terminal-TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW from conventionally defined TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW challenges classical characteristics of TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW biology, including enhanced presence in lymphoid tissues, robust IL-2 production and recall potential, greater than expected homeostatic fitness, refined transcription factor dependencies, and a distinct molecular phenotype. Classification of terminal-TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW and clarification of TO_SCPLOWEMC_SCPLOW biology hold broad implications for understanding the molecular regulation of memory cell states and harnessing immunological memory to improve immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omilusik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reina-Campos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpoux, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.207266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delineation of a molecularly distinct terminally differentiated memory CD8 T cell population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.210344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aβ-induced synaptic injury is mediated by presynaptic expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in hippocampal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.210344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The patterns of A{beta}-induced synaptic injury were examined after targeting of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) preferentially to either CA1 or CA3 neurons using Cre-lox technology combined with tetracycline-regulated expression. Both CA1- and CA3-APP-expressing transgenic mouse lines exhibited reduction in long-term potentiation (LTP) only when APP was expressed in neurons presynaptic to the recording site, whereas LTP remained comparable to wild-type mice when APP was expressed in postsynaptic neurons. As quantified by both light and electron microscopy, this orientation-specific impairment in synaptic plasticity was mirrored by synaptic loss in regions receiving axonal inputs from neurons expressing APP. Furthermore, A(plaque deposition also occurred only in the postsynaptic axonal fields of APP-expressing neurons. These deficits were reversed not only with doxycycline to inhibit APP expression but also with {gamma}-secretase and Fyn kinase inhibitors, supporting the interpretation that the observed synaptic injury was mediated by A{beta}. Taken together, these results demonstrate that APP/A{beta}-induced synaptic toxicity is preferentially initiated by signaling of presynaptically expressed APP to the postsynaptic compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vicario-Orri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyan, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana da Silva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLoach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, I.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leutgeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.18.210344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aβ-induced synaptic injury is mediated by presynaptic expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in hippocampal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique contributions of sensory discrimination and gamma synchronization deficits to cognitive, clinical, and psychosocial functional impairments in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSchizophrenia patients show widespread deficits in neurocognitive, clinical and psychosocial functioning. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and gamma-band auditory steady-state response (ASSR) are robust biomarkers for domains of neuropsychiatric disorders that are impaired in schizophrenia patients and are separately associated with cognitive dysfunction, negative symptom severity and psychosocial disability. Although these measures of early auditory information processing are conceptually linked, it is unclear, whether these measures are redundant or account for unique variance in important outcome measures. In this study, we aimed to determine whether MMN and gamma-band ASSR are associated with cognitive, clinical, and functional variables and, if so, whether they account for shared vs. non-shared variance in those important domains.

MethodsMultiple regression analyses with MMN, gamma-band ASSR and clinical measures were performed in large cohorts of schizophrenia outpatients (N=428) and healthy comparison subjects (N=283).

ResultsReduced MMN (d = 0.67), gamma-band ASSR (d = -0.40), and lower cognitive function were confirmed in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy comparison subjects. Regression analyses revealed that both MMN and gamma-band ASSR have significant unique associations with tasks measuring of working memory, and daily functioning in schizophrenia patients.

ConclusionThese findings suggest that MMN and ASSR measures are non-redundant and complementary measures. Studies are needed to clarify the neural substrates of MMN and gamma-band ASSR in order to improve our understanding of pathophysiology of schizophrenia and accelerate their use in the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koshiyama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyakoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka-Koshiyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braff, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.211193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique contributions of sensory discrimination and gamma synchronization deficits to cognitive, clinical, and psychosocial functional impairments in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tractography-Pathology Correlations in Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion tractography MRI can infer changes in network connectivity in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but pathological substrates of disconnected tracts have not been well-defined due to a lack of high-resolution imaging with histopathological validation. We developed an ex vivo MRI protocol to analyze tract terminations at 750 m resolution, followed by histopathologic evaluation of white matter pathology, and applied these methods to a 60-year-old man who died 26 days after TBI. Analysis of 74 cerebral hemispheric white matter regions revealed a heterogeneous distribution of tract disruptions. Associated histopathology identified variable white matter injury with patchy deposition of amyloid precursor protein and loss of neurofilament-positive axonal processes, myelin dissolution, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and perivascular hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Multiple linear regression revealed that tract disruption strongly correlated with neurofilament loss. Ex vivo diffusion MRI can detect tract disruptions in the human brain that reflect axonal injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nolan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mac Donald, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kouwe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Arrastia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edlow, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the TRACK-TBI Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.209668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tractography-Pathology Correlations in Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique genomic features of crAss-like phages, the dominant component of the human gut virome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CrAssphage is the most abundant virus identified in the human gut virome and the founding member of a large group of bacteriophages that infect bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes and have been discovered by metagenomics of both animal-associated and environmental habitats. By analysis of circular contigs from human gut microbiomes, we identified nearly 600 genomes of crAss-like phages. Phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes demonstrates the monophyly of crAss-like phages, which can be expected to become a new order of viruses, and of 5 distinct branches, likely, families within that order. Two of these putative families have not been identified previously. The phages in one of these groups have large genomes (145-192 kilobases) and contain an unprecedented high density of self-splicing introns and inteins. Many crAss-like phages encode suppressor tRNAs that enable readthrough of UGA or UAG stop-codons, mostly, in late phage genes, which could represent a distinct anti-defense strategy. Another putative anti-defense mechanism that might target an unknown defense system in Bacteroidetes inhibiting phage DNA replication involves multiple switches of the phage DNA polymerase type between A and B families. Thus, comparative genomic analysis of the expanded assemblage of crAss-like phages reveals several unusual features of genome architecture and expression as well as phage biology that were not apparent from the previous crAssphage analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yutin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmakov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstoy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique genomic features of crAss-like phages, the dominant component of the human gut virome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transcriptional Switch Governing Fibroblast Plasticity Underlies Reversibility of Chronic Heart Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In diseased organs, stress-activated signaling cascades alter chromatin, triggering broad shifts in transcription and cell state that exacerbate pathology. Fibroblast activation is a common stress response that worsens lung, liver, kidney and heart disease, yet its mechanistic basis remains poorly understood1,2. Pharmacologic inhibition of the BET family of transcriptional coactivators alleviates cardiac dysfunction and associated fibrosis, providing a tool to mechanistically interrogate maladaptive fibroblast states and modulate their plasticity as a potential therapeutic approach3-8. Here, we leverage dynamic single cell transcriptomic and epigenomic interrogation of heart tissue with and without BET inhibition to reveal a reversible transcriptional switch underlying stress-induced fibroblast activation. Transcriptomes of resident cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated robust and rapid toggling between the quiescent fibroblast and activated myofibroblast state in a manner that directly correlated with BET inhibitor exposure and cardiac function. Correlation of single cell chromatin accessibility with cardiac function revealed a novel set of reversibly accessible DNA elements that correlated with disease severity. Among the most dynamic elements was an enhancer regulating the transcription factor MEOX1, which was specifically expressed in activated myofibroblasts, occupied putative regulatory elements of a broad fibrotic gene program, and was required for TGF{beta}-induced myofibroblast activation. CRISPR interference of the most dynamic cis-element within the enhancer, marked by nascent transcription, prevented TGF{beta}-induced activation of Meox1. These findings identify MEOX1 as a central regulator of stress-induced myofibroblast activation associated with cardiac dysfunction. The plasticity and specificity of the BET-dependent regulation of MEOX1 in endogenous tissue fibroblasts provides new trans- and cis- targets for treating fibrotic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheletti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travers, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Teran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranade, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares-Saldana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreoletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivey, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transcriptional Switch Governing Fibroblast Plasticity Underlies Reversibility of Chronic Heart Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.206300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABCB-mediated auxin transport in outer root tissues regulates lateral root spacing in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.206300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Root branching is an important strategy to explore efficiently large volumes of soil. To economize this process, lateral roots (LR) are formed along the growing root at discrete positions that are instructed by oscillating auxin signals derived from the lateral root cap (LRC). This assumes that auxin moves from the LRC across multiple layers to accumulate in the pericycle. Here, we identified, using gene silencing and CRISPR based approaches, a group of five genetically linked, closely related ABCBs that control LR spacing by modulating the amplitude of the auxin oscillation. The transporters localize to the plasma membrane and reveal significant auxin export activity. These ABCBs are mainly expressed in the LRC and epidermis where they contribute to auxin transport towards the root oscillation zone. Our findings highlight the importance of auxin transport in the outer tissues of the root meristem to regulate LR spacing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanneste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.206300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABCB-mediated auxin transport in outer root tissues regulates lateral root spacing in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric localization of the cell division machinery during Bacillus subtilis sporulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanistic details of bacterial cell division are poorly understood. The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis can divide via two modes. During vegetative growth, the division septum is formed at the mid cell to produce two equal daughter cells. However, during sporulation, the division septum is formed closer to one pole to yield a smaller forespore and a larger mother cell. We use cryo-electron tomography to visualize the architectural differences in the organization of FtsAZ filaments, the major orchestrators of bacterial cell division during these conditions. We demonstrate that during vegetative growth, FtsAZ filaments are present uniformly around the leading edge of the invaginating septum but during sporulation, they are only present on the mother cell side. Our data show that the sporulation septum is thinner than the vegetative septum during constriction, and that this correlates with half as many FtsZ filaments tracking the division plane during sporulation as compared to vegetative growth. We further find that a sporulation-specific protein, SpoIIE, regulates divisome localization and septal thickness during sporulation. Our data provide first evidence of asymmetric localization of the cell division machinery, and not just septum formation, to produce different cell types with diverse fates in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garrido, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric localization of the cell division machinery during Bacillus subtilis sporulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Building a Smart Kidney Atlas: Network-based integration of multimodal transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and imaging data in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.216507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWKidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) is building a spatially-specified human tissue atlas at the single-cell resolution with molecular details of the kidney in health and disease. Here, we describe the construction of an integrated reference tissue map of cells, pathways and genes using unaffected regions of nephrectomy tissues and undiseased human biopsies from 55 subjects. We use single-cell and -nucleus transcriptomics, subsegmental laser microdissection bulk transcriptomics and proteomics, near-single-cell proteomics, 3-D nondestructive and CODEX imaging, and spatial metabolomics data to hierarchically identify genes, pathways and cells. Integrated data from these different technologies coherently describe cell types/subtypes within different nephron segments and interstitium. These spatial profiles identify cell-level functional organization of the kidney tissue as indicative of their physiological functions and map different cell subtypes to genes, proteins, metabolites and pathways. Comparison of transcellular sodium reabsorption along the nephron to levels of mRNAs encoding the different sodium transporter genes indicate that mRNA levels are largely congruent with physiological activity.This reference atlas provides an initial framework for molecular classification of kidney disease when multiple molecular mechanisms underlie convergent clinical phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidgel, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderton, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velickovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamreddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laszik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troyanskaya, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeloglu, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.216507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Building a Smart Kidney Atlas: Network-based integration of multimodal transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and imaging data in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) benchmarks have been widely used to help validate clinical sequencing pipelines and develop new variant calling and sequencing methods. Here, we use accurate linked reads and long reads to expand the prior benchmarks in 7 samples to include difficult-to-map regions and segmental duplications that are not readily accessible to short reads. Our new benchmark adds more than 300,000 SNVs, 50,000 indels, and 16 % new exonic variants, many in challenging, clinically relevant genes not previously covered (e.g., PMS2). For HG002, we include 92% of the autosomal GRCh38 assembly, while excluding problematic regions for benchmarking small variants (e.g., copy number variants and reference errors) that should not have been in the previous version, which included 85% of GRCh38. By including difficult-to-map regions, this benchmark identifies eight times more false negatives in a short read variant call set relative to our previous benchmark.We have demonstrated the utility of this benchmark to reliably identify false positives and false negatives across technologies in more challenging regions, which enables continued technology and bioinformatics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome in a Bottle Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.212712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapsin-caveolin-1 mitigates cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AD presents with severe neurodegeneration which leads to cognitive deficits and dementia. Identifying the molecular signals that attenuate neurodegeneration in AD may be exploited as therapeutic targets. This study revealed that transgenic AD mice (PSAPP) exhibit decreased caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a membrane/lipid raft (MLR) scaffolding protein that organizes synaptic signaling components. Subcellularly, Cav-1 and full length (fl)-TrkB were significantly decreased in MLRs. We thus developed an in vivo gene therapy that re-expresses neuronal-targeted Cav-1 using the synapsin promoter (SynCav1). While AD mice showed significant learning and memory deficits at 9 and 11 months, AD mice that received hippocampal SynCav1 (AD-SynCav1) maintained normal learning and memory at 9 and 11 months respectively. Furthermore, AD-SynCav1 mice showed preserved hippocampal MLR-localized fl-TrkB, synaptic ultrastructure, dendritic arborization and axonal myelin content, all of which occurred independent of reducing amyloid deposit and astrogliosis. Thus, SynCav1 demonstrates translational potential to treat AD by delaying neurodegeneration.

SummaryTransgenic PSAPP mice exhibit decreased hippocampal expression of the membrane lipid raft (MLR) scaffolding protein caveolin-1. Synapsin-promoted re-expression of Cav-1 (termed SynCav1) mitigated neuropathology and cognitive deficits. SynCav1 gene therapy has the potential to treat AD and other forms of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podvin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleschevnikov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savchenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyanohara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleschevnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapsin-caveolin-1 mitigates cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.218115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activated M2 polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios such as Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), through the production of inflammatory and fibrosis-inducing cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of targeting the CD206 receptor with a novel fragment of a Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c to decrease cytokines that cause fibrosis. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2 polarized bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro, resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression, and a transient increase in M1 marker TNF, which resolves over a 24hr period. To elucidate the antifibrotic effect of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM) -induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis in a dosage dependent manner, as well as decreased CD206, TGF-{beta}1 and -SMA expression in mouse lungs. Interestingly we did not observe any changes in the resident alveolar macrophage marker CD170 expression. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased fibrosis in the lung, as well as significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-10, INF-{gamma}, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-{beta}1 and MMP-13. In comparison with FDA approved drugs, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed on body weight or blood chemistry. In summary, RP-832c is a potential agent to mitigate the overactivity of M2 macrophages in pathogenesis several pulmonary fibrotic diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 induced lung fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gheberemedhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salam, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adu-Addai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>khantwal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huixian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanyam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaynes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.218115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel CD206 Targeting Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ABCD Stop Signal Data: Response to Bissett et al. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper responds to a recent critique by Bissett and colleagues (Bissett et al., eLife, In Press) of the fMRI Stop task being used in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study(R)). The critique focuses primarily on a design feature of the task that the authors contend lead to a violation of race model assumptions (i.e., that the Go and Stop processes are fully independent) which are relevant to the calculation of the Stop Signal Reaction Time, a measure of the inhibition process. Bissett and colleagues also raise a number of secondary concerns. In this response we note that satisfying race model assumptions is a pernicious challenge for Stop task designs but also that the race model is quite robust against violations of its assumptions. Most importantly, while Bissett et al. raise conceptual concerns with the task we focus here on analyses of both the performance and the neuroimaging data and we conclude that the concerns appear to have minimal impact on the neuroimaging data (the validity of which do not rely on race model assumptions) and have far less of an impact on the performance data than the critique suggests. We note that Bissett et al. did not apply any performance-based exclusions to the data they analyzed, that a number of the trial coding errors that they flagged were already identified and corrected in the ABCD annual data releases, that a number of the secondary concerns reflect sensible design decisions and, indeed, that their own computational modeling of the ABCD Stop task suggests the problems they identify have just a modest impact on the rank ordering of individual differences in subject performance. In this paper, we list some adjustments that have been made to the task and some new flags that are now added to the annual, curated data releases. We stress that the ABCD data are fully available to the scientific community who are empowered to apply whatever inclusion and exclusion criteria they deem appropriate for their analyses and we conclude that the ABCD Stop task yields valuable data that researchers can use to track adolescent neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaarani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allgaier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz de Leon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ABCD Stop Signal Data: Response to Bissett et al.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABO genetic variation in Neanderthals and Denisovans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Variation at the ABO locus was one of the earliest sources of data in the study of human population identity and history, and to this day remains widely genotyped due to its importance in blood and tissue transfusions. Here, we look at ABO blood type variants in our archaic relatives: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Our goal is to understand the genetic landscape of the ABO gene in archaic humans, and how it relates to modern human ABO variation. We found two derived Neanderthal variants of the O allele in the Siberian Neanderthals (O1 and O2), one of these variants is shared with an European Neanderthal, who is a heterozygote for this O1 variant and a rare cis-AB variant. The Denisovan individual is heterozygous for two ancestral variant of the O1 allele, similar to variants found widely in modern humans. Perhaps more surprisingly, the O2 allele variant found in Siberian Neanderthals can be found at low frequencies in modern Europeans and Southeast Asians, and the O1 allele variant found in Siberian and European Neanderthal is also found at very low frequency in modern East Asians. Our genetic distance analyses suggest both alleles survive in modern humans due to inbreeding with Neanderthals. We find that the sequence backgrounds of the surviving Neanderthal-like O alleles in modern humans retain a higher sequence divergence than other surviving Neanderthal genome fragments, supporting a view of balancing selection operating in the Neanderthal ABO alleles by retaining highly diverse haplotypes compared to portions of the genome evolving neutrally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanea, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABO genetic variation in Neanderthals and Denisovans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein RBM3 negatively regulates innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and lung inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) promote lung inflammation through cytokine production in diseases such as asthma. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators of cellular function, including inflammatory responses, though the role of RBPs in innate lymphoid cells is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that RNA-binding motif 3 (RBM3) is one of the most highly expressed RBPs in Thy1.2+ lung ILCs after fungal allergen challenge and is further induced by epithelial cytokines TSLP and IL-33 in both human and mouse ILCs. Single (rbm3-/-) and double (rbm3-/-rag2-/-) knockout mice exposed via the airway to the asthma-associated fungal allergen Alternaria alternata displayed increases in eosinophilic lung inflammation and ILC activation compared to control mice. In addition to increased Th2 cytokine production, rbm3-/- ILCs produced elevated IL-17A. The negative regulation by RBM3 in ILC responses was direct as purified rbm3-/- ILCs were hyperinflammatory in vitro and in vivo after stimulation with IL-33. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-sequencing of rbm3-/- lung ILCs showed increased type 2 and 17 cytokines as well as global expression differences in critical cytokines, receptors, transcription factors, and survival transcripts compared with WT ILCs. Intriguingly, these transcript changes did not correlate with the presence of AU-rich elements (AREs), which RBM3 is known to bind. Thus, regulation of ILC responses by RNA-binding proteins offers novel mechanistic insight into lung ILC biology and ILC-driven inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doherty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein RBM3 negatively regulates innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and lung inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the catalytic properties of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.224220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhomboid protease PARL is a critical regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis through its cleavage of substrates such as PINK1, PGAM5, and Smac, which have crucial roles in mitochondrial quality control and apoptosis. To gain insight into the catalytic properties of the PARL protease, we expressed human PARL in yeast and used FRET-based kinetic assays to measure proteolytic activity in vitro. We show PARL activity in detergent is enhanced by cardiolipin. Significantly higher turnover rates are observed for PARL reconstituted in proteoliposomes, with Smac being cleaved most rapidly at a rate of 1 min-1. PGAM5 is cleaved with the highest efficiency compared to PINK1 and Smac. In proteoliposomes, a truncated {beta}-cleavage form of PARL is more active than the full-length enzyme for hydrolysis of PINK1, PGAM5 and Smac. Multiplex substrate profiling reveals a substrate preference for PARL with a bulky side chain Phe in P1, which is distinct from small side chain residues typically found with bacterial rhomboid proteases. This study using recombinant PARL provides fundamental insights into its catalytic activity and substrate preferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lysyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arutyunova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takyi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemberg, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.224220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the catalytic properties of the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the Human Brain using Brain Organoids and a Structure-Function Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A basic neurobiology-clinical trial paradigm motivates our use of constrained mathematical models and analysis of personalized human-derived brain organoids toward predicting clinical outcomes and safely developing new therapeutics. Physical constraints imposed on the brain can guide the analyses an interpretation of experimental data and the construction of mathematical models that attempt to make sense of how the brain works and how cognitive functions emerge. Development of these mathematical models for human-derived brain organoids offer an opportunity for testing new hypotheses about the human brain. When it comes to testing ideas about the brain that require a careful balance between experimental accessibility, manipulation, and complexity, in order to connect neurobiological details with higher level cognitive properties and clinical considerations, we argue that fundamental structure-function constraints applied to models of brain organoids offer a path forward. Moreover, we show these constraints appear in canonical and novel math models of neural activity and learning, and we make the case that constraint-based modeling and use of representations can bridge to machine learning for powerful mutual benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the Human Brain using Brain Organoids and a Structure-Function Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plankton food webs of the Gulf of Mexico spawning grounds of Atlantic Bluefin tuna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used linear inverse ecosystem modeling techniques to assimilate data from extensive Lagrangian field experiments into a mass-balance constrained food web for the Gulf of Mexico open-ocean ecosystem. This region is highly oligotrophic, yet Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ABT) travel long distances from feeding grounds in the North Atlantic to spawn there. Our results show that the food web is dominated by the microbial loop (>80% of net primary productivity is respired by heterotrophic bacteria and protists that feed on them). In contrast, herbivorous food web pathways from phytoplankton to metazoan zooplankton process <4% of net primary production in the mixed layer. Nevertheless, ABT larvae feed preferentially on calanoid copepods and other suspension-feeding zooplankton that in turn derive much of their nutrition from diatoms and mixotrophic flagellates. This allows ABT larvae to maintain a comparatively low trophic level ([~]4.0 for pre-flexion larvae; [~]4.2 for post-flexion larvae) that increases trophic transfer from phytoplankton to larval fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiz-Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selph, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiroza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swalethorp, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plankton food webs of the Gulf of Mexico spawning grounds of Atlantic Bluefin tuna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial attention enhances the spatial selectivity of population codes during the first wave of visual processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covert spatial attention has a variety of effects on the responses of individual neurons. However, relatively little is known about the net effect of these changes on sensory population codes, even though perception ultimately depends on population activity. Here, we measured the electroencephalogram (EEG) in human observers (male and female), and isolated stimulus-evoked activity that was phase-locked to the onset of attended and ignored visual stimuli. Using an encoding model, we reconstructed spatially selective population tuning functions from the pattern of stimulus-evoked activity across the scalp. Our EEG-based approach allowed us to measure very early visually evoked responses occurring ~100 ms after stimulus onset. In Experiment 1, we found that covert attention increased the amplitude of spatially tuned population responses at this early stage of sensory processing. In Experiment 2, we parametrically varied stimulus contrast to test how this effect scaled with stimulus contrast. We found that the effect of attention on the amplitude of spatially tuned responses increased with stimulus contrast, and was well-described by an increase in response gain (i.e., a multiplicative scaling of the population response). Together, our results show that attention increases the gain of spatial population codes during the first wave of visual processing.

Significance StatementWe know relatively little about how attention improves population codes, even though perception is thought to critically depend on population activity. In this study, we used an encoding-model approach to test how attention modulates the spatial tuning of stimulus-evoked population responses measured with EEG. We found that attention multiplicatively scales the amplitude of spatially tuned population responses. Furthermore, this effect was present within 100 ms of stimulus onset. Thus, our results show that attention improves spatial population codes by increasing their gain at this early stage of processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennberg, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial attention enhances the spatial selectivity of population codes during the first wave of visual processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF THE ENDOCYTIC PROTEIN EPSIN CONTROLLING ITS LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTION IN CANCER CELL MIGRATION AND INVASION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epsins are endocytic adaptor proteins with signaling and endocytic functions. The three mammalian epsin paralogs are made of an Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) domain and an unstructured C-terminal region. The highly conserved ENTH domain plays a role in signaling by blocking RhoGAP activity and is required for cell migration in mammalian cells. However, our lab has previously shown that only epsin full length overexpression can enhance cell migration, but the ENTH domain alone cannot. Among the three Epsin paralogs, epsin 3 followed by epsin 2 were able to substantially enhance cell migration. This study is the first one to systematically and comprehensibly address the contribution of different motifs within the epsin C-terminus to enhance protein localization and cell migration. We show that is not the lipid-binding ENTH domain, but the C-terminus of epsin the one playing a major role in epsin association with sites of endocytosis. Further, we dissected the contribution of individual C-terminal endocytic (clathrin-, AP2-, Ubiquitin- and EH domain-binding) motifs for epsin localization. We found that while all motifs show a degree of synergism, the clathrin-binding motifs are the most important for epsin localization. Our study also showed that, these motifs (particularly the clathrin binding site) play an important role in sustaining endocytic site dynamics and cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madhivanan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF THE ENDOCYTIC PROTEIN EPSIN CONTROLLING ITS LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTION IN CANCER CELL MIGRATION AND INVASION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MASSpy: Building, simulating, and visualizing dynamic biological models in Python using mass action kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models of metabolic networks utilize simulation to study system-level mechanisms and functions. Various approaches have been used to model the steady state behavior of metabolic networks using genome-scale reconstructions, but formulating dynamic models from such reconstructions continues to be a key challenge. Here, we present the Mass Action Stoichiometric Simulation Python (MASSpy) package, an open-source computational framework for dynamic modeling of metabolism. MASSpy utilizes mass action kinetics and detailed chemical mechanisms to build dynamic models of complex biological processes. MASSpy adds dynamic modeling tools to the COnstraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis Python (COBRApy) package to provide an unified framework for constraint-based and kinetic modeling of metabolic networks. MASSpy supports high-performance dynamic simulation through its implementation of libRoadRunner; the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) simulation engine. Three case studies demonstrate how to use MASSpy: 1) to simulate dynamics of detailed mechanisms of enzyme regulation; 2) to generate an ensemble of kinetic models using Monte Carlo sampling to approximate missing numerical values of parameters and to quantify uncertainty, and 3) to overcome issues that arise when integrating experimental data with the computation of functional states of detailed biological mechanisms. MASSpy represents a powerful tool to address challenge that arise in dynamic modeling of metabolic networks, both at a small and large scale.

Author SummaryGenome-scale reconstructions of metabolism appeared shortly after the first genome sequences became available. Constraint-based models are widely used to compute steady state properties of such reconstructions, but the attainment of dynamic models has remained elusive. We thus developed the MASSpy software package, a framework that enables the construction, simulation, and visualization of dynamic metabolic models. MASSpy is based on the mass action kinetics for each elementary step in an enzymatic reaction mechanism. MASSpy seamlessly unites existing software packages within its framework to provide the user with various modeling tools in one package. MASSpy integrates community standards to facilitate the exchange of models, giving modelers the freedom to use the software for different aspects of their own modeling workflows. Furthermore, MASSpy contains methods for generating and simulating ensembles of models, and for explicitly accounting for biological uncertainty. MASSpy has already demonstrated success in a classroom setting. We anticipate that the suite of modeling tools incorporated into MASSpy will enhance the ability of the modeling community to construct and interrogate complex dynamic models of metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haiman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MASSpy: Building, simulating, and visualizing dynamic biological models in Python using mass action kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable Myocardial Matrix Hydrogel Mitigates Negative Left Ventricular Remodeling in a Chronic Myocardial Infarction Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A first-in-man clinical study on a myocardial-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel yielded evidence for potential efficacy in ischemic heart failure (HF) patients. However, little is understood about the mechanism of action in chronic myocardial infarction (MI). In this study we investigated efficacy and mechanism by which the myocardial matrix hydrogel can mitigate negative left ventricular (LV) remodeling in a chronic model of MI. Assessment of cardiac function via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated preservation of LV volumes and apical wall thickening. Differential gene expression analyses showed the matrix is able to prevent worsening HF in a small animal chronic MI model through modulation of the immune response, downregulation of pathways involved in HF progression and fibrosis, and upregulation of genes important for cardiac muscle contraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassenaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaetani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMaria, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable Myocardial Matrix Hydrogel Mitigates Negative Left Ventricular Remodeling in a Chronic Myocardial Infarction Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myocardial matrix material supports a proliferative microenvironment for cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel therapeutics have sought to stimulate the endogenous repair mechanisms in the mammalian myocardium as the native regenerative potential of the adult cardiac tissue is limited. In particular, a myocardial matrix derived injectable hydrogel has shown efficacy and safety in various animal myocardial infarction (MI) including evidence of increased myocardium. In this study, investigation on the properties of this myocardial matrix material demonstrated its native capability as an effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger that can protect against oxidative stress and maintain cardiomyocyte proliferation in vitro. In vivo assessment of of myocardial matrix hydrogel treatment post-MI demonstrated increased thymidine analog uptake in cardiomyocytes compared to saline controls along with co-staining with cell cycle progression marker, phospho-histone H3. Overall, this study provides further evidence that properties of the myocardial matrix hydrogel promote an environment supportive of cardiomyocytes undergoing cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattaneo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camboa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myocardial matrix material supports a proliferative microenvironment for cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mast Cells Contribute to the Immunomodulatory Effect of the Biomaterial Microenvironment in a Gender Specific Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioactive immunomodulatory biomaterials have shown promise for influencing the immune response to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Macrophages and T cells have been associated with this response; however, other immune cell types have been traditionally overlooked. In this study, we investigated the role of mast cells in the regulation of the immune response to decellularized biomaterial scaffolds using a subcutaneous implant model. In mast cell-deficient mice, there was dysregulation of the expected M1 to M2 macrophage transition typically induced by the biomaterial scaffold. Polarization progression deviated in a sex specific manner with an early transition to an M2 profile in female mice, while the male response was unable to properly transition past a pro-inflammatory M1 state. Both were reversed with adoptive mast cell transfer. Further investigation of the later stage immune response in male mice determined a greater sustained pro-inflammatory gene expression profile including the IL-1 cytokine family, IL-6, alarmins, and chemokines. These results highlight mast cells as another important cell type that influences the immune response to pro-regenerative biomaterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mast Cells Contribute to the Immunomodulatory Effect of the Biomaterial Microenvironment in a Gender Specific Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPC1-mTORC1 signaling Couples Cholesterol Sensing to Organelle Homeostasis and is a Targetable Pathway in Niemann-Pick type C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes promote cellular homeostasis through macromolecular hydrolysis within their lumen and metabolic signaling by the mTORC1 kinase on their limiting membranes. Both hydrolytic and signaling functions require precise regulation of lysosomal cholesterol content. In Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), loss of the cholesterol exporter, NPC1, causes cholesterol accumulation within lysosomes, leading to mTORC1 hyperactivation, disrupted mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. The compositional and functional alterations in NPC lysosomes, and how aberrant cholesterol-mTORC1 signaling contributes to organelle pathogenesis are not understood. Through proteomic profiling of NPC lysosomes, we find pronounced proteolytic impairment compounded with hydrolase depletion and enhanced membrane damage. Genetic and pharmacologic mTORC1 inhibition restores lysosomal proteolysis without correcting cholesterol storage, implicating aberrant mTORC1 as a pathogenic driver downstream of cholesterol accumulation. Consistently, mTORC1 inhibition ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in a neuronal model of NPC. Thus, cholesterol-mTORC1 signaling controls organelle homeostasis and is a targetable pathway in NPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukurugya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoncu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPC1-mTORC1 signaling Couples Cholesterol Sensing to Organelle Homeostasis and is a Targetable Pathway in Niemann-Pick type C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific OCRL1 patient mutations differentially impact Lowe Syndrome cellular phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lowe Syndrome (LS) is a lethal genetic disorder caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene which encodes the lipid 5 phosphatase Ocrl1. Patients exhibit a characteristic triad of symptoms including eyes, brain and kidneys abnormalities with renal failure as the most common cause of premature death. Over 200 OCRL1 mutations have been identified in LS, but their specific impact on cellular processes is unknown. Despite observations of heterogeneity in patient symptom severity, there is little understanding of the correlation between genotype and its impact on phenotype.

Here, we show that different mutations had diverse effects on protein localization and on triggering LS cellular phenotypes. In addition, some mutations affecting specific domains imparted unique characteristics to the resulting mutated protein. We also propose that certain mutations conformationally affect the 5-phosphatase domain of the protein, resulting in loss of enzymatic activity and causing common and specific phenotypes.

This study is the first to show the differential effect of patient 5-phosphatase mutations on cellular phenotypes and introduces a conformational disease component in LS. This work provides a framework that can help stratify patients as well as to produce a more accurate prognosis depending on the nature and location of the mutation within the OCRL1 gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadesikan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skiba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhivanan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Fuente, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazbun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific OCRL1 patient mutations differentially impact Lowe Syndrome cellular phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.234906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paranode stability requires UNC5B expression by oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.234906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the mature CNS, netrin-1 is expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes and implicated in the stability of axo-oligodendroglial paranodal junctions. Here we report that the netrin receptor UNC5B is highly expressed by mature oligodendrocytes and enriched at paranodes. We demonstrate that paranodes become disorganized following conditional deletion of UNC5B in oligodendrocytes, with disruption of the interface between glial loops and detachment of loops from the axon. As a result, Caspr1 and Kv1.1 disperse along the axon, internodes fail to lengthen and compact myelin periodicity is reduced. Paranodal and axoglial domain disorganization progressively worsens and a delay in motor learning develops in aged mice lacking oligodendroglial UNC5B. Altered glial loop ultrastructure and reduced levels of claudin-11 and JAM-C tight junction proteins support the conclusion that disruption of autotypic junctions between paranodal loops underlies paranode disorganization. Our findings reveal an essential contribution of oligodendroglial UNC5B at paranodes that is required for the stability of mature myelin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Faria, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocanu, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilgram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadikot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.234906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paranode stability requires UNC5B expression by oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of the keystone species in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by causal inference and dynamic intervention modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveKeystone species are required for the integrity and stability of an ecological community, and therefore, are potential intervention targets for microbiome related diseases.

DesignHere we describe an algorithm for the identification of keystone species from cross-sectional microbiome data of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on causal inference theories and dynamic intervention modeling (DIM).

ResultsEight keystone species in the gut of NAFLD, represented by P. loveana, A. indistinctus and D. pneumosintes, were identified by our algorithm, which could efficiently restore the microbial composition of the NAFLD toward a normal gut microbiome with 92.3% recovery. These keystone species regulate intestinal amino acids metabolism and acid-base environment to promote the growth of the butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae species.

ConclusionOur method may benefit microbiome studies in the broad fields of medicine, environmental science and microbiology.

SUMMARYWhat is already known about this subject? O_LINon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex multifactorial disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear.
C_LIO_LIDysbiosis in the gut microbiota affects the initiation and development of NAFLD, but the mechanisms is yet to be established.
C_LIO_LIKeystone species represent excellent candidate targets for gut microbiome-based interventions, as they are defined as the species required for the integrity and stability of the ecological system.
C_LI

What are the new findings? O_LINAFLD showed significant dysbiosis in butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae species.
C_LIO_LIMicrobial interaction networks were constructed by the novel algorithm with causal inference.
C_LIO_LIKeystone species were identified form microbial interaction networks through dynamic intervention modeling based on generalized Lotka-Volterra model.
C_LIO_LIEight keystone species of NAFLD with the highest potential for restoring the microbial composition were identified.
C_LI

How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future? O_LIAn algorithm for the identification of keystone species from cross-sectional microbiome data based on causal inference theories and dynamic intervention modeling.
C_LIO_LIEight keystone species in the gut of NAFLD, represented by P. loveana, A. indistinctus and D. pneumosintes, which could efficiently restore the microbial composition of the NAFLD toward a normal gut microbiome.
C_LIO_LIOur method may benefit microbiome studies in the broad fields of medicine, environmental science and microbiology.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of the keystone species in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by causal inference and dynamic intervention modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus NS1 protein binds as a dimer to the RNA-free PABP1 but not to the PABP1-Poly(A) RNA Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious human pathogen responsible for nearly half a million deaths each year. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a crucial protein expressed by IAV to evade the host immune system. Additionally, NS1 has been proposed to stimulate translation because of its ability to bind poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABP1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). We analyzed the interaction of NS1 with PABP1 using quantitative techniques. Our studies show that NS1 binds as a homodimer to PABP1, and this interaction is conserved across different IAV strains. Unexpectedly, NS1 does not bind to PABP1 that is bound to poly(A) RNA. Instead, NS1 only binds to PABP1 free of RNA, suggesting that translation stimulation does not occur by NS1 interacting with the PABP1 molecule attached to the mRNA 3-poly(A) tail. We propose that NS1 binds to the eIF4G complex at the 5-end of the mRNA and recruits the RNA-free PABP1, which may stimulate translation initiation by promoting the association of the ribosomal subunits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Rozieres, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus NS1 protein binds as a dimer to the RNA-free PABP1 but not to the PABP1-Poly(A) RNA Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza neuraminidase is an important drug target. Glycans are present on neuraminidase, and are generally considered to inhibit antibody binding via their glycan shield. In this work we studied the effect of glycans on the binding kinetics of antiviral drugs to the influenza neuraminidase. We created all-atom in silico systems of influenza neuraminidase with experimentally-derived glycoprofiles consisting of four systems with different glycan conformations and one system without glycans. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a two- to eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. These glycans are capable of covering much of the surface area of neuraminidase, and the ligand binding inhibition is derived from glycans sterically occluding the primary binding site on a neighboring monomer. Our work also indicates that drugs preferentially bind to the primary binding site (i.e. the active site) over the secondary binding site, and we propose a binding mechanism illustrating this. These results help illuminate the complex interplay between glycans and ligand binding on the influenza membrane protein neuraminidase.

Statement of SignificanceThe influenza glycoprotein neuraminidase is the target for three FDA-approved influenza drugs in the US. However, drug resistance and low drug effectiveness merits further drug development towards neuraminidase, which is hindered by our limited understanding of glycan effects on ligand binding. Generally, drug developers do not include glycans in their development pipelines. Here, we show that even though glycans can reduce drug binding towards neuraminidase, we recommend future drug development work to focus on strong binders with a long lifetime. Furthermore, we examine the binding competition between the primary and secondary binding sites on neuraminidase, leading us to propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, multivalent binding mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konecny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk.

METHODSWe conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders, using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and iPSYCH.

RESULTSAcross disorders, genome-wide significant SNP-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815; p=3.2x10-8), that interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase enzymes implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p<1x10-6) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p=1.6x10-7; rs73033497, p=8.8x10-7; rs7914279, p=6.4x10-7) implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p=8.97x10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282; p=1.5x10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509; p=1.1x10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling in MDD (pFDR<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn the largest genome-wide GxS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development, immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway enrichment levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooney, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steixner-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique for deep in vivo imaging in scattering samples. However, it requires precise, sample-dependent increases in excitation power with depth in order to maintain signal while minimizing photodamage. We show that cells with identical fluorescent labels imaged in situ can be used to train a physics-based machine learning model that solves this problem. After this training has been performed, the correct illumination power can be predicted and adaptively adjusted at each point in a 3D volume on subsequent samples as a function of the samples shape, without the need for specialized fluorescent labelling. We use this technique for in vivo imaging of immune responses in mouse lymph nodes following vaccination, with imaging volumes 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported. We achieve visualization of physiologically realistic numbers of antigen-specific T cells for the first time, and demonstrate changes in the global organization and motility of dendritic cell networks during the early stages of the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdassarian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenica, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shagam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krummel, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned adaptive multiphoton illumination microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abortive Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Causes Multi-Cavernous Vascular Malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosaic inactivation of CCM2 in humans causes cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) containing adjacent dilated blood-filled multi-cavernous lesions. We used CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to induce mosaic inactivation of zebrafish ccm2 resulting in a novel lethal multi-cavernous lesion in the embryonic caudal venous plexus (CVP) caused by obstruction of blood flow by intraluminal pillars. These pillars mimic those that mediate intussusceptive angiogenesis; however, in contrast to the normal process, the pillars failed to fuse to split the pre-existing vessel in two. Abortive intussusceptive angiogenesis stemmed from mosaic inactivation of ccm2 leading to patchy klf2a over-expression and resultant aberrant flow signaling. Surviving adult fish manifested histologically-typical hemorrhagic CCM. Formation of mammalian CCM requires the flow-regulated transcription factor KLF2; fish CCM and the embryonic CVP lesion failed to form in klf2a null fish indicating a common pathogenesis with the mammalian lesion. These studies describe a zebrafish CCM model and establish a mechanism that can explain the formation of characteristic multi-cavernous lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abortive Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Causes Multi-Cavernous Vascular Malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in bile acid metabolizing gut microbiota and specific bile acid genes as a precision medicine to subclassify NAFLD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsMultiple mechanisms for the gut microbiome contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been implicated. Here, we aim to investigate the contribution and potential application for altered bile acid (BA) metabolizing microbe in NAFLD using whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) data.

Methods86 well-characterized biopsy-proven NAFLD patients and 38 healthy controls were included in the discovery cohort. Assembly-based analysis was performed to identify BA-metabolizing microbes. Statistical tests, feature selection and microbial interaction analysis were integrated to identify microbial alterations and markers in NAFLD. An independent validation cohort was subjected to similar analyses.

ResultsNAFLD microbiota exhibited decreased diversity and microbial interactions. We established a classifier model with 53 differential species exhibiting a robust diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.97) for dectecting NAFLD. Next, 8 important differential pathway markers including secondary BA biosynthesis were identified. Specifically, increased abundance of 7-HSDH, baiA and baiB were detected in NAFLD. Further, 10 of 50 BA-metabolizing metagenome-assembled genomes (MAG)s, from Bacteroides ovatus and Eubacterium biforme, were dominant in NAFLD and interplayed as a synergetic ecological guild. Importantly, two subtypes of NAFLD patients were observed according to secondary BA metabolism potentials. Elevated capability for secondary BA biosynthesis was also observed in the validation cohort.

