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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Rutgers University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Rutgers University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectacle: Faster and more accurate chromatin state annotation using spectral learning 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, a wealth of epigenomic data has been generated by biochemical assays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. In particular, histone modification data generated by the ENCODE project and other large-scale projects show specific patterns associated with regulatory elements in the human genome. It is important to build a unified statistical model to decipher the patterns of multiple histone modifications in a cell type to annotate chromatin states such as transcription start sites, enhancers and transcribed regions rather than to map histone modifications individually to regulatory elements.nnSeveral genome-wide statistical models have been developed based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). These methods typically use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the parameters of the model. Here we used spectral learning, a state-of-the-art parameter estimation algorithm in machine learning. We found that spectral learning plus a few (up to five) iterations of local optimization of the likelihood outper-forms the standard EM algorithm. We also evaluated our software implementation called Spectacle on independent biological datasets and found that Spectacle annotated experimentally defined functional elements such as enhancers significantly better than a previous state-of-the-art method.nnSpectacle can be downloaded from https://github.com/jiminsong/Spectacle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimin Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin C Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectacle: Faster and more accurate chromatin state annotation using spectral learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral variation in Drosophila melanogaster: no evidence for common alleles of large- effect at the foraging gene in a population from North Carolina, USA 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thirty four years ago, it was postulated that natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster are comprised of two behavioral morphs termed "rover" and "sitter", and that this variation is caused mainly by large-effect alleles at a single locus. Since that time, considerable data has been amassed that compares the behavior and physiology of these morphs. Contrary to common assertions, however, published support for the existence of common large effect alleles in nature is quite limited. To further investigate, we quantified the foraging behavior of 36 natural strains, performed a genome-wide association study, and described patterns of molecular evolution at the foraging locus. Though there was significant variation in foraging behavior among genotypes, this variation was continuously distributed and not significantly associated with genetic variation at the foraging gene. Patterns of molecular population genetic variation at this gene also provide no support for the hypothesis that for is a target of long term balancing selection We propose that additional data is required to support a hypothesis of common alleles of large effect on foraging behavior in nature. Genome-wide association does support a role for natural variation at several other loci, including the sulfateless gene, though these associations should be considered preliminary until validated with a larger sample size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher C Giauque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Schrider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew D Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral variation in Drosophila melanogaster: no evidence for common alleles of large- effect at the foraging gene in a population from North Carolina, USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein folding and binding can emerge as evolutionary spandrels through structural coupling 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding interactions between proteins and other molecules mediate numerous cellular processes, including metabolism, signaling, and regulation of gene expression. These interactions evolve in response to changes in the protein's chemical or physical environment (such as the addition of an antibiotic), or when genes duplicate and diverge. Several recent studies have shown the importance of folding stability in constraining protein evolution. Here we investigate how structural coupling between protein folding and binding -- the fact that most proteins can only bind their targets when folded -- gives rise to evolutionary coupling between the traits of folding stability and binding strength. Using biophysical and evolutionary modeling, we show how these protein traits can emerge as evolutionary "spandrels" even if they do not confer an intrinsic fitness advantage. In particular, proteins can evolve strong binding interactions that have no functional role but merely serve to stabilize the protein if misfolding is deleterious. Furthermore, such proteins may have divergent fates, evolving to bind or not bind their targets depending on random mutation events. These observations may explain the abundance of apparently nonfunctional interactions among proteins observed in high-throughput assays. In contrast, for proteins with both functional binding and deleterious misfolding, evolution may be highly predictable at the level of biophysical traits: adaptive paths are tightly constrained to first gain extra folding stability and then partially lose it as the new binding function is developed. These findings have important consequences for our understanding of fundamental evolutionary principles of both natural and engineered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael Manhart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein folding and binding can emerge as evolutionary spandrels through structural coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDTraj: a modern, open library for the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary: MDTraj is a modern, lightweight and efficient software package for analyzing molecular dynamics simulations. MDTraj reads trajectory data from a wide variety of commonly used formats. It provides a large number of trajectory analysis capabilities including RMSD, DSSP secondary structure assignment and the extraction of common order parameters. The package has a strong focus on interoperability with the wider scientific Python ecosystem, bridging the gap between molecular dynamics data and the rapidly-growing collection of industry-standard statistical analysis and visualization tools in Python. Availability: Package downloads, detailed examples and full documentation are available at http://mdtraj.org. The source code is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License at https://github.com/simtk/mdtraj.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robert T McGibbon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle A Beauchamp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian R Schwantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Ping Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos X Hernández</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew P Harrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas J Lane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Swails</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay S Pande</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDTraj: a modern, open library for the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling properties of evolutionary paths in a biophysical model of protein adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enormous size and complexity of genotypic sequence space frequently requires consideration of coarse-grained sequences in empirical models. We develop scaling relations to quantify the effect of this coarse-graining on properties of fitness landscapes and evolutionary paths. We first consider evolution on a simple Mount Fuji fitness landscape, focusing on how the length and predictability of evolutionary paths scale with the coarse-grained sequence length and number of alleles. We obtain simple scaling relations for both the weak- and strong-selection limits, with a non-trivial crossover regime at intermediate selection strengths. We apply these results to evolution on a biophysical fitness landscape designed to describe how proteins evolve new binding interactions while maintaining their folding stability. We combine numerical calculations for coarse-grained protein sequences with the scaling relations to obtain quantitative properties of the model for realistic binding interfaces and a full amino acid alphabet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael Manhart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V. Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling properties of evolutionary paths in a biophysical model of protein adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A biophysical approach to predicting protein-DNA binding energetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence-specific interactions between proteins and DNA play a central role in DNA replication, repair, recombination, and control of gene expression. These interactions can be studied in vitro using microfluidics, protein-binding microarrays (PBMs), and other high-throughput techniques. Here we develop a biophysical approach to predicting protein-DNA binding specificities from high-throughput in vitro data. Our algorithm, called BindSter, accommodates multiple protein species competing for access to DNA and alternative binding modes of the same protein, while rigorously taking into account all sterically allowed configurations of DNA-bound particles. BindSter can be used with a hierarchy of protein-DNA interaction models of increasing complexity. We observe that the quality of BindSter predictions does not change significantly as some of the energy parameters vary over a sizable range. To take this degeneracy into account, we have developed a graphical representation of parameter uncertainties, called IntervalLogo. We find that our simplest model, in which each nucleotide in the binding site is treated independently, performs better than previous biophysical approaches. The extensions of this model, in which contributions of longer words are also considered, result in further improvements, underscoring the importance of higherorder effects in protein-DNA energetics. In contrast, we find little evidence for multiple binding modes for the transcription factors (TFs) in our dataset. Furthermore, there is limited consistency in predictions for the same TF utilizing microfluidics and PBM experimental platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George Locke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A biophysical approach to predicting protein-DNA binding energetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Some remarks on moments for stochastic chemical kinetics 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analyze a class of chemical reaction networks for which all moments can be computed by finite-dimensional linear differential equations. This class allows second and higher order reactions, but only under special assumptions on structure and/or conservation laws.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eduardo Sontag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhyudai Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Some remarks on moments for stochastic chemical kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S/HIC: Robust identification of soft and hard sweeps using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting the targets of adaptive natural selection from whole genome sequencing data is a central problem for population genetics. However, to date most methods have shown sub-optimal performance under realistic demographic scenarios. Moreover, over the past decade there has been a renewed interest in determining the importance of selection from standing variation in adaptation of natural populations, yet very few methods for inferring this model of adaptation at the genome scale have been introduced. Here we introduce a new method, S/HIC, which uses supervised machine learning to precisely infer the location of both hard and soft selective sweeps. We show that S/HIC has unrivaled accuracy for detecting sweeps under demographic histories that are relevant to human populations, and distinguishing sweeps from linked as well as neutrally evolving regions. Moreover we show that S/HIC is uniquely robust among its competitors to model misspecification. Thus even if the true demographic model of a population differs catastrophically from that specified by the user, S/HIC still retains impressive discriminatory power. Finally we apply S/HIC to the case of resequencing data from human chromosome 18 in a European population sample and demonstrate that we can reliably recover selective sweeps that have been identified earlier using less specific and sensitive methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Schrider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew D Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S/HIC: Robust identification of soft and hard sweeps using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incoherent feedforward motifs as immune change detectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We speculate that incoherent feedforward loops may be phenomenologically involved in self/nonself discrimination in immune-infection and immune-tumor interactions, acting as "change detectors". In turn, this may result in logarithmic sensing (Weber phenomenon) and even scale invariance (fold-change detection).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eduardo Sontag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incoherent feedforward motifs as immune change detectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fusionDB: assessing microbial diversity and environmental preferences via functional similarity networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/035923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial functional diversification is driven by environmental factors, i.e. microorganisms inhabiting the same environmental niche tend to be more functionally similar than those from different environments. In some cases, even closely phylogenetically related microbes differ more across environments than across taxa. While microbial similarities are often reported in terms of taxonomic relationships, no existing databases directly links microbial functions to the environment. We previously developed a method for comparing microbial functional similarities on the basis of proteins translated from the sequenced genomes. Here we describe fusionDB, a novel database that uses our functional data to represent 1,374 taxonomically distinct bacteria annotated with available metadata: habitat/niche, preferred temperature, and oxygen use. Each microbe is encoded as a set of functions represented by its proteome and individual microbes are connected via common functions. Users can search fusionDB via combinations of organism names and metadata. Moreover, the web interface allows mapping new microbial genomes to the functional spectrum of reference bacteria, rendering interactive similarity networks that highlight shared functionality. fusionDB provides a fast means of comparing microbes, identifying potential horizontal gene transfer events, and highlighting key environment-specific functionality.nnfusionDB is publicly available at http://services.bromberglab.org/fusiondb/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chengsheng Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yannick Mahlich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yana Bromberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/035923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fusionDB: assessing microbial diversity and environmental preferences via functional similarity networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational prediction shines light on type III secretion origins 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type III secretion system is a key bacterial symbiosis and pathogenicity mechanism responsible for a variety of infectious diseases, ranging from food-borne illnesses to the bubonic plague. In many Gram-negative bacteria, the type III secretion system transports effector proteins into host cells, converting resources to bacterial advantage. Here we introduce a computational method that identifies type III effectors by combining homology based inference with de novo predictions, reaching up to 3-fold higher performance than existing tools. Our work reveals that signals for recognition and transport of effectors are distributed over the entire protein sequence instead of being confined to the N-terminus, as was previously thought. Our scan of hundreds of prokaryotic genomes identified previously unknown effectors, suggesting that type III secretion may have evolved prior to the archaea/bacteria split. Crucially, our method performs well for short sequence fragments, facilitating evaluation of microbial communities and rapid identification of bacterial pathogenicity - no genome assembly required. pEffect and its data sets are available at http://services.bromberglab.org/peffect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatyana Goldberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhard Rost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yana Bromberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational prediction shines light on type III secretion origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis and the dynamics of reversion in molecular evolution 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of protein evolution contend that the longer an amino acid substitution is present at a site, the less likely it is to revert to the amino acid previously occupying that site. Here we study this phenomenon of decreasing reversion rates rigorously, and in a much more general context. We show that, under weak mutation and for arbitrary fitness landscapes, reversion rates decrease with time for any site that is involved in at least one epistatic interaction. Specifically, we prove that, at stationarity, the hazard function of the distribution of waiting times until reversion is strictly decreasing for any such site. Thus, in the presence of epistasis, the longer a particular character has been absent from a site, the less likely the site will revert to its prior state. We also explore several examples of this general result, which share a common pattern whereby the probability of having reverted increases rapidly at short times to some substantial value before becoming almost flat after a few substitutions at other sites. This pattern indicates a characteristic tendency for reversion to occur either almost immediately after the initial substitution or only after a very long time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David M McCandlish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premal Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua B Plotkin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis and the dynamics of reversion in molecular evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of linked selective sweeps on demographic inference and model selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of large-scale population genomic sequence data has resulted in an explosion in efforts to infer the demographic histories of natural populations across a broad range of organisms. As demographic events alter coalescent genealogies they leave detectable signatures in patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. Accordingly, a variety of approaches have been designed to leverage population genetic data to uncover the footprints of demographic change in the genome. The vast majority of these methods make the simplifying assumption that the measures of genetic variation used as their input are unaffected by natural selection. However, natural selection can dramatically skew patterns of variation not only at selected sites, but at linked, neutral loci as well. Here we assess the impact of recent positive selection on demographic inference by characterizing the performance of three popular methods through extensive simulation of datasets with varying numbers of linked selective sweeps. In particular, we examined three different demographic models relevant to a number of species, finding that positive selection can bias parameter estimates of each of these models--often severely. Moreover, we find that selection can lead to incorrect inferences of population size changes when none have occurred. We argue that the amount of recent positive selection required to skew inferences may often be acting in natural populations. These results suggest that demographic studies conducted in many species to date may have exaggerated the extent and frequency of population size changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Schrider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander G Shanku</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew D Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of linked selective sweeps on demographic inference and model selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex gene editing by CRISPR-Cpf1 through autonomous processing of a single crRNA array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial CRISPR-Cas defense systems have been adapted as a platform for genome editing applications built around the RNA-guided effector nucleases, such as Cas9. We recently reported the characterization of Cpf1, the effector nuclease of a novel type V-A CRISPR system, and demonstrated that it can be adapted for genome editing in mammalian cells (Zetsche et al., 2015). Unlike Cas9, which utilizes a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) as well as the endogenous RNaseIII for maturation of its dual crRNA:tracrRNA guides (Deltcheva et al., 2011), guide processing of the Cpf1 system proceeds in the absence of tracrRNA or other Cas (CRISPR associated) genes (Zetsche et al., 2015) (Figure 1a), suggesting that Cpf1 is sufficient for pre-crRNA maturation. This has important implications for genome editing, as it would provide a simple route to multiplex targeting. Here, we show for two Cpf1 orthologs that no other factors are required for array processing and demonstrate multiplex gene editing in mammalian cells as well as in the mouse brain by using a designed single CRISPR array.nnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=164 SRC="FIGDIR/small/049122_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (35K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f0c15corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@126a6fdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9d6a2eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a61f75_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1C_FLOATNO Cpf1 mediates processing of pre-crRNA. (a) Schematic of pre-crRNA processing for Cas9 and Cpf1. Cleavage sites indicated with red triangle. (b) In vitro processing of FnCpf1 pre-crRNA transcript (80 nM) with purified AsCpf1 or LbCpf1 protein ([~]320 nM). In the presence of Cpf1 nuclease the pre-crRNA was cleaved in a distinct pattern, indicating cleavage at similar sequence motifs. RNA molecules without Cpf1 DR features where not cleaved by Cpf1 (control RNA). (c) RNAseq analysis of FnCpf1 pre-crRNA cleavage products, as shown in (b). A high fraction of sequence reads smaller than 65nt are cleavage products of spacers flanked by DR sequences.nnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernd Zetsche</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias Heidenreich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prarthana Mohanraju</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iana Fedorova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeroen Kneppers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen M DeGennaro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerges Winblad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourav R Choudhury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar O Abudayyeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan S Gootenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen Y Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantin Severinov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John van der Oost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex gene editing by CRISPR-Cpf1 through autonomous processing of a single crRNA array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: the importance of survival to maturity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax is a commonly estimated demographic parameter used in assessments of extinction risk. In teleosts, rmax can be calculated using an estimate of spawners per spawner, but for chondrichthyans, most studies have used annual reproductive output b instead. This is problematic as it effectively assumes all juveniles survive to maturity. Here, we propose an updated rmax equation that uses a simple mortality estimator which also accounts for survival to maturity: the reciprocal of average lifespan. For 94 chondrichthyans, we now estimate that rmax values are on average 10% lower than previously published. Our updated rmax estimates are lower than previously published for species that mature later relative to maximum age and those with high annual fecundity. The most extreme discrepancies in rmax values occur in species with low age at maturity and low annual reproductive output. Our results indicate that chondrichthyans that mature relatively later in life, and to a lesser extent those that are highly fecund, are less resilient to fishing than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastián A. Pardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holly K. Kindsvater</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Reynolds</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas K. Dulvy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: the importance of survival to maturity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating spandrels from phenotypic targets of selection in adaptive molecular evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are many examples of adaptive molecular evolution in natural populations, but there is no existing method to verify which phenotypic changes were directly targeted by selection. The problem is that correlations between traits make it difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect selection. A phenotype is a direct target of selection when that trait in particular was shaped by selection to better perform a function. An indirect target of selection, also known as an evolutionary spandrel, is a phenotype that changes only because it is correlated with another trait under direct selection. Studies that mutate genes and examine the phenotypic consequences are increasingly common, and these experiments could estimate the mutational accessibility of the phenotypic changes that arise during an instance of adaptive molecular evolution. Under indirect selection, we expect phenotypes to evolve toward states that are more accessible by mutation. Deviation from this null expectation (evolution toward a phenotypic state rarely produced by mutation) would be compelling evidence of adaptation, and could be used to distinguish direct selection from indirect selection on correlated traits. To be practical, this molecular test of adaptation requires phenotypic differences that are caused by changes in a small number of genes. These kinds of genetically simple traits have been observed in many empirical studies of adaptive evolution. Here we describe how to use mutational accessibility to separate spandrels from direct targets of selection and thus verify adaptive hypotheses for phenotypes that evolve by adaptive molecular changes at one or a few genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevan A Springer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Manhart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating spandrels from phenotypic targets of selection in adaptive molecular evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Todays low cost digital data provides unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery from synthesis studies. For example, the medical field is revolutionizing patient care by creating personalized treatment plans based upon mining electronic medical records, imaging, and genomics data. Standardized annotations are essential to subsequent analyses for synthesis studies. However, accurately combining records from diverse studies requires tedious and error-prone human curation, posing a significant barrier to synthesis studies. We propose a novel natural language processing (NLP) algorithm, Synthesize, to merge data annotations automatically. Application to patient characteristics for diverse human cancers and ecological datasets demonstrates the accuracy of Synthesize in diverse scientific disciplines. This NLP approach is implemented in an open-source software package, Synthesizer. Synthesizer is a generalized, user-friendly system for error-free data merging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisa Gandy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan Gumm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Kennish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sameer Chavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ann Thessen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luigi Marchionni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoxan Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shambhavi Shankrit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elana J Fertig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesizer: Expediting synthesis studies from context-free data with natural language processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system defends microbes against foreign genetic elements via DNA or RNA-DNA interference. We characterize the Class 2 type VI-A CRISPR-Caseffector C2c2 and demonstrate its RNA-guided RNase function. C2c2 from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii provides interference against RNA phage.In vitro biochemical analysis show that C2c2 is guided by a single crRNA and can be programmed to cleave ssRNA targets carrying complementary protospacers. In bacteria, C2c2 can be programmed to knock down specific mRNAs. Cleavage is mediated by catalytic residues in the two conserved HEPN domains, mutations in which generate catalytically inactive RNA-binding proteins. These results broaden our understanding of CRISPR-Cas systems and suggest that C2c2 can be used to develop new RNA-targeting tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omar O Abudayyeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan S Gootenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvana Konermann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julia Joung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian M Slaymaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David BT Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Shmakov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kira S Makarova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekaterina Semenova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonid Minakhin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantin Severinov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv Regev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric S Lander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugene V Koonin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity flow over resting-state networks shapes cognitive task activations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/055194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) has helped reveal the intrinsic network organization of the human brain, yet its relevance to cognitive task activations has been unclear. Uncertainty remains despite evidence that resting-state FC patterns are highly similar to cognitive task activation patterns. Identifying the distributed processes that shape localized cognitive task activations may help reveal why resting-stateFC is so strongly related to cognitive task activations. We found that estimating task-evoked activity flow (the spread of activation amplitudes) over resting-state FC networks allows prediction of cognitive task activations in a large-scale neural network model. Applying this insight to empirical functional MRI data, we found that cognitive task activations can be predicted in held-out brain regions (and held-out individuals via estimated activity flow over resting-state FC networks. This suggests that task-evoked activity flow over intrinsic networks is a large-scale mechanism explaining the relevance of resting-state FC to cognitive task activations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael W Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takuya Ito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle S Bassett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas H Schultz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/055194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity flow over resting-state networks shapes cognitive task activations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of epistatic effects and the development of drug resistance in HIV-1 protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the complex mutation patterns that give rise to drug resistant viral strains provides a foundation for developing more effective treatment strategies for HIV/AIDS. Multiple sequence alignments of drug-experienced HIV-1 protease sequences contain networks of many pair correlations which can be used to build a (Potts) Hamiltonian model of these mutation patterns. Using this Hamiltonian model we translate HIV protease sequence covariation data into quantitative predictions for the probability of observing specific mutation patterns which are in agreement with the observed sequence statistics. We find that the statistical energies of the Potts model are correlated with the fitness of individual proteins containing therapy-associated mutations as estimated by in vitro measurements of protein stability and viral infectivity. We show that the penalty for acquiring primary resistance mutations depends on the epistatic interactions with the sequence background. Primary mutations which lead to drug resistance can become highly advantageous (or entrenched) by the complex mutation patterns which arise in response to drug therapy despite being destabilizing in the wildtype background. Anticipating epistatic effects is important for the design of future protease inhibitor therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>William F Flynn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan Haldane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce E Torbett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald M Levy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of epistatic effects and the development of drug resistance in HIV-1 protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalization of the Ewens sampling formula to arbitrary fitness landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In considering evolution of transcribed regions, regulatory modules, and other genomic loci of interest, we are often faced with a situation in which the number of allelic states greatly exceeds the population size. In this limit, the population eventually adopts a steady state characterized by mutation-selection-drift balance. Although new alleles continue to be explored through mutation, the statistics of the population, and in particular the probabilities of seeing specific allelic configurations in samples taken from a population, do not change with time. In the absence of selection, probabilities of allelic configurations are given by the Ewens sampling formula, widely used in population genetics to detect deviations from neutrality. Here we develop an extension of this formula to arbitrary, possibly epistatic, fitness landscapes. Although our approach is general, we focus on the class of landscapes in which alleles are grouped into two, three, or several fitness states. This class of landscapes yields sampling probabilities that are computationally more tractable, and can form a basis for the inference of selection signatures from sequence data. We demonstrate that, for a sizeable range of mutation rates and selection coefficients, the steady-state allelic diversity is not neutral. Therefore, it may be used to infer selection coefficients, as well as other key evolutionary parameters, using high-throughput sequencing of evolving populations to collect data on locus polymorphisms. We also carry out numerical investigation of various approximations involved in deriving our sampling formulas, such as the infinite allele limit and the "full connectivity" assumption in which each allele can mutate into any other allele. We find that our theory remains sufficiently accurate even if these assumptions are relaxed. Thus, our framework establishes a theoretical foundation for inferring selection signatures from samples of sequences produced by evolution on epistatic fitness landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavel Khromov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantin D Malliaris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre V Morozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalization of the Ewens sampling formula to arbitrary fitness landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale multivariate activation states of the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of our lives are spent in unconstrained rest states, yet cognitive brain processes are primarily investigated using task-constrained states. It may be possible to utilize the insights gained from experimental control of task processes as reference points for investigating unconstrained rest. To facilitate comparison of rest and task functional MRI (fMRI) data we focused on activation amplitude patterns, commonly used for task but not rest analyses. During rest, we identified spontaneous changes in temporally extended whole-brain activation pattern states. This revealed a hierarchical organization of rest states. The top consisted of two competing states consistent with previously identified "task-positive" and "task-negative" activation patterns. These states were composed of more specific states that repeated over time and across individuals. Contrasting with the view that rest consists of only task-negative states, task-positive states occurred 40% of the time while individuals "rested," suggesting task-focused activity occurs during rest. Further, analysis of task data revealed a similar hierarchical structure of brain states. Together these results suggest brain activation dynamics form a general hierarchy across task and rest, with a small number of dominant general states reflecting basic functional modes and a variety of specific states likely reflecting a rich variety of cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard H Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takuya Ito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaustubh R Kulkarni</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael W Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale multivariate activation states of the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Modular Adaptive Ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribosome is an ancient machine, performing the same function across organisms. Although functionally unitary, recent experiments suggest specialized roles for some ribosomal proteins. Our central thesis is that ribosomal proteins function in a modular fashion to decode genetic information in a context dependent manner. We show through large data analyses that although many ribosomal proteins are essential with consistent effect on growth in different conditions in yeast and similar expression across cell and tissue types in mice and humans, some ribosomal proteins are used in an environment specific manner. The latter set of variable ribosomal proteins further function in a coordinated manner forming modules, which are adapted to different environmental cues in different organisms. We show that these environment specific modules of ribosomal proteins in yeast have differential genetic interactions with other pathways and their 5UTRs show differential signatures of selection in yeast strains, presumably to facilitate adaptation. Similarly, we show that in higher metazoans such as mice and humans, different modules of ribosomal proteins are expressed in different cell types and tissues. A clear example is nervous tissue that uses a ribosomal protein module distinct from the rest of the tissues in both mice and humans. Our results suggest a novel stratification of ribosomal proteins that could have played a role in adaptation, presumably to optimize translation for adaptation to diverse ecological niches and tissue microenvironments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anupama Yadav</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparna Radhakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anshuman Panda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amartya Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himanshu Sinha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyan Bhanot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Modular Adaptive Ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Empirical validation of directed functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping directions of influence in the human brain connectome represents the next phase in understanding its functional architecture. However, a host of methodological uncertainties have impeded the application of directed connectivity methods, which have primarily been validated via 'ground truth' connectivity patterns embedded in simulated functional MRI (fMRI) and magneto-/electro-encephalography (MEG/EEG) datasets. Such simulations rely on many generative assumptions, and we hence utilized a different strategy involving empirical data in which a ground truth directed connectivity pattern could be anticipated with confidence. Specifically, we exploited the established 'sensory reactivation' effect in episodic memory, in which retrieval of sensory information reactivates regions involved in perceiving that sensory modality. Subjects performed a paired associate task in separate fMRI and MEG sessions, in which a ground truth reversal in directed connectivity between auditory and visual sensory regions was instantiated across task conditions. This directed connectivity reversal was successfully recovered across different algorithms, including Granger causality and Bayes network (IMAGES) approaches, and across fMRI ('raw' and deconvolved) and source-modeled MEG. These results extend simulation studies of directed connectivity, and offer practical guidelines for the use of such methods in clarifying causal mechanisms of neural processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi D Mill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anto Bagic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter Schneider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael W Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Empirical validation of directed functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollinator species traits do not predict either response to agricultural intensification or functional contribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/072132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The response and effect trait framework, if supported empirically, would provide for powerful and general predictions about how biodiversity loss will lead to loss in ecosystem function. This framework proposes that species traits will explain how different species respond to disturbance (i.e. response traits) as well as their contribution to ecosystem function (i.e. effect traits). However, predictive response and effect traits remain elusive for most systems. Here, we present detailed data on crop pollination services provided by native, wild bees to explore the role of six commonly used species traits in determining how crop pollination is affected by increasing agricultural intensification. Analyses were conducted in parallel for three crop systems (watermelon, cranberry, and blueberry) located within the same geographical region (mid-Atlantic USA). Bee species traits did not strongly predict species response to agricultural intensification, and the few traits that were weakly predictive were not consistent across crops. Similarly, no trait predicted species overall functional contribution in any of the three crop systems, although body size was a good predictor of per capita efficiency in two systems. So far, most studies looking for response or effect traits in pollination systems have found weak and often contradicting links. Overall we were unable to make generalizable predictions regarding species responses to land-use change and its effect on the delivery of ecosystem services. Pollinator traits may be useful for understanding ecological processes in some systems, but thus far the promise of traits-based ecology has yet to be fulfilled for pollination ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ignasi Bartomeus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Cariveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tina Harrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachael Winfree</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/072132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollinator species traits do not predict either response to agricultural intensification or functional contribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tubulin repertoire of C. elegans sensory neurons and its context dependent role in process outgrowth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/075879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules contribute to many cellular processes, including transport, signaling, and chromosome separation during cell division (Kapitein and Hoogenraad, 2015). They are comprised of {beta}-tubulin heterodimers arranged into linear protofilaments and assembled into tubes. Eukaryotes express multiple tubulin isoforms (Gogonea et al., 1999), and there has been a longstanding debate as to whether the isoforms are redundant or perform specialized roles as part of a tubulin code (Fulton and Simpson, 1976). Here, we use the well-characterized touch receptor neurons (TRNs) of Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate this question, through genetic dissection of process outgrowth both in vivo and in vitro. With single-cell RNA-seq, we compare transcription profiles for TRNs with those of two other sensory neurons, and present evidence that each sensory neuron expresses a distinct palette of tubulin genes. In the TRNs, we analyze process outgrowth and show that four tubulins (tba-1, tba-2, tbb-1, and tbb-2) function partially or fully redundantly, while two others (mec-7 and mec-12) perform specialized, context-dependent roles. Our findings support a model in which sensory neurons express overlapping subsets of tubulin genes whose functional redundancy varies between cell types and in vivo and in vitro contexts.nnHighlight SummaryMicrotubules contribute to key cellular processes and are composed of {beta}-tubulin heterodimers. Neurons in C. elegans express cell type-specific isoforms in addition to a shared repertoire and rely on tubulins for neurite outgrowth. Isoform function varies between in vivo and in vitro contexts.nnAbbreviationsnnConflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflicting financial interests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dean Lockhead</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erich M Schwarz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert O'Hagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Bellotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Krieg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maureen Barr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander R Dunn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul W. Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miriam B Goodman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/075879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tubulin repertoire of C. elegans sensory neurons and its context dependent role in process outgrowth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe our efforts to prepare common starting structures and models for the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge. We generated the starting input files and single configuration potential energies for the host-guest in the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge for the GROMACS, AMBER, LAMMPS, DESMOND and CHARMM molecular simulation programs. All conversions were fully automated from the originally prepared AMBER input files using a combination of the ParmEd and InterMol conversion programs.nnWe find that the energy calculations for all molecular dynamics engines for this molecular set agree to a better than 0.1% relative absolute energy for all energy components, and in most cases an order of magnitude better, when reasonable choices are made for different cutoff parameters. However, there are some surprising sources of statistically significant differences. Most importantly, different choices of Coulombs constant between programs are one of the largest sources of discrepancies in energies. We discuss the measures required to get good agreement in the energies for equivalent starting configurations between the simulation programs, and the energy differences that occur when simulations are run with program-specific default simulation parameter values. Finally, we discuss what was required to automate this conversion and comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Shirts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M. Swails</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian Yin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael K. Gilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Mobley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A. Case</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen D. Zhong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment1-4. Such behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions1,5, but free-living individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators6-10. Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (e.g. prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (e.g. group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring)6-9,11. The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood5-7,9. Here, we address this in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization12 where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally-incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within- and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parents incubation bout varied from 1 - 19 hours, while period length-the time in which a parents probability to incubate cycles once between its highest and lowest value - varied from 6 - 43 hours. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis (the ability to avoid detection by other animals) had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light-dark cycle were less prevalent at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity5-7,9. The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bulla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokter, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dondua, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosztolanyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandercock, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ens, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lank, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loktinov, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitnerova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, J. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamarre, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reneerkens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebezeit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bety, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figuerola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooijmeijer, J. C. E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koivula, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koloski, L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Construction of a high-density American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) composite map using genotyping-by-sequencing for multi-pedigree linkage mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a recently domesticated, economically important, fruit crop with limited molecular resources. New genetic resources could accelerate genetic gain in cranberry through characterization of its genomic structure and by enabling molecular-assisted breeding strategies. To increase the availability of cranberry genomic resources, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to discover and genotype thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three inter-related cranberry full-sib populations. Additional simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were added to the SNP datasets and used to construct bin maps for the parents of the populations, which were then merged to create the first high-density cranberry composite map containing 6073 markers (5437 SNPs and 636 SSRs) on 12 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1124 cM. Interestingly, higher rates of recombination were observed in maternal than paternal gametes. The large number of markers in common (mean of 57.3) and the high degree of observed collinearity (mean Pair-wise Spearman Rank Correlations > 0.99) between the LGs of the parental maps demonstrates the utility of GBS in cranberry for identifying polymorphic SNP loci that are transferable between pedigrees and populations in future trait-association studies. Furthermore, the high-density of markers anchored within the component maps allowed identification of segregation distortion regions, placement of centromeres on each of the 12 LGs, and anchoring of genomic scaffolds. Collectively, the results represent an important contribution to the current understanding of cranberry genomic structure and to the availability of molecular tools for future genetic research and breeding efforts in cranberry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlautman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covarrubias-Pazaran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorizzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polashock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grygleski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorsa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalapa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Construction of a high-density American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) composite map using genotyping-by-sequencing for multi-pedigree linkage mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soft sweeps are the dominant mode of adaptation in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degree to which adaptation in recent human evolution shapes genetic variation remains controversial. This is in part due to the limited evidence in humans for classic "hard selective sweeps," wherein a novel beneficial mutation rapidly sweeps through a population to fixation. However, positive selection may often proceed via "soft sweeps" acting on mutations already present within a population. Here we examine recent positive selection across six human populations using a powerful machine learning approach that is sensitive to both hard and soft sweeps. We found evidence that soft sweeps are widespread and account for the vast majority of recent human adaptation. Surprisingly, our results also suggest that linked positive selection affects patterns of variation across much of the genome, and may increase the frequencies of deleterious mutations. Our results also reveal insights into the role of sexual selection, cancer risk, and central nervous system development in recent human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soft sweeps are the dominant mode of adaptation in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenMM 7: Rapid Development of High Performance Algorithms for Molecular Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OpenMM is a molecular dynamics simulation toolkit with a unique focus on extensibility. It allows users to easily add new features, including forces with novel functional forms, new integration algorithms, and new simulation protocols. Those features automatically work on all supported hardware types (including both CPUs and GPUs) and perform well on all of them. In many cases they require minimal coding, just a mathematical description of the desired function. They also require no modification to OpenMM itself and can be distributed independently of OpenMM. This makes it an ideal tool for researchers developing new simulation methods, and also allows those new methods to be immediately available to the larger community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eastman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swails, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodera, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGibbon, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonett, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pande, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenMM 7: Rapid Development of High Performance Algorithms for Molecular Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-zone tumor tolerance can arise from a simple immunological feedforward motif that estimates tumor growth rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the early 1990s, many authors have independently suggested that self/nonself recognition by the immune system might be modulated by the rates of change of antigen challenges. This paper introduces an extremely simple and purely conceptual mathematical model that allows dynamic discrimination of immune challenges. The main component of the model is a motif which is ubiquitous in systems biology, the incoherent feedforward loop, which endows the system with the capability to estimate exponential growth exponents, a prediction which is consistent with experimental work showing that exponentially increasing antigen stimulation is a determinant of immune reactivity. Combined with a bistable system and a simple feedback repression mechanism, an interesting phenomenon emerges as a tumor growth rate increases: elimination, tolerance (tumor growth), again elimination, and finally a second zone of tolerance (tumor escape). This prediction from our model is analogous to the "two-zone tumor tolerance" phenomenon experimentally validated since the mid 1970s. Moreover, we provide a plausible biological instantiation of our circuit using combinations of regulatory and effector T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-zone tumor tolerance can arise from a simple immunological feedforward motif that estimates tumor growth rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic compensation, parameter identifiability, and equivariances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent paper by Karin, Swisa, Glaser, Dor, and Alon introduced the mathematical notion of dynamical compensation (DC) in biological circuits, arguing that DC helps explain important features of glucose homeostasis as well as other key physiological regulatory mechanisms. The present paper establishes a connection between DC and two well-known notions in systems biology: system equivalence and parameter (un)identifiability. This recasting leads to effective tests for verifying DC in mathematical models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic compensation, parameter identifiability, and equivariances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity matters: rules of thumb for management of plate-sized, sex-changing fish in the live reef food fish trade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective management of fisheries depends on the selectivity of different fishing methods, control of fishing effort, and the life history and mating system of the target species. For sex-changing species, it is unclear how the truncation of age structure or selection of specific size or age classes (by fishing for specific markets) affects population dynamics. We specifically address the consequences of plate-sized selectivity, whereby sub-mature,  plate-sized fish are preferred in the live reef food fish trade. We use an age-structured model to investigate the decline and recovery of populations fished with three different selectivity scenarios (asymptotic, dome-shaped, and plate-sized) applied to two sexual systems (female-first hermaphroditism and gonochorism). We parameterized our model with life-history data from Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and Napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus).  Plate-sized selectivity had the greatest negative effect on population trajectories, assuming accumulated fishing effort across ages was equal, while the relative effect of fishing on biomass was greatest with low natural mortality. Fishing such sex-changing species before maturation decreased egg production (and the spawning potential ratio) in two ways: average individual size decreased, and, assuming plasticity, females became males at a smaller size. Somatic growth rate affected biomass if selectivity was based on size-at-age because in slow growers, a smaller proportion of total biomass was vulnerable to fishing. We recommend fisheries avoid taking individuals near their maturation age, regardless of mating system, unless catch is tightly controlled. We also discuss the implications of fishing post-settlement individuals on population dynamics and offer practical management recommendations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kindsvater, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/098624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity matters: rules of thumb for management of plate-sized, sex-changing fish in the live reef food fish trade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription and transcription inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryStructures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase reveal taxon-specific properties and binding sites of known and new antituberculosis agentsnnAbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, which kills 1.8 million annually. Mtb RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the target of the first-line antituberculosis drug rifampin (Rif). We report crystal structures of Mtb RNAP, alone and in complex with Rif. The results identify an Mtb-specific structural module of Mtb RNAP and establish that Rif functions by a steric-occlusion mechanism that prevents extension of RNA. We also report novel non-Rif-related compounds-N-aroyl-N-aryl-phenylalaninamides (AAPs)-that potently and selectively inhibit Mtb RNAP and Mtb growth, and we report crystal structures of Mtb RNAP in complex with AAPs. AAPs bind to a different site on Mtb RNAP than Rif, exhibit no cross-resistance with Rif, function additively when co-administered with Rif, and suppress resistance emergence when co-administered with Rif.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigliotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription and transcription inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
riboviz: analysis and visualization of ribosome profiling datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using high-throughput sequencing to monitor translation in vivo, ribosome profiling can provide critical insights into the dynamics and regulation of protein synthesis in a cell. Since its introduction in 2009, this technique has played a key role in driving biological discovery, and yet it requires a rigorous computational toolkit for widespread adoption. We developed a processing pipeline and browser-based visualization, riboviz, that allows convenient exploration and analysis of riboseq datasets. In implementation, riboviz consists of a comprehensive and flexible backend analysis pipeline that allows the user to analyze their private unpublished dataset, along with a web application for comparison with previously published public datasets.nnAvailability and implementationJavaScript and R source code and extra documentation are freely available from https://github.com/shahpr/RiboViz, while the web-application is live at www.riboviz.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotkin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[riboviz: analysis and visualization of ribosome profiling datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive task information is transferred between brain regions via resting-state network topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state network connectivity has been associated with a variety of cognitive abilities, yet it remains unclear how these connectivity properties might contribute to the neurocognitive computations underlying these abilities. We developed a new approach - information transfer mapping - to test the hypothesis that resting-state functional network topology describes the computational mappings between brain regions that carry cognitive task information. Here we report that the transfer of diverse, task-rule information in distributed brain regions can be predicted based on estimated activity flow through resting-state network connections. Further, we find that these task-rule information transfers are coordinated by global hub regions within cognitive control networks. Activity flow over resting-state connections thus provides a large-scale network mechanism for cognitive task information transfer and global information coordination in the human brain, demonstrating the cognitive relevance of resting-state network topology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomyak, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive task information is transferred between brain regions via resting-state network topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple roles of PIWIL1 in mouse neocorticogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their associated PIWI proteins play an important role in repressing transposable elements in animal germlines. However, little is known about the function of PIWI proteins and piRNAs in the developing brain. Here, we investigated the role of an important PIWI family member, Piwi-like protein 1 (Piwil1; also known as Miwi in mouse) in the developing mouse neocortex. Using a Piwil1 knock-out (Piwil1 KO) mouse strain, we found that Piwil1 is essential for several steps of neocorticogenesis, including neocortical cell cycle, neuron migration and dendritogenesis. Piwil1 deletion resulted in increased cell cycle re-entry at embryonic day 17 (E17) when predominantly intracortically projecting neurons are being produced. Prenatal Piwil1 deletion increased the number of Pax6+ radial glia at postnatal day 0 (P0). Furthermore, Piwil1 deletion disrupted migration of Satb2+ neurons within deep layers at E17, P0 and P7. Satb2+ neurons showed increased co-localization with Bcl11b (also known as Ctip2), marker of subcortically projecting neurons. Piwil1 knockouts had disrupted neocortical circuitry represented by thinning of the corpus callosum and altered dendritogenesis. We further investigated if Piwil1 deletion disrupted expression levels of neocortical piRNAs by small RNA-sequencing in neocortex. We did not find differential expression of piRNAs in the neocortices of Piwil1 KO, while differences were observed in other Piwil1 KO tissues. This result suggests that Piwil1 may act independently of piRNAs and have novel roles in higher cognitive centers, such as neocortex. In addition, we report a screen of piRNAs derived from tRNA fragments in developing neocortices. Our result is the first report of selective subsets of piRNAs and tRNA fragments in developing prenatal neocortices and helps clarify some outstanding questions about the role of the piRNA pathway in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viljetic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krsnik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, S. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristopovich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutre-Clarke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraushar, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple roles of PIWIL1 in mouse neocorticogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free energy calculations suggest a mechanism for Na+/K+-ATPase ion selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Na+/K+-ATPase transports Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane via an ion binding site made alternatively accessible to the intra- and extracellular milieu by conformational transitions that confer marked changes in ion binding stoichiometry and selectivity. To probe the mechanism of these changes, we used molecular simulation approaches to identify the protonation state of Na+ and K+ coordinating residues in E1P and E2P conformations. Further analysis of these simulations revealed a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the change in protonation state: the conformation-dependent binding of an anion (a chloride ion in our simulations) to a previously unrecognized cytoplasmic site in the loop between transmembrane helices 8 and 9, which influences the electrostatic potential of the crucial Na+-coordinating residue D926. This mechanistic model is consistent with experimental observations and provides a molecular-level picture of how E1P to E2P enzyme conformational transitions are coupled to changes in ion binding stoichiometry and selectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Razavi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delemotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voelz, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free energy calculations suggest a mechanism for Na+/K+-ATPase ion selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibacterial nucleoside-analog inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase: pseudouridimycin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for new antibacterial drugs effective against bacterial pathogens resistant to current drugs1-2. Nucleoside-analog inhibitors (NAIs) of viral nucleotide polymerases have had transformative impact in treatment of HIV3 and HCV4. NAIs of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) potentially could have major impact on treatment of bacterial infection, particularly because functional constraints on substitution of RNAP nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding sites4-5 could limit resistance emergence4-5. Here we report the discovery, from microbial extract screening, of an NAI that inhibits bacterial RNAP and exhibits antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens: pseudouridimycin (PUM). PUM is a novel microbial natural product consisting of a formamidinylated, N-hydroxylated Gly-Gln dipeptide conjugated to 6'-amino-pseudouridine. PUM potently and selectively inhibits bacterial RNAP in vitro, potently and selectively inhibits bacterial growth in culture, and potently clears infection in a mouse model of Streptococcus pyogenes peritonitis. PUM inhibits RNAP through a binding site on RNAP (the "i+1" NTP binding site) and mechanism (competition with UTP for occupancy of the "i+1" NTP binding site) that differ from those of the RNAP inhibitor and current antibacterial drug rifampin (Rif). PUM exhibits additive antibacterial activity when co-administered with Rif, exhibits no cross-resistance with Rif, and exhibits a spontaneous resistance rate an order-of-magnitude lower than that of Rif. The results provide the first example of a selective NAI of bacterial RNAP, provide an advanced lead compound for antibacterial drug development, and provide structural information and synthetic routes that enable lead optimization for antibacterial drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maffioli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carzaniga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monciardini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglierame, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candiani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiriac, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facchetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltofen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahl, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibacterial nucleoside-analog inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase: pseudouridimycin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On November 18-19, 2016, the Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) hosted a meeting of senior managers of key data resources and leaders of several major funding organizations to discuss the challenges associated with sustaining biological and biomedical (i.e., life sciences) data resources and associated infrastructure. A strong consensus emerged from the group that core data resources for the life sciences should be supported through a coordinated international effort(s) that better ensure long-term sustainability and that appropriately align funding with scientific impact. Ideally, funding for such data resources should allow for access at no charge, as is presently the usual (and preferred) mechanism. Below, the rationale for this vision is described, and some important considerations for developing a new international funding model to support core data resources for the life sciences are presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apweiler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Francesco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durinx, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Game, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gojobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanehisa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEntyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKibbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westhof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasko, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOWARDS A GLOBAL SUPPORT OF CORE DATA RESOURCES FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key component to overcoming the reproducibility crisis in biomedical research is the development of readily available, rigorously validated and renewable protein affinity reagents. As part of the NIH Protein Capture Reagents Program (PCRP), we have generated a collection of 1406 highly validated, immunoprecipitation (IP) and/or immunoblotting (IB) grade, mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to 736 human transcription factors. We used HuProt human protein microarrays to identify mAbs that recognize their cognate targets with exceptional specificity. Using an integrated production and validation pipeline, we validated these mAbs in multiple experimental applications, and have distributed them to the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB) and several commercial suppliers. This study allowed us to perform a meta-analysis that identified critical variables that contribute to the generation of high quality mAbs. We find that using full-length antigens for immunization, in combination with HuProt analysis, provides the highest overall success rates. The efficiencies built into this pipeline ensure substantial cost savings compared to current standard practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irrizary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mita, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantonio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli Behn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asencio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almodovar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazario, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Pacheco, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khambadkone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox of immunoprecipitation-grade monoclonal antibodies against human transcription factors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene-centric constraint of metabolic models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA number of approaches have been introduced in recent years allowing gene expression data to be integrated into the standard flux Balance Analysis (FBA) technique. This additional information permits greater accuracy in the prediction of intracellular fluxes, even when knowledge of the growth medium and biomass composition is incomplete, and allows exploration of organisms metabolism under wide-ranging conditions. However, existing techniques still focus on the reaction as the fundamental unit of their modelling. This carries the advantages of incorporating expression measurements, but discounts the fact that genes (and their associated proteins) may be involved in the catalysis of multiple reactions through the formation of alternative protein complexes.nnResultsWe demonstrate an approach focusing not on reactions or genes as the fundamental unit, but on the  Gene Complex (GC), a set of genes that is sufficient to catalyse a given reaction. We define expression-based limits in such a way that proteins cannot do  double duty: no single molecule is permitted to contribute to the catalysis of more than one reaction at a time. Using experimentally determined RNA expression and intracellular fluxes, we validate this novel and more conceptually sound approach.nnAvailability and ImplementationAn implementation of the GC-FO_SCPLOWLUXC_SCPLOW algorithm is available as part of the Pyabolism python module. https://github.com/nickfyson/pyabolismnnContactnickfyson@gmail.com
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fyson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene-centric constraint of metabolic models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Note On Dynamical Compensation And Its Relation To Parameter Identifiability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently identified a motif for dynamical compensation (DC) - a property where a system maintains the dynamics and steady-state of a regulated variable robust in the face of fluctuations in key parameters. Such parameters are therefore unidentifiable from measurements of the regulated variable at steady-state. On the other hand, since the models showing dynamical compensation are typically non-redundant, their parameters are identifiable from experimental data. We clarify this apparent discrepancy by requiring that the parameters of DC circuits be identifiable both away from steady-state and when measuring other system variables. We use this observation to provide a definition for DC in terms of parameter identifiability and discuss its relevance for the examples provided in Karin et al.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Note On Dynamical Compensation And Its Relation To Parameter Identifiability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly sensitive detection of small variants in multi-sample ultra-deep tumor sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One cause of cancer mortality is tumor evolution to therapy-resistant disease. First line therapy often targets the dominant clone, and drug resistance can emerges from preexisting clones that gain fitness through therapy-induced natural selection. Such mutations may be identified using targeted sequencing assays by analysis of noise in high-depth data. Here, we develop a comprehensive, unbiased model for sequencing error background. We find that noise in sufficiently deep DNA sequencing data can be approximated by aggregating negative binomial distributions. Mutations with frequencies above noise may have prognostic value. We evaluate our model with simulated exponentially expanded populations as well as data from cell line and patient sample dilution experiments, demonstrating its utility in prognosticating tumor progression. Our results may have the potential to identify significant mutations that can cause recurrence. These results are relevant in the pretreatment clinical setting to determine appropriate therapy and prepare for potential recurrence pretreatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsilio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiorazzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly sensitive detection of small variants in multi-sample ultra-deep tumor sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of common inversion polymorphisms In(2L)t and In(3R)Mo on patterns of transcriptional variation in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal inversions are an ubiquitous feature of genetic variation. Theoretical models describe several mechanisms by which inversions can drive adaptation and be maintained as polymorphisms. While inversions have been shown previously to be under selection, or contain genetic variation under selection, the specific phenotypic consequences of inversions leading to their maintenance remain unclear. Here we use genomic sequence and expression data from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel to explore the effects of two cosmopolitan inversions, In(2L)t and In(3R)Mo, on patterns of transcriptional variation. We demonstrate that each inversion has a significant effect on transcript abundance for hundreds of genes across the genome. Inversion affected loci (IAL) appear both within inversions as well as on unlinked chromosomes. Importantly, IAL do not appear to be influenced by the previously reported genome-wide expression correlation structure. We found that five genes involved with sterol uptake, four of which are Niemann-Pick Type 2 orthologs, are upregulated in flies with In(3R)Mo but do not have SNPs in LD with the inversion. We speculate that this upregulation is driven by genetic variation in mod(mdg4) that is in LD with In(3R)Mo. We find that there is little evidence for regional or position effect of inversions on gene expression at the chromosomal level but do find evidence for the distal breakpoint of In(3R)Mo interrupting one gene and possibly disassociating the two flanking genes from regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of common inversion polymorphisms In(2L)t and In(3R)Mo on patterns of transcriptional variation in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionic currents, whether measured as conductance amplitude or as ion channel transcript levels, can vary many-fold within a population of identified neurons. This variability has been observed in multiple invertebrate neuronal types, but they do so in a coordinated manner such that their magnitudes are correlated. These conductance correlations are thought to reflect a tight homeostasis of cellular excitability that enhances the robustness and stability of neuronal activity over long stretches of time. Notably, although such ionic current correlations are well documented in invertebrates, they have not been reported in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate with two examples, identified mouse hippocampal granule cells and cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, that ionic current correlations is a ubiquitous phenomenon expressed by a number of species across phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unal, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborszky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golowasch, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ionic Current Correlations Are Ubiquitous Across Phyla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation Inhibition And Resource Balance In The Cell-Free Gene Expression System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the effect of vital resources on transcription and translation helps to understand the degree to which the concentration of each resource must be regulated for achieving homeostasis. Utilizing the synthetic transcription-translation (TX-TL) system, we study the impact of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) and magnesium (Mg2+), on gene expression. Recent observations of the counterintuitive phenomenon of suppression of gene expression at high NTP concentrations have led to the speculation that such suppression is due to the consumption of resources by transcription, hence leaving fewer resources for translation. In this work, we investigate an alternative hypothesis: direct suppression of the translation rate via stoichiometric mismatch in necessary reagents. We observe NTP-dependent suppression even in the early phase of gene expression, contradicting the resource limitation argument. To further decouple the contributions of transcription and translation, we performed gene expression experiments with purified mRNA. Simultaneously monitoring mRNA and protein abundances allowed us to extract a time-dependent translation rate. Measuring translation rates for different Mg2+ and NTP concentrations, we observe a complex resource dependence. We demonstrate that translation is the rate-limiting process that is directly inhibited by high NTP concentrations. Additional Mg2+ can partially reverse this inhibition. In several experiments, we observe two maxima of the translation rate viewed as a function of both Mg2+ and NTP concentration, which can be explained in terms of an NTP-independent effect on the ribosome complex and an NTP-Mg2+ titration effect. The non-trivial compensatory effects of abundance of different vital resources signals the presence of complex regulatory mechanisms to achieve optimal gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagaraj, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation Inhibition And Resource Balance In The Cell-Free Gene Expression System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subharmonics And Chaos In Simple Periodically-Forced Biomolecular Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper uncovers a remarkable behavior in two biochemical systems that commonly appear as components of signal transduction pathways in systems biology. These systems have globally attracting steady states when unforced, so they might have been considered "uninteresting" from a dynamical standpoint. However, when subject to a periodic excitation, strange attractors arise via a period-doubling cascade. Quantitative analyses of the corresponding discrete chaotic trajectories are conducted numerically by computing largest Lyapunov exponents, power spectra, and autocorrelation functions. To gain insight into the geometry of the strange attractors, the phase portraits of the corresponding iterated maps are interpreted as scatter plots for which marginal distributions are additionally evaluated. The lack of entrainment to external oscillations, in even the simplest biochemical networks, represents a level of additional complexity in molecular biology, which has previously been insufficiently recognized but is plausibly biologically important.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaev, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subharmonics And Chaos In Simple Periodically-Forced Biomolecular Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Connectivity Predicts Cortical Thinning and Cognitive Decline in Early Parkinson’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and cognitive deficits. The neurodegenerative process is thought to move stereotypically from the brainstem up to the cerebral cortex, possibly reflecting the spread of toxic alpha-synuclein molecules. Using a large, longitudinal, multi-center database of de novo PD patients, we tested whether focal reductions in cortical thickness could be explained by disease spread from a subcortical "disease reservoir" along the brains connectome. PD patients (n=105) and matched controls (n=57) underwent T1-MRI at entry and one year later. Over this period, PD patients demonstrated significantly greater loss of cortical thickness than healthy controls in parts of the left occipital and bilateral frontal lobes and right somatomotor-sensory cortex. Cortical regions with greater connectivity (measured functionally or structurally) to a "disease reservoir" evaluated via MRI at baseline demonstrated greater atrophy one year later. The atrophy pattern in the ventral frontal lobes resembled one described in certain cases of Alzheimers disease. Moreover, a multiple linear regression model suggested that cortical thinning was associated with impaired cognitive function at follow-up. Our findings suggest that disease propagation to the cortex in PD follows neural connectivity, and that disease spread to the cortex may herald the onset of cognitive impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yau, Y. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larcher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Connectivity Predicts Cortical Thinning and Cognitive Decline in Early Parkinson’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of transcription start site selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During transcription initiation, RNA polymerase (RNAP) binds to promoter DNA, unwinds promoter DNA to form an RNAP-promoter open complex (RPo) containing a single-stranded "transcription bubble," and selects a transcription start site (TSS). TSS selection occurs at different positions within the promoter region, depending on promoter sequence and initiating-substrate concentration. Variability in TSS selection has been proposed to involve DNA "scrunching" and "antiscrunching," the hallmarks of which are: (i) forward and reverse movement of the RNAP leading edge, but not trailing edge, relative to DNA, and (ii) expansion and contraction of the transcription bubble. Here, using in vitro and in vivo protein-DNA photocrosslinking and single-molecule nanomanipulation, we show bacterial TSS selection exhibits both hallmarks of scrunching and anti-scrunching, and we define energetics of scrunching and anti-scrunching. The results establish the mechanism of TSS selection by bacterial RNAP and suggest a general mechanism for TSS selection by bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukhrambam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of transcription start site selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised machine learning reveals introgressed loci in the genomes of Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization and gene flow between species appears to be common. Even though it is clear that hybridization is widespread across all surveyed taxonomic groups, the magnitude and consequences of introgression are still largely unknown. Thus it is crucial to develop the statistical machinery required to uncover which genomic regions have recently acquired haplotypes via introgression from a sister population. We developed a novel machine learning framework, called FILET (Finding Introgressed Loci via Extra-Trees) capable of revealing genomic introgression with far greater power than competing methods. FILET works by combining information from a number of population genetic summary statistics, including several new statistics that we introduce, that capture patterns of variation across two populations. We show that FILET is able to identify loci that have experienced gene flow between related species with high accuracy, and in most situations can correctly infer which population was the donor and which was the recipient. Here we describe a data set of outbred diploid Drosophila sechellia genomes, and combine them with data from D. simulans to examine recent introgression between these species using FILET. Although we find that these populations may have split more recently than previously appreciated, FILET confirms that there has indeed been appreciable recent introgression (some of which might have been adaptive) between these species, and reveals that this gene flow is primarily in the direction of D. simulans to D. sechellia.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYUnderstanding the extent to which species or diverged populations hybridize in nature is crucially important if we are to understand the speciation process. Accordingly numerous research groups have developed methodology for finding the genetic evidence of such introgression. In this report we develop a supervised machine learning approach for uncovering loci which have introgressed across species boundaries. We show that our method, FILET, has greater accuracy and power than competing methods in discovering introgression, and in addition can detect the directionality associated with the gene flow between species. Using whole genome sequences from Drosophila simulans and Drosophila sechellia we show that FILET discovers quite extensive introgression between these species that has occurred mostly from D. simulans to D. sechellia. Our work highlights the complex process of speciation even within a well-studied system and points to the growing importance of supervised machine learning in population genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised machine learning reveals introgressed loci in the genomes of Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting posttranslational modifications of RioK1 inhibits the progression of colorectal and gastric cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/171058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RioK1 has recently been shown to play important roles in cancers, but its posttranslational regulation is largely unknown. Here we report that RioK1 is methylated at K411 by SETD7 methyltransferase, and that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) reverses its methylation. The mutated RioK1 (K411R) that cannot be methylated exhibits a longer half-life than does the methylated RioK1. FBXO6 specifically interacts with K411-methylated RioK1 through its FBA domain to induce RioK1 ubiquitination. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates RioK1 at T410, which stabilizes RioK1 by antagonizing K411 methylation and impeding the recruitment of FBXO6 to RioK1. Functional experiments demonstrate the RioK1 methylation reduces the tumor growth and metastasis in CRC and GC. Importantly, the protein levels of CK2 and LSD1 show an inverse correlation with FBXO6 and SETD7 expression in human CRC tissues. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of a RioK1 methylation-phosphorylation switch in determining CRC and GC development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/171058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting posttranslational modifications of RioK1 inhibits the progression of colorectal and gastric cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical determinants of mutational robustness in a viral molecular fitness landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/172197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysical interactions between proteins and peptides are key determinants of genotype-fitness landscapes, but an understanding of how molecular structure and residue-level energetics at protein-peptide interfaces shape functional landscapes remains elusive. Combining information from yeast-based library screening, next-generation sequencing and structure-based modeling, we report comprehensive sequence-energetics-function mapping of the specificity landscape of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease, whose function -- site-specific cleavages of the viral polyprotein -- is a key determinant of viral fitness. We elucidate the cleavability of 3.2 million substrate variants by the HCV protease and find extensive clustering of cleavable and uncleavable motifs in sequence space indicating mutational robustness, and thereby providing a plausible molecular mechanism to buffer the effects of low replicative fidelity of this RNA virus. Specificity landscapes of known drug-resistant variants are similarly clustered. Our results highlight the key and constraining role of molecular-level energetics in shaping plateau-like fitness landscapes from quasispecies theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pethe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical determinants of mutational robustness in a viral molecular fitness landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-methyl-bacillithiol, a new metabolite discovered in the Chlorobiaceae, indicates that bacillithiol and derivatives are widely phylogenetically distributed. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-molecular weight (LMW) thiols are metabolites that mediate redox homeostasis and the detoxification of chemical stressors in cells. LMW thiols are also thought to play a central role in sulfur oxidation pathways in phototrophic bacteria, including the Chlorobiaceae. Fluorescent thiol labeling of metabolite extracts coupled with HPLC showed that Chlorobaculum tepidum contained a novel LMW thiol with a mass of 412 {+/-} 1 Da corresponding to a molecular formula of C14H24N2O10S. These data suggested the new thiol is closely related to bacillithiol (BSH), the major LMW thiol from low G+C% Gram-positive bacteria. By comparing the as-isolated bimane adduct with chemically synthesized candidate structures, the Cba. tepidum thiol structure was identified as N-methyl-bacillithiol (N-Me-BSH), methylated on the cysteine nitrogen, a rarely observed modification in metabolism. Orthologs of bacillithiol biosynthetic genes in the Cba. tepidum genome were required for the biosynthesis of N-Me-BSH. Furthermore, the CT1040 gene product was genetically identified as the BSH N-methyltransferase. N-Me-BSH was found in all Chlorobi examined as well as Polaribacter sp. strain MED152, a member of the Bacteroidetes. A comparative genomic analysis indicated that BSH/N-Me-BSH is synthesized not only by members of the Chlorobi, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Firmicutes, but also by Acidobacteria, Chlamydiae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria.nnSignificance StatementHere, N-Me-BSH is shown to be a redox-responsive LMW thiol cofactor in Cba. tepidum and the gene, nmbA, encoding the BSH N-methyltransferase responsible for its synthesis is identified. The co-occurrence of orthologs to BSH biosynthesis genes and bacillithiol N-methyltransferase was confirmed to correctly predict LMW thiol biosynthesis in phylogenetically distant genomes. The analysis indicates that BSH/N-Me-BSH are likely the most widely distributed class of LMW thiols in biology. This finding sheds light on the evolution of LMW thiol metabolism, which is central to redox homeostasis, regulation and stress resistance in all cellular life. It also sheds light on a rare chemical modification. N-Me-BSH is the fourth instance of cysteinyl nitrogen methylation in metabolism. Identification of the BSH N-methyltransferase reported here will enable detailed in vivo and in vitro dissection of the functional consequences of this modification. As a standalone N-methyltransferase, NmbA may be useful as a component of constructed biosynthetic pathways for novel product (bio)synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinson, R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norambuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-methyl-bacillithiol, a new metabolite discovered in the Chlorobiaceae, indicates that bacillithiol and derivatives are widely phylogenetically distributed.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of large scale transcriptome data draws a comprehensive landscape of Phaeodactylum tricornutum functional genome and evolutionary origin of diatoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diatoms are one of the most successful and ecologically important groups of eukaryotic phytoplankton in the modern ocean. Deciphering their genomes is a key step towards better understanding of their biological innovations, evolutionary origins, and ecological underpinnings. Here, we have used 90 RNA-Seq datasets from different growth conditions combined with published expressed sequence tags and protein sequences from multiple taxa to explore the genome of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and introduce 1,489 novel genes. The new annotation additionally permitted the discovery for the first time of extensive alternative splicing (AS) in diatoms, including intron retention and exon skipping which increases the diversity of transcripts to regulate gene expression in response to nutrient limitations. In addition, we have used up-to-date reference sequence libraries to dissect the taxonomic origins of diatom genomes. We show that the P. tricornutum genome is replete in lineage-specific genes, with up to 47% of the gene models present only possessing orthologues in other stramenopile groups. Finally, we have performed a comprehensive de novo annotation of repetitive elements showing novel classes of TEs such as SINE, MITE, LINE and TRIM/LARD. This work provides a solid foundation for future studies of diatom gene function, evolution and ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswari, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrell, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maumus, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha Jimenez Vieira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirichine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of large scale transcriptome data draws a comprehensive landscape of Phaeodactylum tricornutum functional genome and evolutionary origin of diatoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity Within the Frontoparietal Control Network and its Relationship to the Default and Dorsal Attention Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays a central role in executive control. It has been predominantly viewed as a unitary domain general system. Here, we examined patterns of FPCN functional connectivity (FC) across multiple conditions of varying cognitive demands, in order to test for FPCN heterogeneity. We identified two distinct subsystems within the FPCN based on hierarchical clustering and machine learning classification analyses of within-FPCN FC patterns. These two FPCN subsystems exhibited distinct patterns of FC the default network (DN) and the dorsal attentional network (DAN). This 2-fold FPCN differentiation was observed across four independent data sets, across 9 different conditions (rest and 8 tasks), as well as in meta-analytic co-activation patterns. The extent of FPCN differentiation varied across conditions, suggesting flexible adaptation to task demands. These findings reveal a flexible and heterogeneous FPCN organization that may in part emerge from separable DN and DAN processing streams.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dixon, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews-Hanna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity Within the Frontoparietal Control Network and its Relationship to the Default and Dorsal Attention Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MERIT: a Mutation Error Rate Identification Toolkit for Ultra-deep Sequencing Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid progress in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has enabled the molecular characterization of mutational landscapes in heterogeneous populations and has improved our understanding of clonal evolution processes. Analyzing the sensitivity of detecting genomic mutations in HTS requires comprehensive profiling of sequencing artifacts. To this end, we introduce MERIT, designed for in-depth quantification of erroneous substitutions and small insertions and deletions, specifically for ultra-deep applications. MERIT incorporates an all-inclusive variant caller and considers genomic context, including the nucleotides immediately at 5' and 3', thereby establishing error rates for 96 possible substitutions as well as four singlebase and 16 double-base indels. We apply MERIT to ultra-deep sequencing data (1,300,000x) and show a significant relationship between error rates and genomic contexts. We devise an in silico approach to determine the optimal sequencing depth, where errors occur at rates similar to those of true mutations. Finally, we assess nucleotide-incorporation fidelity of four high-fidelity DNA polymerases in clinically relevant loci, and demonstrate how fixed detection thresholds may result in substantial false positive as well as false negative calls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadigol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MERIT: a Mutation Error Rate Identification Toolkit for Ultra-deep Sequencing Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global connectivity of the frontoparietal cognitive control network is related to depression symptoms in undiagnosed individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We all vary in our mental health, even among healthy (undiagnosed) individuals. Understanding this variability may reveal factors driving the onset of mental illness, as well as factors driving sub-clinical mental health problems that can still influence quality of life. To better understand the large-scale brain network mechanisms underlying this variability in mental health we examined the relationship between mental health symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive control systems. The frontoparietal cognitive control network (FPN) consists of flexible hubs that can regulate distributed systems depending on current goals, and dysfunction in the FPN has been identified in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Alterations in FPN connectivity may influence mental health by disrupting the ability to regulate symptoms in a goal-directed manner. This suggests that the FPN may play an important role in the promotion and maintenance of mental health generally. Here we test the hypothesis that disruptions in FPN connectivity are related to mental health (depression) symptoms even among healthy individuals. This hypothesis is consistent with a general role of FPN in the regulation of mental health symptoms. We found that depression symptoms were negatively correlated with between-network global connectivity (BGC) of the FPN as well as the default mode network (DMN). This suggests that decreased connectivity between the FPN (and, separately, DMN) and the rest of the brain is related to increased depression symptoms among undiagnosed individuals. These findings complement previous clinical studies to support the hypothesis that global FPN connectivity contributes to the regulation of mental health symptoms across both mentally healthy and unhealthy individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomyak, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global connectivity of the frontoparietal cognitive control network is related to depression symptoms in undiagnosed individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have laid the foundation for investigations into the biology of complex traits, drug development, and clinical guidelines. However, the dominance of European-ancestry populations in GWAS creates a biased view of the role of human variation in disease, and hinders the equitable translation of genetic associations into clinical and public health applications. The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study conducted a GWAS of 26 clinical and behavioral phenotypes in 49,839 non-European individuals. Using strategies designed for analysis of multi-ethnic and admixed populations, we confirm 574 GWAS catalog variants across these traits, and find 38 secondary signals in known loci and 27 novel loci. Our data shows strong evidence of effect-size heterogeneity across ancestries for published GWAS associations, substantial benefits for fine-mapping using diverse cohorts, and insights into clinical implications. We strongly advocate for continued, large genome-wide efforts in diverse populations to reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokin, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belbin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocarnik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambite, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caberto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CA2 Neuronal Activity Controls Hippocampal Oscillations and Social Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal oscillations arise from coordinated activity among distinct populations of neurons and are associated with cognitive functions and behaviors. Although much progress has been made toward identifying the relative contribution of specific neuronal populations in hippocampal oscillations, far less is known about the role of hippocampal area CA2, which is thought to support social aspects of episodic memory. Furthermore, the little existing evidence on the role of CA2 in oscillations has led to conflicting conclusions. Therefore, we sought to identify the specific contribution of CA2 pyramidal neurons to brain oscillations using a controlled experimental system. We used excitatory and inhibitory DREADDs in transgenic mice to acutely and reversibly manipulate CA2 pyramidal cell activity. Here, we report on the role of CA2 in hippocampal-prefrontal cortical network oscillations and social behavior. We found that excitation or inhibition of CA2 pyramidal cells bidirectionally regulated hippocampal and prefrontal cortical low gamma oscillations and inversely modulated hippocampal ripple oscillations. Further, CA2 inhibition impaired social approach behavior. These findings support a role for CA2 in low gamma generation and ripple modulation within the hippocampus and underscore the importance of CA2 neuronal activity in extrahippocampal oscillations and social behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CA2 Neuronal Activity Controls Hippocampal Oscillations and Social Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.877878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dynamic Landscape of Transcription Initiation in Yeast Mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.877878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling efficiency and fidelity in the early stage of mitochondrial DNA transcription is crucial for regulating cellular energy metabolism. Studies of bacteriophage and bacterial systems have revealed that transcription occurs through a series of conformational transitions during the initiation and elongation stages; however, how the conformational dynamics progress throughout these stages remains unknown. Here, we used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques to examine the conformational dynamics of the two-component transcription system of yeast mitochondria with single-base resolution. We show that, unlike its single-component homologue in bacteriophages, the yeast mitochondrial transcription initiation complex dynamically transitions between closed, open, and scrunched conformations throughout the initiation stage, and then makes a sharp irreversible transition to an unbent conformation by promoter release at position +8. Remarkably, stalling the initiation complex revealed unscrunching dynamics without dissociating the RNA transcript, manifesting the existence of backtracking transitions with possible regulatory roles. The dynamic landscape of transcription initiation revealed here suggests a kinetically driven regulation of mitochondrial transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohn, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.877878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dynamic Landscape of Transcription Initiation in Yeast Mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exhaustive analysis of single amino acid variants in helical transmembrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been widely studied in the past due to being the main source of human genetic variation. Less is known about the effect of single amino acid variants (SAVs) due to the immense resources required for comprehensive experimental studies. In contrast, in silico methods predicting the effects of sequence variants upon molecular function and upon the organism are readily available and have contributed unexpected suggestions, e.g. that SAVs common to a human population (shared by >5% of the population) have, on average, more significant impact on the molecular function of proteins than do rare SAVs (shared by <1% of the population). Here, we investigated the impact of variants in a human population upon helical transmembrane proteins (TMPs). Three main results stood out. Firstly, common SAVs, on average, have stronger effects than rare SAVs for TMPs, and are enriched, in particular, in the membrane helices. Secondly, proteins with seven transmembrane helices (7TM, including GPCRs, i.e. G protein-coupled receptors) are depleted of SAVs in comparison to other proteins, possibly due to increased evolutionary constraints in these important proteins. Thirdly, rare SAVs with strong effect are significantly absent (over common SAVs) in signal peptide regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llorian-Salvador, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exhaustive analysis of single amino acid variants in helical transmembrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XACT-seq comprehensively defines the promoter-position and promoter-sequence determinants for initial-transcription pausing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.886044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pausing by RNA polymerase (RNAP) during transcription elongation, in which a translocating RNAP uses a "stepping" mechanism, has been studied extensively, but pausing by RNAP during initial transcription, in which a promoter-anchored RNAP uses a "scrunching" mechanism, has not. We report a method that directly defines RNAP-active-center position relative to DNA in vivo with single-nucleotide resolution (XACT-seq; crosslink-between-active-center-and-template sequencing). We apply this method to detect and quantify pausing in initial transcription at 411 ([~]4,000,000) promoter sequences in vivo, in Escherichia coli. The results show initial-transcription pausing can occur in each nucleotide addition during initial transcription, particularly the first 4-5 nucleotide additions. The results further show initial-transcription pausing occurs at sequences that resemble the consensus sequence element for transcription-elongation pausing. Our findings define the positional and sequence determinants for initial-transcription pausing and establish initial-transcription pausing is hard-coded by sequence elements similar to those for transcription-elongation pausing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukhrambam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.886044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XACT-seq comprehensively defines the promoter-position and promoter-sequence determinants for initial-transcription pausing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequestration of Methane by Symbiotic Deep-Sea Annelids: Ancient and Future Implications of Redefining the Seep Influence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep-sea methane seeps are dynamic sources of greenhouse gas production and unique habitats supporting ocean biodiversity and productivity. Here, we demonstrate new animal-bacterial symbioses fueled by methane, between two undescribed species of annelid (a serpulid Laminatubus and sabellid Bispira) and distinct methane-oxidizing Methylococcales bacteria. Worm tissue {delta}13C of -44{per thousand} to -58{per thousand} suggested methane-fueled nutrition for both species and shipboard experiments revealed active assimilation of 13C-labelled CH4 into animal biomass, occurring via engulfment of methanotrophic bacteria across the host epidermal surface. These worms represent a new addition to the few animals known to intimately associate with methane-oxidizing bacteria, and further explain their enigmatic mass occurrence at 150-million-year-old fossil seeps. High-resolution seafloor surveys document significant coverage by these symbioses, beyond typical obligate seep fauna. These findings uncover novel consumers of methane in the deep-sea, and by expanding the known spatial extent of methane seeps, may have important implications for deep-sea conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goffredi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orphan, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequestration of Methane by Symbiotic Deep-Sea Annelids: Ancient and Future Implications of Redefining the Seep Influence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting long-term multicategory cause of death in patients with prostate cancer: random forest versus multinomial model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.03.893966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with prostate cancer more likely die of non-cancer cause of death (COD) than prostate cancer. It is thus important to accurately predict multi-category COD in these patients. Random forest (RF), a popular machine learning model, has been shown useful for predicting binary cancer-specific deaths. However, its accuracy for predicting multi-category COD in cancer patients is unclear. We included patients in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-18 cancer registry-program with prostate cancer diagnosed in 2004 (followed-up through 2016). They were randomly divided into training and testing sets with equal sizes. We evaluated prediction accuracies of RF and conventional-statistical/multinomial models for 6-category COD by data-encoding types using the 2-fold cross-validation approach. Among 49,864 prostate cancer patients, 29,611 (59.4%) were alive at the end of follow-up, and 5,448 (10.9%) died of cardiovascular disease, 4,607 (9.2%) of prostate cancer, 3,681 (7.4%) of Non-Prostate cancer, 717 (1.4%) of infection, and 5,800 (11.6%) of other causes. We predicted 6-category COD among these patients with a mean accuracy of 59.1% (n=240, 95% CI, 58.7%-59.4%) in RF models with one-hot encoding, and 50.4% (95% CI, 49.7%-51.0%) in multinomial models. Tumor characteristics, prostate-specific antigen level, and diagnosis confirmation-method were important in RF and multinomial models. In RF models, no statistical differences were found between the accuracies of development versus cross validation phases, and those of categorical versus one-hot encoding. We here report a RF model that has an accuracy of 59.1% in predicting long-term 6-category COD among prostate cancer patients. It outperforms multinomial logistic models (absolute prediction-accuracy difference, 8.7%).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanahan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting long-term multicategory cause of death in patients with prostate cancer: random forest versus multinomial model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Sequence Perturbations to an Intrinsically Disordered Protein that Determine Its Phase Separation Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.894576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) commonly underlies the formation of membraneless organelles, which compartmentalize molecules intracellularly in the absence of a lipid membrane. Identifying the protein sequence features responsible for IDP phase separation is critical for understanding physiological roles and pathological consequences of biomolecular condensation, as well as for harnessing phase separation for applications in bio-inspired materials design. To expand our knowledge of sequence determinants of IDP phase separation, we characterized variants of the intrinsically disordered RGG domain from LAF-1, a model protein involved in phase separation and a key component of P granules. Based on a predictive coarse-grained IDP model, we identified a region of the RGG domain that has high contact probability and is highly conserved between species; deletion of this region significantly disrupts phase separation in vitro and in vivo. We determined the effects of charge patterning on phase behavior through sequence shuffling. By altering the wild-type sequence, which contains well-mixed charged residues, to increase charge segregation, we designed sequences with significantly increased phase separation propensity. This result indicates the natural sequence is under negative selection to moderate this mode of interaction. We measured the contributions of tyrosine and arginine residues to phase separation experimentally through mutagenesis studies and computationally through direct interrogation of different modes of interaction using all-atom simulations. Finally, we show that in spite of these sequence perturbations, the RGG-derived condensates remain liquid-like. Together, these studies advance a predictive framework and identify key biophysical principles of sequence features important to phase separation.