ConclusionsWe identified novel bacterial BA-metabolizing genes and microbes that may contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and serve as disease markers. Microbial differences in BA-metabolism and strain-specific differences among patients highlight the potential for precision medicine in NAFLD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in bile acid metabolizing gut microbiota and specific bile acid genes as a precision medicine to subclassify NAFLD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIE-1 promotes SUMOylation and activation of HDAC1 during the C. elegans oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germlines shape and balance heredity, integrating and regulating information from both parental and foreign sources. Insights into how the germline handles information have come from the identification of factors that specify or maintain the germline fate. In early C. elegans embryos, the CCCH zinc-finger protein PIE-1 localizes to the germline where it prevents somatic differentiation programs. Here we show that PIE-1 also functions in the meiotic ovary where it becomes SUMOylated and engages the SUMO-conjugating machinery. Using whole-proteome mass spectrometry to detect SUMO-conjugated proteins, we identify HDAC SUMOylation as a target of PIE-1. Our findings suggest that SUMOylation activates HDAC, lowering histone acetylation and enhancing Argonaute-mediated surveillance in the germline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.253955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIE-1 promotes SUMOylation and activation of HDAC1 during the C. elegans oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix and cyclic stretch alter fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation and maturation in a rodent model of heart hypoplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Birth defects, particularly those that affect development of the heart, are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children. Babies born with heart hypoplasia (HH) disorders often have a poor prognosis. It remains unclear whether cardiomyocytes from hypoplastic hearts retain the potential to recover growth, although this knowledge would be beneficial for developing therapies for HH disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the proliferation and maturation potential of cardiomyocytes from hypoplastic hearts and whether these behaviors are influenced by biophysical signaling from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cyclic mechanical stretch. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)-associated HH was induced in rat fetuses by maternal exposure to nitrofen. Hearts were isolated from embryonic day 21 nitrofen-treated fetuses positive for CDH (CDH+) and from fetuses without nitrofen administration during gestation. CDH+ hearts were smaller and had decreased myocardial proliferation, along with evidence of decreased maturity compared to healthy hearts. In culture, CDH+ cardiomyocytes remained immature and demonstrated increased proliferative capacity compared to their healthy counterparts. Culture on ECM derived from CDH+ hearts led to a significant reduction in proliferation for both CDH+ and healthy cardiomyocytes. Healthy cardiomyocytes were dosed with exogenous nitrofen to examine whether nitrofen may have an abhorrent effect on the proliferative ability of cardiomyocyte, yet no significant change in proliferation was observed. When subjected to stretch, CDH+ cardiomyocytes underwent lengthening of sarcomeres while healthy cardiomyocyte sarcomeres were unaffected. Taken together, our results suggest that alterations to environmental cues such as ECM and stretch may be important factors in the pathological progression of HH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perreault, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoppel, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular matrix and cyclic stretch alter fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation and maturation in a rodent model of heart hypoplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular HUWE1 architecture serves as hub for degradation of cell-fate decision factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HECT ubiquitin ligases play essential roles in metazoan development and physiology. The HECT ligase HUWE1 is central to the cellular stress response by mediating degradation of key death or survival factors including Mcl1, p53, DDIT4, and Myc. As a step toward understanding regulation of HUWE1 engagement with its diverse substrates, we present here the cryo-EM structure of HUWE1, offering a first complete molecular picture of a HECT ubiquitin ligase. The ~4400 amino acid residue polypeptide forms an alpha solenoid-shaped assembly with a central pore decorated with protein interaction modules. This modularity enables HUWE1 to target a wide range of substrates for destruction. The locations of human mutations associated with severe neurodevelopmental disorders link functions of this essential enzyme with its three-dimensional organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunkeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overwijn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monda, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular HUWE1 architecture serves as hub for degradation of cell-fate decision factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An autonomous, but INSIG-modulated, role for the Sterol Sensing Domain in mallostery-regulated ERAD of yeast HMG-CoA reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.260133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) undergoes feedback regulated degradation as part of sterol pathway control. Degradation of the yeast HMGR isozyme Hmg2 is controlled by the sterol pathway intermediate GGPP, which causes misfolding of Hmg2 to enhance its ERAD by the HRD pathway. GGPP-dependent reversible misfolding of Hmg2 is remarkably similar to classic allosteric control; we recently labeled this process mallostery to fuse the ideas of misfolding and allostery. We have evaluated the role of the Hmg2 sterol sensing domain (SSD) in mallostery, and the involvement of highly conserved INSIG proteins in SSD function. The SSD is a membrane-embedded motif found in many sterol-related proteins. The Hmg2 SSD was critical for in vivo regulated degradation of Hmg2, and required for mallosteric misfolding of GGPP as studied by in vitro limited proteolysis. The Hmg2 SSD functions in mallostery independently of conserved yeast INSIG proteins. However, this autonomous action of the SSD was modulated by INSIG, thus imposing a second layer of control on Hmg2 regulation. SSD-mediated mallostery occurs prior to HRD dependent ubiquitination, defining a pathway regulation involving SSD-mediated misfolding followed by HRD dependent ubiquitination. GGPP dependent misfolding occurred at a much slower rate in the absence of a functional SSD, indicating that the SSD functions to allow physiologically useful rate of GGPP response, and implying that the SSD is not a binding site for GGPP. We used unresponsive Hmg2 SSD mutants to test the importance of quaternary structure in mallosteric regulation: the presence of a non-responsive Hmg2 mutant strongly suppressed regulation of a co-expressed, normal Hmg2. Finally, we have found that GGPP regulated misfolding occurred in detergent solubilized Hmg2, indicating that the mallosteric response is an intrinsic feature of the Hmg2 multimer. The preserved response of Hmg2 when in micellar solution will allow next-level studies on the structural and biophysical features of this novel fusion of regulation and protein quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wangeline, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.260133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An autonomous, but INSIG-modulated, role for the Sterol Sensing Domain in mallostery-regulated ERAD of yeast HMG-CoA reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A home and rescue gene drive forces its inheritance stably persisting in populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homing based gene drives, engineered using CRISPR/Cas9, have been proposed to spread desirable genes into target populations. However, spread of such drives can be hindered by the accumulation of resistance alleles. To overcome this significant obstacle, we engineer an inherently confinable population modification Home-and-Rescue (HomeR) drive in Drosophila melanogaster that, by creative design, limits the accumulation of such alleles. We demonstrate that HomeR can achieve nearly [~]100% transmission enabling it to spread and persist at genotypic fixation in several multi-generational population cage experiments, underscoring its long term stability and drive potential. Finally, we conduct mathematical modeling determining HomeR can outperform contemporary gene drive architectures for population modification over wide ranges of fitness and transmission rates. Given its straightforward design, HomeR could be universally adapted to a wide range of species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kandul, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A home and rescue gene drive forces its inheritance stably persisting in populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional validation of a finding from a mouse genome-wide association study demonstrates that a mutant allele of Azi2 alters sensitivity to methamphetamine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methamphetamine is a widely abused psychostimulant. In a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified a locus that influenced the stimulant response to methamphetamine. That locus was also an eQTL for the gene Azi2. Based on those findings, we hypothesized that heritable differences in the expression of Azi2 were causally related to the differential response to methamphetamine. In this study, we created a mutant Azi2 allele that caused lower Azi2 expression and enhanced the locomotor response to methamphetamine; however, based on the GWAS findings, we had expected lower Azi2 to decrease rather than increase the stimulant response to methamphetamine. We then sought to explore the mechanism by which Azi2 influenced methamphetamine sensitivity. A recent publication had reported that the 3UTR of Azi2 mRNA downregulates the expression of Slc6a3, which encodes the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is a key target of methamphetamine. We evaluated the relationship between Azi2/Azi2 3UTR and Slc6a3 expression in the VTA in the mutant Azi2 mice and in a new cohort of CFW mice. We did not observe any correlation between Azi2 and Slc6a3 in the VTA in either cohort. However, RNA sequencing confirmed that the Azi2 mutation altered Azi2 expression and also revealed a number of potentially important genes and pathways that were regulated by Azi2, including the metabotropic glutamate receptor group III pathway and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway. Our results support a role for Azi2 in methamphetamine sensitivity; however, the exact mechanism does not appear to involve regulation of Slc6a3 and thus remains unknown.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkley-Levenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Perez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional validation of a finding from a mouse genome-wide association study demonstrates that a mutant allele of Azi2 alters sensitivity to methamphetamine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental stage-specific changes in protein synthesis differentially sensitize hematopoietic stem cells and erythroid progenitors to impaired ribosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomopathies encompass a collection of human genetic disorders that often arise from mutations in ribosomal proteins or ribosome biogenesis factors. Despite ubiquitous requirement of ribosomes for protein synthesis, ribosomopathies present with tissue- and cell-type-specific disorders, and blood is particularly affected. Several ribosomopathies present with congenital anemias and bone marrow failure, and accordingly, erythroid lineage cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are preferentially impaired by ribosomal dysfunction. However, the factors that influence this cell-type-specific sensitivity are incompletely understood. Here, we show that protein synthesis rates change during HSC and erythroid progenitor ontogeny. Fetal HSCs exhibit significantly higher protein synthesis than adult HSCs. Despite protein synthesis differences, reconstituting activity of both fetal and adult HSCs is severely disrupted by a ribosomal mutation (Rpl24Bst/+). In contrast, fetal erythroid lineage progenitors exhibit significantly lower protein synthesis than their adult counterparts. Protein synthesis declines during erythroid differentiation, but the decline starts earlier in fetal differentiation than in adults. Strikingly, the Rpl24Bst/+ mutation impairs fetal, but not adult erythropoiesis, by impairing proliferation at fetal erythroid progenitor stages with the lowest protein synthesis relative to their adult counterparts. Thus, developmental and cell-type-specific changes in protein synthesis can sensitize hematopoietic cells to impaired ribosome biogenesis.

Key PointsO_LIFetal HSCs synthesize much more protein per hour than young adult HSCs in vivo
C_LIO_LIFetal erythroid progenitors synthesize much less protein per hour than young adult erythroid progenitors in vivo
C_LIO_LIDifferences in protein synthesis dynamics distinguish fetal and adult erythroid differentiation
C_LIO_LIA ribosomal mutation that reduces protein synthesis impairs fetal and adult HSCs
C_LIO_LIReduced protein synthesis impairs fetal but not adult erythroid progenitors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signer, R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental stage-specific changes in protein synthesis differentially sensitize hematopoietic stem cells and erythroid progenitors to impaired ribosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of research ethics education offerings of pharmacy master programs: a qualitative content analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of research ethics (RE) training has led academic and funding institutions to require that students, trainees, and faculty obtain such training at various stages of their careers. Despite the increasing awareness of the value RE education offers, this training requirement is absent in Jordan. We aimed to assess RE education offerings of pharmacy master programs in Jordan and compare with the top-ranked pharmacy graduate programs globally. Therefore, a list of universities that offer research-based pharmacy master programs was created. Each program was evaluated for the inclusion of RE education. A qualitative content analysis approach based on inductive reasoning and latent analysis was followed to analyze the data. Results of the study showed a lack of appropriate RE education for graduate-level pharmacy programs in Jordan with only 40% of the programs partially discuss selected topics related to RE. Regarding pharmacy graduate programs globally, 10% offer a standalone RE course, 40% offer some discussions related to RE, another 10% do not offer RE education in any form, and the remaining 40% of the programs were difficult to assess due to lack of sufficient information available online. Based on the findings of this study, training in RE is tends to be lacking in pharmacy graduate programs in Jordan and globally, with a greater lack in Jordan than globally. There is a need to incorporate formal RE education into programs that do not offer this type of instruction. Programs that formally touch on some aspects of RE need to expand the scope of topics to include more RE-related themes. Integrating a standalone RE course into pharmacy graduate programs is highly encouraged.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebeker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.266023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of research ethics education offerings of pharmacy master programs: a qualitative content analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The population genetics of pleiotropy, and the evolution of collateral resistance and sensitivity in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance mutations against one drug can elicit collateral sensitivity against other drugs. Multi-drug treatments exploiting such trade-offs can help slow down the evolution of resistance. However, if mutations with diverse collateral effects are available, a treated population may evolve either collateral sensitivity or collateral resistance. How to design treatments robust to such uncertainty is unclear. We show that many resistance mutations in Escherichia coli against various antibiotics indeed have diverse collateral effects. We propose to characterize such diversity with a joint distribution of fitness effects (JDFE) and develop a theory for describing and predicting collateral evolution based on simple statistics of the JDFE. We show how to robustly rank drug pairs to minimize the risk of collateral resistance and how to estimate JDFEs. In addition to practical applications, these results have implications for our understanding of evolution in variable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ardell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryazhimskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The population genetics of pleiotropy, and the evolution of collateral resistance and sensitivity in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis of Lipid Prodrugs that Substantially Enhance Anti-Coronavirus Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.269159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734) is currently the only FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of SARS CoV-2 infection. The drug is approved for use in adults or children 12-years or older who are hospitalized for the treatment of COVID-19 on the basis of an acceleration of clinical recovery for inpatients with this disease. Unfortunately, the drug must be administered intravenously, restricting its use to those requiring hospitalization for relatively advanced disease. RDV is also unstable in plasma and has a complex activation pathway which may contribute to its highly variable antiviral efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Potent orally bioavailable antiviral drugs for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed and several including molnupiravir and PF-07321332 are currently in clinical development. We focused on making simple, orally bioavailable lipid analogs of Remdesivir nucleoside (RVn, GS-441524) that are processed to RVn-monophosphate, the precursor of the active RVn-triphosphate, by a single-step intracellular cleavage. In addition to high oral bioavailability, stability in plasma and simpler metabolic activation, new oral lipid prodrugs of RVn had submicromolar anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in a variety of cell types including Vero E6, Calu-3, Caco-2, human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived lung cells and Huh7.5 cells. In Syrian hamsters oral treatment with ODBG-P-RVn was well tolerated and achieved therapeutic levels in plasma above the EC90 for SARS-CoV-2. The results suggest further evaluation as an early oral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize severe disease and reduce hospitalizations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beadle, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiaeva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretson, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostetler, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.269159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis of Lipid Prodrugs that Substantially Enhance Anti-Coronavirus Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIEZO ion channel is required for root mechanotransduction in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant roots adapt to the mechanical constraints of the soil to grow and absorb water and nutrients. As in animal species, mechanosensitive ion channels in plants are proposed to transduce external mechanical forces into biological signals. However, the identity of these plant root ion channels remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PIEZO (AtPIEZO) has preserved the function of its animal relatives and acts as an ion channel. We present evidence that plant PIEZO is highly expressed in the columella and lateral root cap cells of the root tip which experience robust mechanical strain during root growth. Deleting PIEZO from the whole plant significantly reduced the ability of its roots to penetrate denser barriers compared to wild type plants. piezo mutant root tips exhibited diminished calcium transients in response to mechanical stimulation, supporting a role of AtPIEZO in root mechanotransduction. Finally, a chimeric PIEZO channel that includes the C-terminal half of AtPIEZO containing the putative pore region was functional and mechanosensitive when expressed in naive mammalian cells. Collectively, our data suggest that Arabidopsis PIEZO plays an important role in root mechanotransduction and establishes PIEZOs as physiologically relevant mechanosensitive ion channels across animal and plant kingdoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, S. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombs, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadiri, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIEZO ion channel is required for root mechanotransduction in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media predict posttraumatic stress in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As natural disasters increase in frequency and severity1, 2, mounting evidence reveals that their human toll extends beyond death, injury, and loss. Posttraumatic stress (PTS) can be common among directly exposed individuals, and children are particularly vulnerable3, 4. Curiously, PTS can even be found among youth far removed from harms way, and media-based exposure may partially account for this phenomenon5-8. Unfortunately, susceptibility to media effects has been difficult to characterize because most research is initiated post-event, precluding examination of pre-disaster factors. In this study, we mitigate this issue with data from nearly 400 9-to 11-year-old children collected prior to and after Hurricane Irma. We evaluate whether preexisting neural patterns moderate associations between hurricane experiences and later Irma-related PTS. We show that "dose" of both objective exposure and Irma-related media exposure predicted Irma-related PTS, the latter even among children dwelling thousands of kilometers away from the hurricane. Furthermore, we show, using pre-hurricane functional magnetic resonance imaging data, that neural responses in brain regions associated with anxiety and stress confer particular vulnerability to the psychological effects of hurricane exposure among certain children. Surprisingly, this was even the case for media exposure- we found that that right amygdala reactivity to fearful stimuli moderated the association between Irma-related media exposure and PTS symptoms, with the media-PTS association strongest for children showing pre-hurricane heightened amygdala reactivity to Fear vs Neutral Faces. In contrast, in bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and left parahippocampal gyrus, children showing a weak response to the Fear condition relative to the Neutral condition were especially susceptible to PTS as a result of Irma-related media exposure. Collectively, these findings run counter to outdated "bullseye" models of disaster exposure that assume negative effects are narrowly circumscribed around a disasters geographic epicenter9. In contrast, for some youth with measurable preexisting vulnerability, consumption of extensive disaster-related media appears to offer an alternative pathway to disaster exposure that transcends geography and objective risk. This preventable exposure should be considered in disaster-related mental health efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapert, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squeglia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottler, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Greca, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurwitch, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.271056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media predict posttraumatic stress in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A giant cell enhancer achieves cell-type specificity through activation via TCP and repression by Dof transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper pattern formation relies on the tight coordination of cell fate specification and cell cycle regulation in growing tissues. How this can be organized at enhancers that activate gene expression necessary for differentiation is not well understood. One such example is the patterning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis where giant cell fate specification is associated with the endoreduplication cell cycle. Previously, we identified an enhancer region capable of driving giant cell-specific expression. In this study, we use the giant cell enhancer as a model to understand the regulatory logic that promotes cell-type specific expression. Our dissection of the enhancer revealed that giant cell specificity is achieved primarily through the combination of two elements: an activator and a repressor. TCP transcription factors are involved in activation of non-specific expression throughout the epidermis with higher expression in endoreduplicated giant cells than small cells. Dof transcription factors act via the second element to repress activity of the enhancer and limit expression to giant cells. Thus, we find that cell-type specific expression emerges from the combined activities of two broadly acting enhancer elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruneda-Paz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, A. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.270454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A giant cell enhancer achieves cell-type specificity through activation via TCP and repression by Dof transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo Mutation in an Enhancer of EBF3 in simplex autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.270751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has indicated an important contribution of de novo protein-coding variants within specific genes. The role of de novo noncoding variation has been observable as a general increase in genetic burden but has yet to be resolved to individual functional elements. In this study, we assessed whole-genome sequencing data in 2,671 families with autism, with a specific focus on de novo variation in enhancers with previously characterized in vivo activity. We identified three independent de novo mutations limited to individuals with autism in the enhancer hs737. These mutations result in similar phenotypic characteristics, affect enhancer activity in vitro, and preferentially occur in AAT motifs in the enhancer with predicted disruptions of transcription factor binding. We also find that hs737 is enriched for copy number variation in individuals with NDDs, is dosage sensitive in the human population, is brain-specific, and targets the NDD gene EBF3 that is genome-wide significant for protein coding de novo variants, demonstrating the importance of understanding all forms of variation in the genome.

One Sentence SummaryWhole-genome sequencing in thousands of families reveals variants relevant to simplex autism in a brain enhancer of the well-established neurodevelopmental disorder gene EBF3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padhi, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayeck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannion, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musunuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkin, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zody, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.270751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo Mutation in an Enhancer of EBF3 in simplex autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudouridine synthases modify human pre-mRNA co-transcriptionally and affect splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic messenger RNAs are extensively decorated with modified nucleotides and the resulting epitranscriptome plays important regulatory roles in cells 1. Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is a modified nucleotide that is prevalent in human mRNAs and can be dynamically regulated 2-5. However, it is unclear when in their life cycle RNAs become pseudouridylated and what the endogenous functions of mRNA pseudouridylation are. To determine if pseudouridine is added co-transcriptionally, we conducted pseudouridine profiling 2 on chromatin-associated RNA to reveal thousands of intronic pseudouridines in nascent pre-mRNA at locations that are significantly associated with alternatively spliced exons, enriched near splice sites, and overlap hundreds of binding sites for regulatory RNA binding proteins. Multiple distinct pseudouridine synthases with tissue-specific expression pseudouridylate pre-mRNA sites, and genetic manipulation of the predominant pre-mRNA modifying pseudouridine synthases PUS1, PUS7 and RPUSD4 induced widespread changes in alternative splicing in cells, supporting a role for pre-mRNA pseudouridylation in alternative splicing regulation. Consistently, we find that individual pseudouridines identified in cells are sufficient to directly affect splicing in vitro. Together with previously observed effects of artificial pseudouridylation on RNA-RNA6-8 and RNA-protein 9-11 interactions that are relevant for splicing, our results demonstrate widespread co-transcriptional pre-mRNA pseudouridylation and establish the enormous potential for this RNA modification to control human gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbacher, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudouridine synthases modify human pre-mRNA co-transcriptionally and affect splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Steady-state visually evoked potentials and feature-based attention: Pre-registered null results and a focused review of methodological considerations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feature-based attention is the ability to selectively attend to a particular feature (e.g., attend to red but not green items while looking for the ketchup bottle in your refrigerator), and steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) measured from the human electroencephalogram (EEG) signal have been used to track the neural deployment of feature-based attention. Although many published studies suggest that we can use trial-by-trial cues to enhance relevant feature information (i.e., greater SSVEP response to the cued color), there is ongoing debate about whether participants may likewise use trial-by-trial cues to voluntarily ignore a particular feature. Here, we report the results of a pre-registered study in which participants either were cued to attend or to ignore a color. Counter to prior work, we found no attention-related modulation of the SSVEP response in either cue condition. However, positive control analyses revealed that participants paid some degree of attention to the cued color (i.e., we observed a greater P300 component to targets in the attended versus the unattended color). In light of these unexpected null results, we conducted a focused review of methodological considerations for studies of feature-based attention using SSVEPs. In the review, we quantify potentially important stimulus parameters that have been used in the past (e.g., stimulation frequency; trial counts) and we discuss the potential importance of these and other task factors (e.g., feature-based priming) for SSVEP studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Steady-state visually evoked potentials and feature-based attention: Pre-registered null results and a focused review of methodological considerations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability analysis of a signaling circuit with dual species of GTPase switches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWGTPases are molecular switches that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, such as organelle biogenesis, position, shape, and function, vesicular transport between organelles, and signal transduction. These hydrolase enzymes operate by toggling between an active "ON") guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state and an inactive ("OFF") guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound state; such a toggle is regulated by GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins). Here we propose a model for a network motif between monomeric (m) and trimeric (t) GTPases assembled exclusively in eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms. We develop a system of ordinary differential equations in which these two classes of GT-Pases are interlinked conditional to their ON/OFF states within a motif through coupling and feedback loops. We provide explicit formulae for the steady states of the system and perform classical local stability analysis to systematically investigate the role of the different connections between the GTPase switches. Interestingly, a coupling of the active mGTPase to the GEF of the tGTPase was sufficient to provide two locally stable states: one where both active/inactive forms of the mGTPase can be interpreted as having low concentrations and the other where both m- and tGTPase have high concentrations. Moreover, when a feedback loop from the GEF of the tGTPase to the GAP of the mGTPase was added to the coupled system, two other locally stable states emerged, both having the tGTPase inactivated and being interpreted as having low active tGTPase concentrations. Finally, the addition of a second feedback loop, from the active tGT-Pase to the GAP of the mGTPase, gives rise to a family of steady states that can be parametrized by a range of inactive tGTPase concentrations. Our findings reveal that the coupling of these two different GTPase motifs can dramatically change their steady state behaviors and shed light on how such coupling may impact signaling mechanisms in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolerman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability analysis of a signaling circuit with dual species of GTPase switches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.280636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-vessel cerebral blood flow fMRI to map blood velocity by phase-contrast imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.280636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current approaches to high-field fMRI provide two means to map hemodynamics at the level of single vessels in the brain. One is through changes in deoxyhemoglobin in venules, i.e., blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI, while the second is through changes in arteriole diameter, i.e., cerebral blood volume (CBV) fMRI. Here we introduce cerebral blood flow (CBF)-fMRI, which uses high-resolution phase-contrast MRI to form velocity measurements of flow and demonstrate CBF-fMRI in single penetrating microvessels across rat parietal cortex. In contrast to the venule-dominated BOLD and arteriole-dominated CBV fMRI signal, the phase-contrast -based CBF signal changes are highly comparable from both arterioles and venules. Thus, we have developed a single-vessel fMRI platform to map the BOLD, CBV, and CBF from penetrating microvessels throughout the cortex. This high-resolution single-vessel fMRI mapping scheme not only enables the vessel-specific hemodynamic mapping in diseased animal models but also presents a translational potential to map vascular dementia in diseased or injured human brains with ultra-high field fMRI.

SummaryWe established a high-resolution PC-based single-vessel velocity mapping method using the high field MRI. This PC-based micro-vessel velocity measurement enables the development of the single-vessel CBF-fMRI method. In particular, in contrast to the arteriole-dominated CBV and venule-dominated BOLD responses, the CBF-fMRI shows similar velocity changes in penetrating arterioles and venules in activated brain regions. Thus, we have built a noninvasive single-vessel fMRI mapping scheme for BOLD, CBV, and CBF hemodynamic parameter measurements in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleninfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.280636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-vessel cerebral blood flow fMRI to map blood velocity by phase-contrast imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTPBP1 resolves paused ribosomes to maintain neuronal homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.281675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome-associated quality control pathways respond to defects in translational elongation to recycle arrested ribosomes and degrade aberrant polypeptides and mRNAs. Loss of an individual tRNA gene leads to ribosomal pausing that is resolved by the translational GTPase GTPBP2, and in its absence causes neuron death. Here we show that loss of the homologous protein GTPBP1 during tRNA deficiency in the mouse brain also leads to codon-specific ribosome pausing and neurodegeneration, suggesting that these non-redundant translational GTPases function in the same pathway to mitigate ribosome pausing. Ribosome stalling in the mutant brain led to activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) mediated by GCN2 and decreased mTORC1 signaling. However, in contrast to the ISR, which enhanced neuron survival, reduced mTORC1 signaling increased neuronal death. Our data demonstrate that GTPBP1 functions as an important quality control mechanism during translation elongation and suggest that translational signaling pathways intricately interact to regulate neuronal homeostasis during defective translation elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terrey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.281675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTPBP1 resolves paused ribosomes to maintain neuronal homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherently confinable split-drive systems in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.282079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based gene drive systems, which copy themselves based on gene conversion mediated by the homology directed repair (HDR) pathway, have potential to revolutionize vector control. However, mutant alleles generated by the competing non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway that are rendered resistant to Cas9 cleavage can interrupt the spread of genedrive elements. We hypothesized that drives targeting genes essential for viability or reproduction also carrying recoded sequences to restore endogenous gene functionality should benefit from dominantly-acting maternal clearance of NHEJ alleles, combined with recessive Mendelian processes. Here, we test split gene-drive (sGD) systems in Drosophila melanogaster that were inserted into essential genes required for viability (rab5, rab11, prosalpha2) or fertility (spo11). In single generation crosses, sGDs copy with variable efficiencies and display sex-biased transmission. In multi-generational cage trials, sGD follow distinct drive trajectories reflecting their differential tendencies to induce target chromosome damage or lethal/sterile mosaic phenotypes, leading to inherently confineable drive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terradas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchman, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.282079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherently confinable split-drive systems in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential gene expression reflects larval development and survival of monarch butterflies on different milkweed hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Second instar larvae of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, from a nonmigratory population in Irapuato, Mexico, were reared for twenty-four hours on three species of milkweed hosts: Asclepias curassavica, A. linaria, and Gomphocarpus physocarpus. We then measured larval growth and differential expression of coding genes and of microRNAs. Larval growth was similar on the two Asclepias species, while little growth was observed on G. physocarpus. The greatest differences in coding gene expression occurred in genes controlling growth and detoxification and were most extreme in comparisons between G. physocarpus and the two Asclepias. MicroRNAs are predicted to be involved as regulators of many of these processes, in particular miR-278, differentially expressed here, could be an important regulator of growth through Hippo signaling. The implications for survival of the monarch, especially in the context of environmental factors altering the availability of their favored milkweed species, are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-De-la-Rosa, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Loustalot-Laclette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu-Goodger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markow, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential gene expression reflects larval development and survival of monarch butterflies on different milkweed hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High spatial resolution global ocean metagenomes from Bio-GO-SHIP repeat hydrography transects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed descriptions of microbial communities have lagged far behind physical and chemical measurements in the marine environment. Here, we present 720 globally distributed surface ocean metagenomes collected at high spatio-temporal resolution. Our low-cost metagenomic sequencing protocol produced 2.75 terabases of data, where the median number of base pairs per sample was 3.48 billion. The median distance between sampling stations was 26 km. The metagenomic libraries described here were collected as a part of a biological initiative for the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program, or "Bio-GO-SHIP." One of the primary aims of GO-SHIP is to produce high spatial and vertical resolution measurements of key state variables to directly quantify climate change impacts on ocean environments. By similarly collecting marine metagenomes at high spatiotemporal resolution, we expect that this dataset will help answer questions about the link between microbial communities and biogeochemical fluxes in a changing ocean.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larkin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustick, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnerup, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarran, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkov, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiny, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High spatial resolution global ocean metagenomes from Bio-GO-SHIP repeat hydrography transects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TWIST1 and chromatin regulatory proteins interact to guide neural crest cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein interaction is critical molecular regulatory activity underlining cellular functions and precise cell fate choices. Using TWIST1 BioID-proximity-labelling and network propagation analyses, we discovered and characterized a TWIST-chromatin regulatory module (TWIST1-CRM) in the neural crest cell (NCC). Combinatorial perturbation of core members of TWIST1-CRM: TWIST1, CHD7, CHD8, and WHSC1 in cell models and mouse embryos revealed that loss of the function of the regulatory module resulted in abnormal specification of NCCs and compromised craniofacial tissue patterning. Our results showed that in the course of cranial neural crest differentiation, phasic activity of TWIST1 and the interacting chromatin regulators promote the choice of NCC fate while suppressing neural stem cell fates, and subsequently enhance ectomesenchyme potential and cell motility. We have revealed the connections between TWIST1 and potential neurocristopathy factors which are functionally interdependent in NCC specification. Moreover, the NCC module participate in the genetic circuit delineating dorsal-ventral patterning of neural progenitors in the neuroepithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masamsetti, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engholm-Keller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studdert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TWIST1 and chromatin regulatory proteins interact to guide neural crest cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of RAG recombinase recruitment to chromatin and the IgH locus in live pro-B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins introduce double-strand DNA breaks at antigen-receptor loci in developing lymphocytes to initiate V(D)J recombination. How RAG proteins find the correct target locus in a vast excess of non-specific chromatin is not known. Here we measured dynamics of RAG1/RAG2 interactions with chromatin in living pro-B cells. We found that the majority of RAG1 or RAG1/RAG2 complex is in a fast 3D diffusive state, and the residual slow diffusive (bound) fraction was determined by a non-core portion of RAG1, and the PHD domain of RAG2. The RAG proteins exhibited distinct dynamics at the IgH locus. In particular, RAG2 increased the probability of RAG1 binding to IgH, a property that likely explains its non-catalytic role in V(D)J recombination. Our observations reveal how RAG finds its targets in developing B cells.

One Sentence SummarySingle-molecule imaging of the RAG recombinase reveals its search strategy for chromatin, H3K4me3 and antibody gene loci in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lovely, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braikia, F.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of RAG recombinase recruitment to chromatin and the IgH locus in live pro-B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive interrogation of the ADAR2 deaminase domain for engineering enhanced RNA base-editing activity, functionality and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) can be repurposed to enable programmable RNA editing, however their exogenous delivery leads to transcriptome-wide off-targeting, and additionally, enzymatic activity on certain RNA motifs, especially those flanked by a 5 guanosine is very low thus limiting their utility as a transcriptome engineering toolset. To address this, we explored comprehensive ADAR2 protein engineering via three approaches: First, we performed a novel deep mutational scan of the deaminase domain that enabled direct coupling of variants to corresponding RNA editing activity. Experimentally measuring the impact of every amino acid substitution across 261 residues, i.e. ~5000 variants, on RNA editing, revealed intrinsic domain properties, and also several mutations that greatly enhanced RNA editing. Second, we performed a domain-wide mutagenesis screen to identify variants that increased activity at 5-GA-3 motifs, and discovered novel mutants that enabled robust RNA editing. Third, we engineered the domain at the fragment level to create split deaminases. Notably, compared to full-length deaminase overexpression, split-deaminases resulted in >1000 fold more specific RNA editing. Taken together, we anticipate this comprehensive deaminase engineering will enable broader utility of the ADAR toolset for RNA biotechnology and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katrekar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meluzzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive interrogation of the ADAR2 deaminase domain for engineering enhanced RNA base-editing activity, functionality and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical principles governing the shapes of dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along the dendrites of neurons and are sites of excitatory postsynaptic activity. The morphology of spines has been implicated in their function in synaptic plasticity and their shapes have been well-characterized, but the potential mechanics underlying their shape development and maintenance have not yet been fully understood. In this work, we explore the mechanical principles that could underlie specific shapes using a minimal biophysical model of membrane-actin interactions. Using this model, we first identify the possible force regimes that give rise to the classic spine shapes - stubby, filopodia, thin, and mushroom-shaped spines. We also use this model to investigate how the spine neck might be stabilized using periodic rings of actin or associated proteins. Finally, we use this model to predict that the cooperation between force generation and ring structures can regulate the energy landscape of spine shapes across a wide range of tensions. Thus, our study provides insights into how mechanical aspects of actin-mediated force generation and tension can play critical roles in spine shape maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical principles governing the shapes of dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of Cas9 binding and cleavage across diverse guide sequences maps landscapes of target engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 has unlocked powerful methods for perturbing both the genome through targeted DNA cleavage and the regulome through targeted DNA binding, but limited biochemical data has hampered efforts to quantitatively model sequence perturbation of target binding and cleavage across diverse guide sequences. We present scalable, sequencing-based platforms for high-throughput filter binding and cleavage, then perform 62,444 quantitative binding and cleavage assays on 35,047 on- and off-target DNA sequences across 90 Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) loaded with distinct guide RNAs. We observe that binding and cleavage efficacy, as well as specificity, vary substantially across RNPs; canonically studied guides often have atypically high specificity; sequence context surrounding the target significantly influences Cas9 on-rate; and Cas9 RNPs may sequester targets in nonproductive states that contribute to "proofreading" capability. Finally, we distill our findings into an interpretable biophysical model that predicts changes in binding and cleavage for diverse target sequence perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of Cas9 binding and cleavage across diverse guide sequences maps landscapes of target engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene exchange networks define species-like units in marine prokaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-submission note. Since the original submission of this manuscript to bioRxiv, we discovered that some of our results may be impacted by the limitations of some of the comparative genomics tools used in this study. We are working on a revised version of the manuscript.

Although horizontal gene transfer is recognized as a major evolutionary process in Bacteria and Archaea, its general patterns remain elusive, due to difficulties tracking genes at relevant resolution and scale within complex microbiomes. To circumvent these challenges, we analyzed a randomized sample of >12,000 genomes of individual cells of Bacteria and Archaea in the tropical and subtropical ocean - a well-mixed, global environment. We found that marine microorganisms form gene exchange networks (GENs) within which transfers of both flexible and core genes are frequent, including the rRNA operon that is commonly used as a conservative taxonomic marker. The data revealed efficient gene exchange among genomes with <28% nucleotide difference, indicating that GENs are much broader lineages than the nominal microbial species, which are currently delineated at 4-6% nucleotide difference. The 42 largest GENs accounted for 90% of cells in the tropical ocean microbiome. Frequent gene exchange within GENs helps explain how marine microorganisms maintain millions of rare genes and adapt to a dynamic environment despite extreme genome streamlining of their individual cells. Our study suggests that sharing of pangenomes through horizontal gene transfer is a defining feature of fundamental evolutionary units in marine planktonic microorganisms and, potentially, other microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stepanauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezuidt, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachiadaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Record, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.291518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene exchange networks define species-like units in marine prokaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.290486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR37L1: pharmacological toolbox empty once again 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.290486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are largely intractable therapeutic targets, owing to the lack of chemical tools for exploring their pharmacology. The discovery of such tools, however, is hampered by a number of unknowns, such as effector coupling and appropriate positive controls. In our 2017 Nature Chemical Biology paper1, we developed a computational chemical tool discovery approach called GPCR Contact-Informed Neighboring Pocket (GPCR-CoINPocket). This method predicted pharmacological similarity of GPCRs in a ligand- and structure-independent manner, to enable the discovery of off-target activities of known compounds at orphan GPCRs and hence the identification of so-called surrogate ligands. Our orphan GPCR target for prospective surrogate ligand discovery efforts was GPR37L1, a brain-specific receptor linked to cerebellar development2 and seizures3. We had previously demonstrated that GPR37L1 constitutively coupled to Gs and generated ligand-independent increases in intracellular cAMP4[&#167;]. Thus, the inverse agonist activities of computationally predicted surrogates were tested in the cAMP response element luciferase (CRE-luc) reporter gene assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells expressing either vector control or what we thought was untagged GPR37L1 in pcDNA3.1. However, we recently discovered that the GPR37L1 construct used in that study was incorrect: instead of pcDNA3.1, it carried the receptor inserted backwards into a yeast p426GPD vector (hereafter referred to as p426-r37L1). Here, we correct the cloning error and describe our subsequent unsuccessful efforts to re-test the computationally predicted GPR37L1 ligands (triggering an author-initiated retraction of1).

NoteWe, the authors, are working with the Nature Chemical Biology Editors to retract our 2017 paper  Orphan receptor ligand discovery by pickpocketing pharmacological neighbors1. The present manuscript is under review at Nature Chemical Biology as a Matters Arising accompaniment to the anticipated author-initiated retraction. We initiated the steps towards the retraction upon discovering a regrettable cloning error that put into question the in vitro findings reported in1. This action was unanimously agreed upon by all authors. The computational aspects of the original manuscript1 are unaffected by this error.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahal, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finch, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kufareva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.290486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR37L1: pharmacological toolbox empty once again]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective activation of FZD7 promotes mesendodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNT proteins are secreted symmetry breaking signals that interact with cell surface receptors of the FZD family to regulate a multitude of developmental processes. Studying selectivity between WNTs and FZDs has been hampered by the paucity of purified WNT proteins and by their apparent non-selective interactions with the FZD receptors. Here we describe an engineered protein, called F7L6, comprised of antibody-derived single chain variable fragments that selectively binds to human FZD7 and the co-receptor LRP6. F7L6 potently activates WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling in a manner similar to Wnt3a. In contrast to Wnt3a, F7L6 engages only FZD7 and none of the other FZD proteins. Treatment of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells with F7L6 initiates transcriptional programs similar to those observed during primitive streak formation and subsequent gastrulation in the mammalian embryo. This demonstrates that selective engagement and activation of FZD7 signaling is sufficient to promote mesendodermal differentiation of hPS cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaasterland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective activation of FZD7 promotes mesendodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal transcriptional regulation of cellular responses to sudden environmental shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular responses to sudden changes in their environment require prompt expression of the correct levels of the appropriate enzymes. These enzymes are typically regulated by transcription factors that sense the presence of inducers and control gene expression for the duration of the response. The specific choice of regulatory strategy depends on the characteristics of each cell response, with the pattern of gene expression dictated by parameters such as the affinity of the transcription factor to its binding sites and the strength of the promoters it regulates. Although much is known about how gene regulation determines the dynamics of cell responses, we still lack a framework to understand how the many different regulatory strategies evolved in natural systems relate to the constraints imposed by the selective pressures acting in each particular case. Here, we analyze a dynamical model of a cell response where expression of a transcriptionally repressed enzyme is induced by a sudden exposure to its substrate. We identify strategies of gene regulation that optimize the response for different types of selective pressures, which we define as a set of costs associated with substrate, enzyme and repressor intracellular concentrations during the response. We find that regulated responses happen within a defined region in the parameter space. While responses to costly (toxic) substrates favor the usage of strongly self-regulated repressors, responses where expression of enzyme is more costly than its substrate favor the usage of constitutively expressed repressors. There is only a very narrow range of selective pressures that would favor weakly self-regulated repressors. This framework can be used to infer which costs and benefits are most critical in the evolution of natural examples of cellular responses, and to predict how a response can optimize its regulation when transported to a new environment with different demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimring, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal transcriptional regulation of cellular responses to sudden environmental shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electro-optical mechanically flexible coaxial microprobes for minimally invasive interfacing with intrinsic neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central to advancing our understanding of neural circuits is the development of minimally invasive, multi-modal interfaces capable of simultaneously recording and modulating neural activity. Recent devices have focused on matching the mechanical compliance of tissue to reduce inflammatory responses1,2. However, reductions in the size of multi-modal interfaces are needed to further improve biocompatibility and long-term recording capabilities1. Here we demonstrate a multi-modal coaxial microprobe design with a minimally invasive footprint (8-12 m diameter over millimeter lengths) that enables efficient electrical and optical interrogation of neural networks. In the brain, the probes allowed robust electrical measurement and optogenetic stimulation. Scalable fabrication strategies can be used with various electrical and optical materials, making the probes highly customizable to experimental requirements, including length, diameter, and mechanical properties. Given their negligible inflammatory response, these probes promise to enable a new generation of readily tunable multi-modal devices for minimally invasive interfacing with neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esener, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmerjahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirbuly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electro-optical mechanically flexible coaxial microprobes for minimally invasive interfacing with intrinsic neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The organization and developmental establishment ofcortical interneuron presynaptic circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory and cognitive functions are processed in discrete cortical areas and depend upon the integration of long range cortical and subcortical inputs. PV and SST inhibitory interneurons (cINs) gate these inputs and failure to do so properly is implicated in many neurodevelopmental disorders. The logic by which these interneuron populations are integrated into cortical circuits and how these vary across sensory versus associative cortical areas is unknown. To answer this question, we began by surveying the breadth of afferents impinging upon PV and SST cINs within distinct cortical areas. We found that presynaptic inputs to both cIN populations are similar and primarily dictated by their areal location. By contrast, the timing of when they receive these afferents is cell-type specific. In sensory regions, both SST and PV cINs initially receive thalamocortical first order inputs. While by adulthood PV cINs remain heavily skewed towards first order inputs, SST cINs receive an equal balance of first and higher order thalamic afferents. Remarkably, while perturbations to sensory experience affect PV cIN thalamocortical connectivity, SST cIN connectivity is disrupted in a model of fragile X syndrome (Fmr1 loss of function) but not a model of ASD (Shank3B loss of function). Altogether, these data provide a comprehensive map of cIN afferents within different functional cortical areas and reveal the region-specific logic by which PV and SST cIN circuits are established.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pouchelon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollmann, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agba, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritola, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirow, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.302117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The organization and developmental establishment ofcortical interneuron presynaptic circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A De Novo Genome Assembly, Gene Annotation, And Expression Atlas For The Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The monarch butterfly epitomizes insect biodiversity decline. Understanding the genetic basis of the adaptation of the monarch to a changing environment requires genomic and transcriptomic resources that better reflect its genetic diversity while being informative about gene functionality during life cycle. We report a reference-quality genome assembly from an individual resident at a nonmigratory colony in Mexico, and a new gene annotation and expression atlas for 14,865 genes, including 492 unreported long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, based on RNA-seq data from 14 larval and pupal stages, plus adult morphological sections. Two thirds of the genes show significant expression changes associated with a life stage or section, with lncRNAs being more finely regulated during adulthood than protein-coding genes, and male-biased expression being four times more common than female-biased. The two portions of the heterochromosome Z display distinct patterns of differential expression between the sexes, reflecting that dosage compensation is either absent or incomplete -depending on the sample- in the ancestral but not in the novel portion of the Z. This study represents a major advance in the genomic and transcriptome resources available for D. plexippus while providing the first systematic analysis of its transcriptional program across most of its life cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazario, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cervantes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Kaufman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markow, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu-Goodger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.304162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A De Novo Genome Assembly, Gene Annotation, And Expression Atlas For The Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.304964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered lipid metabolism marks glioblastoma stem and non-stem cells in separate tumor niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.304964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is marked by cellular heterogeneity, including metabolic heterogeneity, that varies among cellular microenvironments in the same tumor. Altered cellular metabolism in cancer is well-established, but how lipid metabolism is altered to suit different microenvironmental conditions and cellular states within a tumor remains unexplored.