Significance StatementMembraneless organelles are assemblies of highly concentrated biomolecules that form through a liquid-liquid phase separation process. These assemblies are often enriched in intrinsically disordered proteins, which play an important role in driving phase separation. Understanding the sequence-to-phase behavior relationship of these disordered proteins is important for understanding the biochemistry of membraneless organelles, as well as for designing synthetic organelles and biomaterials. In this work, we explore a model protein, the disordered N-terminal domain of LAF-1, and highlight how three key features of the sequence control the proteins propensity to phase separate. Combining predictive simulations with experiments, we find that phase behavior of this model IDP is dictated by the presence of a short conserved domain, charge patterning, and arginine-tyrosine interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dignon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahnke, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpkins, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.894576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Sequence Perturbations to an Intrinsically Disordered Protein that Determine Its Phase Separation Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.899179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric Analysis of Regime Shifts in Coral Reef Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.899179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs are among the many communities believed to exhibit regime shifts between alternative stable states, single-species dominance, and coexistence. Proposed drivers of regime shifts include changes in grazing, spatial clustering, and ocean temperature. Here we distill the dynamic regimes of coral-macroalgal interaction into a three-dimensional geometry, akin to thermodynamic phase diagrams of state transitions, to facilitate analysis. Specific regime-shifting forces can be understood as bifurcation vectors through the cubic regime geometry. This geometric perspective allows us to understand multiple forces simultaneously in terms of the stability and persistence of interacting species. For example, in a coral-macroalgae community, grazing on macroalgae can lead to alternative stable states when there is no spatial clustering (e.g., high habitat connectivity). However, with spatial clustering, grazing can lead to coexistence because of elevated local intraspecific competition. The geometrical analysis of regime shifts is applicable to any two-species communities and can help conservation efforts navigate complexity and abrupt changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekwa, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.899179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric Analysis of Regime Shifts in Coral Reef Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonate Nerve Guidance Tubes Elicit Pro-Regenerative Extracellular Matrix Deposition When Used to Bridge Segmental Nerve Defects in Swine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promising biomaterials should be tested in appropriate large animal models that recapitulate human inflammatory and regenerative responses. Previous studies have shown tyrosine-derived polycarbonates (TyrPC) are versatile biomaterials with a wide range of applications across multiple disciplines. The library of TyrPC has been well studied and consists of thousands of polymer compositions with tunable mechanical characteristics and degradation and resorption rates that are useful for nerve guidance tubes (NGTs). NGTs made of different TyrPCs have been used in segmental nerve defect models in small animals. The current study is an extension of this work and evaluates NGTs made using two different TyrPC compositions in a 1 cm porcine peripheral nerve repair model. We first evaluated a nondegradable TyrPC formulation, demonstrating proof-of-concept chronic regenerative efficacy up to 6 months with similar nerve/muscle electrophysiology and morphometry to the autograft repair control. Next, we characterized the acute regenerative response using a degradable TyrPC formulation. After 2 weeks in vivo, TyrPC NGT promoted greater deposition of pro-regenerative extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents (in particular collagen I, collagen III, collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin) compared to commercially available collagen-based NGTs. This corresponded with dense Schwann cell infiltration and axon extension across the lumen. These findings confirmed results reported previously in a mouse model and reveal that TyrPC NGTs were well tolerated in swine and facilitated host axon regeneration and Schwann cell infiltration in the acute phase across segmental defects - likely by eliciting a favorable neurotrophic ECM milieu. This regenerative response ultimately can contribute to functional recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatnagar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laimo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonate Nerve Guidance Tubes Elicit Pro-Regenerative Extracellular Matrix Deposition When Used to Bridge Segmental Nerve Defects in Swine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular and distinct PlexinA4/Farp2/Rac1 signaling controls dendrite morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.908434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse neuronal populations with distinct cellular morphologies coordinate the complex function of the nervous system. Establishment of distinct neuronal morphologies critically depends on signaling pathways that control axonal and dendritic development. The Sema3A-Nrp1/PlxnA4 signaling pathway promotes cortical neuron basal dendrite arborization but also repels axons. However, the downstream signaling components underlying these disparate functions of Sema3A signaling are unclear. Using the novel PlxnA4KRK-AAA knock-in male and female mice, generated by CRISPR/cas9, we show here that the KRK motif in the PlxnA4 cytoplasmic domain is required for Sema3A-mediated cortical neuron dendritic elaboration but is dispensable for inhibitory axon guidance. The RhoGEF FARP2, which binds to the KRK motif, shows identical functional specificity as the KRK motif in the PlxnA4 receptor. We find that Sema3A activates the small GTPase Rac1, and that Rac1 activity is required for dendrite elaboration but not axon growth cone collapse. This work identifies a novel Sema3A-Nrp1/PlxnA4/FARP2/Rac1 signaling pathway that specifically controls dendritic morphogenesis but is dispensable for repulsive guidance events. Overall, our results demonstrate that the divergent signaling output from multifunctional receptor complexes critically depends on distinct signaling motifs, highlighting the modular nature of guidance cue receptors and its potential to regulate diverse cellular responses.

Significance StatementThe proper formation of axonal and dendritic morphologies is crucial for the precise wiring of the nervous system that ultimately leads to the generation of complex functions in an organism. The Semaphorin3A-Neuropilin1/Plexin-A4 signaling pathway has been shown to have multiple key roles in neurodevelopment, from axon repulsion to dendrite elaboration. This study demonstrates that three specific amino acids, the KRK motif within the Plexin-A4 receptor cytoplasmic domain, are required to coordinate the downstream signaling molecules to promote Sema3A-mediated cortical neuron dendritic elaboration, but not inhibitory axon guidance. Our results unravel a novel Semaphorin3A-Plexin-A4 downstream signaling pathway and shed light on how the disparate functions of axon guidance and dendritic morphogenesis are accomplished by the same extracellular ligand in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danelon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.908434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular and distinct PlexinA4/Farp2/Rac1 signaling controls dendrite morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, optimization, and analysis of large DNA and RNA nanostructures through interactive visualization, editing, and molecular simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work seeks to remedy two deficiencies in the current nucleic acid nanotechnology software environment: the lack of both a fast and user-friendly visualization tool and a standard for common structural analyses of simulated systems. We introduce here oxView, a web browser-based visualizer that can load structures with over 1 million nucleotides, create videos from simulation trajectories, and allow users to perform basic edits to DNA and RNA designs. We additionally introduce open-source software tools for extracting common structural parameters to characterize large DNA/RNA nanostructures simulated using the coarse-grained modeling tool, oxDNA, which has grown in popularity in recent years and is frequently used to prototype new nucleic acid nanostructural designs, model biophysics of DNA/RNA processes, and rationalize experimental results. The newly introduced software tools facilitate the computational characterization of DNA/RNA designs by providing multiple analysis scripts, including mean structures and structure flexibility characterization, hydrogen bond fraying, and interduplex angles. The output of these tools can be loaded into oxView, allowing users to interact with the simulated structure in a 3D graphical environment and modify the structures to achieve the required properties. We demonstrate these newly developed tools by applying them to in silico design, optimization and analysis of a range of DNA and RNA nanostructures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poppleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulc, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.917419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, optimization, and analysis of large DNA and RNA nanostructures through interactive visualization, editing, and molecular simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of humans on Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: new insights from Cuba 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Caribbean archipelago is a hotspot of biodiversity characterized by a high rate of extinction. Recent studies have examined these losses, but the causes of the Antillean Late Quaternary vertebrate extinctions, and especially the role of humans, are still unclear. Current results provide support for climate-related and human-induced extinctions, but often downplaying other complex bio-ecological factors that are difficult to model or to detect from the fossil and archaeological record. Here, we discuss Caribbean vertebrate extinctions and the potential role of humans derived from new and existing fossil and archaeological data from Cuba. Our results indicate that losses of Cubas native fauna occurred in three waves: one during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, a second during the middle Holocene, and a third one during the last 2 ka, coinciding with the arrival of agroceramists and the early Europeans. The coexistence of now-extinct species with multiple cultural groups in Cuba for over 4 ka implies that Cuban indigenous non-ceramic cultures exerted far fewer extinction pressures to native fauna than the later agroceramists and Europeans that followed. This suggests a determinant value to increased technological sophistication and demographics as the most plausible effective extinction drivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orihuela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinola, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez Vazquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychajliw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez de Lara, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Centeno, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of humans on Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: new insights from Cuba]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling metabolic variation with single-cell expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism encompasses the biochemical reactions and transportation of various metabolites in cells and their surroundings, which are integrated at all levels of cellular functions. We developed a method to systematically simulate cellular metabolism using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data through constraint-based context specific metabolic modeling. We simulated the NAD+ biosynthesis activity in 7 different mouse tissues, and the simulated NAD+ biosynthesis flux levels showed significant linear correlation with experimental measurements in previous research. We also show that the simulated NAD+ biosynthesis fluxes are reproducible using two additional scRNA-seq datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling metabolic variation with single-cell expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial trend analysis for common dynamic trend, group comparison and classification in longitudinal microbiome study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe human microbiome is inherently dynamic and its dynamic nature plays a critical role in maintaining health and driving disease. With an increasing number of longitudinal microbiome studies, scientists are eager to learn the comprehensive characterization of microbial dynamics and their implications to the health and disease-related phenotypes. However, due to the challenging structure of longitudinal microbiome data, few analytic methods are available to characterize the microbial dynamics over time.

ResultsWe propose a microbial trend analysis (MTA) framework for the high-dimensional and phylogenetically-based longitudinal microbiome data. In particular, MTA can perform three tasks: 1) capture the common microbial dynamic trends for a group of subjects on the community level and identify the dominant taxa; 2) examine whether or not the microbial overall dynamic trends are significantly different in groups; 3) classify an individual subject based on its longitudinal microbial profiling. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed MTA framework is robust and powerful in hypothesis testing, taxon identification, and subject classification. Our real data analyses further illustrate the utility of MTA through a longitudinal study in mice.

ConclusionsThe proposed MTA framework is an attractive and effective tool in investigating dynamic microbial pattern from longitudinal microbiome studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.926824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial trend analysis for common dynamic trend, group comparison and classification in longitudinal microbiome study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional synaptic plasticity rapidly modifies hippocampal representations independent of correlated activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.934182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning requires neural adaptations thought to be mediated by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. A relatively non-standard form of synaptic plasticity driven by dendritic plateau potentials has been reported to underlie place field formation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Here we found that this behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) can also reshape existing place fields via bidirectional synaptic weight changes that depend on the temporal proximity of plateau potentials to pre-existing place fields. When evoked near an existing place field, plateau potentials induced less synaptic potentiation and more depression, suggesting BTSP might depend inversely on postsynaptic activation. However, manipulations of place cell membrane potential and computational modeling indicated that this anti-correlation actually results from a dependence on current synaptic weight such that weak inputs potentiate and strong inputs depress. A network model implementing this bidirectional synaptic learning rule suggested that BTSP enables population activity, rather than pairwise neuronal correlations, to drive neural adaptations to experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milstein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittner, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grienberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.934182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional synaptic plasticity rapidly modifies hippocampal representations independent of correlated activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold-mediated regulation of systemic retinol transport controls adipose tissue browning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Browning of white fat reduces obesity in many preclinical models. Vitamin A metabolites (retinoids) have been linked to thermogenic programming of adipose tissue (AT), however the physiologic importance of systemic retinoid metabolism for AT browning is unknown. Here we show that cold stimulation in mice and humans increases circulating retinol and its plasma transporter, retinol binding protein (RBP). Cold exposure shifts retinol abundance from liver towards subcutaneous white AT which correlates with enhanced thermogenic gene transcription. Cold-mediated retinoid flux is abrogated in Rbp deficient (Rbp-/-) mice and AT browning is dramatically impaired, which renders Rbp-/- mice cold intolerant. Rbp deficiency attenuates cold-induced lipid clearance due to decreased oxidative capacity. In humans, cold-mediated retinol increase is associated with enhanced lipid utilization. Retinol stimulation in primary human adipocytes promotes thermogenic gene expression and mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, coordinated retinol delivery is essential for cold-induced thermogenic programming of white fat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fenzl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulterer, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitulovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marculescu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner-Parzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kautzky-Willer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plutzky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.938688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold-mediated regulation of systemic retinol transport controls adipose tissue browning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Models with Alternative Stable States from Independent Observations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple attractors and alternative stable states are defining features of scientific theories in ecology and evolution, implying that abrupt regime shifts can occur and that outcomes can be hard to reverse. Here we describe a statistical inferential framework that uses independent, noisy observations with low temporal resolution to support or refute multiple attractor process models. The key is using initial conditions to choose among a finite number of expected outcomes using a nonstandard finite mixture methodology. We apply the framework to contemporary issues in social-ecological systems, coral ecosystems, and chaotic systems, showing that incorporating history allows us to statistically infer process models with alternative stable states while minimizing false positives. Further, in the presence of disturbances and oscillations, alternative stable states can help rather than hamper inference. The ability to infer models with alternative stable states across natural systems can help accelerate scientific discoveries, change how we manage ecosystems and societies, and place modern theories on firmer empirical ground.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tekwa, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krkosek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Models with Alternative Stable States from Independent Observations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of protein synthesis in the developing neocortex at near-atomic resolution reveals Ebp1-mediated neuronal proteostasis at the 60S tunnel exit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein synthesis must be finely tuned in the nervous system, as it represents an essential feature of neurodevelopmental gene expression, and dominant pathology in neurological disease. However, the architecture of ribosomal complexes in the developing mammalian brain has not been analyzed at high resolution. This study investigates the architecture of ribosomes ex vivo from the embryonic and perinatal mouse neocortex, revealing Ebp1 as a 60S peptide tunnel exit binding factor at near-atomic resolution by multiparticle cryo-electron microscopy. The impact of Ebp1 on the neuronal proteome was analyzed by pSILAC and BONCAT coupled mass spectrometry, implicating Ebp1 in neurite outgrowth proteostasis, with in vivo embryonic Ebp1 knockdown resulting in dysregulation of neurite outgrowth. Our findings reveal Ebp1 as a central component of neocortical protein synthesis, and the 60S peptide tunnel exit as a focal point of gene expression control in the molecular specification of neuronal morphology.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/939488v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (59K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1231351org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c940f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c81e2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@135008b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kraushar, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrozkiewicz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprink, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira-Vieira, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munster-Wandowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinnall, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beule, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landthaler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mielke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabykin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vida, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, C. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.939488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of protein synthesis in the developing neocortex at near-atomic resolution reveals Ebp1-mediated neuronal proteostasis at the 60S tunnel exit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The FUSED LEAVES1/ADHERENT1 Regulatory Module Is Required For Maize Cuticle Development And Organ Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.943787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In land plants all aerial epidermal cells are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer. The cuticle represents a primary barrier between cells and the external environment, provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, and prevents organ fusion during development. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a classic mutant of maize called adherent1 (ad1), first described a century ago, and we show that AD1 encodes a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE involved in the deposition of cuticular wax on the epidermis of leaves and inflorescences. ad1 mutants show decreased amounts of various wax components as well as a range of organ fusion defects during vegetative and reproductive development. Accordingly, we find that AD1 is strongly expressed in the epidermis of various developing organs where it is directly regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), which in turn controls a series of additional genes involved in cuticle formation. Altogether, our results identify a major pathway of cuticle biosynthesis essential for the development of maize plants, and a key regulatory module that is conserved across monocot and eudicot species.

One sentence summaryThe classic maize mutant adherent1, first isolated a century ago, is affected in an enzyme responsible for cuticle formation that is regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgault, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strable, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.943787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The FUSED LEAVES1/ADHERENT1 Regulatory Module Is Required For Maize Cuticle Development And Organ Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread selection against deleterious mutations in the Drosophila genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a computational approach to simultaneous genome-wide inference of key population genetics parameters: selection strengths, mutation rates rescaled by the effective population size and the fraction of viable genotypes, solely from an alignment of genomic sequences sampled from the same population. Our approach is based on a generalization of the Ewens sampling formula, used to compute steady-state probabilities of allelic counts in a neutrally evolving population, to populations subjected to selective constraints. Patterns of polymorphisms observed in alignments of genomic sequences are used as input to Approximate Bayesian Computation, which employs the generalized Ewens sampling formula to infer the distributions of population genetics parameters. After carrying out extensive validation of our approach on synthetic data, we have applied it to the evolution of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, where an alignment of 197 genomic sequences is available for a single ancestral-range population from Zambia, Africa. We have divided the Drosophila genome into 100-bp windows and assumed that sequences in each window can exist in either low- or high-fitness state. Thus, the steady-state population in our model is subject to a constant influx of deleterious mutations, which shape the observed frequencies of allelic counts in each window. Our approach, which focuses on deleterious mutations and accounts for intra-window linkage and epistasis, provides an alternative description of background selection. We find that most of the Drosophila genome evolves under selective constraints imposed by deleterious mutations. These constraints are not confined to known functional regions of the genome such as coding sequences and may reflect global biological processes such as the necessity to maintain chromatin structure. Furthermore, we find that inference of mutation rates in the presence of selection leads to mutation rate estimates that are several-fold higher than neutral estimates widely used in the literature. Our computational pipeline can be used in any organism for which a sample of genomic sequences from the same population is available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khromov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.946392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread selection against deleterious mutations in the Drosophila genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering and exploiting multiple types of DNA methylation from individual bacteria and microbiome using nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.954636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing provides a great opportunity for direct detection of chemical DNA modification. However, existing computational methods were either trained for detecting a specific form of DNA modification from one, or a few, specific sequence contexts (e.g. 5-methylcytosine from CpG dinucleotides) or for allowing de novo detection without effectively differentiating between different forms of DNA modifications. As a result, none of these methods supports de novo, systematic study of unknown bacterial methylomes. In this work, by examining three types of DNA methylation in a large diversity of sequence contexts, we observed that nanopore sequencing signal displays complex heterogeneity across methylation events of the same type. To capture this complexity and enable nanopore sequencing for broadly applicable methylation discovery, we generated a training dataset from an assortment of bacterial species and developed a novel method that couples the identification and fine mapping of the three forms of DNA methylation into a multi-label classification design. We evaluated the method and then applied it to individual bacteria and mouse gut microbiome for reliable methylation discovery. In addition, we demonstrated in the microbiome analysis the use of DNA methylation for binning metagenomic contigs, associating mobile genetic elements with their host genomes, and for the first time, identifying misassembled metagenomic contigs. This novel method has broad utility for discovering different forms of DNA methylation from bacteria, assisting functional studies of epigenetic regulation in bacteria, and exploiting bacterial epigenomes for more effective metagenomic analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tourancheau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering and exploiting multiple types of DNA methylation from individual bacteria and microbiome using nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans nuclear RNAi factor SET-32 deposits the transgenerational heritable histone modification, H3K23me3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear RNAi provides a highly tractable system to study RNA-mediated chromatin changes and epigenetic inheritance. Recent studies have indicated that the regulation and function of nuclear RNAi-mediated heterochromatin are highly complex. Our knowledge of histone modifications and the corresponding histone modifying enzymes involved in the system remains limited. In this study, we show that the heterochromatin mark, H3K23me3, is induced by nuclear RNAi at both exogenous and endogenous targets in C. elegans. In addition, dsRNA-induced H3K23me3 can be inherited for four generations. We demonstrate that the histone methyltransferase SET-32, methylates H3K23 in vitro. Both set-32 and the germline nuclear RNAi Argonaute, hrde-1, are required for nuclear RNAi-induced H3K23me3 in vivo. Our data poise H3K23me3 as an additional chromatin modification in the nuclear RNAi pathway and provides the field with a new target for uncovering the role of heterochromatin in transgenerational epigenetic silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz-Orbach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhebrun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans nuclear RNAi factor SET-32 deposits the transgenerational heritable histone modification, H3K23me3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters Promote Eicosanoid Production And Protein Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organisms use multiple pathways to restore protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in response to adverse physiological conditions, changing environment, and developmental aging. The nervous system can regulate proteostasis in different tissues, but it is unclear how it mobilizes proteostasis pathways to offset physiological decline. Here we show that C. elegans employs the humoral biogenic amine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and tyramine to regulate proteostasis and the activity of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in epithelial tissues. Mutants for biogenic amine synthesis show decreased poly-ubiquitination and turnover of a GFP-based UPS substrate. Using RNA-seq, we determined the expression profile of genes regulated by biogenic amine signaling. We find that biogenic amines promote the expression of a subset of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in eicosanoid production from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Mutants for these P450s share the same UPS phenotype observed in biogenic amine mutants. The production of n-3 PUFAs is required for UPS substrate turnover, whereas mutants that accumulate n-3 PUFAs show accelerated turnover of this GFP-based substrate. Our results suggest that neurosecretory sensory neurons release biogenic amines to modulate the lipid signaling profile, which in turn activates stress response pathways to maintain proteostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rongo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlack, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyonteck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters Promote Eicosanoid Production And Protein Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic cellular signatures of kinase inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity: Mount Sinai DToxS LINCS Center Dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drug Toxicity Signature Generation Center (DToxS) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is one of the centers of the NIH Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) program. A key aim of DToxS is to generate both proteomic and transcriptomic signatures that can predict adverse effects, especially cardiotoxicity, of kinase inhibitors approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Towards this goal, high throughput shot-gun proteomics experiments (317 cell line/drug combinations + 64 control lysates) have been conducted at the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research at Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School. Using computational network analyses, these proteomic data can be integrated with transcriptomic signatures generated in tandem to identify cellular signatures of cardiotoxicity that may predict kinase inhibitor-induced toxicity and possible mitigation. Both raw and processed proteomics data have been carefully screened for quality and made publicly available via the PRIDE database. As such, this broad protein kinase inhibitor-stimulated cardiomyocyte proteomic data and signature set is valuable for the prediction of drug toxicities.

Links to: Metadata Tables

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cda9f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1520e05org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16a35borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3ee6e7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a98664_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schürer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birtwistle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeloglu, E. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic cellular signatures of kinase inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity: Mount Sinai DToxS LINCS Center Dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of transcription-translation coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, transcription and translation are coupled processes, in which movement of RNA polymerase (RNAP) synthesizing mRNA is coordinated with movement of the first ribosome translating mRNA. Coupling is modulated by the transcription factors NusG--which is thought to bridge RNAP and ribosome--and NusA. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of Escherichia coli transcription-translation complexes (TTCs) containing different-length mRNA spacers between RNAP and the ribosome active-center P-site. Structures of TTCs containing short spacers show a state incompatible with NusG bridging and NusA binding (TTC-A; previously termed "expressome"). Structures of TTCs containing longer spacers reveal a new state compatible with NusG bridging and NusA binding (TTC-B) and reveal how NusG bridges and NusA binds. We propose that TTC-B mediates NusG- and NusA-dependent transcription-translation coupling.

One Sentence SummaryCryo-EM defines states that mediate NusG- and NusA-dependent transcription-translation coupling in bacteria
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firlar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of transcription-translation coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental differentiation in a cytoplasm-dwelling obligate intracellular bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) is an obligate intracellular bacterium in the family Rickettsiaceae that causes scrub typhus, a severe mite-borne human disease. Its mechanism of cell exit is unusual amongst Rickettsiaceae, as Ot buds off the surface of infected cells enveloped in plasma membrane. Here, we show that Ot bacteria that have budded out of host cells are in a distinct developmental stage compared with intracellular bacteria. We refer to these two stages as intracellular and extracellular bacteria (IB and EB, respectively). These two forms differ in physical properties: IB is elongated, and EB is round. Additionally, IB has higher levels of peptidoglycan and is physically robust compared with EB. The two bacterial forms differentially express proteins involved in bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interactions, specifically those involved in bacterial dormancy and stress response, secreted bacterial effectors, and outer membrane autotransporter proteins ScaA and ScaC. Whilst both populations are infectious, entry of IB Ot is sensitive to inhibitors of both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, whereas entry of EB Ot is only sensitive to a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Our identification and detailed characterization of two developmental forms of Ot significantly advances our understanding of the intracellular lifecycle of an important human pathogen.

Author SummaryOrientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) is a bacterial pathogen that causes scrub typhus, a mite-transmitted human disease. This illness is traditionally known to be endemic in the Asia-Pacific, but recent reports of Orientia-like organisms from the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America suggest that it may be globally distributed. Scrub typhus is associated with high mortality if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics. Ot is a highly specialized bacterium that can only replicate within living cells, either within the mite vector or in mammalian or human hosts. Ot exits infected cells using a unique mechanism that involves budding off the surface of infected cells. We have discovered that this unusual aspect of its lifecycle involves the bacteria themselves differentiating into a distinct growth form. Different growth forms have not been described in other members of the family Rickettsiaceae, and no other family members have been shown to bud out of host cells in a manner similar to Ot. We find that the two forms of Ot, which we refer to as intracellular and extracellular bacteria (IB and EB respectively), differ in physical properties and protein expression and infect cells through different mechanisms. The identification of structurally and functionally distinct forms of Ot elucidates a vital aspect of this pathogens intracellular life cycle. The two forms are likely to have different antibiotic susceptibilities, therefore our findings may advance the development of novel interventions aimed at inhibiting Ot growth in scrub typhus patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giengkam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsantichon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiyen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobota, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental differentiation in a cytoplasm-dwelling obligate intracellular bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histidine-Triad Hydrolases Provide Resistance to Peptide-Nucleotide Antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Escherichia coli microcin C (McC) and related compounds are potent Trojan-horse peptide-nucleotide antibiotics. The peptide part facilitates transport into sensitive cells. Inside the cell, the peptide part is degraded by non-specific peptidases releasing an aspartamide-adenylate containing a phosphoramide bond. This non-hydrolyzable compound inhibits aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In addition to the efficient export of McC outside of the producing cells, special mechanisms evolved to avoid self-toxicity caused by the degradation of the peptide part inside the producers. Here, we report that histidine triad (HIT) hydrolases encoded in biosynthetic clusters of some McC homologs or by stand-alone genes confer resistance to McC-like compounds by hydrolyzing the phosphoramide bond in toxic aspartamide-adenosine, rendering them inactive.

IMPORTANCEUncovering the mechanisms of resistance is a required step for countering the looming antibiotic resistance crisis. In this communication, we show how universally conserved histidine triad hydrolases provide resistance to microcin C - a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yagmurov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsibulskaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livenskyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebryakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubiley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histidine-Triad Hydrolases Provide Resistance to Peptide-Nucleotide Antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statins, which inhibit both cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation branches of the mevalonate pathway, increase anti-tubercular antibiotic efficacy in animal models. We investigated the mechanism of anti-tubercular action of simvastatin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytic cells. We found that the anti-tubercular activity of statins was phenocopied by cholesterol-branch but not prenylation-branch inhibitors. Moreover, statin treatment blocked activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through increased intracellular AMP:ATP ratios, and favored nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). These mechanisms all induce autophagy, which is anti-mycobacterial. The biological effects of simvastatin on the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB-autophagy axis were reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol to the cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that the anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin requires inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, reveal novel links between cholesterol homeostasis, AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis, and intracellular infection control, and uncover new anti-tubercular therapy targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruiners, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-dependent regulation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.982314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mbImpute: an accurate and robust imputation method for microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.982314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiome studies have gained increased attention since many discoveries revealed connections between human microbiome compositions and diseases. A critical challenge in microbiome research is that excess non-biological zeros distort taxon abundances, complicate data analysis, and jeopardize the reliability of scientific discoveries. To address this issue, we propose the first imputation method, mbImpute, to identify and recover likely non-biological zeros by borrowing information jointly from similar samples, similar taxa, and optional metadata including sample covariates and taxon phylogeny. Comprehensive simulations verified that mbImpute achieved better imputation accuracy under multiple measures than five state-of-the-art imputation methods designed for non-microbiome data. In real data applications, we demonstrate that mbImpute improved the power and reproducibility of identifying disease-related taxa from microbiome data of type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.07.982314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mbImpute: an accurate and robust imputation method for microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Ca2+-Dependent Activation of a Plant Metacaspase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants metacaspases mediate programmed cell death in development 1,2, biotic and abiotic stresses 3, damage-induced immune response 4, and resistance to pathogen attack 5. Most metacaspases require Ca2+ for their activation and substrate processing 6-8. However, the Ca2+-dependent activation mechanism remains elusive 9-11. Here we report the crystal structure of Metacaspase 4 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMC4) that modulates Ca2+-dependent, damage-induced plant immune defense. The AtMC4 structure exhibits an inhibitory conformation in which a large linker domain blocks activation and substrate access. In addition, the side chain of Lys225 in the linker domain blocks the active site by sitting directly between two catalytic residues. We show that the activation of AtMC4 and cleavage of its physiological substrate involve multiple cleavages in the linker domain upon activation by Ca2+. Our analysis provides insight into the Ca2+-dependent activation of AtMC4 and lays the basis for tuning its activity in response to stresses that may help engineer more sustainable crops for production of food and biofuel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSweeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanklin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.983940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Ca2+-Dependent Activation of a Plant Metacaspase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological profiling of tubercule bacilli identifies drug pathways of action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphological profiling is a method to classify target pathways of antibacterials based on how bacteria respond to treatment through changes to cellular shape and spatial organization. Here, we utilized the cell-to-cell variation in morphological features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli to develop a rapid profiling platform called Morphological Evaluation and Understanding of Stress (MorphEUS). MorphEUS classified 94% of tested drugs correctly into broad categories according to modes of action previously identified in the literature. In the other 6%, MorphEUS pointed to key off-target or secondary bactericidal activities. We observed cell-wall damaging activity induced by bedaquiline and moxifloxacin through secondary effects downstream from their main target pathways. We implemented MorphEUS to correctly classify three compounds in a blinded study and identified an off-target effect for one compound that was not readily apparent in previous studies. We anticipate that the ability of MorphEUS to rapidly identify pathways of drug action and the proximal cause of bactericidal activity in tubercule bacilli will make it applicable to other pathogens and cell types where morphological responses are subtle and heterogeneous.

Significance StatementTuberculosis is a leading cause of death in the world and requires treatment with an arduous multidrug regimen. Many new tuberculosis drugs are in development, and the drug development pipeline would benefit from more rapid methods to learn drug mechanism of action and off-target effects. Here, we describe a high throughput imaging method for rapidly classifying drugs into categories based on the primary and secondary cellular damage called Morphological Evaluation and Understanding of drug-Stress (MorphEUS). We anticipate that MorphEUS will assist in rapidly pinpointing causes of cellular death in response to drug treatment in tuberculosis and other bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNellis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkins-Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freundlich, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological profiling of tubercule bacilli identifies drug pathways of action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Piezo1 open state reveals a multi-fenestrated ion permeation pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Force-sensing Piezo channels are essential to many aspects of vertebrate physiology. Activation of Piezo1 is facilitated by the presence of negative membrane lipids in the inner leaflet, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Here, to study how Piezo1 opens, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of Piezo1 in membranes flattened by the periodic boundary effect and with or without PIP2 lipids. The Piezo1 pore spontaneously opens in the asymmetrical bilayer but not in the symmetric membrane or when PIP2 lipids are neutralized. Electrophysiological characterization of putative PIP2-interacting Piezo1 residues suggests the contribution of multiple PIP2 binding sites. Our Piezo1 open state recapitulates ionic selectivity, unitary conductance and mutant phenotypes obtained from numerous experimental studies. Tracking ion diffusion through the open pore reveals the presence of intracellular and extracellular fenestrations, delineating a multi-fenestrated permeation pathway. This open state sheds light on the mechanisms of lipid modulation, permeation, and selectivity in a Piezo channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botello-Smith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Piezo1 open state reveals a multi-fenestrated ion permeation pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.977843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Maize Seedling Leaves During De-etiolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.977843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De-etiolation consists of a series of developmental and physiological changes that a plant undergoes in response to light. During this process light, an important environmental signal, triggers the inhibition of mesocotyl elongation and the production of photosynthetically active chloroplasts, and etiolated leaves transition from the "sink" stage to the "source" stage. De-etiolation has been extensively studied in maize (Zea mays L). However, little is known about how this transition is regulated. In this study, we describe a quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic atlas of the de-etiolation process in maize. We identified 16,420 proteins and quantified 14,168. In addition, 8,746 phosphorylation sites within 3,110 proteins were identified. From the proteomic and phosphoproteomic data combined, we identified a total of 17,436 proteins, 27.6% of which are annotated protein coding genes in the Zea_mays AGPv3.28 database. Only 6% of proteins significantly changed in abundance during de-etiolation. In contrast, the phosphorylation levels of more than 25% of phosphoproteins significantly changed; these included proteins involved in gene expression and homeostatic pathways and rate-limiting enzymes involved in photosynthesis light and carbon reactions. Based on phosphoproteomic analysis, 34% (1,057) of all phosphoproteins identified in this study contained more than three phosphorylation sites, and 37 proteins contained more than 16 phosphorylation sites, which shows that multi-phosphorylation is ubiquitous during the de-etiolation process. Our results suggest that plants might preferentially regulate the level of PTMs rather than protein abundance for adapting to changing environments. The study of PTMs could thus better reveal the regulation of de-etiolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.-f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.977843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Maize Seedling Leaves During De-etiolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.990747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junctions and hemichannels mediate astrocyte intercellular communication in the central nervous system under normal conditions and may contribute to astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we show that astrocyte-specific knockout of Cx43 in a mouse model of ALS slows disease progression both spatially and temporally, provides motor neuron (MN) protection, and improves survival. In human ALS tissues and biofluids, we observe that higher levels of Cx43 correlate with accelerated disease progression. Using human iPSC-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) from both familial and sporadic ALS, we show that Cx43 is upregulated and that Cx43-hemichannels are enriched at the astrocyte membrane. We then demonstrate that the pharmacological blockade of Cx43-hemichannels in ALS astrocytes, during a specific temporal window, provides neuroprotection of hiPSC-MN and reduces ALS astrocyte-mediated neuronal hyperexcitability. Our data identify Cx43 hemichannels as novel conduits of astrocyte-mediated disease progression and a pharmacological target for disease-modifying ALS therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokharel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dastgheyb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragakis, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.990747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin 43 hemichannels mediate spatial and temporal disease spread in ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative properties of the creation and activation of a cell-intrinsic engram 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conditional pause in the spontaneous firing of the cerebellar Purkinje, which determines the timing of the conditional eyeblink response, is mediated by a cell-intrinsic engram (Johansson, et al. 2014) that encodes the interstimulus interval. Our trial-by-trial analysis of the pause parameters reveals that it consists of a single unusually long interspike interval, whose onset and offset latencies are stochastically independent scalar functions of the interstimulus interval. The coefficients of variation are comparable to those observed in the timing of the overt conditional eyeblink. The onsets of the long interspike interval are step changes; there is no prior build-up of inhibition. A single spike volley in the parallel fiber input triggers the read-out of the engram into the long interspike interval; subsequent volleys have no effect on the pause. The high spontaneous firing rate on which the one-interval firing pause supervenes is markedly non-stationary (Fano factors >> 1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallistel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jirenhed, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesslow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative properties of the creation and activation of a cell-intrinsic engram]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a pathogen of critical significance to international public health. Knowledge of the interplay between molecular-scale virus-receptor interactions, single-cell viral replication, intracellular-scale viral transport, and emergent tissue-scale viral propagation is limited. Moreover, little is known about immune system-virus-tissue interactions and how these can result in low-level (asymptomatic) infections in some cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in others, particularly with respect to presentation in different age groups or pre-existing inflammatory risk factors. Given the nonlinear interactions within and among each of these processes, multiscale simulation models can shed light on the emergent dynamics that lead to divergent outcomes, identify actionable "choke points" for pharmacologic interventions, screen potential therapies, and identify potential biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes. Given the complexity of the problem and the acute need for an actionable model to guide therapy discovery and optimization, we introduce and iteratively refine a prototype of a multiscale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in lung tissue. The first prototype model was built and shared internationally as open source code and an online interactive model in under 12 hours, and community domain expertise is driving regular refinements. In a sustained community effort, this consortium is integrating data and expertise across virology, immunology, mathematical biology, quantitative systems physiology, cloud and high performance computing, and other domains to accelerate our response to this critical threat to international health. More broadly, this effort is creating a reusable, modular framework for studying viral replication and immune response in tissues, which can also potentially be adapted to related problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford Versypt, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.019075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the Effect of the Toba Volcanic Eruption on Population Sizes in Worldwide Mammal Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The volcanic eruption of Toba in northern Sumatra at 71 kyBP ({+/-}5 kyBP) emitted sulfur gas and deposited thick layers of dust throughout the surrounding region. It is thought to have had a significant and dramatic cooling impact on the paleoclimate worldwide. Ambrose [1] conjectured this to be the cause of the contemporaneous (50-100 kyBP) population bottleneck observed in humans. We hypothesize that a volcanic winter of sufficient magnitude to cause a population bottleneck in humans would similarly affect other mammals. To test this hypothesis, we estimated pairwise mismatch distributions using mtDNA control region sequences of 28 mammal species archived on NCBI to assess whether each species underwent a population bottleneck. For any species fitting the sudden expansion model, we estimated the timing of the bottleneck and compared it to the date range of the Toba eruption. Only 3 of the 28 species show evidence of rapid population expansion overlapping in time with the Toba eruption. Therefore, the hypothesis that the volcanic winter triggered by the Toba eruption caused a significant bottleneck impacting mammal species worldwide is not supported by mitochondrial evidence. Our results question the hypothesis that the Toba eruption contributed to the bottleneck observed in humans at this time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torosin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raff, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the Effect of the Toba Volcanic Eruption on Population Sizes in Worldwide Mammal Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic similarity and facial cues for kin recognition in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.028134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kin recognition is essential to the evolution of human cooperation, social organization, and altruistic behavior. However, the genetic underpinnings of kin recognition have been largely understudied. Facial resemblance is an important relatedness cue for humans and more closely related individuals are generally thought to share greater facial similarity. To evaluate the relationship between perceived self-resemblance and genetic similarity among biologically related and unrelated females, we administered facial self-recognition surveys to twenty-three sets of related females and genotyped three different genetic systems, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), neutral nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial haplogroups, for each individual. Using these data, we examined the relationship between visual kin recognition and genetic similarity. We found that pairs of individuals identified as visually more similar had greater HLA allelic sharing when compared to less facially similar participants. We did not find the same relationship for microsatellite and mitochondrial similarity, suggesting that HLA allelic similarity increases the probability of perceived self-resemblance in humans while other genetic markers do not. Our results demonstrate that some genetic markers, such as HLA-DRB, may have significant influence on phenotype and that large scale surveys of HLA and facial feature morphology will yield valuable insight into the evolutionary biology of genotype-phenotype relationships and kin recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torosin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic similarity and facial cues for kin recognition in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-ECM interactions play distinct and essential roles at multiple stages during the development of the aortic arch arteries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.029926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleDefects in the morphogenesis of the 4th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) give rise to lethal birth defects. Understanding genes and mechanisms regulating PAA formation will provide important insights into the etiology and treatments for congenital heart disease.

ObjectiveCell-ECM interactions play essential roles in the morphogenesis of PAAs and their derivatives, the aortic arch artery (AAA) and its major branches; however, their specific functions are not well-understood. Previously, we demonstrated that integrin 5{beta}1 and fibronectin (Fn1) expressed in the Isl1 lineages regulate PAA formation. The objective of these studies was to investigate cellular mechanisms by which integrin 5{beta}1 and Fn1 regulate AAA morphogenesis.

Methods and ResultsUsing temporal lineage tracing, whole-mount confocal imaging, and quantitative analysis of the second heart field (SHF) and endothelial cell (EC) dynamics, we show that the majority of PAA EC progenitors arise by E7.5 in the SHF and populate pharyngeal arch mesenchyme between E7.5 and E9.5. Consequently, SHF-derived ECs in the pharyngeal arches become organized into a uniform plexus of small blood vessels, which becomes remodeled into the PAAs between 31 - 35 somites. The remodeling of the vascular plexus is orchestrated by signals dependent on pharyngeal ECM microenvironment extrinsic to the endothelium. Conditional ablation of integrin 5{beta}1 or Fn1 in the Isl1 lineages showed that signaling by the ECM regulates AAA morphogenesis at multiple steps: 1) the recruitment of the SHF-derived ECs into the pharyngeal arches, 2) the remodeling of the uniform EC plexus in the 4th arches into the PAAs; and 3) differentiation of neural crest-derived cells abutting the PAA endothelium into vascular smooth muscle cells.

ConclusionsPAA formation is a multi-step process entailing dynamic contribution of SHF-derived ECs to pharyngeal arches, the remodeling of endothelial plexus into the PAAs, and the remodeling of the PAAs into the AAA and its major branches. Cell-ECM interactions regulated by integrin 5{beta}1 and Fn1 play essential roles at each of these developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warkala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-ECM interactions play distinct and essential roles at multiple stages during the development of the aortic arch arteries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and Evolution of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) along the tree of life: A multi-genome survey. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCytosine methylation is a common DNA modification found in most eukaryotic organisms including plants, animals, and fungi. (Cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferases (C5-DNA MTases) belong to the DNMT family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to cytosine residues of DNA. In mammals, four members of the DNMT family have been reported: DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b and DNMT3L, but only DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b possess methyltransferase activity. There have been many reports about the methylation landscape in different organisms yet there is no systematic report of how the enzyme DNA (C5) methyltransferases have evolved in different organisms.

ResultDNA methyltransferases are found to be present in all three domains of life. However, significant variability has been observed in length, copy number and sequence identity when compared across kingdoms. Sequence conservation is greatly increased in invertebrates and vertebrates compared to other groups. Similarly, sequence length has been found to be increased while domain lengths remain more or less conserved. Vertebrates are also found to be associated with more conserved DNMT domains. Finally, comparison between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) prevailing in human populations and evolutionary changes in DNMT vertebrate alignment revealed that most of the SNPs were conserved in vertebrates.

ConclusionThe sequences (including the catalytic domain and motifs) and structure of the DNMT enzymes have been evolved greatly from bacteria to vertebrates with a steady increase in complexity and specificity. This study provides a systematic report of the evolution of DNA methyltransferase enzyme across different lineages of tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and Evolution of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) along the tree of life: A multi-genome survey.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reorganization of 3D genome structure in the Drosophila melanogaster species group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topologically associating domains, or TADs, are functional units that organize chromosomes into 3D structures of interacting chromatin. TADs play an important role in regulating gene expression by constraining enhancer-promoter contacts; there is evidence that deletion of TAD boundaries leads to aberrant expression of neighboring genes. While the mechanisms of TAD formation have been well-studied, current knowledge on the extent of TAD conservation across species is inconclusive. Due to the integral role TADs play in gene regulation, their structure and organization is expected to be conserved during evolution. However, more recent research suggests that TAD structures diverge relatively rapidly. We use Hi-C chromosome conformation capture to measure evolutionary conservation of whole TADs and TAD boundary elements between D. melanogaster and D. triauraria, two early-branching species from the melanogaster species group which diverged ~15 million years ago. We find that 75% of TAD boundaries are orthologous while only 25% of TAD domains are conserved and these are enriched for Polycomb-repressed chromatin. Our results show that TADs have been reorganized since the common ancestor of D. melanogaster and D. triauraria, yet the sequence elements that specify TAD boundaries remain highly conserved. We propose that evolutionary divergence in 3D genome organization results from shuffling of conserved boundary elements across chromosomes, breaking old TADs and creating new TAD architectures. This result supports the existence of distinct TAD subtypes: some may be evolutionarily flexible while others remain highly conserved due to their importance in restricting gene-regulatory element interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torosin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao Golla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reorganization of 3D genome structure in the Drosophila melanogaster species group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.028217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CREBBP/EP300 mutation is associated with poor outcome in HNSCC and targetable with synthetic cytotoxicity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.028217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite radiation forming the curative backbone of over 50% of malignancies, there are no genomically-driven radiation sensitizers for clinical use. We performed in vivo shRNA screening to identify targets generally associated with radiation response as well as those exhibiting a genomic dependency. This identified the histone acetyltransferases CREBBP/EP300 as a target for radiosensitization in combination with radiation in cognate mutant tumors. Further in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed this phenomenon was due to repression of homologous recombination following DNA damage and can be reproduced using chemical inhibition of histone acetyltransferase (HAT), but not bromodomain function. Selected mutations in CREBBP lead to a hyperacetylated state that increases CBP and BRCA1 acetylation, representing a gain of function targets by HAT inhibition. Additionally, mutations in CREBBP/EP300 were associated with recurrence following radiation, in several squamous cell carcinoma cohorts. These findings represent both a novel mechanism of treatment resistance and the potential for genomically-driven treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molkentine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molkentine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelhakiem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffernan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.028217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CREBBP/EP300 mutation is associated with poor outcome in HNSCC and targetable with synthetic cytotoxicity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired HSF1 transactivation drives proteostasis collapse and senescent phenotype of IPF lung fibroblast. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of proteostasis and cellular senescence are key hallmarks of aging. Recent studies suggest that lung fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) show features of cellular senescence, decline in heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression and impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis). However, direct cause-effect relationships are still mostly unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), a major transcription factor that regulates the cellular HSPs network and cytoplasmic proteostasis, contributes to cellular senescence in lung fibroblasts. We found that IPF lung fibroblasts showed an upregulation in the expression of various cellular senescence markers, including {beta}-galactosidase activity (SA-{beta}-gal) staining, the DNA damage marker {gamma}H2Ax, the cell cycle inhibitor protein p21, and multiple senescence-associated secretory proteins (SASP), as well as upregulation of collagen 1a1, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (-SMA) gene expression compared with age-matched controls. These changes were associated with impaired proteostasis, as judged by an increase in levels of p-HSF1ser307 and HSF1K298 sumo, downregulation of HSPs expression, and increased cellular protein aggregation. Similarly, lung fibroblasts isolated from a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and mouse lung fibroblast chronically treated with H2O2 showed downregulation in HSPs and increased in cellular senescence and SASP markers. Moreover, sustained pharmacologic activation of HSF1 increased the expression of HSPs, reduced cellular senescence markers and effectively reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic genes in IPF fibroblast. Our data provide evidence that the HSF1-mediated proteostasis is important for driving lung fibroblasts toward cellular senescence and a myofibroblast phenotype. We postulate that enhancing HSF1 activity could be effective in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Mora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritzenthaler, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Gonzales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halayko, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired HSF1 transactivation drives proteostasis collapse and senescent phenotype of IPF lung fibroblast.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.038620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures reveal transcription initiation steps by yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.038620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of transcription pre-initiation complex (PIC) and initiation complex (IC) of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase show fully resolved transcription bubbles and explain promoter melting, template alignment, DNA scrunching, transition into elongation, and abortive synthesis. Promoter melting initiates in PIC with MTF1 trapping the -4 to -2 non-template (NT) bases in its NT-groove. Transition to IC is marked by a large-scale movement that aligns the template with RNA at the active site. RNA synthesis scrunches the NT strand into an NT-loop, which interacts with centrally positioned MTF1 C-tail. Steric clashes of the C-tail with RNA:DNA and NT-loop, and dynamic scrunching-unscrunching of DNA explain abortive synthesis and transition into elongation. Capturing the catalytically active IC-state with UTPS poised for incorporation enables modeling toxicity of antiviral nucleosides/nucleotides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Wijngaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanbuel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vasilchuk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandiah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.038620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures reveal transcription initiation steps by yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-Node - Bioinformatics in the Cloud 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe applicability and reproducibility of bioinformatics methods and results often depend on the structure and software architecture of their development. Exponentially growing data sets require ever more optimization and performance with conventional computing capacities lacking this process. This creates a large overhead for software development in a research area which is primarily interested in solving complex biological problems rather than developing new, performant software solutions. In pure computer science, new structures in the field of web development have produced more efficient processes for container-based software solutions. The advantages of these structures have rarely been explored in a broader scientific scale. This is also the case with the trend of migrating computations from on premise resources to the cloud.

ResultsWe created Bio-Node, a new platform for large scale bio data analysis utilizing cloud compute resources (publicly available at https://bio-node.de). Bio-Node enables building complex workflows using a sophisticated web interface. We applied Bio-Node to implement bioinformatic workflows for rapid metagenome function annotation. We further developed "Auto-Clustering", a workflow that automatically extracts the most suited clustering parameters for specific data types and subsequently enables to optimally segregate unknown samples of the same type. Compared to existing methods and approaches Bio-Node improves performance and costs of bioinformatics data analyses while providing an easier and faster development process with focus on reproducibility and reusability.

Supplementary information is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753146
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spreen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-Node - Bioinformatics in the Cloud]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.050690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory-evoked extracellular vesicle release and targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.050690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a universal means of cell-to-cell communication and hold great potential in diagnostics and regenerative therapies [1]. An urgent need in the field is a fundamental understanding of physiological mechanisms driving EV generation and function. Ciliary EVs act as signaling devices in Chlamydomonas and C. elegans [2-4]. Mammalian cilia shed EVs to eliminate unwanted receptors [5] or to retract cilia before entering the cell cycle [6]. Here we used our established C. elegans model to study sensory-evoked ciliary EV release and targeting using a fluorescently labeled EV cargo polycystin-2 (PKD-2). In C. elegans and mammals, the Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 localize to cilia and EVs, act in the same genetic pathway, and function in a sensory capacity, suggesting ancient conservation [7]. We find that males deposit PKD-2-carrying EVs onto the vulva of the hermaphrodite during mating. We also show that mechanical stimulation triggers release of PKD-2-carrying EVs from cilia. To our knowledge this is the first report of mechanoresponsive nature of the ciliary EV release and of ciliary EV directional transfer from one animal to another animal. Since the polycystins are evolutionarily conserved ciliary EV cargoes, our findings suggest that similar mechanisms for EV release and targeting may occur in other systems and biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.050690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory-evoked extracellular vesicle release and targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.055848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermittent self-administration of fentanyl induces a multifaceted addiction state associated with persistent changes in the orexin system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.055848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orexin (hypocretin) system plays a critical role in motivated drug-taking. Cocaine self-administration with the intermittent access (IntA) procedure produces a robust addiction-like state that is orexin-dependent. Here, we sought to determine the role of the orexin system in opioid addiction using IntA self-administration of fentanyl. Different groups of male rats were either given continuous access in 1h (short access; ShA), or 6h periods (long access, LgA), or IntA (5min of access separated by 25min of no-access) to fentanyl for 14 days. IntA produced a greater escalation of fentanyl intake, motivation for fentanyl on a behavioral economics task, persistent drug seeking during abstinence, and cued-induced reinstatement compared to rats given ShA or LgA. We found that addiction behaviors induced by IntA to fentanyl were reversed by the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867. IntA to fentanyl was also associated with a persistent increase in the number of orexin-expressing neurons. Together, results indicate that the IntA model is a useful tool in the study of opioid addiction, and that the orexin system is critical for the maintenance of addiction behaviors induced by IntA self-administration of fentanyl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fragale, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.055848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermittent self-administration of fentanyl induces a multifaceted addiction state associated with persistent changes in the orexin system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dual orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonist suvorexant reduces addiction-like behaviors for the opioid fentanyl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orexin (hypocretin) system is critical for motivated seeking of all drugs of abuse, including opioids. In 2019, the National Institute on Drug Addiction (NIDA) identified the orexin system as a high priority target mechanism for novel pharmacological therapies to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Suvorexant (Belsomra) is a dual orexin receptor 1/orexin receptor 2 (OxR1/OxR2) antagonist that is FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia, and thus has the potential to be readily repurposed for the treatment of OUD. However, studies have yet to test the therapeutic potential of suvorexant with respect to reducing opioid-related behaviors. Accordingly, here we investigated the efficacy of suvorexant in reducing several addiction-relevant behaviors in fentanyl self-administrating rats. In rats with limited drug experience, suvorexant decreased motivation for fentanyl on a behavioral economics (BE) task. This effect was greatest in rats with the highest motivation for fentanyl. Suvorexant was even more effective at decreasing motivation for fentanyl following induction of a more robust addiction phenotype by intermittent access (IntA) self-administration of the opioid. Suvorexant also attenuated punished responding for fentanyl and reduced cued reinstatement in IntA rats. Suvorexant did not affect general locomotor activity or natural reward seeking, indicating that at the doses used here, suvorexant can be used to reduce drug seeking with limited sedative or off-target effects. Together, these results highlight the therapeutic potential of suvorexant, particularly in individuals with the severe OUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragale, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dual orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonist suvorexant reduces addiction-like behaviors for the opioid fentanyl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.065821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of gene by microbiome interactions on behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes in a mouse model for autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.065821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogenous neurodevelopmental disorder with complex pathophysiology including both genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence demonstrates the gut microbiome and its resultant metabolome can influence brain and behavior and have been implicated in ASD. To investigate gene by microbiome interactions in a model for genetic risk of ASD, we utilize mutant mice carrying a deletion of the ASD-associated Shank3 gene (Shank3KO). Shank3KO have altered microbiome composition and function at baseline in addition to social deficits. Further depletion of the microbiome with antibiotics exacerbates social deficits in Shank3KO, and results in transcriptional changes in the frontal cortex. Supplementation with the microbial metabolite acetate leads to reversal of social behavioral phenotypes even in mice with a depleted microbiome, and significantly alters transcriptional regulation in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest a key role for the gut microbiome and the neuroactive metabolite acetate in regulating ASD-like behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mervosh, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strat, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euston, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.065821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of gene by microbiome interactions on behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes in a mouse model for autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.069369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of Rgg protein binding to their regulatory pheromones and target DNA promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.069369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rgg family proteins, such as Rgg2 and Rgg3, have emerged as primary quorum-sensing regulated transcription factors in Streptococcus species, controlling virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation. Rgg2 and Rgg3 function is regulated by their interaction with oligopeptide quorum-sensing signals called short hydrophobic peptides (SHPs). The molecular basis of Rgg-SHP and Rgg-target DNA promoter specificity was unknown. To close this gap, we determined the cryo-EM structure of Streptococcus thermophilus Rgg3 bound to its quorum-sensing signal, SHP3, and the X-ray crystal structure of Rgg3 alone. Comparison of these structures to that of an Rgg in complex with cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of SHP-induced Rgg activity, reveals the molecular basis of CsA function. Furthermore, to determine how Rgg proteins recognize DNA promoters, we determined X-ray crystal structures of both S. dysgalactiae Rgg2 and S. thermophilus Rgg3 in complex with their target DNA promoters. The physiological importance of the observed Rgg-DNA interactions was dissected using in vivo genetic experiments and in vitro biochemical assays. Based on these structure-function studies, we present a revised unifying model of Rgg regulatory interplay. In contrast to existing models, where Rgg2 proteins are transcriptional activators and Rgg3 proteins are transcriptional repressors, we propose that both are capable of transcriptional activation. However, when Rgg proteins with different activation requirements compete for the same DNA promoters, those with more stringent activation requirements function as repressors by blocking promoter access of the SHP-bound conformationally active Rgg proteins. While a similar gene expression regulatory scenario has not been previously described, in all likelihood it is not unique to streptococci.

Significance StatementSecreted peptide pheromones regulate critical biological processes in Gram-positive bacteria. In streptococci such as the human pathogen S. pyogenes, oligopeptide pheromones, like the short hydrophobic peptides (SHPs), regulate virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation. SHPs directly regulate the activity of transcription factors called Rgg2 and Rgg3. We present the cryo-EM structure of Rgg3 in complex with SHP3, as well as X-ray crystal structures of Rgg2 bound to target promoter DNA, Rgg3 bound to target promoter DNA, and Rgg3 alone. Based on the cryo-EM, X-ray crystallographic, biochemical, and genetic studies presented here, we provide not only detailed mechanistic insight into the molecular basis of Rgg3-SHP3, Rgg2-DNA, and Rgg3-DNA binding specificity, but also a new model of transcription factor regulatory interplay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capodagli, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tylor, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrou, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federle, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.069369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of Rgg protein binding to their regulatory pheromones and target DNA promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DECODING SECOND ORDER ISOMORPHISMS IN THE BRAIN: The case of colors and letters. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a new method for decoding neural data from fMRI. It is based on two assumptions, first that neural representation is distributed over networks of neurons embeded in voxel noise and second that the stimuli can be decoded as learned relations from sets of categorical stimuli. We illustrate these principles with two types of stimuli, color (wavelength) and letters (visual shape), both of which have early visual system response, but at the same time must be learned within a given function or category (color contrast, alphabet). Key to the decoding method is reducing the stimulus cross-correlation by a matched noise voxel sample by normalizing the stimulus voxel matrix thus unmasking a highly discriminative neural profile per stimulus. Projection of this new voxel space (ROI) to a smaller set of dimensions (with e.g., non-metric Multidimensional scaling), the relational information takes a unique geometric form revealing functional relationships between sets of stimuli, defined by R. Shepard, as second-order isomorphisms (SOI). In the case of colors the SOI appears as a nearly equally spaced set of wavelengths arranged in a color wheel, with a gap between the "purples" and "reds" (consistent with the gap in the original Ekmans color set). In the case of letters, a cluster space resulted from the decorrelated voxel neural profiles, which matched the phrase structure of the mnemonic used for more than 100 years to teach children the alphabet (across multiple languages), The Alphabet Song.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caglar, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DECODING SECOND ORDER ISOMORPHISMS IN THE BRAIN: The case of colors and letters.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving spatial complexities of hybridization in the context of the gray zone of speciation in North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the history of divergence between species in a framework that permits the presence of gene flow has been crucial for characterizing the gray zone of speciation, which is the period of time where lineages have diverged but have not yet achieved strict reproductive isolation. However, estimates of both divergence times and rates gene flow often ignore spatial information, for example the formation and shape of hybrid zones. Using population genomic data from the eastern ratsnake complex (Pantherophis obsoletus), we infer phylogeographic groups, gene flow, changes in demography, the timing of divergence, and hybrid zone widths. We examine the spatial context of diversification by linking migration and timing of divergence to the location and widths of hybrid zones. Artificial neural network approaches are applied to understand how landscape features and past climate have influenced population genetic structure among these lineages prior to hybridization. Rates of migration between lineages are associated with the width and shape of hybrid zones. Timing of divergence is not related to migration rate across species pairs and is therefore a poor proxy for inferring position in the gray zone. However, timing of divergence is related to the number of loci weakly introgressing through hybrid zones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burbrink, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving spatial complexities of hybridization in the context of the gray zone of speciation in North American ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus complex)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics of chronically injured alveolar epithelial cells reveals similar features of IPF lung epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current hypothesis suggests that Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) arises as a result of chronic injury to alveolar epithelial cells and aberrant activation of multiple signaling pathways. Dysfunctional IPF lung epithelium manifests many hallmarks of aging tissues, including cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, and loss of proteostasis. Unfortunately, this disease is often fatal within 3-5 years from diagnosis, and there is no effective treatment. One of the major limitations to the development of novel treatments in IPF is that current models of the disease fail to resemble several features seen in elderly IPF patients. In this study, we sought to develop an in vitro epithelial injury model using repeated low levels of bleomycin to mimic the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the IPF lung epithelium. Consistent with the hallmarks of the aging lung epithelium, we found that chronic-injured epithelial cells exhibited features of senescence cells, including an increase in {beta}-galactosidase staining, induction of p53 and p21, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive ROS production, and proteostasis alteration. Next, combined RNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and lipidomics were performed to investigate the dynamic transcriptional, metabolic, and lipidomic profiling of our in vitro model. We identified that a total of 8,484 genes with different expression variations between the exposed group and the control group. According to our GO enrichment analysis, the down-regulated genes are involved in multiple biosynthetic and metabolic processes. In contrast, the up-regulated genes in our treated cells are responsible for epithelial cell migration and regulation of epithelial proliferation. Furthermore, metabolomics and lipidomics data revealed that overrepresented pathways were amino acid, fatty acid, and glycosphingolipid metabolism. This result suggests that by using our in vitro model, we were able to mimic the transcriptomic and metabolic alterations of those seen in the lung epithelium of IPF patients. We believe this model will be ideally suited for use in uncovering novel insights into the gene expression and molecular pathways of the IPF lung epithelium and performing screening of pharmaceutical compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roque, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Mora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics of chronically injured alveolar epithelial cells reveals similar features of IPF lung epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC inhibitors decrease TLR7/9-mediated human plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by interfering with IRF-7 and NF-қB signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are epigenome modulating molecules that target histone and non-histone proteins and have been successfully used to target many types of cancer and immunological disorders. While HDACis effects on nuclear histone deacetylases are well characterized, their effect on non-nuclear, cytoplasmic molecules requires further investigation. In the current study we characterized the effects of class I/II HDACi, specifically, TSA, MS-275, and SAHA, on plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) biology upon viral activation via the TLR7/9 pathway. TSA, MS-275, and SAHA, down-modulated the induction of IFN- and TNF- upon Influenza A virus (IAV; TLR7 signaling) and Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1; TLR9 signaling) stimulation in primary pDC. The HDACi inhibitory effect was more prominent for IAV-mediated responses than for HSV-1. While IFN- induction was not associated with inhibition of IRF-7 upregulation in the presence of TSA or MS-275, IRF-7 upregulation was affected by SAHA, but only for IAV. Furthermore, TSA, but not MS-275, inhibited TLR7/9-induced expression of maturation markers, CD40, and CD86, but not CD40. In addition, HDACi treatment increased virally-induced shedding of CD62L. Mechanistically, TSA, MS-275, SAHA significantly decreased early IRF-7 and NF-{kappa}B nuclear translocation, which was preceded by a decline in phosphorylation of IRF-7 at Ser477/479 and NF-{kappa}B p-p65, except for MS-275. In summary, we propose that broad HDACi, but not class I HDACi, treatment can negatively impact early TLR7/9-mediated signaling, namely, the disruption of IRF-7 and NF-{kappa}B activation and translocation that lead to deleterious effects on pDC function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Descalzi-Montoya, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC inhibitors decrease TLR7/9-mediated human plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by interfering with IRF-7 and NF-қB signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut dysbiosis protects against liver injury in autophagy deficient mice by FXR-FGF15 feedback signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTObjective The gut microbiota (GM) can have complicated and often undetermined interactions with the function of many organs in the body. GM is altered in a variety of liver diseases, but the significance of such changes on the liver disease is still unclear. Hepatic autophagy deficiency causes liver injury accompanied with cholestasis. Here, we investigated the impact of such hepatic changes on GM and in turn the effect of gut dysbiosis on liver injury.Design Fecal microbiota from mice with liver-specific loss of autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), Atg5Δhep mice, were analyzed by 16S sequencing. Antibiotics (ABX) was used to modulate GM in mice. Cholestyramine was used to reduce the enterohepatic bile acid (BA) level. The functional role of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was examined in mice over-expressing FGF15 gene, or given a fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) inhibitor.Results The composition of GM was significantly changed with a notable increase of BA-metabolizing bacteria in Atg5Δhep mice, leading to a lower proportion of tauro-conjugated BAs and a higher proportion of unconjugated BAs in the intestine, which markedly activated ileal FXR with an increased expression of FGF15. ABX or cholestyramine treatment exacerbated liver injury and ductular reaction, and decreased FGF15 expression, whereas modulating FGF15 signaling altered liver phenotypes in the autophagy-deficient mice.Conclusion Gut dysbiosis can remedy liver injury in Atg5Δhep mice through the FXR-FGF15 signaling. Antibiotics use in the condition of liver injury may have unexpected adverse consequences via the gut-liver axis.What is already known about this subject?Gut microbiota (GM) can be altered during hepatic pathogenesis.GM are involved in bile acid (BA) metabolism.Autophagy deficiency in the liver disrupts BA homeostasis and causes cholestatic injury.What are the new findings?Deficiency of autophagy in the liver causes alteration of GM, which leads to a higher proportion of BA-metabolizing bacteria.GM contribute to the activation of ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and a higher expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in autophagy deficient condition in the liver, which is associated with decreased levels of conjugated BAs and increased levels of unconjugated BAs in the intestine.Manipulations that lead to GM alteration, intestinal BA signaling, or FGF15 signaling can all modulate the liver phenotype.BA and GM together can act as a sensor to liver injury to trigger FGF15-mediated protective mechanism.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?These findings indicate that gut dysbiosis in the scenario of liver disease can be beneficial, suggesting cautions should be exercised in the use of antibiotics during specific liver diseases.If antibiotics need to be used in patients with liver diseases it may be beneficial to enhance the FXR-FGF15 feedback signaling to retain the protective effect of GM.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khambu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut dysbiosis protects against liver injury in autophagy deficient mice by FXR-FGF15 feedback signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.092981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA dynamic ensemble at atomic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.092981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecules do not fold into a single 3D structure but rather form dynamic ensembles of many inter-converting conformations1. Knowledge of dynamic ensembles is key for understanding how biomolecules fold and function, and for rationally manipulating their activities in drug discovery and synthetic biology2-4. However, solving dynamic ensembles of biomolecules at atomic resolution is a major challenge in structural biology because the information required to specify the position of all atoms in thousands of conformations in an ensemble far exceeds the information content of experimental measurements. Here we addressed the data gap and dramatically simplified and accelerated RNA ensemble determination by using structure prediction tools that leverage the growing database of RNA structures to generate a conformational library. Library refinement with NMR residual dipolar couplings enabled determination of an atomic-resolution ensemble for HIV-1 TAR as confirmed by quantum-mechanical calculations of NMR chemical shifts, comparison to a crystal structure of a substate, and through the successful redistribution of the ensemble by design using atomic mutagenesis. The ensemble provides an unprecedented view of how bulge residues cooperatively flip out and undergo sugar repuckering to allow the adjoining helices to stack. The generality of this approach will make determination of atomic-resolution RNA ensembles routine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Assi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesselman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.092981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA dynamic ensemble at atomic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe prenatal period is a critical window to study factors involved in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Environmental factors, especially in utero nutrition, can interact with genetic risk for ASD, but how specific prenatal nutrients in mothers of children later diagnosed with ASD or non-typical development (Non-TD) associate with gestational gene expression is poorly understood. Maternal blood collected prospectively during pregnancy provides a new opportunity to gain insights into nutrition, particularly one-carbon metabolites, on gene pathways and neurodevelopment.

MethodsGenome-wide transcriptomes were measured using microarrays in 300 maternal blood samples from all three trimesters in the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study. Sixteen different one-carbon metabolites, including folic acid, betaine, 5-methyltretrahydrofolate (5-MeTHF), and dimethylglycine (DMG) were measured. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to compare gene expression between children later diagnosed as typical development (TD), Non-TD and ASD, and to nutrient metabolites.

ResultsUsing differential gene expression analysis, six transcripts associated with four genes (TGR-AS1, SQSTM1, HLA-C and RFESD) showed genome-wide significance (FDR q < 0.05) with child outcomes. Genes nominally differentially expressed compared to TD specifically in ASD, but not Non-TD, significantly overlapped with seven high confidence ASD genes. 218 transcripts in common to ASD and Non-TD differential expression compared to TD were significantly enriched for functions in immune response to interferon-gamma, apoptosis, and metal ion transport. WGCNA identified co-expressed gene modules significantly correlated with 5-MeTHF, folic acid, DMG, and betaine. A module enriched in DNA methylation functions showed a protective association with folic acid/5-MeTHF concentrations and ASD risk. Independent of child outcome, maternal plasma betaine and DMG concentrations associated with a block of co-expressed genes enriched for adaptive immune, histone modification, and RNA processing functions.

LimitationsBlood contains a heterogeneous mixture of cell types, and many WGCNA modules correlated with cell type and/or nutrient concentrations, but not child outcome. Gestational age correlated with some co-expressed gene modules in addition to nutrients.

ConclusionsThese results support the premise that the prenatal maternal blood transcriptome is a sensitive indicator of gestational nutrition and childrens later neurodevelopmental outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordaunt, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin-Johnson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malysheva, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Picciotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression changes in immune and epigenetic gene pathways associated with nutritional metabolites in maternal blood from pregnancies resulting in autism and atypical neurodevelopment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical probe-based Nanopore direct RNA sequencing method to selectively assess the pseudouridine and inosine modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.19.105338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current methods to identify RNA modifications with short-read sequencing are laborious and direct RNA sequencing gets proclaimed as the viable alternative. Herein, we harness the selective reactivity of the acrylonitrile towards the Inosine (I) and pseudouridine ({Psi}) modifications and developed a chemical probe-based direct RNA sequencing method. We first demonstrated that the chemical probe-induced differential signature profile using nanopore sequencing could facilitate the selective assessment of I and{Psi} in the in vitro synthesized RNA. Furthermore, we verified the I and{Psi} modification with single-nucleotide resolution using RNA derived from mouse brain without the need for a null dataset using knockouts. Our chemical probe-based nanopore sequencing strategy can be extended to profile multiple RNA modifications on a single RNA and may facilitate the diagnosis of disease-associated epitranscriptome markers by generating a comparative dataset in clinical scenarios.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pandian, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahayasheela, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.105338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical probe-based Nanopore direct RNA sequencing method to selectively assess the pseudouridine and inosine modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation of NEKL-4/NEK10 and TTLL genes opposes loss of the CCPP-1 deglutamylase and prevents neuronal ciliary degeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ciliary microtubules are subject to post-translational modifications that act as a "Tubulin Code" to regulate motor traffic, binding proteins and stability. In humans, loss of CCP1, a cytosolic carboxypeptidase and tubulin deglutamylating enzyme, causes infantile-onset neurodegeneration. In C. elegans, mutations in ccpp-1, the homolog of CCP1, result in progressive degeneration of neuronal cilia and loss of neuronal function. To identify genes that regulate microtubule glutamylation and ciliary integrity, we performed a forward genetic screen for suppressors of ciliary degeneration in ccpp-1 mutants. We isolated the ttll-5(my38) suppressor, a mutation in the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like glutamylase gene. We show that mutation in ttll-4, ttll-5, or ttll-11 gene suppressed the hyperglutamylation-induced loss of microtubules and kinesin-2 mislocalization in ccpp-1 cilia. We also identified the nekl-4(my31) suppressor, an allele affecting the NIMA (Never in Mitosis A)-related kinase NEKL-4/NEK10. In humans, NEK10 mutation causes bronchiectasis, an airway and mucociliary transport disorder caused by defective motile cilia. C. elegans NEKL-4 does not localize to cilia yet plays a role in regulating axonemal microtubule stability. This work defines a pathway in which glutamylation, a component of the Tubulin Code, is written by TTLL-4, TTLL-5, and TTLL-11; is erased by CCPP-1; is read by ciliary kinesins; and its downstream effects are modulated by NEKL-4 activity. Identification of regulators of microtubule glutamylation in diverse cellular contexts is important to the development of effective therapies for disorders characterized by changes in microtubule glutamylation. By identifying C. elegans genes important for neuronal and ciliary stability, our work may inform research into human ciliopathies and neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Power, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation of NEKL-4/NEK10 and TTLL genes opposes loss of the CCPP-1 deglutamylase and prevents neuronal ciliary degeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemogenetic manipulation of microglia inhibits neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia play an important role in the central sensitization and chronic pain. However, a direct connection between microglial function and the development of neuropathic pain in vivo remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we applied chemogenetic approach by using CX3CR1creER/+:R26LSL-hM4Di/+ transgenic mice to enable expression of inhibitory Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (Gi DREADD) exclusively in microglia. We found that microglial Gi DREADD activation inhibited spinal nerve transection (SNT)-induced microglial reactivity as well as chronic pain initiation and maintenance. Gi DREADD activation downregulated the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and its downstream target pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1{beta}). Using in vivo spinal cord recording, we found that activation of microglial Gi DREADD attenuated synaptic transmission following SNT. Our results demonstrate that microglial Gi DREADD reduces neuroinflammation, synaptic function and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Thus, chemogenetic approaches provide a potential opportunity for interrogating microglial function and neuropathic pain treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemogenetic manipulation of microglia inhibits neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.108688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased miR-24-3p potentiates DNA damage responses and increases susceptibility to COPD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.108688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) due to chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, not all smokers develop COPD and the pathologic consequences of CS exposure are heterogenous. Cellular mechanisms that regulate the DDR and contribute to disease progression in susceptible individuals are poorly understood. Because microRNAs are well known regulators of the DDR, we evaluated microRNA expression arrays performed on lung samples from 172 subjects with and without COPD. We identified miR-24-3p as the microRNA best correlated with radiographic emphysema ({rho}=-0.353, P=1.3e-04) and validated this finding in multiple cohorts. In a CS-exposure mouse model, miR-24-3p inhibition increased emphysema severity. In human airway epithelial cells, miR-24-3p suppressed apoptosis through the BH3-only protein BIM and suppressed homology-directed DNA repair and the DNA repair protein BRCA1. Finally, we found BIM and BRCA1 were increased in COPD lung tissue and inversely correlated with miR-24-3p expression. We concluded that decreased miR-24-3p expression increases COPD susceptibility and potentiates the DDR through BIM and BRCA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nouws, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnemore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumeister, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Villalobos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.108688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased miR-24-3p potentiates DNA damage responses and increases susceptibility to COPD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCH enables synchronized firing in the hippocamposeptal circuit to facilitate spatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) plays important roles in the brain including control of energy homeostasis, sleep, learning and memory. However, the synaptic and circuitry mechanisms underlying MCH-mediated regulations remain largely unknown. Here, we uncover that MCH modulates the hippocampo (HP) -dorsal lateral septum (dLS) -lateral hypothalamus neural circuit to facilitate spatial learning and memory. MCH achieves this function by enhancing both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission via presynaptic mechanisms. The dLS neuronal spiking activity in response to HP CA3 excitatory inputs is strongly controlled by feed-forward inhibition (FFI) mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors. Endogenous MCH signaling enhances Signal/Noise (S/N) ratio of dLS neurons by increase the excitatory strengths, meanwhile decrease the overall dLS excitability by enhance inhibition which reduces dLS FFI, and consequentially enables dLS neurons to fire with high fidelity with HP synaptic inputs. Our data unravel the multifaceted synaptic mechanisms of MCH in the defined HP-dLS circuitry which may contribute to learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCH enables synchronized firing in the hippocamposeptal circuit to facilitate spatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.108969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common substructures and sequence characteristics of sandwich-like proteins from 42 different folds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.108969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study addresses the following fundamental question: Do sequences of protein domains with sandwich architecture have common sequence characteristics even though they belong to different superfamilies and folds? The analysis was carried out in two stages: determination of substructures in the domains that are common to all sandwich proteins; and detection of common sequence characteristics within the substructures. Analysis of supersecondary structures in domains of proteins revealed two types of four-strand substructures that are common to sandwich proteins. At least one of these common substructures was found in proteins of 42 sandwich-like folds (as per structural classification in the CATH database). Comparison of the sequence fragments corresponding to strands that make up the common substructures revealed specific rules of distribution of hydrophobic residues within these strands. These rules can be conceptualized as grammatical rules of beta protein linguistics. Understanding of the structural and sequence commonalities of sandwich proteins may also be useful for rational protein design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kister, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.108969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common substructures and sequence characteristics of sandwich-like proteins from 42 different folds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.117317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.117317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomaterial scaffolds represent a promising approach for material-based tissue regeneration. We previously developed microporous annealed particle (MAP) hydrogels - a flowable, microparticle-based hydrogel in which neighboring hydrogel particles are linked in situ to form a porous scaffold that accelerates wound healing. To promote more extensive tissue ingrowth before scaffold degradation, we aimed to slow scaffold degradation by switching the chirality of the crosslinking peptides from L-peptides to D-peptides. Unexpectedly, despite showing the predicted slower enzymatic degradation in vitro, D-peptide crosslinked MAP hydrogel (D-MAP) hastened material degradation in vivo and imparted significant tissue regeneration to healed cutaneous wounds, including increased tensile strength and hair neogenesis. By themselves, D-chiral peptides were poor activators of macrophage innate immune signaling in vivo, but MAP particles elicit IL-33 type 2 myeloid cell recruitment which is amplified in vivo in the presence of D-peptides. Remarkably, D-MAP elicited significant antigen-specific immunity against the D-chiral peptides, and an intact adaptive immune system was required for the hydrogel-induced skin regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the generation of an adaptive immune response from a biomaterial is sufficient to induce cutaneous regenerative healing despite faster scaffold degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sideris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragkousis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plikus, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scumpia, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.117317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roadmap to Help Develop Personalized Targeted Treatments for Autism as a Disorder of the Nervous Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a disconnect between the clinical behavioral definition of autism and the genomic science that this definition largely informs and steers. But the digital sensor revolution paired with open access to genomics data has the potential to bridge the gap between these two layers of knowledge. Here we use the SFARI genes module and interrogate the human genome upon removing those genes. We then compare the remaining genes expression on tissues responsible for brain, heart and organs function to its counterpart in well-known neurological disorders of genetic origins. Despite clinical criteria emphasizing a behavioral definition of Autism, over a neurological one, here we find convergence between Autism and the neurological disorders. Tissues involved in motor control, emotions and memory are the most affected by the removal of the SFARI Autism genes. Congruent with this picture, the Ataxias, Parkinsons disease and Fragile X share 76.9% of the most affected tissues, including those related to motor control and autonomic function, while mitochondria disorder share 61.5% with autism. Together, these results offer a new roadmap to help diagnosis and personalized targeted treatments of autism. They underscore Autism as an objectively quantifiable disorder of the nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roadmap to Help Develop Personalized Targeted Treatments for Autism as a Disorder of the Nervous Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxa1/2 downregulates liver differentiation markers and the endoderm and liver gene regulatory network in human stem cells and in a human stable liver cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FOXA factors are critical members of the developmental gene regulatory network (GRN) composed of master transcription factors (TF) which regulate murine cell fate and metabolism in the gut and liver. How FOXA dictates human liver cell fate, differentiation, and simultaneously regulate metabolic pathways is poorly understood. Here, we aimed to determine the role of FOXA2 (and FOXA1 which is believed to compensate for FOXA2) in hepatic differentiation and cell metabolism in a human hepatic cell line (HepG2). siRNA targeting of FOXA1 and FOXA2 in human hepatic (HepG2) cells and during hepatic differentiation significantly downregulated albumin (p < 0.05) and GRN TF gene expression (HNF4A, HEX, HNF1B, TBX3) (p < 0.05) and significantly upregulated endoderm/gut/hepatic endoderm markers (goosecoid (GSC), FOXA3, and GATA4), gut TF (CDX2), pluripotent TF (NANOG), and neuroectodermal TF (PAX6) (p < 0.05), all consistent with a partial/transient cell reprogramming. shFOXA1/2 targeting resulted in similar findings and demonstrated evidence of reversibility. RNA-seq followed by bioinformatic analysis of shFOXA1/2 knockdown HepG2 cells demonstrated 235 significant downregulated genes and 448 upregulated genes, including upregulation of markers for alternate germ layers lineages (cardiac, endothelial, muscle) and neurectoderm (eye, neural). We found widespread downregulation of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, mitochondrial genes, and alterations in lipid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and ketogenesis. Functional metabolic analysis agreed with these findings, demonstrating significantly diminished glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, and accumulation of lipid droplets. We hypothesized that FOXA1/2 inhibit the initiation of human liver differentiation in vitro. During hPSC-hepatic differentiation, siRNA knockdown demonstrated de-differentiation and unexpectedly, activation of pluripotency factors and neuroectoderm. shRNA knockdown demonstrated similar results and activation of SOX9 (hepatobiliary). These results demonstrate complex effects of FOXA1/2 on hepatic GRN effecting de-differentiation and metabolism with applications in studies of cancer, differentiation, and organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warren, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloy, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiggey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogoke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groth, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meamardoost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeglowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulmurugan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parashurama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxa1/2 downregulates liver differentiation markers and the endoderm and liver gene regulatory network in human stem cells and in a human stable liver cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolome shift associated with thermal stress in coral holobionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reef systems are under global threat due to warming and acidifying oceans1. Understanding the response of the coral holobiont to environmental change is crucial to aid conservation efforts. The most pressing problem is "coral bleaching", usually precipitated by prolonged thermal stress that disrupts the algal symbiosis sustaining the holobiont2,3. We used metabolomics to understand how the coral holobiont metabolome responds to heat stress with the goal of identifying diagnostic markers prior to bleaching onset. We studied the heat tolerant Montipora capitata and heat sensitive Pocillopora acuta coral species from the Hawaiian reef system in K[a]neohe Bay, Oahu. Untargeted LC-MS analysis uncovered both known and novel metabolites that accumulate during heat stress. Among those showing the highest differential accumulation were a variety of co-regulated dipeptides present in both species. The structures of four of these compounds were determined (Arginine-Glutamine, Lysine-Glutamine, Arginine-Valine, and Arginine-Alanine). These dipeptides also showed differential accumulation in symbiotic and aposymbiotic (alga free) individuals of the sea anemone model Aiptasia4, suggesting their animal provenance and algal symbiont related function. Our results identify a suite of metabolites associated with thermal stress that can be used to diagnose coral health in wild samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conetta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathmanathan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolome shift associated with thermal stress in coral holobionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaperone-mediated stress-sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis enables fast activation and sustained response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamical properties of gene-regulatory networks are tuned to ensure bacterial survival. In mycobacteria, MprAB-{sigma}E network responds to the presence of stressors, such as surfactants causing surface stress. Positive feedback loops in this network were previously predicted to cause hysteresis, i.e. different responses to identical stressor levels for pre-stressed and unstressed cells. Here we show that hysteresis does not occur in non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis but occurs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the observed rapid temporal response in M. tuberculosis is inconsistent with the model predictions. To reconcile these observations, we implement a recently proposed mechanism for stress-sensing: the release of MprB from the inhibitory complex with chaperone DnaK upon the stress exposure. Using modeling and parameter fitting, we demonstrate that this mechanism can accurately describe the experimental observations. Furthermore, we predict perturbations in DnaK expression that can strongly affect dynamical properties. Experiments with these perturbations agree with model predictions, confirming the role of DnaK in fast and sustained response.