MethodsWe assessed GBM organoid models that mimic the transition zone between nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor pseudopalisading/perinecrotic tumor zones and performed spatial RNA-sequencing of cells to interrogate lipid metabolism. Using targeted lipidomic analysis, we assessed differences in acutely enriched cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-CSCs from multiple patient-derived models to explore the link between the stem cell state and lipid metabolism.

ResultsSpatial analysis revealed a striking difference in lipid content between microenvironments, with lipid enrichment in the hypoxic organoid cores and the perinecrotic and pseudopalisading regions of primary patient tumors. This was accompanied by regionally restricted upregulation of hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated (HILPDA) gene expression in organoid cores and in clinical GBM specimens, but not lower-grade brain tumors, that was specifically localized to pseudopalisading regions of patient tumors. CSCs have low lipid droplet accumulation compared to non-CSCs in organoid models and xenograft tumors, and prospectively sorted lipid-low GBM cells are functionally enriched for stem cell activity. Targeted lipidomic analysis revealed that CSCs had decreased levels of major classes of neutral lipids compared to non-CSCs but had significantly increased polyunsaturated fatty acid production due to high fatty acid desaturase (FADS1/2) expression.

ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that lipid metabolism is differentially altered across GBM microenvironments and cellular hierarchies, providing guidance for targeting of these altered lipid metabolic pathways.

Key pointsO_LIGBM cells in nutrient-poor tumor regions have increased accumulation of lipid droplets.
C_LIO_LICSCs have reduced lipid content compared to non-CSCs.
C_LIO_LIGBM CSCs and non-CSCs have disparate lipid metabolisms that may be uniquely targetable.
C_LI

Importance of the StudyMetabolic targeting has long been advocated as a therapy against many tumors including GBM, and it remains an outstanding question whether cancer stem cells (CSCs) have altered lipid metabolism. We demonstrated striking differences in lipid metabolism between diverse cell populations from the same patient. These spatially and phenotypically distinct lipid phenotypes occur clinically in the majority of patients and can be recapitulated in laboratory models. Lipidomic analysis of multiple patient-derived models shows a significant shift in lipid metabolism between GBM CSCs and non-CSCs, suggesting that lipid levels may not be simply a product of the microenvironment but also may be a reflection of cellular state. Our results suggest that therapeutic targeting of GBM lipid metabolism must consider multiple separate tumor cell populations to be effective, and we provide a methodologic framework for studying these metabolically diverse cellular populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalva, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.20.304964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered lipid metabolism marks glioblastoma stem and non-stem cells in separate tumor niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), a ten-item screener for alcohol use disorder (AUD), have elucidated novel loci for alcohol consumption and misuse. However, these studies also revealed that GWASs can be influenced by numerous biases (e.g., measurement error, selection bias), which have led to inconsistent genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and AUD, as well as paradoxically negative genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and psychiatric disorders/medical conditions. To explore these unexpected differences in genetic correlations, we conducted the first item-level and largest GWAS of AUDIT items (N=160,824), and applied a multivariate framework to mitigate previous biases. In doing so, we identified novel patterns of similarity (and dissimilarity) among the AUDIT items, and found evidence of a correlated two-factor structure at the genetic level (Consumption and Problems, rg=.80). Moreover, by applying empirically-derived weights to each of the AUDIT items, we constructed an aggregate measure of alcohol consumption that is strongly associated with alcohol dependence (rg=.67) and several other psychiatric disorders, and no longer positively associated with health and positive socioeconomic outcomes. Lastly, by performing polygenic analyses in three independent cohorts that differed in their ascertainment and prevalence of AUD, we identified novel genetic associations between alcohol consumption, alcohol misuse, and human health. Our work further emphasizes the value of AUDIT for both clinical and genetic studies of AUD, and the importance of using multivariate methods to study genetic associations that are more closely related to AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Geus, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.304196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engines of change: Transposable element mutation rates are high and vary widely among genotypes and populations of Daphnia magna 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.307181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) represent a large and dynamic portion of most eukaryotic genomes, yet little is known about their mutation rates or the correspondence between rates and long-term patterns of accrual. We compare TE activity over long and short time periods by quantifying TE profiles and mutation rates (with and without minimizing selection) among 9 genotypes from three populations of Daphnia magna sampled along a latitudinal gradient. The patterns of genome-wide variation observed in nature mirror direct estimates of rates and spectra observed in a multi-year laboratory mutation accumulation experiment, where net rates range from -11.98 to 12.79 x 10-5 per copy per generation across genotypes. Overall, gains outnumber losses and both types of events are highly deleterious based on comparing lines with and without selection minimized. The rate and spectrum of TE mutations vary widely among genotypes and across TE families/types, even within the same population. We compare TE mutation rates to previously published rates of base substitution, microsatellite mutation, and gene conversion for the same genotypes, and show a correlation only with the latter. Our study provides strong evidence for the notion that TEs represent a highly mutagenic force in the genome. Furthermore, the variation we observe underscores the need to expand the repertoire of mutations studied to include a wider array of mutation types with different underlying mechanisms in order to better understand the evolution of the mutation rate and the ways in which genetic variation is generated genome wide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrion, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latta, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.307181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engines of change: Transposable element mutation rates are high and vary widely among genotypes and populations of Daphnia magna]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genus Embletonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCladobranch sea slugs represent roughly half of the biodiversity of soft-bodied, marine gastropod molluscs (Nudibranchia) on the planet. Despite their global distribution from shallow waters to the deep sea, from tropical into polar seas, and their important role in marine ecosystems and for humans (as bioindicators and providers of medical drug leads), the evolutionary history of cladobranch sea slugs is not yet fully understood. Here, we amplify the current knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships by extending the cladobranch and outgroup taxon sampling using transcriptome data.

ResultsWe generated new transcriptome data for 19 species of cladobranch sea slugs and two additional outgroup taxa. We complemented our taxon sampling with previously published transcriptome data, resulting in a final supermatrix covering 56 species from all but one accepted cladobranch superfamilies. Transcriptome assembly using six different assemblers, selection of those assemblies providing the largest amount of potentially phylogenetically informative sites, and quality-driven compilation of data sets resulted in three different supermatrices: one with a full coverage of genes per species (446 single-copy protein-coding genes) and two with a less stringent coverage (667 genes with 98.9% partition coverage and 1,767 genes with 86% partition coverage, respectively). We used these supermatrices to infer statistically robust maximum-likelihood trees. All analyses, irrespective of the data set, indicate maximum statistical support for all major splits and phylogenetic relationships on family level. The only discordance between the inferred trees is the position of Embletonia pulchra. Extensive testing using Four-cluster Likelihood Mapping, Approximately Unbiased tests, and Quartet Scores revealed that its position is not due to any informative phylogenetic signal, but caused by confounding signal.

ConclusionsOur data matrices and the inferred trees inferred can serve as a solid foundation for future work on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of Cladobranchia. The correct placement of E. pulchra, however, proves challenging, even with large data sets. Moreover, quartet mapping shows that confounding signal present in the data is sufficient to explain the inferred position of E. pulchra, again leaving its phylogenetic position as an enigma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karmeinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meusemann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodheart, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroedl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korshunova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wägele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.307728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics provides a robust framework for the relationships of the major clades of cladobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), but fails to resolve the position of the enigmatic genus Embletonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR2 modulates T helper 17 cell effector function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.308221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ADAR1 and ADAR2 catalyze adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, the most common post-transcriptional modification in RNA. While ADAR1 is ubiquitously expressed and plays a critical role in preventing activation of the host immune system, ADAR2 exhibits tissue-specific and inducible expression patterns, and its function in the immune system is not known. Here, we identify an intragenic super-enhancer involved in the dramatic induction of ADAR2 when naive helper T cells differentiate toward the Th17 lineage. By editing the inverted repeat sequences at the 3 untranslated region (UTR) of Malt1, which encodes a component of the NF-{kappa}B activation complex, ADAR2 promotes MALT1 expression and Th17 effector function. Interference with the ADAR2-MALT1 pathway dampens the production of Th17 cytokines and promotes T cell-mediated colitis. This study expands our understanding of RNA editing in adaptive immunity and identifies the ADAR2-MALT1-IL-17A axis as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions in the intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.308221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR2 modulates T helper 17 cell effector function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Organization for Color Appearance Mechanisms in Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.309054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of color perception have led to mechanistic models of how cone-opponent signals from retinal ganglion cells are integrated to generate color appearance. But it is unknown how this hypothesized integration occurs in the brain. Here we show that cone-opponent signals transmitted from retina to primary visual cortex (V1) are integrated through highly organized circuits within V1 to implement the color opponent interactions required for color appearance. Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI) and 2-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) at single cell resolution, we demonstrate cone-opponent functional domains (COFDs) that combine L/M cone-opponent and S/L+M cone-opponent signals following the rules predicted from psychophysical studies of color perception. These give rise to an orderly organization of hue preferences of the neurons within the COFDs and the generation of hue "pinwheels". Thus, spatially organized neural circuits mediate an orderly transition from cone-opponency to color appearance that begins in V1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.309054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Organization for Color Appearance Mechanisms in Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving atomic site interactions of the Y. pestis outer membrane protein Ail with human serum in the bacterial cell envelope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.310672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding microbe-host interactions at the molecular level is a major goal of fundamental biology and therapeutic drug development. Structural biology strives to capture biomolecular structures in action, but the samples are often highly simplified versions of the complex native environment. Here we present an E. coli model system that allows us to probe the structure and function of Ail, the major surface protein of the deadly pathogen Yersinia pestis. We show that cell surface expression of Ail produces Y. pestis virulence phenotypes in E. coli, including resistance to human serum, co-sedimentation of human vitronectin and pellicle formation. Moreover, isolated bacterial cell envelopes, encompassing inner and outer membranes, yield high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra that reflect the structure of Ail and reveal Ail sites that are sensitive to the bacterial membrane environment and involved in the interactions with human serum components. The data capture the structure and function of Ail in a bacterial outer membrane and set the stage for probing its interactions with the complex milieu of immune response proteins present in human serum.

SIGNIFICANCEAil is a critical virulence factor of Y. pestis, and its interactions with human serum are central for promoting the immune resistance of bacteria to the human host defenses. Here we capture the action of Ail in a functional bacterial environment and set the stage for probing its interactions with the complex milieu of immune response proteins present in human serum. The development of an E. coli model system of Y. pestis for biophysical studies is new and biologically important. Finally, the work extends the range in-situ NMR spectroscopy to include models of microbial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kent, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujimoto, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opella, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plano, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marassi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.310672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving atomic site interactions of the Y. pestis outer membrane protein Ail with human serum in the bacterial cell envelope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.315135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The quantitative metabolome is shaped by abiotic constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.315135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living systems formed and evolved under governing constraints that characterize their interactions with the inorganic world. These interactions are definable using basic physico-chemical principles. Here, we formulate a comprehensive set of ten governing abiotic constraints that define possible quantitative metabolomes. We apply these constraints to a metabolic network of Escherichia coli that represents 90% of its metabolome. We show that the quantitative metabolomes allowed by the abiotic constraints are consistent with metabolomic and isotope labeling data. We find that: (i) Network-wide characterization of charge-, proton- and magnesium-related constraints shape transcriptional regulatory responses to osmotic stress; (ii) Proton and charge imbalance underlie transcriptional regulatory responses to acid stress; (iii) Abiotic constraints drive the evolution of transport systems, such as high-affinity phosphate transporters. Thus, quantifying the constraints that the inorganic world imposes on living systems provides insights into their key characteristics, helps understand the outcomes of evolutionary adaptation, and should be considered as a fundamental part of theoretical biology and for understanding the constraints on evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkovich, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsson, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.315135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The quantitative metabolome is shaped by abiotic constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THAP1 Modulates Oligodendrocyte Maturationby Regulating ECM Degradation in Lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.316133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms controlling myelination during CNS maturation play a pivotal role in the development and refinement of CNS circuits. The transcription factor THAP1 is essential for timing the inception of myelination during CNS maturation through a cell-autonomous role in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Here, we demonstrate that THAP1 modulates ECM composition by regulating glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism within oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Thap1-/- OPCs accumulate and secrete excess GAGs, inhibiting their maturation through an auto-inhibitory mechanism. THAP1 controls GAG metabolism by binding to and regulating the GusB gene encoding {beta}-glucuronidase, a GAG-catabolic lysosomal enzyme. Applying GAG-degrading enzymes or overexpressing {beta}-glucuronidase rescues Thap1-/- OL maturation deficits in vitro and in vivo. Our studies establish lysosomal GAG catabolism within OPCs as a critical mechanism regulating oligodendrocyte development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yellajoshyula, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakkottai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.316133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THAP1 Modulates Oligodendrocyte Maturationby Regulating ECM Degradation in Lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boolean Implication Analysis Improves Prediction Accuracy of In Silico Gene Reporting of Retinal Cell Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retina is a complex tissue containing multiple cell types that is essential for vision. Understanding the gene expression patterns of various retinal cell types has potential applications in regenerative medicine. Retinal organoids (optic vesicles) derived from pluripotent stem cells have begun to yield insights into the transcriptomics of developing retinal cell types in humans through single cell RNA-sequencing studies. Previous methods of gene reporting have relied upon techniques in vivo using microarray data, or correlational and dimension reduction methods for analyzing single cell RNA-sequencing data in silico. Here, we present a bioinformatic approach using Boolean implication to discover retinal cell type-specific genes. We apply this approach to previously published retina and retinal organoid datasets and improve upon previously published correlational methods. Our method improves the prediction accuracy and reproducibility of marker genes of retinal cell types and discovers several new high confidence cone and rod-specific genes. Furthermore, our method is general and can impact all areas of gene expression analyses in cancer and other human diseases.

Significance StatementEfforts to derive retinal cell types from pluripotent stem cells to the end of curing retinal disease require robust characterization of these cell types gene expression patterns. The Boolean method described in this study improves prediction accuracy of earlier methods of gene reporting, and allows for the discovery and validation of retinal cell type-specific marker genes. The invariant nature of results from Boolean implication analysis can yield high-value molecular markers that can be used as biomarkers or drug targets.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boolean Implication Analysis Improves Prediction Accuracy of In Silico Gene Reporting of Retinal Cell Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colwellia and Marinobacter metapangenomes reveal species-specific responses to oil and dispersant exposure in deepsea microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 7 million liters of Corexit EC9500A and EC9527A were applied to the Gulf of Mexico in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The impacts of dispersants remain under debate and negative, positive, and inconclusive impacts have been reported. Here, metatrancriptomics was applied in the context of metapangenomes to microcosms that simulated environmental conditions comparable to the hydrocarbon-rich 1,100 m deep plume. Within this microcosm study, negative effects of dispersants on microbial hydrocarbon degradation were previously reported based on activity measurements and geochemical data. Transcriptional enrichment of Colwellia, a potential dispersant degrader, followed variable time-dependent trajectories due to interactions between oil, dispersants, and nutrients. The Colwellia metapangenome captured a mixture of environmental responses linked to the Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H genome and to the genomes of other members of the Colwellia genus. The activation of genes involved in lipid degradation, nitrogen metabolism, and membrane composition under oil or nutrient availability, suggested an opportunistic growth strategy for Colwellia. In contrast, transcripts of Marinobacter, a natural hydrocarbon degrader, increased only in oil treatments. Marinobacter transcripts largely recruited to the accessory metapangenome of Marinobacter sp. C18, the closest genomic reference. A complex response involving carbon and lipid metabolism, chemotaxis and a type IV secretion system suggested active energy-dependent processes in Marinobacter. These findings highlight chemistry-dependent responses in the metabolism of key hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and underscore that dispersant-driven selection could temper the ability of the community to respond to hydrocarbon injection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pena Montenegro, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleindienst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Calderon, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joye, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colwellia and Marinobacter metapangenomes reveal species-specific responses to oil and dispersant exposure in deepsea microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Phaeodactylum tricornutum Diaminopimelate Decarboxylase was Acquired via Horizontal Gene Transfer from Bacteria and Displays Substrate Promiscuity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are predicted to synthesize certain amino acids within the chloroplast, including L-lysine via a diaminopimelate-dependent pathway. Herein, we report that the model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, possesses a chimeric lysine biosynthetic pathway, which coalesces bacterial and plant genes, and is terminated by a chloroplast-localized diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DAPDC, PtLYSA). We show that while RNAi ablation of PtLYSA is either synthetically lethal or concomitant with a slower growth rate, Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of PtLYSA results in recovery of heterozygous cells lines, suggesting that PtLYSA is an essential gene. Previously characterized DAPDCs are unique within the PLP-dependent decarboxylases where catalysis occurs at the D-stereocenter of the substrate and display a strict stereochemical preference for a (D,L)- or meso-substrate and not the D,D- or L,L-isomers of diaminopimelate (DAP) to synthesize L-lysine. Using decarboxylation assays and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, we validate that PtLYSA is a bona fide DAPDC and uncover its unexpected stereopromiscuous behavior in substrate specificity. The crystal structure of PtLYSA confirms the enzyme is an obligate homodimer in which both protomers reciprocally participate in the active site. The structure underscores features unique to the PtLYSA clan of DAPDC and provides structural insight into the determinants responsible for the substrate-promiscuity observed in PtLYSA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bielinski, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moosburner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fussy, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Phaeodactylum tricornutum Diaminopimelate Decarboxylase was Acquired via Horizontal Gene Transfer from Bacteria and Displays Substrate Promiscuity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Light Stimulation of Molecular-Targeted Nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates the entry of molecules into the brain by tight junctions that seals the paracellular space and receptor-mediated transcytosis. It remains elusive to selectively modulate these mechanisms and to overcome BBB without significant neurotoxicity. Here we report that light stimulation of tight junction-targeted plasmonic nanoparticles selectively opens up the paracellular route to allow diffusion through the compromised tight junction and into the brain parenchyma. The BBB modulation does not impair vascular dynamics and associated neurovascular coupling, or cause significant neural injury. It further allows antibody and adeno-associated virus delivery into local brain regions. This novel method offers the first evidence of selectively modulating BBB tight junctions and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions in the central nervous system.

One Sentence SummaryGentle stimulation of molecular-targeted nanoparticles selectively opens up the paracellular pathway and allows macromolecules and gene therapy vectors into the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vemireddy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannotta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayenga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.326843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier by Light Stimulation of Molecular-Targeted Nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.323634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Clonal Live SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Neutralization by Antibodies Isolated from Severe COVID-19 Convalescent Donors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.323634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interactions between antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and protective immunity. To understand the differences between antibody responses in mild versus severe cases of COVID-19, we analyzed the B cell responses in patients 1.5 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe and not mild infection correlated with high titers of IgG against Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that were capable of viral inhibition. B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing revealed two VH genes, VH3-38 and VH3-53, that were enriched during severe infection. Of the 22 antibodies cloned from two severe donors, six exhibited potent neutralization against live SARS-CoV-2, and inhibited syncytia formation. Using peptide libraries, competition ELISA and RBD mutagenesis, we mapped the epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to three different sites on the Spike. Finally, we used combinations of nAbs targeting different immune-sites to efficiently block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of 49 healthy BCR repertoires revealed that the nAbs germline VHJH precursors comprise up to 2.7% of all VHJHs. We demonstrate that severe COVID-19 is associated with unique BCR signatures and multi-clonal neutralizing responses that are relatively frequent in the population. Moreover, our data support the use of combination antibody therapy to prevent and treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werbner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hada-Neeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roitburd-Berman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershoni, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimhony, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Tanamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.323634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Clonal Live SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Neutralization by Antibodies Isolated from Severe COVID-19 Convalescent Donors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in drug vapor exposure systems utilizing e-cigarette technology have enabled evaluation of {Delta}-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor effects in laboratory animals. The purpose of this study was to 1) establish a range of parameters of THC vapor exposure in rats sufficient to produce a behavioral dose-effect curve in a battery of tasks sensitive to THC; 2) to investigate sex differences in the effects of THC vapor exposure and THC injection (intraperitoneal, IP) on these behaviors in two strains of outbred rats. Male and female Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats (N=22, 5-6/group) received THC via IP injection (1-20 mg/kg) and passive exposure to THC vapor (200 mg/ml; 5 conditions) in a within subject design. The effects of vaped and injected THC were determined using the tail-withdrawal assay for nociception, rectal measurements of body temperature, and progressive-ratio responding for food pellets. Plasma THC concentrations were assessed after 10 mg/kg IP THC or THC vapor. THC produced dose and exposure-dependent antinociception and hypothermia. THC vapor produced inverted U-shaped effects in motivation to obtain food, while IP THC reduced PR breakpoints. Plasma THC concentrations were higher after 10 mg/kg IP THC (152 ng/mL) compared to the highest vapor exposure condition tested (38 ng/mL). THC vapor exposure produces reliable, dose-orderly effects on nociception, body temperature, and food-maintained behavior that is comparable to effects observed after IP THC. There are considerable differences between the time course of behavioral outcomes produced by these two different routes of administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerts, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antinociceptive, hypothermic, and appetitive effects of vaped and injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats: exposure and dose-effect comparisons by strain and sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FARCI: Fast and Robust Connectome Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inference of neuronal connectome from large-scale neuronal activity recordings, such as two-photon Calcium imaging, represents an active area of research in computational neuroscience. In this work, we developed FARCI (Fast and Robust Connectome Inference), a MATLAB package for neuronal connectome inference from high-dimensional two-photon Calcium fluorescence data. We employed partial correlations as a measure of the functional association strength between pairs of neurons to reconstruct a neuronal connectome. We demonstrated using gold standard datasets from the Neural Connectomics Challenge (NCC) that FARCI provides an accurate connectome and its performance is robust to network sizes, missing neurons, and noise levels. Moreover, FARCI is computationally efficient and highly scalable to large networks. In comparison to the best performing algorithm in the NCC, FARCI produces more accurate networks over different network sizes and subsampling, while providing over two orders of magnitude faster computational speed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meamardoost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mewes, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FARCI: Fast and Robust Connectome Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thousands of previously unknown phages discovered in whole-community human gut metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDouble-stranded DNA bacteriophages (dsDNA phages) play pivotal roles in structuring human gut microbiomes; yet, the gut phageome is far from being fully characterized, and additional groups of phages, including highly abundant ones, continue to be discovered by metagenome mining. A multilevel framework for taxonomic classification of viruses was recently adopted, facilitating the classification of phages into evolutionary informative taxonomic units based on hallmark genes. Together with advanced approaches for sequence assembly and powerful methods of sequence analysis, this revised framework offers the opportunity to discover and classify unknown phage taxa in the human gut.

ResultsA search of human gut metagenomes for circular contigs encoding phage hallmark genes resulted in the identification of 3,738 apparently complete phage genomes that represent 451 putative genera. Several of these phage genera are only distantly related to previously identified phages and are likely to found new families. Two of the candidate families, "Flandersviridae" and "Quimbyviridae", include some of the most common and abundant members of the human gut virome that infect Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Prevotella. The third proposed family, "Gratiaviridae", consists of less abundant phages that are distantly related to the families Autographiviridae, Drexlerviridae and Chaseviridae. Analysis of CRISPR spacers indicates that phages of all three putative families infect bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Comparative genomic analysis of the three candidate phage families revealed features without precedent in phage genomes. Some "Quimbyviridae" phages possess Diversity-Generating Retroelements (DGRs) that generate hypervariable target genes nested within defense-related genes, whereas the previously known targets of phage-encoded DGRs are structural genes. Several "Flandersviridae" phages encode enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway, a lipid biosynthesis pathway that so far has not been known to be manipulated by phages. The "Gratiaviridae" phages encode a HipA-family protein kinase and glycosyltransferase, suggesting these phages modify the host cell wall, preventing superinfection by other phages. Hundreds of phages in these three and other families are shown to encode catalases and iron-sequestering enzymes that can be predicted to enhance cellular tolerance to reactive oxygen species.

ConclusionsAnalysis of phage genomes identified in whole-community human gut metagenomes resulted in the delineation of at least three new candidate families of Caudovirales and revealed diverse putative mechanisms underlying phage-host interactions in the human gut. Addition of these phylogenetically classified, diverse and distinct phages to public databases will facilitate taxonomic decomposition and functional characterization of human gut viromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yutin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raykov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmakov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gussow, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thousands of previously unknown phages discovered in whole-community human gut metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural network dynamics underlying gamma synchronization deficits in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma band (40-Hz) activity is associated with many sensory and cognitive functions, and is critical for cortico-cortical transmission and the integration of information across neural networks. The capacity to support gamma band activity can be indexed by the auditory steady-state response (ASSR); schizophrenia patients have selectively reduced synchrony to 40-Hz stimulation. While 40-Hz ASSR is a translatable electroencephalographic biomarker with emerging utility for therapeutic development for neuropsychiatric disorders, the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying the ASSR have not yet been characterized. In this study, a novel Granger causality analysis was applied to assess the propagation of gamma oscillations in response to 40-Hz steady-state stimulation across cortical sources in schizophrenia patients (n=426) and healthy comparison subjects (n=293). Results revealed distinct, hierarchically sequenced temporal and spatial response dynamics underlying gamma synchronization deficits in patients. During the response onset interval, patients exhibited abnormal connectivity of superior temporal and frontal gyri, followed by decreased information flow from superior temporal to middle cingulate gyrus. In the later (300-500 ms) interval of the ASSR response, patients showed significantly increased connectivity from superior temporal to middle frontal gyrus followed by broad failures to engage multiple prefrontal brain regions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the rapid disorganization of neural circuit functioning in response to simple gamma-frequency stimulation in schizophrenia patients. Deficits in the generation and maintenance of gamma-band oscillations in schizophrenia reflect a fundamental connectivity abnormality across a distributed network of temporo-frontal networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koshiyama, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyakoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka-Koshiyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural network dynamics underlying gamma synchronization deficits in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular telomere transfer extends T cell lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The common view is that T-lymphocytes activate telomerase, a DNA polymerase that extends telomeres at chromosome ends, to delay senescence. We show that independently of telomerase, T cells elongate telomeres by acquiring telomere vesicles from antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Upon contact with T cells, APCs degraded shelterin to donate telomeres, which were cleaved by TZAP, and then transferred in extracellular vesicles (EVs) at the immunological synapse. Telomere vesicles retained the Rad51 recombination factor that enabled them to fuse with T cell chromosomal ends causing an average lengthening of [~]3000 base pairs. Thus, we identify a previously unknown telomere transfer program that supports T cell lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Ambra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiurchiu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsellino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.331918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular telomere transfer extends T cell lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HiC-DC+: systematic 3D interaction calls and differential analysis for Hi-C and HiChIP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present HiC-DC+, a software tool for Hi-C/Hi-ChIP interaction calling and differential analysis using an efficient implementation of the HiC-DC statistical framework. HiC-DC+ integrates with popular preprocessing and visualization tools, includes TAD and A/B compartment callers, and outperformed existing tools in H3K27ac HiChIP benchmarking as validated by CRISPRi-FlowFISH. Differential HiC-DC+ analysis recovered global principles of 3D organization during cohesin perturbation and differentiation, including TAD aggregation, enhancer hubs, and promoter-enhancer loop dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HiC-DC+: systematic 3D interaction calls and differential analysis for Hi-C and HiChIP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expansion of gamma-butyrolactone signaling molecule biosynthesis to phosphotriester natural products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial hormones, such as the iconic gamma-butyrolactone A-factor, are essential signaling molecules that regulate diverse physiological processes, including specialized metabolism. These low molecular weight compounds are common in Streptomyces species and display species-specific structural differences. Recently, unusual gamma-butyrolactone natural products called salinipostins were isolated from the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora based on their anti-malarial properties. As the salinipostins possess a rare phosphotriester motif of unknown biosynthetic origin, we set out to explore its construction by the widely conserved 9-gene spt operon in Salinispora species. We show through a series of in vivo and in vitro studies that the spt gene cluster dually encodes the saliniphostins and newly identified A-factor-like gamma-butyrolactones (Sal-GBLs). Remarkably, homologous biosynthetic gene clusters are widely distributed amongst many actinomycete genera, including Streptomyces, suggesting the significance of this operon in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awakawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linington, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expansion of gamma-butyrolactone signaling molecule biosynthesis to phosphotriester natural products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ELOVL2 is required for robust visual function in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play critical roles in membrane stability and cell signaling within the retina. Elovl2, an elongase involved in synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), has recently been implicated in regulating aging in the mammalian retina. In this work, we characterize the expression and function of elovl2 in retina development in embryonic zebrafish. Whole mount in situ hybridization shows elovl2 is expressed in the Muller glia in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Lipidomics analysis of elovl2 crispants whole embryos at day 2 and eyes at day 7 demonstrated significant changes in lipids composition, especially on the level of lipids containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Histological analysis of zebrafish lacking elovl2 revealed increased retinal thickness compared to controls at day 7 without gross disruptions of retinal architecture. Finally, elovl2 crispants showed differences in the visual motor reflex light off (VMR-OFF) at day 7 compared to controls. In sum, inactivation of elovl2 in zebrafish embryos caused changes in lipid composition and in visual behavior further confirming the important role of LC-PUFAs in healthy vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasyani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Fossan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowronska-Krawczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.336974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ELOVL2 is required for robust visual function in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer function for YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation revealed through spatial systems modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YAP/TAZ is a master regulator of mechanotransduction whose functions rely on translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to diverse physical cues. Substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape are all input signals for YAP/TAZ, and through this pathway, regulate critical cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. Yet, the relative contributions of each biophysical signal and the mechanisms by which they synergistically regulate YAP/TAZ in realistic tissue microenvironments that provide multiplexed input signals remains unclear. For example, in simple 2D culture, YAP/TAZ nuclear localization correlates strongly with substrate stiffness, while in 3D environments, YAP/TAZ translocation can increase with stiffness, decrease with stiffness, or remain unchanged. Here, we develop a spatial model of YAP/TAZ translocation to enable quantitative analysis of the relationships between substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape. Our model couples cytosolic stiffness to nuclear mechanics to replicate existing experimental trends, and extends beyond current data to predict that increasing substrate activation area through changes in culture dimensionality, while conserving cell volume, forces distinct shape changes that result in nonlinear effect on YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. Moreover, differences in substrate activation area versus total membrane area can account for counterintuitive trends in YAP/TAZ nuclear localization in 3D culture. Based on this multiscale investigation of the different system features of YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation, we predict that how a cell reads its environment is a complex information transfer function of multiple mechanical and biochemical factors. These predictions reveal design principles of cellular and tissue engineering for YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEIn chemical engineering, a transfer function is a mathematical function that models the output of a reactor for all possible inputs, and enables the reliable design and operation of complex reaction systems. Here, we apply this principle to cells to derive the transfer function by which substrate stiffness is converted into YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. This function is defined by a spatial model of the YAP/TAZ mechano-chemical sensing network, wherein key spatial and physical inputs to the system, namely cell and nuclear shape, surface area to volume ratios of cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, substrate dimensionality, substrate activation area, and substrate stiffness, are all integrated. The resulting model accounts for seemingly contradictory experimental trends and lends new insight into controlling YAP/TAZ signalling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer function for YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation revealed through spatial systems modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome signatures in a fast and slow progressing gastric cancer murine model and their contribution to gastric carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastric cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and Helicobacter spp. being one of the main factors responsible for development of cancer. Alongside Helicobacter the microbiota of the stomach mucosa may also play an important role in gastric cancer progression. Previously we had established that MyD88 deficient mice rapidly progressed to neoplasia when infected with H. felis. Thus, in order to assess the role of microbiota in gastric cancer progression we measured the changes in microbial diversity of the stomach in mice with different genotypic backgrounds (Wild type (WT), MyD88 deficient (MyD88-/-), mice deficient in the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-{beta} (TRIF, Triflps2), and MyD88 and Trif deficient (MyD88-/- and Trif-/-)double knockout (DKO) mice), both in uninfected and Helicobacter infected mice and its correlation of these changes with gastric cancer progression. We observed that there was an overall reduction in microbial diversity post infection with H. felis across all genotypes. Campylobacterales were observed in all infected mice, with marked reduction in abundance at 3 and 6 months in MyD88-/- mice. This low abundance of H. pylori could facilitate dominance of other organisms of microbiome like Lactobacilliales. A sharp increase in Lactobacilliales in infected MyD88-/- and DKO mice at 3 and 6 months was observed as compared to Trif-/- and WT mice suggesting its possible role in gastric cancer progression. This was further reinforced upon comparison of Lactobacillus ratio with histological data suggesting that Lactobacillales is closely associated with Helicobacter infection and gastric cancer progression. Thus, this study firstly suggests that difference in genotypes could define the stomach microbiome and make it more susceptible to development of gastric cancer upon Helicobacter infections. Secondly the increase in Lactobacillales could contribute to faster development of gastric cancer and serve as a probable bio marker for fast progressing form of gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obonyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome signatures in a fast and slow progressing gastric cancer murine model and their contribution to gastric carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic analysis of the salinipostin γ-butyrolactone gene cluster uncovers new potential for bacterial signaling-molecule diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria communicate by small-molecule chemicals that facilitate intra- and inter-species interactions. These extracellular signaling molecules mediate diverse processes including virulence, bioluminescence, biofilm formation, motility, and specialized metabolism. The signaling molecules produced by members of the phylum Actinobacteria are generally comprised of {gamma}-butyrolactones, {gamma}-butenolides, and furans. The best known actinomycete {gamma}-butyrolactone is A-factor, which triggers specialized metabolism and morphological differentiation in the genus Streptomyces. Salinipostins A-K are unique {gamma}-butyrolactone molecules with rare phosphotriester moieties that were recently characterized from the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. The production of these compounds has been linked to the 9-gene biosynthetic gene cluster spt. Critical to salinipostin assembly is the {gamma}-butyrolactone synthase encoded by spt9. Here, we report the global distribution of spt9 among sequenced bacterial genomes, revealing a surprising diversity of gene homologs across 12 bacterial phyla, the majority of which are not known to produce {gamma}-butyrolactones. Further analyses uncovered a large group of spt-like gene clusters outside of the genus Salinispora, suggesting the production of new salinipostin-like diversity. These gene clusters show evidence of horizontal transfer between many bacterial taxa and location specific homologous recombination exchange among Salinispora strains. The results suggest that {gamma}-butyrolactone production may be more widespread than previously recognized. The identification of new {gamma}-butyrolactone biosynthetic gene clusters is the first step towards understanding the regulatory roles of the encoded small molecules in Actinobacteria.

ImportanceSignaling molecules orchestrate a wide variety of bacterial behaviors. Among Actinobacteria, {gamma}-butyrolactones mediate morphological changes and regulate specialized metabolism. Despite their importance, few {gamma}-butyrolactones have been linked to their cognate biosynthetic gene clusters. A new series of {gamma}-butyrolactones called the salinipostins was recently identified from the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora and linked to the spt biosynthetic gene cluster. Here we report the detection of spt-like gene clusters in diverse bacterial families not known for the production of this class of compounds. This finding expands the taxonomic range of bacteria that may employ this class of compounds and provides opportunities to discover new compounds associated with chemical communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creamer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic analysis of the salinipostin γ-butyrolactone gene cluster uncovers new potential for bacterial signaling-molecule diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate genomic analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genes related to addiction, antisocial behavior, and health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behaviors and disorders related to self-regulation, such as substance use, antisocial conduct, and ADHD, are collectively referred to as externalizing and have a shared genetic liability. We applied a multivariate approach that leverages genetic correlations among externalizing traits for genome-wide association analyses. By pooling data from ~1.5 million people, our approach is statistically more powerful than single-trait analyses and identifies more than 500 genetic loci. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in the brain and related to nervous system development. A polygenic score constructed from our results captures variation in a broad range of behavioral and medical outcomes that were not part of our genome-wide analyses, including traits that until now lacked well-performing polygenic scores, such as opioid use disorder, suicide, HIV infections, criminal convictions, and unemployment. Our findings are consistent with the idea that persistent difficulties in self-regulation can be conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlsson Linner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madole, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driver, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poore, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tielbeek, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kember, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, K. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullan Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate genomic analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genes related to addiction, antisocial behavior, and health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.344002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult Stem Cell-derived Complete Lung Organoid Models Emulate Lung Disease in COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.344002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, causes widespread damage in the lungs in the setting of an overzealous immune response whose origin remains unclear. We present a scalable, propagable, personalized, cost-effective adult stem cell-derived human lung organoid model that is complete with both proximal and distal airway epithelia. Monolayers derived from adult lung organoids (ALOs), primary airway cells, or hiPSC-derived alveolar type-II (AT2) pneumocytes were infected with SARS-CoV-2 to create in vitro lung models of COVID-19. Infected ALO-monolayers best recapitulated the transcriptomic signatures in diverse cohorts of COVID-19 patient-derived respiratory samples. The airway (proximal) cells were critical for sustained viral infection, whereas distal alveolar differentiation (AT2[-&gt;]AT1) was critical for mounting the overzealous host immune response in fatal disease; ALO monolayers with well-mixed proximodistal airway components recapitulated both. Findings validate a human lung model of COVID-19, which can be immediately utilized to investigate COVID-19 pathogenesis and vet new therapies and vaccines.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=176 SRC="FIGDIR/small/344002v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d1507aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@faa17forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@80ceb1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@81d61c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIHuman lung organoids with mixed proximodistal epithelia are created
C_LIO_LIProximal airway cells are critical for viral infectivity
C_LIO_LIDistal alveolar cells are important for emulating host response
C_LIO_LIBoth are required for the overzealous response in severe COVID-19
C_LI

IN BRIEFAn integrated stem cell-based disease modeling and computational approach demonstrate how both proximal airway epithelium is critical for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, but distal differentiation of alveolar pneumocytes is critical for simulating the overzealous host response in fatal COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibeawuchi, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty Alexander, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thistlethwaite, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.344002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult Stem Cell-derived Complete Lung Organoid Models Emulate Lung Disease in COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-Time Observation of Structure and Dynamics during the Liquid-to-Solid Transition of FUS LC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the proteins found in pathological protein fibrils also exhibit tendencies for liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) both in vitro and in cells. The mechanisms underlying the connection between these phase transitions have been challenging to study due to the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the states formed during the maturation of LLPS protein droplets into gels and solid aggregates. Here, we interrogate the liquid-to-solid transition of the low complexity domain of the RNA binding protein FUS (FUS LC), which has been shown to adopt LLPS, gel-like, and amyloid states. We employ magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy which has allowed us to follow these transitions in real time and with residue specific resolution. We observe the development of {beta}-sheet structure through the maturation process and show that the final state of FUS LC fibrils produced through LLPS is distinct from that grown from fibrillar seeds. We also apply our methodology to FUS LC G156E, a clinically relevant FUS mutant that exhibits accelerated fibrillization rates. We observe significant changes in dynamics during the transformation of the FUS LC G156E construct and begin to unravel the sequence specific contributions to this phenomenon with computational studies of the phase separated state of FUS LC and FUS LC G156E.

SignificanceThe presence of protein aggregates and plaques in the brain is a common pathological sign of neurodegenerative disease. Recent work has revealed that many of the proteins found in these aggregates can also form liquid-liquid droplets and gels. While the interconversion from one state to another can have vast implications for cell function and disease, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are not well understood. Here, we combine MAS NMR spectroscopy with other biophysical and computational tools to follow the transitions of the stress response protein FUS. This approach has allowed us to observe real-time changes in structure and dynamics as the protein undergoes these transitions, and to reveal the intricate effects of disease-relevant mutations on the transformation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berkeley, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashefi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelouchina, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-Time Observation of Structure and Dynamics during the Liquid-to-Solid Transition of FUS LC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclic-di-GMP induces STING-dependent ILC2 to ILC1 shift during innate type 2 lung inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.345850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 inflammation is found in most forms of asthma, which may co-exist with recurrent viral infections, bacterial colonization, and host cell death. These processes drive the accumulation of intracellular cyclic-di-nucleotides such as cyclic-di-GMP (CDG). Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are critical drivers of type 2 lung inflammation during fungal allergen exposure in mice; however, it is unclear how CDG regulates lung ILC responses during lung inflammation. Here, we show that CDG induced early airway type 1 interferon (IFN) production and dramatically suppressed both lung proliferating CD127+ST2+ ILC2s and Alternaria- and IL-33-induced lung inflammation. Further, transcriptomic analysis of CD127-ST2- Thy1.2+ ILCs, which were expanded and activated by CDG, revealed an ILC1 signature. CDG administration led to accumulation of IFN{gamma}+ and T-bet+ ILC1s, as well as neutrophilia, independent of IL-18R, IL-12, and STAT6 but dependent on stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and partially dependent on type 1 IFN signaling. Thus, CDG potently suppresses ILC2-driven lung inflammation and promotes ILC1 responses. These results suggest potential therapeutic modulation of STING to suppress type 2 inflammation and/or increase anti-viral responses during respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavagnero, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrani, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacasa, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strohm, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amadeo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.345850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclic-di-GMP induces STING-dependent ILC2 to ILC1 shift during innate type 2 lung inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian benefits of exercise training reflect metabolic and structural flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSObjectiveC_ST_ABSExercise is a critical component of a healthy lifestyle and a key strategy for the prevention and management of metabolic disease. Identifying molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation in response to chronic physical activity is of critical interest in metabolic physiology. Circadian rhythms broadly modulate metabolism, including muscle substrate utilization and exercise capacity. Here, we define the molecular and physiological changes induced across the daily cycle by voluntary low intensity daily exercise.

MethodsWildtype c57BL6/J male and female mice were housed with or without access to a running wheel for six weeks. Maximum running speed was measured at four different zeitgeber times (ZTs, hours after lights on) using either electrical or manual stimulation to motivate continued running on a motorized treadmill. RNA isolated from plantaris muscles at six ZTs was sequenced to establish the impact of daily activity on genome-wide transcription. Patterns of gene expression were analyzed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Detection of Differential Rhythmicity (DODR). Blood glucose, lactate, and ketones, and muscle and liver glycogen were measured before and after exercise.

ResultsWe demonstrate that the use of mild electrical shocks to motivate running negatively impacts maximum running speed and describe a manual method to motivate running in rodent exercise studies. Using this method, we show that time of day influences the increase in exercise capacity afforded by six weeks of voluntary wheel running: when maximum running speed is measured at the beginning of the nighttime active period in mice, there is no measurable benefit from a history of daily voluntary running, while maximum increase in performance occurs at the end of the night. We show that daily voluntary exercise dramatically remodels the muscle circadian transcriptome. Finally, we describe daily rhythms in carbohydrate metabolism associated with the timedependent response to moderate daily exercise.