IMPORTANCEGene-regulatory networks controlling stress response in mycobacterial species have been linked to persistence switches enabling the bacterial dormancy within a host. However, the mechanistic basis of switching and stress sensing is not fully understood. In this paper, combining quantitative experiments and mathematical modeling, we uncover how interactions between two master regulators of stress response -- MprAB two-component system and alternative sigma factor{sigma} E - shape the dynamical properties of surface-stress network. The result show hysteresis (history dependence) in the response of pathogenic bacteria M. tuberculosis to surface stress and lack of the hysteresis in non-pathogenic M. smegmatis. Furthermore, to resolve the apparent contradiction between the existence of hysteresis and fast activation of the response, we utilize a recently proposed role of chaperone DnaK in stress-sensing. The results leads to a novel system-level understanding of bacterial stress-response dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igoshin, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.135335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaperone-mediated stress-sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis enables fast activation and sustained response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.138248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), a reptile model for physiological and evolutionary ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.138248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-quality genomic resources facilitate population-level and species-level comparisons to answer questions about behavioral ecology, morphological and physiological adaptations, as well as the evolution of genomic architecture. Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are particularly diverse in characteristics that have intrigued evolutionary biologists, but high-quality genomic resources for squamates are relatively sparse. Lizards in the genus Sceloporus have a long history as important ecological, evolutionary, and physiological models, making them a valuable target for the development of genomic resources. We present a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly, SceUnd1.0, (utilizing 10X Genomics Chromium, HiC, and PacBio data) and tissue/developmental stage transcriptomes for the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus. We performed synteny analysis with other available squamate chromosome-level assemblies to identify broad patterns of chromosome evolution including the fusion of micro- and macrochromosomes in S. undulatus. Using this new S. undulatus genome assembly we conducted reference-based assemblies for 34 other Sceloporus species to improve draft nuclear genomes assemblies from 1% coverage to 43% coverage on average. Across these species, typically >90% of reads mapped for species within 20 million years divergence from S. undulatus, this dropped to 75% reads mapped for species at 35 million years divergence. Finally we use RNAseq and whole genome resequencing data to compare the three assemblies as references, each representing an increased level of sequencing, cost and assembly efforts: Supernova Assembly with data from10X Genomics Chromium library; HiRise Assembly that added data from HiC library; and PBJelly Assembly that added data from PacBio sequencing. We found that the Supernova Assembly contained the full genome and was a suitable reference for RNAseq, but the chromosome-level scaffolds provided by the addition of the HiC data allowed the reference to be used for other whole genome analysis, including synteny and whole genome association mapping analyses. The addition of PacBio data provided negligible gains. Overall, these new genomic resources provide valuable tools for advanced molecular analysis of an organism that has become a model in physiology and evolutionary ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westfall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telemeco, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grizante, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waits, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klabacka, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John-Alder, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langkilde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angilletta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leache, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusumi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.138248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), a reptile model for physiological and evolutionary ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pandora: 4-D white matter bundle population-based atlasesderived from diffusion MRI fiber tractography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain atlases have proven to be valuable neuroscience tools for localizing regions of interest and performing statistical inferences on populations. Although many human brain atlases exist, most do not contain information about white matter structures, often neglecting them completely or labelling all white matter as a single homogenous substrate. While few white matter atlases do exist based on diffusion MRI fiber tractography, they are often limited to descriptions of white matter as spatially separate "regions" rather than as white matter "bundles" or fascicles, which are well-known to overlap throughout the brain. Additional limitations include small sample sizes, few white matter pathways, and the use of outdated diffusion models and techniques. Here, we present a new population-based collection of white matter atlases represented in both volumetric and surface coordinates in a standard space. These atlases are based on 2443 subjects, and include 216 white matter bundles derived from 6 different state-of-the-art tractography techniques. This atlas is freely available and will be a useful resource for parcellation and segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandio, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadnavis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garyfallidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pandora: 4-D white matter bundle population-based atlasesderived from diffusion MRI fiber tractography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conclusive Identification of Senescent T Cells Reveals Their Abundance in Aging Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging leads to a progressive functional decline of the immune system, which renders the elderly increasingly susceptible to disease and infection. The degree to which immune cell senescence contributes to this functional decline, however, remains unclear since methods to accurately identify and isolate senescent immune cells are missing. By measuring senescence-associated {beta}-galactosidase activity, a hallmark of senescent cells, we demonstrate here that healthy humans develop senescent T lymphocytes in peripheral blood with advancing age. Particularly senescent CD8+ T cells increased in abundance with age, ranging from 30% of the total CD8+ T cell population in donors in their 20s and reaching levels of 64% in donors in their 60s. Senescent CD8+ T cell populations displayed features of telomere dysfunction-induced senescence as well as p16-mediated senescence, developed in various T cell differentiation states and established gene expression signatures consistent with the senescence state observed in other cell types. On the basis of our results we propose that cellular senescence of T lymphocytes is a major contributing factor to the observed decline of immune cell function with advancing age and that immune cell senescence, therefore, plays a significant role in the increased susceptibility of the elderly to age-associated diseases and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Zamudio, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewald, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittens-Williams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conclusive Identification of Senescent T Cells Reveals Their Abundance in Aging Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in pathogenic LRRK2-mediated endolysosomal trafficking alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinsons disease, and sequence variations are associated with the sporadic form of the disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of RAB proteins implicated in secretory and recycling trafficking pathways, including RAB8A and RAB10. Another RAB protein, RAB29, has been reported to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi where it stimulates its kinase activity. Our previous studies revealed that G2019S LRRK2 expression or knockdown of RAB8A deregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking, with a concomitant accumulation of the receptor in a RAB4-positive recycling compartment. Here, we show that the G2019S LRRK2-mediated EGFR deficits are mimicked by knockdown of RAB10 and rescued by expression of active RAB10. By contrast, RAB29 knockdown is without effect, but expression of RAB29 also rescues the pathogenic LRRK2-mediated trafficking deficits independently of Golgi integrity. Our data suggest that G2019S LRRK2 deregulates endolysosomal trafficking by impairing the function of RAB8A and RAB10, whilst RAB29 positively modulates non-Golgi-related trafficking events impaired by pathogenic LRRK2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivero-Rios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo-Lozano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in pathogenic LRRK2-mediated endolysosomal trafficking alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel and highly effective mitochondrial uncoupling drug in T-cell leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.168005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. Despite recent advances in treatments with intensified chemotherapy regimens, relapse rates and associated morbidities remain high. In this context, metabolic dependencies have emerged as a druggable opportunity for the treatment of leukemia. Here, we tested the antileukemic effects of MB1-47, a newly developed mitochondrial uncoupling compound. MB1-47 treatment in T-ALL cells robustly inhibited cell proliferation via both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects as a result of compromised mitochondrial energy and macromolecule depletion, which severely impair nucleotide biosynthesis. Mechanistically, acute treatment with MB1-47 in primary leukemias promoted AMPK activation and downregulation of mTOR signaling, stalling anabolic pathways that support leukemic cell survival. Indeed, MB1-47 treatment in mice harboring murine NOTCH1-induced leukemias or human T-ALL PDXs led to a potent antileukemic effect with 2-fold extension in survival without overlapping toxicities. Overall, our findings demonstrate a critical role for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in T-ALL and uncover MB1-47-driven mitochondrial uncoupling as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>da Silva-Diz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancho, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alasadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augeri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minuzzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indraccolo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel and highly effective mitochondrial uncoupling drug in T-cell leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of motor behavior by the mesencephalic locomotor region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), and their activation has been proposed to elicit different modalities of movement, but how the differences in connectivity and physiological properties explain their contributions to motor activity is not known. Here we report that CnF glutamatergic neurons are electrophysiologically homogeneous and have short-range axonal projections, whereas PPN glutamatergic neurons are heterogeneous and maintain long-range connections, most notably with the basal ganglia. Optogenetic activation of CnF neurons produced fast-onset, involuntary motor activity mediated by short-lasting muscle activation. In contrast, activation of PPN neurons produced long-lasting increases in muscle tone that reduced motor activity and disrupted gait. Our results thus reveal a differential contribution to motor behavior by the structures that compose the MLR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dautan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayasgalan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Acevedo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena-Segovia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of motor behavior by the mesencephalic locomotor region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced type-A carbohydrate-binding module interactions to cellulose leads to improved endocellulase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dissociation of non-productively bound cellulolytic enzymes from cellulose is hypothesized to be a key rate-limiting factor impeding cost-effective biomass conversion to fermentable sugars. However, the role of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in enabling non-productive enzyme binding is not well understood. Here, we examine the subtle interplay of CBM binding and cellulose hydrolysis activity for three model Type-A CBMs (families 1, 3a, and 64) tethered to a multifunctional endoglucanase (CelE) on two distinct cellulose allomorphs (i.e., cellulose I and III). We generated a small-library of mutant CBMs with varying cellulose affinity, as determined by equilibrium binding assays, followed by monitoring cellulose hydrolysis activity of CelE-CBM fusion constructs. Finally, kinetic binding assays using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) were employed to measure CBM adsorption and desorption rate constants Kon and Koff, respectively, towards nanocrystalline cellulose derived from both allomorphs. Overall, our results indicate that reduced CBM equilibrium binding affinity towards cellulose I alone, resulting from increased desorption rates (Koff) and reduced effective adsorption rates (nKon), is correlated to overall improved endocellulase activity. Future studies could employ similar approaches to unravel the role of CBMs in non-productive enzyme binding and develop improved cellulolytic enzymes for industrial applications.Competing Interest StatementShishir P.S. Chundawat declares a conflict of interest and competing financial interest(s) having filed two patent applications on pretreatment processes to produce cellulose-III enriched cellulosic biomass for biofuels production (US20130244293A1and WO2011133571A2). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farino, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravhcenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.183293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced type-A carbohydrate-binding module interactions to cellulose leads to improved endocellulase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pygmaeomycetaceae, a new root associated family in Mucoromycotina from the pygmy pine plains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A new genus, Pygmaeomyces, and two new species are described based on phylogenetic analyses, phenotypic and ecological characters. The species delimitation was based on concordance of gene genealogies. The Pygmaeomyces cultures were isolated from the roots of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) from the acidic and oligotrophic New Jersey Pygmy Pine Plains; however, they likely have a broader distribution because their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences have high similarity with a number of environmental sequences from multiple independent studies. Based on the phylogeny and phenotypical characters, a new family Pygmaeomycetaceae is proposed to accommodate this new lineage in Mucoromycotina. Pygmaeomycetaceae corresponds to Clade GS23, which was identified based on a sequence-only soil fungal survey and was believed to be a distinct new class. Compared to the culture-based methods, we observed that sequence-only analyses tend to over-estimate the taxonomic level. Results from this work will facilitate ecological and evolutionary studies on root-associated fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiste, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.187096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pygmaeomycetaceae, a new root associated family in Mucoromycotina from the pygmy pine plains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.187245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional relevance of task-state functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.187245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity has provided substantial insight into intrinsic brain network organization, yet the functional importance of task-related change from that intrinsic network organization remains unclear. Indeed, such task-related changes are known to be small, suggesting they may have only minimal functional relevance. Alternatively, despite their small amplitude, these task-related changes may be essential for the human brains ability to adaptively alter its functionality via rapid changes in inter-regional relationships. We utilized activity flow mapping - an approach for building empirically-derived network models - to quantify the functional importance of task-state functional connectivity (above and beyond resting-state functional connectivity) in shaping cognitive task activations in the (female and male) human brain. We found that task-state functional connectivity could be used to better predict independent fMRI activations across all 24 task conditions and all 360 cortical regions tested. Further, we found that prediction accuracy was strongly driven by individual-specific functional connectivity patterns, while functional connectivity patterns from other tasks (task-general functional connectivity) still improved predictions beyond resting-state functional connectivity. Additionally, since activity flow models simulate how task-evoked activations (which underlie behavior) are generated, these results may provide mechanistic insight into why prior studies found correlations between task-state functional connectivity and individual differences in behavior. These findings suggest that task-related changes to functional connections play an important role in dynamically reshaping brain network organization, shifting the flow of neural activity during task performance.

Significance StatementHuman cognition is highly dynamic, yet the human brains functional network organization is highly similar across rest and task states. We hypothesized that, despite this overall network stability, task-related changes from the brains intrinsic (resting-state) network organization strongly contribute to brain activations during cognitive task performance. Given that cognitive task activations emerge through network interactions, we leveraged connectivity-based models to predict independent cognitive task activations using resting-state versus task-state functional connectivity. This revealed that task-related changes in functional network organization increased prediction accuracy of cognitive task activations substantially, demonstrating their likely functional relevance for dynamic cognitive processes despite the small size of these task-related network changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.187245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional relevance of task-state functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, textual, and archaeological evidence of the historical global spread of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata  Walp) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) was originally domesticated in sub-Saharan Africa but is now cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Utilizing archaeological, textual, and genetic resources, the spread of cultivated cowpea has been reconstructed. Cowpea was domesticated in Africa, likely in both West and East Africa, before 2500 BCE and by 400 BCE was long established in all the modern major production regions of the Old World, including sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, India, and Southeast Asia. Further spread occurred as part of the Columbian Exchange, which brought African germplasm to the Caribbean, the southeastern United States, and South America, and Mediterranean germplasm to Cuba, the southwestern United States and Northwest Mexico.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ira A Herniter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>María Muñoz-Amatriaín</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy A Close</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.193995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, textual, and archaeological evidence of the historical global spread of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata  Walp)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GrgA controls Chlamydia trachomatis growth and development by regulating expression of transcription factors Euo and HrcA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen whose biphasic developmental cycle consists of an infectious elementary body and a replicative reticulate body. Whereas σ66, the primary sigma factor, is necessary for transcription of most chlamydial genes throughout the developmental cycle, σ28 is required for expression of some late genes. We previously showed that the Chlamydia-specific transcription factor GrgA physically interacts with both of these sigma factors and activates transcription from σ66- and σ28-dependent promoters in vitro. Here, we investigate the organismal functions of GrgA. We show that GrgA overexpression decreased RB proliferation via time-dependent transcriptomic changes. Significantly, σ66-dependent genes that code for two important transcription repressors are among the direct targets of GrgA. One of these repressors is Euo, which prevents the expression of late genes during early phases. The other is HrcA, which regulates gene expression in response to heat shock. The direct regulon of GrgA also includes a σ28-dependent gene that codes for the putative virulence factor PmpI. Conditional overexpression of Euo and HrcA also inhibited chlamydial growth and affected GrgA expression. Transcriptomic studies suggest that GrgA, Euo, and HrcA have distinct but overlapping indirect regulons. Furthermore, overexpression of either GrgA leads to decreased expression of numerous tRNAs. These findings indicate that a GrgA-mediated transcriptional regulatory network controls C. trachomatis growth and development.IMPORTANCE Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide and is a leading cause of preventable blindness in under-developed areas as well as developed countries. Previous studies showed that the novel transcription factor GrgA activated chlamydial gene transcription in vitro, but did not addressed the organismal function of GrgA. Here, we demonstrate growth inhibition in C. trachomatis engineered to conditionally overexpress GrgA. GrgA overexpression immediately increases the expression of two other critical transcription factors (Euo and HrcA) and a candidate virulence factor (PmpI), among several other genes. We also reveal chlamydial growth reduction and transcriptomic changes including decreased GrgA mRNA levels in response to either Euo or HrcA overexpression. Thus, the transcription network controlled by GrgA likely plays a crucial role in chlamydial growth and pathogenesis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wurihan Wurihan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Zou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alec M. Weber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korri Weldon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehong Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng Gong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhongzi Lou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chengsheng Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jizhang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqun Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao Lai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huizhou Fan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GrgA controls Chlamydia trachomatis growth and development by regulating expression of transcription factors Euo and HrcA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reframing Psychiatry for Precision Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The art of observing and describing behaviors has driven diagnosis and informed basic science in Psychiatry. In recent times, studies of mental illness are focused on understanding the brains neurobiology but there is a paucity of information on the potential contributions from peripheral activity to mental health. In Precision Medicine, this common practice leaves a gap between bodily behaviors and genomics that we here propose to address with a new layer of inquiry that includes genes expression on tissues inclusive of brain, heart, muscle-skeletal and organs for vital bodily functions. We interrogate genes expression on human tissue as a function of disease-associated genes. By removing genes linked to disease from the typical human set, and recomputing the genes expressions on the tissues, we can compare the outcomes across mental illnesses, well-known neurological conditions, and non-neurological ones. We find that major neuropsychiatric conditions that are behaviorally defined today (e.g. Autism, Schizophrenia, Depression) through DSM-observation criteria, have strong convergence with well-known neurological ones (e.g. Ataxias, Parkinson), but less overlap with non-neurological ones. Surprisingly, tissues majorly involved in the central control, coordination, adaptation and learning of movements, emotion and memory are maximally affected in psychiatric diagnoses along with peripheral heart and muscle-skeletal tissues. Our results underscore the importance of considering both the brain-body connection and the contributions of the peripheral nervous systems to mental health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reframing Psychiatry for Precision Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drones are now widely used to study wildlife, but applications for studying bioacoustics have been limited. Drones can be used to collect data on bird vocalizations, but an ongoing concern is that noise from the drones could change bird vocalization behavior. To test this behavioral impact we conducted an experiment using 30 sound localization arrays to track the song output of seven songbird species before, during, and after a 3-minute flight of a small quadcopter drone hovering at 50 m above ground level. We analyzed 8,303 song bouts, of which 2,285 song bouts of 184 individual birds were within 50 meters of the array centers. We used linear mixed effect models to assess patterns in song output showed patterns that could be attributed to the drones presence. We found no evidence of any effect of the drone for five species: American Robin Turdus migratorius, Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas, Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla, Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia, and Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea. However, we found a substantial decrease in Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia song detections during the 3-minute drone hover, such that there was an 81% drop in detections in the 3rd minute (Wald-test, p<0.001), compared with before the drones introduction. In contrast, the number of singing Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis increased after the drone was introduced, and remained almost five-fold higher for 4-minutes after the drone departed (P<0.001). Further, we found an increase in cardinal contact/alarm calls when the drone was overhead, with the elevated calling-rate sustaining for 2 minutes after the drone had departed (P<0.001). Our study suggests that responses of songbirds to drones may be species-specific, an important consideration when proposing the use of drones in avian studies. We note that recent advances in drone technology have resulted in much quieter drones, which makes us hopeful that the impacts that we detected could be greatly reduced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.211045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-Specific Responses of Bird Song Output in the Presence of Drones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Trypanosoma brucei ORFeome-based Gain-of-Function Library identifies genes that promote survival during melarsoprol treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.211375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is an early branching protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African Trypanosomiasis. Forward genetics approaches are powerful tools for uncovering novel aspects of Trypanosomatid biology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches against trypanosomiasis. Here we have generated a T. brucei cloned ORFeome consisting of over 90% of the targeted 7,245 genes and used it to make an inducible Gain-of-Function parasite library broadly applicable to large-scale forward genetic screens. We conducted a proof of principle genetic screen to identify genes whose expression promotes survival in melarsoprol, a critical drug of last resort. The 57 genes identified as overrepresented in melarsoprol survivor populations included the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of an established drug target (trypanothione), validating the tool. In addition, novel genes associated with gene expression, flagellum localization, and mitochondrion localization were identified and a subset of those genes increased melarsoprol resistance upon overexpression in culture. These findings offer new insights into Trypanosomatid basic biology, implications for drugs targets, and direct or indirect drug resistance mechanisms. This study generated a T. brucei ORFeome and Gain-of-Function parasite library, demonstrated the libraries usefulness in forward genetic screening, and identified novel aspects of melarsoprol resistance that will be the subject of future investigations. These powerful genetic tools can be used to broadly advance Trypanosomatid research.

IMPORTANCETrypanosomatid parasites threaten the health of over 1 billion people worldwide. Because their genomes are highly diverged from well-established eukaryotes, conservation is not always useful in assigning gene functions. However, it is precisely among the Trypanosomatid-specific genes that ideal therapeutic targets might be found. Forward genetics approaches are an effective way to identify novel gene functions. We used an ORFeome approach to clone a large percentage of Trypanosoma brucei genes and generate a Gain-of-Function parasite library. This library was used in a genetic screen to identify genes that promote resistance to the clinically significant, yet highly toxic drug, melarsoprol. Hits arising from the screen demonstrated the librarys usefulness in identifying known pathways and uncovered novel aspects of resistance mediated by proteins localized to the flagellum and mitochondrion. The powerful new genetic tools generated herein are expected to promote advances in Trypanosomatid biology and therapeutic development in the years to come.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovel-Miner, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.211375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Trypanosoma brucei ORFeome-based Gain-of-Function Library identifies genes that promote survival during melarsoprol treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.192310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Coronaviruses use lysosomal organelles for cellular egress. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.192310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-Coronaviruses are a family of positive-strand enveloped RNA viruses that include the severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV2 (SARS-CoV2). While much is known regarding their cellular entry and replication pathways, their mode of egress remains uncertain; however, this is assumed to be via the biosynthetic secretory pathway by analogy to other enveloped viruses. Using imaging methodologies in combination with virus-specific reporters, we demonstrate that {beta}-Coronaviruses utilize lysosomal trafficking for egress from cells. This pathway is regulated by the Arf-like small GTPase Arl8b; thus, virus egress is insensitive to inhibitors of the biosynthetic secretory pathway. Coronavirus infection results in lysosome deacidification, inactivation of lysosomal degradation and disruption of antigen presentation pathways. This coronavirus-induced exploitation of lysosomes provides insights into the cellular and immunological abnormalities observed in patients and suggests new therapeutic modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altan-Bonnet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altan-Bonnet, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellibovi-Ragheb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takvorian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.25.192310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Coronaviruses use lysosomal organelles for cellular egress.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.221507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of clinical combination therapies to induce durable responses in kidney cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.221507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lack of effective treatment options for advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (NCCRCC) is a critical unmet clinical need. Applying a high throughput drug screen to multiple human kidney cancer cells, we identified the combination of the VEGFR-MET inhibitor cabozantinib and the SRC inhibitor dasatinib acted synergistically in cells to markedly reduce cell viability. Importantly, the combination was well tolerated and caused tumor regression in vivo. Transcriptional and phosphoproteomic profiling revealed that the combination converged to downregulate the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway, a result not predicted by single agent analysis alone. Correspondingly, the addition of a MEK inhibitor synergized with either dasatinib or cabozantinib to increase its efficacy. This study, by employing approved, clinically relevant drugs provides the rationale for the design of effective combination treatments in NCCRCC that can be rapidly translated to the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.25.221507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of clinical combination therapies to induce durable responses in kidney cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.221853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intersection of structural and functional connectivity of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.221853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are related conditions that are associated with cholinergic system dysfunction. Dysfunction of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), a basal forebrain structure that provides the dominant source of cortical cholinergic innervation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both PDD and DLB. Here we leverage the temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) with the spatial resolution of MRI tractography in order to explore the intersection of functional and structural connectivity of the NBM in a unique cohort of PDD and DLB patients undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of this structure. We observe that NBM-cortical structural and functional connectivity correlate within spatially and spectrally segregated networks including: 1) a beta band network to supplementary motor area (SMA), where activity in the SMA was found to drive activity in the NBM, 2) a delta/theta band network to medial temporal lobe structures encompassing the parahippocampal gyrus and 3) a delta/theta band network to visual areas including lingual gyrus. These findings reveal functional networks of the NBM that are likely to subserve important roles in motor control, memory and visual function respectively. Furthermore, they motivate future studies aimed at disentangling network contribution to disease phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oswal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gratwicke, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborszky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zrinzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foltynie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.221853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intersection of structural and functional connectivity of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Parkinson's disease dementia and Lewy body dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From plants to ants: Fungal modification of leaf lipids for nutrition and communication in the leaf-cutter ant fungal garden ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids are essential to all living organisms, as an energy source, as an important cellular structural component, and as a communication tool. In this study, we used global lipidomic methods to evaluate the lipids in leaf-cutter ant fungal gardens. Leaf-cutter ants and their coevolved fungal cultivar, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, are a model mutualistic system. The fungus enzymatically digests fresh plant material that the ants cut and deliver, converting energy and nutrients from plants, and providing them to the ants through specialized hyphal swellings called gongylidia. Using combined liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry we evaluated differences between the molecular speciation of lipids in the leaf-cutter ant fungal garden ecosystem. This lipidomic study characterized leaves that are fed to the gardens, gongylidia that are produced by the fungus to feed the ants, and spatially resolved regions of the fungal garden through stages of leaf degradation. Lipids containing alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) were enriched in leaves and the top of the gardens, but not dominant in the middle or bottom regions. Gongylidia were dominated by lipids containing linoleic acid (18:2). To evaluate the communicative potential of the lipids in fungal gardens we conducted a behavioral experiment that showed Atta leaf-cutter ants responded differently to 18:3 and 18:2 fatty acids, with aggression towards 18:3 and attraction for 18:2. This work demonstrates the role of lipids in both the transfer of energy and as an inter-kingdom communication tool in leaf-cutter ant fungal gardens.

ImportanceIn this work we examined the role of lipids in the mutualism between leaf-cutter ants and fungus. These ants cut fresh leaf material, which they provide to their fungal cultivar, that converts energy and nutrients from the plants and provides it to the ants in specialized hyphal swellings called gongylidia. This work constitutes the first example of a global lipidomics study of a symbiotic system and provides insights as to how the fungus modifies plant lipids into a usable source for the ants. Through a behavioral experiment, this work also demonstrates how lipids can be used as an inter-kingdom communication tool, in this case an attractant, rather than as a repellant, which is more often seen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khadempour, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb-Robertson, B.-J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnum-Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.224139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From plants to ants: Fungal modification of leaf lipids for nutrition and communication in the leaf-cutter ant fungal garden ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Phosphatase 2A-B56 maintains the meiotic spindle, kinetochore attachments and cohesion by antagonizing Aurora B Drosophila Oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiosis in female oocytes lack centrosomes, the major microtubule-organizing center, which makes them especially vulnerable to aneuploidy. In the acentrosomal oocytes of Drosophila, meiotic spindle assembly depends on the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). Aurora B is the catalytic component of the CPC while the remaining subunits regulate its localization. Using an inhibitor of Aurora B activity, Binucleine 2, we found that continuous Aurora B activity is required to maintain the oocyte spindle during meiosis I, and this activity is antagonized by phosphatases acting on spindle associated proteins such as kinesins. Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) exists in two varieties, B55 and B56. While both antagonize Aurora B, B55 has only minor roles in meiosis I spindle function. The B56 subunit is encoded by two partially redundant paralogs in the Drosophila genome, wdb and wrd. Knocking down both paralogs showed that the B56 subunit is critical for maintaining sister chromatid cohesion, establishing end-on microtubule attachments, and the metaphase I arrest in oocytes. We found that WDB recruitment to the centromeres depends on BUBR1, MEI-S332, and kinetochore protein SPC105R. While BUBR1 has been shown previously to stabilize microtubule attachments in Drosophila oocytes, only SPC105R is required for cohesion maintenance during meiosis I. We propose that SPC105R promotes cohesion maintenance by recruiting two proteins that recruit PP2A, MEI-S332, and the Soronin homolog Dalmatian.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisco, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.232512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Phosphatase 2A-B56 maintains the meiotic spindle, kinetochore attachments and cohesion by antagonizing Aurora B Drosophila Oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binge drinking and age at first full drink of alcohol prior to 21 years (AFD<21) have been linked to neuroanatomical differences in cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. Despite the potential to reveal novel network-level relationships, structural covariation patterns among these morphological measures have yet to be examined relative to binge drinking and AFD<21. Here, we used the Joint and Individual Variance Explained (JIVE) method to characterize structural covariation patterns common across and specific to morphological measures in 293 participants (149 individuals with binge drinking and 144 healthy controls) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). An independent dataset (Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample; NKI-RS) was used to examine reproducibility/ generalizability. We identified a highly reproducible joint component dominated by structural covariation between GM volume in the brainstem and thalamus proper, and GM volume and surface area in prefrontal cortical regions. Using linear mixed regression models, we found that this joint component was related to AFD<21 in both the HCP and NKI-RS datasets, whereas the individual thickness component associated with binge drinking and AFD<21 in the HCP dataset was not statistically significant in the NKI-RS sample. Taken together, our results show that a highly reproducible structural pattern involving covariation in brain regions relevant to thalamic-PFC-brainstem neural circuitry is linked to age at first full drink.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hien, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deeply sequenced infectious clones of key cassava begomovirus isolates from Cameroon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We deeply sequenced two pairs of widely used infectious clones (4 plasmids) of the bipartite begomoviruses African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV). The sequences of the ACMV clones were quite divergent from our expectations. We have made raw reads, consensus plasmid sequences, and the infectious clones themselves publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondong, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimone, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppong, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley-Bowdoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.244335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deeply sequenced infectious clones of key cassava begomovirus isolates from Cameroon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.244921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Classification of Motor Tasks Using Dynamic Functional Connectivity Graphs from EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.244921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveClassification of electroencephalography (EEG) signals with high accuracy using short recording intervals has been a challenging problem in developing brain computer interfaces (BCIs). This paper presents a novel feature extraction method for EEG recordings to tackle this problem.

ApproachThe proposed approach is based on the concept that the brain functions in a dynamic manner, and utilizes dynamic functional connectivity graphs. The EEG data is first segmented into intervals during which functional networks sustain their connectivity. Functional connectivity networks for each identified segment are then localized, and graphs are constructed, which will be used as features. To take advantage of the dynamic nature of the generated graphs, a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) classifier is employed for classification.

Main resultsFeatures extracted from various durations of post-stimulus EEG data associated with motor execution and imagery tasks are used to test the performance of the classifier. Results show an average accuracy of 85.32% about only 500 ms after stimulus presentation.

SignificanceOur results demonstrate, for the first time, that using the proposed feature extraction method, it is possible to classify motor tasks from EEG recordings using a short interval of the data in the order of hundreds of milliseconds (e.g. 500 ms).This duration is considerably shorter than what has been reported before. These results will have significant implications for improving the effectiveness and the speed of BCIs, particularly for those used in assistive technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamsi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafizadeh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.244921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Classification of Motor Tasks Using Dynamic Functional Connectivity Graphs from EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain mapping of monosynaptic inputs to midbrain cholinergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cholinergic midbrain is involved in a wide range of motor and cognitive processes. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) send long-ranging axonal projections that target sensorimotor and limbic areas in the thalamus, the dopaminergic midbrain and the striatal complex following a topographical gradient, where they influence a range of functions including attention, reinforcement learning and action-selection. Nevertheless, a comprehensive examination of the afferents to PPN and LDT cholinergic neurons is still lacking, partly due to the neurochemical heterogeneity of this region. Here we characterize the whole-brain input connectome to cholinergic neurons across distinct functional domains (i.e. PPN vs LDT) using conditional transsynaptic retrograde labeling in ChAT::Cre male and female rats. The quantification of input neurons revealed that both PPN and LDT receive similar substantial inputs from the superior colliculus and the output of the basal ganglia (i.e. substantia nigra pars reticulata). In addition, we found that PPN cholinergic neurons receive preferential inputs from basal ganglia structures than from the cortex, whereas LDT cholinergic neurons receive preferential inputs from cortical areas. Our results provide the first characterization of inputs to PPN and LDT cholinergic neurons. The differences in afferents to each cholinergic structure support their differential roles in behavior.

Significance statementAcetylcholine is a widespread neuromodulator that regulates a wide variety of functions including learning, goal-directed behavior and execution of movements. In this study we characterized the distribution of presynaptic neurons that modulate the activity of functionally distinct midbrain cholinergic neurons located in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) by using a transsynaptic, modified-rabies virus strategy. We reveal that input neurons are widely distributed throughout the brain but segregated into specific functional domains. Motor related areas innervate preferentially the PPN, whereas limbic related areas preferentially innervate the LDT. Our results suggest that input neurons located along distinct functional domains have differential impact over cholinergic midbrain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Ocampo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dautan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gut, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena-Segovia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain mapping of monosynaptic inputs to midbrain cholinergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger toll-like receptor 9-mediated atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveBoth electronic cigarette (e-cig) use and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation have been implicated in promoting atherosclerosis. In this study we aimed to investigate the causative relationship of e-cig exposure on TLR9 activation and atherosclerosis development.

Approach and ResultsEight-week-old ApoE-/- mice fed normal chow diet were exposed to e-cig vapor (ECV) for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 16 weeks. We found that ECV exposure significantly induced atherosclerotic lesions as examined by Oil Red O staining of aortic root and greatly upregulated TLR9 expression in classical monocytes and in the atherosclerotic plaques, which the latter was corroborated by upregulated TLR9 expression in human femoral artery atherosclerotic plaques in e-cig smokers. Intriguingly, we found a significant increase of damaged mitochondria DNA level in the circulating blood of ECV exposed mice. Furthermore, administration of TLR9 antagonist prior to ECV exposure not only alleviated atherosclerotic lesion and the upregulation of TLR9 in plaques, but also attenuated the increase of plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, reduced the accumulation of lipid and macrophages, and decreased the frequency of blood CCR2+ classical monocytes. Surprisingly, we found that the cytoplasmic mtDNA isolated from ECV extract-treated cells can greatly enhance the expression of TLR9 in reporter cells.

ConclusionE-cig induces mtDNA damage and the mtDNA in circulating blood stimulates the expression of TLR9, which elevate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocyte/macrophage and consequently lead to atherosclerosis. Our results raise the possibility that intervention of TLR9 activation is a potential pharmacologic target of ECV-related inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simborio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, L. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger toll-like receptor 9-mediated atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing acetylated-α-synuclein monomer-aggregate complexes by NMR elucidates mechanism of fibril seeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloid fibril formation of -synuclein (S) is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinsons Disease (PD). Growing evidence suggests that progression of PD is linked to cell-to-cell propagation of S fibrils, which leads to seeding of endogenous intrinsically disordered monomer via templated elongation and secondary nucleation. A molecular understanding of the seeding mechanism and driving interactions is crucial to inhibit progression of amyloid formation. Here, using relaxation-based solution NMR experiments designed to probe large complexes, we probe weak interactions of intrinsically disordered acetylated-S (Ac-S) monomers with seeding-competent Ac-S fibrils and seeding-incompetent off-pathway oligomers to identify Ac-S monomer residues at the binding interface. Under conditions that favor fibril elongation, we determine that the first 11 N-terminal residues on the monomer form a common binding site for both fibrils and off-pathway oligomers. Additionally, the presence of off-pathway oligomers within a fibril seeding environment suppresses seeded amyloid formation, as observed through thioflavin-T fluorescence experiments. This highlights that off-pathway S oligomers can act as an auto-inhibitor against S fibril elongation. Based on these data taken together with previous results, we propose a model in which Ac-S monomer recruitment to the fibril is driven by interactions between the intrinsically disordered monomer N-terminus and the intrinsically disordered flanking regions (IDR) on the fibril surface. We suggest that this monomer recruitment may play a role in the elongation of amyloid fibrils and highlight the potential of the IDRs of the fibril as important therapeutic targets against seeded amyloid formation.

SignificanceCell-to-cell spreading of S fibrils leads to amyloid seeding of endogenous monomer. Detailed atomic-level mechanistic understanding of the fibril seeding process of S is essential for design of therapeutic approaches against Parkinsons disease. In light of its complexity, this process remains ill-defined at the molecular level. Using relaxation-based solution NMR experiments, we mapped a common N-terminal binding interface of the Ac-S intrinsically disordered monomer with Ac-S fibrils and off-pathway oligomers to elucidate critical monomer-aggregate interactions during seeded aggregation and in equilibrium with mature aggregates. From this work, we propose a new paradigm, in which Ac-S monomer recruitment to the fibril is driven by interactions between the intrinsically disordered monomer N-terminus and the flanking IDRs on the fibril surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoop, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing acetylated-α-synuclein monomer-aggregate complexes by NMR elucidates mechanism of fibril seeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.260158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histidine Protonation Controls Structural Heterogeneity in the Cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJg2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.260158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteriochromes are compact and spectrally diverse photoreceptor proteins that bind a linear tetrapyrrole as a chromophore. They show photochromicity by having two stable states that can be interconverted by the photoisomerization of the chromophore. Hence, these photochemical properties make them an attractive target for biotechnological applications. However, their application is impeded by structural heterogeneity that reduces the yield of the photoconversion. The heterogeneity can originate either from the chromophore structure or the protein environment. Here, we study the origin of the heterogeneity in AnPixJg2, a representative member of the red/green cyanobacteriochrome family, that has a red absorbing parental state and a green absorbing photoproduct state. Using molecular dynamics simulations and umbrella sampling we have identified the protonation state of a conserved histidine residue as a trigger for structural heterogeneity. When the histidine is in a neutral form, the chromophore structure is homogenous, while in a positively charged form, the chromophore is heterogeneous with two different conformations. We have identified a correlation between the protonation of the histidine and the structural heterogeneity of the chromophore by detailed characterization of the interactions in the protein binding site. Our findings reconcile seemingly contradicting spectroscopic studies that attribute the heterogeneity to different sources. Furthermore, we predict that circular dichroism can be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish different substates.

Significance statementCyanobacteriochromes are photoreceptor proteins that have attracted attention for their immense potential in bioimaging and optogenetics applications. This is due to their desirable properties such as compactness, photochromicity and diverse spectral tuning. Despite these advantages, nature has set a limitation in the form of structural heterogeneity that presents a drawback for its application in biotechnology. We have identified a histidine residue in the vicinity of the chromophore as the origin of the heterogeneity in red/green CBCRs. The protonation state of this conserved histidine alters an extended network of protein-chromophore interactions and induces heterogeneity. Furthermore, theoretical CD spectroscopy has revealed easy identification of heterogeneity. Hence, our study paves the way for rational design and optimization of protein properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>G. Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebeler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapiro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.260158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histidine Protonation Controls Structural Heterogeneity in the Cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJg2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemodynamic responses link individual differences in informational masking to the vicinity of superior temporal gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suppressing unwanted background sound is crucial for aural communication. A particularly disruptive type of background sound, informational masking (IM), often interferes in social settings. However, IM mechanisms are incompletely understood. At present, IM is identified operationally: when a target should be audible, based on suprathreshold target/masker energy ratios, yet cannot be heard because perceptually similar background sound interferes. Here, functional near infrared spectroscopy recordings show that task-evoked blood oxygenation changes near the superior temporal gyrus (STG) covary with behavioral speech detection performance for high-IM but not low-IM background sound, suggesting that the STG is part of an IM-dependent network. Moreover, listeners who are more vulnerable to IM show increased hemodynamic recruitment near STG. In contrast, task-evoked responses near another auditory region of cortex, the caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS), do not predict behavioral sensitivity, suggesting that the cIFS belongs to an IM-independent network. Results are consistent with the idea that cortical gating shapes individual vulnerability to IM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamatsaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihlefeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemodynamic responses link individual differences in informational masking to the vicinity of superior temporal gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pMAT: An Open-Source Software Suite for the Analysis of Fiber Photometry Calcium Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combined development of new technologies for neuronal recordings and the development of novel sensors for recording both cellular activity and neurotransmitter binding has ushered in a new era for the field of neuroscience. Among these new technologies is fiber photometry, a technique wherein an implanted fiber optic is used to record signals from genetically encoded fluorescent sensors in bulk tissue. Fiber photometry has been widely adapted due to its cost-effectiveness, ability to examine the activity of neurons with specific anatomical or genetic identities, and the ability to use these highly modular systems to record from one or more sensors or brain sites in both superficial and deep-brain structures. Despite these many benefits, one major hurdle for laboratories adopting this technique is the steep learning curve associated with the analysis of fiber photometry data. This has been further complicated by a lack of standardization in analysis pipelines. In the present communication, we present pMAT, a  photometry modular analysis tool that allows users to accomplish common analysis routines through the use of a graphical user interface. This tool can be deployed in MATLAB and edited by more advanced users, but is also available as an independently deployable, open-source application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruno, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejaes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.263673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pMAT: An Open-Source Software Suite for the Analysis of Fiber Photometry Calcium Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeotic Regulation of Olfactory Receptor Choice via NFI-dependent Heterochromatic Silencing and Genomic Compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of one out of >1000 olfactory receptor (OR) genes is stochastic but, yet, spatially organized in stereotypic anatomical segments, or "zones", along the dorsoventral axis of the mouse olfactory epithelium. We discovered that zonal OR expression is specified by OR chromatin structure and genome architecture during olfactory neuron differentiation. Specifically, across every zone dorsally expressed ORs have higher levels of heterochromatic marks and long-range contacts than ORs expressed ventrally. However, OR heterochromatin levels and frequency of genomic contacts between ORs gradually increase towards ventral zones. Consequently, ORs from dorsal indexes accumulate high H3K9me3/H3K79me3 enrichment and become silenced in ventral zones, while ORs from ventral indexes lack activating long-range genomic interactions and, thus, cannot be chosen in dorsal segments. This process is regulated by NFIA, B, and X gradients along the dorsoventral axis, triple deletion of which causes homeotic transformations on zonal OR expression, heterochromatin formation, and genomic compartmentalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronostajski, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeotic Regulation of Olfactory Receptor Choice via NFI-dependent Heterochromatic Silencing and Genomic Compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New mechanism of fibronectin fibril assembly revealed by live imaging and super-resolution microscopy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fn1 fibrils have long been viewed as continuous fibers composed of extended, periodically aligned Fn1 molecules. However, our live imaging and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) are inconsistent with this traditional view and show that Fn1 fibrils are composed of roughly spherical nanodomains containing 6-11 Fn1 dimers. As they move toward the cell center, Fn1 nanodomains become organized into linear arrays, wherein nanodomains are spaced at the average periodicity of 105{+/-}17 nm. Periodical Fn1 nanodomain arrays are bona fide fibrils: they are resistant to deoxycholate treatment and retain nanodomain periodicity in the absence of cells. The nanodomain periodicity in fibrils remained constant when probed with antibodies recognizing distinct Fn1 epitopes or combinations of antibodies recognizing epitopes spanning the length of Fn1. FUD, a bacterial peptide that binds Fn1 N-terminus and disrupts Fn1 fibrillogenesis does not disrupt the formation of Fn1 nanodomains, instead, it blocks the organization of Fn1 nanodomains into periodical arrays. These studies establish a new paradigm of Fn1 fibrillogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvendiren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New mechanism of fibronectin fibril assembly revealed by live imaging and super-resolution microscopy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance and efficiency of machine learning algorithms for analyzing rectangular biomedical data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most of the biomedical datasets, including those of  omics, population studies and surveys, are rectangular in shape and have few missing data. Recently, their sample sizes have grown significantly. Rigorous analyses on these large datasets demand considerably more efficient and more accurate algorithms. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been used to classify outcomes in biomedical datasets, including random forests (RF), decision tree (DT), artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). However, their performance and efficiency in classifying multi-category outcomes in rectangular data are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to compare these metrics among the 4 ML algorithms. As an example, we created a large rectangular dataset using the female breast cancers in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-18 (SEER-18) database which were diagnosed in 2004 and followed up until December 2016. The outcome was the 6-category cause of death, namely alive, non-breast cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection and other cause. We included 58 dichotomized features from ~53,000 patients. All analyses were performed using MatLab (version 2018a) and the 10-fold cross validation approach. The accuracy in classifying 6-category cause of death with DT, RF, ANN and SVM was 72.68%, 72.66%, 70.01% and 71.85%, respectively. Based on the information entropy and information gain of feature values, we optimized dimension reduction (i.e. reduce the number of features in models). We found 22 or more features were required to maintain the similar accuracy, while the running time decreased from 440s for 58 features to 90s for 22 features in RF, from 70s to 40s in ANN and from 440s to 80s in SVM. In summary, we here show that RF, DT, ANN and SVM had similar accuracy for classifying multi-category outcomes in this large rectangular dataset. Dimension reduction based on information gain will significantly increase models efficiency while maintaining classification accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.295592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance and efficiency of machine learning algorithms for analyzing rectangular biomedical data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High yield preparation of outer-membrane protein efflux pumps by in vitro refolding is concentration dependent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Overexpression of tripartite efflux pump systems in gram-negative bacteria are a principal component of antibiotic resistance. High-yield purification of the outer membrane component of these systems will enable biochemical and structural interrogation of their mechanisms of action and allow testing of compounds that target them. However, preparation of these proteins is typically hampered by low yields requiring laborious large-scale efforts. If refolding conditions can be found, refolding these proteins from inclusion bodies can lead to increased yields as compared to membrane isolations. Here, we develop a concentration-dependent folding protocol for refolding TolC, the outer membrane component of the antibiotic efflux pump from Escherichia coli. We show that by our method of re-folding, homotrimeric TolC remains folded in SDS-PAGE, retains binding to an endogenous ligand, and recapitulates the known crystal structure by single particle cryoEM analysis. We find that a key factor in successful re-folding is a concentration dependence of TolC oligomerization. We extended the scheme to CmeC, a homologous protein from Campylobacter jejuni, and find that concentration-dependent oligomerization is a general feature of these systems. Because outer-membrane efflux pump components are ubiquitous across gram-negative species, we anticipate that incorporating a concentration step in re-folding protocols will promote correct refolding allowing for reliable, high-yield preparation of this family of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budiardjo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikujuni, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firlar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusky, J. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High yield preparation of outer-membrane protein efflux pumps by in vitro refolding is concentration dependent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.295279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCP1, a tubulin deglutamylase, increases survival of rodent spinal cord neurons following glutamate-induced excitotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.295279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal elements that provide structural support, establish morphology, and act as roadways for intracellular transport in cells. Neurons extend and must maintain long axons and dendrites to transmit information through the nervous system. Therefore, in neurons, the ability to independently regulate cytoskeletal stability and MT-based transport in different cellular compartments is essential. Post-translational modification of MTs is one mechanism by which neurons can regulate the cytoskeleton.

The carboxypeptidase CCP1 negatively regulates post-translational glutamylation of MTs. We previously demonstrated that the CCP1 homolog in C. elegans is important for maintenance of cilia. In mammals, loss of CCP1, and the resulting hyperglutamylation of MTs, causes neurodegeneration. It has long been known that CCP1 expression is activated by neuronal injury; however, whether CCP1 plays a neuroprotective role after injury is unknown. Furthermore, it not yet clear whether CCP1 acts on ciliary MTs in spinal cord neurons.

Using an in vitro model of excitotoxic neuronal injury coupled with shRNA-mediated knockdown of CCP1, we demonstrate that CCP1 protects neurons from excitotoxic death. Unexpectedly, excitotoxic injury reduced CCP1 expression in our system, and knockdown of CCP1 did not result in loss or shortening of cilia in cultured spinal cord neurons. Our results suggest that CCP1 acts on axonal and dendritic MTs to promote cytoskeletal rearrangements that support neuroregeneration and that enzymes responsible for glutamylation of MTs might be therapeutically targeted to prevent excitotoxic death after spinal cord injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.295279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCP1, a tubulin deglutamylase, increases survival of rodent spinal cord neurons following glutamate-induced excitotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying dispersal variability among nearshore marine populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.299941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dispersal drives diverse processes from population persistence to community dynamics. However, the amount of temporal variation in dispersal and its consequences for metapopulation dynamics is largely unknown for organisms with environmentally driven dispersal (e.g., many marine larvae, arthropods, and plant seeds). Here, we quantify variation in the dispersal kernel across seven years and monsoon seasons for a common coral reef fish, Amphiprion clarkii, using genetic parentage assignments. Connectivity patterns varied strongly among years and seasons in the scale and shape but not in the direction of dispersal. This interannual variation in dispersal kernels introduced temporal covariance among dispersal routes with overall positive correlations in connections across the metapopulation that may reduce stochastic metapopulation growth rates. The extent of variation in mean dispersal distance observed here among years is comparable in magnitude to the differences across reef fish species. Considering dispersal variability will be an important avenue for further metapopulation and metacommunity research across diverse taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catalano, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedrick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puritz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montes, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.299941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying dispersal variability among nearshore marine populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.303701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reporting quality of trend analyses in leading medicine and oncology journals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.303701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reporting quality of clinical research is critical for evidence-based medicine and reproducibility of clinical research. Most of the works focused on reporting quality of clinical trials and observational longitudinal studies. However, few focused on that of trend analyses. The reporting of recommended statistic metrics in trend analyses was also largely unclear. Therefore, we examined reporting quality of the trend analyses based on reporting of recommended statistic metrics. We systemically searched the PubMed for the trend-analysis articles published in 10 leading medicine and oncology journals during the 11 years from 2008 to 2018. The studies published after 2019 were not included due to the sudden, significant increase of publication number during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. Only original articles, research letters and meta-analyses/systematic reviews were included. We scored the reporting quality of these articles based on whether they reported p-values/effect-sizes, and beta/co-efficient/slope/annual-percentage-change (APC). There were 297 qualified articles, among which 193 (66.0%) and 216 (72.7%) articles reported P-value and effect-size, respectively. Only 13 (5.8%) analyses reported neither p-value/effect size nor beta/coefficient/slope/APC. In multivariable regression models, author affiliation of epidemiology department was associated with less reporting effect-size, but that of statistics department with more reporting. Interestingly, U.S. senior-authors (versus non-U.S.) more likely reported p-values. No factors were independently linked to reporting APC. The reporting quality of trend analyses in leading medicine and oncology journals appear moderate and should be further improved. We thus call for more research and awareness of reporting-quality in trend analyses in oncology research and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.303701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reporting quality of trend analyses in leading medicine and oncology journals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Steady state evoked potential (SSEP) responses in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices of anesthetized cats: nonlinearity characterized by harmonic and intermodulation frequencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When presented with an oscillatory sensory input at a particular frequency, F [Hz], neural systems respond with the corresponding frequency, f [Hz], and its multiples. When the input includes two frequencies (F1 and F2) and they are nonlinearly integrated in the system, responses at intermodulation frequencies (i.e., n1*f1+n2*f2 [Hz], where n1 and n2 are non-zero integers) emerge. Utilizing these properties, the steady state evoked potential (SSEP) paradigm allows us to characterize linear and nonlinear neural computation performed in cortical neurocircuitry. Here, we analyzed the steady state evoked local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortex of anesthetized (ketamine-xylazine) cats while we presented slow (F1=23Hz) and fast (F2=200Hz) somatosensory vibration to the contralateral paw pads and digits. Over 9 experimental sessions, we recorded LFPs from N=1620 and N=1008 bipolar-referenced sites in S1 and S2 using electrode arrays. Power spectral analyses revealed strong responses at 1) the fundamental (f1, f2), 2) its harmonic, 3) the intermodulation frequencies, and 4) broadband frequencies (50-150Hz). To compare the computational architecture in S1 and S2, we employed simple computational modeling. Our modeling results necessitate nonlinear computation to explain SSEP in S2 more than S1. Combined with our current analysis of LFPs, our paradigm offers a rare opportunity to constrain the computational architecture of hierarchical organization of S1 and S2 and to reveal how a large-scale SSEP can emerge from local neural population activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.307652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Steady state evoked potential (SSEP) responses in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices of anesthetized cats: nonlinearity characterized by harmonic and intermodulation frequencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.301986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-shock-protein (Psp) Envelope Stress Response: Evolutionary History and Discovery of Novel Players 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.301986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial phage shock protein (PSP) systems stabilize the bacterial cell membrane and protect against envelope stress. These systems have been associated with virulence, but despite their critical roles, PSP components are not well-characterized outside proteobacteria. Using comparative genomics and protein sequence-structure-function analyses, we systematically identified and analyzed PSP homologs, phyletic patterns, domain architectures, and gene neighborhoods. This approach underscored the evolutionary significance of the system, revealing that the core PspA gene (Snf7 in ESCRT outside bacteria) was present in the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), and that this ancestral functionality has since diversified into multiple novel, distinct PSP systems across life. Several novel partners of the PSP system were identified: (i) the Toastrack domain, likely facilitating assembly of sub-membrane stress-sensing and signaling complexes, (ii) the newly-defined HAAS-PadR-like transcriptional regulator pair system, and (iii) multiple independent associations with ATPase, CesT/Tir-like chaperone, and Band-7 domains in proteins thought to mediate sub-membrane dynamics. Our work also uncovered links between the PSP components and other domains, such as novel variants of SHOCT-like domains, suggesting roles in assembling membrane-associated complexes of proteins with disparate biochemical functions. Results are available at https://jravilab.org/psp.

ImportancePhage shock proteins (PSP) are virulence-associated, cell membrane stress-protective systems. They have mostly been characterized in proteobacteria and firmicutes. We now show that PSP systems were present in the Last Universal Common Ancestor, and that homologs have evolved and diversified into newly identified functional contexts. Recognizing the conservation and evolution of PSP systems across bacterial phyla contributes to our understanding of stress response mechanisms in prokaryotes. Moreover, the newly discovered PSP modularity will likely prompt new studies of lineage-specific cell-envelope structures, lifestyles, and adaptation mechanisms. Finally, our results validate use of domain architecture and genetic context for discovery in comparative genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.301986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-shock-protein (Psp) Envelope Stress Response: Evolutionary History and Discovery of Novel Players]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a marine bivalve species with vital roles in coastal ecosystems and aquaculture globally. While extensive genomic tools are available for C. gigas, highly contiguous reference genomes are required to support both fundamental and applied research. In the current study, high coverage long and short read sequence data generated on Pacific Biosciences and Illumina platforms from a single female individual specimen was used to generate an initial assembly, which was then scaffolded into 10 pseudo chromosomes using both Hi-C sequencing and a high density SNP linkage map. The final assembly has a scaffold N50 of 58.4 Mb and a contig N50 of 1.8 Mb, representing a step advance on the previously published C. gigas assembly. The new assembly was annotated using Pacific Biosciences Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-Seq data, identifying 30K putative protein coding genes, with an average of 3.9 transcripts per gene. Annotation of putative repeat elements highlighted an inverse relationship with gene density, and identified putative centromeres of the metacentric chromosomes. An enrichment of Helitron rolling circle transponsable elements was observed, suggesting their potential role in shaping the evolution of the C. gigas genome. This new chromosome-level assembly will be an enabling resource for genetics and genomics studies to support fundamental insight into bivalve biology, as well as for genetic improvement of C. gigas in aquaculture breeding programmes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penaloza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eory, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archibald, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bean, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACP-MHCNN: An Accurate Multi-Headed Deep-Convolutional Neural Network to Predict Anticancer peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although advancing the therapeutic alternatives for treating deadly cancers has gained much attention globally, still the primary methods such as chemotherapy have significant downsides and low specificity. Most recently, Anticancer peptides (ACPs) have emerged as a potential alternative to therapeutic alternatives with much fewer negative side-effects. However, the identification of ACPs through wet-lab experiments is expensive and time-consuming. Hence, computational methods have emerged as viable alternatives. During the past few years, several computational ACP identification techniques using hand-engineered features have been proposed to solve this problem. In this study, we propose a new multi headed deep convolutional neural network model called ACP-MHCNN, for extracting and combining discriminative features from different information sources in an interactive way. Our model extracts sequence, physicochemical, and evolutionary based features for ACP identification through simultaneous interaction with different numerical peptide representations while restraining parameter overhead. It is evident through rigorous experiments using cross-validation and independent-dataset that ACP-MHCNN outperforms other models for anticancer peptide identification by a substantial margin. ACP-MHCNN outperforms state-of-the-art model by 6.3%, 8.6%, 3.7%, 4.0%, and 0.20 in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and MCC respectively. ACP-MHCNN and its relevant codes and datasets are publicly available at: https://github.com/mrzResearchArena/Anticancer-Peptides-CNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adilina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatabda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehzangi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACP-MHCNN: An Accurate Multi-Headed Deep-Convolutional Neural Network to Predict Anticancer peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cis-regulatory atlas in maize at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) encode the genomic blueprints of spatiotemporal gene expression programs enabling highly specialized cell functions. To identify CREs at cell-type resolution in Zea mays, we implemented single-cell sequencing of Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (scATAC-seq) in seedlings, embryonic roots, crown roots, axillary buds, and pistillate and staminate inflorescence. We describe 92 states of chromatin accessibility across 165,913 putative CREs and 52 known cell types. Patterns of transcription factor (TF) motif accessibility predicted cell identity with high accuracy, uncovered putative non-cell autonomous TFs, and revealed TF motifs underlying higher-order chromatin interactions. Comparison of maize and Arabidopsis thaliana developmental trajectories identified TF motifs with conserved patterns of accessibility. Cell type-specific CREs were enriched with enhancer activity, phenotype-associated genetic variants, and signatures of breeding-era selection. These data, along with companion software, Socrates, afford a comprehensive framework for understanding cellular heterogeneity, evolution, and cis-regulatory grammar of cell-type specification in a major crop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marand, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cis-regulatory atlas in maize at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PhD-trained scientists are essential contributors to the workforce in diverse employment sectors that include academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations. Hence, best practices for training the future biomedical workforce are of national concern. Complementing coursework and laboratory research training, many institutions now offer professional training that enables career exploration and develops a broad set of skills critical to various career paths. The National Institutes of Health funded academic institutions to design innovative programming to enable this professional development through a mechanism known as Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST). Programming at the BEST awardee institutions included career panels, skill-building workshops, job-searching workshops, site visits, and internships. An initial concern was since doctoral training is lengthy and requires focused attention on dissertation research, having students participate in additional complementary training activities might lengthen time to degree and hamper student research productivity. To address this concern, using time to degree and publication records as measures of efficiency and productivity, metrics were analyzed from ten BEST awardee institutions. Comparing doctoral students who participated to those who did not, results revealed that across these diverse academic institutions, there were no differences in time to degree or manuscript output. Furthermore, a few institutions even demonstrated a positive correlation between participation in career and professional development activities and productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.

Significance StatementOur study is unique in that it compiled doctoral degree durations at ten different universities, recorded individual participation in career and professional development activities in terms of dosage, and tracked individual engagement in real-time rather than relying on surveys sent to trainees after graduation. Participation in career and professional development activities, including internships, did not decrease efficiency or productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgioni-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmquist, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennwald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.316422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An improved experimental pipeline for preparing circular ssDNA viruses for next-generation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an optimized protocol for enhanced amplification and enrichment of viral DNA for Next Generation Sequencing of begomovirus genomes. The rapid ability of these viruses to evolve threatens many crops and underscores the importance of using next generation sequencing efficiently to detect and understand the diversity of these viruses. We combined enhanced rolling circle amplification (RCA) with EquiPhi29 polymerase and size selection to generate a cost-effective, short-read sequencing method. This optimized protocol produced short-read sequencing with at least 50% of the reads mapping to the viral reference genome. We provide other insights into common misconceptions about RCA and lessons we have learned from sequencing single-stranded DNA viruses. Our protocol can be used to examine viral DNA as it moves through the entire pathosystem from host to vector, providing valuable information for viral DNA population studies, and would likely work well with other CRESS DNA viruses.

HighlightsO_LIProtocol for short-read, high throughput sequencing of single-stranded DNA viruses using random primers
C_LIO_LIComparison of the sequencing of total DNA versus size-selected DNA
C_LIO_LIComparison of phi29 and Equiphi29 DNA polymerases for rolling circle amplification of viral single-stranded DNA genomes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aimone, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppong, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley-Bowdoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An improved experimental pipeline for preparing circular ssDNA viruses for next-generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation R712L suppresses the working stroke of cardiac myosin and can be rescued by omecamtiv mecarbil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCMs) are the leading cause of acute cardiac failure in young individuals. Over 300 mutations throughout {beta}-cardiac myosin, including in the motor domain, are associated with HCM. A {beta}-cardiac myosin motor mutation (R712L) leads to a severe form of HCM. Actin-gliding motility of R712L-myosin is inhibited, despite near normal ATPase kinetics. By optical trapping, the working stroke of R712L-myosin was decreased 4-fold, but actin-attachment durations were normal. A prevalent hypothesis that HCM mutants are hypercontractile is thus not universal. R712 is adjacent to the binding site of the heart failure drug omecamtiv mecarbil (OM). OM suppresses the working stroke of normal {beta}-cardiac myosin, but remarkably, OM rescues the R712L-myosin working stroke. Using a flow chamber to interrogate a single molecule during buffer exchange, we found OM rescue to be reversible. Thus, the R712L mutation uncouples lever arm rotation from ATPase activity and this inhibition is rescued by OM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snoberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forgacs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation R712L suppresses the working stroke of cardiac myosin and can be rescued by omecamtiv mecarbil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenosine modulates extracellular glutamate levels via adenosine A2A receptors in the delayed-ethanol induced headache. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the mechanism behind delayed ethanol-induced headache (DEIH), otherwise known as the hangover headache, may provide insight into the mechanisms behind common headache triggers. Acetate was previously shown to be the key ethanol metabolite behind DEIH in the recurrent inflammatory stimulation (IS) rat model of headache. The reversal of trigeminal sensitivity following ethanol exposure with caffeine previously suggested a role of adenosine in DEIH. To characterize this, behavioral analysis and measurement of brainstem adenosine and glutamate with microdialysis and HPLC was performed while pharmacologically manipulating adenosine signaling in the IS and Spontaneous Trigeminal Allodynia (STA) rat models of headache. Blocking adenosine A2A receptor activation with istradefylline or acetate transport into astrocytes with the monocarboxylate transporter competitive inhibitor, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (4-CIN), prevented acetate-induced trigeminal sensitivity. Blocking adenosine A1, A2B, and A3 receptor signaling did not prevent trigeminal sensitivity. Compared to control rats, IS rats had greater increases in extracellular adenosine and glutamate within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) of the brainstem during local acetate perfusion. Blocking transport of acetate into astrocytes with 4-CIN prevented the increase in adenosine and glutamate. Blocking A2A receptor activation prevented the increase in extracellular glutamate, but not adenosine in the TNC. These data are the first to demonstrate the physiological consequence of acetate on adenosinergic systems within trigeminal pain by suggesting that acetate-induced trigeminal sensitivity in DEIH is mediated by adenosine A2A receptor activation which modulates extracellular glutamate levels in the TNC.

Significance StatementIt is unknown how several common headache triggers induce headache pain. Since migraineurs are more sensitive to these triggers, studying the mechanisms behind their effects may reveal unique migraine pathophysiology. In this study, we explored the common headache trigger, ethanol, which migraineurs are particularly sensitive to. When ethanol is ingested, its quickly metabolized to acetaldehyde and subsequently into acetate. We find that acetate increases brainstem adenosine and causes trigeminal sensitivity, which is exacerbated in the rat headache model. Blocking either acetate uptake or adenosine signaling prevents trigeminal sensitivity and brainstem glutamatergic signaling, suggesting that adenosine is involved in the hangover headache and that differences in acetate metabolism may account for the increased sensitivity to ethanol in migraineurs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenosine modulates extracellular glutamate levels via adenosine A2A receptors in the delayed-ethanol induced headache.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cerebral Organoids with a Controllable Microglia Ratio for Modeling Brain Development and Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.331710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, as brain-resident macrophages, play critical roles in brain development, homeostasis, and disease. Microglia in animal models cannot accurately model the properties of human microglia due to notable transcriptomic and functional differences between human and other animal microglia. Efficient generation of microglia from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides unprecedented opportunities to study the function and behavior of human microglia. Particularly, incorporating hPSCs-derived microglia into brain organoids facilitates their development in a 3-dimensional context, mimicking the brain environment. However, an optimized method that integrates an appropriate amount of microglia into brain organoids at a proper time point, resembling in vivo brain development, is still lacking. Here, we report the development of a new brain region-specific, microglia-containing organoid model by co-culturing hPSCs-derived primitive neural progenitor cells (pNPCs) and primitive macrophage progenitors (PMPs). In these organoids, hPSCs-derived pNPCs and PMPs interact with each other and develop into functional neurons, astroglia, and microglia, respectively. Importantly, the numbers of human microglia in the organoids can be controlled, resulting in a cell type ratio similar to that seen in the human brain. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that these human microglia are able to phagocytize neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and apoptotic cells, as well as to prune synapses at different developmental stages of the organoids. Furthermore, these human microglia respond to Zika virus infection of the organoids, as indicated by amoeboid-like morphology, increased expression of gene transcripts encoding inflammatory cytokines, and excessive pruning of synaptic materials. Together, our findings establish a new microglia-containing brain organoid model that will serve to study human microglial function in a variety of neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boreland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.331710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cerebral Organoids with a Controllable Microglia Ratio for Modeling Brain Development and Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metaproteogenomic profiling of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms reveals metabolic flexibility during colonization of a shallow-water gas vent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tor Caldara is a shallow-water gas vent located in the Mediterranean Sea, with active venting of CO2, H2S. At Tor Caldara, filamentous microbial biofilms, mainly composed of Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria, grow on substrates exposed to the gas venting. In this study, we took a metaproteogenomic approach to identify the metabolic potential and in situ expression of central metabolic pathways at two stages of biofilm maturation. Our findings indicate that inorganic reduced sulfur species are the main electron donors and CO2 the main carbon source for the filamentous biofilms, which conserve energy by oxygen and nitrate respiration, fix dinitrogen gas and detoxify heavy metals. Three metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), representative of key members in the biofilm community, were also recovered. Metaproteomic data show that metabolically active chemoautotrophic sulfide-oxidizing members of the Epsilonproteobacteria dominated the young microbial biofilms, while Gammaproteobacteria become prevalent in the established community. The co-expression of different pathways for sulfide oxidation by these two classes of bacteria suggests exposure to different sulfide concentrations within the biofilms, as well as fine-tuned adaptations of the enzymatic complexes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a shift in the taxonomic composition and associated metabolic activity of these biofilms in the course of the colonization process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetriani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.340729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metaproteogenomic profiling of chemosynthetic microbial biofilms reveals metabolic flexibility during colonization of a shallow-water gas vent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant subfossil koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No endemic Madagascar animal with body mass >10 kg survived a relatively recent wave of extinction on the island. From morphological and isotopic analyses of skeletal  subfossil remains we can reconstruct some of the biology and behavioral ecology of giant lemurs (primates; up to ~160 kg), elephant birds (up to ~860 kg), and other extraordinary Malagasy megafauna that survived well into the past millennium. Yet much about the evolutionary biology of these now extinct species remains unknown, along with persistent phylogenetic uncertainty in some cases. Thankfully, despite the challenges of DNA preservation in tropical and sub-tropical environments, technical advances have enabled the recovery of ancient DNA from some Malagasy subfossil specimens. Here we present a nuclear genome sequence (~2X coverage) for one of the largest extinct lemurs, the koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi (~85kg). To support the testing of key phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses we also generated new high-coverage complete nuclear genomes for two extant lemur species, Eulemur rufifrons and Lepilemur mustelinus, and we aligned these sequences with previously published genomes for three other extant lemur species and 47 non-lemur vertebrates. Our phylogenetic results confirm that Megaladapis is most closely related to the extant Lemuridae (typified in our analysis by E. rufifrons) to the exclusion of L. mustelinus, which contradicts morphology-based phylogenies. Our evolutionary analyses identified significant convergent evolution between M. edwardsi and extant folivorous primates (colobine monkeys) and ungulate herbivores (horses) in genes encoding protein products that function in the biodegradation of plant toxins and nutrient absorption. These results suggest that koala lemurs were highly adapted to a leaf-based diet, which may also explain their convergent craniodental morphology with the small-bodied folivore Lepilemur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mughal, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankoff, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianatoandro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharivololona, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant subfossil koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.349209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Sequencing Reveals Brain/Spinal Cord Oligodendrocyte Precursor Heterogeneity and Requirement for mTOR in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Myelin Maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.349209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain and spinal cord oligodendroglia have distinct functional characteristics, and cell autonomous loss of individual genes can result in different regional phenotypes. However, sequencing studies to date have not revealed distinctions between brain and spinal cord oligodendroglia. Using single-cell analysis of oligodendroglia during myelination, we demonstrate that brain and spinal cord precursors are transcriptionally distinct, defined predominantly by cholesterol biosynthesis. We further identify mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a major regulator promoting cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglial-specific loss of mTOR compromises cholesterol biosynthesis in both the brain and spinal cord. Importantly, mTOR loss has a greater impact on cholesterol biosynthesis in spinal cord oligodendroglia that corresponds with more pronounced developmental deficits. However, loss of mTOR in brain oligodendroglia ultimately results in oligodendrocyte death, spontaneous demyelination, and impaired axonal function, demonstrating that mTOR is required for myelin maintenance in the adult brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khandker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafreshi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdagi-Gunal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.349209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Sequencing Reveals Brain/Spinal Cord Oligodendrocyte Precursor Heterogeneity and Requirement for mTOR in Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Myelin Maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.353110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian inference: The comprehensive approach to analyzing single-molecule experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.353110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysics experiments performed at single-molecule resolution contain exceptional insight into the structural details and dynamic behavior of biological systems. However, extracting this information from the corresponding experimental data unequivocally requires applying a biophysical model. Here, we discuss how to use probability theory to apply these models to single-molecule data. Many current single-molecule data analysis methods apply parts of probability theory, sometimes unknowingly, and thus miss out on the full set of benefits provided by this self-consistent framework. The full application of probability theory involves a process called Bayesian inference that fully accounts for the uncertainties inherent to single-molecule experiments. Additionally, using Bayesian inference provides a scientifically rigorous manner to incorporate information from multiple experiments into a single analysis and to find the best biophysical model for an experiment without the risk of overfitting the data. These benefits make the Bayesian approach ideal for analyzing any type of single-molecule experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.353110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian inference: The comprehensive approach to analyzing single-molecule experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purinergic P2Y1 and P2Y2/4 receptors elicit distinct Ca2+ signaling patterns in hepatocytes via differential feedback regulation by Protein Kinase C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular nucleotides are key regulators of liver physiology. In primary rat hepatocytes, P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) activation by ADP generates cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c) oscillations with narrow spikes, whereas P2Y2/4R activation by UTP led to more complex broad [Ca2+]c oscillations. Both [Ca2+]c oscillation signatures were observed with the common agonist ATP. Inhibition of Gq signaling with YM-254890 abolished ATP-induced [Ca2+]c oscillations, indicating that they depend on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), and are not mediated by P2X receptors. The narrow P2Y1-linked [Ca2+]c spikes and the broad P2Y2/4-linked [Ca2+]c spikes are shaped by differential and complex PKC-mediated feedback mechanisms. Downregulation of PKC broadened both ADP- and UTP-induced [Ca2+]c oscillations, with a more pronounced effect on the former. PKC downregulation also selectively elicited a more robust response to ADP stimulation, enhancing oscillatory and sustained [Ca2+]c responses. Acute PKC modulation confirmed the importance of the negative PKC feedback regulation of P2Y1R-linked [Ca2+]c signals; such that PKC activation decreased [Ca2+]c oscillation frequency and PKC inhibition increased [Ca2+]c spike width. However, both PKC activation and inhibition decreased the spike width of P2Y2/4R-induced [Ca2+]c oscillations, suggesting that multiple opposing PKC feedback mechanisms shape P2Y2/4R responses. Significantly, plasma membrane Ca2+ entry was required for negative PKC feedback on P2Y1R-linked [Ca2+]c oscillations, whereas P2Y2/4R-linked [Ca2+]c oscillations were less sensitive to negative regulation by PKC and independent of Ca2+ influx. Thus, differential feedback regulation by PKC gives rise to receptor-specific [Ca2+]c oscillation profiles, which can encode the diverse physiological and pathophysiological responses to distinct agonists that all act through the IP3 signaling cascade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrca-Velloso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purinergic P2Y1 and P2Y2/4 receptors elicit distinct Ca2+ signaling patterns in hepatocytes via differential feedback regulation by Protein Kinase C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic investigation of the pseudouridimycin producer, a prolific streptomycete 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a metabolomic analysis of Streptomyces sp. ID38640, a soil isolate that produces the bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor pseudouridimycin. The analysis was performed on the wild type and on ten different pum mutants blocked at different steps in pseudouridimycin biosynthesis. The results indicate that Streptomyces sp. ID38640 is able to produce, in addition to pseudouridimcyin, lydicamycins and deferroxiamines, as previously reported, also the lassopeptide ulleungdin, the non-ribosomal peptide antipain and the osmoprotectant ectoine. The corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters were readily identified in the strain genome. We also detected the known compound pyridindolol, for which we propose a previously unreported biosynthetic gene cluster, as well as three families of unknown metabolites. Remarkably, the levels of the different metabolites varied strongly in the different mutant strains, allowing detection of metabolites not normally seen in the wild type. Three newly constructed pum mutants, along with systematic investigation of the accumulated metabolites, shed further lights on pseudouridimycin biosynthesis. We also show that several Streptomyces strains, harboring the pum biosynthetic gene cluster and unrelated to ID38640, readily produce pseudouridimycin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iorio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatgarbenam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscenzo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdouc, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maffioli, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.369249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic investigation of the pseudouridimycin producer, a prolific streptomycete]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mayaro Virus Infection Elicits an Innate Immune Response and Represses Autophagy in Anopheles stephensi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arboviral pathogen in the genus Alphavirus that is circulating in South America with potential to spread to naive regions. MAYV is also one of the few viruses with the ability to be transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles, as well as the typical arboviral transmitting mosquitoes in the genus Aedes. Few studies have investigated the infection response of Anopheles mosquitoes. In this study we detail the transcriptomic and small RNA responses of An. stephensi to infection with MAYV via infectious bloodmeal at 2, 7, and 14 days post infection (dpi). 487 unique transcripts were significantly regulated, 78 putative novel miRNAs were identified, and an siRNA response is observed targeting the MAYV genome. Gene ontology analysis of transcripts regulated at each timepoint suggested activation of the Toll pathway at 7 dpi and repression of pathways related to autophagy and apoptosis at 14 dpi. These findings provide a basic understanding of the infection response of An. stephensi to MAYV and help to identify host factors which might be useful to target to inhibit viral replication in Anopheles mosquitoes.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus responsible for outbreaks in South America and the Caribbean. In this study we infected Anopheles stephensi with MAYV and sequenced mRNA and small RNA to understand how MAYV infection impacts gene transcription and the expression of small RNAs in the mosquito vector. Genes involved with innate immunity and signaling pathways related to cell death are regulated in response to MAYV infection of An. stephensi, we also discover novel miRNAs and describe the expression patterns of miRNAs, siRNAs, and piRNAs following bloodmeal ingestion. These results suggest that MAYV does induce a molecular response to infection in its mosquito vector species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brustolin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasgon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mayaro Virus Infection Elicits an Innate Immune Response and Represses Autophagy in Anopheles stephensi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.367490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternating handedness motifs in proteins classify structure and cofactor binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.367490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cofactor binding sites in proteins often are composed of favorable interactions of specific cofactors with the sidechains and/or backbone protein fold motifs. In many cases these motifs contain left-handed conformations which enable tight turns of the backbone that present backbone amide protons in direct interactions with cofactors termed  cationic nests. Here, we defined alternating handedness of secondary structure as a search constraint within the PDB to systematically identify these cofactor binding nests. We identify unique alternating handedness structural motifs which are specific to the cofactors they bind. These motifs can guide the design of engineered folds that utilize specific cofactors and also enable us to gain a deeper insight into the evolution of the structure of cofactor binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizwan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.367490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternating handedness motifs in proteins classify structure and cofactor binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibrillar α-synuclein induces neurotoxic astrocyte activation via RIP kinase signaling and NF-κB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by death of midbrain dopamine neurons. The pathogenesis of PD is poorly understood, though misfolded and/or aggregated forms of the protein -synuclein have been implicated in several neurodegenerative disease processes, including neuroinflammation and astrocyte activation. Astrocytes in the midbrain play complex roles during PD, initiating both harmful and protective processes that vary over the course of disease. However, despite their significant regulatory roles during neurodegeneration, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote pathogenic astrocyte activity remain mysterious. Here, we show that -synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) induce pathogenic activation of human midbrain astrocytes, marked by inflammatory transcriptional responses, downregulation of phagocytic function, and conferral of neurotoxic activity. These effects required the necroptotic kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, but were independent of MLKL and necroptosis. Instead, both transcriptional and functional markers of astrocyte activation occurred via RIPK-dependent activation of NF-{kappa}B signaling. Our study identifies a previously unknown function for -synuclein in promoting neurotoxic astrocyte activation, as well as new cell death-independent roles for RIP kinase signaling in the regulation of glial cell biology and neuroinflammation. Together, these findings highlight previously unappreciated molecular mechanisms of pathologic astrocyte activation and neuronal cell death with implications for Parkinsonian neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnagiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibrillar α-synuclein induces neurotoxic astrocyte activation via RIP kinase signaling and NF-κB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop a generalizable AI-driven workflow that leverages heterogeneous HPC resources to explore the time-dependent dynamics of molecular systems. We use this workflow to investigate the mechanisms of infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the main viral infection machinery. Our workflow enables more efficient investigation of spike dynamics in a variety of complex environments, including within a complete SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope simulation, which contains 305 million atoms and shows strong scaling on ORNL Summit using NAMD. We present several novel scientific discoveries, including the elucidation of the spikes full glycan shield, the role of spike glycans in modulating the infectivity of the virus, and the characterization of the flexible interactions between the spike and the human ACE2 receptor. We also demonstrate how AI can accelerate conformational sampling across different systems and pave the way for the future application of such methods to additional studies in SARS-CoV-2 and other molecular systems.

ACM Reference FormatLorenzo Casalino1{dagger}, Abigail Dommer1{dagger}, Zied Gaieb1{dagger}, Emilia P. Barros1, Terra Sztain1, Surl-Hee Ahn1, Anda Trifan2,3, Alexander Brace2, Anthony Bogetti4, Heng Ma2, Hyungro Lee5, Matteo Turilli5, Syma Khalid6, Lillian Chong4, Carlos Simmerling7, David J. Hardy3, Julio D. C. Maia3, James C. Phillips3, Thorsten Kurth8, Abraham Stern8, Lei Huang9, John McCalpin9, Mahidhar Tatineni10, Tom Gibbs8, John E. Stone3, Shantenu Jha5, Arvind Ramanathan2*, Rommie E. Amaro1*. 2020. AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics. In Supercomputing 20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/finalDOI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalpain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-Driven Multiscale Simulations Illuminate Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of prototype foamy virus (PFV) protease-reverse transcriptase fusion (PR-RT) reveals conformational plasticity: implications for function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most cases, proteolytic processing of the retroviral Pol portion of the Gag-Pol polyprotein precursor produces protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). However, foamy viruses (FVs), express Pol separately from Gag and, when Pol is processed, only the IN domain is released. Here, we report a 2.9 [A] resolution crystal structure of the mature PR-RT from prototype FV (PFV) that carries out both proteolytic processing and reverse transcription. PFV PR-RT is monomeric and the architecture of PFV PR is similar to one of the subunits of HIV-1 PR, which is a dimer. There is a C-terminal extension of PFV PR (101-145) that consists of two helices which are adjacent to the base of the RT palm subdomain, and anchors PR to RT. The polymerase domain of PFV RT consists of fingers, palm, thumb, and connection subdomains whose spatial arrangements are similar to the p51 subunit of HIV-1 RT. The RNase H and polymerase domains of PFV RT are connected by flexible linkers. Significant spatial and conformational (sub)domain rearrangements are therefore required for nucleic acid binding. The structure of PFV PR-RT provides insights into the conformational maturation of retroviral Pol polyproteins.

IMPORTANCERetroviruses such as HIV and other human and animal pathogens have evolved to maximize the protein-coding capacity of their genomes. Retroviruses synthesize large polyprotein precursors that are subsequently cleaved to produce mature functional enzymes and structural proteins from the same mRNA template. These polyproteins play an important role in the viral life cycle. We report the monomeric structure of the prototype foamy virus protease-reverse transcriptase fusion (PR-RT) which serves as both a protease and reverse transcriptase. The monomeric PR domain is folded in a similar way as a single subunit of dimeric HIV-1 PR. PR is anchored close to the fingers subdomain of the RT by a long C-terminal extension (CTE) that folds into two helices that pack against the palm subdomain of the RT. The RT is folded similarly to the p51 subunit of HIV-1 RT with the RNase H subdomain packed against the thumb and opposite the connection and palm subdomains. This structure offers insight into the structural arrangement of the domains and subdomains of immature retroviral polyproteins and provides support for the concept of developing drugs that target interfaces between immature enzymes that are present only in retroviral polyprotein precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. J. E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.395087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of prototype foamy virus (PFV) protease-reverse transcriptase fusion (PR-RT) reveals conformational plasticity: implications for function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunogenetic response to a malaria-like parasite in a wild primate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria is infamous for the massive toll it exacts on human life and health. In the face of this intense selection, many human populations have evolved mechanisms that confer some resistance to the disease, such as sickle-cell hemoglobin or the Duffy null blood group. Less understood are adaptations in other vertebrate hosts, many of which have a longer history of co-evolution with malaria parasites. By comparing malaria resistance adaptations across host species, we can gain fundamental insight into host-parasite co-evolution. In particular, understanding the mechanisms by which non-human primate immune systems combat malaria may be fruitful in uncovering transferable therapeutic targets for humans. However, most research on primate response to malaria has focused on a single or few loci, typically in experimentally-infected captive primates. Here, we report the first transcriptomic study of a wild primate response to a malaria-like parasite, investigating gene expression response of red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) to natural infection with the malaria-like parasite, Hepatocystis. We identified colobus genes with expression strongly correlated with parasitemia, including many implicated in human malaria and suggestive of common genetic architecture of disease response. For instance, the expression of ACKR1 (alias DARC) gene, previously linked to resistance in humans, was found to be positively correlated with parasitemia. Other similarities to human parasite response include induction of changes in immune cell type composition and, potentially, increased extramedullary hematopoiesis and altered biosynthesis of neutral lipids. Our results illustrate the utility of comparative immunogenetic investigation of malaria response in primates. Such inter-specific comparisons of transcriptional response to pathogens afford a unique opportunity to compare and contrast the adaptive genetic architecture of disease resistance, which may lead to the identification of novel intervention targets to improve human health.

Author SummaryThe co-evolutionary arms race between humans and malaria parasites has been ongoing for millennia. Fully understanding the evolved human response to malaria is impossible without comparative study of parasites in our non-human primate relatives. Though laboratory primates are fruitful models, the complexity of wild primates infected in a natural transmission system may be a more suitable comparison for contextualizing malaria infections in human patients. Here, we investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the immune response to Hepatocystis, a close relative of human-infective malaria, in a population of wild Ugandan red colobus monkeys. We find that the genes involved have considerable overlap with those active in human malaria patients. Like Plasmodium, Hepatocystis induces changes in blood cell type and may cause the host to produce blood components outside of the bone marrow or alter metabolism related to the production of lipids. Our work helps to identify the genetic mechanisms underlying the arms race between primates and malaria parasites, providing fundamental evolutionary insight. Such comparative work on the interaction between wild non-human primates and malaria parasites can identify ways in which primates have evolved resistance to malaria parasites, and further investigation of such implicated genes may lead to novel potential therapeutic and vaccine targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunogenetic response to a malaria-like parasite in a wild primate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.399659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
yama , a mutant allele of Mov10l1, disrupts retrotransposon silencing and piRNA biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.399659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play critical roles in protecting germline genome integrity and promoting normal spermiogenic differentiation. In mammals, there are two populations of piRNAs: pre-pachytene and pachytene piRNAs. Transposon-rich pre-pachytene piRNAs are expressed in fetal and perinatal germ cells and are required for retrotransposon silencing, whereas transposon-poor pachytene piRNAs are expressed in spermatocytes and round spermatids and regulate mRNA transcript levels. MOV10L1, a germ cell-specific RNA helicase, is essential for the production of both populations of piRNAs. Although the requirement of the RNA helicase domain located in the MOV10L1 C-terminal region for piRNA biogenesis is well known, its large N-terminal region remains mysterious. Here we report a novel Mov10l1 mutation in the Mov10l1 N-terminal region named yama. The yama mutation results in a single amino acid substitution V229E. The yama mutation causes meiotic arrest, de-repression of transposable elements, and male sterility because of defects in pre-pachytene piRNA biogenesis. Moreover, restricting the Mov10l1 mutation effects to later stages in germ cell development by combining with a postnatal conditional deletion of a complementing wild-type allele causes absence of pachytene piRNAs, accumulation of piRNA precursors, polar conglomeration of piRNA pathway proteins in spermatocytes, and spermiogenic arrest. Mechanistically, the V229E substitution in MOV10L1 reduces its interaction with PLD6, an endonuclease that generates the 5' ends of piRNA intermediates. Our results uncover an important role for the MOV10L1-PLD6 interaction in piRNA biogenesis throughout male germ cell development.

Author SummarySmall non-coding RNAs play critical roles in silencing of exogenous viruses, endogenous retroviruses, and transposable elements, and also play multifaceted roles in controlling gene expression. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are found in gonads in diverse species from flies to humans. An evolutionarily conserved function of piRNAs is to silence transposable elements through an adaptive mechanism and thus to protect the germline genome integrity. In mammals, piRNAs also provide a poorly understood function to regulate postmeiotic differentiation of spermatids. More than two dozen proteins are involved in the piRNA pathway. MOV10L1, a germ-cell-specific RNA helicase, binds to piRNA precursors to initiate piRNA biogenesis. Here we have identified a single amino acid substitution (V229E) in MOV10L1 in the yama mutant. When constitutively expressed as the only source of MOV10L1 throughout germ cell development, the yama mutation abolishes piRNA biogenesis, de-silences transposable elements, and causes meiotic arrest. When the mutant phenotype is instead revealed only later in germ cell development by conditionally inactivating a complementing wild-type copy of the gene, the point mutant abolishes formation of later classes of piRNAs and again disrupts germ cell development. Point mutations in MOV10L1 may thus contribute to male infertility in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.399659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[yama , a mutant allele of Mov10l1, disrupts retrotransposon silencing and piRNA biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A selective projection from the subthalamic nucleus to parvalbumin-expressing interneurons of the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are considered to be the primary input nuclei of the basal ganglia. Projection neurons of both striatum and STN can extensively interact with other basal ganglia nuclei, and there is growing anatomical evidence of direct axonal connections from the STN to striatum. There remains, however, a pressing need to elucidate the organization and impact of these subthalamostriatal projections in the context of the diverse cell types constituting the striatum. To address this, we carried out monosynaptic retrograde tracing from genetically-defined populations of dorsal striatal neurons in adult male and female mice, quantifying the connectivity from STN neurons to spiny projection neurons, GABAergic interneurons, and cholinergic interneurons. In parallel, we used a combination of ex vivo electrophysiology and optogenetics to characterize the responses of a complementary range of dorsal striatal neuron types to activation of STN axons. Our tracing studies showed that the connectivity from STN neurons to striatal parvalbumin-expressing interneurons is significantly higher (~ four-to eight-fold) than that from STN to any of the four other striatal cell types examined. In agreement, our recording experiments showed that parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, but not the other cell types tested, commonly exhibited robust monosynaptic excitatory responses to subthalamostriatal inputs. Taken together, our data collectively demonstrate that the subthalamostriatal projection is highly selective for target cell type. We conclude that glutamatergic STN neurons are positioned to directly and powerfully influence striatal activity dynamics by virtue of their enriched innervation of GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kondabolu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doig, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvigioni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meletis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.400242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A selective projection from the subthalamic nucleus to parvalbumin-expressing interneurons of the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.391268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroprotective mechanisms of red clover and soy isoflavones in Parkinson's disease models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.391268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by nigrostriatal degeneration and the spreading of aggregated forms of the presynaptic protein -synuclein (aSyn) throughout the brain. PD patients are currently only treated with symptomatic therapies, and strategies to slow or stop the progressive neurodegeneration underlying the diseases motor and cognitive symptoms are greatly needed. The time between the first neurobiochemical alterations and the initial presentation of symptoms is thought to span several years, and early neuroprotective dietary interventions could delay the disease onset or slow PD progression. In this study, we characterized the neuroprotective effects of isoflavones, a class of dietary polyphenols found in soy products and in the medicinal plant red clover (Trifolium pratense). We found that isoflavone-rich extracts and individual isoflavones rescued the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the shortening of neurites in primary mesencephalic cultures exposed to two PD-related insults, the environmental toxin rotenone and an adenovirus encoding the A53T aSyn mutant. The extracts and individual isoflavones also activated the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in astrocytes via a mechanism involving inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and they alleviated deficits in mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, an isoflavone-enriched soy extract reduced motor dysfunction exhibited by rats lesioned with the PD-related neurotoxin 6-OHDA. These findings suggest that plant-derived isoflavones could serve as dietary supplements to delay PD onset in at-risk individuals and mitigate neurodegeneration in the brains of patients.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=167 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/391268v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14446dcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1884a7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d1ebaborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c744b1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG The isoflavone-rich extracts red clover and soy and the individual isoflavones daidzein and equol protect neuronal cultures against environmental and genetic triggers of Parkinsons disease, and rescue motor deficits in rats exposed to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Rus Jacquet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tambe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lila, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochet, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.391268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroprotective mechanisms of red clover and soy isoflavones in Parkinson's disease models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of antiseptic mouth rinses on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is detectable in saliva from asymptomatic individuals, suggesting a potential benefit from the use of mouth rinses to suppress viral load and reduce virus spread. Published studies on reduction of SARS-CoV-2-induced cytotoxic effects by antiseptics do not exclude antiseptic-associated cytotoxicity. Here, we determined the effect of commercially available mouth rinses and antiseptic povidone-iodine on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus and of a non-pathogenic, recombinant, SARS-CoV-2 infection vector (pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus). We first determined the effect of mouth rinses on cell viability to ensure that antiviral activity was not a consequence of mouth rinse-induced cytotoxicity. Colgate Peroxyl (hydrogen peroxide) exhibited the most cytotoxicity, followed by povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and Listerine (essential oils and alcohol). Potent anti-viral activities of povidone iodine and Colgate peroxyl mouth rinses was the consequence of rinse-mediated cellular damage. The potency of CHG was greater when the product was not washed off after virus attachment, suggesting that the prolonged effect of mouth rinses on cells impacts anti-viral activity. To minimalize mouth rinse-associated cytotoxicity, mouth rinse was largely removed from treated-viruses by centrifugation prior to infection of cells. A 5% (v/v) dilution of Colgate Peroxyl or povidone-iodine completely blocked viral infectivity. A similar 5% (v/v) dilution of Listerine or CHG had a moderate suppressive effect on the virus, but a 50% (v/v) dilution of Listerine or CHG blocked viral infectivity completely. Prolonged incubation of virus with mouth rinses was not required for viral inactivation. Our results indicate that mouth rinses can significantly reduce virus infectivity, suggesting a potential benefit for reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.

ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 is detectable in saliva from asymptomatic individuals, suggesting the potential necessity for the use of mouth rinses to suppress viral load to reduce virus spread. Published studies on anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of antiseptics determined by virus-induced cytotoxic effects cannot exclude antiseptic-associated cytotoxicity. We found that all mouth rinses tested inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Listerine and CHG were less cytotoxic than Colgate Peroxyl or povidone-iodine and were active against the virus. When mouth rinses were present in the cell culture during the infection, the potent anti-viral effect of mouth rinses were in part due to the mouth rinse-associated cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that assessing anti-viral candidates including mouth rinses with minimal potential disruption of cells may help identify active agents that can reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cugini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of antiseptic mouth rinses on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome in three dimensions (3D) during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional structures of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviral proteins archived in the Protein Data Bank were used to analyze viral proteome evolution during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses of spatial locations, chemical properties, and structural and energetic impacts of the observed amino acid changes in >48,000 viral proteome sequences showed how each one of the 29 viral study proteins have undergone amino acid changes. Structural models computed for every unique sequence variant revealed that most substitutions map to protein surfaces and boundary layers with a minority affecting hydrophobic cores. Conservative changes were observed more frequently in cores versus boundary layers/surfaces. Active sites and protein-protein interfaces showed modest numbers of substitutions. Energetics calculations showed that the impact of substitutions on the thermodynamic stability of the proteome follows a universal bi-Gaussian distribution. Detailed results are presented for six drug discovery targets and four structural proteins comprising the virion, highlighting substitutions with the potential to impact protein structure, enzyme activity, and functional interfaces. Characterizing the evolution of the virus in three dimensions provides testable insights into viral protein function and should aid in structure-based drug discovery efforts as well as the prospective identification of amino acid substitutions with potential for drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zardecki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodsell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro Alvarado, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalfano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staggers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trudeau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvvuru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyszel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labrie-Cleary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laporte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenkeit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orellana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Alvarez de la Campa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam, A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome in three dimensions (3D) during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.407999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying bacterial evolution in the wild: a birthday problem for Campylobacter lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.407999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring molecular evolution in bacteria typically requires estimation of the rate at which nucleotide changes accumulate in strains sampled at different times that share a common ancestor. This approach has been useful for dating ecological and evolutionary events that coincide with the emergence of important lineages, such as outbreak strains and obligate human pathogens. However, in multi-host (niche) transmission scenarios, where the pathogen is essentially an opportunistic environmental organism, sampling is often sporadic and rarely reflects the overall population, particularly when concentrated on clinical isolates. This means that approaches that assume recent common ancestry are not applicable. Here we present a new approach to estimate the molecular clock rate in Campylobacter that draws on the popular probability conundrum known as the  birthday problem. Using large genomic datasets and comparative genomic approaches, we use isolate pairs that share recent common ancestry to estimate the rate of nucleotide change for the population. Identifying synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide changes, both within and outside of recombined regions of the genome, we quantify clock-like diversification to estimate synonymous rates of nucleotide change for the common pathogenic bacteria Campylobacter coli (2.4 x 10-6 s/s/y) and Campylobacter jejuni (3.4 x 10-6 s/s/y). Finally, using estimated total rates of nucleotide change, we infer the number of effective lineages within the sample time-frame - analogous to a shared birthdays - and assess the rate of turnover of lineages in our sample set over short evolutionary timescales. This provides a generalizable approach to calibrating rates in populations of environmental bacteria and shows that multiple lineages are maintained, implying that large-scale clonal sweeps may take hundreds of years or more in these species.

Author SummaryGrowth and reproduction in living organisms require DNA replication but this process is error prone. Along with variation introduced by horizontal gene transfer, it can lead to alterations in the nucleotide sequence. These nucleotide changes accumulate over time in successive generations at an approximately constant rate termed the molecular clock. Therefore, if this rate is known, one can estimate the date when two or more lineages diverged. In bacteria, this can be informative for understanding the time-scale of emergence and spread of pathogenic strains. Such analyses are robust when the ancestral population is known, such as for obligate pathogens that only infect humans. However, when the bacterium inhabits multiple hosts or niches it is difficult to infer direct ancestry from one strain to another, reducing the accuracy of molecular clock estimates. Here we focus on one such multi-host organism, Campylobacter, a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. Reconstructing the population history by estimating empirical nucleotide change rates from carefully selected isolate pairs, and evaluating the maintenance of multiple lineages over time, we provide information about strain diversification. Our method is a new addition to the bacterial genomics toolkit that will help in understanding the spread of opportunistic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calland, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayliss, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourkas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthenet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchings, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.407999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying bacterial evolution in the wild: a birthday problem for Campylobacter lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unusual predominance of maintenance DNA methylation in Spirodela polyrhiza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-methylcytosine (5mC) is a modified base often described as necessary for the proper regulation of genes and transposons and for the maintenance of genome integrity in plants. However, the extent of this dogma is limited by the current phylogenetic sampling of land plant species diversity. Here, we report that a monocot plant, Spirodela polyrhiza, has lost CG gene body methylation, genome-wide CHH methylation, and the presence or expression of several genes in the highly conserved RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. It has also lost the CHH methyltransferase CHROMOMETHYLASE 2. Consequently, the transcriptome is depleted of 24-nucleotide, heterochromatic, small interfering RNAs that act as guides for the deposition of 5mC to RdDM-targeted loci in all other currently sampled angiosperm genomes. Although the genome displays low levels of genome-wide 5mC primarily at LTR retrotransposons, CG maintenance methylation is still functional. In contrast, CHG methylation is weakly maintained even though H3K9me2 is present at loci dispersed throughout the euchromatin and highly enriched at regions likely demarcating pericentromeric regions. Collectively, these results illustrate that S. polyrhiza is maintaining CG and CHG methylation mostly at repeats in the absence of small RNAs. S. polyrhiza reproduces rapidly through clonal propagation in aquatic environments, which we hypothesize may enable low levels of maintenance methylation to persist in large populations.

Significance StatementDNA methylation is a widespread chromatin modification that is regularly found in all plant species. By examining one aquatic duckweed species, Spirodela polyrhiza, we find that it has lost highly conserved genes involved in methylation of DNA at sites often associated with repetitive DNA, and within genes, however DNA methylation and heterochromatin is maintained during cell division at other sites. Consequently, small RNAs that normally guide methylation to silence repetitive DNA like retrotransposons are diminished. Despite the loss of a highly conserved methylation pathway, and the reduction of small RNAs that normally target repetitive DNA, transposons have not proliferated in the genome, perhaps due in part to the rapid, clonal growth lifestyle of duckweeds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harkess, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourounjian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unusual predominance of maintenance DNA methylation in Spirodela polyrhiza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circular RNA profiling reveals abundant and diverse circRNAs of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) encoded by DNA genomes have been identified across host and pathogen species as parts of the transcriptome. Accumulating evidences indicate that circRNAs play critical roles in autoimmune diseases and viral pathogenesis. Here we report that RNA viruses of the Betacoronavirus genus of Coronaviridae, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, encode a novel type of circRNAs. Through de novo circRNA analyses of publicly available coronavirus-infection related deep RNA-Sequencing data, we identified 351, 224 and 2,764 circRNAs derived from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively, and characterized two major back-splice events shared by these viruses. Coronavirus-derived circRNAs are more abundant and longer compared to host genome-derived circRNAs. Using a systematic strategy to amplify and identify back-splice junction sequences, we experimentally identified over 100 viral circRNAs from SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells. This collection of circRNAs provided the first line of evidence for the abundance and diversity of coronavirus-derived circRNAs and suggested possible mechanisms driving circRNA biogenesis from RNA genomes. Our findings highlight circRNAs as an important component of the coronavirus transcriptome.

SummaryWe report for the first time that abundant and diverse circRNAs are generated by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and represent a novel type of circRNAs that differ from circRNAs encoded by DNA genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Cosme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circular RNA profiling reveals abundant and diverse circRNAs of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Modeling of Zero-inflated Longitudinal Proportions and Time-to-event Data with Application to a Gut Microbiome Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have suggested that the temporal dynamics of the human microbiome may have associations with human health and disease. An increasing number of longitudinal microbiome studies, which record time to disease onset, aim to identify candidate microbes as biomarkers for prognosis. Owing to the ultra-skewness and sparsity of microbiome proportion (relative abundance) data, directly applying traditional statistical methods may result in substantial power loss or spurious inferences. We propose a novel joint modeling framework [JointMM], which is comprised of two sub-models: a longitudinal sub-model called zero-inflated scaled-Beta generalized linear mixed-effects regression to depict the temporal structure of microbial proportions among subjects; and a survival sub-model to characterize the occurrence of an event and its relationship with the longitudinal microbiome proportions. JointMM is specifically designed to handle the zero-inflated and highly skewed longitudinal microbial proportion data and examine whether the temporal pattern of microbial presence and/or the non-zero microbial proportions are associated with differences in the time to an event. The longitudinal sub-model of JointMM also provides the capacity to investigate how the (time-varying) covariates are related to the temporal microbial presence/absence patterns and/or the changing trend in non-zero proportions. Comprehensive simulations and real data analyses are used to assess the statistical efficiency and interpretability of JointMM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Modeling of Zero-inflated Longitudinal Proportions and Time-to-event Data with Application to a Gut Microbiome Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Task fMRI Preprocessing via Individualized Model-Based Filtering of Intrinsic Activity Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain responses recorded during fMRI are thought to reflect both rapid, stimulus-evoked activity and the propagation of spontaneous activity through brain networks. In the current work we describe a method to improve the estimation of task-evoked brain activity by first "filtering-out" the intrinsic propagation of pre-event activity from the BOLD signal. We do so using Mesoscale Individualized NeuroDynamic (MINDy; [1]) models built from individualized resting-state data (MINDy-based Filtering). After filtering, time-series are analyzed using conventional techniques. Results demonstrate that this simple operation significantly improves the statistical power and temporal precision of estimated group-level effects. Moreover, use of MINDy-based filtering increased the similarity of neural activation profiles and prediction of individual differences in behavior across tasks measuring the same construct (cognitive control).Thus, by subtracting the propagation of previous activity, we obtain better estimates of task-related neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braver, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Task fMRI Preprocessing via Individualized Model-Based Filtering of Intrinsic Activity Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A diencephalic circuit for opioid analgesia but not positive reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are potent analgesics, but also cause sedation, respiratory depression, and addiction risk. The epithalamic lateral habenula (LHb) signals aversive states including pain and we found it is a potent site for MOR-agonist analgesia. Importantly, LHb MOR activation is not reinforcing in the absence of noxious input. The LHb receives excitatory inputs from multiple sites including the ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamus, entopeduncular nucleus, and the lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus (LPO). Here we report that LHb-projecting glutamatergic LPO neurons are excited by noxious stimulation and are preferentially inhibited by MOR selective agonists. Critically, optogenetic stimulation of LHb-projecting LPO neurons produces an aversive state that is relieved by LHb MOR activation, and optogenetic inhibition of LHb-projecting LPO neurons relieves the aversiveness of ongoing pain. Therefore, targeting this MOR sensitive forebrain circuit can relieve pain yet lower the risk of misuse by pain free individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maanum, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansourian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A diencephalic circuit for opioid analgesia but not positive reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity flow underlying abnormalities in brain activations and cognition in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of many brain disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), and has been linked to both aberrant brain functional connectivity (FC) and aberrant cognitive brain activations. We propose that aberrant network activity flow over FC pathways leads to altered cognitive activations that produce cognitive dysfunction in SZ. We tested this hypothesis using activity flow mapping - an approach that models the movement of task-related activity between brain regions as a function of FC. Using fMRI data from SZ individuals and healthy controls during a working memory task, we found that activity flow models accurately predict aberrant cognitive activations across multiple brain networks. Within the same framework, we simulated a connectivity-based clinical intervention, predicting specific treatments that normalized brain activations and behavior in independent patients. Our results suggest that dysfunctional task-evoked activity flow is a large-scale network mechanism contributing to the emergence of cognitive dysfunction in SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hearne, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity flow underlying abnormalities in brain activations and cognition in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved microbial community characterization of 16S rRNA via metagenome hybridization capture enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental microbial diversity is often investigated from a molecular perspective using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons and shotgun metagenomics. While amplicon methods are fast, low-cost, and have curated reference databases, they can suffer from amplification bias and are limited in genomic scope. In contrast, shotgun metagenomic methods sample more genomic regions with fewer sequence acquisition biases. However, shotgun metagenomic sequencing is much more expensive (even with moderate sequencing depth) and computationally challenging. Here, we develop a set of 16S rRNA sequence capture baits that offer a potential middle ground with the advantages from both approaches for investigating microbial communities. These baits cover the diversity of all 16S rRNA sequences available in the Greengenes (v. 13.5) database, with no sequence having < 80% sequence similarity to at least one bait for all segments of 16S. The use of our baits provide comparable results to 16S amplicon libraries and shotgun metagenomic libraries when assigning taxonomic units from 16S sequences within the metagenomic reads. We demonstrate that 16S rRNA capture baits can be used on a range of microbial samples (i.e., mock communities and rodent fecal samples) to increase the proportion of 16S rRNA sequences (average >400-fold) and decrease analysis time to obtain consistent community assessments. Furthermore, our study reveals that bioinformatic methods used to analyze sequencing data may have a greater influence on estimates of community composition than library preparation method used, likely in part to the extent and curation of the reference databases considered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaudry, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayona-Vasquez, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunelle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved microbial community characterization of 16S rRNA via metagenome hybridization capture enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of land use, habitat suitability, and hurricanes on the population connectivity of an endemic insular bat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habitat loss and fragmentation are a leading cause of vertebrate population declines and extinction. Urbanization and natural disasters disrupt landscape connectivity, effectively isolating populations and increasing the risk of local extirpation particularly in island systems. Puerto Rico, one of the most isolated islands in the Caribbean, is home to 13 bat species that have been differentially affected by disturbance during the Anthropocene. We used circuit theory to model the landscape connectivity within Puerto Rico with the goal of understanding how fragmentation affects corridors among forested areas. Models combined species occurrences, land use, habitat suitability, and vegetation cover data to examine connectivity in the endemic bat Stenoderma rufum, and also at the bat community level across the island. Urbanization in Puerto Rico affected bat connectivity overall from east to west and underscored protected and rustic areas for the maintenance of forest corridors. Suitable habitat provided a reliable measure of connectivity among potential movement corridors that connected more isolated areas. We found that intense hurricanes can disrupt forest integrity and affect connectivity of suitable habitat. Some of the largest protected areas in the east of Puerto Rico are at an increasing risk of becoming disconnected from more continuous forest patches. The disruption of corridors that maintain connectivity on the island could explain previous findings of the slow post-hurricane population recovery of S. rufum. Given the increasing rate of urbanization, this pattern could also apply to other vertebrates not analyzed in this study. Our findings show the importance of maintaining forest integrity, emphasizing the considerable conservation value of rustic areas for the preservation of local biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calderon-Acevedo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Duran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Centeno, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of land use, habitat suitability, and hurricanes on the population connectivity of an endemic insular bat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying shifts in natural selection on codon usagebetween protein regions: A population genetics approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCodon usage bias (CUB), the non-uniform usage of synonymous codons, occurs across all domains of life. Adaptive CUB is hypothesized to result from selection for efficient ribosome elongation, accurate translation, mRNA secondary structure, and/or protein folding. Given the critical link between protein folding and protein function, numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between codon usage and protein structure. The results from these studies have often been contradictory, likely reflecting the differing methods used for measuring codon usage and the failure to appropriately control for confounding factors, such as differences in amino acid usage between protein structures and changes in the frequency of different structures with gene expression.

ResultsHere we take an explicit population genetics approach to quantify codon-specific shifts in natural selection related to protein structure. As a result, our approach avoids the problem of needing to choose a specific metric of codon usage, naturally takes amino acid usage of a region into account, and explicitly takes variation in gene expression into account. Our results reveal a weak relationship between codon usage and protein structure, indicating that differences in selection between structures are subtle and/or intermittent. While the magnitude of differences in selection are slight, our results indicate the relationship between codon usage and protein structure is more complex than previously believed.

ConclusionsWhile our results clearly indicate that selection on codon usage shifts between secondary structure, the overall impact of these shifts on codon usage are small. Nevertheless, our work demonstrates the statistical power and benefits of studying selective shifts on codon usage or other genomic features from an explicitly evolutionary approach. Limitations of this approach are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying shifts in natural selection on codon usagebetween protein regions: A population genetics approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shedding Light on Microbial Dark Matter with A Universal Language of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of microbial genomes have yet to be cultured, and most proteins predicted from microbial genomes or sequenced from the environment cannot be functionally annotated. As a result, current computational approaches to describe microbial systems rely on incomplete reference databases that cannot adequately capture the full functional diversity of the microbial tree of life, limiting our ability to model high-level features of biological sequences. The scientific community needs a means to capture the functionally and evolutionarily relevant features underlying biology, independent of our incomplete reference databases. Such a model can form the basis for transfer learning tasks, enabling downstream applications in environmental microbiology, medicine, and bioengineering. Here we present LookingGlass, a deep learning model capturing a "universal language of life". LookingGlass encodes contextually-aware, functionally and evolutionarily relevant representations of short DNA reads, distinguishing reads of disparate function, homology, and environmental origin. We demonstrate the ability of LookingGlass to be fine-tuned to perform a range of diverse tasks: to identify novel oxidoreductases, to predict enzyme optimal temperature, and to recognize the reading frames of DNA sequence fragments. LookingGlass is the first contextually-aware, general purpose pre-trained "biological language" representation model for short-read DNA sequences. LookingGlass enables functionally relevant representations of otherwise unknown and unannotated sequences, shedding light on the microbial dark matter that dominates life on Earth.

AvailabilityThe pretrained LookingGlass model and the transfer learning-derived models demonstrated in this paper are available in the LookingGlass release v1.01. The open source fastBio Github repository and python package provides classes and functions for training and fine tuning deep learning models with biological data2. Code for reproducing analyses presented in this paper are available as an open source Github repository3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoarfrost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aptekmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farfanuk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shedding Light on Microbial Dark Matter with A Universal Language of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing neural network models from brain data reveals representational transformations underlying adaptive behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human ability to adaptively implement a wide variety of tasks is thought to emerge from the dynamic transformation of cognitive information. We hypothesized that these transformations are implemented via conjunctive activations in conjunction hubs - brain regions that selectively integrate sensory, cognitive, and motor activations. We used recent advances in using functional connectivity to map the flow of activity between brain regions to construct a task-performing neural network model from fMRI data during a cognitive control task. We verified the importance of conjunction hubs in cognitive computations by simulating neural activity flow over this empirically-estimated functional connectivity model. These empirically-specified simulations produced above-chance task performance (motor responses) by integrating sensory and task rule activations in conjunction hubs. These findings reveal the role of conjunction hubs in supporting flexible cognitive computations, while demonstrating the feasibility of using empirically-estimated neural network models to gain insight into cognitive computations in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing neural network models from brain data reveals representational transformations underlying adaptive behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative model predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional modification that controls gene expression by recruiting proteins to RNA sites. The modification also slows biochemical processes through mechanisms that are not understood. Using NMR relaxation dispersion, we show that m6A pairs with uridine with the methylamino group in the anti conformation to form a Watson-Crick base pair that transiently exchanges on the millisecond timescale with a singly hydrogen-bonded low-populated (1%) mismatch-like conformation in which the methylamino group is syn. This ability to rapidly interchange between Watson-Crick or mismatch-like forms, combined with different syn:anti isomer preferences when paired (~1:100) versus unpaired (~10:1), explains how m6A robustly slows duplex annealing without affecting melting via two pathways in which isomerization occurs before or after duplex annealing. Our model quantitatively predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions, and provides an explanation for why the modification robustly slows diverse cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaumer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erharter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.25.424401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative model predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ComEB protein is dispensable for transformation but must be translated for optimal synthesis of ComEC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show that the ComEB protein is not required for transformation in Bacillus subtilis, despite its expression from within the comE operon under competence control. We show further that the synthesis of the putative channel protein ComEC is translationally coupled to the upstream comEB open reading frame, so that translation of comEB and a suboptimal ribosomal binding site embedded in its sequence are needed for proper comEC expression. Translational coupling appears to be a common mechanism in three major competence operons for the adjustment of protein amounts independent of transcriptional control, probably ensuring the correct stoichiometries for assembly of the transformation machinery. comEB and comFC respectively encode cytidine deaminase and a protein resembling type 1 phosphoribosyl transferases and we speculate that nucleotide scavenging proteins are produced under competence control for efficient reutilization of the products of degradation of the non-transforming strand during DNA uptake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Santis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ComEB protein is dispensable for transformation but must be translated for optimal synthesis of ComEC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gastrin-releasing peptide regulates stress-enhanced fear and dopamine signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fear extinction is an adaptive behavioral process critical for organisms survival, but deficiency in extinction may lead to PTSD. While the amygdala and its neural circuits are critical for fear extinction, the molecular identity and organizational logic of cell types that lie at the core of these circuits remain unclear. Here we report that mice deficient for amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene (Grp-/-) exhibit enhanced neuronal activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and stronger fear conditioning, as well as deficient extinction in stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). rAAV2-retro-based tracing combined with visualization of the GFP knocked in the Grp gene showed that BLA receives GRPergic or conditioned stimulus projections from the indirect auditory thalamus-to-auditory cortex pathway, ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Transcription of dopamine-related genes was decreased in BLA of Grp-/- mice following SEFL extinction recall, suggesting that the GRP may mediate fear extinction regulation by dopamine.