ConclusionsCollectively, these data indicate that chronic nighttime physical activity dramatically remodels daily rhythms of muscle gene expression, which in turn support daily fluctuations in exercise performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duglan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova Vallve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handzlik, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pariollaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afetian, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamia, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian benefits of exercise training reflect metabolic and structural flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis defines roles for two metal ions in DNA polymerase specificity and catalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We examined the roles of Mg2+ ions in DNA polymerization by kinetic analysis of single nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by HIV reverse transcriptase and by molecular dynamics simulation of Mg2+ binding. Binding of the Mg-nucleotide complex induces a conformational change of the enzyme from open to closed states in a process that is independent of free Mg2+ concentration. Subsequently, the second Mg2+ binds weakly to the closed state of the enzyme-DNA-Mg.dNTP complex with an apparent Kd = 3.7 mM and facilitates the catalytic reaction. This weak binding of the catalytic Mg2+ is important to maintain fidelity in that the Mg2+ samples the correctly aligned substrate without perturbing the equilibrium at physiological Mg2+ concentrations. The binding of the catalytic Mg2+ increases nucleotide specificity (kcat/Km) by increasing the rate of the chemistry and decreasing the rate of enzyme opening allowing nucleotide release. Changing the free Mg2+ concentration from 0.25 to 10 mM increased nucleotide specificity (kcat/Km) by 12-fold. Mg2+ binds very weakly to the open state of the enzyme in the absence of nucleotide (Kd {approx} 34 mM) and competes with Mg.dNTP. Analysis based on publish crystal structures showed that HIV RT binds only two metal ions during incorporation of a correct base-pair. MD simulations support the kinetic studies suggesting weak binding of the catalytic Mg2+ in open and closed states. They also support the two-metal ion mechanism, although the polymerase may bind a third metal ion in the presence of a mismatched nucleotide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirmizialtin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis defines roles for two metal ions in DNA polymerase specificity and catalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of pigmentation gene knock-outs by CRISPR as potential targets for the genetic engineering of Culex quinquefasciatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are a globally widespread vector of several human and animal pathogens. Their biology and behavior allow them to thrive in proximity to urban areas, rendering them a constant public health threat. Their mixed bird/mammal feeding behavior further offers a vehicle for zoonotic pathogens transmission to people, and separately, poses a threat to the conservation of insular birds. The advent of CRISPR has led to the development of novel technologies for the genetic engineering of wild mosquito populations, yet research in Culex quinquefasciatus has been lagging compared to other disease vectors. Here we use this tool to disrupt a set of five pigmentation genes in Culex quinquefasciatus that, when altered, lead to visible, homozygous-viable phenotypes. We further validate this approach in separate laboratories and in two distinct strains of Culex quinquefasciatus that are relevant to potential future public health and bird conservation applications. We generate a double-mutant line, demonstrating the possibility of sequentially combining multiple such mutations in a single individual. Lastly, we target two loci, doublesex in the sex-determination pathway and proboscipedia a hox gene, demonstrating the flexibility of these methods applied to novel targets. Our work provides a platform of seven validated loci that could be used for targeted mutagenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus and the future development of genetic suppression strategies for this species. Furthermore, the mutant lines generated here could have widespread utility to the research community using this model organism, as they could be used as targets for transgene delivery, where a copy of the disrupted gene could be included as an easily-scored transgenesis marker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimoto, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of pigmentation gene knock-outs by CRISPR as potential targets for the genetic engineering of Culex quinquefasciatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.350298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate genome-wide association study identifies 1735 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.350298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain morphology has been shown to be highly heritable, yet only a small portion of the heritability is explained by the genetic variants discovered so far. Here we exploit the distributed nature of genetic effects across the brain and apply the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest) to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of vertex-wise structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cortical measures from N=35,657 participants in the UK Biobank. We identified 695 loci for cortical surface area and 539 for cortical thickness, in total 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology. This reflects an approximate 10-fold increase compared to the commonly applied univariate GWAS methods. Power analysis indicates that applying MOSTest to vertex-wise structural MRI data triples the effective sample size compared to conventional univariate GWAS approaches. Functional follow up including gene-based analyses implicate 10% of all protein-coding genes and point towards pathways involved in neurogenesis and cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibert, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeland, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.350298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate genome-wide association study identifies 1735 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed Phase Oscillatory Excitation Efficiently Produces Attractors Using Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is thought to represent information in the form of activity in distributed groups of neurons known as attractors, but it is not clear how attractors are formed or used in processing. We show here that in a randomly connected network of simulated spiking neurons, periodic stimulation of neurons with distributed phase offsets, along with standard spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP), efficiently creates distributed attractors. These attractors may have a consistent ordered firing pattern, or become disordered, depending on the conditions. We also show that when two such attractors are stimulated in sequence, the same STDP mechanism can create a directed association between them, forming the basis of an associative network. We find that for an STDP time constant of 20ms, the dependence of the efficiency of attractor creation on the driving frequency has a broad peak centered around 8Hz. Upon restimulation, the attractors selfoscillate, but with an oscillation frequency that is higher than the driving frequency, ranging from 10-100Hz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed Phase Oscillatory Excitation Efficiently Produces Attractors Using Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A β-catenin-driven switch in TCF/LEF transcription factor binding to DNA targets sites promotes commitment of mammalian nephron progenitor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical Wnt pathway transcriptional co-activator {beta}-catenin regulates self-renewal and differentiation of mammalian nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). We modulated {beta}-catenin levels in NPC cultures using the GSK3 inhibitor CHIR9902 (CHIR) to examine opposing developmental actions of {beta}-catenin. Low CHIR-mediated maintenance and expansion of NPCs is independent of direct engagement of TCF/LEF/ {beta}-catenin transcriptional complexes at low-CHIR dependent cell-cycle targets. In contrast, in high CHIR, TCF7/LEF1/{beta}-catenin complexes replaced TCF7L1/TCF7L2 binding on enhancers of differentiation-promoting target genes. Chromosome confirmation studies showed pre-established promoter-enhancer connections to these target genes in NPCs. High CHIR-associated de novo looping was observed in positive transcriptional feedback regulation to the canonical Wnt pathway. Thus, {beta}-catenins direct transcriptional role is restricted to the induction of NPCs where rising {beta}-catenin levels switch inhibitory TCF7L1/TCF7L2 complexes to activating LEF1/TCF7 complexes at primed gene targets poised for rapid initiation of a nephrogenic program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugacov, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstrom, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oxburgh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A β-catenin-driven switch in TCF/LEF transcription factor binding to DNA targets sites promotes commitment of mammalian nephron progenitor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.357442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a betting game to reveal the rich nature of visual working memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.357442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we ask people to hold a color in working memory, what do they store? Do they remember colors as point estimates (e.g. a particular shade of red) or are memory representations richer, such as uncertainty distributions over feature space? We developed a novel paradigm (a betting game) to measure the nature of working memory representations. Participants were shown a set of colored circles and, after a brief memory delay, asked about one of the objects. Rather than reporting a single color, participants placed multiple bets to create distributions in color space. The dispersion of bets was correlated with performance, indicating that participants internal uncertainty guided bet placement. Furthermore, relative to the first response, memory performance improved when averaging across multiple bets, showing that memories contain more information than can be conveyed in a single response. Finally, information about the item in memory was present in subsequent responses even when the first response would generally be classified as a guess or report of an incorrect item, suggesting that such failures are not all-or-none. Thus, memory representations are more than noisy point estimates; they are surprisingly rich and probabilistic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabar, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentzou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanabar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fougnie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.357442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a betting game to reveal the rich nature of visual working memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural basis of opioid-induced respiratory depression and its rescue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) causes death following an opioid overdose, yet the neurobiological mechanisms of this process are not well understood. Here, we show that neurons within the lateral parabrachial nucleus that express the -opioid receptor (PBLOprm1 neurons) are involved in OIRD pathogenesis. PBLOprm1 neuronal activity is tightly correlated with respiratory rate, and this correlation is abolished following morphine injection. Chemogenetic inactivation of PBLOprm1 neurons mimics OIRD in mice, whereas their chemogenetic activation following morphine injection rescues respiratory rhythms to baseline levels. We identified several excitatory G-protein coupled receptors expressed by PBLOprm1 neurons and show that agonists for these receptors restore breathing rates in mice experiencing OIRD. Thus, PBLOprm1 neurons are critical for OIRD pathogenesis, providing a promising therapeutic target for treating OIRD in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmiter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banghart, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural basis of opioid-induced respiratory depression and its rescue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.359265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic interrogation of the role of striatal patches in habit formation and inhibition of striatal dopamine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.359265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habits are inflexible behaviors that can be maladaptive in diseases including drug addiction. The striatum is integral to habit formation, and interspersed throughout the striatum are patches, or striosomes, which are characterized by unique gene expression relative to the surrounding matrix. Recent work has indicated that patches are necessary for habit formation, but how patches contribute to habits remains partially understood. Here, using optogenetics, we modulated striatal patches in Sepw1-NP67 mice during habit formation. We find that patch activation during operant training impairs habit formation, and conversely, that acute patch stimulation after reward devaluation can drive habitual reward seeking. Patch stimulation invigorates general locomotion but is not inherently rewarding. Finally, we use fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to demonstrate that patch stimulation suppresses dopamine release in dorsal striatum in vivo. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the role of the patch compartment in habit formation, and potential interactions with dopamine signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawelko, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollon, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.359265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic interrogation of the role of striatal patches in habit formation and inhibition of striatal dopamine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infant functional connectivity fingerprints predict long-term language and pre-literacy outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional brain networks undergo extensive development within the first few years of life. Previous studies have linked infant functional connectivity to cognitive abilities in toddlerhood. However, little is known regarding the long-term relevance of functional connections established in infancy for the protracted development of higher-order abilities of language and literacy. Employing a five-year longitudinal imaging project starting in infancy, this study utilizes resting-state functional MRI to demonstrate prospective associations between infant functional connectivity fingerprints and subsequent language and foundational literacy skills at a mean age of 6.5. These longitudinal associations are preserved when key environmental influences are controlled for and are independent of emergent language abilities in infancy, suggesting early development of functional network characteristics in supporting the acquisition of high-order language and pre-literacy skills. Altogether, the current results highlight the importance of functional organization established in infancy as a neural scaffold underlying the learning process of complex cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferradal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliva, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunstan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruthers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanfilippo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zollei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagoski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaab, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infant functional connectivity fingerprints predict long-term language and pre-literacy outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised Learning of Brain State Dynamics during Emotion Imagery using High-Density EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we assume that emotional states correspond to functional dynamic states of brain and body, and attempt to characterize the appearance of these states in high-density scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings acquired from 31 participants during 1-2 hour sessions, each including fifteen 3-5 min periods of self-induced emotion imagination using the method of guided imagery. EEG offers an objective and high-resolution measurement of whatever portion of cortical electrical dynamics is resolvable from scalp recordings. Despite preliminary progress in EEG-based emotion decoding using supervised machine learning methods, few studies have applied data-driven, unsupervised decomposition approaches to investigate the underlying EEG dynamics by characterizing brain temporal dynamics during emotional experience. This study applies an unsupervised approach - adaptive mixture independent component analysis (adaptive mixture ICA, AMICA) that learns a set of ICA models each accounted for portions of a given multi-channel EEG recording. We demonstrate that 20-model AMICA decomposition can identify distinct EEG patterns or dynamic states active during each of the fifteen emotion-imagery periods. The transition in EEG patterns revealed the time-courses of brain-state dynamics during emotional imagery. These time-courses varied across emotions: "grief" and "happiness" showed more abrupt transitions while "contentment" was nearly indistinguishable from the preceding rest period. The spatial distributions of independent components (ICs) of the AMICA models showed higher similarity within-subject across emotions than within-emotion across subjects. No significant differences in IC distributions were found between positive and negative emotions. However, significant changes in IC distributions during emotional imagery compared to rest were identified in brain areas such as the left prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the motor cortex, and the visual cortex. The study demonstrates the feasibility of AMICA in modeling high-density and nonstationary EEG and its utility in providing data-driven insights into brain state dynamics during self-paced emotional experiences, which have been difficult to measure. This approach can advance our understanding of highly dynamical emotional processes and improve the performance of EEG-based emotion decoding for affective computing and human-computer interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makeig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised Learning of Brain State Dynamics during Emotion Imagery using High-Density EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.337758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leapfrog dynamics in phage-bacteria coevolution revealed by joint analysis of cross-infection phenotypes and whole genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.337758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses and their hosts can undergo coevolutionary arms races where hosts evolve increased resistance and viruses evolve counter-resistance. Given these arms race dynamics (ARD), viruses and hosts are each predicted to evolve along a single trajectory as more recently evolved genotypes replace their predecessors. Here, by coupling phenotypic and genomic analyses of coevolving populations of bacteriophage {lambda} and Escherichia coli, we find conflicting evidence for ARD. Virus-host infection phenotypes fit the ARD model, yet whole genome analyses did not. Rather than coevolution unfolding along a single trajectory, cryptic genetic variation emerges during initial virus-host coevolution. This variation is maintained across generations and eventually supplants dominant lineages. These observations constitute what we term  leapfrog coevolutionary dynamics, revealing weaknesses in the predictive power of standard coevolutionary models. The findings shed light on the mechanisms that structure coevolving ecological networks and reveal the limits of using phenotypic assays alone in characterizing coevolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.337758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leapfrog dynamics in phage-bacteria coevolution revealed by joint analysis of cross-infection phenotypes and whole genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolutionary phage training leads to greater bacterial suppression and delays the evolution of phage resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria threatens to become the leading cause of worldwide mortality. This crisis has renewed interest in the practice of phage therapy. Yet, bacterias capacity to evolve resistance is likely to debilitate this therapy as well. To combat the evolution of phage resistance and improve treatment outcomes, many have suggested leveraging phages ability to counter resistance by evolving phages on target hosts before using them in therapy (phage training). We found that during in vitro experiments, a phage trained for 28 days suppressed bacteria [~]1000-fold for 3-8 times longer than its untrained ancestor. This extension was due to a delay in the evolution of resistance. Several factors contributed to this prolonged suppression. Mutations that confer resistance to trained phages are [~]100x less common and, while the target bacterium can evolve complete resistance to the untrained phage in a single step, multiple mutations are required to evolve complete resistance to trained phages. Mutations that confer resistance to trained phages are more costly than mutations for untrained phage resistance. And when resistance does evolve, trained phages are better able to suppress these forms of resistance. One way the trained phage improved was through recombination with a gene in a defunct prophage in the host genome, which doubled phage fitness. This direct transfer of information encoded by the host but originating from a relict phage provides a previously unconsidered mode of training phage. Overall, we provide a case study for successful phage training and uncover mechanisms underlying its efficacy.

Significance StatementThe evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria threatens to claim over 10 million lives annually by 2050. This crisis has renewed interest in phage therapy, the use of bacterial viruses to treat infections. A major barrier to successful phage therapy is that bacteria readily evolve phage resistance. One idea proposed to combat resistance is "training" phages by using their natural capacity to evolve to counter resistance. Here, we show that training phages by coevolving them with their host for one month enhanced their capacity for suppressing bacterial growth and delayed the emergence of resistance. Enhanced suppression was caused by several mechanisms, suggesting that the coevolutionary training protocol produces a robust therapeutic that employs complementary modes of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolutionary phage training leads to greater bacterial suppression and delays the evolution of phage resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
With Childhood Hemispherectomy, One Hemisphere Can Support--But is Suboptimal for--Word and Face Recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are important for face and word recognition, respectively--a specialization that emerges over human development. The question is whether this bilateral distribution is necessary or whether a single hemisphere, be it left or right, can support both face and word recognition. Here, face and word recognition accuracy in patients with a single hemisphere following childhood hemispherectomy was compared against matched typical controls. In Experiment 1, participants viewed stimuli in central vision. Across both face and word tasks, accuracy of both left and right hemispherectomy patients, while significantly lower than controls accuracy, averaged above 80% and did not differ from each other. To compare patients single hemisphere more directly to one hemisphere of controls, in Experiment 2, participants viewed stimuli in one visual field to constrain initial processing chiefly to a single (contralateral) hemisphere. Whereas controls had higher word accuracy when words were presented to the right than to the left visual field, there was no field/hemispheric difference for faces. In contrast, left and right hemispherectomy patients, again, showed comparable performance to one another on both face and word recognition, albeit significantly lower than controls. Altogether, the findings indicate that a single developing hemisphere, either left or right, may be sufficiently plastic for comparable representation of faces and words. However, perhaps due to increased competition or "neural crowding," constraining cortical representations to one hemisphere may collectively hamper face and word recognition, relative to that observed in typical development with two hemispheres.

Significance StatementAdults show right and left cerebral hemispheric biases for face and word recognition, respectively, a division of labor that emerges over development. Here, face and word recognition were assessed in childhood hemispherectomy patients to study the consequences of development with a single hemisphere. While these patients showed above 80% accuracy on face and word recognition tasks, which is surprisingly high relative to the brain volume resected, they nonetheless performed more poorly than typically developing controls. Importantly, patient performance was independent of which hemisphere was removed, suggesting that their single, preserved hemisphere subserves face and word recognition comparably, albeit somewhat inferiorly relative to controls. This demonstrates the remarkable plasticity of the developing brain but, at the same time, highlights plasticitys constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granovetter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettensohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[With Childhood Hemispherectomy, One Hemisphere Can Support--But is Suboptimal for--Word and Face Recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A plant lipocalin is required for retinal-mediated de novo root organogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branching of root systems enables the exploration and colonization of the soil environment. In Arabidopsis roots, de novo organogenesis of lateral roots is patterned by an oscillatory mechanism called the root clock, which is dependent on metabolites derived from the {beta}-carotene pathway1, 2. Retinoids are {beta}-carotene-derived regulators of organogenesis in the animal kingdom. To determine if retinoids function in plant development, we conducted time-lapse imaging of a chemical reporter for retinoid binding proteins. We found that it oscillates with a comparable frequency to the root clock and accurately predicts sites of lateral root organogenesis. Exogenous application of retinal to wild-type plants is sufficient to induce root clock oscillations and lateral root organogenesis. A homology search yielded a potential Arabidopsis homolog, TEMPERATURE INDUCED LIPOCALIN (TIL) to vertebrate retinoid binding proteins. Genetic analysis indicates that TIL is necessary for normal lateral root development and a til mutant has decreased retinal sensitivity. TIL expression in a heterologous system conferred retinal binding activity, suggesting that it may directly interact with this molecule. Together, these results demonstrate an essential role for retinal and for plant retinal binding proteins in lateral root organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benfey, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A plant lipocalin is required for retinal-mediated de novo root organogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.376103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scale-free, fully connected global transition network underlies known microbiome diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.376103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiomes are inherently linked by their structural similarity, yet the global features of such similarity are not clear. Here we propose as solution a search-based microbiome transition network. By traversing a composition-similarity based network of 177,022 microbiomes, we show that although the compositions are distinct by habitat, each microbiome is on-average only seven neighbors from any other microbiome on Earth, indicating the inherent homology of microbiome at the global scale. This network is scale-free, suggesting a high degree of stability and robustness in microbiome transition. By tracking the minimum spanning tree in this network, a global roadmap of microbiome dispersal was derived that tracks the potential paths of formulating and propagating microbiome diversity. Such search-based global microbiome networks, reconstructed within hours on just one computing node, provide a readily expanded reference for tracing the origin and evolution of existing or new microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jing, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.376103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scale-free, fully connected global transition network underlies known microbiome diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are on course to translate the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into clinical practice. To date, most GWAS have been based on individuals of European-ancestry, meaning that the utility of PRS for non-European populations is limited because SNP effects and LD patterns may not be conserved across populations. We hypothesized that cross population prediction at the level of genes rather than SNPs would be more effective, since the effect of genes on traits is likely to be more highly conserved. Therefore, we developed a framework to convert effect sizes at SNPs into effect sizes for genetically predicted transcript abundance, which we used for prediction in non-European populations. We compared this approach, which we call polygenic transcriptome risk scores (PTRS), to PRS, using data from 17 quantitative traits that were measured in multiple ancestries (European, African, East Asian, and South Asian) by UK Biobank. On average, PTRS using whole blood predicted transcriptome had lower absolute prediction accuracy than PRS, as we expected since not all regulatory processes were captured by a single tissue. However, as hypothesized, we found that in the African target set, the portability (prediction accuracy relative to the European reference set) was significantly higher for PTRS than PRS (p=0.03) with additional gain when transcriptomic prediction models ancestry matched the target population (p=0.021). Taken together, our results suggest that using PTRS can improve prediction in underrepresented populations and that increasing the diversity of transcriptomic data may be an effective way to improve portability of GWAS results between populations and help reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.373647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MUNIn (Multiple cell-type UNifying long-range chromatin Interaction detector): a statistical framework for identifying long-range chromatin interactions from multiple cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin spatial organization (interactome) plays a critical role in genome function. Deep understanding of chromatin interactome can shed insights into transcriptional regulation mechanisms and human disease pathology. One essential task in the analysis of chromatin interactomic data is to identify long-range chromatin interactions. Existing approaches, such as HiCCUPS, FitHiC/FitHiC2 and FastHiC, are all designed for analyzing individual cell types or samples. None of them accounts for unbalanced sequencing depths and heterogeneity among multiple cell types or samples in a unified statistical framework. To fill in the gap, we have developed a novel statistical framework MUNIn (Multiple sample UNifying long-range chromatin Interaction detector) for identifying long-range chromatin interactions from multiple samples. MUNIn adopts a hierarchical hidden Markov random field (H-HMRF) model, in which the status (peak or background) of each interacting chromatin loci pair depends not only on the status of loci pairs in its neighborhood region, but also on the status of the same loci pair in other samples. To benchmark the performance of MUNIn, we performed comprehensive simulation studies and real data analysis, and showed that MUNIn can achieve much lower false positive rates for detecting sample-specific interactions (33.1 - 36.2%), and much enhanced statistical power for detecting shared peaks (up to 74.3%), compared to uni-sample analysis. Our data demonstrated that MUNIn is a useful tool for the integrative analysis of interactomic data from multiple samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abnousi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MUNIn (Multiple cell-type UNifying long-range chromatin Interaction detector): a statistical framework for identifying long-range chromatin interactions from multiple cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid-specific protein oligomerization is regulated by two interfaces in Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marburg virus major matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer which confers the virion shape and stability. Using a myriad of in vitro and cellular techniques, we present a mVP40 assembly model highlighting two distinct oligomerization interfaces (N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD)) in mVP40. Cellular studies of NTD and CTD oligomerization interface mutants demonstrated the importance of each interface in the mVP40 matrix assembly through protein trafficking to the plasma membrane and homo-multimerization that induced protein enrichment, plasma membrane fluidity changes and elongations at the plasma membrane. A novel APEX-TEM method was employed to closely assess the ultrastructural localization of and formation of viral particles for wild type and mutants. Taken together, these studies present a mechanistic model of mVP40 oligomerization and assembly at the plasma membrane during virion assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amiar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husby, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesinghe, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstman, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.381350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid-specific protein oligomerization is regulated by two interfaces in Marburg virus matrix protein VP40]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ant fungus garden acts as an external digestive system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most animals digest their food within their own bodies, but some do not. Many species of ants grow fungus gardens that pre-digest food as an essential step of the ants nutrient uptake. To better understand this digestion process, we generated a 3D molecular map of an Atta texana fungus garden, revealing chemical modifications mediated by the fungus garden as plant material passes through.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucket, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balunas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klassen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ant fungus garden acts as an external digestive system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.389452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of glyoxalase 1 mediate ethanol withdrawal seizure susceptibility in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.389452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central nervous system (CNS) hyperexcitability is a clinically significant feature of acute ethanol withdrawal. There is evidence for a genetic contribution to withdrawal severity, but specific genetic risk factors have not be identified. The gene glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) has been previously implicated in ethanol consumption in mice, and GLO1 inhibition can attenuate drinking in mice and rats. Here, we investigated whether genetic and pharmacological manipulations of GLO1 activity can also mediate ethanol withdrawal seizure severity in mice. Mice from two transgenic lines overexpressing Glo1 on different genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6J [B6] and FVB/NJ [FVB]) were tested for handling induced convulsions (HICs) as a measure of acute ethanol withdrawal. Following an injection of 4 g/kg alcohol, both B6 and FVB mice overexpressing Glo1 showed increased HICs compared to wild type littermates, though only the FVB line showed a statistically significant difference. We also administered daily ethanol injections (2 g/kg + 9 mg/kg 4-methylpyrazole) to wild type B6 mice for 10 days and tested them for HICs on the 10th day, following treatment with either vehicle or a GLO1 inhibitor (S-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester [pBBG]). Treatment with pBBG reduced HICs, although this effect was only statistically significant following two 10-day cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal. These results provide converging genetic and pharmacological evidence that GLO1 can mediate ethanol withdrawal seizure susceptibility. We discuss the possible role of GLO1s substrate, methylglyoxal, acting as an agonist at GABAA receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barkley-Levenson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.389452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of glyoxalase 1 mediate ethanol withdrawal seizure susceptibility in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) are prevalent in human cancers and mediate high oncogene expression through elevated copy number and altered gene regulation1. Gene expression typically involves distal enhancer DNA elements that contact and activate genes on the same chromosome2,3. Here we show that ecDNA hubs, comprised of ~10-100 ecDNAs clustered in the nucleus of interphase cells, drive intermolecular enhancer input for amplified oncogene expression. Single-molecule sequencing, single-cell multiome, and 3D enhancer connectome reveal subspecies of MYC-PVT1 ecDNAs lacking enhancers that access intermolecular and ectopic enhancer-promoter interactions in ecDNA hubs. ecDNA hubs persist without transcription and are tethered by BET protein BRD4. BET inhibitor JQ1 disperses ecDNA hubs, preferentially inhibits ecDNA oncogene transcription, and kills ecDNA+ cancer cells. Two amplified oncogenes MYC and FGFR2 intermix in ecDNA hubs, engage in intermolecular enhancer-promoter interactions, and transcription is uniformly sensitive to JQ1. Thus, ecDNA hubs are nuclear bodies of many ecDNAs tethered by proteins and platforms for cooperative transcription, leveraging the power of oncogene diversification and combinatorial DNA interactions. We suggest ecDNA hubs, rather than individual ecDNAs, as units of oncogene function, cooperative evolution, and new targets for cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EcDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cre-dependent CRISPR/dCas9 activation system for gene expression regulation in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.391987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Site-specific genetic and epigenetic targeting of distinct cell populations is a central goal in molecular neuroscience and is crucial to understand the gene regulatory mechanisms that underlie complex phenotypes and behaviors. While recent technological advances have enabled unprecedented control over gene expression, many of these approaches are focused on selected model organisms and/or require labor-intensive customizations for different applications. The simplicity and modularity of CRISPR-based systems have transformed this aspect of genome editing, providing a variety of possible applications and targets. However, there are currently few available tools for cell-selective CRISPR regulation in neurons. Here, we designed, validated, and optimized CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) systems for Cre recombinase-dependent gene regulation. Unexpectedly, CRISPRa systems based on a traditional double-floxed inverted open reading frame (DIO) strategy exhibited leaky target gene induction in the absence of Cre. Therefore, we developed an intron-containing Cre-dependent CRISPRa system (SVI-DIO-dCas9-VPR) that alleviated leaky gene induction and outperformed the traditional DIO system at endogenous genes in both HEK293T cells and rat primary neuron cultures. Using gene-specific CRISPR sgRNAs, we demonstrate that SVI-DIO-dCas9-VPR can activate highly inducible genes (GRM2, Tent5b, and Fos) as well as moderately inducible genes (Sstr2 and Gadd45b) in a Cre-specific manner. Furthermore, to illustrate the versatility of this tool, we created a parallel CRISPRi construct that successfully inhibited expression from of a luciferase reporter in HEK293T cells only in the presence of Cre. These results provide a robust framework for Cre-dependent CRISPR-dCas9 approaches across different model systems, and will enable cell-specific targeting when combined with common Cre driver lines or Cre delivery via viral vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carullo, N. V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revanna, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuscher, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.391987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cre-dependent CRISPR/dCas9 activation system for gene expression regulation in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing the SARS-CoV-2 Index Case in Hubei Province 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding when SARS-CoV-2 emerged is critical to evaluating our current approach to monitoring novel zoonotic pathogens and understanding the failure of early containment and mitigation efforts for COVID-19. We employed a coalescent framework to combine retrospective molecular clock inference with forward epidemiological simulations to determine how long SARS-CoV-2 could have circulated prior to the time of the most recent common ancestor. Our results define the period between mid-October and mid-November 2019 as the plausible interval when the first case of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Hubei province. By characterizing the likely dynamics of the virus before it was discovered, we show that over two-thirds of SARS-CoV-2-like zoonotic events would be self-limited, dying out without igniting a pandemic. Our findings highlight the shortcomings of zoonosis surveillance approaches for detecting highly contagious pathogens with moderate mortality rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worobey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing the SARS-CoV-2 Index Case in Hubei Province]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Modified Oxylipins from the Shipworm Symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioactivity-guided purification of the culture broth of the shipworm endosymbiont Teredinibacter turnerae 991H.S.0a.06 yielded a new fatty acid, turneroic acid (1), and two previously described oxylipins (2-3). Turneroic acid (1) is an 18-carbon fatty acid decorated by a hydroxy group and an epoxide ring. Compounds 1-3 inhibited bacterial biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis, while only 3 showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic S. epidermidis. Comparison of the bioactivity of 1-3 with structurally related compounds indicated the importance of the epoxide moiety for selective and potent biofilm inhibition.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=124 SRC="FIGDIR/small/393314v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@145f68org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@183df5borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bcdb6corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e9b9e3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacerna, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramones, C. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robes, J. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picart, M. R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tun, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haygood, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador-Reyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Modified Oxylipins from the Shipworm Symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xist-seeded nucleation sites form local concentration gradients of silencing proteins to inactivate the X-chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long non-coding RNA Xist exploits numerous effector proteins to progressively induce gene silencing across the X chromosome and form the inactive X (Xi)-compartment. The mechanism underlying formation of the chromosome-wide Xi-compartment is poorly understood. Here, we find that formation of the Xi-compartment is induced by [~]50 locally confined granules, where two Xist RNA molecules nucleate supra-molecular complexes (SMCs) of interacting proteins. Xist-SMCs are transient structures that concentrate rapidly recycling proteins in the X by increasing protein binding affinity. We find that gene silencing originates at Xist-SMCs and propagates across the entire chromosome over time, achieved by Polycomb-mediated coalescence of chromatin regions and aggregation, via its intrinsically disordered domains, of the critical silencing factor SPEN. Our results suggest a new model for X chromosome inactivation, in which Xist RNA induces macromolecular crowding of heterochromatinizing proteins near distinct sites which ultimately increases their density throughout the chromosome. This mechanism enables deterministic gene silencing without the need for Xist ribonucleoprotein complex-chromatin interactions at each target gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestrini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xist-seeded nucleation sites form local concentration gradients of silencing proteins to inactivate the X-chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.393934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anti-inflammatory peptide Catestatin blocks chemotaxis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.393934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased levels of the anti-inflammatory peptide catestatin (CST), a cleavage product of the pro-hormone chromogranin A, correlates with less severe outcomes in hypertension, colitis and diabetes. However, it is unknown how CST reduces the infiltration of monocytes and macrophages in inflamed tissues. Here, we report that CST blocks leukocyte migration towards inflammatory chemokines. By in vitro and in vivo migration assays, we show that although CST itself is weakly chemotactic, it blocks migration of monocytes and granulocytes to inflammatory attracting factor CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). Moreover, it directs CX3CR1+ macrophages away from pancreatic islets. These findings support the emerging notion that CST is a key anti-inflammatory modulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muntjewerff, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillipson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoffersson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bogaart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.393934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anti-inflammatory peptide Catestatin blocks chemotaxis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila Baramicin polypeptide gene protects against fungal infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly Drososphila melanogaster combats microbial infection by producing a battery of effector peptides that are secreted into the haemolymph. Technical difficulties prevented the investigation of these short effector genes until the recent advent of the CRISPR/CAS era. As a consequence, many putative immune effectors remain to be characterized and exactly how each of these effectors contributes to survival is not well characterized. Here we describe a novel Drosophila antifungal peptide gene that we name Baramicin A. We show that BaraA encodes a precursor protein cleaved into multiple peptides via furin cleavage sites. BaraA is strongly immune-induced in the fat body downstream of the Toll pathway, but also exhibits expression in the nervous system. Importantly, we show that flies lacking BaraA are viable but susceptible to the enomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Consistent with BaraA being directly antimicrobial, overexpression of BaraA promotes resistance to fungi and the IM10-like peptides produced by BaraA synergistically inhibit growth of fungi in vitro when combined with a membrane-disrupting antifungal. Surprisingly, BaraA males but not females display an erect wing phenotype upon infection. Collectively, we identify a new antifungal immune effector downstream of Toll signalling, improving our knowledge of the Drosophila antimicrobial response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iatsenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila Baramicin polypeptide gene protects against fungal infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition-based screening secures the evolutionary stability of a defensive microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.395384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cuticular microbiomes of Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants are exceptional because they are freely colonizable, and yet the prevalence of Pseudonocardia, a native vertically transmitted symbiont that controls Escovopsis fungus-garden disease, is never compromised. Game theory suggests that competition-based screening can allow the selective recruitment of antibiotic-producing bacteria from the environment, by fomenting and biasing competition for abundant host resources. Mutual symbiont aggression benefits the host and also maintains native symbiont viability. Here we use RNA-stable isotope probing (RNA-SIP) to confirm predictions that Acromyrmex cuticles can maintain a range of microbial symbionts. We then used dual-RNA-sequencing and bioassays to show that vertically transmitted Pseudonocardia strains produce antibacterials that differentially reduce the growth rates of other microbes, ultimately eliminating non-antibiotic-producing strains that might parasitize the symbiosis while still allowing antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strains to survive. Open cuticular microbiomes can thus maintain a specific co-evolved mutualism by restricting access for other bacterial strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worsley, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocent, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bassam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.395384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition-based screening secures the evolutionary stability of a defensive microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-linear manifold learning in fMRI uncovers a low-dimensional space of brain dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale brain dynamics are believed to lie in a latent, low-dimensional space. Typically, the embeddings of brain scans are derived independently from different cognitive tasks or resting-state data, ignoring a potentially large--and shared--portion of this space. Here, we establish that a shared, robust, and interpretable low-dimensional space of brain dynamics can be recovered from a rich repertoire of task based fMRI data. This occurs when relying on non-linear approaches as opposed to traditional linear methods. The embedding maintains proper temporal progression of the tasks, revealing brain states and the dynamics of network integration. We demonstrate that resting-state data embeds fully onto the same task embedding, indicating similar brain states are present in both task and resting-state data. Our findings suggest analysis of fMRI data from multiple cognitive tasks in a low-dimensional space is possible and desirable, and our proposed framework can thus provide an interpretable framework to investigate brain dynamics in the low-dimensional space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-linear manifold learning in fMRI uncovers a low-dimensional space of brain dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Regulates Cellular Iron by Modulating Mitochondrial Transport of ATP-Binding Cassette B8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic loss of Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR) results in mitochondrial myopathy with cataracts, however, the mechanism for this disorder remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that loss of ALR, a principal component of the MIA40/ALR protein import pathway, results in impaired cytosolic Fe/S cluster biogenesis in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, MIA40/ALR facilitates the mitochondrial import of ATP binding cassette (ABC)-B8, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein required for cytoplasmic Fe/S cluster maturation, through physical interaction with ABCB8. Downregulation of ALR impairs mitochondrial ABCB8 import, reduces cytoplasmic Fe/S cluster maturation, and increases cellular iron through the iron regulatory protein-iron response element system. Our finding provides a mechanistic link between MIA40/ALR import machinery and cytosolic Fe/S cluster maturation through the mitochondrial import of ABCB8, and offers a potential explanation for the pathology seen in patients with ALR mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ardehali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senyei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmenter of Liver Regeneration Regulates Cellular Iron by Modulating Mitochondrial Transport of ATP-Binding Cassette B8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Genome Contributes to Protein-Protein Interactome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous computational methods have been proposed to predict protein-protein interactions, none of which however, considers the original DNA loci of the interacting proteins in the perspective of 3D genome. Here we retrospect the DNA origins of the interacting proteins in the context of 3D genome and discovered that 1) if a gene pair is more proximate in 3D genome, their corresponding proteins are more likely to interact. 2) signal peptide involvement of PPI affects the corresponding gene-gene proximity in 3D genome space. 3) by incorporating 3D genome information, existing PPI prediction methods can be further improved in terms of accuracy. Combining our previous discoveries, we conjecture the existence of 3D genome driven cellular compartmentalization, meaning the co-localization of DNA elements lead to increased probability of the co-localization of RNA elements and protein elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Genome Contributes to Protein-Protein Interactome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topoisomerase 1 inhibition therapy protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation and death in animal models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently affecting millions of lives worldwide. Large retrospective studies indicate that an elevated level of inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors are associated with both increased disease severity and mortality. Here, using multidimensional epigenetic, transcriptional, in vitro and in vivo analyses, we report that Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) inhibition suppresses lethal inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Therapeutic treatment with two doses of Topotecan (TPT), a FDA-approved Top1 inhibitor, suppresses infection-induced inflammation in hamsters. TPT treatment as late as four days post-infection reduces morbidity and rescues mortality in a transgenic mouse model. These results support the potential of Top1 inhibition as an effective host-directed therapy against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. TPT and its derivatives are inexpensive clinical-grade inhibitors available in most countries. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of repurposing Top1 inhibitors for COVID-19 in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, B. W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campisi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreault, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meekins, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indran, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fstkchyan, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathnasinghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray-Jones, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malysheva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiecke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydillo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carossino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasuriya, U. B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldi, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotsaert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeya</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.404483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topoisomerase 1 inhibition therapy protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation and death in animal models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.405159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlphaTracker: A Multi-Animal Tracking and Behavioral Analysis Tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.405159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of behavioral analysis in neuroscience has been aided by the development of computational tools1,2. Specifically, computer vision algorithms have emerged as a powerful tool to elevate behavioral research3,4. Yet fully automatic analysis of social behavior remains challenging in two ways. First, existing tools to track and analyze behavior often focus on single animals, not multiple, interacting animals. Second, many available tools are not developed for novice users and require programming experience to run. Here, we unveil a computer vision pipeline called AlphaTracker, which requires minimal hardware requirements and produces reliable tracking of multiple unmarked animals. An easy-to-use user interface further enables manual inspection and curation of results. We demonstrate the practical, real-time advantages of AlphaTracker through the study of multiple, socially-interacting mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Coreano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.405159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlphaTracker: A Multi-Animal Tracking and Behavioral Analysis Tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-harvesting in mesophotic corals is powered by a spatially efficient photosymbiotic system between coral host and microalgae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coral-algal photosymbiosis fuels global coral-reef primary productivity, extending from sea level to as deep as 150 m (i.e., mesophotic). Currently, it is largely unknown how such mesophotic reefs thrive despite extremely limited light conditions. Here, we show that corals exhibit a plastic response to mesophotic conditions that involves a spatially optimized regulation of the bio-optical properties by coral host and symbiont. In contrast to shallow corals, mesophotic corals absorbed up to three-fold more light, resulting in excellent photosynthetic response under light conditions of only ~3% of the incident surface irradiance. The enhanced light harvesting capacity of mesophotic corals is regulated by average refractive index fluctuations in the coral skeleton that give rise to optical scattering and facilitate light transport and absorption by densely pigmented host tissue. The results of this study provide fundamental insight into the energy efficiency and light-harvesting mechanisms underlying the productivity of mesophotic coral reef ecosystems, yet also raise concerns regarding their ability to withstand prolonged environmental disturbances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangpraseurt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-harvesting in mesophotic corals is powered by a spatially efficient photosymbiotic system between coral host and microalgae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.411850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is it all in our head? When subjective beliefs about receiving an intervention are better predictors of experimental results than the intervention itself 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.411850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, there has been debate about the effectiveness of treatments from different fields, such as neurostimulation, neurofeedback, brain training, and pharmacotherapy. This debate has been fuelled by contradictory and nuanced experimental findings. Notably, the effectiveness of a given treatment is commonly evaluated by comparing the effect of the active treatment versus the placebo on human health and/or behaviour. However, this approach neglects the individuals subjective experience of the type of treatment s/he received in establishing treatment efficacy. Here, we show that individual differences in subjective treatment--the thought of receiving the active or placebo condition during an experiment--can explain variability in outcomes better than the actual treatment. We analysed four independent datasets (N=387 participants), including clinical patients and healthy adults from different age groups who were exposed to different neurostimulation treatments (transcranial magnetic stimulation: Study 1 & 2; transcranial direct current stimulation: Study 3 & 4). Our findings show that the inclusion of subjective treatment can provide a better model fit, either alone or in interaction with objective treatment (defined as the condition to which participants are assigned in the experiment). These results demonstrate the significant contribution of subjective experience in explaining the variability of clinical, cognitive and behavioural outcomes. We advocate for existing and future studies in clinical and non-clinical research to start accounting for participants subjective beliefs and their interplay with objective treatment when assessing the efficacy of treatments. This approach will be crucial in providing a more accurate estimation of the treatment effect and its source, allowing the development of effective and reproducible interventions.

Significance statementWe demonstrate that individual differences in subjective treatment--the belief of receiving the active or placebo condition during an experiment--can explain variability in research outcomes better than objective treatment, the actual treatment to which participants are assigned. Even though it is a standard practice for intervention studies to collect data on subjective treatment, its contribution to research outcomes has been overlooked. By demonstrating the explanatory power of subjective treatment beyond objective treatment in four independent datasets, we show its potential to provide further insights into the effectiveness of different interventions. We, therefore, encourage researchers to adopt our approach in existing and new studies, to improve experimental design and ultimately increase the rigour and robustness of clinical and non-clinical interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fassi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Kadosh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.411850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is it all in our head? When subjective beliefs about receiving an intervention are better predictors of experimental results than the intervention itself]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal Spectrum Identifier for mass spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectra provide the ultimate evidence for supporting the findings of mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics studies in publications, and it is therefore crucial to be able to trace the conclusions back to the spectra. The Universal Spectrum Identifier (USI) provides a standardized mechanism for encoding a virtual path to any mass spectrum contained in datasets deposited to public proteomics repositories. USIs enable greater transparency for providing spectral evidence in support of key findings in publications, with more than 1 billion USI identifications from over 3 billion spectra already available through ProteomeXchange repositories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Riverol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Bossche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binz, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shofstahl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcaino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal Spectrum Identifier for mass spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms for Communicating in a Marmoset "Cocktail Party" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental challenge for audition is parsing the voice of a single speaker amid a cacophony of other voices known as the Cocktail Party Problem (CPP). Despite its prevalence, relatively little remains known about how our simian cousins solve the CPP for active, natural communication. Here we employed an innovative, multi-speaker paradigm comprising five computer-generated Virtual Monkeys (VM) whose respective vocal behavior could be systematically varied to construct marmoset cocktail parties and tested the impact of specific acoustic scene manipulations on vocal behavior. Results indicate that marmosets not only employ auditory mechanisms - including attention - for speaker stream segregation, but also selectively change their own vocal behavior in response to the dynamics of the acoustic scene to overcome the challenges of the CPP. These findings suggest notable parallels between human and nonhuman primate audition and highlight the active role that speakers play to optimize communicative efficacy in complex real-world acoustic scenes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms for Communicating in a Marmoset "Cocktail Party"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.416495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphatidylethanolamine made in mitochondria has long been recognized as an important precursor for phosphatidylcholine production that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, the strict mitochondrial localization of the enzyme that makes PE in the mitochondrion, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1), was questioned. Since a dual localization of Psd1 to the ER would have far-reaching implications, we initiated our study to independently re-assess the subcellular distribution of Psd1. Our results support the unavoidable conclusion that the vast majority, if not all, of functional Psd1 resides in the mitochondrion. Through our efforts, we discovered that mutant forms of Psd1 that impair a self-processing step needed for it to become functional are dually localized to the ER when expressed in a PE-limiting environment. We conclude that severely impaired cellular PE metabolism provokes an ER-assisted adaptive response that is capable of identifying and resolving nonfunctional mitochondrial precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acoba, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejatfard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.416495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism activates a reversible stress response that detects and resolves mutant mitochondrial precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembling Long Accurate Reads Using de Bruijn Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although most existing genome assemblers are based on the de Bruijn graphs, it remains unclear how to construct these graphs for large genomes and large k-mer sizes. This algorithmic challenge has become particularly important with the emergence of long high-fidelity (HiFi) reads that were recently utilized to generate a semi-manual telomere-to-telomere assembly of the human genome and to get a glimpse into biomedically important regions that evaded all previous attempts to sequence them. To enable automated assemblies of long and accurate reads, we developed a fast LJA algorithm that reduces the error rate in these reads by three orders of magnitude (making them nearly error-free) and constructs the de Bruijn graph for large genomes and large k-mer sizes. Since the de Bruijn graph constructed for a fixed k-mer size is typically either too tangled or too fragmented, LJA uses a new concept of a multiplex de Bruijn graph with varying k-mer sizes. We demonstrate that LJA improves on the state-of-the-art assemblers with respect to both accuracy and contiguity and enables automated telomere-to-telomere assemblies of entire human chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembling Long Accurate Reads Using de Bruijn Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering novel mutational signatures by de novo extraction with SigProfilerExtractor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutational signature analysis is commonly performed in genomic studies surveying cancer and normal somatic tissues. Here we present SigProfilerExtractor, an automated tool for accurate de novo extraction of mutational signatures for all types of somatic mutations. Benchmarking with a total of 34 distinct scenarios encompassing 2,500 simulated signatures operative in more than 60,000 unique synthetic genomes and 20,000 synthetic exomes demonstrates that SigProfilerExtractor outperforms thirteen other tools across all datasets with and without noise. For genome simulations with 5% noise, reflecting high-quality genomic datasets, SigProfilerExtractor outperforms other approaches by elucidating between 20% and 50% more true positive signatures while yielding more than 5-fold less false positive signatures. Applying SigProfilerExtractor to 4,643 whole-genome sequenced and 19,184 whole-exome sequenced cancers reveals four previously missed mutational signatures. Two of the signatures are confirmed in independent cohorts with one of these signatures associating with tobacco smoking. In summary, this report provides a reference tool for analysis of mutational signatures, a comprehensive benchmarking of bioinformatics tools for extracting mutational signatures, and several novel mutational signatures including a signature putatively attributed to direct tobacco smoking mutagenesis in bladder cancer and in normal bladder epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, S. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teague, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otlu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syulyukina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marticorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering novel mutational signatures by de novo extraction with SigProfilerExtractor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with genetic risk factors defined by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania, depression and circadian rhythm abnormalities. While lithium is an effective drug for BD, 30-40% of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that lithium affects the expression of "clock genes" and that lithium responders (Li-R) can be distinguished from non-responders (Li-NR) by differences in circadian rhythms. However, rhythm abnormalities in BD have not been evaluated in neurons and it is unknown if neuronal rhythms differ between Li-R and Li-NR. We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to culture neuronal precursor cells (NPC) and glutamatergic neurons from BD patients and controls. We identified strong circadian rhythms in Per2-luc expression in NPCs and neurons from controls and Li-R. NPC rhythms in Li-R had a shorter circadian period. Li-NR rhythms were low-amplitude and profoundly weakened. In NPCs and neurons, expression of PER2 was higher in both BD groups compared to controls. In neurons, PER2 protein expression was higher in BD than controls, especially in Li-NR samples. In single cells, NPC and neuron rhythms in both BD groups were desynchronized compared to controls. Lithium lengthened period in Li-R and control neurons but failed to alter rhythms in Li-NR. In contrast, temperature entrainment increased amplitude across all groups, and partly restored rhythms in Li-NR neurons. We conclude that neuronal circadian rhythm abnormalities are present in BD and most pronounced in Li-NR. Rhythm deficits in BD may be partly reversible through stimulation of entrainment pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenburgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coryell, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oedegaard, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.421271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR endonuclease gene drive reveals two distinct mechanisms of inheritance bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.421271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA guided CRISPR gene drives have shown the capability of biasing transgene inheritance in multiple species. Among these, homing endonuclease drives are the most developed. In this study, we report the functioning of sds3, bgcn, and nup50 expressed Cas9 in an Aedes aegypti homing split drive system targeting the white gene. We report their inheritance biasing capability, propensity for maternal deposition, and zygotic/somatic expression. Additionally, by making use of the tight linkage of white to the sex-determining locus, we were able to elucidate mechanisms of inheritance bias. We find inheritance bias through homing in double heterozygous males, but find that a previous report of the same drive occurred through meiotic drive. We propose that other previously reported  homing design gene drives may in fact bias their inheritance through other mechanisms with important implications for gene drive design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verkuijl, S. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, J. X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandul, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alphey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.421271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR endonuclease gene drive reveals two distinct mechanisms of inheritance bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wild-type FUS corrects ALS-like disease induced by cytoplasmic mutant FUS through autoregulation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in FUS, an RNA-binding protein involved in multiple steps of RNA metabolism, are associated with the most severe forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulation of cytoplasmic FUS is likely to be a major culprit in the toxicity of FUS mutations. Thus, preventing cytoplasmic mislocalization of the FUS protein may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy. FUS binds to its own pre-mRNA creating an autoregulatory loop efficiently buffering FUS excess through multiple proposed mechanisms including retention of introns 6 and/or 7. Here, we introduced a wild-type FUS gene allele, retaining all intronic sequences, in mice whose heterozygous or homozygous expression of a cytoplasmically retained FUS protein (Fus{Delta}NLS) was previously shown to provoke ALS-like disease or postnatal lethality, respectively. Wild-type FUS completely rescued the early lethality caused by the two Fus{Delta}NLS alleles, and improved age-dependent motor deficit and reduced lifespan associated with the heterozygous expression of Fus{Delta}NLS. Mechanistically, wild-type FUS decreased the load of cytoplasmic FUS, increased exon 7 skipping and retention of introns 6 and 7 in the endogenous mouse Fus mRNA, leading to decreased expression of the mutant mRNA. Thus, the wild-type FUS allele activates the homeostatic autoregulatory loop, maintaining constant FUS levels and decreasing the mutant protein in the cytoplasm. These results provide proof of concept that an autoregulatory competent wild-type FUS expression could protect against this devastating, currently intractable, neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanjuan-Ruiz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govea-Perez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlonis-Downes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieterle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirrig-Grosch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picchiarelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagier-Tourenne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Cruz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wild-type FUS corrects ALS-like disease induced by cytoplasmic mutant FUS through autoregulation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of GluN1 gates glycine-primed internalization of NMDA receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a principal subtype of excitatory neurotransmitter receptor, are composed as tetrameric assemblies of two glycine-binding GluN1 subunits and two glutamate-binding GluN2 subunits. Gating of the NMDARs requires binding of four co-agonist molecules, but the receptors can signal non-ionotropically through binding of glycine, alone, to its cognate site on GluN1. A consequence of this signalling by glycine is that NMDARs are primed such that subsequent gating, produced by glycine and glutamate, drives receptor internalization. The GluN1 subunit is not a singular molecular species in the CNS, rather there are 8 alternatively spliced isoforms of this subunit produced by including or excluding the N1 and the C1, C2 or C2 polypeptide cassettes. Whether alternative splicing affects glycine priming signalling is unknown. Here, using recombinant NMDARs expressed heterologously we discovered that glycine priming of NMDARs critically depends on alternative splicing: the four splice isoforms lacking the N1 cassette, encoded in exon 5, are primed by glycine whereas glycine priming is blocked in the four splice variants containing the N1 cassette. On the other hand, the C-terminal cassettes - C1, C2 or C2 - had no effect on glycine priming signalling. Nor was glycine priming affected by the GluN2 subunit in the receptor. In wild-type mice we found that glycine primed internalization of synaptic NMDARs in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. With mice we engineered such that GluN1 obligatorily contained the N1 cassette, glycine did not prime synaptic NMDARs in pyramidal neurons. In contrast to pyramidal neurons, we discovered that in wild-type mice, synaptic NMDARs in CA1 inhibitory interneurons were resistant to glycine priming. But we recapitulated glycine priming in inhibitory interneurons in mice engineered such that GluN1 obligatorily lacked the N1 cassette. Our findings reveal a previously unsuspected molecular function for alternative splicing of GluN1 in controlling non-ionotropic signalling of NMDAR by glycine and the consequential cell surface dynamics of the receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing of GluN1 gates glycine-primed internalization of NMDA receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.19.423547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex evolutionary dynamics govern the diversity and distribution of biosynthetic gene clusters and their encoded specialized metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.19.423547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While specialized metabolites are thought to mediate ecological interactions, the evolutionary processes driving their diversification, particularly among closely related lineages, remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the evolutionary dynamics governing the distribution of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) using 118 strains within the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. While previous evidence indicated that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) largely contributed to BGC diversity, we find that a majority of BGCs in Salinispora genomes are conserved through processes of vertical descent. In particular, vertical inheritance maintained BGCs over evolutionary timescales (millions of years) allowing for BGC diversification among Salinispora species. By coupling the genomic analyses with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified that BGC evolution in Salinispora proceeds largely through gene gain/loss events and constrained recombination that contributes to interspecies diversity at the gene, pathway, and metabolite levels. Consequently, the evolutionary processes driving BGC diversification had direct consequences for compound production and contributed to chemical diversification, as exemplified in our case study of the medically relevant proteosome inhibitors, the salinosporamides. Together, our results support the concept that specialized metabolites, and their cognate BGCs, represent functional traits associated with niche differentiation among Salinispora species.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/423547v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aef190org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17536baorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5bf336org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bc7d2f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG O_TEXTBOXSIGNIFICANCENatural products are traditionally exploited for their pharmaceutical potential; yet what is often overlooked is that the evolution of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding these small molecules likely affects the diversification of the produced compounds and implicitly has an impact on the compounds activities and ecological functions. And while the prevailing dogma in natural product research attributes frequent and widespread horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as an integral driver of BGC evolution, we find that the majority of BGC diversity derives from processes of vertical descent, with HGT events being rare. This understanding can facilitate informed biosynthetic predictions to identify novel natural products, in addition to uncovering how these specialized metabolites contribute to the environmental distribution of microbes.

C_TEXTBOX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chase, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Matus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.19.423547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex evolutionary dynamics govern the diversity and distribution of biosynthetic gene clusters and their encoded specialized metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENIGMA Toolbox: Cross-disorder integration and multiscale neural contextualization of multisite neuroimaging datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among  big data initiatives, the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium--a worldwide alliance of over 2,000 scientists diversified into over 50 Working Groups--has yielded some of the largest studies of the healthy and diseased brain. Integration of multisite datasets to assess transdiagnostic similarities and differences and to contextualize findings with respect to neural organization, however, have been limited. Here, we introduce the ENIGMA Toolbox, a Python/Matlab ecosystem for (i) accessing 100+ ENIGMA datasets, facilitating cross-disorder analysis, (ii) visualizing data on brain surfaces, and (iii) contextualizing findings at the microscale (postmortem cytoarchitecture and gene expression) and macroscale (structural and functional connectomes). Our Toolbox equips scientists with tutorials to explore molecular, histological, and network correlates of noninvasive neuroimaging markers of brain disorders. Moreover, our Toolbox bridges the gap between standardized data processing protocols and analytic workflows and facilitates cross-consortia initiatives. The Toolbox is documented and openly available at http://enigma-toolbox.readthedocs.io.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=63 SRC="FIGDIR/small/423838v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (16K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@183a3f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@180d368org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b752a3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1928c53_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkarim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valk, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ENIGMA Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisodiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENIGMA Toolbox: Cross-disorder integration and multiscale neural contextualization of multisite neuroimaging datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.423300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Targeting of Ras Mutant Cancers via a New Small Molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.423300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the Ras family of oncogenes are implicated in 33% of human cancers, making Ras an intensely pursued target in drug discovery. As an alternative to direct pharmacological inhibition of Ras, we looked for sensitivities in RAS mutant cells. Using a small molecule screen in cell lines with mutations in Ras and its effector Raf, we discovered 249C as a Ras-mutant selective cytotoxic agent against a spectrum of RAS-mutant cancers. By combining CRISPR chemical-genetic screening, comparative profiling and chemoproteomics, we identified that 249C binds to a unique subunit on vacuolar (V)-ATPase with nanomolar affinity, inhibiting its biochemical activity and, unexpectedly, altering V-ATPase translocation in Ras-induced macropinocytosis. Via binding to V-ATPase, 249C prevents lysosomal acidification and inhibits autophagy and macropinocytosis pathways that several Ras-driven cancers rely on for survival. In characterizing 249Cs mechanism, we show that potency varies with the identity of the RAS driver mutation highlighting a mutant-specific dependence on autophagy and macropinocytosis. Indeed, 249C potently inhibits tumor growth without adverse side effects in a mouse xenograft model of KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer. These data establish proof-of-concept for targeting V-ATPase as a way to indirectly target specific Ras mutants, and provide a fundamental link between V-ATPase localization and specific Ras mutant tumor-related activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tolani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Smith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasanthakumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisignano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiple, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.423300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Targeting of Ras Mutant Cancers via a New Small Molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retracing the Evolutionary Trajectory of Adenine Base Editors Using Theoretical Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adenine base editors (ABEs) have been subjected to multiple rounds of mutagenesis with the goal of optimizing their function as efficient and precise genome editing agents. Despite this ever-increasing data accumulation of the effects that these mutations have on the activity of ABEs, the molecular mechanisms defining these changes in activity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we provide a systematic interpretation of the nature of these mutations using an entropy-based classification model that relies on evolutionary data from extant protein sequences. Using this model in conjunction with experimental analyses, we identify two previously reported mutations that form an epistatic pair in the RNA-editing functional landscape of ABEs. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the atomistic details of how these two mutations affect substrate-binding and catalytic activity, via both individual and cooperative effects, hence providing insights into the mechanisms through which these two mutations are epistatically coupled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rallapalli, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranzau, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathy, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komor, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retracing the Evolutionary Trajectory of Adenine Base Editors Using Theoretical Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC-II constrains the natural neutralizing antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBM in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 antibodies develop within two weeks of infection, but wane relatively rapidly post-infection, raising concerns about whether antibody responses will provide protection upon re-exposure. Here we revisit T-B cooperation as a prerequisite for effective and durable neutralizing antibody responses centered on a mutationally constrained RBM B cell epitope. T-B cooperation requires co-processing of B and T cell epitopes by the same B cell and is subject to MHC-II restriction. We evaluated MHC-II constraints relevant to the neutralizing antibody response to a mutationally-constrained B cell epitope in the receptor binding motif (RBM) of the spike protein. Examining common MHC-II alleles, we found that peptides surrounding this key B cell epitope are predicted to bind poorly, suggesting a lack MHC-II support in T-B cooperation, impacting generation of high-potency neutralizing antibodies in the general population. Additionally, we found that multiple microbial peptides had potential for RBM cross-reactivity, supporting previous exposures as a possible source of T cell memory.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=193 SRC="FIGDIR/small/424449v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d332ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac1a95org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5688dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1133d83_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.26.424449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC-II constrains the natural neutralizing antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBM in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the immune population, we co-incubated authentic virus with a highly neutralizing plasma from a COVID-19 convalescent patient. The plasma fully neutralized the virus for 7 passages, but after 45 days, the deletion of F140 in the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) N3 loop led to partial breakthrough. At day 73, an E484K substitution in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) occurred, followed at day 80 by an insertion in the NTD N5 loop containing a new glycan sequon, which generated a variant completely resistant to plasma neutralization. Computational modeling predicts that the deletion and insertion in loops N3 and N5 prevent binding of neutralizing antibodies. The recent emergence in the United Kingdom and South Africa of natural variants with similar changes suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to escape an effective immune response and that vaccines and antibodies able to control emerging variants should be developed.

One Sentence SummaryThree mutations allowed SARS-CoV-2 to evade the polyclonal antibody response of a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licastro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paciello, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Monego, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manganaro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyseni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benincasa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montomoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappuoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterologous expression of methylxanthine synthesis enzymes in mammalian cells and their use as reporter proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work demonstrates the reconstitution of active methylxanthine synthesis enzymes in human cells and their potential use as inducible reporter enzymes. A variety of plant enzymes involved in caffeine synthesis have been characterized in vitro and several of these methylxanthine synthesis enzymes have been heterologously-expressed in yeast or bacteria. In this work, enzymes from Coffea arabica, Camellia sinensis, and Paullinia cupana have been heterologously-expressed in human cells. We demonstrate that the enzymes tested exhibit similar patterns of activity with a set of xanthine substrates in human cells when compared to previous reports of in vitro activity. We demonstrate that the activity of these enzymes can be used as a reporter for juxtacrine signaling using synNotch-induced expression in the presence of an appropriate substrate. When used in combination with synthetic caffeine receptors, this work has potential for use as an in vivo reporter (e.g. enabling non-invasive monitoring of cell-cell interactions after a cellular transplant) or in synthetic intercellular signaling a methylxanthine, such as caffeine, acting as a synthetic paracrine hormone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterologous expression of methylxanthine synthesis enzymes in mammalian cells and their use as reporter proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural basis for Ulp2 recruitment to the kinetochore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The step-by-step process of chromosome segregation defines the stages of the cell division cycle. In eukaryotes, signaling pathways that control these steps converge upon the kinetochore, a multiprotein assembly that connects spindle microtubules to the centromere of each chromosome. Kinetochores control and adapt to major chromosomal transactions, including replication of centromeric DNA, biorientation of sister centromeres on the metaphase spindle, and transit of sister chromatids into daughter cells during anaphase. Although the mechanisms that ensure tight microtubule coupling at anaphase are at least partly understood, kinetochore adaptations that support other cell cycle transitions are not. We report here a mechanism that enables regulated control of kinetochore sumoylation. A conserved surface of the Ctf3/CENP-I kinetochore protein provides a binding site for the SUMO protease, Ulp2. Ctf3 mutations that disable Ulp2 recruitment cause elevated inner kinetochore sumoylation and defective chromosome segregation. The location of the site within the assembled kinetochore suggests coordination between sumoylation and other cell cycle-regulated processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural basis for Ulp2 recruitment to the kinetochore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.425022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics data availability and reusability in the transition from microarray to next-generation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.425022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades, molecular biology has been changed by the introduction of high-throughput technologies. Data sharing requirements have prompted the establishment of persistent data archives. A standardized approach for recording and managing these data was first proposed in the Minimal Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) guidelines. The Minimal Information about a high throughput nucleotide Sequencing Experiment (MINSEQE) proposal was introduced in 2008 as a logical extension of the guidelines to next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies used for transcriptome analysis.

We present a historical snapshot of the data-sharing situation focusing on transcriptomics data from both microarray and RNA-sequencing experiments published between 2009 and 2013, a period during which RNA-seq studies became increasingly popular for transcriptome analysis. We assess how much data from RNA-seq based experiments is actually available in persistent data archives, compared to data derived from microarray based experiments, and evaluate how these types of data differ. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations to improve RNA-seq data availability, reusability, and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rustici, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumgarner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chierici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlanello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, B. F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quackenbush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckert, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trutane, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winegarden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.425022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics data availability and reusability in the transition from microarray to next-generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.01.425040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 are super over-methylated in soft tissue sarcoma compared to normal muscle in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models: an indicator of cancer methionine addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.01.425040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine addiction is a fundamental and general hallmark of cancer discovered by us almost a half-century ago [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 73 (1976) 1523-1527]. Methionine addiction is defined as the requirement, specific for cancer cells of all types, for exogenous methionine despite the normal ability to synthesize methionine from homocysteine. The methionine addiction of cancer is termed the Hoffman-effect, analogous to the Warburg-effect of the high glucose requirement of cancer cells. Methionine addiction is due to excess transmethylation reactions resulting in high methionine flux in cancer cells, which causes them to selectively arrest under methionine restriction due to depletion of free methionine and S-adenosyl methionine. Recently we have shown methionine-addicted cancer cells over-methylate histone H3 lysine marks which are not over-methylated in normal cells or in low-malignancy methionine-independent revertants derived from methionine-addicted cancer cells. In the present report, we show that in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of the most common soft tissue sarcomas: myxofibrosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) and liposarcoma, histone H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 are super over-methylated compared to normal muscle tissue. This new result is discussed along with our previous reports, regarding the potential of histone H3 over-methylation as a basis of malignancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aoki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashiro, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inubushi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.01.425040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 are super over-methylated in soft tissue sarcoma compared to normal muscle in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models: an indicator of cancer methionine addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comberons from single cell transcriptomics in endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VEGF inhibitor drugs have been successful, especially in ophthalmology, but not all patients respond to them. Combinations of drugs are likely to be needed for more effective therapies of angiogenesis-related diseases. In this paper we describe naturally occurring combinations of receptors in endothelial cells that might help to understand how cells communicate and to identify targets for drug combinations. We also develop and share a new software tool called DECNEO to identify them.

Single-cell gene expression data are used to identify a set of co-expressed endothelial cell receptors, conserved among species (mice and humans) and enriched, within a network, of connections to up-regulated genes. This set includes several receptors previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis. Multiple statistical tests from large datasets, including an independent validation set, support the reproducibility, evolutionary conservation and role in angiogenesis of these naturally occurring combinations of receptors. We also show tissue-specific combinations and, in the case of choroid endothelial cells, consistency with both well-established and recent experimental findings, presented in a separate paper.

The results and methods presented here advance the understanding of signaling to endothelial cells. The methods are generally applicable to the decoding of intercellular combinations of signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domanskyi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakansson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff Zivin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piermarocchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paternostro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comberons from single cell transcriptomics in endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous readout of multiple FRET pairs using photochromism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful mechanism to probe associations in situ. Simultaneously performing more than one FRET measurement can be challenging due to the spectral band-width required for the donor and acceptor fluorophores. We present an approach to distinguish overlapping FRET pairs based on the photochromism of the donor fluorophores, even if the involved fluorophores display essentially identical absorption and emission spectra. We develop the theory underlying this method and validate our approach using numerical simulations. To apply our system, we develop rsAKARev, a photochromic biosensor for cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), and combine it with the spectrally-identical biosensor EKARev, a reporter for ERK kinase activity, to deliver simultaneous readout of both activities in the same cell. We further perform multiplexed PKA, ERK, and calcium measurements by including a third, spectrally-shifted biosensor. Our work demonstrates that exploiting donor photochromism in FRET can be a powerful approach to simultaneously read out multiple associations within living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roebroek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipieter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugelier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stove, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedecker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous readout of multiple FRET pairs using photochromism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial Neuropilin-1 trans-regulates oligodendrocyte expansion during development and remyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NG2 glia or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are distributed throughout the gray and white matter and generate myelinating cells. OPCs in white matter proliferate more than those in gray matter in response to platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF AA), despite similar levels of its alpha receptor (PDGFR) on their surface. Here we show that the type 1 integral membrane protein Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) is expressed not on OPCs but on amoeboid and activated microglia in white but not gray matter in an age- and activity-dependent manner. Microglia-specific deletion of Nrp1 compromised developmental OPC proliferation in white matter as well as OPC expansion and subsequent myelin repair after acute demyelination. Exogenous Nrp1 increased PDGF AA-induced OPC proliferation and PDGFR phosphorylation on dissociated OPCs, most prominently in the presence of suboptimum concentrations of PDGF AA. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of regulating oligodendrocyte lineage cell density that involves trans-activation of PDGFR on OPCs via Nrp1 expressed by adjacent microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherafat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial Neuropilin-1 trans-regulates oligodendrocyte expansion during development and remyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling unexpected complexity and multipotentiality of early heart fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex organs are composed of a multitude of specialized cell types which assemble to form functional biological structures. How these cell types are created and organized remains to be elucidated for many organs including the heart, the first organ to form during embryogenesis. Here, we show the ontogeny of mammalian mesoderm at high-resolution single cell and genetic lineage/clonal analyses, which revealed an unexpected complexity of the contribution and multi-potentiality of mesodermal progenitors to cardiac lineages creating distinct cell types forming specific regions of the heart. Single-cell transcriptomics of Mesp1 lineage-traced cells during embryogenesis and corresponding trajectory analyses uncovered unanticipated developmental relationships between these progenitors and lineages including two mesodermal progenitor sources contributing to the first heart field (FHF), an intraembryonic and a previously uncharacterized extraembryonic-related source, that produce distinct cardiac lineages creating the left ventricle. Lineage-tracing studies revealed that these extraembryonic-related FHF progenitors reside at the extraembryonic-intraembryonic interface in gastrulating embryos and generate cardiac cell types that form the epicardium and the dorsolateral regions of the left ventricle and atrioventricular canal myocardium. Clonal analyses further showed that these progenitors are multi-potent, creating not only cardiomyocytes and epicardial cell types but also extraembryonic mesoderm. Overall, these results reveal unsuspected multiregional origins of the heart fields, and provide new insights into the relationship between intraembryonic cardiac lineages and extraembryonic tissues and the associations between congenital heart disease and placental insufficiency anomalies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattaneo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloomekatz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling unexpected complexity and multipotentiality of early heart fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interhemispheric connectivity endures across species: An allometric expose on the corpuscallosum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rilling & Insel have argued that in primates, bigger brains have proportionally fewer anatomical interhemispheric connections, leading to reduced functional connectivity between the hemispheres (1). They based this on a comparison between surface areas of the corpus callosum and cortex rather than estimating connection counts, while leaving out other quantities also dependent on brain size such as callosal fiber density, neuron density, and number of functional areas.

We use data from the literature to directly estimate connection counts. First, we estimate callosal fiber density as a function of brain size. We validate this by comparing out-of-sample human data to our functions estimate. We then mine the literature to obtain function estimates for all other quantities, and use them to estimate intra- and interhemispheric white matter connection counts as a function of brain size.

The results show a much larger decrease in the scaling of interhemispheric to intrahemispheric connections than previously estimated. However, we hypothesize that raw connection counts are the wrong quantity to be estimating when considering functional connectivity. Instead, we hypothesize that functional connectivity is related to connection counts relative to the number of cortical areas.

Accordingly, we estimate inter-area connection counts for intra- and interhemispheric connectivity and find no difference in how they scale with brain size. We find that, on average, an interhemispheric inter-area connection contains 3-8x more connections than an intrahemispheric inter-area connection, regardless of brain size. In doing so, we find that the fiber count of the human corpus callosum has been underestimated by 20%.

Significance StatementThere are arguments in the literature that larger brains have proportionally fewer interhemispheric connections. We find that the decrease is even larger than previously estimated. However, we argue that this quantity is the wrong thing to measure: Rather, we should measure functional connectivity between cortical areas. We show that the ratio of interhemispheric and intrahemispheric connectivity between cortical areas is constant across mammalian species. These findings are consistent with a growing literature that suggest interhemispheric connectivity is special across all primate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cipollini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interhemispheric connectivity endures across species: An allometric expose on the corpuscallosum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical interplay and complementary adaptative strategies toggle bacterial antagonism and co-existence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial communities are in a continuous adaptive and evolutionary race for survival. A myriad of molecules that kill, defend, or mediate communication between bacterial cells of different lineages shape the final structure of the microbial community. In this work we expand our knowledge on the chemical interplay and specific mutations that modulate the transition from antagonism to co-existence between two plant-beneficial bacteria, Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1606 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. We reveal that the bacteriostatic activity of bacillaene produced by Bacillus relies on an interaction with the protein elongation factor FusA and how mutations in this protein lead to tolerance to bacillaene and other protein translation inhibitors. Additionally, we describe how the unspecific tolerance to antimicrobials associated with mutations in the glycerol kinase GlpK is provoked mainly by a decrease of Bacillus cell membrane permeability among other pleiotropic cellular responses. We conclude that nutrient specialization and mutations in basic biological functions are bacterial evolutive and adaptive strategies that lead to the coexistence of two primary competitive bacterial species rather than their mutual eradication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molina-Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vela-Corcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Martinez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lorente, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sopena-Torres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo-Rodriguez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vicente, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>romero, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical interplay and complementary adaptative strategies toggle bacterial antagonism and co-existence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust RNA editing via recruitment of endogenous ADARs using circular guide RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Akin to short-hairpin RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides which efficaciously recruit endogenous cellular machinery such as Argonaute and RNase H to enable targeted RNA knockdown, simple long antisense guide RNAs (1) can recruit endogenous adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) to enable programmable A-to-I RNA editing, without requiring co-delivery of any exogenous proteins. This approach is highly specific, however the efficiency is typically lower than observed with enzyme overexpression. Conjecturing this was due in part to the short half-life and residence times of guide RNAs, here we engineer highly stable circular ADAR recruiting guide RNAs (cadRNAs), which can be delivered not only by genetically encoding on DNA vectors, but also via transfection of RNA molecules transcribed in vitro. Using these cadRNAs, we observed robust RNA editing across multiple sites and cell lines, in both untranslated and coding regions of RNAs, vastly improved efficiency and durability of RNA editing, and high transcriptome-wide specificity. High transcript-level specificity was achieved by further engineering to reduce bystander editing. Additionally, in vivo delivery of cadRNAs via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) enabled robust 38% RNA editing of the mPCSK9 transcript in C57BL/6J mice livers, and 12% UAG-to-UGG RNA correction of the amber nonsense mutation in the IDUA-W392X mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I-Hurler (MPS I-H) syndrome. Taken together, cadRNAs enable efficacious programmable RNA editing with application across diverse protein modulation and gene therapeutic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katrekar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meluzzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savva, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust RNA editing via recruitment of endogenous ADARs using circular guide RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage suggest a single origin followed by multiple exportation events versus convergent evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 herald a new phase of the pandemic. This study used state-of-the-art phylodynamic methods to ascertain that the rapid rise of B.1.1.7 "Variant of Concern" most likely occurred by global dispersal rather than convergent evolution from multiple sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vrancken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellicour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaillon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage suggest a single origin followed by multiple exportation events versus convergent evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epigenetic eraser LSD1 lies at the apex of a reversible erythroid to myeloid cell fate decision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H3K4Me demethylase KDM1a/LSD1 is a therapeutic target for multiple diseases, including the {beta}-globinopathies (sickle cell disease and {beta}-thalassemia) since its inactivation has been shown to lead to robust induction of the fetal globin genes. Here we examined the consequences of conditional inactivation of Lsd1 in adult red blood cells using a new Gata1creERT2 BAC transgene. Loss of Lsd1 activity in mice blocked erythroid differentiation and expanded GMP-like cells, converting hematopoietic differentiation potential from an erythroid to a myeloid fate. The analogous phenotype was also observed in human HSPC, coincident with induction of myeloid transcription factors (e.g. PU.1 and CEBP). Finally, blocking the activity of myeloid transcription factors PU.1 or RUNX1 at the same time as LSD1 reverted myeloid lineage conversion to an erythroid phenotype. The data show that LSD1 promotes erythropoiesis by repressing myeloid cell fate, and that inhibition of myeloid differentiation reverses the lineage switch caused by LSD1 inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jearawiriyapaisarn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoriaty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushweller, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epigenetic eraser LSD1 lies at the apex of a reversible erythroid to myeloid cell fate decision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of human cortical folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The folding of the human cerebral cortex is a highly genetically regulated process that allows for a much larger surface area to fit into the cranial vault and optimizes functional organization. Sulcal depth is a robust, yet understudied measure of localized folding, previously associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study of sulcal depth. Through the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest) applied to vertexwise measures from 33,748 participants of the UK Biobank (mean age 64.3 years, 52.0% female) we identified 856 genetic loci associated with sulcal depth at genome-wide significance (=5x10-8). Comparison with two other measures of cortical morphology, cortical thickness and surface area, indicated that sulcal depth has higher yield in terms of loci discovered, higher heritability and higher effective sample size. There was a large amount of genetic overlap between the three traits, with gene-based analyses indicating strong associations with neurodevelopmental processes. Our findings demonstrate sulcal depth is a promising MRI phenotype that may enhance our understanding of human cortical morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelfs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monereo Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughnan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of human cortical folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The termite fungal cultivar Termitomyces combines diverse enzymes and oxidative reactions for plant biomass conversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrotermitine termites have domesticated fungi in the genus Termitomyces as their primary food source using pre-digested plant biomass. To access the full nutritional value of lignin-enriched plant biomass, the termite-fungus symbiosis requires the depolymerization of this complex phenolic polymer. While most previous work suggests that lignocellulose degradation is accomplished predominantly by the fungal cultivar, our current understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms remains rudimentary. Here, we provide conclusive OMICs and activity-based evidence that Termitomyces partially depolymerizes lignocellulose through the combined actions of high-redox potential oxidizing enzymes (laccases, aryl-alcohol oxidases and a manganese peroxidase), the production of extracellular H2O2 and Fenton-based oxidative degradation, which is catalyzed by a newly described 2-methoxybenzoquinone/hydroquinone redox shuttle system and mediated by secreted chelating dicarboxylic acids. In combination, our approaches reveal a comprehensive depiction of how the efficient biomass degradation mechanism in this ancient insect agricultural symbiosis is accomplished through a combination of white- and brown-rot mechanisms.

ImportanceFungus-growing termites have perfected the decomposition of recalcitrant plant biomass to access valuable nutrients by engaging in a tripartite symbiosis with complementary contributions from a fungal mutualist and a co-diversified gut microbiome. This complex symbiotic interplay makes them one of the most successful and important decomposers for carbon cycling in Old World ecosystems. To date, most research has focused on the enzymatic contributions of microbial partners to carbohydrate decomposition. Here we provide genomic, transcriptomic and enzymatic evidence that Termitomyces also employs redox mechanisms, including diverse ligninolytic enzymes and a Fenton-based hydroquinone-catalyzed lignin-degradation mechanism, to break down lignin-rich plant material. Insights into these efficient decomposition mechanisms open new sources of efficient ligninolytic agents applicable for energy generation from renewable sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schalk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gostincar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzenbeck, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schantz-Conlon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerwerk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kniemeyer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brakhage, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunde-Cimerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Beer, W. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickschat, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beemelmanns, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The termite fungal cultivar Termitomyces combines diverse enzymes and oxidative reactions for plant biomass conversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.427002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic molecular epidemiology reveals lineage-associated single-nucleotide variants that alter RNA structure in Chikungunya virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.427002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging Alphavirus which causes millions of human infections every year. Outbreaks have been reported in Africa and Asia since the early 1950s, from three CHIKV lineages: West African, East Central South African, and Asian Urban. As new outbreaks occurred in the Americas, individual strains from the known lineages have evolved, creating new monophyletic groups that generated novel geographic-based lineages. Building on a recently updated phylogeny of CHIKV, we report here the availability of an interactive CHIKV phylodynamics dataset, which is based on more than 900 publicly available CHIKV genomes. We provide an interactive view of CHIKV molecular epidemiology built on Nextstrain, a web-based visualization framework for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution. CHIKV molecular epidemiology reveals single nucleotide variants that change the stability and fold of locally stable RNA structures. We propose alternative RNA structure formation in different CHIKV lineages by predicting more than a dozen RNA elements that are subject to perturbation of the structure ensemble upon variation of a single nucleotide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spicher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bernardi Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfinger, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.17.427002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic molecular epidemiology reveals lineage-associated single-nucleotide variants that alter RNA structure in Chikungunya virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) influences maturation and mitochondrial dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a major HDAC protein in the adult brain and has been shown to regulate many neuronal genes. Aberrant expression of HDAC2 and subsequent dysregulation of neuronal gene expression is implicated in neurodegeneration and brain aging. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSC-Ns) are widely used models for studying neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but the role of HDAC2 in hiPSC-N differentiation and maturation has not been explored. In this study, we show that levels of HDAC2 progressively decrease as hiPSCs are differentiated towards neurons. This suppression of HDAC2 inversely corresponds to an increase in neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1, a multifunctional protein involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Expression of neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1 is accompanied by concomitant expression of a neuron-specific alternative splicing factor, SRRM4. Manipulation of HDAC2 and Endophilin-B1 using lentiviral approaches shows that knock-down of HDAC2 or overexpression of a neuron-specific Endophilin-B1 isoform promotes mitochondrial elongation and protects against cytotoxic stress in hiPSC-Ns, while HDAC2 knock-down specifically influences genes regulating mitochondrial dynamics and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, HDAC2 knock-down promotes enhanced mitochondrial respiration and reduces levels of neurotoxic amyloid beta peptides. Collectively, our study demonstrates a role for HDAC2 in hiPSC-neuronal differentiation, highlights neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1 as a marker of differentiating hiPSC-Ns, and demonstrates that HDAC2 regulates key neuronal and mitochondrial pathways in hiPSC-Ns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frankowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeboah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evitts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) influences maturation and mitochondrial dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.426524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.426524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin result in the fatal childhood epilepsy Lafora disease (LD). A cellular hallmark of LD is cytoplasmic, hyper-phosphorylated, glycogen-like aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) that form in nearly all tissues and drive disease progression. Additional tools are needed to define the cellular function of laforin, understand the pathological role of laforin in LD, and determine the role of glycogen phosphate in glycogen metabolism. We present the generation and characterization of laforin nanobodies. We identify multiple classes of specific laforin-binding nanobodies and determine their binding epitopes using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Further, one family of nanobodies is identified that serves as an inhibitor of laforin catalytic activity. The laforin nanobodies are an important set of tools that open new avenues to define unresolved questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simmons, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Kooi, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.426524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation by Progestins, Corticosteroids and RU486 of Activation of Elephant Shark and Human Progesterone Receptors: An Evolutionary Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated progestin and corticosteroid activation of the progesterone receptor (PR) from elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the oldest group of jawed vertebrates. Comparison with human PR provides insights into the evolution of steroid activation of human PR. At 1 nM steroid, elephant shark PR is activated by progesterone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 20{beta}-hydroxy-progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone (21-hydroxyprogesterone) and 11-deoxycortisol. Human PR, in comparison, is activated at 1 nM steroid, only by progesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone, indicating increased progestin and corticosteroid specificity during the evolution of human PR. RU486, an important clinical antagonist of human PR, did not inhibit progesterone activation of elephant shark PR. Cys-528 in elephant shark PR corresponds to Gly-722 in human PR, which is essential for RU486 inhibition of human PR. Confirming the importance of Cys-528 in elephant shark PR, RU486 inhibited progesterone activation of the Cys528Gly mutant PR. Compared to wild-type human PR, there was an increase in activation of human Gly722Cys PR by11-deoxycortisol and a decrease in activation by corticosterone, which may have been important in selection for the mutation corresponding to human glycine-722 PR that first evolved in platypus PR, a basal mammal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyodo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsu, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation by Progestins, Corticosteroids and RU486 of Activation of Elephant Shark and Human Progesterone Receptors: An Evolutionary Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DEPP: Deep Learning Enables Extending Species Trees using Single Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Placing new sequences onto reference phylogenies is increasingly used for analyzing environmental samples, especially microbiomes. However, existing placement methods have a fundamental limitation: they assume that query sequences have evolved using specific models directly on the reference phylogeny. Thus, they can place single-gene data (e.g., 16S rRNA amplicons) onto their own gene tree. This practice is a proxy for a more ambitious goal: extending a (genome-wide) species tree given data from individual genes. No algorithm currently addresses this challenging problem. Here, we introduce Deep-learning Enabled Phylogenetic Placement (DEPP), an algorithm that learns to extend species trees using single genes without pre-specified models. We show that DEPP updates the multi-locus microbial tree-of-life with single genes with high accuracy. We further demonstrate that DEPP can achieve the long-standing goal of combining 16S and metagenomic data onto a single tree, enabling community structure analyses that were previously impossible and producing robust patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DEPP: Deep Learning Enables Extending Species Trees using Single Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects in translation-dependent quality control pathways lead to convergent molecular and neurodevelopmental pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation-dependent quality control pathways such as no-go decay (NGD), non-stop decay (NSD) and nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) govern protein synthesis and proteostasis by resolving non-translating ribosomes and preventing the production of potentially toxic peptides derived from faulty and aberrant mRNAs. However, how translation is altered and the in vivo defects that arise in the absence of these pathways are poorly understood. Here, we show that the NGD/NSD factors Pelo and Hbs1l are critical for cerebellar neurogenesis but expendable for survival of these neurons after development. Analysis of mutant embryonic fibroblasts revealed translational pauses, alteration of signaling pathways, and translational reprogramming. Similar effects on signaling pathways, the translatome and cerebellar development were observed upon deletion of the NMD factor Upf2. These data reveal that these quality control pathways that function to mitigate errors at distinct steps in translation can evoke similar cellular responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terrey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects in translation-dependent quality control pathways lead to convergent molecular and neurodevelopmental pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of an IKK2 Site that Allosterically Controls Its Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I{kappa}B kinase 2/{beta} (IKK2) is a critical regulator of inflammation which is inducibly activated by a host of stimuli. Aberrant activation of IKK2 is the leading cause of most inflammatory diseases and many associated cancers. Efforts to prevent these diseases by small-molecule inhibitors of IKK2 activity have not been successful. Most inhibitors developed for IKK2 are ATP-competitive, and they are toxic in vivo due to their off-target effects. Here we focused on identifying inhibitors to block IKK2 activity from an allosteric site, not the ATP-binding pocket. Using virtual screening, we first identified several candidate allosteric sites and screened for potential small-molecule binders, and then selected candidates inhibitory to IKK2 activity using cell-based functional assays. Hydrogen deuterium exchange coupled to mass-spectrometry (HDX-MS) and MS-MS assays revealed that a class of benzoyl conjugates of pyrrolidinedione covalently bound to a site located at the interface of the kinase domain (KD) and the helical domain (SDD), and inhibited IKK2 activation allosterically by preventing phosphorylation of its activation loop serines. Additionally, this class of inhibitor partially blocks IKK2s catalytic activity by enhancing dynamics within the ATP binding pocket and likely the general active site. Hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments further revealed that while binding of substrate ATP perturbs only the local structure surrounding its binding site, binding to ATP-competitive or allosteric inhibitors induces structural perturbations in an expansive area including the helical domain. We propose that these allosteric sites can act as specific targets for the development of novel potent IKK inhibitors.