Impact statementMice deficient for the amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene are susceptible to stress-enhanced fear, a behavioral protocol with relevance to PTSD, and show a decrease in dopamine-related gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morishita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zushida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hevi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillivan, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumyatsky, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gastrin-releasing peptide regulates stress-enhanced fear and dopamine signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EdU incorporation to assess cell proliferation and drug susceptibility for the brain-eating amoeba, Naegleria fowleri 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic free-living amoeba that is commonly found in warm, freshwater and can cause a rapidly fulminant disease known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). New drugs are urgently needed to treat PAM, as the fatality rate is >97%. Until recently, few advances have been made in the discovery of new drugs for N. fowleri and one drawback is the lack of validated tools and methods to enhance drug discovery and diagnostics research. In this study we aimed to validate alternative methods to assess cell proliferation that are commonly used for other cell types and develop a novel drug screening assay to evaluate drug efficacy on N. fowleri replication. EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) is a pyrimidine analog of thymidine that can be used as a quantitative endpoint for cell proliferation. EdU incorporation is detected via a copper catalyzed click reaction with an Alexa Fluor linked azide. EdU incorporation in replicating N. fowleri was validated using fluorescence microscopy and quantitative methods for assessing EdU incorporation were developed by using an imaging flow cytometer. Currently used PAM therapeutics inhibited N. fowleri replication and EdU incorporation in vitro. EdA (5'ethynyl-2'-deoxyadenosine), an adenine analog, also was incorporated by N. fowleri, but was more cytotoxic than EdU. In summary, EdU incorporation could be used as a complimentary method for drug discovery for these neglected pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troth, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EdU incorporation to assess cell proliferation and drug susceptibility for the brain-eating amoeba, Naegleria fowleri]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora kinase A is essential for meiosis in mouse oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Aurora protein kinases are well-established regulators of spindle building and chromosome segregation in mitotic and meiotic cells. In mouse oocytes, there is significant Aurora kinase A (AURKA) compensatory abilities when the other Aurora kinase homologs are deleted. Whether the other homologs, AURKB or AURKC can compensate for loss of AURKA is not known. Using a conditional mouse oocyte knockout model, we demonstrate that this compensation is not reciprocal because female oocyte-specific knockout mice are sterile and their oocytes fail to complete meiosis I. In determining the AURKA-specific functions, we demonstrate that its first meiotic requirement is to activate Polo-like kinase 1 at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs; meiotic spindle poles). This activation induces fragmentation of the MTOCs, a step essential for building a bipolar spindle. The next step that requires AURKA is building the liquid-like spindle domain that involves TACC3. Finally, we find that AURKA is also required for anaphase I onset to trigger cohesin cleavage in an APC/C independent manner. We conclude that AURKA has multiple functions essential to completing MI that are distinct from AURKB and AURKC.

Author SummaryFemale gametes, oocytes, are uniquely prone to chromosome segregation errors in meiosis I that are associated with early miscarriages. The Aurora protein kinases are essential to control chromosome segregation in all cell types. During mitosis, Aurora kinase A (AURKA) regulates the building of the spindle, the machinery responsible for pulling chromosomes apart. Here, we use a genetic approach to demonstrate that AURKA is essential for meiosis I in mouse oocytes. AURKA is required at multiple steps in meiosis I, first to trigger fragmentation of protein structures that make up the two ends of the meiotic spindle, later to regulate building of a specialized phase-separated spindle domain, and finally to trigger efficient cleavage of cohesin, the molecular glue that holds chromosomes together until anaphase onset. These findings are the first demonstration of distinct Aurora kinase function that cannot be compensated for by the other two homologs. Therefore, this mouse model is excellent tool for pinpointing specific Aurora kinase functions and identifying AURKA target proteins critical for chromosome segregation in meiosis I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahimian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaskovicova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drutovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solc, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora kinase A is essential for meiosis in mouse oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Dynamics Analysis of a Flexible Loop at the Binding Interface of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, considerable effort has been spent characterizing the interaction between the Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This has provided a detailed picture of the end point structure of the RBD-ACE2 binding event, but what remains to be elucidated is the conformation and dynamics of the RBD prior to its interaction with ACE2. In this work we utilize molecular dynamics simulations to probe the flexibility and conformational ensemble of the unbound state of the receptor-binding domain from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We have found that the unbound RBD has a localized region of dynamic flexibility in Loop 3 and that mutations identified during the COVID-19 pandemic in Loop 3 do not affect this flexibility. We use a loop-modeling protocol to generate and simulate novel conformations of the CoV2-RBD Loop 3 region that sample conformational space beyond the ACE2 bound crystal structure. This has allowed for the identification of interesting substates of the unbound RBD that are lower energy than the ACE2-bound conformation, and that block key residues along the ACE2 binding interface. These novel unbound substates may represent new targets for therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoop, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Dynamics Analysis of a Flexible Loop at the Binding Interface of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal level autophagosome formation in astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy (hereafter, autophagy) dysregulation is implicated in multiple neurological disorders. While the autophagy pathways are heavily investigated in heterologous cells and neurons, how autophagy is regulated in the astrocyte, the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, is less understood. Here we report that Synaptojanin1 (Synj1), a neuron enriched lipid phosphatase, is expressed in low levels in astrocytes and represses autophagy at the basal level. Synj1 is encoded by the Synj1 gene, whose missense mutations are linked to Parkinsonism with seizure. While the best-known role of Synj1 is to facilitate synaptic vesicle recycling, recent studies suggest that Synj1 also regulates autophagy. Our previous study using the Synj1 haploinsufficient (Synj1+/-) mouse demonstrated that Synj1 deficiency was associated with an age-dependent autophagy impairment in multiple brain regions. We now use cultured astrocytes from Synj1 deficient mice to investigate its role in astrocyte autophagy. We demonstrate that Synj1 deficient astrocytes exhibit increased LC3 puncta, which is more pronounced when lysosomal acidification is blocked. The increased autophagosome formation is accompanied by reduced autophagy substrate, p62, but an insensitivity to starvation induced autophagy clearance. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that the Parkinsonism associated R839C mutation impacts astrocyte autophagy. The profound impact of this mutation on Synj1s phosphatase functions results in elevated basal level autophagosome formation and clearance that mimics Synj1 deletion. We find that energy sensing molecules, including mTOR and AMPK, are altered in Synj1 deficient astrocytes, which may contribute to the enhanced basal level autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyfus, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal level autophagosome formation in astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protoporphyrin-IX nanostructures modulate their protein aggregation ability via differential oxidation and protein binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Porphyrias are caused by genetic defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway and are associated with accumulation of high levels of porphyrins that become cytotoxic. Porphyrins, due to their amphipathic nature, spontaneously associate into different nanostructures but very little is known about the effect of porphyrin speciation on the cytotoxic effects of porphyrins. Previously we demonstrated the unique ability of fluorescent biological porphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX), to cause organelle selective protein aggregation, which we posit to be a major mechanism by which porphyrins exerts their cytotoxic effect. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that PP-IX-mediated protein aggregation is modulated by different PP-IX nanostructures via a mechanism that depends on their oxidizing potential and protein binding ability. We demonstrate that PP-IX nanostructure formation is reversible in nature, and that nanostructure size modulates consequent protein oxidation and aggregation potential. We also show that albumin, the most abundant serum protein, preferentially binds PP-IX dimers and enhances their oxidizing ability. Additionally, extracellular albumin protects from intracellular porphyrinogenic stress and protein aggregation by acting as a PP-IX sponge. This work highlights the importance of PP-IX speciation in the context of the porphyrias, and offers insights into potential novel therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soherwardy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protoporphyrin-IX nanostructures modulate their protein aggregation ability via differential oxidation and protein binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of transcriptional and translational changes over 22 years of bacterial adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.12.426406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms can adapt to an environment by taking multiple mutational paths. This redundancy at the genetic level, where many mutations have similar phenotypic and fitness effects, can make untangling the molecular mechanisms of complex adaptations difficult. Here we use the E. coli long-term evolution experiment (LTEE) as a model to address this challenge. To bridge the gap between disparate genomic changes and parallel fitness gains, we characterize the landscape of transcriptional and translational changes across 11 replicate populations evolving in parallel for 50,000 generations. By quantifying absolute changes in mRNA abundances, we show that not only do all evolved lines have more mRNAs but that this increase in mRNA abundance scales with cell size. We also find that despite few shared mutations at the genetic level, clones from replicate populations in the LTEE are remarkably similar to each other in their gene expression patterns at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Furthermore, we show that the bulk of the expression changes are due to changes at the transcriptional level with very few translational changes. Finally, we show how mutations in transcriptional regulators lead to consistent and parallel changes in the expression levels of downstream genes, thereby linking genomic changes to parallel fitness gains in the LTEE. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex adaptations and provide insights into the repeatability of evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favate, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.12.426406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of transcriptional and translational changes over 22 years of bacterial adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.425226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-atomic resolution Cryo-EM structure of Mayaro virus identifies key structural determinants of alphavirus particle formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.425226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arthritis-inducing alphavirus circulating in the Americas, with potential to rapidly emerge in new geographical regions and populated environments. Intraparticle heterogeneity has typically limited atomic resolution structures of alphavirus virions, while imposing icosahedral symmetry in data processing prevents characterization of non-icosahedral features. Here, we report a near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structure of the MAYV E1-E2-E3-CP subunit by addressing deviations from icosahedral symmetry within each virus particle. We identified amino acid contacts at E1 protein interfaces forming the icosahedral lattice and investigated their effect on MAYV growth through site-directed mutagenesis. Further, mutation of a short stretch of conserved residues in E2 subdomain D, near an unidentified "pocket factor" including E2Y358, significantly reduced MAYV growth and provides strong evidence that this unknown factor influences assembly. Further, a symmetry-free reconstruction revealed the MAYV virion is not strictly icosahedral, suggesting defects in global symmetry may be a feature of the virus particle budding process. Our study provides insights into alphavirus assembly and suggests a common path in the formation of spherical, enveloped viruses, leading to particle imperfections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chmielewski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguste, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.425226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-atomic resolution Cryo-EM structure of Mayaro virus identifies key structural determinants of alphavirus particle formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency preference response in covalent modification cycles under substrate sequestration conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covalent modification cycles (CMCs) are basic units of signaling systems and their properties are well understood. However, the behavior of such systems has been mostly characterized in situations where the substrate is in excess over the modifying enzymes. Experimental data on protein abundance suggest that the enzymes and their target proteins are present in comparable concentrations, leading to a different scenario in which the substrate is mostly sequestered by the enzymes. In this enzyme-in-excess regime, CMCs have been shown to exhibit signal termination, the ability of the product to return to a stationary value lower than the its peak in response to constant stimulation, while this stimulation is still active, with possible implications for the ability of systems to adapt to environmental inputs. We characterize the conditions leading to signal termination in CMCs in the enzyme-in-excess regime. We also demonstrate that this behavior leads to a preferred frequency response (band-pass filters) when the cycle is subjected to periodic stimulation, while the literature reports that CMCs investigated so far behave as low pass filters. We characterize the relationship between signal termination and the preferred frequency response to periodic inputs and we explore the dynamic mechanism underlying these phenomena. Finally, we describe how the behavior of CMCs is reflected in similar types of responses in the cascades of which they are part. Evidence of protein abundance in vivo shows that enzymes and substrates are present in comparable concentrations, thus suggesting that signal termination and frequency preference response to periodic inputs are also important dynamic features of cell signaling systems, which have been overlooked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reves Szemere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency preference response in covalent modification cycles under substrate sequestration conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAR-NK Cells Effectively Target the D614 and G614 SARS-CoV-2-infected Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious presenting a significant public health issue. Current therapies used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include monoclonal antibody cocktail, convalescent plasma, antivirals, immunomodulators, and anticoagulants, though the current therapeutic options remain limited and expensive. The vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna have recently been authorized for emergency use, which are invaluable for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their long-term side effects are not yet to be documented, and populations with immunocompromised conditions (e.g., organ-transplantation and immunodeficient patients) may not be able to mount an effective immune response. In addition, there are concerns that wide-scale immunity to SARS-CoV-2 may introduce immune pressure that could select for escape mutants to the existing vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. Emerging evidence has shown that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- natural killer (NK) immunotherapy has potent antitumor response in hematologic cancers with minimal adverse effects in recent studies, however, the potentials of CAR-NK cells in preventing and treating severe cases of COVID-19 has not yet been fully exploited. Here, we improve upon a novel approach for the generation of CAR-NK cells for targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its D614G mutant. CAR-NK cells were generated using the scFv domain of S309 (henceforward, S309-CAR-NK), a SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody that targets the highly conserved region of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein, therefore would be more likely to recognize different variants of SARS-CoV-2 isolates. S309-CAR-NK cells can specifically bind to pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus and its D614G mutant. Furthermore, S309-CAR-NK cells can specifically kill target cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 S protein in vitro and show superior killing activity and cytokine production, compared to that of the recently published CR3022-CAR-NK cells. Thus, these results pave the way for generating  off-the-shelf S309-CAR-NK cells for treatment in high-risk individuals as well as provide an alternative strategy for patients unresponsive to current vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badeti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gause, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAR-NK Cells Effectively Target the D614 and G614 SARS-CoV-2-infected Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free energy and kinetics of cAMP permeation through connexin26 hemichannel with and without voltage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The connexin family is a diverse group of highly regulated non-{beta}-barrel wide-pore channels permeable to biological signaling molecules. Despite their critical roles in mediating selective molecular signaling in health and disease, the molecular basis of permeation through these pores remains unclear. Here, we report the thermodynamics and kinetics of binding and transport of a second messenger, adenosine-3,5-cyclophosphate (cAMP), through a connexin26 hemichannel. Inward and outward fluxes of cAMP were first obtained from 4 s simulations with voltages and multiple cAMPs in solution. The results are compared with the intrinsic potential of mean force (PMF) and the mean first passage times (MFPTs) of a single cAMP in the absence of voltage, obtained from a total of 16.5 s of multi-replica Voronoi-tessellated Markovian milestoning simulations. The computed transit times through the pore correspond well to existing experimental data. Both voltage simulations and milestoning simulations revealed two cAMP binding sites with binding constants and dissociation rates computed from PMF and MFPTs. The protein dipole inside the pore produces an asymmetric PMF, reflected in unequal cAMP MFPTs in each direction once within the pore. The free energy profiles under voltages derived from intrinsic PMF provided a unified understanding of directional transition rates with/without voltage, and revealed the unique role of channel polarity and the mobile electrolyte within a wide pore on the total free energy. In addition, we show how these factors influence the cAMP dipole vector during permeation, and how cAMP affects the local and non-local pore diameter in a position-dependent manner.

Significance StatementConnexins are wide-pore channels permeable to cellular signaling molecules. They mediate molecular signaling crucial in physiology, pathology, and development; mutations in connexins cause human pathologies. However, the fundamental structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic determinants of molecular permeability properties are unknown. Using multiple molecular dynamics simulation techniques, we report, for the first time, an in-depth investigation of the free energy and the directional transition rates of an important biological signaling molecule, cAMP, through a connexin channel. We reveal the energetics and binding sites that determine the cAMP flux, and the effects of mobile ions and external electrical field on the process. The results provide a basis for understanding the unique features of molecular flux through connexins and other non-{beta}-barrel wide-pore channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botello-Smith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragliano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free energy and kinetics of cAMP permeation through connexin26 hemichannel with and without voltage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes facilitate pathological epithelial cell shedding via CD103-mediated granzyme release. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive shedding of enterocytes into the intestinal lumen is observed in inflammatory bowel disease and is correlated with disease relapse. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) expressing the {gamma}{delta} T-cell receptor (TCR) provide surveillance of the intestinal mucosa at steady-state, which is regulated, in part, by CD103. Intravital microscopy of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice revealed that {gamma}{delta} IELs make extended contact with shedding enterocytes. These prolonged interactions require CD103 engagement by E-cadherin, as CD103 blockade significantly reduces LPS-induced shedding. Furthermore, we find that granzymes A and B, but not perforin, are required for cell shedding, and that these granzymes are released by {gamma}{delta} IELs both constitutively and following CD103/E-cadherin ligation. These findings indicate that extracellular granzyme facilitates shedding, likely through cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Our results uncover a previously unrecognized role for {gamma}{delta} IELs in facilitating pathological cell shedding in a CD103- and granzyme-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovchenko, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeglinski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granville, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelblum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes facilitate pathological epithelial cell shedding via CD103-mediated granzyme release.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental and behavioral phenotypes in a new mouse model of DDX3X syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations in the X-linked gene DDX3X account for ~2% of intellectual disability in females, often co-morbid with behavioral problems, motor deficits, and brain malformations. DDX3X encodes an RNA helicase with emerging functions in corticogenesis and synaptogenesis.

MethodsWe generated a Ddx3x haploinsufficient mouse (Ddx3x+/-) with construct validity for DDX3X loss-of-function mutations. We used standardized batteries to assess developmental milestones and adult behaviors, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and immunostaining of cortical projection neurons to capture early postnatal changes in brain development.

ResultsDdx3x+/- mice show physical, sensory, and motor delays that evolve into behavioral anomalies in adulthood, including hyperactivity, anxiety-like behaviors, cognitive impairments, and motor deficits. Motor function further declines with age. These behavioral changes are associated with a reduction in brain volume, with some regions (e.g., cortex and amygdala) disproportionally affected. Cortical thinning is accompanied by defective cortical lamination, indicating that Ddx3x regulates the balance of glutamatergic neurons in the developing cortex.

ConclusionsThese data shed new light on the developmental mechanisms driving DDX3X syndrome and support face validity of this novel pre-clinical mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boitnott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Forn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niblo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grice, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerch, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rubeis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental and behavioral phenotypes in a new mouse model of DDX3X syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human brain's intrinsic network architecture is organized to represent diverse cognitive task information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A set of distributed cognitive control networks are known to contribute to diverse cognitive demands, yet it is unclear how these networks gain this domain-general capacity. We hypothesized that this capacity is largely due to the particular organization of the human brains intrinsic network architecture. Specifically, we tested the possibility that each brain regions domain generality is reflected in its level of global (hub-like) intrinsic connectivity, as well as its particular global connectivity pattern (connectivity fingerprint). Consistent with prior work, we found that cognitive control networks exhibited domain generality, as they represented diverse task context information covering sensory, motor response, and logic rule domains. Supporting our hypothesis, we found that the level of global intrinsic connectivity (estimated with resting-state fMRI) was correlated with domain generality during tasks. Further, using a novel information fingerprint mapping approach, we found that each cognitive control regions unique rule response profile (information fingerprint) could be predicted based on its unique intrinsic connectivity fingerprint and the information content in non-cognitive control regions. Together these results suggest that the human brains intrinsic network architecture supports its ability to represent diverse cognitive task information, largely via the location of multiple-demand regions within the brains global network organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human brain's intrinsic network architecture is organized to represent diverse cognitive task information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal emergence of task information from dynamic network interactions in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cognitive task behavior is generated by brain network interactions is a central question in neuroscience. Answering this question calls for the development of novel analysis tools that can firstly capture neural signatures of task information with high spatial and temporal precision (the "where and when"), and then allow for empirical testing of alternative network models of brain function that link information to behavior (the "how"). We outline a novel network modeling approach suited to this purpose that is applied to non-invasive functional neuroimaging data in humans. We first dynamically decoded the spatiotemporal signatures of task information in the human brain by combining MRI-individualized source electroencephalography with multivariate pattern analysis. A newly developed network modeling approach - dynamic activity flow modeling - then simulated the flow of task-evoked activity over more causally interpretable (relative to standard functional connectivity approaches) resting-state functional connections (dynamic, lagged, direct and directional). We demonstrate the utility of this modeling approach by applying it to elucidate network processes underlying sensory-motor information flow in the brain, revealing accurate predictions of empirical response information dynamics underlying behavior. Extending the model towards simulating network lesions suggested a role for the cognitive control networks (CCNs) as primary drivers of response information flow, transitioning from early dorsal attention network-dominated sensory-to-response transformation to later collaborative CCN engagement during response selection. These results demonstrate the utility of the dynamic activity flow modeling approach in identifying the generative network processes underlying neurocognitive phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfield, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal emergence of task information from dynamic network interactions in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voluntary alcohol consumption disrupts coupling of prefrontal cortical activity to arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) exacts a major personal, societal, and economic toll. Top-down control from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical hub for decision making, executive, and other cognitive functions, is key for the regulation of alcohol consumption. Arousal exerts profound effects on cortical processing, allowing it to potentially modulate PFC functions relevant for alcohol consumption and AUD. Despite this, it is unclear whether and how arousal-mediated modulation of PFC circuits relates to voluntary alcohol drinking behaviors. Two-photon microscopy is ideally suited for dissecting the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the effect of alcohol on intact circuits in behaving animals. We addressed a major limitation of this technology by developing a novel behavioral paradigm for voluntary drinking in head-fixed mice. We recorded responses of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subdivision of the PFC as mice voluntarily consumed ethanol, along with video recording of the pupil to track momentary fluctuations in arousal. Ethanol consumption bidirectionally modified the activity of subsets of ACC neurons, both at slow (minutes) and fast (sub-second) time scales. Remarkably, we found that the coupling of arousal to ACC activity before drinking was associated with subsequent ethanol engagement behavior. In turn, ethanol consumption modulated neuronal-arousal coupling. Together, our results suggest neuronal-arousal coupling as a key biomarker for alcohol drinking and lays the groundwork for future studies to dissect the therapeutic potential of this process for AUD and other substance use disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sipe, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voluntary alcohol consumption disrupts coupling of prefrontal cortical activity to arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase assembly with the E2o core relevant to a hybrid complex formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2-oxoglutarate (OG) dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc) is a key enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and comprises multiple copies of three components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (hE1o), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (hE2o), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hE3). The OGDHc is one of the major regulators of mitochondrial metabolism through NADH and reactive oxygen species levels and impacts cell metabolic and cell signaling pathways through the coupling of OG metabolism to gene transcription, related to tumor cell proliferation and aging. The reduced OGDHc activity is linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence was obtained for the formation of a hybrid 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex between the OGDHc and its homologue 2-oxoadipate (OA) dehydrogenase (hE1a) in the L-lysine metabolic pathway, suggesting a potential cross-talk between the two distinct metabolic pathways. These findings raised fundamental questions about assembly of hE1a and hE1o to the hE2o core. Due to the lack of an atomic structure of the OGDHc from any sources, and of knowledge about exact distribution of components around the E2 core, hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX-MS) and chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry (CL-MS) have been carried out in binary hE1o-hE2o, hE1a-hE2o, hE1o-hE3 and hE2o-hE3 sub-complexes followed by structural modeling. Here we report findings that revealed some similarities in the assembly of hE1o and hE1a to the hE2o core. At the same time, three regions of the hE2o core comprising residues 191-208, 273-288, and 370-386 revealed a different binding mode to hE1o and hE1a, suggesting that hE2o can differentiate between these two proteins that may have physiological consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeria, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase assembly with the E2o core relevant to a hybrid complex formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low doses of the organic insecticide spinosad trigger lysosomal defects, ROS driven lipid dysregulation and neurodegeneration in flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plight of insect populations around the world and the threats it poses to agriculture and ecosystems has thrown insecticide use into the spotlight. Spinosad is an organic insecticide, considered less harmful to beneficial insects than synthetic insecticides, but its mode of action remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we show that low doses of spinosad reduce cholinergic response in neurons by antagonizing D6 nAChRs. D6 nAChRs are transported to lysosomes that become enlarged and accumulate upon spinosad treatment. Oxidative stress is initiated in the central nervous system, and spreads to midgut and disturbs lipid storage in metabolic tissues in a D6-dependent manner. Spinosad toxicity was ameliorated with the antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine amide (NACA). Chronic exposures lead to mitochondrial defects, severe neurodegeneration and blindness in adult animals. The many deleterious effects of low doses of this insecticide reported here point to an urgent need for rigorous investigation of its impacts on beneficial insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagas, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roessner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupasinghe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batterham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low doses of the organic insecticide spinosad trigger lysosomal defects, ROS driven lipid dysregulation and neurodegeneration in flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and connectivity influence the persistence and recovery of coral reefs under climate change in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific, and Coral Triangle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corals are experiencing unprecedented decline from climate change-induced mass bleaching events. Dispersal not only contributes to coral reef persistence through demographic rescue but can also hinder or facilitate evolutionary adaptation. Locations of reefs that are likely to survive future warming therefore remain largely unknown, particularly within the context of both ecological and evolutionary processes across complex seascapes that differ in temperature range, strength of connectivity, network size, and other characteristics. Here, we used eco-evolutionary simulations to examine coral adaptation to warming across reef networks in the Caribbean, the Southwest Pacific, and the Coral Triangle. We assessed the factors associated with coral persistence in multiple reef systems to understand which results are general and which are sensitive to particular geographic contexts. We found that evolution can be critical in preventing extinction and facilitating the long-term recovery of coral communities in all regions. Furthermore, the strength of immigration to a reef (destination strength) and current sea surface temperature robustly predicted reef persistence across all reef networks and across temperature projections. However, we found higher initial coral cover, slower recovery, and more evolutionary lag in the Coral Triangle, which has a greater number of reefs and more larval settlement than the other regions. We also found the lowest projected future coral cover in the Caribbean. These findings suggest that coral reef persistence depends on ecology, evolution, and habitat network characteristics, and that, under an emissions stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5), recovery may be possible over multiple centuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McManus, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekwa, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essington, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumby, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and connectivity influence the persistence and recovery of coral reefs under climate change in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific, and Coral Triangle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory cilia act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles play major roles in intercellular signaling, yet fundamental aspects of their biology remain poorly understood. Ciliary EV shedding is evolutionary conserved. Here we use super resolution, real time imaging of fluorescent-protein tagged EV cargo combined with in vivo bioassays to study signaling EVs in C. elegans. We find that neuronal sensory cilia shed the TRP polycystin-2 channel PKD-2::GFP-carrying EVs from two distinct sites - the ciliary tip and the ciliary base. Ciliary tip shedding requires distal ciliary enrichment of PKD-2 by the myristoylated coiled-coil protein CIL-7. Kinesin-3 KLP-6 and intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-2 motors are also required for ciliary tip EV shedding. Blocking ciliary tip shedding results in excessive EV shedding from the base. Finally, we demonstrate that C. elegans male ciliated neurons modulate EV cargo composition in response to sensory stimulation by hermaphrodite mating partners. Overall, our study indicates that the cilium and its trafficking machinery act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory cilia act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic characterization of the thermal stress phenome in the stony coral Montipora capitata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used network methods to analyze transcriptomic and polar metabolomic data generated from the stress resistant stony coral Montipora capitata. Corals were exposed to ambient or thermal stress conditions over a five-week period that coincided with a mass spawning event of this species. Gene co-expression networks showed that the early thermal stress response involves downregulation of growth and DNA replication, whereas signaling and the immune response are strongly upregulated. Later stages are dominated by suppression of metabolite transport and biomineralization and enhanced expression of transcriptional regulators. Integration of gene-metabolite data demonstrates that the major outcome of the thermal treatment is activation of animal redox stress pathways with detoxification of reactive oxygen species being dominant. Differential regulation of the highly conserved cytochrome P450 gene family was of particular interest with downregulation of CYP1A1, involved in progesterone metabolism, potentially explaining the attenuated mass spawning observed during the sampling period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pathmanathan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conetta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic characterization of the thermal stress phenome in the stony coral Montipora capitata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic paternal morphine exposure increases sensitivity to morphine-derived antinociception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parental exposure to drugs of abuse such as opioids can have profound and long-lasting effects on reward processing and drug sensitivity across generations. However, little is known about the impact of long-term paternal exposure to morphine on offspring sensitivity to morphine-derived antinociception during painful experiences. To address this question, we constructed a rat pain scale at millisecond timescales to measure mechanical nociception in a multigenerational morphine exposure paradigm. Surprisingly, while developing the pain scale, we found that von Frey hair filaments (VFHs), the most common stimuli used in pain research, are not painful to rats and morphine did not change the touch-like responses elicited by VFHs. We next deployed this novel pain scale to determine whether chronic morphine exposure in sires impacted pain sensitivity in the next generation. Offspring produced from a cross of morphine-treated sires and drug-naive dams, did not show any baseline changes in sensitivity to mechanical nociception. However, morphine-sired male progeny displayed a higher sensitivity to the antinociceptive properties of morphine, as measured by our pain scale. These findings demonstrate that long-term paternal exposure to morphine increases sensitivity to morphine-derived analgesia in the subsequent generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Famularo, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic paternal morphine exposure increases sensitivity to morphine-derived antinociception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The UCR Minicore: a valuable resource for cowpea research and breeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incorporation of new sources of genetic diversity into plant breeding programs is crucial for continuing to improve yield and quality, as well as tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. A minicore (the "UCR Minicore") composed of 368 worldwide accessions of cultivated cowpea has been assembled, having been derived from the University of California, Riverside cowpea collection. High-density genotyping with 51,128 SNPs followed by principal component and genetic assignment analyses identified six subpopulations in the UCR Minicore, mainly differentiated by cultivar group and geographic origin. All six subpopulations were present to some extent in West African material, suggesting that West Africa is a center of diversity for cultivated cowpea. Additionally, population structure analyses supported two routes of introduction of cowpea into the U.S.: (1) from Spain to the southwest U.S. through Northern Mexico, and (2) from Africa to the southeast U.S. via the Caribbean. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of important agronomic traits including flowering time, resulted in the identification of significant SNPs for all traits and environments. The mapping resolution achieved by high-density genotyping of this diverse minicore collection allowed the identification of strong candidate genes, including orthologs of the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T. In summary, this diverse, yet compact cowpea collection constitutes a suitable resource to identify loci controlling complex traits, consequently providing markers to assist with breeding to improve this crop of high relevance to global food and nutritional security.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Amatriain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herniter, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatokun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, B.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnide, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The UCR Minicore: a valuable resource for cowpea research and breeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similar neural and perceptual masking effects of low-power optogenetic stimulation in primate V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can direct stimulation of primate V1 substitute for a visual stimulus and mimic its perceptual effect? To address this question, we developed an optical-genetic toolkit to "read" neural population responses using widefield calcium imaging, while simultaneously using optogenetics to "write" neural responses into V1 of behaving macaques. We focused on the phenomenon of visual masking, where detection of a dim target is significantly reduced by a co-localized medium-brightness pedestal. Using our toolkit, we tested whether V1 optogenetic stimulation can recapitulate the perceptual masking effect of a visual pedestal. We find that, similar to a visual pedestal, low-power optostimulation can significantly reduce visual detection sensitivity, that a sublinear interaction between visual and optogenetic evoked V1 responses could account for this perceptual effect, and that these neural and behavioral effects are spatially selective. Our toolkit and results open the door for further exploration of perceptual substitutions by direct stimulation of sensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benvenuti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidemann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similar neural and perceptual masking effects of low-power optogenetic stimulation in primate V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase transitions may explain why SARS-CoV-2 spreads so fast and why new variants are spreading faster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus SARS CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS CoV-1 responsible for the SARS epidemic of 2002-2003 share an ancestor yet evolved to have much different transmissibility and global impact1. A previously developed thermodynamic model of protein conformations predicted that SARS CoV-2 is very close to a thermodynamic critical point, which makes it highly infectious but also easily displaced by a spike-based vaccine because there is a tradeoff between transmissibility and robustness2. The model identified a small cluster of four key mutations of SARS CoV-2 that promotes much stronger viral attachment and viral spreading. Here we apply the model to two new strains (B.1.1.7 and B.1.351)3 and predict, using no free parameters, how the new mutations can further enhance infectiousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebende, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase transitions may explain why SARS-CoV-2 spreads so fast and why new variants are spreading faster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large-scale transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of ten blood cell phenotypes reveals complexities of TWAS fine-mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematological measures are important intermediate clinical phenotypes for many acute and chronic diseases. Hematological measures are highly heritable, and although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of loci containing trait-associated variants, the causal genes underlying these associations are often uncertain. To better understand the underlying genetic regulatory mechanisms, we performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using PrediXcan to systematically investigate the association between genetically-predicted gene expression and hematological measures in 54,542 individuals of European ancestry from the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. We found 239 significant gene-trait associations with hematological measures. Among this set of 239 associations, we replicated 71 at p < 0.05 with same direction of effect for the blood cell trait in a meta-analysis of TWAS results consisting of up to 35,900 European ancestry individuals from the Womens Health Initiative (WHI), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), and BioMe Biobank. We further attempted to refine this list of candidate genes by performing conditional analyses, adjusting for individual variants previously associated with these hematological measures, and performed further fine-mapping of TWAS loci. To assist with the interpretation of TWAS findings, we designed an R Shiny application to interactively visualize TWAS results, one genomic locus at a time, by integrating our TWAS results with additional genetic data sources (GWAS, TWAS from other gene expression reference panels, conditional analyses, known GWAS variants, etc.). Our results and R Shiny application highlight frequently overlooked challenges with TWAS and illustrate the complexity of TWAS fine-mapping efforts.

Author SummaryTranscriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have shown great promise in furthering our understanding of the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying complex trait variation. However, interpreting TWAS results can be incredibly complex, especially in large-scale analyses where hundreds of signals appear throughout the genome, with multiple genes often identified in a single chromosomal region. Our research demonstrates this complexity through real data examples from our analysis of hematological traits, and we provide a useful web application to visualize TWAS results in a broadly approachable format. Together, our results and web application illustrate the importance of interpreting TWAS studies in context and highlight the need to carefully examine results in a region-wide context to draw reasonable conclusions and formulate mechanistic hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couper, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large-scale transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of ten blood cell phenotypes reveals complexities of TWAS fine-mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PredictProtein - Predicting Protein Structure and Function for 29 Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 1992 PredictProtein (https://predictprotein.org) is a one-stop online resource for protein sequence analysis with its main site hosted at the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) and queried monthly by over 3,000 users in 2020. PredictProtein was the first Internet server for protein predictions. It pioneered combining evolutionary information and machine learning. Given a protein sequence as input, the server outputs multiple sequence alignments, predictions of protein structure in 1D and 2D (secondary structure, solvent accessibility, transmembrane segments, disordered regions, protein flexibility, and disulfide bridges) and predictions of protein function (functional effects of sequence variation or point mutations, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, subcellular localization, and protein-, RNA-, and DNA binding). PredictProteins infrastructure has moved to the LCSB increasing throughput; the use of MMseqs2 sequence search reduced runtime five-fold; user interface elements improved usability, and new prediction methods were added. PredictProtein recently included predictions from deep learning embeddings (GO and secondary structure) and a method for the prediction of proteins and residues binding DNA, RNA, or other proteins. PredictProtein.org aspires to provide reliable predictions to computational and experimental biologists alike. All scripts and methods are freely available for offline execution in high-throughput settings.

AvailabilityFreely accessible webserver PredictProtein.org; Source and docker images: github.com/rostlab
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernhofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satagopam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olenyi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachdav, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafferhans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vriend, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirdita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PredictProtein - Predicting Protein Structure and Function for 29 Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.432977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unbiased antibody profiling can identify the targets of an immune reaction. A number of likely pathogenic autoreactive antibodies have been associated with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 infection; yet, many additional autoantibodies likely remain unknown. Here we present Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA), a technique that produces ORFeome-scale libraries of proteins covalently coupled to uniquely identifying DNA barcodes for analysis by sequencing. We used MIPSA to profile circulating autoantibodies from 55 patients with severe COVID-19 against 11,076 DNA-barcoded proteins of the human ORFeome library. MIPSA identified previously known autoreactivities, and also detected undescribed neutralizing interferon lambda 3 (IFN-{lambda}3) autoantibodies. At-risk individuals with anti-IFN-{lambda}3 antibodies may benefit from interferon supplementation therapies, such as those currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

One-Sentence SummaryMolecular Indexing of Proteins by Self Assembly (MIPSA) identifies neutralizing IFNL3 autoantibodies in patients with severe COVID-19.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/432977v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a3c55aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f1c840org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@920bc7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@43633e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Credle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangkhapreecha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaco, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgenlander, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobian, A. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyskind, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larman, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.432977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing IFNL3 Autoantibodies in Severe COVID-19 Identified Using Molecular Indexing of Proteins by Self-Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Time Lags from Causal Prediction Model Help Stratify and Forecast Nervous System Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional clinical approaches diagnose disorders of the nervous system using standardized observational criteria. Although aiming for homogeneity of symptoms, this method often results in highly heterogeneous disorders. A standing question thus is how to automatically stratify a given random cohort of the population, such that treatment can be better tailored to each clusters symptoms, and severity of any given group forecasted to provide neuroprotective therapies. In this work we introduce new methods to automatically stratify a random cohort of the population composed of healthy controls of different ages and patients with different disorders of the nervous systems. Using a simple walking task and measuring micro-fluctuations in their biorhythmic motions, we combine non-linear causal network connectivity analyses in the temporal and frequency domains with stochastic mapping. The methods define a new type of internal motor timings. These are amenable to create personalized clinical interventions tailored to self-emerging clusters signaling fundamentally different types of gait pathologies. We frame our results using the principle of reafference and operationalize them using causal prediction, thus renovating the theory of internal models for the study of neuromotor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bermperidis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Time Lags from Causal Prediction Model Help Stratify and Forecast Nervous System Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CATP-8/P5A-type ATPase functions in multiple pathways during neuronal patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of neuronal circuits involves the migrations of neurons from their place of birth to their final location in the nervous system, as well as the coordinated growth and patterning of axons and dendrites. In screens for genes required for patterning of the nervous system, we identified the catp-8/P5A-ATPase as an important regulator of neural patterning. P5A-ATPases are part of the P-type ATPases, a family of proteins known to serve a conserved function as transporters of ions, lipids and polyamines in unicellular eukaryotes, plants, and humans. While the function of many P-type ATPases is relatively well understood, the function of P5A-ATPases in metazoans remained elusive. We show here, that the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog catp-8/P5A-ATPase is required for specific aspects of nervous system development. Specifically, the catp-8/P5A-ATPase serves functions in shaping the elaborately sculpted dendritic trees of somatosensory PVD neurons. Moreover, catp-8/P5A-ATPase is required for axonal guidance and repulsion at the midline, as well as embryonic and postembryonic neuronal migrations. Interestingly, not all axons at the midline require catp-8/P5A-ATPase, although the axons run in the same fascicles and navigate the same space. Similarly, not all neuronal migrations require catp-8/P5A-ATPase. A CATP-8/P5A-ATPase reporter is localized to the ER in most if not all tissues and catp-8/P5A-ATPase can function both cell-autonomously and non-autonomously to regulate neuronal development. Genetic analyses establish that catp-8/P5A-ATPase can function in multiple pathways, including the Menorin pathway, previously shown to control dendritic patterning in PVD, and Wnt signaling, which functions to control neuronal migrations. Lastly, we show that catp-8/P5A-ATPase is required for localizing select transmembrane proteins necessary for dendrite morphogenesis. Collectively, our studies suggest that catp-8/P5A-ATPase serves diverse, yet specific roles in different genetic pathways, and may be involved in the regulation or localization of transmembrane proteins to specific subcellular compartments.

AUTHOR SUMMARYP-type ATPases are a large family of transporters that are conserved from unicellular eukaryotes and plants to metazoans. Structurally and functionally, they fall into five subfamilies, P1 to P5, of which the latter is further divided into P5A and P5B-type ATPases. Unlike for other P-type ATPases, no mutant phenotypes for the P5A-type ATPases have been described in metazoans. Here, we show that the catp-8/P5A-ATPase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in multiple aspects of neuronal patterning, including neuronal migrations as well as axon guidance and dendrite patterning. A functional fluorescent reporter fusion shows the CATP-8/P5A-ATPase is expressed in most, if not all, tissues in the endoplasmic reticulum and catp-8 can function both in neurons and surrounding tissues from where it orchestrates neuronal development. Genetically, catp-8 acts in multiple pathways during these processes, including the Wnt signaling and the Menorin pathway. Imaging studies suggest that the catp-8/P5A-ATPase is necessary for proper localization of cell-surface transmembrane molecules to dendrites of sensory neurons, but likely not for their trafficking. In summary, we propose that CATP-8/P5A-ATPase serves a function in the ER during development of select neurons, by localizing certain transmembrane, and possibly, secreted proteins
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Suarez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CATP-8/P5A-type ATPase functions in multiple pathways during neuronal patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value signals in orbitofrontal cortex predict economic decisions on a trial-to-trial basis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been recognized for its role in value-based decisions; however, the exact mechanism linking OFC value representations to decision outcomes has remained elusive. To address this question we show for the first time that trial-wise variability in choices can be explained by variability in value signals decoded from many simultaneously recorded OFC neurons. Mechanistically, this relationship is consistent with the projection of activity within a low-dimensional value-encoding subspace onto a potentially higher-dimensional, behaviorally-potent output subspace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinty, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value signals in orbitofrontal cortex predict economic decisions on a trial-to-trial basis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter perturbation assay uncovers temporal regulatory architecture during neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory elements play a key role in orchestrating gene expression during cellular differentiation, but what determines their function over time remains largely unknown. Here, we performed perturbation-based massively parallel reporter assays at seven early time points of neural differentiation to systematically characterize how regulatory elements and motifs within them guide cellular differentiation. By perturbing over 2,000 putative DNA binding motifs in active regulatory regions, we delineated four categories of functional elements, and observed that activity direction is mostly determined by the sequence itself, while the magnitude of effect depends on the cellular environment. We also find that fine-tuning transcription rates is often achieved by a combined activity of adjacent activating and repressing elements. Our work provides a blueprint for the sequence components needed to induce different transcriptional patterns in general and specifically during neural differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel reporter perturbation assay uncovers temporal regulatory architecture during neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and proof-of-concept for targeted phage-based COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a streamlined cold-free supply chain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of effective vaccines against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global imperative. Rapid immunization of the world human population against a widespread, continually evolving, and highly pathogenic virus is an unprecedented challenge, and many different vaccine approaches are being pursued to meet this task. Engineered filamentous bacteriophage (phage) have unique potential in vaccine development due to their inherent immunogenicity, genetic plasticity, stability, cost-effectiveness for large-scale production, and proven safety profile in humans. Herein we report the design, development, and initial evaluation of targeted phage-based vaccination approaches against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by using dual ligand peptide-targeted phage and adeno-associated virus/phage (AAVP) particles. Towards a unique phage- and AAVP-based dual-display candidate approach, we first performed structure-guided antigen design to select six solvent-exposed epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein for display on the recombinant major capsid coat protein pVIII. Targeted phage particles carrying one of these epitopes induced a strong and specific humoral response. In an initial experimental approach, when these targeted phage particles were further genetically engineered to simultaneously display a ligand peptide (CAKSMGDIVC) on the minor capsid protein pIII, which enables receptor-mediated transport of phage particles from the lung epithelium into the systemic circulation (termed "dual-display"), they enhanced a systemic and specific spike (S) protein-specific antibody response upon aerosolization into the lungs of mice. In a second line of investigation, we engineered targeted AAVP particles to deliver the entire S protein gene under the control of a constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which induced tissue-specific transgene expression stimulating a systemic S protein-specific antibody response. As proof-of-concept preclinical experiments, we show that targeted phage- and AAVP-based particles serve as robust yet versatile enabling platforms for ligand-directed immunization and promptly yield COVID-19 vaccine prototypes for further translational development.

SignificanceThe ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has accounted for over 2.5 million deaths and an unprecedented impact on the health of mankind worldwide. Over the past several months, while a few COVID-19 vaccines have received Emergency Use Authorization and are currently being administered to the entire human population, the demand for prompt global immunization has created enormous logistical challenges--including but not limited to supply, access, and distribution--that justify and reinforce the research for additional strategic alternatives. Phage are viruses that only infect bacteria and have been safely administered to humans as antibiotics for decades. As experimental proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that aerosol pulmonary vaccination with lung-targeted phage particles that display short epitopes of the S protein on the capsid as well as preclinical vaccination with targeted AAVP particles carrying the S protein gene elicit a systemic and specific immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompetent mice. Given that targeted phage- and AAVP-based viral particles are sturdy yet simple to genetically engineer, cost-effective for rapid large-scale production in clinical grade, and relatively stable at room temperature, such unique attributes might perhaps become additional tools towards COVID-19 vaccine design and development for immediate and future unmet needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staquicini, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markosian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staquicini, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodero Rojas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contessoto, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruiners, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lattime, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libutti, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and proof-of-concept for targeted phage-based COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a streamlined cold-free supply chain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.434777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Curtobacterium glycinis sp. nov. from Glycine max, Curtobacterium gossypii sp. nov. from Gossypium hirsutum and Curtobacterium oryzae sp. nov. from Oryza sativa, three new Curtobacterium species and endophytes from agricultural crops 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.434777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three new Curtobacterium species from healthy tissues of agricultural crop plants in the United States are reported. They are Curtobacterium glycinis sp. nov. from soybean in Missouri, Curtobacterium gossypii from cotton in Puerto Rico and corn in Missouri, and Curtobacterium oryzae sp. nov. from rice in Texas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seaton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inderbitzin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight-Connoni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.434777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Curtobacterium glycinis sp. nov. from Glycine max, Curtobacterium gossypii sp. nov. from Gossypium hirsutum and Curtobacterium oryzae sp. nov. from Oryza sativa, three new Curtobacterium species and endophytes from agricultural crops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) represents a serious threat to cassava, a major root crop for more than 300 million Africans. CMD is caused by single-stranded DNA begomoviruses that evolve rapidly, making it challenging to develop durable disease resistance. In addition to the evolutionary forces of mutation, recombination, and reassortment, factors such as climate, agriculture practices, and the presence of DNA satellites may impact viral diversity. To gain insight into the factors that alter and shape viral diversity in planta, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the accumulation of nucleotide diversity after inoculation of infectious clones corresponding to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in the susceptible cassava landrace Kibandameno. We found that vegetative propagation had a significant effect on viral nucleotide diversity, while temperature and a satellite DNA did not have measurable impacts in our study. EACMCV diversity increased linearly with the number of vegetative propagation passages, while ACMV diversity increased for a time and then decreased in later passages. We observed a substitution bias toward C[-&gt;]T and G[-&gt;]A for mutations in the viral genomes consistent with field isolates. Non-coding regions excluding the promoter regions of genes showed the highest levels of nucleotide diversity for each genome component. Changes in the 5 intergenic region of DNA-A resembled the sequence of the cognate DNA-B sequence. The majority of nucleotide changes in coding regions were non-synonymous, most with predicted deleterious effects on protein structure, indicative of relaxed selection pressure over 6 vegetative passages. Overall, these results underscore the importance of knowing how cropping practices affect viral evolution and disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aimone, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppong, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickelson-Young, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley-Bowdoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Structure Prediction Provides a Plausible Mechanism for Electron Transfer by the Outer Membrane Protein Cyc2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyc2 is the key protein in the outer membrane of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans that mediates electron transfer between extracellular inorganic iron and the intracellular central metabolism. This cytochrome c is specific for iron and interacts with periplasmic proteins to complete a reversible electron transport chain. A structure of Cyc2 has not yet been characterized experimentally. Here we describe a structural model of Cyc2, and associated proteins, to highlight a plausible mechanism for the ferrous iron electron transfer chain. A comparative modeling protocol specific for trans membrane beta barrel (TMBB) proteins in acidophilic conditions (pH ~2) was applied to the primary sequence of Cyc2. The proposed structure has three main regimes: extracellular loops exposed to low-pH conditions, a TMBB, and a N-terminal cytochrome-like region within the periplasmic space. The Cyc2 model was further refined by identifying likely iron and heme docking sites. This represents the first computational model of Cyc2 that accounts for the membrane microenvironment and the acidity in the extracellular matrix. This approach can be used to model other TMBBs which can be critical for chemolithotrophic microbial growth.

Importance of workAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can oxidize both iron and reduced sulfur compounds and plays a key role in metal sulfide ore bioleaching used for the industrial recovery of metals. A. ferrooxidans has also been explored as a potential organism for emerging technologies such as e-waste recycling and biofuel production. Synthetic biology efforts are hampered by lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of iron oxidation and reduction, which is mediated by the Cyc2 transmembrane beta barrel (TMBB) protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Structure Prediction Provides a Plausible Mechanism for Electron Transfer by the Outer Membrane Protein Cyc2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and Purification of Lipoarabinomannan from Urine of Adults with Active Tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is excreted in the urine of persons with active tuberculosis (TB). Limited diagnostic sensitivity of LAM immunoassays has been due to selecting antibodies against LAM derived from in vitro cultured M. tuberculosis, rather than LAM purified from in vivo clinical urine specimens. Urinary LAM (uLAM) is critical to enable the development of and/or screening of novel uLAM-specific antibodies but is typically dilute and in heterogeneous mixtures with other urine components. We used physical, enzymatic, and chemical processes for the scaled isolation and purification of uLAM. The purified material may then be used to develop more sensitive uLAM diagnostic tests for active TB disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drain, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and Purification of Lipoarabinomannan from Urine of Adults with Active Tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic distortion of the orientation representational space after learning in the mouse primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning is an essential cognitive mechanism allowing behavioral adaptation through adjustments in neuronal processing. It is associated with changes in the activity of sensory cortical neurons evoked by task-relevant stimuli. However, the exact nature of those modifications and the computational advantages they may confer are still debated. Here, we investigated how learning an orientation discrimination task alters the neuronal representations of the cues orientations in the primary visual cortex (V1) of male and female mice. When comparing the activity evoked by the task stimuli in naive mice and mice performing the task, we found that the representations of the orientation of the rewarded and non-rewarded cues were more accurate and stable in trained mice. This better cue representation in trained mice was associated with a distortion of the orientation representation space such that stimuli flanking the task-relevant orientations were represented as the task stimuli themselves, suggesting that those stimuli were generalized as the task cues. This distortion was context dependent as it was absent in trained mice passively viewing the task cues and enhanced in the behavioral sessions where mice performed best. Those modifications of the V1 population orientation representation in performing mice were supported by a suppression of the activity of neurons tuned for orientations neighboring the orientations of the task cues. Thus, visual processing in V1 is dynamically adapted to enhance the reliability of the representation of the learned cues and favor generalization in the task-relevant computational space.

Significance statementPerformance improvement in a task often requires facilitating the extraction of the information necessary to its execution. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a suppression mechanism that improves the representation of the orientations of the task stimuli in the V1 of mice performing an orientation discrimination task. We also show that this mechanism distorts the V1 orientation representation space, leading stimuli flanking the task stimuli orientations to be generalized as the task stimuli themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkat, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic distortion of the orientation representational space after learning in the mouse primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel, computationally-guided design of a pro-enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Confining the activity of a designed protein to a specific microenvironment would have broad-ranging applications, such as enabling cell type-specific therapeutic action by enzymes while avoiding off-target effects. While many natural enzymes are synthesized as inactive zymogens that can be activated by proteolysis, it has been challenging to re-design any chosen enzyme to be similarly stimulus-responsive. Here, we develop a massively parallel computational design, screening, and next-generation sequencing-based approach for pro-enzyme design. As a model system, we employ carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2), a clinically approved enzyme that has applications in both the treatment of cancer and controlling drug toxicity. Detailed kinetic characterization of the most effective designed variants shows that they are inhibited by approximately 80% compared to the unmodified protein, and their activity is fully restored following incubation with site-specific proteases. Introducing disulfide bonds between the pro-and catalytic domains based on the design models increases the degree of inhibition to 98%, but decreases the degree of restoration of activity by proteolysis. A selected disulfide-containing pro-enzyme exhibits significantly lower activity relative to the fully activated enzyme when evaluated in cell culture. Structural and thermodynamic characterization provides detailed insights into the pro-domain binding and inhibition mechanisms. The described methodology is general and could enable the design of a variety of pro-proteins with precise spatial regulation.

SignificanceProteins have shown promise as therapeutics and diagnostics, but their effectiveness is limited by our inability to spatially target their activity. To overcome this limitation, we developed a computationally-guided method to design inactive "pro-enzymes" or "zymogens," which are activated through cleavage by a protease. Since proteases are differentially expressed in various tissues and disease states, including cancer, these pro-enzymes could be targeted to the desired microenvironment. We tested our method on the therapeutically-relevant protein, carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). We designed Pro-CPG2s that are inhibited by 80-98% and are partially to fully re-activatable following protease treatment. The developed methodology, with further refinements, could pave the way for routinely designing protease-activated protein-based therapeutics and diagnostics that act in a spatially controlled manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yachnin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minetti, C. A. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remeta, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel, computationally-guided design of a pro-enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Virtual Screening and Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Non-Covalent Inhibitor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.27.437323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the recent availability of vaccines against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the search for inhibitory therapeutic agents has assumed importance especially in the context of emerging new viral variants. In this paper, we describe the discovery of a novel non-covalent small-molecule inhibitor, MCULE-5948770040, that binds to and inhibits the SARS-Cov-2 main protease (Mpro) by employing a scalable high throughput virtual screening (HTVS) framework and a targeted compound library of over 6.5 million molecules that could be readily ordered and purchased. Our HTVS framework leverages the U.S. supercomputing infrastructure achieving nearly 91% resource utilization and nearly 126 million docking calculations per hour. Downstream biochemical assays validate this Mpro inhibitor with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 2.9 {micro}M [95% CI 2.2, 4.0]. Further, using room-temperature X-ray crystallography, we show that MCULE-5948770040 binds to a cleft in the primary binding site of Mpro forming stable hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. We then used multiple {micro}s-timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and machine learning (ML) techniques to elucidate how the bound ligand alters the conformational states accessed by Mpro, involving motions both proximal and distal to the binding site. Together, our results demonstrate how MCULE-5948770040 inhibits Mpro and offers a springboard for further therapeutic design.