SIGNIFICANCEAberrant activation of IKK2 is the leading cause of most inflammatory diseases and many associated cancers. Most inhibitors developed for IKK2 are ATP-competitive, and they are toxic in vivo due to their off-target effects. By combination of virtual screening and cell-based functional assays, we identified small-molecule binders of the class of benzoyl conjugates of pyrrolidinedione that block IKK2 activity from an allosteric site through covalent attachment and could be specific only for IKK2. HDX-MS and MS-MS assays identified a binding pocket with a  Cys-Cys motif for these inhibitors, and revealed specific differences in IKK2 dynamics upon binding to substrate ATP vs ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors. Present work provides a framework for the development of allosteric inhibitors to combat IKK2-induced diseases inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hotchkiss, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulero, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of an IKK2 Site that Allosterically Controls Its Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating repeat spectra and genome length from low-coverage genome skims with RESPECT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cost of sequencing the genome is dropping at a much faster rate compared to assembling and finishing the genome. The use of lightly sampled genomes (genome-skims) could be transformative for genomic ecology, and results using k-mers have shown the advantage of this approach in identification and phylogenetic placement of eukaryotic species. Here, we revisit the basic question of estimating genomic parameters such as genome length, coverage, and repeat structure, focusing specifically on estimating the k-mer repeat spectrum. We show using a mix of theoretical and empirical analysis that there are fundamental limitations to estimating the k-mer spectra due to ill-conditioned systems, and that has implications for other genomic parameters. We get around this problem using a novel constrained optimization approach (Spline Linear Programming), where the constraints are learned empirically. On reads simulated at 1X coverage from 66 genomes, our method, REPeat SPECTra Estimation (RESPECT), had < 1.5% error in length estimation compared to 34% error previously achieved. In shotgun sequenced read samples with contaminants, RESPECT length estimates had median error 4%, in contrast to other methods that had median error 80%. Together, the results suggest that low-pass genomic sequencing can yield reliable estimates of the length and repeat content of the genome. The RESPECT software will be publicly available at https://github.com/shahab-sarmashghi/RESPECT.git
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarmashghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachtman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirarab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating repeat spectra and genome length from low-coverage genome skims with RESPECT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic mutational profiles and germline polygenic risk scores in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mutational profile of a cancer reflects the activity of the mutagenic processes which have been operative throughout the lineage of the cancer cell. These processes leave characteristic profiles of somatic mutations called mutational signatures. Mutational signatures, including single-based substitution (SBS) signatures, may reflect the effects of exogenous or endogenous exposures. Here, we used polygenic risk score (PRS) as proxies for exposures and examined the association between somatic mutational profiles and germline PRS in 12 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We found 17 statistically significant associations after Bonferroni correction (p < 3.15x10-5), including positive associations between germline inflammatory bowel disease PRS and number of somatic mutations of signature SBS1 in prostate cancer and APOBEC-related signatures in breast cancer. The age at menarche PRS was inversely associated with mutation counts of SBS1 in prostate cancer. Our analysis suggests that there are robust associations between tumor somatic mutational profiles and germline PRS. These may reflect mechanisms through hormone regulation and immunological responses that contribute to cancer etiology and drive cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic mutational profiles and germline polygenic risk scores in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Canonical Projections from Ventral CA1 and Subicular Complex to CA3 Augments the Feedforward Hippocampal Trisynaptic Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampal formation is well documented as having a feedforward, unidirectional circuit organization termed the trisynaptic pathway. This circuit organization exists along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampal formation, but the circuit connectivity across septal to temporal regions is less well described. The emergence of viral-genetic mapping techniques enhances our ability to determine the detailed complexity of hippocampal formation circuitry. In earlier work, we mapped a subiculum back-projection to CA1 prompted by the discovery of theta wave back-propagation from the subiculum to CA1 and CA3. We reason that this circuitry may represent multiple extended non-canonical pathways involving the subicular complex and hippocampal subregions CA1 and CA3. In the present study, multiple retrograde viral tracing approaches produced robust mapping results, which supports this prediction. We find significant non-canonical synaptic inputs to dorsal hippocampal CA3 from ventral CA1, perirhinal cortex, and the subicular complex. Thus, CA1 inputs to CA3 run opposite the trisynaptic pathway and in a temporal to septal direction. Our retrograde viral tracing results are confirmed by anterograde-directed viral mapping of projections from input mapped regions to hippocampal dorsal CA3. Together, our data provide a circuit foundation to explore novel functional roles contributed by these non-canonical hippocampal circuit connections to hippocampal dynamics and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarlraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Canonical Projections from Ventral CA1 and Subicular Complex to CA3 Augments the Feedforward Hippocampal Trisynaptic Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular platform for engineering function ofnatural and synthetic biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation is emerging as a universal principle for how cells use dynamic subcompartmentalization to organize biochemical reactions in time and space1,2. Yet, whether the emergent physical properties of these biomolecular condensates are important for their biological function remains unclear. The intrinsically disordered protein PopZ forms membraneless condensates at the poles of the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus and selectively sequesters kinase-signaling cascades to regulate asymmetric cell division3-5. By dissecting the molecular grammar underlying PopZ phase separation, we find that unlike many eukaryotic examples, where unstructured regions drive condensation6,7, a structured domain of PopZ drives condensation, while conserved repulsive features of the disordered region modulate material properties. By generating rationally designed PopZ mutants, we find that the exact material properties of PopZ condensates directly determine cellular fitness, providing direct evidence for the physiological importance of the emergent properties of biomolecular condensates. Our work codifies a clear set of design principles illuminating how sequence variation in a disordered domain alters the function of a widely conserved bacterial condensate. We used these insights to repurpose PopZ as a modular platform for generating synthetic condensates of tunable function in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeynaems, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stainton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daelemans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular platform for engineering function ofnatural and synthetic biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-mutagenic and mutagenic changes imprinted on the genomes of mammalian cells after irradiation with a nail polish dryer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultraviolet A light is commonly emitted by UV-nail polish dryers with recent reports suggesting that long-term use may increase the risk for developing skin cancer. However, no experimental evaluation has been conducted to reveal the effect of radiation emitted by UV-nail polish dryers on mammalian cells. Here, we show that irradiation by a UV-nail polish dryer causes high levels of reactive oxygen species, consistent with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of somatic mutations reveals a dose-dependent increase of C:G>A:T substitutions in irradiated samples with mutagenic patterns similar to mutational signatures attributed to reactive oxygen species. In summary, this study demonstrates that radiation emitted by UV-nail polish dryers can both damage DNA and permanently engrave mutations on the genomes of mammalian cells. These results have far-reaching implications in regard to public health and to preventing skin cancer due to consumer-based exposure to ultraviolet light from artificial sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhivagui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-mutagenic and mutagenic changes imprinted on the genomes of mammalian cells after irradiation with a nail polish dryer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fiber, whole foods dietary intervention alters the human gut microbiome but not fecal short-chain fatty acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary shifts can have a direct impact on the gut microbiome by preferentially selecting for microbes capable of utilizing the various dietary nutrients. Intake of dietary fiber has decreased precipitously in the last century, while consumption of processed foods has increased. Fiber, or microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs), persist in the digestive tract and can be metabolized by specific bacteria encoding fiber degrading enzymes. Digestion of MACs results in the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolic byproducts that are critical to human health. Here, we implemented a two-week dietary fiber intervention aiming for 40-50 grams of fiber per day within the context of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) (n = 20). By coupling shotgun metagenomic sequencing and targeted gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we found that the dietary intervention significantly altered the composition of individual gut microbiomes, accounting for 8.3% of the longitudinal variability within subjects. Notably, microbial taxa that increased in relative abundance as a result of the diet change included known MAC degraders (i.e., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). We further assessed the genetic diversity within Bifidobacterium, assayed by amplification of the groEL gene. Concomitant with microbial composition changes, we show an increase in the abundance of genes involved in inositol degradation. Despite these changes in gut microbiome composition, we did not detect a consistent shift in SCFA abundance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that on a short-term timescale of two weeks, increased fiber intake can induce compositional changes of the gut microbiome, including an increase in MAC degrading bacteria.

IMPORTANCEA profound decrease in the consumption of dietary fiber in many parts of the world in the last century may be associated with the increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes, colon cancer, and other health problems. A typical U.S. diet includes about [~]15 grams of fiber per day, far less fiber than daily recommended allowance. Changes in dietary fiber intake affect human health not only through the uptake of nutrients directly, but also indirectly through changes in the microbial community and their associated metabolism. Here we conducted a two-week diet intervention in healthy young adults to investigate the impact of fiber consumption on the gut microbiome. Participants increased their average fiber consumption by 25 grams/day on average for two weeks. The high fiber diet intervention altered the gut microbiome of the study participants, including increases in known fiber degrading microbes such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchanian, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedel, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimelli Sewall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiny, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fiber, whole foods dietary intervention alters the human gut microbiome but not fecal short-chain fatty acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale tandem mass spectrum clustering using fast nearest neighbor searching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAdvanced algorithmic solutions are necessary to process the ever increasing amounts of mass spectrometry data that is being generated. Here we describe the falcon spectrum clustering tool for efficient clustering of millions of MS/MS spectra.

Methodsfalcon succeeds in efficiently clustering large amounts of mass spectral data using advanced techniques for fast spectrum similarity searching. First, high-resolution spectra are binned and converted to low-dimensional vectors using feature hashing. Next, the spectrum vectors are used to construct nearest neighbor indexes for fast similarity searching. The nearest neighbor indexes are used to efficiently compute a sparse pairwise distance matrix without having to exhaustively perform all pairwise spectrum comparisons within the relevant precursor mass tolerance. Finally, density-based clustering is performed to group similar spectra into clusters.

ResultsSeveral state-of-the-art spectrum clustering tools were evaluated using a large draft human proteome dataset consisting of 25 million spectra, indicating that alternative tools produce clustering results with different characteristics. Notably, falcon generates larger highly pure clusters than alternative tools, leading to a larger reduction in data volume without the loss of relevant information for more efficient downstream processing.

Conclusionsfalcon is a highly efficient spectrum clustering tool. It is publicly available as open source under the permissive BSD license at https://github.com/bittremieux/falcon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laukens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale tandem mass spectrum clustering using fast nearest neighbor searching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of IL-1 in adipose browning and muscle wasting in CKD-associated cachexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokines such as IL-6, TNF- and IL-1{beta} trigger inflammatory cascades which may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated cachexia. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in mice. We studied energy homeostasis in Il1{beta}-/-/CKD, Il6-/-/CKD and Tnf-/-/CKD mice and compared with wild type (WT)/CKD controls. Parameters of cachexia phenotype were completely normalized in Il1{beta}-/-/CKD mice but were only partially rescued in Il6-/-/CKD and Tnf-/-/CKD mice. We tested the effects of anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, on CKD-associated cachexia. WT/CKD mice were treated with anakinra (2.5 mg.kg.day, IP) or saline for 6 weeks and compared with WT/sham controls. Anakinra normalized food intake and weight gain, fat and lean mass content, metabolic rate and muscle function, and also attenuated molecular perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and muscle in WT/CKD mice. Anakinra attenuated browning of white adipose tissue in WT/CKD mice. Moreover, anakinra normalized gastrocnemius weight and fiber size as well as attenuated muscle fat infiltration in WT/CKD mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased muscle wasting signaling pathways while promoting the decreased myogenesis process in gastrocnemius of WT/CKD mice. We performed qPCR analysis for the top 20 differentially expressed muscle genes previously identified via RNAseq analysis in WT/CKD mice versus controls. Importantly, 17 differentially expressed muscle genes were attenuated in anakinra treated WT/CKD mice. In conclusion, IL-1 receptor antagonism may represent a novel targeted treatment for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of IL-1 in adipose browning and muscle wasting in CKD-associated cachexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting interleukin-1 for reversing fat browning and muscle wasting in infantile nephropathic cystinosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCtns-/- mice, a mouse model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis, exhibit hypermetabolism with adipose tissue browning and profound muscle wasting. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 trigger inflammatory cascades and play an important role in the pathogenesis of cachexia. Anakinra is an FDA-approved IL-1 receptor antagonist that blocks IL-1 signaling and may provide targeted novel therapy.

MethodsCtns-/- mice were bred to Il6 -/- and Il1{beta} -/- mice. Ctns-/- mice and wild type control were treated with anakinra (2.5 mg.kg.day, IP) or saline as vehicle for 6 weeks. We quantitated total fat mass and studied expression of molecules regulating adipose tissue browning. We measured gastrocnemius weight, total lean mass content, muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity), muscle fiber size, muscle fatty infiltration and expression of molecules regulating muscle metabolism. We also evaluated the effects of anakinra on the muscle transcriptome.

ResultsIl-1{beta} deficiency or treatment with anakinra normalized food intake and weight gain, fat and lean mass content, metabolic rate and muscle function in Ctns-/- mice. Anakinra also diminished molecular perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and muscle, specifically, aberrant expression of beige adipose cell biomarkers (UCP-1, CD137, Tmem26 and Tbx1) and molecules implicated in adipocyte tissue browning (Cox2/Pgf2, Tlr2, Myd88 and Traf6) in inguinal white adipose tissue in Ctns-/- mice. Moreover, anakinra normalized gastrocnemius weight and fiber size as well as attenuated muscle fat infiltration in Ctns-/- mice. This was accompanied by correction of the increased muscle wasting signaling pathways (increased protein content of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-{kappa}B p65 and gene expression of Atrogin-1 and Myostatin) and the decreased myogenesis process (decreased gene expression of MyoD and Myogenin) in gastrocnemius of Ctns-/- mice. Finally, anakinra normalized or attenuated 12 of those top 20 differentially expressed muscle genes in Ctns-/- mice.

ConclusionsAnakinra attenuates adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in Ctns-/- mice. IL-1 receptor blockade may represent a novel targeted treatment for cachexia in patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting interleukin-1 for reversing fat browning and muscle wasting in infantile nephropathic cystinosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of independent cohorts of outbred CFW mice reveals novel loci for behavioral and physiological traits and identifies factors determining reproducibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combining samples for genetic association is standard practice in human genetic analysis of complex traits, but is rarely undertaken in rodent genetics. Here, using 23 phenotypes and genotypes from two independent laboratories, we obtained a sample size of 3,076 commercially available outbred mice and identified 70 loci, more than double the number of loci identified in the component studies. Fine-mapping in the combined sample reduced the number of likely causal variants, with a median reduction in set size of 51%, and indicated novel gene associations, including Pnpo, Ttll6 and GM11545 with bone mineral density, and Psmb9 with weight. However replication at a nominal threshold of 0.05 between the two component studies was surprisingly low, with less than a third of loci identified in one study replicated in the second. In addition to overestimates in the effect size in the discovery sample (Winners Curse), we also found that heterogeneity between studies explained the poor replication, but the contribution of these two factors varied among traits. Available methods to control Winners Curse were contingent on the power of the discovery sample, and depending on the method used, both overestimated and underestimated the true effect. Leveraging these observations we integrated information about replication rates, confounding, and Winners Curse corrected estimates of power to assign variants to one of four confidence levels. Our approach addresses concerns about reproducibility, and demonstrates how to obtain robust results from mapping complex traits in any genome-wide association study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicod, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of independent cohorts of outbred CFW mice reveals novel loci for behavioral and physiological traits and identifies factors determining reproducibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylomic alteration in peripheral blood lymphocytes of prodromal stage and first-episode Chinese Han schizophrenia patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough epigenetic dysregulation has long been proposed to promote the onset of schizophrenia, the landscape of the methylomic changes across the whole genome is yet established.

MethodsUsing Infinium Human Methylation 850 BeadChip Array and MethylTarget sequencing method, we investigated the genome-wide methylation profiles and further validated methylation profiles of target genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes between individuals with psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and healthy controls (HC) in Chinese Han population.

ResultsWe detected 372 sites between psychosis risk syndrome (PRS) and healthy controls (HC), which increased to 460 sites in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with 207 sites shared. Both PRS and FES featured profound hypomethylation within gene body. Gene ontology and network annotation merged on loci enriched in disease associated signaling pathways (MAPK(Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases), Glutamatergic, GABAergic etc.).

ConclusionsOur study implicated characteristic hypomethylation in both the discovery and validation cohorts in SYNGAP1, one of the frequently studied genes in neurodevelopmental disorders. This is the first methylome-wide association study between PRS and FES in Chinese Han population. Our findings provide potential biomarkers that can be used for future development of disease therapy and management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidotti, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylomic alteration in peripheral blood lymphocytes of prodromal stage and first-episode Chinese Han schizophrenia patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Human 3D neural assembloid model for SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical evidence suggests the central nervous system (CNS) is frequently impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection, either directly or indirectly, although mechanisms remain unclear. Pericytes are perivascular cells within the brain that are proposed as SARS-CoV-2 infection points1. Here we show that pericyte-like cells (PLCs), when integrated into a cortical organoid, are capable of infection with authentic SARS-CoV-2. Prior to infection, PLCs elicited astrocytic maturation and production of basement membrane components, features attributed to pericyte functions in vivo. While traditional cortical organoids showed little evidence of infection, PLCs within cortical organoids served as viral  replication hubs, with virus spreading to astrocytes and mediating inflammatory type I interferon transcriptional responses. Therefore, PLC-containing cortical organoids (PCCOs) represent a new  assembloid model2 that supports SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in neural tissue, and PCCOs serve as an experimental model for neural infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gastfriend, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shusta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palecek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Human 3D neural assembloid model for SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catestatin regulates the colonic mucus layer in inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe pro-hormone chromogranin A (CgA) and its bioactive cleavage product catestatin (CST) are both associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and dysregulated barrier functions, but their exact role has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that CST regulates the colonic mucus layer.

MethodsCST levels were measured in feces of IBD patients. The mucus layer, goblet cells, and immune cell infiltration were analyzed by histology and electron microscopy in colon tissue from IBD patients and mice with selective deletion of the CST-coding region of the CgA gene.

ResultsCST levels were elevated in feces of IBD patients compared to healthy controls. The thickness of the mucus layer was increased in non-affected, but not in inflamed, regions of the colon in IBD patients. The thickness of the mucus layer and concomitant mucus production were also increased in the CST-KO mouse. This mucus phenotype in CST-KO mice could be reversed by bone marrow transplantation from wildtype mice.

ConclusionsCST produced by bone-marrow derived immune cells reduces production of the mucus layer in the intestine. This might contribute to the reduced mucus layer in inflamed colon regions of IBD patients. Additionally, CST feces levels might be a biomarker for IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muntjewerff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kea-te Lindert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bogaart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catestatin regulates the colonic mucus layer in inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.427198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Customized de novo mutation detection for any variant calling pipeline: SynthDNM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.427198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs sequencing technologies and analysis pipelines evolve, DNM calling tools must be adapted. Therefore, a flexible approach is needed that can accurately identify de novo mutations from genome or exome sequences from a variety of datasets and variant calling pipelines.

ResultsHere, we describe SynthDNM, a random-forest based classifier that can be readily adapted to new sequencing or variant-calling pipelines by applying a flexible approach to constructing simulated training examples from real data. The optimized SynthDNM classifiers predict de novo SNPs and indels with robust accuracy across multiple methods of variant calling.

AvailabilitySynthDNM is freely available on Github (https://github.com/james-guevara/synthdnm)

Contactjsebat@ucsd.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.427198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Customized de novo mutation detection for any variant calling pipeline: SynthDNM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for gene drive development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culex mosquitoes are a global vector for multiple human and animal diseases, including West Nile virus, lymphatic filariasis, and avian malaria, posing a constant threat to public health, livestock, companion animals, and endangered birds. While rising insecticide resistance has threatened the control of Culex mosquitoes, advances in CRISPR genome-editing tools have fostered the development of alternative genetic strategies such as gene drive systems to fight disease vectors. However, though gene-drive technology has quickly progressed in other mosquitoes, advances have been lacking in Culex. Here, we developed a Culex-specific Cas9/gRNA expression toolkit and used site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a Culex quinquefasciatus Cas9-expressing line. We showed that gRNA scaffold variants improve transgenesis efficiency in both Culex and Drosophila and boost gene-drive performance in the fruit fly. These findings support future technology development to control Culex mosquitoes and provide valuable insight for improving these tools in other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Del Amo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mameli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for gene drive development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanistic analyses of the gating mechanism of elongating ketosynthases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketosynthases (KSs) catalyze carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). KSs utilize a two-step ping pong kinetic mechanism to carry out an overall decarboxylative thio-Claisen condensation that can be separated into the transacylation and condensation reactions. In both steps, an acyl carrier protein (ACP) delivers thioester tethered substrates to the active sites of KSs. Therefore, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and KS-mediated substrate recognition events are required for catalysis. Recently, crystal structures of Escherichia coli elongating type II FAS KSs, FabF and FabB, in complex with E. coli ACP, AcpP, revealed distinct conformational states of two active site KS loops. These loops were proposed to operate via a gating mechanism to coordinate substrate recognition and delivery followed by catalysis. Here we interrogate this proposed gating mechanism by solving two additional high-resolution structures of substrate engaged AcpP-FabF complexes, one of which provides the missing AcpP-FabF gate-closed conformation. Clearly defined interactions of one of these active site loops with AcpP are present in both the open and closed conformations, suggesting AcpP binding triggers or stabilizes gating transitions, further implicating PPIs in carrier protein-dependent catalysis. We functionally demonstrate the importance of gating in the overall KS condensation reaction and provide experimental evidence for its role in the transacylation reaction. Furthermore, we evaluate the catalytic importance of these loops using alanine scanning mutagenesis and also investigate chimeric FabF constructs carrying elements found in type I PKS KS domains. These findings broaden our understanding of the KS mechanism which advances future engineering efforts in both FASs and evolutionarily related PKSs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mindrebo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Re, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkart, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanistic analyses of the gating mechanism of elongating ketosynthases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wide-scale SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing is critical to tracking viral evolution during the ongoing pandemic. Variants first detected in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Brazil have spread to multiple countries. We developed the software tool, Variant Database (VDB), for quickly examining the changing landscape of spike mutations. Using VDB, we detected an emerging lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York region that shares mutations with previously reported variants. The most common sets of spike mutations in this lineage (now designated as B.1.526) are L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K or S477N, D614G, and A701V. This lineage was first sequenced in late November 2020 when it represented <1% of sequenced coronavirus genomes that were collected in New York City (NYC). By February 2021, genomes from this lineage accounted for ~32% of 3288 sequenced genomes from NYC specimens. Phylodynamic inference confirmed the rapid growth of the B.1.526 lineage in NYC, notably the sub-clade defined by the spike mutation E484K, which has outpaced the growth of other variants in NYC. Pseudovirus neutralization experiments demonstrated that B.1.526 spike mutations adversely affect the neutralization titer of convalescent and vaccinee plasma, indicating the public health importance of this lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The APOBEC3A deaminase drives episodic mutagenesis in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases is widely speculated to be a major source of somatic mutations in cancer1-3. However, causal links between APOBEC3 enzymes and mutations in human cancer cells have not been established. The identity of the APOBEC3 paralog(s) that may act as prime drivers of mutagenesis and the mechanisms underlying different APOBEC3-associated mutational signatures are unknown. To directly investigate the roles of APOBEC3 enzymes in cancer mutagenesis, candidate APOBEC3 genes were deleted from cancer cell lines recently found to naturally generate APOBEC3-associated mutations in episodic bursts4. Deletion of the APOBEC3A paralog severely diminished the acquisition of mutations of speculative APOBEC3 origins in breast cancer and lymphoma cell lines. APOBEC3 mutational burdens were undiminished in APOBEC3B knockout cell lines. APOBEC3A deletion reduced the appearance of the clustered mutation types kataegis and omikli, which are frequently found in cancer genomes. The uracil glycosylase UNG and the translesion polymerase REV1 were found to play critical roles in the generation of mutations induced by APOBEC3A. These data represent the first evidence for a long-postulated hypothesis that APOBEC3 deaminases generate prevalent clustered and non-clustered mutational signatures in human cancer cells, identify APOBEC3A as a driver of episodic mutational bursts, and dissect the roles of the relevant enzymes in generating the associated mutations in breast cancer and B cell lymphoma cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petljak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dananberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Morgen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciejowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The APOBEC3A deaminase drives episodic mutagenesis in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic association of IκBα to chromatin is regulated by acetylation and cleavage of histone H4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I{kappa}Bs exert a principal function as cytoplasmic inhibitors of the NF-kB transcription factors. Additional functions for I{kappa}B homologues have been described including association to chromatin and transcriptional regulatioin. Phosphorylated and SUMOylated I{kappa}B (pS-I{kappa}B) binds histones H2A and H4 in the stem and progenitor compartment of skin and intestine, but the mechanisms controlling its recruitment to chromatin are largely unstudied.

We here show that serine 32-36 phosphorylation of I{kappa}B favors its binding with nucleosomes and demonstrated that p-I{kappa}B association to H4 is favored by acetylation at specific H4 lysine residues. N-terminal tail of H4 is lost during intestinal cell differentiation by proteolytic cleavage at residues 17-19 imposed ny trypsin or chymotrypsin, which interferes p-I{kappa}B binding. Paradoxically, inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in HT29 cells increased p-I{kappa}B chromatin binding and impaired goblet cell differentiation, comparable to I{kappa}B deletion. Together our results indicate that dynamic binding of I{kappa}B to chromatin is a requirement for intestinal cell differentiation and provide a molecular base for the restricted nuclear distribution of p-I{kappa}B at specific stem cell compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Villanueva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulero, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batlle-Morera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa-Freixa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marruecos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic association of IκBα to chromatin is regulated by acetylation and cleavage of histone H4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicotine-mediated recruitment of GABAergic neurons to a dopaminergic phenotype attenuates motor deficits in alpha-synuclein Parkinson's model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDPrevious work revealed an inverse correlation between smoking and Parkinsons disease (PD) that is associated with nicotine-induced neuroprotection of dopaminergic (DA) neurons against nigrostriatal damage in PD primates and rodent models. Nicotine, a neuroactive component of tobacco, can directly alter the activity of midbrain DA neurons and induce non-DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) to acquire a DA phenotype. We investigated the recruitment mechanism of nigrostriatal GABAergic neurons to express DA phenotypes, such as transcription factor Nurr1 and DA-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the concomitant effects on motor function.

METHODSWild-type and -syn-overexpressing (PD) mice treated with chronic nicotine were assessed by behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) and immunohistochemistry/in-situ hybridization to measure behavior and the translational/transcriptional regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype following selective Nurr1 overexpression or DREADD-mediated chemogenetic activation.

RESULTSNicotine treatment led to a transcriptional TH and translational Nurr1 upregulation within a pool of SN GABAergic neurons in wild-type animals. In PD mice, nicotine increased Nurr1 expression, reduced the number of -syn-expressing neurons, and simultaneously rescued motor deficits. Hyperactivation of GABA neurons alone was sufficient to elicit de novo translational upregulation of Nurr1 in non-DA neurons. Retrograde labeling revealed that a fraction of these GABAergic neurons projects to the dorsal striatum.

CONCLUSIONSNicotine exposure initiates neuroprotective mechanisms counteracting the neurodegenerative effects of -syn accumulation in DA neurons and contributing to Nurr1-mediated therapeutic effects. Revealing the mechanism of nicotine-induced DA plasticity protecting SN neurons against nigrostriatal damage could contribute to developing new strategies for neurotransmitter replacement in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, I.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keisler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulcis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicotine-mediated recruitment of GABAergic neurons to a dopaminergic phenotype attenuates motor deficits in alpha-synuclein Parkinson's model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.430112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Yeast Resistome through in vitro Evolution and Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.430112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro evolution and whole genome analysis were used to comprehensively identify the genetic determinants of chemical resistance in the model microbe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of 355 curated, laboratory-evolved clones, resistant to 80 different compounds, demonstrates differences in the types of mutations that are identified in selected versus neutral evolution and reveals numerous new, compound-target interactions. Through enrichment analysis we further identify a set of 137 genes strongly associated with or conferring drug resistance as indicated by CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The set of 25 most frequently mutated genes was enriched for transcription factors and for almost 25 percent of the compounds, resistance was mediated by one of 100 independently derived, gain-of-function, single nucleotide variants found in 170-amino-acid domains in two Zn2C6 transcription factors, YRR1 and YRM1 (p < 1x 10 -100). This remarkable enrichment for transcription factors as drug resistance genes may explain why it is challenging to develop effective antifungal killing agents and highlights their important role in evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ottilie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellemann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldgof, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez-Macias, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarsio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitesell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerwick, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.430112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Yeast Resistome through in vitro Evolution and Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invariant Differential Expression Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Cancer Resistance to Cell Cycle Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a good model to study drug resistance to cell-cycle inhibitors because it is driven by mutations in the core components of cell-cycle, i.e, Rb gene. However, there is limited gene expression dataset in RB which has major reproducibility issues. We have developed invariant differential expression analysis (iDEA) that improves the state of the art in differential expression analysis (DEA). iDEA uses strong Boolean implication relationships in a large diverse human dataset GSE119087 (n = 25,955) to filter the noisy differentially expressed genes (DEGs). iDEA was applied to RB datasets and a gene signature was computed that led to prediction and mechanism of drug sensitivity. The prediction was confirmed using drugs-sensitive/resistant RB cell-lines and mouse xenograft models using CDC25 inhibitor NSC663284. iDEA improved reproducibility of differential expression across diverse retina/RB cohorts and RB cell-lines with different drug sensitivity (Y79/Weri vs NCC). Pathway analysis revealed WNT/{beta}-catenin involved in distinguishing drug sensitivity to CDC25 inhibitor NSC663284. NSC663284 inhibited tumour cell proliferation in mouse xenograft model containing Y79 cells indicating novel therapeutic option in RB. Invariant differentially expressed genes (iDEGs) are robustly associated with outcome in diverse cancer datasets and supports for a fundamental mechanism of drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar R, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khetan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elchuri, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invariant Differential Expression Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Cancer Resistance to Cell Cycle Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical manipulations of genetically defined cell types have generated significant insights into the dynamics of neural circuits. While optogenetic activation has been relatively straightforward, rapid and reversible synaptic inhibition has been far more difficult to achieve. Instead of relying on unpredictable ion manipulations or slow photoactivatable toxins at axon terminals, we took a different approach to leverage the natural ability of inhibitory presynaptic GPCRs to silence synaptic transmission. Here we characterize parapinopsin (PPO), a photoswitchable non-visual opsin from lamprey pineal gland that couples to Gi/o-signaling cascades. PPO can be rapidly activated by pulsed blue light, switched off with amber light, and is effective for repeated or prolonged inhibition. We developed viral vectors for cell-specific expression of PPO, which traffics very effectively in numerous neuron types. At presynaptic terminals, PPO can silence glutamate release and suppress dopamine-dependent reward and cocaine place preference behaviors in vivo. PPO immediately fills a significant gap in the neuroscience toolkit for rapid and reversible synaptic inhibition, and has broader utility for achieving spatiotemporal control of inhibitory GPCR signaling cascades in other biological and pharmacological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copits, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowrishankar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshik, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elerding, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stander, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samineni, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunahara, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gereau, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A combined EM and proteomic analysis places HIV-1 Vpu at the crossroads of retromer and ESCRT complexes: PTPN23 is a Vpu-cofactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu modulates membrane protein trafficking and degradation to provide evasion of immune surveillance. Targets of Vpu include CD4, HLAs, and BST-2. Several cellular pathways co-opted by Vpu have been identified, but the picture of Vpus itinerary and activities within membrane systems remains incomplete. Here, we used fusion proteins of Vpu and the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) to compare the ultrastructural locations and the proximal proteomes of wild type Vpu and Vpu-mutants. The proximity-omes of the proteins correlated with their ultrastructural locations and placed wild type Vpu near both retromer and ESCRT-0 complexes. Hierarchical clustering of protein abundances across the mutants was essential to interpreting the data and identified Vpu degradation-targets including CD4, HLA-C, and SEC12 as well as Vpu-cofactors including HGS, STAM, clathrin, and PTPN23, an ALIX-like protein. The Vpu-directed degradation of BST-2 required PTPN23 but not the retromer subunits. These data suggest that Vpu directs targets from sorting endosomes to degradation at multi-vesicular bodies via ESCRT-0 and PTPN23.

Author SummaryVpu triggers the degradation or mis-localization of proteins important to the hosts immune response. Vpu acts as an adaptor, linking cellular protein targets to the ubiquitination and membrane trafficking machinery. Vpu has been localized to various cellular membrane systems. By fusing wild type Vpu and Vpu-mutants to the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, we defined the cellular proteome in proximity to Vpu and correlated this with the proteins location. We found that wild type Vpu is proximal to ESCRT proteins, retromer complexes, and sorting and late endosomal proteins. Functionally, we found that the Vpu-mediated degradation of the innate defense protein BST-2 required PTPN23, an ALIX-like protein, consistent with our observation of Vpus presence at the limiting membranes of multi-vesicular bodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A combined EM and proteomic analysis places HIV-1 Vpu at the crossroads of retromer and ESCRT complexes: PTPN23 is a Vpu-cofactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19 exposed donors and vaccinees. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlighted the need to better understand adaptive immune responses to this virus. It is important to address whether also CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are affected, because of the role they play in disease resolution and modulation of COVID-19 disease severity. Here we performed a comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses from COVID-19 convalescent subjects recognizing the ancestral strain, compared to variant lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and CAL.20C as well as recipients of the Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccines. Similarly, we demonstrate that the sequences of the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes are not affected by the mutations found in the variants analyzed. Overall, the results demonstrate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 subjects or COVID-19 mRNA vaccinees are not substantially affected by mutations found in the SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraizer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19 exposed donors and vaccinees.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial diversity in tropical marine sediments assessed using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbial communities associated with marine sediments are critical for ecosystem function yet remain poorly characterized. While culture-independent (CI) approaches capture the broadest perspective on community composition, culture-dependent (CD) methods can capture low abundance taxa that are missed using CI approaches. The aim of this study was to assess microbial diversity in tropical marine sediments collected from five shallow water sites in Belize using both CD and CI approaches. CD methods captured approximately 3% of the >800 genera detected across the five sites. Additionally, 39 genera were only detected using CD approaches revealing rare taxa that were missed with the CI approach. Significantly different communities were detected across sites, with rare taxa playing an important role in the delineation of sediment communities. This study provides important baseline data describing shallow water sediment microbial communities and evidence that standard cultivation techniques may be more effective than previously recognized.

Originality-Significance StatementMarine sediments host some of the most diverse microbial communities on the planet. While these communities are critical for global nutrient cycling, the oceanic food web, and the maintenance of ecosystem dynamics, they remain poorly studied. Studies that have assessed sediment communities typically use culture-independent approaches, which have known biases and can miss ecologically important taxa. Here we describe microbial diversity in marine sediments using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Our culturing approach, sequencing communities as opposed to individual colonies, revealed an additional 39 genera that were not detected with culture-independent methods. Additionally, we cultured numerous, as-yet undescribed species, suggesting that traditional culturing practices can be more efficient than commonly thought. Moreover, our results indicate rare taxa play an important role in distinguishing microbial communities at different sites, thus highlighting the importance of deep sequencing and incorporating culture-dependent approaches for diversity assessments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demko, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial diversity in tropical marine sediments assessed using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.431313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.431313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the spatial organization of tissues is of critical importance for both basic and translational research. While recent advances in tissue imaging are opening an exciting new window into the biology of human tissues, interpreting the data that they create is a significant computational challenge. Cell segmentation, the task of uniquely identifying each cell in an image, remains a substantial barrier for tissue imaging, as existing approaches are inaccurate or require a substantial amount of manual curation to yield useful results. Here, we addressed the problem of cell segmentation in tissue imaging data through large-scale data annotation and deep learning. We constructed TissueNet, an image dataset containing >1 million paired whole-cell and nuclear annotations for tissue images from nine organs and six imaging platforms. We created Mesmer, a deep learning-enabled segmentation algorithm trained on TissueNet that performs nuclear and whole-cell segmentation in tissue imaging data. We demonstrated that Mesmer has better speed and accuracy than previous methods, generalizes to the full diversity of tissue types and imaging platforms in TissueNet, and achieves human-level performance for whole-cell segmentation. Mesmer enabled the automated extraction of key cellular features, such as subcellular localization of protein signal, which was challenging with previous approaches. We further showed that Mesmer could be adapted to harness cell lineage information present in highly multiplexed datasets. We used this enhanced version to quantify cell morphology changes during human gestation. All underlying code and models are released with permissive licenses as a community resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullaway, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camplisson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Tal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshawsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.431313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxon-specific phytoplankton growth, nutrient utilization, and light limitation in the oligotrophic Gulf of Mexico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly stratified, oligotrophic regions of the oceans are predominantly nitrogen limited in the surface ocean and light limited at the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). Hence, determining light and nitrogen co-limitation patterns for diverse phytoplankton taxa is crucial to understanding marine primary production throughout the euphotic zone. During two cruises in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico, we measured primary productivity (H13CO3-), nitrate uptake (15NO3-), and ammonium uptake (15NH4+) throughout the water column. Primary productivity declined with depth from the mixed-layer to the DCM, averaging 27.1 mmol C m-2 d-1. The fraction of growth supported by NO3- was consistently low, with upper euphotic zone values ranging from 0.01 to 0.14 and lower euphotic zone values ranging from 0.03 to 0.44. Nitrate uptake showed strong diel patterns (maximum during the day), while ammonium uptake exhibited no diel variability. To parameterize taxon-specific phytoplankton nutrient and light utilization, we used a data assimilation approach (Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo) including primary productivity, nutrient uptake, and taxon-specific growth rate measurements. Parameters derived from this analysis define distinct niches for five phytoplankton taxa (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and prymnesiophytes) and may be useful for constraining biogeochemical models of oligotrophic open-ocean systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yingling, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selph, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxon-specific phytoplankton growth, nutrient utilization, and light limitation in the oligotrophic Gulf of Mexico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When is it Worth Working for Water? A Utility Maximization Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the laboratory, animals motivation to work tends to be positively correlated with reward magnitude. But in nature, rewards earned by work are essential to survival (e.g., working to find water), and the payoff of that work can vary on long timescales (e.g., seasonally). Under these constraints, the strategy of working less when rewards are small could be fatal. We found that instead, rats in a closed economy did more work for water rewards when the rewards were stably smaller, a phenomenon also observed in human labor supply curves. Like human consumers, rats also showed elasticity of demand, consuming far more water per day when its price in effort was lower. The neural mechanisms underlying such "rational" market behaviors remain largely unexplored. We propose a dynamic utility maximization model that can account for the dependence of rat labor supply (trials/day) on the wage rate (ml/trial), and also predict the temporal dynamics of when rats work. Based on data from mice, we hypothesize that SFOGLUT neurons in lamina terminalis continuously compute the instantaneous marginal utility of voluntary work for water reward, and causally determine the amount and timing of work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinagel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When is it Worth Working for Water? A Utility Maximization Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccine genetics of IGHV1-2 VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibody precursor naive human B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A successful HIV vaccine must overcome the hurdle of being able to activate naive precursor B cells encoding features within their germline B cell receptors (BCR) that allow recognition of broadly neutralizing epitopes. Knowledge of whether broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) precursor B cells are circulating at sufficient frequencies within individuals in communities heavily impacted by HIV may be important. Using a germline-targeting eOD-GT8 immunogen and high-throughput droplet-based single cell BCR sequencing, we demonstrate that large numbers of paired BCR sequences from multiple donors can be efficiently screened to elucidate precursor frequencies of rare, naive VRC01-class B cells. The results indicate that IGHV1-2 alleles incompatible with VRC01-class responses are relatively common in various human populations, and germline variation within IGHV1-2 associates with gene usage frequencies in the naive BCR repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havenar-Daughton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccine genetics of IGHV1-2 VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibody precursor naive human B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic microalgae are an attractive source of food, fuel or nutraceuticals, but commercial production of microalgae is limited by low spatial efficiency. In the present study, we developed a simple photosynthetic hydrogel system that cultivates the green microalga, Marinichlorella kaistiae KAS603, together with a novel strain of the bacteria Erythrobacter sp.. We tested the performance of the co-culture in the hydrogel using a combination of chlorophyll-a fluorimetry, microsensing and bio-optical measurements. Our results showed that growth rates in algal-bacterial hydrogels were about 3-fold enhanced compared to hydrogels with algae alone. Chlorophyll-a fluorimetry based light curves found that electron transport rates were enhanced about 20% for algal-bacterial hydrogels compared to algal hydrogels for intermediate irradiance levels. We also show that the living hydrogel is stable under different environmental conditions and when exposed to natural seawater. Our study provides a potential bio-inspired solution for problems that limit the space-efficient cultivation of microalgae for biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinasquet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stofko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deheyn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignolini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangpraseurt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infection in-vitro by highly potent PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV hijack the host molecular machinery to establish infection and survival in infected cells. This has led the scientific community to explore the molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, establishes productive infection, and causes life-threatening pathophysiology. Very few targeted therapeutics for COVID-19 currently exist, such as remdesivir. Recently, a proteomic approach explored the interactions of 26 of 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins with cellular targets in human cells and identified 67 interactions as potential targets for drug development. Two of the critical targets, the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins (BETs): BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR, are inhibited by the dual inhibitory small molecule SF2523 at nanomolar potency. SF2523 is the only known mTOR PI3K-/(BRD2/BRD4) inhibitor with potential to block two orthogonal pathways necessary for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in human cells. Our results demonstrate that SF2523 effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung bronchial epithelial cells in vitro, showing an IC50 value of 1.5 {micro}M, comparable to IC50 value of remdesivir (1.1 {micro}M). Further, we demonstrated that the combination of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir is highly synergistic: it allows for the reduction of doses of SF2523 and remdesivir by 25-fold and 4-fold, respectively, to achieve the same potency observed for a single inhibitor. Because SF2523 inhibits two SARS-CoV-2 driven pathogenesis mechanisms involving BRD2/BRD4 and mTOR signaling, our data suggest that SF2523 alone or in combination with remdesivir could be a novel and efficient therapeutic strategy to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and hence be beneficial in preventing severe COVID-19 disease evolution.

One Sentence SummaryEvidence of in silico designed chemotype (SF2523) targeting PI3K-/mTOR/BRD4 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and is highly synergistic with remdesivir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challagundla, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vann, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutateladze, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durden, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrareddy, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blockade of SARS-CoV-2 infection in-vitro by highly potent PI3K-α/mTOR/BRD4 inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow, heterogeneous NFκB single molecule conformational dynamics and implications for function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding and unbinding of transcription factors to DNA are kinetically controlled to regulate the transcriptional outcome. Control of the release of the transcription factor NF-{kappa}B from DNA is achieved through accelerated dissociation by the inhibitor protein I{kappa}B. Using single-molecule FRET, we observe a continuum of conformations of NF-{kappa}B in free and DNA-bound states interconverting on the subseconds to minutes timescale, comparable to in vivo binding on the seconds timescale, suggesting that structural dynamics directly control binding kinetics. Much of the DNA-bound NF-{kappa}B is partially bound, allowing I{kappa}B invasion to facilitate DNA dissociation. I{kappa}B induces a locked conformation where the DNA-binding domains of NF-{kappa}B are too far apart to bind DNA, whereas the loss-of-function I{kappa}B mutant retains the NF-{kappa}B conformational ensemble. Overall, our results suggest a novel mechanism with a continuum of binding modes for controlling association and dissociation of transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolynes, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komives, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow, heterogeneous NFκB single molecule conformational dynamics and implications for function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probiotic bacteria and bile acid profile are modulated by prebiotic diet and associate with facilitated diurnal clock/sleep realignment after chronic disruption of rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) impacts sleep and can result in circadian misalignment of physiological systems, which in turn is associated with increased disease risk. Exposure to repeated or severe stressors also disturbs sleep and diurnal rhythms. Prebiotic nutrients produce favorable changes in gut microbial ecology, the gut metabolome, and reduce several negative impacts of acute severe stressor exposure, including disturbed sleep, core body temperature rhythmicity, and gut microbial dysbiosis. This study tested the hypothesis whether prebiotics can also reduce the negative impacts of CDR by facilitating light/dark realignment of sleep/wake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity; and whether prebiotic-induced changes in bacteria and bile acid profiles are associated with these effects. Male, Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets enriched in prebiotic substrates or calorically matched control chow. After 5 weeks on diet, rats were exposed to CDR (12h light/dark reversal, weekly for 8 weeks) or remained on undisturbed normal light/dark cycles (NLD). Sleep EEG, core body temperature, and locomotor activity were recorded via biotelemetry in freely moving rats. Fecal samples were collected on experimental days -33, 0 (day of onset of CDR), and 42. Taxonomic identification and relative abundances of gut microbes were measured in fecal samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Fecal primary, bacterially-modified secondary, and conjugated bile acids were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Prebiotic diet produced rapid and stable increases in the relative abundances of Parabacteroides distasonis and Ruminiclostridium 5. Shotgun metagenomics analyses confirmed reliable increases in relative abundances of Parabacteroides distasonis and Clostridium leptum, a member of the Ruminiclostridium genus. Prebiotic diet also modified fecal bile acid profiles; and based on correlational and step-wise regression analyses, Parabacteroides distasonis and Ruminiclostridium 5 were positively associated with each other and negatively associated with secondary and conjugated bile acids. Prebiotic diet, but not CDR, impacted beta diversity. Measures of alpha diversity evenness were decreased by CDR and prebiotic diet prevented that effect. Rats exposed to CDR while eating prebiotic, compared to control diet, more quickly realigned NREM sleep and core body temperature (ClockLab) diurnal rhythms to the altered light/dark cycle. Finally, both cholic acid and Ruminiclostridium 5 prior to CDR were associated with time to realign CBT rhythms to the new light/dark cycle after CDR; whereas both Ruminiclostridium 5 and taurocholic acid prior to CDR were associated with NREM sleep recovery after CDR. These results suggest that ingestion of prebiotic substrates is an effective strategy to increase the relative abundance of health promoting microbes, alter the fecal bile acid profile, and facilitate the recovery and realignment of sleep and diurnal rhythms after circadian disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitaterna, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turek, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxx, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleshner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probiotic bacteria and bile acid profile are modulated by prebiotic diet and associate with facilitated diurnal clock/sleep realignment after chronic disruption of rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BoolSim, a Graphical Interface for Open Access Boolean Network Simulations and Use in Guard Cell CO2 Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling networks are at the heart of almost all biological processes. Most of these networks contain a large number of components and often the connections between these components are either not known, or the rate equations that govern the dynamics of soluble signaling components are not quantified. This uncertainty in network topology and parameters can make it challenging to formulate detailed mathematical models. Boolean networks, in which all components are either on or off, have emerged as viable alternatives to more detailed mathematical models but can be difficult to implement. Therefore, open source format of such models for community use is desirable. Here we present BoolSim, a freely available graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to easily construct and analyze Boolean networks. BoolSim can be applied to any Boolean network. We demonstrate BoolSims application using a previously published network for abscisic acid-driven stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. We also show how BoolSim can be used to generate testable predictions by extending the network to include CO2 regulation of stomatal movements. Predictions of the model were experimentally tested and the model was iteratively modified based on experiments showing that ABA closes stomata even at near zero CO2 concentrations (1.5 ppm CO2).

One Sentence SummaryThis study presents an open-source, graphical interface for the simulation of Boolean networks and applies it to an abscisic acid signaling network in guard cells, extended to include input from CO2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karanam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubeaux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmakar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappel, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BoolSim, a Graphical Interface for Open Access Boolean Network Simulations and Use in Guard Cell CO2 Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale organization of Actin Filaments in the Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.07.434292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) shape and deformability are supported by a planar network of short actin filament (F-actin) nodes interconnected by long spectrin molecules at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Spectrin-F-actin network structure underlies quantitative modelling of forces controlling RBC shape, membrane curvature and deformation, yet the nanoscale organization of F-actin nodes in the network in situ is not understood. Here, we examined F-actin distribution in RBCs using fluorescent-phalloidin labeling of F-actin imaged by multiple microscopy modalities. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and Zeiss Airyscan confocal microscopy demonstrate that F-actin is concentrated in multiple brightly stained F-actin foci [~]200-300 nm apart interspersed with dimmer F-actin staining regions. Live cell imaging reveals dynamic lateral movements, appearance and disappearance of F-actin foci. Single molecule STORM imaging and computational cluster analysis of experimental and synthetic data sets indicate that individual filaments are non-randomly distributed, with the majority as multiple filaments, and the remainder sparsely distributed as single filaments. These data indicate that F-actin nodes are non-uniformly distributed in the spectrin-F-actin network and necessitate reconsideration of current models of forces accounting for RBC shape and membrane deformability, predicated upon uniform distribution of F-actin nodes and associated proteins across the micron-scale RBC membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nowak, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alimohamadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestonjamasp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.434292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale organization of Actin Filaments in the Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel nitrogen concentrating mechanism in the coral-algae symbiosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral algal symbionts are hosted inside the symbiosome of gastrodermal cells, an intracellular compartment that isolates algae from the external environment and allows host cells to control the delivery of metabolites to their symbionts. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report the diel trafficking of NH3-transporting Rhesus (Rh) channels between the cytoplasm and the symbiosome membrane in the coral Acropora yongei, which matches established patterns of nitrogen delivery to endosymbionts. Heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes established that A. yongei Rh (ayRhp1) is a channel that facilitates NH3 diffusion across membranes following its partial pressure gradient. Immunostaining revealed ayRhp1 is widely distributed throughout coral tissues and most abundantly present in oral ectodermal cells, desmocytes, and gastrodermal cells. In the latter, ayRhp1 was observed in the symbiosome membrane of alga-containing cells. Together with V-type H+-ATPases that make the symbiosome highly acidic (pH~4), ayRhp1 constitutes an NH4+-trapping mechanism analogous to that in mammalian renal tubule. Remarkably, ayRhp1 presence in the symbiosome membrane was higher during the day than the night. This indicates a regulatory mechanism that facilitates NH4+ delivery to alga during the day, likely to sustain high turnover rates of photosynthetic proteins, while restricting NH4+ delivery at night to maintain the endosymbiotic algae in a nitrogen-limited stage that stagnates their growth. The dynamic trafficking of proteins to and away from the symbiosome membrane is a previously unknown mechanism that contributes to metabolic regulation between symbiotic partners.

Significance StatementThe endosymbiotic relationship between corals and algae relies on the coordinated exchange of metabolites. Disruption of these metabolic exchanges can result in interruption of the symbiosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that Acropora yongei coral host cells express ammonia-transporting channel proteins (ayRhp1), which traffic to and away from the symbiosome membrane surrounding the endosymbiotic algae. In conjunction with the acidic symbiosome microenvironment, this mechanism allows host cells to regulate nitrogen delivery to endosymbionts sustaining essential functions while restricting growth. This work provides novel mechanistic information about metabolic regulation of animal-algae symbioses, and advances our understanding of physiological mechanisms that might determine coral local adaptation, resilience, and vulnerability to environmental stress including climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada-Rodriguez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouyao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weihrauch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresguerres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel nitrogen concentrating mechanism in the coral-algae symbiosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Charting oncogenicity of genes and variants across lineages via multiplexed screens in teratomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deconstructing tissue-specific effects of genes and variants on proliferative advantage is critical to understanding cellular transformation and to systematic selection of cancer therapeutics. Dissecting these specificities at scale requires integrated methods for multiplexed genetic screens tracking fitness across time, across human cell types, and in a suitable cellular niche since functional differences also depend on physiological cues. Towards this, we present a novel approach, harnessing single-cell cancer driver screens in teratomas coupled with hit enrichment by serial teratoma reinjection, to simultaneously screen drivers across multiple lineages in vivo. Using this system, we analyzed population shifts and lineage-specific enrichment for 51 cancer associated genes and gene variants, profiling over 100,000 cells spanning over 20 lineages, across two rounds of serially injected teratomas. We confirmed that c-MYC alone or combined with myristoylated AKT1 potently drives proliferation in progenitor neural lineages, demonstrating signatures of malignancy. These drivers directed teratoma development to lineages representative of pediatric tumors such as medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Additionally, mutant MEK1S218D/S222D provides a proliferative advantage in mesenchymal lineages like fibroblasts. Our method provides a powerful new platform for multi-lineage longitudinal study of oncogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parekh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Charting oncogenicity of genes and variants across lineages via multiplexed screens in teratomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Multivariate Growth Mixture Modeling of Longitudinal Data: An Application to Alzheimer's Disease Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) studies often collect longitudinal biomarker measures of multiple cohorts at different stages of disease and follow these biomarkers with a relatively short period of time. The heterogeneity of the longitudinal patterns of biomarkers can be ubiquitous across both individual trajectories and cognitive domains. We propose a flexible Bayesian multivariate growth mixture model to identify distinct longitudinal patterns of data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. A Gibbs sampling is implemented for achieving the Bayesian inference. We perform a simulation study to demonstrate the adequate performance of our proposed approach and apply the model to identify three latent cognitive decline patterns among patients from the ADNI study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Multivariate Growth Mixture Modeling of Longitudinal Data: An Application to Alzheimer's Disease Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A wild-derived antimutator drives germline mutation spectrum differences in a genetically diverse murine family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphAlthough germline mutation rates and spectra can vary within and between species, genetic modifiers of these traits have long eluded detection. In this study, we searched for loci that influence germline mutagenesis using a uniquely powerful resource: a panel of recombinant inbred mouse lines known as the BXD, descended from the laboratory mouse strains C57BL/6J (B) and DBA/2J (D). Each BXD lineage has been maintained by brother-sister mating in the near absence of natural selection, accumulating de novo mutations for up to 50 years on a known genetic background that is a unique linear mosaic of B and D haplotypes. We show that mice inheriting D haplotypes at a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4 accumulate C>A germline mutations at a 50% higher rate than those inheriting B haplotypes, primarily due to the activity of a C>A-dominated mutational signature known as SBS18. The B and D QTL haplotypes encode different alleles of the DNA repair gene Mutyh, which underlies the heritable colorectal cancer syndrome in which SBS18 was first identified. The B and D Mutyh alleles are present in wild populations of Mus musculus domesticus, providing evidence that common genetic variation modulates germline mutagenesis in a model mammalian species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasani, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A wild-derived antimutator drives germline mutation spectrum differences in a genetically diverse murine family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3.G augments mRNA translation efficiency to regulate neuronal activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The translation initiation complex eIF3 imparts specialized functions to regulate protein expression. However, understanding of eIF3 activities in neurons remains limited despite widespread dysregulation of eIF3 subunits in neurological disorders. Here, we report a selective role of the C. elegans RNA-binding subunit EIF-3.G in shaping the neuronal protein landscape. We identify a missense mutation in the conserved Zinc-Finger (ZF) of EIF-3.G that acts in a gain-of-function manner to dampen neuronal hyperexcitation. Using neuron type-specific seCLIP, we systematically mapped EIF-3.G-mRNA interactions and identified EIF-3.G occupancy on GC-rich 5'UTRs of a select set of mRNAs enriched in activity-dependent functions. We demonstrate that the ZF mutation in EIF-3.G alters translation in a 5'UTR dependent manner. Our study reveals an in vivo mechanism for eIF3 in governing neuronal protein levels to control activity states and offers insights into how eIF3 dysregulation contributes to neuronal disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blazie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayanagi-Kiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3.G augments mRNA translation efficiency to regulate neuronal activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Glioblastoma Signaling and Metabolism with A Re-Purposed Brain-Penetrant Drug 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly lethal brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) poses a daunting challenge because the blood-brain barrier renders potentially druggable amplified or mutated oncoproteins relatively inaccessible. Here, we identify SMPD1, an enzyme that regulates the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide and a critical regulator of plasma membrane structure and organization, as an actionable drug target in glioblastoma. We show that the safe and highly brain-penetrant antidepressant fluoxetine, potently inhibits SMPD1 activity, killing GBMs, in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts, through inhibition of EGFR signaling and via activation of lysosomal stress. Combining fluoxetine with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, a standard of care for GBM patients, causes massive increases in GBM cell death, and complete and long-lived tumor regression in mice. Incorporation of real-world evidence from electronic medical records from insurance databases, reveals significantly increased survival in glioblastoma patients treated with fluoxetine, which was not seen in patients treated with other SSRI anti-depressants. These results nominate the repurposing of fluoxetine as a potentially safe and promising therapy for GBM patients and suggest prospective randomized clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimple, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armando, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloughesy, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quehenberger, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblum, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Glioblastoma Signaling and Metabolism with A Re-Purposed Brain-Penetrant Drug]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLL3/MLL4 Histone Methyltranferase Activity Dependent Chromatin Organization at Enhancers during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (KMT2D), the major mono-methyltransferases of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4), are required for cellular differentiation and embryonic development in mammals. We previously observed that MLL3/4 promote long-range chromatin interactions at enhancers, however, it is still unclear how their catalytic activities contribute to enhancer-dependent gene activation in mammalian cell differentiation. To address this question, we mapped histone modifications, long-range chromatin contacts as well as gene expression in MLL3/4 catalytically deficient mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing differentiation toward neural precursor cells. We showed that MLL3/4 activities are responsible for deposition of H3K4me1 modification and formation of long-range enhancer-promoter contacts at a majority of putative enhancers gained during cell differentiation, but are dispensable for most candidate enhancers found in undifferentiated ES cells that persist through differentiation. While transcriptional induction at most genes is unaltered in the MLL3/4 catalytically deficient cells, genes making more contacts with MLL3/4-dependent putative enhancers are disproportionately affected. These results support that MLL3/4 contributes to cellular differentiation through histone-methyltransferase-activity dependent induction of enhancer-promoter contacts and transcriptional activation at a subset of lineage-specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLL3/MLL4 Histone Methyltranferase Activity Dependent Chromatin Organization at Enhancers during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assigning confidence to structural annotations from mass spectra with COSMIC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Untargeted metabolomics experiments rely on spectral libraries for structure annotation, but these libraries are vastly incomplete; in silico methods search in structure databases but cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect annotations. As biological interpretation relies on accurate structure annotations, the ability to assign confidence to such annotations is a key outstanding problem. We introduce the COSMIC workflow that combines structure database generation, in silico annotation, and a confidence score consisting of kernel density p-value estimation and a Support Vector Machine with enforced directionality of features. In evaluation, COSMIC annotates a substantial number of hits at small false discovery rates, and outperforms spectral library search for this purpose. To demonstrate that COSMIC can annotate structures never reported before, we annotated twelve novel bile acid conjugates; nine structures were confirmed by manual evaluation and two structures using synthetic standards. Second, we annotated and manually evaluated 315 molecular structures in human samples currently absent from the Human Metabolome Database. Third, we applied COSMIC to 17,400 experimental runs and annotated 1,715 structures with high confidence that were absent from spectral libraries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dührkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.435634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assigning confidence to structural annotations from mass spectra with COSMIC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kawasaki Disease patient stratification and pathway analysis based on host transcriptomic and proteomic profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aetiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD), an acute inflammatory disorder of childhood, remains unknown despite various triggers of KD having been proposed. Host  omic profiles offer insights into the host response to infection and inflammation, with the interrogation of multiple  omic levels in parallel providing a more comprehensive picture. We used differential abundance analysis, pathway analysis, clustering and classification techniques to explore whether the host response in KD is more similar to the response to bacterial or viral infection at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels through comparison of  omic profiles from children with KD to those with bacterial and viral infections. Pathways activated in patients with KD included those involved in anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses. Unsupervised clustering showed that the majority of KD patients clustered with bacterial patients on both  omic levels, whilst application of diagnostic signatures specific for bacterial and viral infections revealed that many transcriptomic KD samples had low probabilities of having bacterial or viral infections, suggesting that KD may be triggered by a different process not typical of either common bacterial or viral infections. Clustering based on the transcriptomic and proteomic responses during KD revealed three clusters of KD patients on both  omic levels, suggesting heterogeneity within the inflammatory response during KD. The observed heterogeneity may reflect differences in the host response to a common trigger, or variation dependent on different triggers of the condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menikou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArdle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galassini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremoulet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijpers, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casals-Pascual, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaforou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The PERFORM Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.435948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kawasaki Disease patient stratification and pathway analysis based on host transcriptomic and proteomic profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Factor NF-κB Unravels Nucleosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NF-{kappa}B is a transcription factor responsible for activating hundreds of genes in mammalian organisms. To accomplish its function, NF-{kappa}B must interact with DNA occupied by nucleosomes, but how this interaction occurs is unclear. Here we used Atomic Force Microscopy to characterize complexes of NF-{kappa}B with nucleosomes assembled on different DNA templates. The assembly of NF-{kappa}B-nucleosome complexes leads to a substantial decrease of DNA wrapping efficiency. Mapping of the nucleosomes did not reveal displacement of under-wrapped nucleosomes from their original position, suggesting that unravelling involves dissociation of one or both flanks of the nucleosomes. We discovered two binding modes of NF-{kappa}B associated with nucleosome unraveling - NF-{kappa}B bound to the nucleosome core and to the DNA flanks and propose models explaining the interaction of NF-{kappa}B with the nucleosome. We speculate that NF-{kappa}B can function as a pioneer factor enhancing its ability to facilitate rapid transcriptional response to cell stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stormberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filliaux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komives, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyubchenko, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Factor NF-κB Unravels Nucleosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.433472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Milk Oligosaccharide 3-Sialyllactose Promotes Inflammation Resolution and Reduces Atherosclerosis Development in Mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.433472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages contribute to the induction and resolution of inflammation and play a central role in the chronic low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex unconjugated glycans unique to human milk that benefit infant health and act as innate immune modulators. Here, we identify the HMO 3sialyllactose (3SL) as a natural inhibitor of TLR4-induced low-grade inflammation in macrophages and endothelium. Transcriptome analysis in macrophages revealed that 3SL attenuates a selected set of inflammatory gene expression and promotes activity of LXR and SREBP. These acute anti-inflammatory effects of 3SL were associated with reduced histone H3K27 acetylation at a subset of LPS-inducible enhancers distinguished by preferential enrichment for CTCF, IRF2, BCL6, and other transcription factor recognition motifs. In a murine atherosclerosis model, both subcutaneous and oral administration of 3SL significantly reduced atherosclerosis development and the associated inflammation. This study provides evidence that 3SL attenuates inflammation by a transcriptional mechanism to reduce atherosclerosis development in the context of cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessentheiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Autran, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramms, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunddal, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booshehri, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tognaccini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latasiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witztum, j. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordts, P. L. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.433472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Milk Oligosaccharide 3-Sialyllactose Promotes Inflammation Resolution and Reduces Atherosclerosis Development in Mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the transcription factor regulatory context of human specific cortical development using single-cell multi-omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.436193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human behaviors are at least partially driven by genomic regions that influence human-specific neurodevelopment. This includes genomic regions undergoing human specific sequence acceleration (Human Accelerated Regions or HARs) and regions showing human-specific enhancer activity (Human Gained Enhancers or HGEs) not present in other primates. However, prior studies on HAR/HGE activities involved mixtures of brain cell types and focused only on putative downstream target genes. Here, we directly measured cell type specific HAR/HGE activity in the developing fetal human brain using two independent single-cell chromatin accessibility datasets with matching single-cell gene expression data. Transcription factor (TF) motif analyses identified upstream TFs binding to HARs/HGEs and identified LHX2, a key regulator of forebrain development, as an active HGE regulator in neuronal progenitors. We integrated our TF motif analyses with published chromatin interaction maps to build detailed regulatory networks where TFs are linked to downstream genes via HARs/HGEs. Through these networks, we identified a potential regulatory role for NFIC in human neuronal progenitor networks via modulating the Notch signaling and cell adhesion pathways. Therefore, by using a single cell multi-omics approach, we were able to capture both the upstream and downstream regulatory context of HARs/HGEs, which may provide a more comprehensive picture of the roles HARs/HGEs play amongst diverse fetal cell types of the developing human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limaye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.436193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the transcription factor regulatory context of human specific cortical development using single-cell multi-omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome plasticity in response to persistent environmental change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature is a variable component of the environment and all organisms must deal with or adapt to temperature change. Acute temperature change activates cellular stress responses resulting in the refolding or removal of damaged proteins. However, how organisms adapt to long-term temperature change remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that budding yeast responds to long-term high temperature challenge by switching from chaperone induction to the reduction of temperature sensitive proteins and re-localizing a portion of its proteome. Surprisingly, we also find many proteins adopt an alternative conformation. Using Fet3p as an example, we find that the temperature-dependent conformational difference is accompanied by distinct thermostability, subcellular localization, and importantly, cellular functions. We postulate that in addition to the known mechanisms of adaptation, conformational plasticity allows some polypeptides to acquire new biophysical properties and functions when environmental change endures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domnauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unruh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conkright-Fincham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCroskey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome plasticity in response to persistent environmental change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes identified in rodent studies of alcohol intake are enriched for heritability of human substance use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRodent paradigms and human genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on drug use have the potential to provide biological insight into the pathophysiology of addiction.

MethodsUsing GeneWeaver, we created rodent alcohol and nicotine gene-sets derived from 19 gene expression studies on alcohol and nicotine outcomes. We partitioned the SNP-heritability of these gene-sets using four large human GWASs: 1) alcoholic drinks per week, 2) problematic alcohol use, 3) cigarettes per day and 4) smoking cessation. We benchmarked our findings with curated human alcoholism and nicotine addiction gene-sets and performed specificity analyses using other rodent gene-sets (e.g., locomotor behavior) and other human GWASs (e.g., height).

ResultsThe rodent alcohol gene-set was enriched for heritability of drinks per week, cigarettes per day, and smoking cessation, but not problematic alcohol use. However, the rodent nicotine gene-set was not significantly associated with any of these traits. Both rodent gene-sets showed enrichment for several non-substance use GWASs, and the extent of this relationship tended to increase as a function of trait heritability. In general, larger gene-sets demonstrated more significant enrichment. Finally, when evaluating human traits with similar heritabilities, both rodent gene-sets showed greater enrichment for substance use traits.

ConclusionOur results suggest that rodent gene expression studies can help to identify genes that capture heritability of substance use traits in humans, yet the specificity to human substance use was less than expected due to various factors such as the genetic architecture of a trait. We outline various limitations, interpretations and considerations for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggett, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatoum, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, R. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes identified in rodent studies of alcohol intake are enriched for heritability of human substance use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Markov Decomposition: Towards modeling kinetics of biomolecular complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to advance the mission of in silico cell biology, modeling the interactions of large and complex biological systems becomes increasingly relevant. The combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and Markov state models (MSMs) have enabled the construction of simplified models of molecular kinetics on long timescales. Despite its success, this approach is inherently limited by the size of the molecular system. With increasing size of macromolecular complexes, the number of independent or weakly coupled subsystems increases, and the number of global system states increase exponentially, making the sampling of all distinct global states unfeasible. In this work, we present a technique called Independent Markov Decomposition (IMD) that leverages weak coupling between subsystems in order to compute a global kinetic model without requiring to sample all combinatorial states of subsystems. We give a theoretical basis for IMD and propose an approach for finding and validating such a decomposition. Using empirical few-state MSMs of ion channel models that are well established in electrophysiology, we demonstrate that IMD can reproduce experimental conductance measurements with a major reduction in sampling compared with a standard MSM approach. We further show how to find the optimal partition of all-atom protein simulations into weakly coupled subunits.

Significance StatementMolecular simulations of proteins are often interpreted using Markov state models (MSMs), in which each protein configuration is assigned to a global state. As we explore larger and more complex biological systems, the size of this global state space will face a combinatorial explosion, rendering it impossible to gather sufficient sampling data. In this work, we introduce an approach to decompose a system of interest into separable subsystems. We show that MSMs built for each subsystem can be later coupled to reproduce the behaviors of the global system. To aid in the choice of decomposition we also describe a score to quantify its goodness. This decomposition strategy has the promise to enable robust modeling of complex biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hempel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Razo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Markov Decomposition: Towards modeling kinetics of biomolecular complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An empirical pipeline for personalized diagnosis of Lafora disease mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal, insidious metabolic disorder characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy manifesting in the teenage years, rapid neurological decline, and death typically within ten years of onset. Mutations in either EPM2A, encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin, or EPM2B, encoding the E3 ligase malin, cause LD. Whole exome sequencing has revealed many EPM2A variants associated with late-onset or slower disease progression. We established an empirical pipeline for characterizing laforin missense mutations in vitro using complimentary biochemical approaches. Analysis of 26 mutations revealed distinct functional classes associated with different outcomes supported by multiple clinical cases. For example, F321C and G279C mutations have attenuated functional defects and are associated with slow progression. This pipeline allows rapid characterization and classification of novel EPM2A mutations, enabling clinicians and researchers to rapidly utilize genetic information to guide treatment of LD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machio-Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchtova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gimeno, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Kooi, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An empirical pipeline for personalized diagnosis of Lafora disease mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Livers During NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Reveals a Novel Immune Niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a central contributor to human acute and chronic liver disease, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which its activation precipitates injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we present single cell transcriptomic profiling of livers from a global transgenic Tamoxifen-inducible constitutively-activated Nlrp3A350V mutant mouse, and we investigate the changes in parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cell gene expression that accompany inflammation and fibrosis. Our results demonstrate that NLRP3 activation causes chronic extramedullary myelopoiesis marked by an increase in proliferating myeloid progenitors that differentiate into neutrophils, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages, results that were corroborated by flow cytometry and histological staining. We observed prominent neutrophil infiltrates with increased Ly6gHI and Ly6gINT cells exhibiting transcriptomic signatures of granulopoiesis typically found in the bone marrow. This was accompanied by a marked increase in Ly6cHI monocytes differentiating into Cd11bHITim4HIClec4fHI macrophages that express proinflammatory transcriptional programs similar to macrophages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models. NLRP3 activation also downregulated metabolic pathways in hepatocytes and shifted hepatic stellate cells towards an activated pro-fibrotic state based on expression of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulatory genes. These results, which highlight abundant neutrophils and extramedullary granulopoiesis define an inflamed and fibrotic hepatic single cell microenvironment, precipitated solely by NLRP3 activation. Clinically, our data support the notion that neutrophils and NLRP3 should be explored as therapeutic targets in NASH-like inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calcagno, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghdiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leszczynska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Livers During NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Reveals a Novel Immune Niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylated α-tubulin residue K394 regulates microtubule stability to shape the growth of axon terminals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules are essential to neuron shape and function. Therefore, the stability of the microtubule cytoskeleton must be carefully regulated. Acetylation of tubulin has the potential to directly tune microtubule stability, and proteomic studies have identified several acetylation sites in -tubulin. This includes the highly conserved residue lysine 394 (K394), which is located at the {beta}-tubulin dimer interface. Using a fly model, we show that -tubulin K394 is acetylated in the nervous system and is an essential residue. We found that an acetylation-blocking mutation in endogenous -tubulin, K394R, perturbs the synaptic morphogenesis of motoneurons by reducing microtubule stability. Intriguingly, the K394R mutation has opposite effects on the growth of two functionally and morphologically distinct motoneurons, revealing neuron-type-specific responses when microtubule stability is altered. Eliminating the deacetylase HDAC6 increases K394 acetylation, and the over-expression of HDAC6 reduces microtubule stability similar to the K394 mutant. Thus, our findings implicate -tubulin K394 and its acetylation in the regulation of microtubule stability and suggest that HDAC6 regulates K394 acetylation during synaptic morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, H. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson-Schlitz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkert, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildonger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylated α-tubulin residue K394 regulates microtubule stability to shape the growth of axon terminals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.437283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomy and Development of the Pectoral Fin Vascular Network in the Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.437283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pectoral fins of teleost fish are analogous structures to human forelimbs, and the developmental mechanisms directing their initial growth and patterning are conserved between fish and tetrapods. The forelimb vasculature is critical for limb function, and it appears to play important roles during development by promoting development of other limb structures, but the steps leading to its formation are poorly understood. In this study, we use high-resolution imaging to document the stepwise assembly of the zebrafish pectoral fin vasculature. We show that fin vascular network formation is a stereotyped, choreographed process that begins with the growth of an initial vascular loop around the pectoral fin. This loop connects to the dorsal aorta to initiate pectoral vascular circulation. Pectoral fin vascular development continues with concurrent formation of three elaborate vascular plexuses, one in the distal fin that develops into the fin ray vasculature and two near the base of the fin in association with the developing fin musculature. Our findings detail a complex yet highly choreographed series of steps involved in the development of a complete, functional organ-specific vascular network.

SUMMARY STATEMENTThe stereotyped assembly of the pectoral fin vasculature is documented from first migratory sprout into the limb bud, to the adult-like form of the four week old larva.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulissen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castranova, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krispin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.437283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomy and Development of the Pectoral Fin Vascular Network in the Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Curvature-driven feedback on aggregation-diffusion of proteins in lipid bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMembrane bending is an extensively studied problem from both modeling and experimental perspectives because of the wide implications of curvature generation in cell biology. Many of the curvature generating aspects in membranes can be attributed to interactions between proteins and membranes. These interactions include protein diffusion and formation of aggregates due to protein-protein interactions in the plane of the membrane. Recently, we developed a model that couples the in-plane flow of lipids and diffusion of proteins with the out-of-plane bending of the membrane. Building on this work, here, we focus on the role of explicit aggregation of proteins on the surface of the membrane in the presence of membrane bending and diffusion. We develop a comprehensive framework that includes lipid flow, membrane bending energy, the entropy of protein distribution, and an explicit aggregation potential and derive the governing equations. We compare this framework to the Cahn-Hillard formalism to predict the regimes in which the proteins form patterns on the membrane. We demonstrate the utility of this model using numerical simulations to predict how aggregation and diffusion, coupled with curvature generation, can alter the landscape of membrane-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saintillan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangamani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Curvature-driven feedback on aggregation-diffusion of proteins in lipid bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THEM6-mediated lipid remodelling sustains stress resistance in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the clinical benefit of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), the majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) ultimately develop lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we identified thioesterase superfamily member 6 (THEM6) as a marker of ADT resistance in PCa. In patients, THEM6 expression correlates with progressive disease and is associated with poor survival. THEM6 deletion reduces in vivo tumour growth and restores castration sensitivity in orthograft models of CRPC. Mechanistically, THEM6 is located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and controls lipid homeostasis by regulating intracellular levels of ether lipids. Consequently, THEM6 loss in CRPC cells significantly alters ER function, reducing de novo sterol biosynthesis and preventing lipid-mediated induction of ATF4. Finally, we show that THEM6 is required for the establishment of the MYC-induced stress response. Thus, similar to PCa, THEM6 loss significantly impairs tumorigenesis in the MYC-dependent subtype of triple negative breast cancer. Altogether, our results highlight THEM6 as a novel component of the treatment-induced stress response and a promising target for the treatment of CRPC and MYC-driven cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blomme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Blanco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushworth, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarry, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repiscak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salji, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKay, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamphorst, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulds, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleave, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avezov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanivan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THEM6-mediated lipid remodelling sustains stress resistance in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific circadian bioluminescence rhythms recorded from Dbp reporter mice reveal circadian oscillator misalignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated physiological and molecular rhythms with a cycle length of about 24 h. Bioluminescent reporters have been exceptionally useful for studying circadian rhythms in numerous species. Here, we report development of a reporter mouse generated by modification of a widely expressed and highly rhythmic gene encoding D-site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp). In this line of mice, firefly luciferase is expressed from the Dbp locus in a Cre-recombinase-dependent manner, allowing assessment of bioluminescence rhythms in specific cellular populations. A mouse line in which luciferase expression was Cre-independent was also generated. The Dbp reporter alleles do not alter Dbp gene expression rhythms in liver or circadian locomotor activity rhythms. In vivo and ex vivo studies show the utility of the reporter alleles for monitoring rhythmicity. Our studies reveal cell-type specific characteristics of rhythms among neuronal populations within the suprachiasmatic nuclei ex vivo. In vivo studies show Dbp-driven bioluminescence rhythms in the liver of Albumin-Cre;DbpKI/+ "liver reporter" mice. After a shift of the lighting schedule, locomotor activity achieved the proper phase relationship with the new lighting cycle more rapidly than hepatic bioluminescence did. As previously shown, restricting food access to the daytime altered the phase of hepatic rhythmicity. Our model allowed assessment of the rate of recovery from misalignment once animals were provided with food ad libitum. These studies confirm the previously demonstrated circadian misalignment following environmental perturbations and reveal the utility of this model for minimally invasive, longitudinal monitoring of rhythmicity from specific mouse tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vinne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowie, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leise, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Burgos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molyneux, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbutt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific circadian bioluminescence rhythms recorded from Dbp reporter mice reveal circadian oscillator misalignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein with amilorides correlate with antiviral activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus that is the causative agent of COVID-19, a sometimes-lethal respiratory infection responsible for a world-wide pandemic. The envelope (E) protein, one of four structural proteins encoded in the viral genome, is a 75-residue integral membrane protein whose transmembrane domain exhibits ion channel activity and whose cytoplasmic domain participates in protein-protein interactions. These activities contribute to several aspects of the viral replication-cycle, including virion assembly, budding, release, and pathogenesis. Here, we describe the structure and dynamics of full-length SARS-CoV-2 E protein in hexadecylphosphocholine micelles by NMR spectroscopy. We also characterized its interactions with four putative ion channel inhibitors. The chemical shift index and dipolar wave plots establish that E protein consists of a long transmembrane helix (residues 8-43) and a short cytoplasmic helix (residues 53-60) connected by a complex linker that exhibits some internal mobility. The conformations of the N-terminal transmembrane domain and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain are unaffected by truncation from the intact protein. The chemical shift perturbations of E protein spectra induced by the addition of the inhibitors demonstrate that the N-terminal region (residues 6-18) is the principal binding site. The binding affinity of the inhibitors to E protein in micelles correlates with their antiviral potency in Vero E6 cells: HMA {approx} EIPA > DMA >> Amiloride, suggesting that bulky hydrophobic groups in the 5 position of the amiloride pyrazine ring play essential roles in binding to E protein and in antiviral activity. An N15A mutation increased the production of virus-like particles, induced significant chemical shift changes from residues in the inhibitor binding site, and abolished HMA binding, suggesting that Asn15 plays a key role in maintaining the protein conformation near the binding site. These studies provide the foundation for complete structure determination of E protein and for structure-based drug discovery targeting this protein.

Author SummaryThe novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the world-wide pandemic of COVID-19, has become one of the greatest threats to human health. While rapid progress has been made in the development of vaccines, drug discovery has lagged, partly due to the lack of atomic-resolution structures of the free and drug-bound forms of the viral proteins. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein, with its multiple activities that contribute to viral replication, is widely regarded as a potential target for COVID-19 treatment. As structural information is essential for drug discovery, we established an efficient sample preparation system for biochemical and structural studies of intact full-length SARS-CoV-2 E protein and characterized its structure and dynamics. We also characterized the interactions of amilorides with specific E protein residues and correlated this with their antiviral activity during viral replication. The binding affinity of the amilorides to E protein correlated with their antiviral potency, suggesting that E protein is indeed the likely target of their antiviral activity. We found that residue asparagine15 plays an important role in maintaining the conformation of the amiloride binding site, providing molecular guidance for the design of inhibitors targeting E protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angelis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guatelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opella, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein with amilorides correlate with antiviral activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An AI-guided invariant signature places MIS-C with Kawasaki disease in a continuum of host immune responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A significant surge in cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C, also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome - PIMS) has been observed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. MIS-C shares many clinical features with Kawasaki disease (KD), although clinical course and outcomes are divergent. We analyzed whole blood RNA sequences, serum cytokines, and formalin fixed heart tissues from these patients using a computational toolbox of two gene signatures, i.e., the 166-gene viral pandemic (ViP) signature, and its 20-gene severe (s)ViP subset that were developed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a 13-transcript signature previously demonstrated to be diagnostic for KD. Our analyses revealed that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response as COVID-19. While both the pediatric syndromes converge upon an IL15/IL15RA-centric cytokine storm, suggestive of shared proximal pathways of immunopathogenesis, they diverge in other laboratory parameters and cardiac phenotypes. The ViP signatures also revealed unique targetable cytokine pathways in MIS-C, place MIS-C farther along in the spectrum in severity compared to KD and pinpoint key clinical (reduced cardiac function) and laboratory (thrombocytopenia and eosinopenia) parameters that can be useful to monitor severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dattatray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremoulet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanegaye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pediatric Emergency Medicine Kawasaki Disease Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An AI-guided invariant signature places MIS-C with Kawasaki disease in a continuum of host immune responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vacuole phase-partitioning boosts mitochondria activity and cell lifespan through an inter-organelle lipid pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional linkage between mitochondria and lysosomes is crucial for survival under starvation and lifespan extension. Despite such co-dependency, the supportive pathways connecting mitochondria and lysosomes remain unclear. Here, we identify an inter-organelle lipid trafficking pathway linking yeast vacuole and mitochondria that results in increased mitochondria growth and respiratory activity under glucose starvation. The pathway depends on vacuolar phase-separated, lipid domains, which provide zones for: activation of the vacuolar proton pump; lipid droplet (LD) docking and internalization; and, lipid transfer from vacuole-to-ER-to-mitochondria. Partitioned vacuolar domains form through a specialized type of macro-autophagy, triggered only under acute glucose starvation, that delivers sterol-rich, endosomal-derived lipids to the vacuole. To balance this lipid influx, the vacuole reroutes lipids back to the ER to support both LD biogenesis and mitochondria growth and activity. Energy produced by enhanced mitochondrial activity then feeds back to support the inter-organelle lipid trafficking pathways to ensure survival under nutrient stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seo, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkleti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlwein, S.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vacuole phase-partitioning boosts mitochondria activity and cell lifespan through an inter-organelle lipid pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is interconnected with the cerebral cortex via multiple recurrent loops that play a major role in many neuropsychiatric conditions. Primate cortico-striatal connections can be precisely mapped using invasive tract-tracing. However, noninvasive human research has not mapped these connections with anatomical precision, limited by the practice of averaging neuroimaging data across individuals. Here we utilized highly-sampled resting-state functional connectivity MRI for individually-specific precision functional mapping of cortico-striatal connections. We identified ten discrete, individual-specific subnetworks linking cortex--predominately frontal cortex--to striatum. These subnetworks included previously unknown striatal connections to the human language network. The discrete subnetworks formed a stepped rostral-caudal gradient progressing from nucleus accumbens to posterior putamen; this organization was strongest for projections from medial frontal cortex. The stepped gradient organization fit patterns of fronto-striatal connections better than a smooth, continuous gradient. Thus, precision subnetworks identify detailed, individual-specific stepped gradients of cortico-striatal connectivity that include human-specific language networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newbold, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montez, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaggar, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Fronto-Striatal Connectivity is Organized into Discrete Functional Subnetworks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Underwater dual-magnification imaging for automated lake plankton monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an approach for automated in-situ monitoring of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities based on a dual magnification dark-field imaging microscope/camera. We describe the Dual Scripps Plankton Camera (DSPC) system and associated image processing, and assess its capabilities in detecting and characterizing plankton species of different size and taxonomic categories, and in measuring their abundances in both laboratory and field applications. In the laboratory, body size and abundance estimates by the DSPC significantly and robustly scale with the same measurements derived by traditional microscopy. In the field, a DSPC installed permanently at 3 m depth in Lake Greifensee (Switzerland), delivered images of plankton individuals, colonies, and heterospecific aggregates without disrupting natural arrangements of interacting organisms, their microenvironment or their behavior at hourly timescales. The DSPC was able to track the dynamics of taxa in the size range between [~]10 m to [~] 1 cm, covering virtually all the components of the planktonic food web (including parasites and potentially toxic cyanobacteria). Comparing data from the field-deployed DSPC to traditional sampling and microscopy revealed a general overall agreement in estimates of plankton diversity and abundances, despite imaging limitations in detecting small phytoplankton species and rare and large zooplankton taxa (e.g. carnivorous zooplankton). The most significant disagreements between traditional methods and the DSPC resided in the measurements of community properties of zooplankton, organisms that are heterogeneously distributed spatially and temporally, and whose demography appeared to be better captured by automated imaging. Time series collected by the DSPC depicted ecological succession patterns, algal bloom dynamics and circadian fluctuations with a temporal frequency and morphological resolution that would have been impossible with traditional methods. We conclude that the DSPC approach is suitable for stable long-term deployments, and robust for both research and water quality monitoring. Access to high frequency, reproducible and real-time data of a large spectrum of the planktonic ecosystem might represent a breakthrough in both applied and fundamental plankton ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozakiewicz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baity Jesi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, P. L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorimer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Underwater dual-magnification imaging for automated lake plankton monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive epigenomic profiling of human alveolar epithelial differentiation identifies key epigenetic states and transcription factor co-regulatory networks for maintenance of distal lung identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) differentiation is implicated in peripheral lung diseases strongly impacting morbidity and mortality worldwide, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung adenocarcinoma. Elucidating underlying disease pathogenesis requires a mechanistic molecular understanding of AEC differentiation. However, to date no study has comprehensively characterized the dynamic epigenomic alterations that facilitate this critical process in humans. We comprehensively profiled the epigenomic states of human AECs during type 2 to type 1-like cell differentiation, including the methylome and chromatin functional domains, and integrated this with transcriptome-wide RNA expression. Enhancer regions were drastically altered during AEC differentiation. Transcription factor binding analysis within enhancer regions revealed diverse interactive networks with enrichment for dozens of transcription factors, including NKX2-1 and FOXA family members, as well as transcription factors with previously uncharacterized roles in lung differentiation, such as members of the MEF2, TEAD, and AP1 families. Additionally, associations between transcription factors changed during differentiation, implicating a complex network of heterotrimeric complex switching may be involved in facilitating differentiation. Integration of AEC enhancer states with the catalog of enhancer elements in the Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium and Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) revealed that human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) have a similar epigenomic structure to alveolar epithelium, with NKX2-1 serving as a distinguishing feature of distal lung differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that enhancer regions with dynamic transcription factor interactions are hotspots of epigenomic alteration that help to facilitate AEC differentiation.

Author SummaryHuman health and disease states are heavily influenced by the critical cellular processes that regulate and protect our genomes. One of these safeguards is the epigenome; the coordinated set of signals overlaid on top of our DNA that controls what can happen to a given stretch DNA. Hence, epigenomic signatures play a critical role in the development and maintenance of cellular fate and function. To determine the relationship between epigenomic alterations and cellular fates of distal lung cells in humans during the process that regenerates the human lung epithelial layer after injury, we performed comprehensive genome-wide profiling of many epigenetic modifications that have roles in regulating the function of the underlying DNA. We found that changes to enhancer regions, which act to turn on associated gene expression, were the major alterations to the epigenome during distal lung differentiation, and that within those regions dynamic changes in transcription factor associations were occurring to facilitate this process. We then characterize what was similar and distinct to the enhancers of distal lung from among other epithelial tissues and describe a novel role for specific transcription factors in this process that previously had no known role in normal lung repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stueve, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalakakos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegmund, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offringa, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconett, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive epigenomic profiling of human alveolar epithelial differentiation identifies key epigenetic states and transcription factor co-regulatory networks for maintenance of distal lung identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monosodium Urate Crystals regulate a unique JNK-dependent macrophage metabolic and inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How macrophages are programmed to respond to monosodium urate crystals (MSUc) is incompletely understood partly due to the use of a toll-like receptor-induced priming step. Here, using genome wide transcriptomic analysis and biochemical assays we demonstrate that MSUc alone induces an in vitro metabolic-inflammatory transcriptional program in both human and murine macrophages markedly distinct from that induced by LPS. Genes uniquely up-regulated in response to MSUc belonged to lipids, glycolysis, and transport of small molecules via SLC transporters pathways. Sera from individuals and mice with acute gouty arthritis provided further evidence for this metabolic rewiring. This distinct macrophage activation may explain the initiating mechanisms in acute gout flares and is regulated through JUN binding to the promoter of target genes through activation of JNK -but not by P38-in a process that is independent of inflammasome activation. Finally, pharmacological JNK inhibition limited MSUc-induced inflammation in animal models of acute gouty inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coras, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lana, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terkeltaub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monosodium Urate Crystals regulate a unique JNK-dependent macrophage metabolic and inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Stability and Genetic Defense Systems in Dolosigranulum pigrum a Candidate Beneficial Bacterium from the Human Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dolosigranulum pigrum is positively associated with indicators of health in multiple epidemiological studies of human nasal microbiota. Knowledge of the basic biology of D. pigrum is a prerequisite for evaluating its potential for future therapeutic use; however, such data are very limited. To gain insight into D. pigrums chromosomal structure, pangenome and genomic stability, we compared the genomes of 28 D. pigrum strains that were collected across 20 years. Phylogenomic analysis showed closely related strains circulating over this period and closure of 19 genomes revealed highly conserved chromosomal synteny. Gene clusters involved in the mobilome and in defense against mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were enriched in the accessory genome versus the core genome. A systematic analysis for MGEs identified the first candidate D. pigrum prophage and insertion sequence. A systematic analysis for genetic elements that limit the spread of MGEs, including restriction modification (RM), CRISPR-Cas, and deity-named defense systems, revealed strain-level diversity in host defense systems that localized to specific genomic sites including one RM system hotspot. Analysis of CRISPR spacers pointed to a wealth of MGEs against which D. pigrum defends itself. These results reveal a role for horizontal gene transfer and mobile genetic elements in strain diversification while highlighting that in D. pigrum this occurs within the context of a highly stable chromosomal organization protected by a variety of defense mechanisms.

IMPORTANCEDolosigranulum pigrum is a candidate beneficial bacterium with potential for future therapeutic use. This is based on its positive associations with characteristics of health in multiple studies of human nasal microbiota across the span of human life. For example, high levels of D. pigrum nasal colonization in adults predicts the absence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization. Also, D. pigrum nasal colonization in young children is associated with healthy control groups in studies of middle ear infections. Our analysis of 28 genomes revealed a remarkable stability of D. pigrum strains colonizing people in the U.S. across a 20-year span. We subsequently identified factors that can influence this stability, including genomic stability, phage predators, the role of MGEs in strain-level variation and defenses against MGEs. Finally, these D. pigrum strains also lacked predicted virulence factors. Overall, these findings add additional support to the potential for D. pigrum as a therapeutic bacterium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugger, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Escapa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeete, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eslami, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Stability and Genetic Defense Systems in Dolosigranulum pigrum a Candidate Beneficial Bacterium from the Human Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.17.440161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucin-mimetic glycan arrays integrating machine learning for analyzing receptor pattern recognition by influenza A viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.17.440161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) exploit host glycans in airway epithelial mucosa to gain entry and initiate infection. Rapid detection of changes in IAV specificity towards host glycan classes can provide early indication of virus transmissibility and infection potential. IAVs use hemagglutinins (HA) to bind sialic acids linked to larger glycan structures and a switch in HA specificity from 2,3-to 2,6-linked sialoglycans is considered a prerequisite for viral transmission from birds to humans. While the changes in HA structure associated with the evolution of binding phenotype have been mapped, the influence of glycan receptor presentation on IAV specificity remains obscured. Here, we describe a glycan array platform which uses synthetic mimetics of mucin glycoproteins to model how receptor presentation in the mucinous glycocalyx, including glycan type and valency of the glycoconjugates and their surface density, impact IAV binding. We found that H1N1 virus produced in embryonated chicken eggs, which recognizes both receptor types, exclusively engaged mucin-mimetics carrying 2,3-linked sialic acids in their soluble form. The virus was able utilize both receptor structures when the probes were immobilized on the array; however, increasing density in the mucin-mimetic brush diminished viral adhesion. Propagation in mammalian cells produced a change in receptor pattern recognition by the virus, without altering its HA affinity, toward improved binding of 2,6-sialylated mucin mimetics and reduced sensitivity to surface crowding of the probes. Application of a support vector machine (SVM) learning algorithm as part of the glycan array binding analysis efficiently characterized this shift in binding preference and may prove useful to study the evolution of viral responses to a new host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naticchia, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagneux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.17.440161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucin-mimetic glycan arrays integrating machine learning for analyzing receptor pattern recognition by influenza A viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iRQC, a surveillance pathway for 40S ribosomal quality control during mRNA translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since multiple ribosomes can engage a single mRNA, nonuniform ribosome progression can result in collisions. Ribosome collisions during translation elongation elicit a multifaceted ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) response. Despite advanced mechanistic understanding of translation initiation, a parallel RQC pathway that acts on collided preinitiation complexes has not been described. Here, we show that blocking progression of scanning or elongating ribosomes past the start codon triggers uS3 and uS5 ribosomal ubiquitylation. We demonstrate that conditions that activate the integrated stress response can also induce preinitiation complex collisions. The ubiquitin ligase, RNF10, and the deubiquitylating enzyme, USP10, are the key regulators of uS3 and uS5 ubiquitylation. Prolonged uS3 and uS5 ubiquitylation results in 40S, but not 60S, ribosomal protein degradation in an autophagy-independent manner. This study identifies a distinct arm in the RQC pathway, initiation RQC (iRQC), that acts on pervasive ribosome collisions during translation initiation to modulate translation activity and capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garshott, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaramoorthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iRQC, a surveillance pathway for 40S ribosomal quality control during mRNA translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular features of exceptional response to neoadjuvant anti-androgen therapy in high-risk localized prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-risk localized prostate cancer (HRLPC) is associated with a substantial risk of recurrence and prostate cancer-specific mortality1. Recent clinical trials have shown that intensifying anti-androgen therapies administered prior to prostatectomy can induce pathologic complete responses (pCR) or minimal residual disease (MRD) (<5 mm), together termed exceptional response, although the molecular determinants of these clinical outcomes are largely unknown. Here, we performed whole exome (WES) and whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) on pre-treatment multi-regional tumor biopsies from exceptional responders (ER: pCR and MRD patients) and non-responders (NR: pathologic T3 or lymph node positive disease) treated with intensive anti-androgen therapies prior to prostatectomy. SPOP mutation and SPOPL copy number loss were exclusively observed in ER, while TP53 mutation and PTEN copy number loss were exclusively observed in NR. These alterations were clonal in all tumor phylogenies per patient. Additionally, transcriptional programs involving androgen signaling and TGF{beta} signaling were enriched in ER and NR, respectively. The presence of these alterations in routine biopsies from patients with HRLPC may inform the prospective identification of responders to neoadjuvant anti-androgen therapies to improve clinical outcomes and stratify other patients to alternative biologically informed treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tewari, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowdis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wankowicz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livitz, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boosma-Moody, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlDubayan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taplin, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular features of exceptional response to neoadjuvant anti-androgen therapy in high-risk localized prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Presence of Blood Circulating Anti-NMDAR1 Autoantibodies Impairs Cognitive Function in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies in brain cause anti-NMDAR1 encephalitis that displays psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia and/or other psychiatric disorders in addition to neurological symptoms. Low titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies are reported in the blood of a subset of the general human population and psychiatric patients. Since [~]0.1-0.2% of blood circulating antibodies cross the blood-brain barriers and antibodies can persist for months and years in human blood, it is important to investigate whether chronic presence of these blood circulating anti- NMDAR1 autoantibodies may impair human cognitive functions and contribute to the development of psychiatric symptoms. Here, we generated mice carrying low titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies in blood against a single antigenic epitope of mouse NMDAR1. Mice carrying the anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies are healthy and display no differences in locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and contextual memory compared to controls. Chronic presence of the blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies, however, is sufficient to specifically impair T-maze spontaneous alternation in the integrity of blood-brain barriers across all 3 independent mouse cohorts, indicating a robust cognitive deficit in spatial working memory and/or novelty detection. Our studies implicate that chronic presence of low titers of blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies may impair cognitive functions in both the general healthy human population and psychiatric patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Presence of Blood Circulating Anti-NMDAR1 Autoantibodies Impairs Cognitive Function in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent, functionally independent signaling by mu and delta opioid receptors in hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional interactions between G protein-coupled receptors are poised to enhance neuronal sensitivity to neuromodulators and therapeutic drugs. Mu and Delta opioid receptors (MORs and DORs) can interact when overexpressed in the same cells, but whether co-expression of endogenous MORs and DORs in neurons leads to functional interactions is unclear. Here, we show that both MORs and DORs inhibit parvalbumin-expressing basket cells (PV-BCs) in hippocampal CA1 through partially occlusive signaling pathways that terminate on somato-dendritic potassium channels and presynaptic calcium channels. Using photoactivatable opioid neuropeptides, we find that DORs dominate the response to enkephalin in terms of both ligand-sensitivity and kinetics, which may be due to relatively low expression levels of MOR. Opioid-activated potassium channels do not show heterologous desensitization, indicating that MORs and DORs signal independently. In a direct test for heteromeric functional interactions, the DOR antagonist TIPP-Psi does not alter the kinetics or potency of either the potassium channel or synaptic responses to photorelease of the MOR agonist DAMGO. Thus, despite largely redundant and convergent signaling, MORs and DORs do not functionally interact in PV-BCs. These findings imply that crosstalk between MORs and DORs, either in the form of physical interactions or synergistic intracellular signaling, is not a preordained outcome of co-expression in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banghart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent, functionally independent signaling by mu and delta opioid receptors in hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.438478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet Potentially Drives the Differentiation of Eating Behaviours via Alterations to the Gut Microbiome in Infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.438478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain infant eating behaviours are associated with adverse health outcomes such as obesity. While a diet consisting of infant formula has been linked to higher-risk eating behaviours and changes in the gut microbiome, little is known about what role the gut microbiome plays in mediating eating behaviours. Using 16S rRNA sequences extracted from 96 fecal samples collected from 58 infants, we identified a subset of bacterial taxa that were more abundant in formula-fed infants, primarily composed of the phylum Firmicutes. The presence of these taxa correlated with a lower drive to eat (i.e., lower food responsiveness). Furthermore, short-chain fatty acid production pathways were significantly more abundant in formula-fed infants, negatively correlated with food responsiveness, and positively associated with relative abundance of the Firmicutes subset. Our results suggest that higher abundances of Firmicutes in formula-fed infants may decrease their food responsiveness through short-chain fatty acid production in the first four months of life. Taken together, these findings suggest a potential role for the infants diet in impacting eating behaviour via changes to the gut microbiome, which may lead to the development of novel interventions for the prevention of childhood obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.438478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet Potentially Drives the Differentiation of Eating Behaviours via Alterations to the Gut Microbiome in Infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropy Regularized Deconvolution of Cellular Cryo-Transmission Electron Tomograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) allows for the high resolution visualization of biological macromolecules. However, the technique is limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and variance in contrast at different frequencies, as well as reduced Z resolution. Here, we applied entropy regularized deconvolution (ER DC) to cryo-electron tomography data generated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reconstructed using weighted back projection (WBP). We applied DC to several in situ cryo-ET data sets, and assess the results by Fourier analysis and subtomogram analysis (STA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croxford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arigovindan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropy Regularized Deconvolution of Cellular Cryo-Transmission Electron Tomograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding double descent through the lens of principal component regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of recent papers have studied the double-descent phenomenon: as the number of parameters in a supervised learning model increasingly exceeds that of data points ("second-descent"), the empirical risk curve has been observed to not overfit, instead decreasing monotonically, sometimes to a level even better than the best "first-descent" model (using a subset of features not exceeding the number of data points). Understanding exactly when this happens and why it happens is an important theoretical problem. Focusing on the over-parameterized linear regression setting, a commonly chosen case study in the double-descent literature, we present two theoretical results: 1) final second-descent (regression using all of the predictor variables) and principal component (PC) regression without dimensionality reduction are equivalent; 2) the PCR risk curve can be expected to lower bound not only all linearly transformed first-descent models, but also all linearly transformed second-descent models (including the elimination of features as a special case); 3) if the smallest singular value of the design matrix is "large enough" (we will define mathematically), final second-descent can be expected to outperform any first-descent or second-descent model. These insights have important ramifications for a type of semi-supervised learning problem, a scenario which can explain why a face representation trained on unlabeled faces from one race would be better for later supervised-learning tasks on the same race of faces than for faces from another race - this can both provide a scientific explanation for the other-race effect seen in humans and give hints for how to mitigate similar issues in the domain of ethical AI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding double descent through the lens of principal component regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THC modifies the impact of heroin delivered by vapor inhalation in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioids are effective medications, but they have several key limitations including the development of tolerance, establishment of dependence, diversion for non-medical use and the development of addiction. Therefore, any drugs which act in an additive or synergistic fashion with opioids to address medical applications have the potential to reduce opioid-related harms. This study was conducted to determine if heroin and {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interact in an additive or independent manner to alter nociception, body temperature and spontaneous locomotor activity when inhaled or injected.

Groups of male and female rats implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters were exposed to vapor for assessment of effects on temperature and activity. Heroin (50 mg/mL in the propylene glycol; PG) inhalation increased temperature and activity whereas THC (50 mg/mL) inhalation decreased temperature and activity. Effects of combined inhalation were in opposition, and additional experiments found the same outcome for the injection of heroin (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and THC (10 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and in combination. In contrast, the co-administration of Heroin and THC by either inhalation or injection produced additive effects on thermal nociception assessed with a warm water tail-withdrawal assay in male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats.

The conclusion of this study is that additive effects of THC with heroin on a medical endpoint such as analgesia may not generalize to other behavioral or physiological effects, which may be a positive outcome for unwanted side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creehan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javadi-Paydar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THC modifies the impact of heroin delivered by vapor inhalation in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red blood cells protect oxygen transport with adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers in hypoxic and hypercapnic white seabass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) are increasingly experiencing periods of low oxygen (O2; hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (CO2, hypercapnia) due to climate change and eutrophication of the coastal waters of California. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the principal O2 carrier in the blood and in many teleost fishes Hb-O2 binding is compromised at low pH; however, the red blood cells (RBC) of some species regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically-stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers ({beta}-NHE). We hypothesized that RBC {beta}-NHEs in white seabass are an important mechanism that can protect the blood O2-carrying capacity during hypoxia and hypercapnia. We determined the O2-binding characteristics of white seabass blood, the response of RBCs to adrenergic stimulation, and quantified the protective effect of {beta}-NHE activity on Hb-O2 saturation. White seabass had typical teleost Hb characteristics, with a moderate O2 affinity (PO2 at half-saturation; P50 2.9 kPa) that was highly pH-sensitive (Bohr coefficient -0.92; Root effect 52%). The presence of RBC {beta}-NHEs was confirmed by functional, molecular and bioinformatic data and super-resolution imaging revealed, for the first time, the subcellular location of {beta}-NHE protein in vesicle-like structures and on the RBC membrane, and its translocation after adrenergic stimulation. The activation of RBC {beta}-NHEs increased Hb-O2 saturation by [~]8% in normoxia at 1 kPa PCO2, and by up to 20% in hypoxia. Our results confirm that RBC {beta}-NHE activity in white seabass has great potential to protect arterial O2 transport in environmentally relevant conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, but also reveal a potential vulnerability of fish to combinations of these stressors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harter, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifford, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tresguerres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red blood cells protect oxygen transport with adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers in hypoxic and hypercapnic white seabass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of copy number alterations in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.441940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gains and losses of DNA that emerge as a consequence of mitotic errors and chromosomal instability are prevalent in cancer. These copy number alterations contribute to cancer initiaition, progression and therapeutic resistance. Here, we present a conceptual framework for examining the patterns of copy number alterations in human cancer using whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and SNP6 microarray data making it widely applicable to diverse datasets. Deploying this framework to 9,873 cancers representing 33 human cancer types from the TCGA project revealed a set of 19 copy number signatures that explain the copy number patterns of 93% of TCGA samples. 15 copy number signatures were attributed to biological processes of whole-genome doubling, aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity, homologous recombination deficiency, and chromothripsis. The aetiology of four copy number signatures are unexplained and some cancer types have unique patterns of amplicon signatures associated with extrachromosomal DNA, disease-specific survival, and gains of proto-oncogenes such as MDM2. In contrast to base-scale mutational signatures, no copy number signature associated with known cancer risk factors. The results provide a foundation for exploring patterns of copy number changes in cancer genomes and synthesise the global landscape of copy number alterations in human cancer by revealing a diversity of mutational processes giving rise to copy number changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, A. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hames, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabichi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesluyes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of copy number alterations in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome analyses reveal tau isoform-driven changes in transposable element and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of the gene MAPT produces several isoforms of tau protein. Overexpression of these isoforms is characteristic of tauopathies, which are currently untreatable neurodegenerative diseases. Though non-canonical functions of tau have drawn interest, the role of tau isoforms in these diseases has not been fully examined and may reveal new details of tau-driven pathology. In particular, tau has been shown to promote activation of transposable elements -- highly regulated nucleotide sequences that replicate throughout the genome and can promote immunologic responses and cellular stress. This study examined tau isoforms roles in promoting cell damage and dysregulation of genes and transposable elements at a family-specific and locus-specific level. We performed immunofluorescence, Western blot and cytotoxicity assays, along with paired-end RNA sequencing on differentiated SH-SY5Y cells infected with lentiviral constructs of tau isoforms and treated with amyloid-beta oligomers. Our transcriptomic findings were validated using publicly available RNA-sequencing data from Alzheimers disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and control human samples from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership for AD (AMP-AD).

Significance for biochemical assays was determined using Wilcoxon ranked-sum tests and false discovery rate. Transcriptome analysis was conducted through DESeq2 and the TEToolkit suite available from the Hammell lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Our analyses show overexpression of different tau isoforms and their interactions with amyloid-beta in SH-SY5Y cells result in isoform-specific changes in the transcriptome, with locus-specific transposable element dysregulation patterns paralleling those seen in patients with Alzheimers disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Locus-level transposable element expression showed increased dysregulation of L1 and Alu sites, which have been shown to drive pathology in other neurological diseases. We also demonstrated differences in rates of cell death in SH-SY5Y cells depending on tau isoform overexpression. These results demonstrate the importance of examining tau isoforms role in neurodegeneration and of further examining transposable element dysregulation in tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarsoza, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome analyses reveal tau isoform-driven changes in transposable element and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) attenuates the chronic inflammatory response to experimental stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.03.442388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Globally, more than 67 million people are living with the effects of ischemic stroke. Importantly, many stroke survivors develop a chronic inflammatory response that may contribute to cognitive impairment, a common and debilitating sequela of stroke that is insufficiently studied and currently untreatable. 2-hydroxypropyl-{beta}-cyclodextrin (HP{beta}CD) is an FDA-approved cyclic oligosaccharide that can solubilize and entrap lipophilic substances. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the repeated administration of HP{beta}CD curtails the chronic inflammatory response to stroke by reducing lipid accumulation within stroke infarcts in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. To achieve this goal, we subcutaneously injected young adult and aged male mice with vehicle or HP{beta}CD three times per week, with treatment beginning one week after stroke. We evaluated mice at 7 weeks following stroke using immunostaining, RNA sequencing, lipidomics, and behavioral analyses. Chronic stroke infarct and peri-infarct regions of HP{beta}CD-treated mice were characterized by an upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and a downregulation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, reactive astrogliosis, and chemotaxis. Correspondingly, HP{beta}CD reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells in stroke infarcts. Repeated administration of HP{beta}CD also preserved NeuN immunoreactivity in the striatum and thalamus and c-Fos immunoreactivity in hippocampal regions. Additionally, HP{beta}CD improved recovery through the protection of hippocampal-dependent spatial working memory and reduction of impulsivity. These results indicate that systemic HP{beta}CD treatment following stroke attenuates chronic inflammation and secondary neurodegeneration and prevents post-stroke cognitive decline.

Significance StatementDementia is a common and debilitating sequela of stroke. Currently, there are no available treatments for post-stroke dementia. Our study shows that lipid metabolism is disrupted in chronic stroke infarcts, which causes an accumulation of uncleared lipid debris and correlates with a chronic inflammatory response. To our knowledge, these substantial changes in lipid homeostasis have not been previously recognized or investigated in the context of ischemic stroke. We also provide a proof of principle that solubilizing and entrapping lipophilic substances using HP{beta}CD could be an effective strategy for treating chronic inflammation after stroke and other CNS injuries. We propose that using HP{beta}CD for the prevention of post-stroke dementia could improve recovery and increase long-term quality of life in stroke sufferers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becktel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbesko, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavera-Garcia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnellmann, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.442388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) attenuates the chronic inflammatory response to experimental stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Central and Peripheral Projections of Lung Innervating Sensory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While best known as the gas exchange organ, the lung is also critical for sensing and responding to the aerosol environment in part through interaction with the nervous system. The rich diversity of lung innervating neurons remains poorly understood. Here, we interrogated the cell body location, projection pattern and targets of lung-innervating sensory neurons. Retrograde tracing from the lung labeled neurons primarily in the vagal ganglia, in a spatially distributed population expressing markers including Vglut2, Trpv1, Tac1, Calb1 or Piezo2. Centrally, they project to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. Peripherally, they project along the branching airways and terminate on airway smooth muscles, vasculature including lymphatics, and selected alveoli. Notably, a discrete population of Calb1+ neurons preferentially innervate pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, a demonstrated airway sensor population. This comprehensive illustration of the properties of lung innervating sensory neurons serves as a foundation for understanding their function in lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verheyden, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Central and Peripheral Projections of Lung Innervating Sensory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cecropins contribute to Drosophila host defense against fungal and Gram-negative bacterial infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cecropins are small helical secreted peptides with antimicrobial activity that are widely distributed among insects. Genes encoding Cecropins are strongly induced upon infection, pointing to their role in host-defence. In Drosophila, four Cecropin genes clustered in the genome (CecA1, CecA2, CecB and CecC) are expressed upon infection downstream of the Toll and Imd pathways. In this study, we generated a short deletion{Delta} CecA-C removing the whole Cecropin locus. Using the{Delta} CecA-C deficiency alone or in combination with other antimicrobial peptide (AMP) mutations, we addressed the function of Cecropins in the systemic immune response.{Delta} CecA-C flies were viable and resisted challenge with various microbes as wild-type. However, removing{Delta} CecA-C in flies already lacking ten other AMP genes revealed a role for Cecropins in defence against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Measurements of pathogen loads confirm that Cecropins contribute to the control of certain Gram-negative bacteria, notably Enterobacter cloacae and Providencia heimbachae. Collectively, our work provides the first genetic demonstration of a role for Cecropins in insect host defence, and confirms their in vivo activity primarily against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Generation of a fly line ({Delta}AMP14) that lacks fourteen immune inducible AMPs provides a powerful tool to address the function of these immune effectors in host-pathogen interactions and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carboni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cecropins contribute to Drosophila host defense against fungal and Gram-negative bacterial infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing the nature of events and event context using Hierarchical Event Descriptors (HED) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Event-related data analysis plays a central role in EEG and MEG (MEEG) and other neuroimaging modalities such as fMRI. Choices about which events to report and how to annotate their full natures significantly influence the value, reliability, and reproducibility of neuroimaging datasets for further analysis and meta- or mega-analysis. A powerful annotation strategy using the new third-generation formulation of the Hierarchical Event Descriptors (HED) framework and tools (hedtags.org) combines robust event description with details of experiment design and metadata in a human-readable as well as machine-actionable form, making event annotation relevant to the full range of neuroimaging and other time series data. This paper considers the event design and annotation process using as a case study the well-known multi-subject, multimodal dataset of Wakeman and Henson made available by its authors as a Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) dataset (bids.neuroimaging.io). We propose a set of best practices and guidelines for event annotation integrated in a natural way into the BIDS metadata file architecture, examine the impact of event design decisions, and provide a working example of organizing events in MEEG and other neuroimaging data. We demonstrate how annotations using HED can document events occurring during neuroimaging experiments as well as their interrelationships, providing machine-actionable annotation enabling automated within- and across-experiment analysis and comparisons. We discuss the evolution of HED software tools and have made an accompanying HED-annotated BIDS-formatted edition of the MEEG data of the Wakeman and Henson dataset (openneuro.org, ds003645).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robbins, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorme, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makeig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing the nature of events and event context using Hierarchical Event Descriptors (HED)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIV/Girdin, a Non-receptor Modulator for Gαi/s, Regulates Spatiotemporal Signaling during Sperm Capacitation and is Required for Male Fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a sperm to successfully fertilize an egg, it must first undergo capacitation in the female reproductive tract, and later undergo acrosomal reaction (AR) upon encountering an egg surrounded by its vestment. How premature AR is avoided despite rapid surges in signaling cascades during capacitation remains unknown. Using a combination of KO mice and cell-penetrating peptides, we show that GIV (CCDC88A), a guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator (GEM) for trimeric GTPases, is highly expressed in spermatocytes and is required for male fertility. GIV is rapidly phosphoregulated on key tyrosine and serine residues in human and murine spermatozoa. These phosphomodifications enable GIV-GEM to orchestrate two distinct compartmentalized signaling programs in the sperm tail and head; in the tail, GIV enhances PI3K[-&gt;] Akt signals, sperm motility and survival, whereas in the head it inhibits cAMP surge and premature AR. Furthermore, GIV transcripts are downregulated in the testis and semen of infertile men. These findings exemplify the spatiotemporally segregated signaling programs that support sperm capacitation and shed light on a hitherto unforeseen cause of infertility in men.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/442927v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (66K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f4901forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2211dforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c37ff5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@105eed7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGIV is highly expressed in spermatozoa, and is required for male fertility
C_LIO_LIGIV is rapidly phosphoregulated during sperm capacitation
C_LIO_LIIt enhances tyrosine-based signals in sperm tail, enhances motility
C_LIO_LIIt suppresses cAMP in the sperm head, inhibits premature acrosome exocytosis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagneux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIV/Girdin, a Non-receptor Modulator for Gαi/s, Regulates Spatiotemporal Signaling during Sperm Capacitation and is Required for Male Fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPT6 loss Permits the Transdifferentiation of Keratinocytes into anIntestinal Fate that Recapitulates Barretts Metaplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient depletion of the transcription elongation factor SPT6 in the keratinocyte has been recently shown to inhibit epidermal differentiation and stratification; instead, they transdifferentiate into a gut-like lineage. We show here that this phenomenon of transdifferentiation recapitulates Barretts metaplasia, the only human pathophysiologic condition in which a stratified squamous epithelium that is injured due to chronic acid reflux is trans-committed into an intestinal fate. The evidence we present here not only lend support to the notion that the keratinocytes are the cell of origin of Barretts metaplasia, but also provide mechanistic insights linking transient acid exposure, downregulation of SPT6, stalled transcription of the master regulator of epidermal fate TP63, loss of epidermal fate and metaplastic progression. Because Barretts metaplasia in the esophagus (BE) is a pre-neoplastic condition with no preclinical human models, these findings have a profound impact on the modeling Barretts metaplasia-in-a-dish.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=192 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/442930v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (58K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8ce08aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e98c83org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@107f521org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16e7523_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIKeratinocytes transdifferentiate into the gut lineage upon depletion of SPT6
C_LIO_LISuch transdifferentiation recapitulates Barretts metaplasia, not the healthy gut
C_LIO_LIAcid downregulates SPT6, which derails the expression and functions of TP63
C_LIO_LISuch downregulation precedes the metaplasia-dysplasia-neoplasia cascade
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandachar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPT6 loss Permits the Transdifferentiation of Keratinocytes into anIntestinal Fate that Recapitulates Barretts Metaplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accuracy in near-perfect virus phylogenies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPhylogenetic trees from real-world data often include short edges with very few substitutions per site, which can lead to partially resolved trees and poor accuracy. Theory indicates that the number of sites needed to accurately reconstruct a fully resolved tree grows at a rate proportional to the inverse square of the length of the shortest edge. However, when inferred trees are partially resolved due to short edges, "accuracy" should be defined as the rate of discovering false splits (clades on a rooted tree) relative to the actual number found. Thus, accuracy can be high even if short edges are common. Specifically, in a "near-perfect" parameter space in which trees are large, the tree length{xi} (the sum of all edge lengths), is small, and rate variation is minimal, the expected false positive rate is less than{xi} /3; the exact value depends on tree shape and sequence length. This expected false positive rate is far below the false negative rate for small{xi} and often well below 5% even when some assumptions are relaxed. We show this result analytically for maximum parsimony and explore its extension to maximum likelihood using theory and simulations. For hypothesis testing, we show that measures of split "support" that rely on bootstrap resampling consistently imply weaker support than that implied by the false positive rates in near-perfect trees. The near-perfect parameter space closely fits several empirical studies of human virus diversification during outbreaks and epidemics, including Ebolavirus, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV-2, reflecting low substitution rates relative to high transmission/sampling rates in these viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accuracy in near-perfect virus phylogenies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is critical for proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we showed that the endothelial Netrin1 receptor Unc5B controls BBB integrity by maintaining Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. Inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Unc5B in adult mice led to region and size-selective BBB opening. Loss of Unc5B decreased BBB Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling, and {beta}-catenin overexpression rescued Unc5B mutant BBB defects. Mechanistically, Netrin1 enhanced Unc5B interaction with the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, induced its phosphorylation and activated Wnt/{beta}-catenin downstream signaling. Intravenous delivery of antibodies blocking Netrin1 binding to Unc5B caused a transient disruption of Wnt signaling and BBB breakdown, followed by neurovascular barrier resealing. These data identify Netrin-Unc5B signaling as a novel regulator of BBB integrity with potential therapeutic utility for CNS diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>furtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pibouin-fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maissa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavitian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claesson-Welsh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycocalyx crowding with synthetic mucin mimetics strengthens interactions between soluble and virus-associated lectins and cell surface glycan receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane-associated mucins protect epithelial cell surfaces against pathogenic threats by serving as non-productive decoys that capture infectious agents and clear them from the cell surface and by erecting a physical barrier that restricts their access to target receptors on host cells. However, the mechanisms through which mucins function are still poorly defined due to a limited repertoire of tools available for tailoring their structure and composition in living cells with molecular precision. Using synthetic glycopolymer mimetics of mucins, we modeled the mucosal glycocalyx on red blood cells (RBC) and evaluated its influence on lectin (SNA) and virus (H1N1) adhesion to endogenous sialic acid receptors. The glycocalyx inhibited the rate of SNA and H1N1 adhesion in a size- and density-dependent manner, consistent with current view of the mucins as providing a protective shield against pathogens. Counterintuitively, increasing density of the mucin mimetics enhanced the retention of bound lectins and viruses. Careful characterization of SNA behavior at the RBC surface using a range of biophysical and imaging techniques revealed lectin-induced crowding and reorganization of the glycocalyx with concomitant enhancement in lectin clustering, presumably through the formation of a more extensive glycan receptor patch at the cell surface. Our findings indicate that glycan-targeting pathogens may exploit the biophysical and biomechanical properties of mucins to overcome the mucosal glycocalyx barrier.

SignificanceLike other animal hosts, humans are constantly challenged by pathogens. This has led to an evolution of physical barriers coating all mucosal tissues, which are most vulnerable to infection. An important part of this defense is a dense brush of large proteins, called mucins, which are heavily decorated with sugars and keep pathogens at bay. Deciphering how pathogens overcome the mucin barrier is necessary to understand early stages of infection and to develop more effective treatments. By artificially installing the mucin-like shield on the surfaces of cells using synthetic sugar-bearing polymers, we have discovered a new physical mechanism by which proteins and viruses can exploit this barrier to more strongly adhere to their targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honigfort, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagneux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycocalyx crowding with synthetic mucin mimetics strengthens interactions between soluble and virus-associated lectins and cell surface glycan receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The breast pre-cancer atlas illustrates the molecular and micro-environmental diversity of ductal carcinoma in situ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro-environmental and molecular factors mediating the progression of Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) are not well understood, impeding the development of prevention strategies and the safe testing of treatment de-escalation. We addressed methodological barriers and characterized the mutational, transcriptional, histological and microenvironmental landscape across 85 multiple micro-dissected regions from 39 cases. Most somatic alterations, including whole genome duplications, were clonal, but genetic divergence increased with physical distance. Phenotypic and subtype heterogeneity frequently associated with underlying genetic heterogeneity and regions with low-risk features preceded those with high-risk features according to the inferred phylogeny. B- and T-lymphocytes spatial analysis identified 3 immune states, including an epithelial excluded state located preferentially at DCIS regions, and characterized by histological and molecular features of immune escape, independently from molecular subtypes. Such breast pre-cancer atlas with uniquely integrated observations will help scope future expansion studies and build finer models of outcomes and progression risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nachmanson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Officer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasteh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esserman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The breast pre-cancer atlas illustrates the molecular and micro-environmental diversity of ductal carcinoma in situ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine 182 on RORγt regulates T helper 17 and regulatory T cell functions to resolve inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestine homeostasis is maintained by the delicate balance of Th17 effector cells and Treg cells. Dysregulation of these cell populations contributes to inflammation, tissue damage, and chronic conditions. ROR{gamma}t is essential for the differentiation of Th17 and a subset of Treg (ROR{gamma}t+ Treg) cells involved in intestinal inflammation. ROR{gamma}t belongs to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors with hinge regions that are highly flexible for co-activator/co-repressor interactions. Serine 182 at the hinge region of ROR{gamma}t is phosphorylated. This study aims to uncover how S182 on ROR{gamma}t contributes to mucosal homeostasis and diseases. We used CRISRP technology to generate a phosphor-null knock-in mutant mouse line (ROR{gamma}tS182A) to assess its role in intestine physiology. scRNA-seq was performed on WT and ROR{gamma}tS182A cohoused littermates to evaluate colonic T cell heterogeneity under steady state and colitis settings. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that ROR{gamma}tS182 maintains colonic T cell heterogeneity under steady state, without interfering T cell development and differentiation. In inflamed tissues, ROR{gamma}tS182 simultaneously restricts IL-1{beta}-mediated Th17 activities and promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in LT-like Treg cells. Phospho-null ROR{gamma}tS182A knock-in mice challenged with DSS induced colitis and EAE experienced delayed recovery and exacerbated pathology. The double switch role of ROR{gamma}tS182 is critical in resolving T cell-mediated inflammation and provides a potential therapeutic target to combat autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine 182 on RORγt regulates T helper 17 and regulatory T cell functions to resolve inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct features of brain perivascular fibroblasts and mural cells revealed by in vivo two-photon imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perivascular fibroblasts (PVFs) are recognized for their pro-fibrotic role in many central nervous system disorders. Like mural cells, PVFs surround blood vessels and express Pdgfr{beta}. However, these shared attributes hinder the ability to distinguish PVFs from mural cells. We used in vivo two-photon imaging and transgenic mice with PVF-targeting promoters (Col1a1 or Col1a2) to compare the structure and distribution of PVFs and mural cells in cerebral cortex of healthy, adult mice. We show that PVFs localize to all cortical penetrating arterioles and their pre-capillary offshoots, as well as the main trunk of only larger ascending venules. However, the capillary zone is devoid of PVF coverage. PVFs display short-range mobility along the vessel wall and exhibit distinct structural features (flattened somata and thin ruffled processes) not seen with smooth muscle cells or pericytes. These findings clarify that PVFs and mural cells are distinct cell types coexisting in a similar perivascular niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonney, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct features of brain perivascular fibroblasts and mural cells revealed by in vivo two-photon imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-ErbB inhibition protects from SARS-CoV-2 replication, inflammation, and injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting host factors exploited by multiple viruses could offer broad-spectrum solutions for pandemic preparedness. Seventeen candidates targeting diverse functions emerged in a screen of 4,413 compounds for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. We demonstrated that lapatinib and other approved inhibitors of the ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases suppress replication of SARS-CoV-2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and other emerging viruses with a high barrier to resistance. Lapatinib suppressed SARS-CoV-2 entry and later stages of the viral life cycle and showed synergistic effect with the direct-acting antiviral nirmatrelvir. We discovered that ErbB1, 2 and 4 bind SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein and regulate viral and ACE2 internalization, and they are required for VEEV infection. In human lung organoids, lapatinib protected from SARS-CoV-2-induced activation of ErbB-regulated pathways implicated in non-infectious lung injury, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and epithelial barrier injury. Lapatinib suppressed VEEV replication, cytokine production and disruption of the blood-brain barrier integrity in microfluidic-based human neurovascular units, and reduced mortality in a lethal infection murine model. We validated lapatinib-mediated inhibition of ErbB activity as an important mechanism of antiviral action. These findings reveal regulation of viral replication, inflammation, and tissue injury via ErbBs and establish a proof-of-principle for a repurposed, ErbB-targeted approach to combat emerging viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghita, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyssen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huie, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solow-Cordero, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochmans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jonghe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.15.444128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-ErbB inhibition protects from SARS-CoV-2 replication, inflammation, and injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 is required for pancreatic cancer cell growth and survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.15.444304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amongst cancer subtypes, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has been demonstrated to be most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, which may be due to unique metabolic rewiring in these cells. The serine/threonine kinase ULK1 forms the catalytic center of a complex mediating the first biochemical step of autophagy. ULK1 directly recieves signals from mTORC1 and AMPK to trigger autophagy under stress and nutrient poor conditions. Studies in genetic engineered mouse models of cancer have revealed that deletion of core downstream autophagy genes (ATG5, ATG7) at the time of tumor iniation leads to a profound block in tumor progression leading to the development of autophagy inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. However, most preclinical studies and all clinical studies have relied on non-specific lysomotropic agents such as chloroquine and its derivatives, whose toxicity and off-target issues preclude further clinical development and which do not represent the impact of solely biochemically disrupting the autophagy pathway. Furthermore, druggable targets in the core autophagy pathway are quite limited, with ULK1 and ULK2 representing the only protein kinases in the pathway. Here we explore the genetic requirement for ULK1 and ULK2 in human PDA cancer cell lines and xenografts, and take advantage of new small molecule ULK1 inhibitors to demonstrate that ULK inhibition can overcome autophagy induction triggered by PDA therapeutics including chemotherapy and MEK inhibition. Finally we show that ULK inhibitors increase MHC Class I in PDA cells, suggestion a potential therapeutic avenue for such agents in combination with checkpoint immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumibao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limpert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianniciello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosford, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.15.444304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 is required for pancreatic cancer cell growth and survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feral and managed honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in southern California have similar levels of viral pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bees provide critical pollination services but are threatened by multiple stressors, including viral pathogens. Most studies of pollinator health focus on managed honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) (MHB) or native bee species, but a third player, the feral honey bee (FHB), requires further study. Spillover and spillback of viral pathogens between these managed, feral, and native bees is generating increasing interest. In this case study, we provide evidence suggesting that FHB colonies play an important role in viral pathogen dynamics of southern California pollinator communities because they act as reservoirs, of viral pathogens such as acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and deformed wing virus (DWV). Surprisingly, even though FHB are not treated for diseases or parasites, they harbor similar pathogen loads to MHB, which are usually highly treated, suggesting the need for future studies to determine if FHB resist or are more resilient to viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geffre, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feral and managed honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in southern California have similar levels of viral pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular localization of PKA catalytic subunits provides a basis for their distinct functions in the retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PKA signaling is essential for numerous processes but the subcellular localization of specific PKA isoforms has yet to be explored comprehensively in tissues. Expression of the C{beta} protein, in particular, has not been mapped previously at the tissue level. In this study we used retina as a window into PKA signaling in the brain and characterized localization of PKA C, C{beta}, RII, and RII{beta} subunits. Each subunit presented a distinct localization pattern. C and C{beta} were localized in all tissue layers, while RII and RII{beta} were enriched in the photoreceptor cells in contrast to the cell body and retinal portion of retinal ganglion cells. Only C was observed in photoreceptor outer segments and the cilia transition zone, while C{beta} was localized primarily to mitochondria and was especially prominent in the ellipsoid of the cone cells. In contrast to C, C{beta} also never colocalized with RII or RII{beta}. Using BaseScope technology to track expression of the C{beta} isoforms we find that C{beta}4 and C{beta}4ab are prominently expressed and, therefore, likely code for mitochondrial-C{beta} proteins. Our data indicates that PKA subunits are functionally nonredundant in the retina and suggesting that C{beta} might be important for mitochondrial-associated neurodegenerative diseases previously linked to PKA dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roa, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikulski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilouz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowronska-Krawczyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular localization of PKA catalytic subunits provides a basis for their distinct functions in the retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Small Fiber Neuronal Activity with Optically Pumped Magnetometers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrodiagnosis is routinely integrated into clinical neurophysiology practice for peripheral nerve disease diagnoses such as neuropathy, demyelinating disorders, nerve entrapment/impingement, plexopathy or radiculopathy. Measured with conventional surface electrodes, the propagation of peripheral nerve action potentials along a nerve is the result of ionic current flow which, according to Amperes Law, generates a small magnetic field that is also detected as an "action current" by magnetometers such as superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems. Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are an emerging class of quantum magnetic sensors with a demonstrated sensitivity at the 1 fT/{surd}Hz level, capable of cortical action current detection. But OPMs were ostensibly constrained to low bandwidth therefore precluding their use in peripheral nerve electrodiagnosis. With careful OPM bandwidth characterization, we hypothesized OPMs may also detect compound action current signatures consistent with both Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP) and the Hoffmann Reflex (H-Reflex). In as much, our work confirms OPMs enabled with expanded bandwidth can detect the magnetic signature of both the SNAP and H-Reflex. Taken together, OPMs now show potential as an emerging electrodiagnostic tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwindt, P.</dc:cre