O_TEXTBOXSignificance StatementThe ongoing novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has prompted a global race towards finding effective therapeutics that can target the various viral proteins. Despite many virtual screening campaigns in development, the discovery of validated inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 protein targets has been limited. We discover a novel inhibitor against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Our integrated platform applies downstream biochemical assays, X-ray crystallography, and atomistic simulations to obtain a comprehensive characterization of its inhibitory mechanism. Inhibiting Mpro can lead to significant biomedical advances in targeting SARS-CoV-2 treatment, as it plays a crucial role in viral replication.

C_TEXTBOX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kneller, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babuji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaiszik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kertesz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merzky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennubhotla, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.27.437323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Virtual Screening and Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Non-Covalent Inhibitor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription initiation at a consensus bacterial promoter proceeds via a "bind-unwind-load-and-lock" mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription initiation starts with unwinding of promoter DNA by RNA polymerase (RNAP) to form a catalytically competent RNAP-promoter complex (RPO). Despite extensive study, the mechanism of promoter unwinding has remained unclear, in part due to the transient nature of intermediates on path to RPo. Here, using single-molecule unwinding-induced fluorescence enhancement to monitor promoter unwinding, and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor RNAP clamp conformation, we analyze RPo formation at a consensus bacterial core promoter. We find that the RNAP clamp is closed during promoter binding, remains closed during promoter unwinding, and then closes further, locking the unwound DNA in the RNAP active-centre cleft. Our work defines a new, "bind-unwind-load-and-lock," model for the series of conformational changes occurring during promoter unwinding at a consensus bacterial promoter and provides the tools needed to examine the process in other organisms and at other promoters.

Significance statementTranscription initiation, the first step and most important step in gene expression for all organisms, involves unwinding of promoter DNA by RNA polymerase (RNAP) to form an open complex (RPo); this step also underpins transcriptional regulation and serves as an antibiotic target. Despite decades of research, the mechanism of promoter DNA unwinding has remained unresolved. Here, we solve this puzzle by using single-molecule fluorescence to directly monitor conformational changes in the promoter DNA and RNAP in real time during RPo formation. We show that RPo forms via a "bind-unwind-load-and-lock" mechanism, where the promoter unwinds outside the RNAP cleft, the unwound template DNA loads into the cleft, and RNAP "locks" the template DNA in place by closing the RNAP clamp module.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.437135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription initiation at a consensus bacterial promoter proceeds via a "bind-unwind-load-and-lock" mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invertebrate methylomes provide insight into mechanisms of environmental tolerance and reveal methodological biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.437539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing focus on the role of DNA methylation in the ability of marine invertebrates to rapidly respond to changing environmental factors and anthropogenic impacts. However, genome-wide DNA methylation studies in non-model organisms are currently hampered by limited understanding of methodological biases. Here we compare three methods for quantifying DNA methylation at single base-pair resolution -- Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS), Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS), and Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Bisulfite Sequencing (MBDBS) -- using multiple individuals from two reef-building coral species with contrasting environmental sensitivity. All methods reveal substantially greater methylation in Montipora capitata (11.4%) than the more sensitive Pocillopora acuta (2.9%). The majority of CpG methylation in both species occurs in gene bodies and flanking regions. In both species, MBDBS has the greatest capacity for detecting CpGs in coding regions at our sequencing depth, however MBDBS may be influenced by intra-sample methylation heterogeneity. RRBS yields robust information for specific loci albeit without enrichment of any particular genome feature and with significantly reduced genome coverage. Relative genome size strongly influences the number and location of CpGs detected by each method when sequencing depth is limited, illuminating nuances in cross-species comparisons. As genome-wide methylation differences, supported by data across bisulfite sequencing methods, may contribute to environmental sensitivity phenotypes in critical marine invertebrate taxa, these data provide a genomic resource for investigating the functional role of DNA methylation in environmental tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trigg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey-Wall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eirin-Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotterhos, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puritz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invertebrate methylomes provide insight into mechanisms of environmental tolerance and reveal methodological biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acitretin mitigates uroporphyrin-induced bone defects in congenital erythropoietic porphyria models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disorder leading to accumulation of uro/coproporphyrin-I in tissues due to inhibition of uroporphyrinogen-III synthase. Clinical manifestations of CEP include bone fragility, severe photosensitivity and photomutilation. Currently there is no specific treatment for CEP, except bone marrow transplantation, and there is an unmet need for treating this orphan disease. Fluorescent porphyrins cause protein aggregation, which led us to hypothesize that uroporphyrin-I accumulation leads to protein aggregation and CEP-related bone phenotype. We developed a zebrafish model that phenocopies features of CEP. As in human patients, uroporphyrin-I accumulated in the bones of zebrafish, leading to impaired bone development. Furthermore, in an osteoblast-like cell line, uroporphyrin-I decreased mineralization, aggregated bone matrix proteins, activated endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupted autophagy. Using high-throughput drug screening, we identified acitretin, a second-generation retinoid, and showed that it reduced uroporphyrin-I accumulation and its deleterious effects on bones. Our findings provide a new CEP experimental model and a potential repurposed therapeutic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bragazzi Cunha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elenbaas, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuero-Dajud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentz, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavit, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acitretin mitigates uroporphyrin-induced bone defects in congenital erythropoietic porphyria models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent functional connectivity underlying multiple brain states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) studies have predominantly focused on resting state, where ongoing dynamics are thought to reflect the brains intrinsic network architecture, which is thought to be broadly relevant because it persists across brain states (i.e., is state-general). However, it is unknown whether resting state is the optimal state for measuring intrinsic FC. We propose that latent FC, reflecting shared connectivity patterns across many brain states, better captures state-general intrinsic FC relative to measures derived from resting state alone. We estimated latent FC independently for each connection using leave-one-task-out factor analysis in 7 highly distinct task states (24 conditions) and resting state using fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project. Compared to resting-state connectivity, latent FC improves generalization to held-out brain states, better explaining patterns of connectivity and task-evoked activation. We also found that latent connectivity improved prediction of behavior outside the scanner, indexed by the general intelligence factor (g). Our results suggest that FC patterns shared across many brain states, rather than just resting state, better reflects state-general connectivity. This affirms the notion of "intrinsic" brain network architecture as a set of connectivity properties persistent across brain states, providing an updated conceptual and mathematical framework of intrinsic connectivity as a latent factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCormick, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnemann, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent functional connectivity underlying multiple brain states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interspecies recombination has driven the macroevolution of cassava mosaic begomoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) significantly hamper crop production and threaten food security around the world. The frequent emergence of new begomovirus genotypes is facilitated by high mutation frequencies and the propensity to recombine and reassort. Homologous recombination has been especially implicated in the emergence of novel cassava mosaic begomovirus (CMB) genotypes, which cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a staple food crop throughout Africa, and an important industrial crop in Asia, two continents where production is severely constrained by CMD. The CMD species complex is comprised of 11 bipartite begomovirus species with ample distribution throughout Africa and the Indian subcontinent. While recombination is regarded as a frequent occurrence for CMBs, a revised, systematic assessment of recombination and its impact on CMB phylogeny is currently lacking. We assembled datasets of all publicly available, full-length DNA-A (n=880) and DNA-B (n=369) nucleotide sequences from the 11 recognized CMB species. Phylogenetic networks and complementary recombination detection methods revealed extensive recombination among the CMB sequences. Six out of the eleven species have descended from unique interspecies recombination events. Estimates of recombination and mutation rates revealed that all species experience mutation more frequently than recombination, but measures of population divergence indicate that recombination is largely responsible for the genetic differences between species. Our results support that recombination has significantly impacted the CMB phylogeny and is driving speciation in the CMD species complex.

IMPORTANCECassava mosaic disease (CMD) is a significant threat to cassava production throughout Africa and Asia. CMD is caused by a complex comprised of 11 recognized virus species exhibiting accelerated rates of evolution, driven by high frequencies of mutation and genetic exchange. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the contribution of genetic exchange to cassava mosaic virus diversity. Most of these species emerged as a result of genetic exchange. This is the first study to report the significant impact of genetic exchange on speciation in a group of viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Bellido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannot, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interspecies recombination has driven the macroevolution of cassava mosaic begomoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter-sequence determinants and structural basis of primer-dependent transcription initiation in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modifications of RNA 5' ends enable "epitranscriptomic" regulation, influencing multiple aspects of RNA fate. In transcription initiation, a large inventory of substrates compete with nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) for use as initiating entities, providing an ab initio mechanism for altering the RNA 5' end. In Escherichia coli cells, RNAs with a 5'-end hydroxyl are generated by use of dinucleotide RNAs as primers for transcription initiation, "primer-dependent initiation." Here we use massively systematic transcript end readout ("MASTER") to detect and quantify RNA 5' ends generated by primer-dependent initiation for ~410 (~1,000,000) promoter sequences in E. coli. The results show primer-dependent initiation in E. coli involves any of the 16 possible dinucleotide primers and depends on promoter sequences in, upstream, and downstream of the primer binding site. The results yield a consensus sequence for primer-dependent initiation, YTSS-2NTSS-1NTSSWTSS+1, where TSS is the transcription start site, NTSS-1NTSS is the primer binding site, Y is pyrimidine, and W is A or T. Biochemical and structure-determination studies show that the base pair (nontemplate-strand base:template-strand base) immediately upstream of the primer binding site (Y:RTSS-2, where R is purine) exerts its effect through the base on the DNA template strand (RTSS-2) through inter-chain base stacking with the RNA primer. Results from analysis of a large set of natural, chromosomally-encoded E. coli promoters support the conclusions from MASTER. Our findings provide a mechanistic and structural description of how TSS-region sequence hard-codes not only the TSS position, but also the potential for epitranscriptomic regulation through primer-dependent transcription initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skalenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter-sequence determinants and structural basis of primer-dependent transcription initiation in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YTHDC2 Is Essential for Pachytene Progression and Prevents Aberrant Microtubule-Driven Telomere Clustering in Male Meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms driving the prolonged meiotic prophase I are poorly understood. The RNA helicase YTHDC2 is critical for mitosis to meiosis transition, as YTHDC2-deficient mouse germ cells initiate meiosis but arrest with mixed characteristics of mitotic and meiotic cell types. However, YTHDC2 is also highly expressed in normal pachytene cells. Here we identify an essential role for YTHDC2 in meiotic progression. Specifically, we find that YTHDC2 deficiency causes microtubule-dependent telomere clustering and apoptosis at the pachytene stage of prophase I, and thus a failure to advance to the diplotene stage. Depletion of YTHDC2 results in a massively dysregulated transcriptome in pachytene cells, with a tendency toward upregulation of genes normally expressed in mitotic germ cells and downregulation of meiotic transcripts. Dysregulation does not correlate with the m6A status of RNAs and YTHDC2-bound mRNAs are enriched in genes upregulated in mutant germ cells, revealing that YTHDC2 primarily targets its substrate mRNAs for degradation. Finally, altered transcripts in YTHDC2-deficient pachytene cells encode microtubule network proteins and inhibition of microtubule polymerization disperses clustered telomeres. Together, our results demonstrate that YTHDC2 regulates the prolonged pachytene stage of prophase I by perpetuating a meiotic transcriptome and preventing changes in the microtubule network that could lead to aberrant telomere clustering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasowitz, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homolka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YTHDC2 Is Essential for Pachytene Progression and Prevents Aberrant Microtubule-Driven Telomere Clustering in Male Meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory processing remains sensitive to environmental experience during adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development is a time of great opportunity. A heightened period of neural plasticity contributes to dramatic improvements in perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills. However, developmental plasticity poses a risk: greater malleability of neural circuits exposes them to environmental factors that may impede behavioral maturation. While these risks are well-established prior to sexual maturity (i.e., critical periods), the degree of neural vulnerability during adolescence remains uncertain. To address this question, we induced a transient period of hearing loss (HL) spanning adolescence in the gerbil, confirmed by assessment of circulating sex hormones, and asked whether behavioral and neural deficits are diminished. Wireless recordings were obtained from auditory cortex neurons during perceptual task performance, and within-session behavioral and neural sensitivity were compared. We found that a transient period of adolescent HL caused a significant perceptual deficit (i.e., amplitude modulation detection thresholds) that could be attributed to degraded auditory cortex processing, as confirmed with both single neuron and population-level analyses. In contrast, perceptual deficits did not occur when HL of the same duration was induced in adulthood. To determine whether degraded auditory cortex encoding was attributable to an intrinsic change, we obtained auditory cortex brain slices from adolescent HL animals, and recorded synaptic and discharge properties from auditory cortex pyramidal neurons. There was a clear and novel phenotype, distinct from critical period HL: excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes were elevated in adolescent HL animals, whereas inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were unchanged. This is in contrast to critical period deprivation, where there are large changes to synaptic inhibition. Taken together, these results show that diminished adolescent sensory experience can cause long-lasting behavioral deficits that originate, in part, from a dysfunctional cortical circuit.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/439537v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (18K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50b787org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1410662org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a0fa6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@897b1c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Summary of experimental design and main findings.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anbuhl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory processing remains sensitive to environmental experience during adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline testing data validate inferences of mutational status for variants detected from tumor-only sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSPathogenic germline variants (PGV) in cancer susceptibility genes are usually identified in cancer patients through germline testing of DNA from blood or saliva: their detection can impact patient treatment options and potential risk reduction strategies for relatives. PGV can also be identified, in tumor sequencing assays, often performed without matched normal specimens. It is then critical to determine whether detected variants are somatic or germline. Here, we evaluate the clinical utility of computational inference of mutational status in tumor-only sequencing compared to germline testing results.

Patients and MethodsTumor-only sequencing data from 1,608 patients were retrospectively analyzed to infer germline-versus-somatic status of variants using an information-theoretic, gene-independent approach. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was also determined. The predicted mutational models were compared to clinical germline testing results. Statistical measures were computed to evaluate performance.

ResultsTumor-only sequencing detected 3,988 variants across 70 cancer susceptibility genes for which germline testing data were available. Our analysis imputed germline-versus-somatic status for >75% of all detected variants, with a sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 88%, and overall accuracy of 86% for pathogenic variants. False omission rate was 3%, signifying minimal error in misclassifying true PGV. A higher portion of PGV in known hereditary tumor suppressors were found to be retained with LOH in the tumor specimens (72%) compared to variants of uncertain significance (58%).

ConclusionsTumor-only sequencing provides sufficient power to distinguish germline and somatic variants and infer LOH. Although accurate detection of PGV from tumor-only data is possible, analyzing sequencing data in the context of specimens tumor cell content allows systematic exclusion of somatic variants, and suggests a balance between type 1 and 2 errors for identification of patients with candidate PGV for standard germline testing. Our approach, implemented in a user-friendly bioinformatics application, facilities objective analysis of tumor-only data in clinical settings.

HighlightsO_LIMost pathogenic germline variants in cancer predisposition genes can be identified by analyzing tumor-only sequencing data.
C_LIO_LIInformation-theoretic gene-independent analysis of common sequencing data accurately infers germline vs. somatic status.
C_LIO_LIA reasonable statistical balance can be established between sensitivity and specificity demonstrating clinical utility.
C_LIO_LIPathogenic germline variants are more often detected with loss of heterozygosity vs. germline variants of uncertain significance.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalloul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindmen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macconaill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline testing data validate inferences of mutational status for variants detected from tumor-only sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis reveals the influence of climate change and currents on adaptation in an estuarine species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the roles of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in adaptation is central to evolutionary biology and important for assessing adaptive potential of species under climate change. Analysis of a chromosome-level assembly and resequencing of individuals across wide latitude distribution in the estuarine oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) revealed unexpectedly low genomic diversity and population structures shaped by historical glaciation, geological events and oceanographic forces. Strong selection signals were detected in genes responding to temperature and salinity stress, especially of the expanded solute carrier families, highlighting the significance of gene expansion in environmental adaptation. Genes exhibiting high plasticity showed strong selection in upstream regulatory regions that modulate transcription, indicating selection favoring plasticity. Our findings suggest that genomic variation and population structure in marine bivalves are heavily influenced by climate history and physical forces, and gene expansion and selection may enhance phenotypic plasticity that is critical for the adaptation to rapidly changing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis reveals the influence of climate change and currents on adaptation in an estuarine species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining replication in multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 2005, genome-wide association (GWA) datasets have been largely biased toward sampling European ancestry individuals, and recent studies have shown that GWA results estimated from self-identified European individuals are not transferable to non-European individuals due to various confounding challenges. Here, we demonstrate that enrichment analyses which aggregate SNP-level association statistics at multiple genomic scales--from genes to genomic regions and pathways--have been underutilized in the GWA era and can generate biologically interpretable hypotheses regarding the genetic basis of complex trait architecture. We illustrate examples of the robust associations generated by enrichment analyses while studying 25 continuous traits assayed in 566,786 individuals from seven diverse self-identified human ancestries in the UK Biobank and the Biobank Japan, as well as 44,348 admixed individuals from the PAGE consortium including cohorts of African-American, Hispanic and Latin American, Native Hawaiian, and American Indian/Alaska Native individuals. We identify 1,000 gene-level associations that are genome-wide significant in at least two ancestry cohorts across these 25 traits, as well as highly conserved pathway associations with triglyceride levels in European, East Asian, and Native Hawaiian cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahamatdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining replication in multi-ancestry genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous multiplexed population representations of task context in the mouse primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary visual cortex (V1) neurons integrate motor and multisensory information with visual inputs during sensory processing. However, whether V1 neurons also integrate and encode higher-order cognitive variables is less understood. We trained mice to perform a context-dependent cross-modal decision task where the interpretation of identical audio-visual stimuli depends on task context. We performed silicon probe population recordings of neuronal activity in V1 during task performance and showed that task context (whether the animal should base its decision on visual or auditory stimuli) can be decoded during both intertrial intervals and stimulus presentations. Context and visual stimuli were represented in overlapping populations but were orthogonal in the population activity space. Context representation was not static but displayed distinctive dynamics upon stimulus onset and offset. Thus, activity patterns in V1 independently represent visual stimuli and cognitive variables relevant to task execution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hajnal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safaryan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous multiplexed population representations of task context in the mouse primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemogenetic stimulation of a retinal circuit activates brain noradrenergic neurons, prevents apoptosis, and suppresses depression-like behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A chronically dysregulated locus coeruleus (LC) system gives rise to mood disorders. In particular, prolonged LC hyperactivity often underlies stress disorders, whereas chronically reduced function often underlies symptoms of depression. Owing to its location deep in the brainstem, LC is difficult to access which limits translational approaches that involve manipulating these neurons. Here, we circumvent this problem by utilizing the retina as a chemogenetic target for commandeering a multsynaptic circuit to LC. We show that activation of this pathway can prevent depression-like behavior and associated pathology of the LC-noradrenergic (NA) system caused by light deprivation. Additionally, we show that melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the likely cell type responsible for initiating activity in this pathway. By capitalizing on this ocular route of designer receptor delivery, we demonstrate a novel, minimally-invasive method for manipulating this deep-brain circuit that is relevant to a wide array of neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowrey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omrani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammdkhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemogenetic stimulation of a retinal circuit activates brain noradrenergic neurons, prevents apoptosis, and suppresses depression-like behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Informational masking vs. crowding - A mid-level trade-off between auditory and visual processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In noisy or cluttered environments, sensory cortical mechanisms help combine auditory or visual features into perceived objects. Knowing that individuals vary greatly in their ability to suppress unwanted sensory information, and knowing that the sizes of auditory and visual cortical regions are correlated, we wondered whether there might be a corresponding relation between an individuals ability to suppress auditory vs. visual interference. In auditory masking, background sound makes spoken words unrecognizable. When masking arises due to interference at central auditory processing stages, beyond the cochlea, it is called informational masking (IM). A strikingly similar phenomenon in vision, called visual crowding, occurs when nearby clutter makes a target object unrecognizable, despite being resolved at the retina. We here compare susceptibilities to auditory IM and visual crowding in the same participants. Surprisingly, across participants, we find a negative correlation (R = -0.7) between IM susceptibility and crowding susceptibility: Participants who have low susceptibility to IM tend to have high susceptibility to crowding, and vice versa. This reveals a mid-level trade-off between auditory and visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelli, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihlefeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Informational masking vs. crowding - A mid-level trade-off between auditory and visual processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicle molecular signatures characterize metastatic dynamicity in ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.440951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer drastically lowers 5-year survival rate from 90% to 30%. Early screening tools that use non-invasive sampling methods combined with high specificity and sensitivity can significantly increase survival. Emerging research employing blood-based screening tools have shown promise in non-invasive detection of cancer. Our findings in this study show the potential of a small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-derived signature as a non-invasive longitudinal screening tool in ovarian cancer. We identified a 7-gene panel in these sEVs that overlapped with an established tissue-derived metastatic ovarian carcinoma signature. We found the 7-gene panel to be differentially expressed with tumor development and metastatic spread. While there were quantifiable changes in genes from the 7-gene panel in plasma-derived sEVs from ovarian cancer patients, we were unable to establish a definitive signature due to low sample number. The most notable finding was a significant change in the ascites-derived sEV gene signature that overlapped with that of the plasma-derived sEV signature at varying stages of disease progression. Taken together our findings show that differential expression of metastatic genes derived from circulating sEVs present a minimally invasive screening tool for ovarian cancer detection and longitudinal monitoring of molecular changes associated with progression and metastatic spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebert, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libutti, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghe, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.440951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicle molecular signatures characterize metastatic dynamicity in ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuits for dynamics-based segmentation of time series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain must extract behaviorally relevant latent variables from the signals streamed by the sensory organs. Such latent variables are often encoded in the dynamics that generated the signal rather than in the specific realization of the waveform. Therefore, one problem faced by the brain is to segment time series based on underlying dynamics. We present two algorithms for performing this segmentation task that are biologically plausible, which we define as acting in a streaming setting and all learning rules being local. One algorithm is model-based and can be derived from an optimization problem involving a mixture of autoregressive processes. This algorithm relies on feedback in the form of a prediction error, and can also be used for forecasting future samples. In some brain regions, such as the retina, the feedback connections necessary to use the prediction error for learning are absent. For this case, we propose a second, model-free algorithm that uses a running estimate of the autocorrelation structure of the signal to perform the segmentation. We show that both algorithms do well when tasked with segmenting signals drawn from autoregressive models with piecewise-constant parameters. In particular, the segmentation accuracy is similar to that obtained from oracle-like methods in which the ground-truth parameters of the autoregressive models are known. We also test our methods on datasets generated by alternating snippets of voice recordings. We provide implementations of our algorithms at https://github.com/ttesileanu/bio-time-series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tesileanu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chklovskii, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuits for dynamics-based segmentation of time series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Stakeholder Insights to Enhance Engagement in PhD Professional Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing awareness of the need for predoctoral and postdoctoral professional development and career guidance, however many academic institutions are only beginning to build out these functional roles. As a graduate career educator, accessing the vast silos and resources at a university and with industrial partners can be daunting, yet collaborative endeavors and network development both on and off campus are crucial to the success of any career and professional development office. To better inform and direct the efforts of graduate career offices, forty-five stakeholders external and internal to academic institutions were identified and interviewed to gather and categorize perspectives on topics critical to career and professional development offices. Using a stakeholder network visualization tool developed by the authors, stakeholder engagement can be rapidly assessed to ascertain areas where offices have strong connections and other areas where additional efforts could be directed to enhance engagement. General themes from interviews with internal and external stakeholders are discussed to provide graduate career educators with various stakeholder subgroup perspectives to help prepare for successful interactions. Benefits include increased engagement and opportunities to collaborate, as well as the opportunity to build or expand graduate career development offices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgioni, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundsteen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yellin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varvayanis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.440824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Stakeholder Insights to Enhance Engagement in PhD Professional Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hypoxia Response Pathway Promotes PEP Carboxykinase Expression And Gluconeogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actively dividing cells, including some cancers, rely on aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a phenomenon termed "the Warburg effect1." Constitutive activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-1), a transcription factor known for mediating an adaptive response to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), is a hallmark of the Warburg effect2. HIF-1 is thought to promote glycolysis and suppress oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we show instead that HIF-1 can promote gluconeogenesis. Using a multiomics approach, we determined the genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic landscapes regulated by constitutively active HIF-1 in C. elegans. We performed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq under aerobic conditions in mutants lacking EGL-9, a key negative regulator of HIF-1, and then integrated these approaches to identify over a hundred genes directly and functionally upregulated by HIF-1. We show that HIF-1 directly promotes the expression of PCK-1, a PEP carboxykinase that is a rate-limiting mediator of gluconeogenesis3. This activation of PCK-1 by HIF-1 promotes survival in response to both oxidative and hypoxic stress. Our work is the first to identify functional direct targets of HIF-1 in vivo, and it describes the first complete metabolome induced by constitutive HIF-1 activation in any organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyonteck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlack, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rongo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hypoxia Response Pathway Promotes PEP Carboxykinase Expression And Gluconeogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ssl2/TFIIH Function in Transcription Start Site Scanning by RNA Polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) selects transcription start sites (TSS) by a unidirectional scanning process. During scanning, a preinitiation complex (PIC) assembled at an upstream core promoter initiates at select positions within a window [~]40-120 basepairs downstream. Several lines of evidence indicate that Ssl2, the yeast homolog of XPB and an essential and conserved subunit of the general transcription factor (GTF) TFIIH, drives scanning through its DNA-dependent ATPase activity, therefore potentially controlling both scanning rate and scanning extent (processivity). To address questions of how Ssl2 functions in promoter scanning and interacts with other initiation activities, we leveraged distinct initiation-sensitive reporters to identify novel ssl2 alleles. These ssl2 alleles, many of which alter residues conserved from yeast to human, confer either upstream or downstream TSS shifts at the model promoter ADH1 and genome-wide. Specifically, tested ssl2 alleles alter TSS selection by increasing or narrowing the distribution of TSSs used at individual promoters. Genetic interactions of ssl2 alleles with other initiation factors are consistent with ssl2 allele classes functioning through increasing or decreasing scanning processivity but not necessarily scanning rate. These alleles underpin a residue interaction network that likely modulates Ssl2 activity and TFIIH function in promoter scanning. We propose that the outcome of promoter scanning is determined by two functional networks, the first being Pol II activity and factors that modulate it to determine initiation efficiency within a scanning window, and the second being Ssl2/TFIIH and factors that modulate scanning processivity to determine the width of the scanning widow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, W. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ssl2/TFIIH Function in Transcription Start Site Scanning by RNA Polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and mechanistic basis of RNA extension in reiterative transcription initiation: RNA slippingwithout DNA scrunching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.08.443277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reiterative transcription initiation, observed at promoters that contain homopolymeric sequences at the transcription start site, generates RNA products having 5 sequences non-complementary to the DNA template. Here, using crystallography and cryo-EM to define structures, protein-DNA-photocrosslinking to map positions of RNAP leading and trailing edges relative to DNA, and single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation to assess RNAP-dependent DNA unwinding, we show that RNA extension in reiterative transcription initiation: (1) occurs without DNA scrunching, (2) involves a short, 2-3 bp RNA-DNA hybrid, and (3) generates RNA that exits RNAP through the portal by which scrunched nontemplate-strand DNA exits RNAP in standard transcription initiation. The results establish that, whereas RNA extension in standard transcription initiation proceeds through a scrunching mechanism, RNA extension in reiterative transcription initiation proceeds through a slippage mechanism, with slipping of RNA relative to DNA within a short RNA-DNA hybrid, and with extrusion of RNA from RNAP through an alternative RNA exit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pukhrambam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.08.443277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and mechanistic basis of RNA extension in reiterative transcription initiation: RNA slippingwithout DNA scrunching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A burst of transposon expression accompanies the activation of Y chromosome fertility genes during Drosophila spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) must replicate in germline cells to pass novel insertions to offspring. In Drosophila melanogaster ovaries, TEs can exploit specific developmental windows of opportunity to evade host silencing and increase their copy numbers. However, TE activity and host silencing in the distinct cell types of the Drosophila melanogaster testis are not well understood. We reanalyzed publicly available single-cell RNA-seq datasets to quantify TE expression in the distinct cell types of the Drosophila testis. We developed a novel method for identification of TE and host gene expression programs and find that a distinct population of early spermatocytes expresses a large number of TEs at much higher levels than other germline and somatic components of the testes. This burst of TE expression coincides with the activation of Y chromosome fertility factors and spermatocyte-specific transcriptional regulators, as well as downregulation of many components of the piRNA pathway. The TEs expressed by this cell population are enriched on the Y chromosome and depleted on the X chromosome relative to other active TEs. These data suggest that some TEs may achieve high insertional activity in males by exploiting a window of opportunity for mobilization created by the activation of spermatocyte-specific and Y-chromosome-specific transcriptional programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A burst of transposon expression accompanies the activation of Y chromosome fertility genes during Drosophila spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA-decapping associated DcpS enzyme controls critical steps of neuronal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.10.443481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homozygous mutations in the gene encoding the scavenger mRNA-decapping enzyme, DcpS, have been shown to underlie developmental delay and intellectual disability. Intellectual disability is associated with both abnormal neocortical development and mRNA metabolism. However, the role of DcpS and its scavenger decapping activity in neuronal development is unknown. Here, we show that human neurons derived from patients with a DcpS mutation have compromised differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, in the developing mouse neocortex, DcpS is required for the radial migration, polarity, neurite outgrowth and identity of developing glutamatergic neurons. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the scavenger mRNA decapping activity contributes to multiple pivotal roles in neural development, and further corroborate that mRNA metabolism and neocortical pathologies are associated with intellectual disability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salamon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsule, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Pozzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalamea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DArcangelo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.10.443481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA-decapping associated DcpS enzyme controls critical steps of neuronal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas arenae sp. nov., Pseudomonas glycinis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas harudinis sp. nov., three novel bacterial species and plant endophytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three novel Pseudomonas species associated with healthy plants are described from the United States. They are Pseudomonas arenae sp. nov. from soybean in Missouri and Phragmites sp. in New Jersey; Pseudomonas glycinis sp. nov. from Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit in Massachusetts, groundwater in Tennessee and soybean in Indiana; and Pseudomonas harudinis sp. nov. from Phragmites sp. in New Jersey. No pathogenic strains are known for any of the novel species based on genome comparisons to assemblies in GenBank.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seaton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inderbitzin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight-Connoni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas arenae sp. nov., Pseudomonas glycinis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas harudinis sp. nov., three novel bacterial species and plant endophytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Microbeads Stacking in Deformable Nano-Sieve for Efficient Plasma Separation and Blood Cell Retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient separation of blood cells and plasma is key for numerous molecular diagnosis and therapeutics applications. Despite various microfluidics-based separation strategies have been developed, a simple, reliable, and multiplexing separation device that can process a large volume of blood is still missing. Here we show a microbead packed deformable microfluidic system that can efficiently separate highly purified plasma from whole blood as well as retrieve blocked blood cells from the device. Combining microscope imaging, optical tomography scanning, and computational fluidic modeling, a highly accurate model is constructed to understand the link between the mechanical properties of the microfluidics, flow rate, and microbeads packing/leaking, which supports and rationalizes the experimental observations. This deformable nano-sieve device establishes a key technology for centrifuge-free diagnosis and treatment of bloodborne diseases and may be important for the design of next-generation deformable microfluidics for separation applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Microbeads Stacking in Deformable Nano-Sieve for Efficient Plasma Separation and Blood Cell Retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.443910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRibosome profiling, or Ribo-seq, is the state of the art method for quantifying protein synthesis in living cells. Computational analysis of Ribo-seq data remains challenging due to the complexity of the procedure, as well as variations introduced for specific organisms or specialized analyses. Many bioinformatic pipelines have been developed, but these pipelines have key limitations in terms of functionality or usability.

ResultsWe present riboviz 2, an updated riboviz package, for the comprehensive transcript-centric analysis and visualization of Ribo-seq data. riboviz 2 includes an analysis workflow built on the Nextflow workflow management system, combining freely available software with custom code. The package is extensively documented and provides example configuration files for organisms spanning the domains of life. riboviz 2 is distinguished by clear separation of concerns between annotation and analysis: prior to a run, the user chooses a transcriptome in FASTA format, paired with annotation for the CDS locations in GFF3 format. The user is empowered to choose the relevant transcriptome for their biological question, or to run alternative analyses that address distinct questions. riboviz 2 has been extensively tested on various library preparation strategies, including multiplexed samples. riboviz 2 is flexible and uses open, documented file formats, allowing users to integrate new analyses with the pipeline.

Availabilityriboviz 2 is freely available at github.com/riboviz/riboviz.

Supplementary information
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favate, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterbourne, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavoussanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.443910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[riboviz 2: A flexible and robust ribosome profiling data analysis and visualization workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fiberoptic Probe For Hemodynamic Spectroscopy in Freely Moving Mice Shows Cerebrovascular Dysregulation In Alzheimers and Glioma Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceCerebral vascular reactivity is critical parameters of brain homeostasis in health and disease, but the investigational value of brain oxymetry is diminished by anesthesia and mechanical fixation of the mouse scull.

AimWe needed to reduce the physical restrictivity of hemodynamic spectroscopy to enable Alzheimers disease (AD) studies in freely-moving mice.

ApproachWe combined spectroscopy, spectral analysis software and a magnetic, implantable device to measure vascular reactivity in unanesthetized, freely-moving mice. We measured cerebral blood volume fraction (CBVF) and oxygen saturation (SO2).

ResultsWe validated that our system could detect delayed cerebrovascular recovery from hypoxia in an orthotopic xenograft glioma model under anesthetized condition and we also found increased CBVF and impaired vascular reactivity during hypercapnia in a freely-moving mouse model of AD compared to wild-type littermates.

ConclusionsOur optomechanical approach to reproducibly getting light into and out of the brain enabled us to successfully measure CBVF and SO2 during hypercapnia in unanesthetized freely-moving mice. We present hardware and software enabling oximetric analysis of metabolic activity, which provides a safe and reliable method for rapid assessment of vascular reactivity in murine disease models as well as CBVF and SO2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gareau, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snuderl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placantonakis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaroslavsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fiberoptic Probe For Hemodynamic Spectroscopy in Freely Moving Mice Shows Cerebrovascular Dysregulation In Alzheimers and Glioma Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher concentrations of bacterial enveloped virus Phi6 can protect the virus from environmental decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage Phi6 is an enveloped virus considered as a possible non-pathogenic surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral pathogens in transmission studies. Higher input amounts of bacteriophage Phi6 are shown to delay and protect the phage from environmental decay, both when the phage are dried in plastic tubes, and when they are stored in saline solution at 4{degrees}C. When bacteriophage Phi6 are placed in LB (Luria-Bertani) growth medium prior to placement on the plastic surface, viral recovery is not influenced by the starting concentration. The protection is reflected in longer half-lives of the phage at higher concentrations compared to lower. Because experiments supporting the possibility of fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses rely upon survival of infectious virus following inoculation of various surfaces, high initial amounts of input virus on a surface may generate artificially inflated survival times compared to realistic lower levels of virus that a subject would normally encounter. This is not only because there are extra half-lives to go through at the higher concentrations, but also because the half-lives themselves are extended at the higher virus concentrations. It is important to design surface drying experiments for pathogens with realistic levels of input virus, and to consider the role of the carrier and matrix if the results are to be clinically relevant.

IMPORTANCEDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of attention has been paid to the environmental decay of SARS-CoV-2 due to proposed transmission of the virus via fomites. However, published experiments have commenced with very high virus titer inoculums, an experimental design not representative of real-life conditions. The study described here evaluated the impact of initial virus titer on environmental decay of an enveloped virus, using a non-pathogenic surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, enveloped bacteriophage Phi6. We establish that higher concentrations of virus can protect the virus from environmental decay, depending on conditions. This has important implications for stability studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Our results point to a limitation in the fundamental methodology that has been used to attribute fomite transmission for almost all respiratory viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bangiyev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher concentrations of bacterial enveloped virus Phi6 can protect the virus from environmental decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aggregation state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts host immunity and augments pulmonary disease pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aggregates, rather than similar numbers of single bacilli, induces host macrophage death and favors bacterial growth. Here, we examined whether aggregation contributes to enhanced Mtb pathogenicity in vivo in rabbit lungs. Rabbits were exposed to infectious aerosols containing mainly Mtb-aggregates (Mtb-AG) or Mtb-single cells (Mtb-SC). The lung bacterial load, histology, and immune cell composition were investigated over time. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis, cellular and tissue-level assays, and immunofluorescent imaging were performed on lung tissue to define and compare differential immune activation and pathogenesis between Mtb-AG and Mtb-SC infection.

Lung bacillary loads, disease scores, lesion size, and structure were significantly higher in Mtb-AG than in Mtb-SC infected animals. A differential immune cell distribution and activation were noted in the lungs and spleen of the two groups of infected animals. Mtb-AG infected animals also showed early induction of inflammatory network genes associated with necrosis and reduced host cell viability. Consistently, larger lung granulomas with clumped Mtb, extensive necrotic foci, and elevated matrix metalloproteases expression were observed in Mtb-AG infected rabbits. Our findings suggest that bacillary aggregation increases Mtb fitness for improved growth and accelerated lung inflammation and cell death, thereby exacerbating disease pathology in the lungs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolloli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aggregation state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts host immunity and augments pulmonary disease pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the effects of synonymous variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) are common in the human genome but are often overlooked. However, sSNVs can have significant biological impact and may lead to disease. Existing computational methods for evaluating the effect of sSNVs suffer from the lack of gold-standard training/evaluation data and exhibit over-reliance on sequence conservation signals. We developed synVep (synonymous Variant effect predictor), a machine learning-based method that overcomes both of these limitations. Our training data was a combination of variants reported by gnomAD (observed) and those unreported, but possible in the human genome (generated). We used positive-unlabeled learning to purify the generated variant set of any likely unobservable variants. We then trained two sequential extreme gradient boosting models to identify subsets of the remaining variants putatively enriched and depleted in effect. Our method attained 90% precision/recall on a previously unseen set of variants. Furthermore, although synVep does not explicitly use conservation, its scores correlated with evolutionary distances between orthologs in cross-species variation analysis. synVep was also able to differentiate pathogenic vs. benign variants, as well as splice-site disrupting variants (SDV) vs. non-SDVs. Thus, synVep provides an important improvement in annotation of sSNVs, allowing users to focus on variants that most likely harbor effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aptekmann, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the effects of synonymous variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollinator habitat plantings benefit wild, native bees, but do not necessarily favor rare species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIInstalling pollinator habitat is a ubiquitous conservation tool, but little is known about which pollinator taxa require support, or which benefit from habitat installations.
C_LIO_LIWe studied the response of rare and common bees to pollinator habitat enhancement. We used independent regional datasets to designate bee species as common or rare based on their rank according to one of three metrics: a) site occurrence frequency, b) local relative abundance, and c) geographic range size. We asked whether the abundance or richness of rare and common bees were greater in pollinator habitat, relative to old-field controls. Because we used an arbitrary, quantile-based cutoff to categorize species rarity, we conducted sensitivity analysis and controlled for rarity classification errors with a null model. With this null model, we determined whether rare and/or common species responded to pollinator habitat disproportionately, compared to the expectation for  typical bee species.
C_LIO_LIWe found that the number of individuals and of species designated as rare based on local relative abundance was greater in pollinator habitat enhancements. The number of individuals from bee species designated as rare based on site occurrence was lower in pollinator habitat enhancements, but the number of species was not clearly different between habitat types. We did not find a clear positive nor negative effect of habitat enhancement for species designated rare based on geographic range size. For all three rarity metrics, common species increased in abundance and richness in pollinator habitat relative to controls. Null models indicated that in most cases, neither rare nor common species disproportionately benefited from pollinator habitat.
C_LIO_LISynthesis and Applications: Our results suggest that pollinator habitat can lead to an increase in the abundance and richness of bees, including species that are rare and that are common. However, rare species appeared to respond differently than typical species, and depending on how species were classified as rare, could display muted or even negative responses to habitat enhancement. Targeting rare species with specific floral resources or unique habitat types may lead to better outcomes for rare and threatened species.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cariveau, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roswell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genung, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollinator habitat plantings benefit wild, native bees, but do not necessarily favor rare species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secreted Proteases Control the Timing of Aggregative Community Formation in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria orchestrate collective behaviors using the cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing (QS). QS relies on the synthesis, release, and group-wide detection of small molecules called autoinducers. In Vibrio cholerae, a multicellular community aggregation program occurs in liquid, during stationary phase, and in the high-cell-density QS state. Here, we demonstrate that this aggregation program consists of two subprograms. In one subprogram, which we call void formation, structures form that contain few cells but provide a scaffold within which cells can embed. The other subprogram relies on flagellar machinery and enables cells to enter voids. A genetic screen for factors contributing to void formation, coupled with companion molecular analyses, showed that four extracellular proteases, Vca0812, Vca0813, HapA, and PrtV control the onset timing of both void formation and aggregation, and moreover, proteolytic activity is required. These proteases, or their downstream products, can be shared between void-producing and non-void-forming cells and can elicit aggregation in a normally non-aggregating V. cholerae strain. Employing multiple proteases to control void formation and aggregation timing could provide a redundant and irreversible path to commitment to this community lifestyle.

ImportanceBacteria can work as collectives to form multicellular communities. Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes the disease cholera in humans, forms aggregated communities in liquid. Aggregate formation relies on a chemical communication process called quorum sensing. Here we show that, beyond overarching control by quorum sensing, there are two aggregation subprograms. One subprogram, which we call void formation, creates a scaffold within which cells can embed. The second subprogram, which allows bacteria to enter the scaffold, requires motility. We discovered that four extracellular proteases control the timing of both void formation and aggregation. We argue that, by using redundant proteases, V. cholerae ensures the reliable execution of this community formation process. These findings may provide insight into how V. cholerae successfully alternates between the marine environment and the human host: transitions that are central to the spread of the disease cholera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jemielita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashruwala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valastyan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secreted Proteases Control the Timing of Aggregative Community Formation in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tannic Acid Inhibits α-Synuclein Amyloid Fibril Formation via Binding to the Monomer N-terminal Domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Synuclein (S) is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that aggregates into amyloid fibrils during the progression of Parkinsons Disease and other synucleinopathies. The N-terminal domain (residues 1-60) is now understood to play a critical role in the initial nucleation of aggregation, as well as a pivotal role in the monomer-fibril interaction underlying amyloid seeding. Here we report on the interaction between S and the polyphenol tannic acid (TA), where a combination of solution NMR, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ThT assays have identified that TA targets the S N-terminal domain to inhibit amyloid fibril formation in a pH dependent manner. This work highlights the importance of targeting the N-terminus of S to arrest fibril formation, and suggests the importance of including polyphenolic moieties in future amyloid inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoeber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghe, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tannic Acid Inhibits α-Synuclein Amyloid Fibril Formation via Binding to the Monomer N-terminal Domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tightly constrained genome reduction and relaxation of purifying selection during secondary plastid endosymbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosymbiosis, the establishment of a former free-living prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell as an organelle inside a host cell, can dramatically alter the genomic architecture of the endosymbiont. Plastids, the light harvesting organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes, are excellent models to study this phenomenon because plastid origin has occurred multiple times in evolution. Here, we investigate the genomic signature of molecular processes acting through secondary plastid endosymbiosis - the origination of a new plastid from a free-living eukaryotic alga. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to study gene loss and changes in selective regimes on plastid genomes, focusing on the green lineage that has given rise to three independent lineages with secondary plastids (euglenophytes, chlorarachniophytes, Lepidodinium). Our results show an overall increase in gene loss associated with secondary endosymbiosis, but this loss is tightly constrained by retention of genes essential for plastid function. The data show that secondary plastids have experienced temporary relaxation of purifying selection during secondary endosymbiosis. However, this process is tightly constrained as well, with selection relaxed only relative to the background in primary plastids, but purifying selection remaining strong in absolute terms even during the endosymbiosis events. Selection intensity rebounds to pre-endosymbiosis levels following endosymbiosis events, demonstrating the changes in selection efficiency during different phases of secondary plastid origin. Independent endosymbiosis events in the euglenophytes, chlorarachniophytes, and Lepidodinium differ in their degree of relaxation of selection, highlighting the different evolutionary contexts of these events. This study reveals the selection-drift interplay during secondary endosymbiosis, and evolutionary parallels during the process of organelle origination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>uthanumallian, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetti, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbruggen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tightly constrained genome reduction and relaxation of purifying selection during secondary plastid endosymbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphiphilic proteins coassemble into multiphasic condensates and act as biomolecular surfactants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells contain membraneless compartments that assemble due to liquid-liquid phase separation, including biomolecular condensates with complex morphologies. For instance, certain condensates are surrounded by a film of distinct composition, such as Ape1 condensates coated by a layer of Atg19, required for selective autophagy in yeast. Other condensates are multiphasic, with nested liquid phases of distinct compositions and functions, such as in the case of ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus. The size and structure of such condensates must be regulated for proper biological function. We leveraged a bio-inspired approach to discover how amphiphilic, surfactant-like proteins may contribute to the structure and size regulation of biomolecular condensates. We designed and examined families of amphiphilic proteins comprising one phase-separating domain and one non-phase separating domain. In particular, these proteins contain the soluble structured domain glutathione S-transferase (GST) or maltose binding protein (MBP), fused to the intrinsically disordered RGG domain from P granule protein LAF-1. When one amphiphilic protein is mixed in vitro with RGG-RGG, the proteins assemble into enveloped condensates, with RGG-RGG at the core, and the amphiphilic protein forming the surface film layer. Importantly, we found that MBP-based amphiphiles are surfactants and control droplet size, with increasing surfactant concentration resulting in smaller droplet radii. In contrast, GST-based amphiphiles at increased concentrations co-assemble with RGG-RGG into multiphasic structures. We propose a mechanism for these experimental observations, supported by molecular simulations of a minimalist model. We speculate that surfactant proteins may play a significant role in regulating the structure and function of biomolecular condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphiphilic proteins coassemble into multiphasic condensates and act as biomolecular surfactants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than just oil droplets in water: surface tension and viscosity of protein condensates quantified by micropipette aspiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The material properties of biomolecular condensates play pivotal roles in many biological and pathological processes. Despite the rapid increase in the number of biomolecules identified that undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), quantitative studies of the resulting condensates have been severely lagging behind. Here, we develop a micropipette-based technique, which uniquely allows quantifications of both the surface tension and viscosity of biomolecular condensates, independent of labeling and surface wetting effects. We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of this technique by measuring condensates of LAF-1 RGG domains and a polymer-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). We anticipate this technique will be widely applicable to biomolecular condensates and will resolve several limitations regarding current approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milovanovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than just oil droplets in water: surface tension and viscosity of protein condensates quantified by micropipette aspiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune dynamics in a time of covid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivated by curiosities of disease progression seen in the coronavirus pandemic, we analyze a minimalist predator-prey model for the immune system (predator) competing against a pathogen (prey). We find that the mathematical model alone accounts for numerous paradoxical behaviors observed in this and other infections. These include why an exponentially growing pathogen requires an exposure threshold to take hold, how chronic and recurrent infections can arise, and what can allow very sick patients to recover, while healthier patients succumb. We also examine the distinct dynamical roles that specific, "innate," and nonspecific, "adaptive," immunity play, and we describe mathematical effects of infection history on prognosis. Finally, we briefly discuss predictions for some of the effects of timing and strengths of antibiotics or immunomodulatory agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinbrot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune dynamics in a time of covid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drivers of Transcriptional Variance in Human Intestinal Epithelial Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsHuman intestinal epithelial organoids (enteroids and colonoids) are tissue cultures used for understanding the physiology of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we explored the effect on the transcriptome of common variations in culture methods, including extracellular matrix substrate, format, tissue segment, differentiation status, and patient heterogeneity.

MethodsRNA-sequencing datasets from 251 experiments performed on 35 human enteroid and colonoid lines from 28 patients were aggregated from several groups in the Texas Medical Center. DESeq2 and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched of pathways.

ResultsPERMANOVA, Pearson correlations, and dendrogram analysis of all data indicated three tiers of influence of culture methods on transcriptomic variation: substrate (collagen vs. Matrigel) and format (3D, transwell, and monolayer) had the largest effect (7,271-1,305 differentially expressed genes-DEGs); segment of origin (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon) and differentiation status had a moderate effect (5,977-420 DEGs), and patient heterogeneity and specific experimental manipulations (e.g., pathogen infection) had the smallest effect. GSEA identified hundreds of pathways that varied between culture methods, such as IL1 cytokine signaling enriched in transwell vs. monolayer cultures, and cholesterol biosynthesis genes enriched in Matrigel vs. collagen cultures.

ConclusionsSurprisingly large differences in organoid transcriptome were driven by variations in culture methods such as format and substrate, whereas experimental manipulations such as infection had modest effects. These results show that common variations in culture conditions can have large effects on intestinal organoids and should be accounted for when designing experiments and comparing results between laboratories. Our data constitute the largest RNA-seq dataset interrogating human intestinal organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Criss, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans-Fielder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamyabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleet, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmrath, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePinho, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande-Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drivers of Transcriptional Variance in Human Intestinal Epithelial Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PALB2 maintains redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain and cooperates with ATG7 to suppress p53 dependent neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The PALB2 tumor suppressor plays key roles in DNA repair and has been implicated in redox homeostasis. Autophagy maintains mitochondrial quality, mitigates oxidative stress and suppresses neurodegeneration. Here we show that Palb2 deletion in the mouse brain leads to motor deficits and that co-deletion of Palb2 with the essential autophagy gene Atg7 accelerates and exacerbates neurodegeneration induced by ATG7 loss. Palb2 deletion leads to elevated DNA damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial markers, especially in Purkinje cells, and co-deletion of Palb2 and Atg7 results in accelerated Purkinje cell loss. Further analyses suggest that the accelerated Purkinje cell loss and severe neurodegeneration in the double deletion mice are due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than DNA damage, and partially dependent on p53 activity. Our studies uncover a role of PALB2 in mitochondrial regulation and a cooperation between PALB2 and ATG7/autophagy in maintaining redox and mitochondrial homeostasis essential for neuronal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyfus, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouradian, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PALB2 maintains redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain and cooperates with ATG7 to suppress p53 dependent neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rat anterior cingulate cortex continuously signals decision variables in a patchforaging task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In patch foraging tasks, animals must decide whether to remain with a depleting resource or to leave it in search of a potentially better source of reward. In such tasks, animals consistently follow the general predictions of optimal foraging theory (the Marginal Value Theorem; MVT): to leave a patch when the reward rate in the current patch depletes to the average reward rate across patches. Prior studies implicate an important role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in foraging decisions based on MVT: within single trials, ACC activity increases immediately preceding foraging decisions, and across trials, these dynamics are modulated as the value of staying in the patch depletes to the average reward rate. Here, we test whether these activity patterns reflect dynamic encoding of decision-variables and whether these signals are directly involved in decision-making. We developed a leaky accumulator model based on the MVT that generates estimates of decision variables within and across trials, and tested model predictions against ACC activity recorded from rats performing a patch foraging task. Model predicted changes in MVT decision variables closely matched rat ACC activity. Next, we pharmacologically inactivated ACC to test the contribution of these signals to decision-making. ACC inactivation had a profound effect on rats foraging decisions and response times yet rats still followed the MVT decision rule. These findings suggest that the ACC encodes foraging-related variables for reasons unrelated to patch-leaving decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kane, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rat anterior cingulate cortex continuously signals decision variables in a patchforaging task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZFC3H1 and U1-70K promote the nuclear retention of mRNAs with 5' splice site motif within nuclear speckles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quality control of mRNA represents an important regulatory mechanism for gene expression in eukaryotes. One component of this quality control is the nuclear retention and decay of misprocessed RNAs. Previously, we demonstrated that mature mRNAs containing a 5 splice site (5SS) motif, which is typically found in misprocessed RNAs such as intronic polyadenylated (IPA) transcripts, are nuclear retained and degraded. Here we demonstrate that these transcripts require the zinc finger protein ZFC3H1 for their decay and nuclear retention into nuclear speckles. Furthermore, we find that U1-70K, a component of the U1 snRNP spliceosomal complex, is also required for their nuclear retention and likely functions in the same pathway as ZFC3H1. Finally, we show that the disassembly of nuclear speckles impairs the nuclear retention of mRNAs with 5SS motifs. Together, our results suggest a model where mRNAs with 5SS motifs are recognized by U1 snRNP, which then acts with ZFC3H1 to both promote their decay and prevent nuclear export of these mRNAs by sequestering them in nuclear speckles. Our results highlight a splicing independent role of U1 snRNP and indicate that it works in conjunction with ZFC3H1 in preventing the nuclear export of misprocessed mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvenek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZFC3H1 and U1-70K promote the nuclear retention of mRNAs with 5' splice site motif within nuclear speckles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Splitting of RNA Sequencing Data by Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression studies using chimeric xenograft transplants or co-culture systems have proven to be valuable to uncover cellular dynamics and interactions during development or in disease models. However, the mRNA sequence similarities among species presents a challenge for accurate transcript quantification. To identify optimal strategies for analyzing mixed-species RNA sequencing data, we evaluate both alignment-dependent and alignment-independent methods. Alignment of reads to a pooled reference index is effective, particularly if optimal alignments are used to classify sequencing reads by species, which are re-aligned with individual genomes, generating >97% accuracy across a range of species ratios. Alignment-independent methods, such as Convolutional Neural Networks, which extract the conserved patterns of sequences from two species, classify RNA sequencing reads with over 85% accuracy. Importantly, both methods perform well with different ratios of human and mouse reads. Our evaluation identifies valuable and effective strategies to dissect species composition of RNA sequencing data from mixed populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Splitting of RNA Sequencing Data by Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Hippocampal Inhibition and Enhanced Autism-Epilepsy Comorbidity in Mice Lacking Neuropilin 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropilin receptors and their secreted semaphorin ligands play key roles in brain circuit development by regulating numerous crucial neuronal processes, including the maturation of synapses and migration of GABAergic interneurons. Consistent with its developmental roles, the neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) locus contains polymorphisms in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nrp2 deficient mice show autism-like behavioral deficits and propensity to develop seizures. In order to determine the pathophysiology in Nrp2 deficiency, we examined the hippocampal numbers of interneuron subtypes and inhibitory regulation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in mice lacking one or both copies of Nrp2. Immunostaining for interneuron subtypes revealed that Nrp2-/- mice have reduced number of parvalbumin, somatostatin and Neuropeptide Y cells, mainly in CA1. Whole cell recordings identified reduced firing and hyperpolarized shift in resting membrane potential in CA1 pyramidal neurons from Nrp2+/- and Nrp2-/- mice compared to age-matched wild-type controls indicating decrease in intrinsic excitability. Simultaneously, the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) are reduced in Nrp2 deficient mice. A convulsive dose of kainic acid evoked electrographic and behavioral seizures with significantly shorter latency, longer duration and higher severity in Nrp2-/- compared to Nrp2+/+ animals. Finally, Nrp2+/- and Nrp2-/-, but not Nrp2+/+, mice have impaired cognitive flexibility demonstrated by reward-based reversal learning, a task associated with hippocampal circuit function. Together these data demonstrate a broad reduction in interneuron subtypes and compromised inhibition in CA1 of Nrp2-/- mice, which could contribute to the heightened seizure susceptibility and behavioral deficits consistent with an ASD/epilepsy phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afrasiabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziobro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLucia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberg, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiflett, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Hippocampal Inhibition and Enhanced Autism-Epilepsy Comorbidity in Mice Lacking Neuropilin 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tools, strains, and strategies to effectively conduct anaerobic and aerobic transcriptional reporter screens and assays in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional reporters are reliable and time-tested tools to study gene regulation. In Staphylococcus aureus, {beta}-galactosidase (lacZ)-based genetic screens are not widely used because of the necessity of selectable markers for strain construction and the production of staphyloxanthin pigment which obfuscates results. We describe a series of vectors that allow for markerless insertion of codon-optimized lacZ-based transcriptional reporters. The vectors encode for different ribosomal binding sites allowing for tailored lacZ expression. A {Delta}crtM::kanR deletion insertion mutant was constructed that prevents the synthesis of staphyloxanthin, thereby permitting blue-white screening without the interference of carotenoid production. We demonstrate the utility of these vectors to monitor aerobic and anaerobic transcriptional activity. For the latter, we describe the use of a ferrocyanide-ferricyanide redox system (Fe(CN)63-/4-) permitting blue-white screening in the absence of oxygen. We also describe additional reporter systems and methods for monitoring transcriptional activity during anaerobic culture including a FAD-binding fluorescent protein (EcFbFP), alpha-hemolysin (hla), or lipase (geh). The systems and methods described are compatible with vectors utilized to create and screen high-density transposon mutant libraries.

ImportanceStaphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen and a leading cause of infectious disease-related illness and death worldwide. For S. aureus to successfully colonize and invade host tissues, it must tightly control the expression of genes encoding for virulence factors. Oxygen tension varies greatly at infection sites and many abscesses are devoid of oxygen. In this study, we have developed novel tools and methods to study how and when S. aureus alters transcription of genes. A key advantage to these methods and tools is that they can be utilized in the presence and absence of oxygen. A better understanding of anaerobic gene expression in S. aureus will provide important insight into the regulation of genes in low oxygen environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norambuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman-Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tools, strains, and strategies to effectively conduct anaerobic and aerobic transcriptional reporter screens and assays in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The voltage and spiking responses of subthreshold resonant neurons to structured and fluctuating inputs: resonance, loss of resonance and variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We systematically investigate the response of neurons to oscillatory currents and synaptic-like inputs and we extend our investigation to non-structured synaptic-like spiking inputs with more realistic distributions of presynaptic spike times. We use two types of chirp-like inputs consisting of (i) a sequence of cycles with discretely increasing frequencies over time, and (ii) a sequence having the same cycles arranged in an arbitrary order. We develop and use a number of frequency-dependent voltage response metrics to capture the different aspects of the voltage response, including the standard impedance (Z) and the peak-to-trough amplitude envelope (VENV) profiles. We show that Z-resonant cells (cells that exhibit subthreshold resonance in response to sinusoidal inputs) also show VENV-resonance in response to sinusoidal inputs, but generally do not (or do it very mildly) in response to square-wave and synaptic-like inputs. In the latter cases the resonant response using Z is not predictive of the preferred frequencies at which the neurons spike when the input amplitude is increased above subthreshold levels. We also show that responses to conductance-based synaptic-like inputs are attenuated as compared to the response to current-based synaptic-like inputs, thus providing an explanation to previous experimental results. These response patterns were strongly dependent on the intrinsic properties of the participating neurons, in particular whether the unperturbed Z-resonant cells had a stable node or a focus. In addition, we show that variability emerges in response to chirp-like inputs with arbitrarily ordered patterns where all signals (trials) in a given protocol have the same frequency content and the only source of uncertainty is the subset of all possible permutations of cycles chosen for a given protocol. This variability is the result of the multiple different ways in which the autonomous transient dynamics is activated across cycles in each signal (different cycle orderings) and across trials. We extend our results to include high-rate Poisson distributed current- and conductance-based synaptic inputs and compare them with similar results using additive Gaussian white noise. We show that the responses to both Poisson-distributed synaptic inputs are attenuated with respect to the responses to Gaussian white noise. For cells that exhibit oscillatory responses to Gaussian white noise (band-pass filters), the response to conductance-based synaptic inputs are low-pass filters, while the response to current-based synaptic inputs may remain band-pass filters, consistent with experimental findings. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of communication of oscillatory activity among neurons in a network via subthreshold oscillations and resonance and the generation of network resonance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The voltage and spiking responses of subthreshold resonant neurons to structured and fluctuating inputs: resonance, loss of resonance and variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillations and variability in neuronal systems: interplay of autonomous transient dynamics and fast deterministic fluctuations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal systems are subject to rapid fluctuations both intrinsically and externally. These fluctuations can be disruptive or constructive. We investigate the dynamic mechanisms underlying the interactions between rapidly fluctuating signals and the intrinsic properties of the target cells to produce variable and/or coherent responses. We use linearized and non-linear conductance-based models and piecewise constant (PWC) inputs with short duration pieces. The amplitude distributions of the constant pieces consist of arbitrary permutations of a baseline PWC function. In each trial within a given protocol we use one of these permutations and each protocol consists of a subset of all possible permutations, which is the only source of uncertainty in the protocol. We show that sustained oscillatory behavior can be generated in response to various forms of PWC inputs independently of whether the stable equilibria of the corresponding unperturbed systems are foci or nodes. The oscillatory voltage responses are amplified by the model nonlinearities and attenuated for conductance-based PWC inputs as compared to current-based PWC inputs, consistent with previous theoretical and experimental work. In addition, the voltage responses to PWC inputs exhibited variability across trials, which is reminiscent of the variability generated by stochastic noise (e.g., Gaussian white noise). Our analysis demonstrates that both oscillations and variability are the result of the interaction between the PWC input and the target cells autonomous transient dynamics with little to no contribution from the dynamics in vicinities of the steady-state, and do not require input stochasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillations and variability in neuronal systems: interplay of autonomous transient dynamics and fast deterministic fluctuations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and nociceptor states of inflammatory painacross timescales in 2D and 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ongoing pain is often driven by direct activation of pain-sensing neurons and neuroimmune mediated sensitization. These heightened states of pain alter physiology, reduce motor function, and alter motivation to engage in normal behaviors. The complexity of the pain state has evaded a comprehensive definition, especially in nonverbal animals. Here in mice, we capture the physiological state of sensitized pain neurons at different time points post-inflammation and used computational tools to automatically map behavioral signatures of evoked and spontaneous displays of pain. First, retrograde labeling coupled with electrophysiology of neurons innervating the site of localized inflammation defined critical time points of pain sensitization. Next, we used high-speed videography combined with supervised and unsupervised machine learning tools and uncovered sensory-evoked defensive coping postures to pain. Using 3D pose analytics inspired by natural language processing, we identify movement sequences that correspond to robust representations of ongoing pain states. Surprisingly, with this analytical framework, we find that a commonly used anti-inflammatory painkiller does not return an animals behavior back to a pre-injury state. Together, these findings reveal the previously unidentified signatures of pain and analgesia at timescales when inflammation induces heightened pain states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattison, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumka, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossazghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yttri, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and nociceptor states of inflammatory painacross timescales in 2D and 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Model for Entrainment by Circadian Clocks: Dynamic Circadian Integrated Response Characteristic (dCiRC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythm is a ubiquitous phenomenon, and it is observed in all biological kingdoms. In nature, their primary characteristic or phenotype is the phase of entrainment. There are two main hypotheses related to how circadian clocks entrain, parametric and non-parametric models. The parametric model focuses on the gradual changes of the clock parameters in response to the changing ambient condition, whereas the non-parametric model focuses on the instantaneous change of the phase of the clock in response to the zeitgeber. There are ample empirical data supporting both models. However, only recently has a unifying model been proposed, the circadian integrated response characteristic (CiRC). In the current study, we developed a system of ordinary differential equations, dynamic CiRC (dCiRC), that describes parameters of circadian rhythms and predicts the phase of entrainment in zeitgeber cycles. dCiRC mathematically extracts the underlying information of velocity changes of the internal clock that reflects the parametric model and the phase shift trajectory that reflects the non-parametric model from phase data under entraining conditions. As a proof of concept, we measured clock parameters of 26 Neurospora crassa ecotypes in both cycling and constant conditions using dCiRC. Our data showed that the morning light shortens the period of the clock while the afternoon light lengthens it. We also found that individual ecotypes have different strategies of integrating light effects to accomplish the optimal phase of entrainment, a model feature that is consistent with our knowledge of how circadian clocks are organized and encoded. The unified model dCiRC will provide new insights into how circadian clocks function under different zeitgeber conditions. We suggest that this type of model may be useful in the advent of chronotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Model for Entrainment by Circadian Clocks: Dynamic Circadian Integrated Response Characteristic (dCiRC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of border-ownership by large-scale consistency and long-range interactions: Neuro-computational model to reflect global configurations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual system performs remarkably well to perceive depth order of surfaces without stereo disparity, indicating the importance of figure-ground organization based on pictorial cues. To understand how figure-ground organization emerges, it is essential to investigate how the global configuration of an image is reflected. In the past, many neuro- computational models developed to reproduce figure-ground organization implemented algorithms to give a bias to convex areas. However, in certain conditions, a convex area can be perceived as a hole and a non-convex area as figural. This occurs when the surface properties of the convex area are consistent with the background and, hence, are grouped together in our perception. We argue that large-scale consistency of surface properties is reflected in the border-ownership computation. We developed a model, called DISC2, that first analyzes relationships between two border-ownership signals of all possible combinations in the image. It then enhances signals if they satisfy the following conditions: 1. the two signals fit to a convex configuration, and 2. the surface properties at the locations of the two signals are consistent. The strength of the enhancement decays with distance between the signals. The model gives extremely robust responses to various images with complexities both in shape and depth order. Furthermore, we developed an advanced version of the model ("augmented model") where the global computation above interacts with local computation of curvilinearity, which further enhanced the robust nature of the model. The results suggest the involvement of similar computational processes in the brain for figure-ground organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kogo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of border-ownership by large-scale consistency and long-range interactions: Neuro-computational model to reflect global configurations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionarily conserved odontode gene regulatory network underlies head armor formation in suckermouth armored catfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Odontodes, i.e., teeth and tooth-like structures, consist of a pulp cavity and dentine covered by a mineralized cap. These structures first appeared on the outer surface of vertebrate ancestors and were repeatedly lost and gained across vertebrate clades; yet, the underlying genetic mechanisms and trajectories of this recurrent evolution remain long-standing mysteries. Here, we established suckermouth armored catfish (Ancistrus sp.; Loricariidae), which have uniquely evolved dermal odontodes (dermal denticles) all over most of their body surface, as an experimental model animal amenable to genetic manipulation for studying odontode development. Our histological analysis showed that suckermouth armored catfish develop dermal denticles through the previously defined odontode developmental stages. De novo transcriptomic profiling identified the conserved odontode genetic regulatory network (oGRN) as well as unique expression of paired like homeodomain 2 (pitx2), previously characterized as an early regulator of oGRN in teeth, in developing dermal denticles. Knockdown of pitx2 perturbed formation of the epithelial placode of dermal denticles and altered expression oGRN genes. By comprehensively identifying the genetic program for dermal odontode development in suckermouth armored catfish, this work illuminates how dermal odontodes independently evolved and diverged in distinct teleost lineages.

Summary statementCranial dermal denticles in suckermouth armored catfish develop via an evolutionarily conserved and unique odontode genetic regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionarily conserved odontode gene regulatory network underlies head armor formation in suckermouth armored catfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Familial Danish dementia young Knock-in rats expressing humanized APP and human Aβ show impaired pre and postsynaptic glutamatergic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial British and Danish dementia (FBD and FDD) are two neurodegenerative disorders caused by mutations in the Integral membrane protein 2B (ITM2b). BRI2, the protein encoded by ITM2b, tunes excitatory synaptic transmission at both pre- and post-synaptic terminus. Too, BRI2 interacts with and modulates proteolytic processing of Amyloid-{beta} precursor Protein (APP), whose mutations cause familial forms of Alzheimer disease (FAD). To study pathogenic mechanism triggered by the Danish mutation we generated rats carrying the Danish mutation into the rat Itm2b gene (Itm2bD rats). Given the BRI2/APP interaction and the widely accepted relevance of human A{beta}, a proteolytic product of APP, to AD, Itm2bD rats were engineered to express two humanized App alleles, to produce human A{beta}. Here, we studied young Itm2bD rats to investigate early pathogenic changes. We found that peri-adolescent Itm2bD rats present subtle changes in human A{beta} levels along with decreased spontaneous glutamate release and AMPAR-mediated responses but increased short-term synaptic facilitation in the hippocampal Schaeffer-collateral pathway. These changes are like those observed in adult mice producing rodent A{beta} and carrying either the Danish or British mutations into the mouse Itm2b gene. Collectively, the data show that the pathogenic Danish mutation alters the physiological function of BRI2 at glutamatergic synapses; these functional alterations are detected across species and occur early in life. Future studies will be needed to determine whether this phenomenon represents an early pathogenic event in human dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Familial Danish dementia young Knock-in rats expressing humanized APP and human Aβ show impaired pre and postsynaptic glutamatergic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xrn1 is a deNADding Enzyme Modulating Mitochondrial NAD Levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The existence of non-canonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5-end capped RNAs is now well established. Nevertheless, the biological function of this nucleotide metabolite cap remains elusive. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic 5-end exoribonuclease Xrn1 is also a NAD cap decapping (deNADding) enzyme that releases intact NAD and subsequently degrades the RNA. The significance of Xrn1 deNADding is evident in a deNADding deficient Xrn1 mutant that still retains its 5-monophosphate exonuclease activity. This mutant reveals Xrn1 deNADding is necessary for normal growth on non-fermenting sugar and is involved in modulating mitochondrial NAD-capped RNA levels and in turn intramitochondrial NAD levels. Our findings uncover a functional role for mitochondrial NAD-capped RNAs as a reservoir to maintain overall NAD homeostasis. We propose NAD-capped RNAs function as a cistern for mitochondrial NAD with Xrn1 serving as a rheostat for NAD-capped RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudzien Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xrn1 is a deNADding Enzyme Modulating Mitochondrial NAD Levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.449305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New intranasal and injectable gene therapy for healthy life extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.26.449305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the global elderly population grows, it is socioeconomically and medically critical to have diverse and effective means of mitigating the impact of aging on human health. Previous studies showed that adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) vector induced overexpression of certain proteins can suppress or reverse the effects of aging in animal models. Here, we sought to determine whether the high-capacity cytomegalovirus vector can be an effective and safe gene delivery method for two such-protective factors: telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and follistatin (FST). We found that the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) carrying exogenous TERT or FST (MCMVTERT or MCMVFST) extended median lifespan by 41.4% and 32.5%, respectively. This is the first report of CMV being used successfully as both an intranasal and injectable gene therapy system to extend longevity. Treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance, physical performance, and prevented loss of body mass and alopecia. Telomere shortening seen with aging was ameliorated by TERT, and mitochondrial structure deterioration was halted in both treatments. Intranasal and injectable preparations performed equally well in safely and efficiently delivering gene therapy to multiple organs, with long-lasting benefits and without carcinogenicity or unwanted side effects. Translating this research to humans could have significant benefits associated with increased health span.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaijyan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selariu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-cosme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kekich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadoshima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.26.449305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New intranasal and injectable gene therapy for healthy life extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flying in the Face of Adversity: A Drosophila-based Virtual CURE Provides Semester-long Authentic Research Opportunity to the Flipped Classroom. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A call for the integration of research experiences into all biology curricula has been a major goal for educational reform efforts nationally. Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have been the predominant method of accomplishing this, but their associated costs and complex design can limit their wide adoption. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced programs to identify unique ways to still provide authentic research experiences while students were virtual. We report here a full guide for the successful implementation of a semester-long virtual CURE that uses Drosophila behavioral assays to explore the connection between pain and addiction with the use of a "lab-in-a-box" sent home to students. Individual components were piloted across three semesters and launched as a 100-level introductory course with 19 students. We found that this course increased science identity and successfully improved key research competencies as per the Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment (URSSA) survey. This course is ideal for flipped classrooms ranging from introductory biology to upper-level neuroscience courses and can be integrated directly into the lecture period without the need for building a new course. Given the low cost, recent comfort with virtual learning environments, and the current proliferation of flipped biology classrooms following the 2020 pandemic, this curriculum could serve as an ideal project-based active-learning tool for equitably increasing access to authentic research experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waddell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Whalen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flying in the Face of Adversity: A Drosophila-based Virtual CURE Provides Semester-long Authentic Research Opportunity to the Flipped Classroom.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cherry-picking information: humans actively sample evidence to support prior beliefs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No one likes to be wrong. Previous research has shown that participants may underweight information incompatible with previous choices, a phenomenon called confirmation bias. In this paper we argue that a similar bias exists in the way information is actively sought. We investigate how choice influences information gathering using a perceptual choice task and find that participants sample more information from a previously chosen alternative. Furthermore, the higher the confidence in the initial choice, the more biased information sampling becomes. As a consequence, when faced with the possibility of revising an earlier decision, participants are more likely to stick with their original choice, even when incorrect. Critically, we show that agency controls this phenomenon. The effect disappears in a fixed sampling condition where presentation of evidence is controlled by the experimenter, suggesting that the way in which confirmatory evidence is acquired critically impacts the decision process. These results suggest active information acquisition plays a critical role in the propagation of strongly held beliefs over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaanders, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortoleva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Martino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cherry-picking information: humans actively sample evidence to support prior beliefs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed architectural proteins that tune DNA looping in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Architectural proteins alter the shape of DNA, often by distorting the double helix and introducing sharp kinks that relieve strain in tightly-bent DNA structures. Here we design and test artificial architectural proteins based on a sequence-specific Transcription Activator-like Effector (TALE) protein, either alone or fused to a eukaryotic high mobility group B (HMGB) DNA-bending domain. We hypothesized that TALE protein binding would stiffen DNA to bending and twisting, acting as an architectural protein that antagonizes the formation of small DNA loops. In contrast, fusion to an HMGB domain was hypothesized to generate a targeted DNA-bending architectural protein that facilitates DNA looping. We provide evidence from E. coli Lac repressor gene regulatory loops supporting these hypotheses in living bacteria. Both data fitting to a thermodynamic DNA looping model and sophisticated molecular modeling support the interpretation of these results. We find that TALE protein binding inhibits looping by stiffening DNA to bending and twisting, while the Nhp6A domain enhances looping by bending DNA without introducing twisting flexibility. Our work illustrates artificial approaches to sculpt DNA geometry with functional consequences. Similar approaches may be applicable to tune the stability of small DNA loops in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed architectural proteins that tune DNA looping in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMEM120A/TACAN inhibits mechanically activated Piezo2 channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.30.450616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanically activated Piezo2 channels are key mediators of light touch and proprioception in mice and humans. Relatively little is known about what other proteins regulate Piezo2 activity in a cellular context. TACAN (TMEM120A) was proposed to act as a high threshold mechanically activated ion channel in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Here we find that TACAN co-expression robustly reduced mechanically activated Piezo2 currents, but did not inhibit mechanically activated Piezo1 and TREK1 currents. TACAN co-expression did not affect cell surface expression of either Piezo1 or Piezo2 and did not have major effects on the cortical actin or tubulin cytoskeleton. TACAN expression alone did not result in the appearance of mechanically activated currents above background. In addition, TACAN and Piezo2 expression in DRG neurons overlapped, and siRNA mediated knockdown of TACAN did not decrease the proportion of slowly adapting mechanically activated currents, but resulted in an increased proportion of rapidly adapting currents. Our data do not support TACAN being a mechanically activated ion channel, and identify it as a negative modulator of Piezo2 channel activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.30.450616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMEM120A/TACAN inhibits mechanically activated Piezo2 channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The United States has thousands of invasive species, representing a sizable, but unknown burden to the national economy. Given the potential economic repercussions of invasive species, quantifying these costs is of paramount importance both for national economies and invasion management. Here, we used a novel global database of invasion costs (InvaCost) to quantify the overall costs of invasive species in the United States across spatiotemporal, taxonomic, and socioeconomic scales. From 1960 to 2020, reported invasion costs totaled $4.52 trillion (USD 2017). Considering only observed, highly reliable costs, this total cost reached $1.22 trillion with an average annual cost of $19.94 billion/year. These costs increased from $2.00 billion annually between 1960-1969 to $21.08 billion annually between 2010-2020. Most costs (73%) were related to resource damages and losses ($896.22 billion), as opposed to management expenditures ($46.54 billion). Moreover, the majority of costs were reported from invaders from terrestrial habitats ($643.51 billion, 53%) and agriculture was the most impacted sector ($509.55 billion). From a taxonomic perspective, mammals ($234.71 billion) and insects ($126.42 billion) were the taxonomic groups responsible for the greatest costs. Considering the apparent rising costs of invasions, coupled with increasing numbers of invasive species and the current lack of cost information for most known invaders, our findings provide critical information for policymakers and managers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fantle-Lepczyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haubrock, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuthbert, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turbelin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crystal-Ornelas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diagne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchamp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a Neurometric-based Construct Validity of Trust 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.04.451074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trust is a nebulous construct central to successful cooperative exchanges and interpersonal relationships. In this study, we introduce a new approach to establishing construct validity of trust using "neurometrics". We develop a whole-brain multivariate pattern capable of classifying whether new participants will trust a relationship partner in the context of a cooperative interpersonal investment game (n=40) with 90% accuracy and find that it also generalizes to a variant of the same task collected in a different country with 82% accuracy (n=17). Moreover, we establish the convergent and discriminant validity by testing the pattern on thirteen separate datasets (n=1,427) and find that trust is reliably related to beliefs of safety, inversely related to negative affect, but unrelated to reward, cognitive control, social perception, theory of mind, and self-referential processing. Together these results provide support for the notion that the psychological experience of trust contains elements of beliefs of reciprocation and fear of betrayal aversion. Contrary to our predictions, we found no evidence that trust is related to anticipated reward. This work demonstrates how "neurometrics" can be used to characterize the psychological processes associated with brain-based multivariate representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guroglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.04.451074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a Neurometric-based Construct Validity of Trust]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary Exposure to Antibiotic Residues Facilitates Metabolic Disorder by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics used as growth promoters in livestock and animal husbandry can be detected in animal-derived food. Epidemiological studies have implicated that exposure to these antibiotic residues in food may be associated to childhood obesity. Herein, the effect of exposure to residual dose of tylosin--an antibiotic growth promoter--on host metabolism and gut microbiota was explored in vivo. Theoretical maximal daily intake (TMDI) doses of tylosin were found to facilitate high-fat diet-induced obesity, induce insulin resistance, and perturb the composition of gut microbiota in mice. The obesity-related phenotypes were transferrable to germ-free recipient mice, indicating that the effects of TMDI dose of tylosin on obesity and insulin resistance occurred mainly via alteration of the gut microbiota. Tylosin TMDI exposure restricted to early life, which is the critical period of gut microbiota development, altered the abundance of specific bacteria related to host metabolic homeostasis later in life. Moreover, early-life exposure to tylosin TMDI was sufficient to modify the ratio of primary to secondary bile acids, thereby inducing lasting metabolic consequences via the downstream FGF15 signaling pathway. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that exposure to very low dose of antibiotic residues, whether continuously or in early life, can exert long-lasting effects on host metabolism by altering gut microbiota and its metabolites.

ImportanceEvidence has indicated that chronic exposure to antibiotic residues in food could contribute to obesity. However, few studies have investigated the effect of chronic exposure to very low-dose antibiotic residue in food (~1000-fold lower than the therapeutic dose) on gut microbiota and host metabolism. Our study demonstrates that even with limited exposure in early life, a residual dose of tylosin causes lasting metabolic disturbances through altering gut microbiota and its metabolites. Our findings reveal that the gut microbiota is susceptible to previously ignored environmental factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panyod, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, T.-C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary Exposure to Antibiotic Residues Facilitates Metabolic Disorder by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The methamphetamine-induced RNA targetome of hnRNP H in Hnrnph1 mutants showing reduced dopamine release and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methamphetamine addiction remains a major public health concern in the United States that has paralleled the opioid epidemic. Psychostimulant use disorders have a heritable genetic component that remains unexplained. Methamphetamine targets membrane and vesicular transporters to increase synaptic dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. We previously identified Hnrnph1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1) as a quantitative trait gene underlying methamphetamine behavioral sensitivity. Hnrnph1 encodes the RNA-binding protein hnRNP H1 that is ubiquitously expressed in neurons throughout the brain. Gene-edited mice with a heterozygous frameshift deletion in Hnrnph1s first coding exon of showed reduced methamphetamine-induced dopamine release and behaviors. To inform the mechanism linking hnRNP H with methamphetamine neurobehavioral effects, we surveyed the mRNA targetome of hnRNP H via cross-linking immunoprecipitation coupled with RNA-sequencing in striatal tissue at baseline and at 30 min post-methamphetamine in wild-type male and female C57BL/6J mice. Methamphetamine induced changes in RNA-binding targets of hnRNP H in mice, including differential binding to 3UTR targets and multiple enriched mRNAs involved in synaptic plasticity. Targetome, transcriptome, and spliceome analyses triangulated on Cacna2d2 as a suggestive target, with differences in hnRNP H binding, gene expression and splicing following methamphetamine treatment (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, pre-treatment with pregabalin, an inhibitor of 2{delta}2 and 2{delta}1 voltage-gated calcium channel subunits, attenuated methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in male and female mice, supporting a role for Cacna2d1/d2 in methamphetamine locomotor stimulant sensitivity. Our study identifies a dynamic hnRNP H RNA targetome that can rapidly and adaptively respond to methamphetamine to regulate gene expression and likely synaptic plasticity and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babbs, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, P. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolozin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szumlinski, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The methamphetamine-induced RNA targetome of hnRNP H in Hnrnph1 mutants showing reduced dopamine release and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping circuit dynamics during function and dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits can generate many spike patterns, but only some are functional. The study of how circuits generate and maintain functional dynamics is hindered by a poverty of description of circuit dynamics across functional and dysfunctional states. For example, although the regular oscillation of a central pattern generator is well characterized by its frequency and the phase relationships between its neurons, these metrics are ineffective descriptors of the irregular and aperiodic dynamics that circuits can generate under perturbation or in disease states. By recording the circuit dynamics of the well-studied pyloric circuit in C. borealis, we used statistical features of spike times from neurons in the circuit to visualize the spike patterns generated by this circuit under a variety of conditions. This unsupervised approach captures both the variability of functional rhythms and the diversity of atypical dynamics in a single map. Clusters in the map identify qualitatively different spike patterns hinting at different dynamical states in the circuit. State probability and the statistics of the transitions between states varied with environmental perturbations, removal of descending neuromodulation, and the addition of exogenous neuromodulators. This analysis reveals strong mechanistically interpretable links between complex changes in the collective behavior of a neural circuit and specific experimental manipulations, and can constrain hypotheses of how circuits generate functional dynamics despite variability in circuit architecture and environmental perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorur-Shandilya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping circuit dynamics during function and dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPE-51, a sperm secreted protein with an Immunoglobulin-like domain, is required for sperm-egg fusion in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of fertilization, the molecular basis of sperm-egg interaction is not well understood. In a forward genetics screen for fertility mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans we identified spe-51. Mutant worms make sperm that are unable to fertilize the oocyte but otherwise normal by all available measurements. The spe-51 gene encodes a secreted protein that includes an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain and a hydrophobic sequence of amino acids. The SPE-51 protein acts cell-autonomously and localizes to the surface of the spermatozoa. This is the first example of a secreted protein required for the interactions between the sperm and egg with genetic validation for a specific function in fertilization. Our analyses of these genes begin to build a paradigm for sperm-secreted or reproductive tract-secreted proteins that coat the sperm surface and influence their survival, motility, and/or the ability to fertilize the egg.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druzhinina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauchunas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singaravelu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakes, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPE-51, a sperm secreted protein with an Immunoglobulin-like domain, is required for sperm-egg fusion in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The EGF-motif containing protein SPE-36 is a secreted protein required for sperm function at fertilization in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing number of genes specifically required for fertilization suggests that there is a significant amount of molecular complexity at the sperm-egg interface. Thus, we have adopted a model of a "fertilization synapse" where specialized zones of interaction and multi-protein complexes mediate gamete interaction and fusion. The fertilization synapse is likely to be composed of both trans and cis protein-protein interactions at the surface of each gamete. Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans spe-36 gene result in a sperm-specific fertility defect. Surprisingly, spe-36 encodes a secreted EGF-motif containing protein that functions cell autonomously. Despite the fact that morphology and migratory behavior of spe-36 sperm are indistinguishable from wild-type sperm, spe-36 sperm make close contact with oocytes but fail to fertilize them. The genetic requirement for a secreted sperm-derived protein for fertilization is novel and represents a paradigm-shifting discovery in the molecular understanding of fertilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krauchunas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcello, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singaravelu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The EGF-motif containing protein SPE-36 is a secreted protein required for sperm function at fertilization in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid sequence evolution is associated with genetic incompatibilities in the plastid Clp complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.452280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plastid caseinolytic protease (Clp) complex plays essential roles in maintaining protein homeostasis and comprises both plastid-encoded and nuclear-encoded subunits. Despite the Clp complex being retained across green plants with highly conserved protein sequences in most species, examples of extremely accelerated amino acid substitution rates have been identified in numerous angiosperms. The causes of these accelerations have been the subject of extensive speculation but still remain unclear. To distinguish among prevailing hypotheses and begin to understand the functional consequences of rapid sequence divergence in Clp subunits, we used plastome transformation to replace the native clpP1 gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with counterparts from another angiosperm genus (Silene) that exhibits a wide range in rates of Clp protein sequence evolution. We found that antibiotic-mediated selection could drive a transgenic clpP1 replacement from a slowly evolving donor species (S. latifolia) to homoplasmy but that clpP1 copies from Silene species with accelerated evolutionary rates remained heteroplasmic, meaning that they could not functionally replace the essential tobacco clpP1 gene. These results suggest that observed cases of rapid Clp sequence evolution are a source of epistatic incompatibilities that must be ameliorated by coevolutionary responses between plastid and nuclear subunits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Ghany, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaManna, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svab, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harroun, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid sequence evolution is associated with genetic incompatibilities in the plastid Clp complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Class of Psychedelic Iboga Alkaloids Disrupts Opioid Addiction States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use and related mental health epidemics are causing increasing suffering and death in diverse communities.1,2 Despite extensive efforts focused on developing pharmacotherapies for treating substance use disorders, there is an urgent need for radically different therapeutic approaches.3,4 Ibogaine provides an important drug prototype in this direction, as a psychoactive iboga alkaloid suggested to have the ability to interrupt opioid use in drug-dependent humans.5 However, ibogaine and its major metabolite noribogaine present considerable safety risk associated with cardiac arrhythmias.6 We introduce a new class of iboga alkaloids - "oxa-iboga" - defined as benzofuran-containing iboga analogs and created via structural editing of the iboga skeleton. The oxa-iboga compounds act as potent kappa opioid receptor agonists in vitro and in vivo, but exhibit atypical behavioral features compared to standard kappa psychedelics. We show that oxa-noribogaine has greater therapeutic efficacy in rat models of opioid use, and no cardiac pro-arrhythmic potential, in contrast to noribogaine. Oxa-noribogaine induces long-lasting suppression of morphine and fentanyl intake after a single dose, persistent reduction of morphine intake and reinforcing efficacy after a short treatment regimen, and suppression of morphine and fentanyl drug seeking in relapse models. Oxa-noribogaine also induces a lasting elevation of neurotrophin proteins in the ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex, consistent with targeted neuroplasticity induction and alteration of addiction-like states. As such, oxa-iboga compounds represent candidates for a novel type of pharmacotherapy for treatment of opioid use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Havel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruegel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechand, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansonoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi-Gerges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katritch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemby, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Class of Psychedelic Iboga Alkaloids Disrupts Opioid Addiction States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas Controls Cryptic Prophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial archetypal adaptive immune system, CRISPR-Cas, is thought to be repressed in the best-studied bacterium, Escherichia coli K-12. We show here that the E. coli CRISPR-Cas system is active and serves to inhibit its nine defective (i.e., cryptic) prophages. Specifically, compared to the wild-type strain, reducing the amounts of specific interfering RNAs (crRNA) decreases growth by 40%, increases cell death by 700%, and prevents persister cell resuscitation. Similar results were obtained by inactivating CRISPR-Cas by deleting the entire 13 spacer region (CRISPR array); hence, CRISPR-Cas serves to inhibit the remaining deleterious effects of these cryptic prophages, most likely through CRISPR array-derived crRNA binding to cryptic prophage mRNA, rather than through cleavage of cryptic prophage DNA; i.e., self-targeting. Consistently, four of the 13 E. coli spacers contain complementary regions to the mRNA sequences of seven cryptic prophages, and inactivation of CRISPR-Cas increases the level of mRNA for lysis protein YdfD of cryptic prophage Qin and lysis protein RzoD of cryptic prophage DLP-12. Also, lysis is clearly seen via transmission electron microscopy when the whole CRISPR-Cas array is deleted, and eliminating spacer #12, which encodes crRNA with complementary regions for DLP-12 (including rzoD), Rac, Qin (including ydfD), and CP4-57 cryptic prophages, also results in growth inhibition and cell lysis. Therefore, we report the novel results that (i) CRISPR-Cas is active in E. coli and (ii) CRISPR-Cas is used to tame cryptic prophages, likely through RNAi; i.e., unlike with active lysogens, active CRISPR-Cas and cryptic prophages may stably co-exist.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas Controls Cryptic Prophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision Autism: Genomic Stratification of Disorders Making Up the Broad Spectrum May Demystify its "Epidemic Rates" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the last decade, Autism has broadened and often shifted its diagnostics criter a, allowing several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders of known etiology. This has resulted in a highly heterogeneous spectrum with apparent exponential rates in prevalence. I ask if it is possible to leverage existing genetic information about those disorders making up Autism today and use it to stratify this spectrum. To that end, I combine genes linked to Autism in the SFARI database and genomic information from the DisGeNet portal on 25 diseases, inclusive of non-neurological ones. I use the GTEx data on genes expression on 54 human tissues and ask if there are overlapping genes across those associated to these diseases and those from SFARI-Autism. I find a compact set of genes across all brain-disorders which express highly in tissues fundamental for somatic-sensory-motor function, self-regulation, memory, and cognition. Then, I offer a new stratification that provides a distance-based orderly clustering into possible Autism subtypes, amenable to design personalized targeted therapies within the framework of Precision Medicine. I conclude that viewing Autism through this physiological (Precision) lens, rather than viewing it exclusively from a psychological behavioral construct, may make it a more manageable condition and dispel the Autism epidemic myth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision Autism: Genomic Stratification of Disorders Making Up the Broad Spectrum May Demystify its "Epidemic Rates"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADAD2 regulates heterochromatin in meiotic and post-meiotic male germ cells via translation of MDC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male germ cells establish a unique heterochromatin domain, the XY-body, early in meiosis. How this domain is maintained through the end of meiosis and into post-meiotic germ cell differentiation is poorly understood. ADAD2 is a late meiotic male germ cell specific RNA binding protein, loss of which leads to post-meiotic germ cell defects. Analysis of ribosome association in Adad2 mutants revealed defective translation of Mdc1, a key regulator of XY-body formation, late in meiosis. As a result, Adad2 mutants show normal establishment but failed maintenance of the XY-body. XY-body defects are concurrent with abnormal autosomal heterochromatin and ultimately lead to severely perturbed post-meiotic germ cell heterochromatin and cell death. These findings highlight the requirement of ADAD2 for Mdc1 translation, the role of MDC1 in maintaining meiotic male germ cell heterochromatin, and the importance of late meiotic heterochromatin for normal post-meiotic germ cell differentiation.

SummaryChukrallah et al. demonstrate ADAD2 is required for normal meiotic heterochromatin in male germ cells and loss leads to post-meiotic cell death defining ADAD2 as a heterochromatin maintenance factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chukrallah, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badrinath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittor, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADAD2 regulates heterochromatin in meiotic and post-meiotic male germ cells via translation of MDC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed action-outcome representation by striatal striosome-matrix compartments detected with a novel cost-benefit foraging task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning about positive and negative outcomes of actions is crucial for survival and underpinned by conserved circuits including the striatum. How associations between actions and outcomes are formed is not fully understood, particularly when the outcomes have mixed positive and negative features. We developed a novel foraging ( bandit) task requiring mice to maximize rewards while minimizing punishments. By 2-photon Ca++ imaging, we monitored activity of 5831 identified anterodorsal striatal striosomal and matrix neurons. Surprisingly, we found that action-outcome associations for reward and punishment were combinatorially encoded rather than being integrated as overall outcome value. Single neurons could, for one action, encode outcomes of opposing valence. Striosome compartments consistently exhibited stronger representations of reinforcement outcomes than matrix, especially for high reward or punishment prediction errors. These findings demonstrate a remarkable multiplexing of action-outcome contingencies by single identified striatal neurons and suggest that striosomal neurons are differentially important in action-outcome learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amemori, K.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed action-outcome representation by striatal striosome-matrix compartments detected with a novel cost-benefit foraging task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immersion in Modified Reality: Sensitivity to the Slope (α) of the Amplitude Spectrum is Dependent on the α of Recently Viewed Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scenes contain many statistical regularities that could benefit visual processing if accounted for by the visual system. One such statistic is the orientation-averaged slope () of the amplitude spectrum of natural scenes. Human observers show different discrimination sensitivity to : sensitivity is highest for  values between 1.0 and 1.2 and decreases as  is steepened or shallowed. The range of  for peak discrimination sensitivity is concordant with the average  of natural scenes, which may indicate that visual mechanisms are optimized to process information at  values commonly encountered in the environment. Here we explore the association between peak discrimination sensitivity and the most viewed s in natural environments. Specifically, we verified whether discrimination sensitivity depends on the recently viewed environments. Observers were immersed, using a Head-Mounted Display, in an environment that was either unaltered or had its average  steepened or shallowed by 0.4. Discrimination thresholds were affected by the average shift in , but this effect was most prominent following adaptation to a shallowed environment. We modeled these data with a Bayesian observer and explored whether a change in the prior or a change in the likelihood best explained the psychophysical effects. Change in discrimination thresholds following adaptation could be explained by a shift in the central tendency of the prior concordant with the shift of the environment, in addition to a change in the likelihood. Our findings suggest that expectations on the occurrence of  that result from a lifetime of exposure remain plastic and able to accommodate for the statistical structure of recently viewed environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immersion in Modified Reality: Sensitivity to the Slope (α) of the Amplitude Spectrum is Dependent on the α of Recently Viewed Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene-based capture assay for surveying patterns of genetic diversity and insecticide resistance in a worldwide group of invasive mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding patterns of diversification, genetic exchange, and pesticide resistance in insect species of human health concern is necessary for effective population reduction and management. With the broad availability of next-generation sequencing technologies, one of the best approaches for surveying such patterns involves the simultaneous genotyping of many samples for large numbers of genetic markers from across the known genome. To this end, the targeting of gene sequences of known function or inheritance can be a cost-effective strategy. One insect group of substantial health concern are the mosquito taxa that make up the Culex pipiens complex. Members of this complex transmit damaging arboviruses and filariae worms to humans, as well as other pathogens that are detrimental to endangered vertebrate species such as bird malaria. Here we describe our development of a targeted gene-based assay for surveying genetic diversity and population structure in this mosquito complex. To test the utility of this assay, we examined taxonomic divergence among samples from several members of the complex, as well as distinct populations of the relatively under-studied Culex quinquefasciatus, an urban pantropical species. We also examined the presence of known insecticide-resistance conferring alleles. Broadly, our developed gene-based assay proved effective for examining patterns of taxonomic and geographic clustering within the species complex, as well as for surveying genetic variants that have been associated with insecticide resistance. This assay will be useful for future studies that aim to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of ubiquitous and increasingly damaging disease vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aardema, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campana, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene-based capture assay for surveying patterns of genetic diversity and insecticide resistance in a worldwide group of invasive mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatic networks are affected in craniosynostosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital skull malformations are associated with vascular anomalies that can impair fluid balance in the central nervous system. We previously reported that humans with craniosynostosis and mutations in TWIST1 have dural venous sinus malformations. It is still unknown whether meningeal lymphatic networks, which are patterned alongside the venous sinuses, are also affected. Using a novel skull flat mounting technique, we show that the growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatics are perturbed in Twist1 craniosynostosis models. Changes to the local meningeal environment, including hypoplastic dura and venous malformations, affect the ability of lymphatic networks to sprout and remodel. Dorsal networks along the transverse sinus are hypoplastic with reduced branching. By contrast, basal networks closer to the skull base are more variably affected, showing exuberant growth in some animals suggesting they are compensating for vessel loss in dorsal networks. Injecting molecular tracers into cerebrospinal fluid reveals significantly less drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, indicative of impaired lymphatic function. Collectively, our results show that meningeal lymphatic development is hindered in craniosynostosis, suggesting central nervous system waste clearance may be impeded.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matrongolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatic networks are affected in craniosynostosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apropos of Universal Epitope Discovery for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Framework for Targeted Phage Display-Based Delivery and Integration of New Evaluation Tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted bacteriophage (phage) particles are potentially attractive yet inexpensive platforms for immunization. Herein, we describe targeted phage capsid display of an immunogenically relevant epitope of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein that is empirically conserved, likely due to the high mutational cost among all variants identified to date. This observation may herald an approach to developing vaccine candidates for broad-spectrum, towards universal, protection against multiple emergent variants of coronavirus that cause COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markosian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staquicini, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodero-Rojas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contessoto, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libutti, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apropos of Universal Epitope Discovery for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Framework for Targeted Phage Display-Based Delivery and Integration of New Evaluation Tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breast tumor IGF-1R regulates cell adhesion and metastasis: Alignment of mouse single cell and human breast cancer transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of a metastatic phenotype is the critical event that determines patient survival from breast cancer. Several receptor tyrosine kinases have functions both in promoting and inhibiting metastasis in breast tumors. Although the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been considered a target for inhibition in breast cancer, low levels of IGF-1R expression are associated with worse overall patient survival. To determine how reduced IGF-1R impacts tumor phenotype, we used weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) of METABRIC patient data and identified gene modules specific to cell cycle, adhesion, and immune cell signaling inversely correlated with IGF-1R expression in human breast cancers. Integration of human patient data with data from mouse tumors revealed similar pathways necessary for promoting metastasis in basal-like tumors with reduced signaling or expression of the IGF-1R. Functional analyses revealed the basis for the enhanced metastatic phenotype including alterations in E- and P-cadherins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciliento, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maingrette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulatowicz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeRoith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breast tumor IGF-1R regulates cell adhesion and metastasis: Alignment of mouse single cell and human breast cancer transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genome assemblies and Evolutionary Dynamics of North American Anopheles mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles mosquitoes are the principal vectors for malaria and lymphatic filariasis, and evidence for arboviral transmission under laboratory and natural contexts has been demonstrated. Vector management approaches require an understanding of the ecological, epidemiological, and biological context of the species in question, and increased interest in gene drive systems for vector control applications has resulted in an increased need for genome assemblies from understudied mosquito species. While the genomes for many Anopheles species have been sequenced, North American Anopheles taxa have been neglected. In this study we present novel genome assemblies for the North American species An. crucians, An. freeborni, An. albimanus, and An. quadrimaculatus, and examine the evolutionary relationship between these species. We identified 790 shared single copy orthologs between the newly sequenced genomes and created a phylogeny using 673 of the orthologs, identifying 525 orthologs with evidence for positive selection on at least one branch of the phylogeny. Gene ontology terms such as calcium ion signaling, histone binding, and protein acetylation were identified as being biased in the set of selected genes. These novel genome sequences will be useful in developing our understanding of the diverse biological traits that drive vectorial capacity in anophelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemirembe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckeand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasgon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genome assemblies and Evolutionary Dynamics of North American Anopheles mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-altitude adaptation and incipient speciation in geladas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival at high altitude requires adapting to extreme conditions such as environmental hypoxia. To understand high-altitude adaptations in a primate, we assembled the genome of the gelada (Theropithecus gelada), an endemic Ethiopian monkey, and complemented it with population resequencing, hematological, and morphometric data. Unexpectedly, we identified a novel karyotype that may contribute to reproductive isolation between gelada populations. We also identified genomic elements including protein-coding sequences and gene families that exhibit accelerated changes in geladas and may contribute to high-altitude adaptation. Our findings lend insight into mechanisms of speciation and adaptation while providing promising avenues for functional hypoxia research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiou, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janiak, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Crease, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayele, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuma, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signore, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Ippolito, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haile, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebede, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fashing, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houck, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips-Conroy, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beehner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-altitude adaptation and incipient speciation in geladas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of ever-advancing sequencing technologies has revealed incredible biodiversity at the microbial scale, and yet we know little about the ecological interactions in these communities. For example, in the phytotelmic community found in the purple pitcher plant, Sarrecenia purpurea, ecologists typically consider the bacteria as a functionally homogenous group. In this food web, bacteria decompose detritus and are consumed by protozoa that are considered generalist consumers. Here we tested whether a generalist consumer benefits from all bacteria equally. We isolated and identified 22 strains of bacteria, belonging to six genera, from S. purpurea plants. We grew the protozoa, Tetrahymena sp. with single isolates and strain mixtures of bacteria and measured Tetrahymena fitness. We found that different bacterial strains had different effects on protozoan fitness, both in isolation and in mixture. Our results demonstrate that not accounting for composition of prey communities may affect the predicted outcome of predator-prey interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khadempour, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas Quijano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>terHorst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contiguously-hydrophobic sequences are functionally significant throughout the human exome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrophobic interactions have long been established as essential to stabilizing structured proteins as well as drivers of aggregation, but the impact of hydrophobicity on the functional significance of sequence variants has rarely been considered in a genome-wide context. Here we test the role of hydrophobicity on functional impact using a set of 70,000 disease and non-disease associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using enrichment of disease-association as an indicator of functionality. We find that functional impact is uncorrelated with hydrophobicity of the SNP itself, and only weakly correlated with the average local hydrophobicity, but is strongly correlated with both the size and minimum hydrophobicity of the contiguous hydrophobic domain that contains the SNP. Disease-association is found to vary by more than 6-fold as a function of contiguous hydrophobicity parameters, suggesting utility as a prior for identifying causal variation. We further find signatures of differential selective constraint on domain hydrophobicity, and that SNPs splitting a long hydrophobic region or joining two short regions of contiguous hydrophobicity are particularly likely to be disease-associated. Trends are preserved for both aggregating and non-aggregating proteins, indicating that the role of contiguous hydrophobicity extends well beyond aggregation risk.

Statement of SignificanceProteins rely on the hydrophobic effect to maintain structure and interactions with the environment. Surprisingly, no signs that amino acid hydrophobicity influences natural selection have been detected using modern genetic data. This may be because analyses that treat each amino acid separately do not reveal significant results, which we confirm here. However, because the hydrophobic effect becomes more powerful as more hydrophobic molecules are introduced, we tested whether unbroken stretches of hydrophobic amino acids are under selection. Using genetic variant data from across the human genome, we found evidence that selection pressure increases continually with the length of the unbroken hydrophobic sequence. These results could lead to improvements in a wide range of genomic tools as well as insights into disease and protein evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contiguously-hydrophobic sequences are functionally significant throughout the human exome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relationship Between Inter-individual Variation in Circadian Rhythm and Sociality: A case Study Using Halictid Bees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bee family Halictidae is considered to be an optimal model for the study of social evolution due to its remarkable range of social behaviors. Past studies in circadian rhythms suggest that social species may express more diversity in circadian behaviors than solitary species. However, these previous studies did not make appropriate taxonomic comparisons. To further explore the link between circadian rhythms and sociality, we examine four halictid species with different degrees of sociality, three social species of Lasioglossum, one from Greece and two from Puerto Rico, and a solitary species of Systropha from Greece. Based on our previous observations, we hypothesized that species with greater degree of sociality will show greater inter-individual variation in circadian rhythms than solitary species. We observed distinct differences in their circadian behavior that parallel differences across sociality, where the most social species expressed the highest inter-individual variation. We predict that circadian rhythm differences will be informative of sociality across organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melendez Cartagena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Alvarado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero-Martinez, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman Lizasoain, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Vega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Velez, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Gonzalez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petanidou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tscheulin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto-Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relationship Between Inter-individual Variation in Circadian Rhythm and Sociality: A case Study Using Halictid Bees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.458710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CluSem: Accurate Clustering-based Ensemble Methodto Predict Motor Imagery Tasks from Multi-channelEEG Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.458710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe classification of motor imagery electroencephalogram (MI-EEG) is a pivotal task in the biosignal classification process in the brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. Currently, this bio-engineering-based technology is being employed by researchers in various fields to develop cuttingedge applications. The classification of real-time MI-EEG signals is the most challenging task in these applications. The prediction performance of the existing classification methods is still limited due to the high dimensionality and dynamic behaviors of the real-time EEG data.

Proposed MethodTo enhance the classification performance of real-time BCI applications, this paper presents a new clustering-based ensemble technique called CluSem to mitigate this problem. We also develop a new brain game called CluGame using this method to evaluate the classification performance of real-time motor imagery movements. In this game, real-time EEG signal classification and prediction tabulation through animated balls are controlled via threads. By playing this game, users can control the movements of the balls via the brain signals of motor imagery movements without using any traditional input devices.

ResultsOur results demonstrate that CluSem is able to improve the classification accuracy between 5% and 15% compared to the existing methods on our collected as well as the publicly available EEG datasets. The source codes used to implement CluSem and CluGame are publicly available at https://github.com/MdOchiuddinMiah/MI-BCI_ML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miah, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Mamun, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farid, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehzangi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.458710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CluSem: Accurate Clustering-based Ensemble Methodto Predict Motor Imagery Tasks from Multi-channelEEG Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insight into light-dependent recognition of Timeless by Drosophila cryptochrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptochrome (CRY) entrains the fly circadian clock by binding to Timeless (TIM) in light and triggering its degradation. Undocking of a helical C-terminal tail (CTT) in response to photoreduction of the CRY flavin cofactor gates TIM binding. A generally-applicable Select Western-blot-Free Tagged-protein Interaction (SWFTI) assay enables quantification of CRY binding to TIM in dark and light. The assay is utilized to study CRY variants with residue substitutions in the flavin pocket and correlate their TIM affinities with CTT undocking, as measured by pulse-dipolar ESR spectroscopy and evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations. CRY variants with the CTT removed or undocked bind TIM constitutively, whereas those incapable of photoreduction bind TIM weakly. In response to flavin redox state, two conserved histidine residues contribute to a robust on/off switch by mediating CTT interactions with the flavin pocket and TIM. Our approach provides an expeditious means to quantify protein-protein interactions and photoreceptor targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneps, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insight into light-dependent recognition of Timeless by Drosophila cryptochrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal filters in response to presynaptic spike trains: Interplay of cellular, synaptic and short-term plasticity time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal filters, the ability of postsynaptic neurons to preferentially select certain presynaptic input patterns over others, have been shown to be associated with the notion of information filtering and coding of sensory inputs. Short-term plasticity (depression and facilitation; STP) has been proposed to be an important player in the generation of temporal filters. We carry out a systematic modeling, analysis and computational study to understand how characteristic postsynaptic (low-, high- and band-pass) temporal filters are generated in response to periodic presynaptic spike trains in the presence STP. We investi-gate how the dynamic properties of these filters depend on the interplay of a hierarchy of processes, including the arrival of the presynaptic spikes, the activation of STP, its effect on the excitatory synaptic connection efficacy, and the response of the postsynaptic cell. These mechanisms involve the inter-play of a collection of time scales that operate at the single-event level (roughly, during each presynaptic interspike-interval) and control the long-term development of the temporal filters over multiple presynaptic events. These time scales are generated at the levels of the presynaptic cell (captured by the presynaptic interspike-intervals), short-term depression and facilitation, synaptic dynamics and the post-synaptic cellular currents. We develop mathematical tools to link the single-event time scales with the time scales governing the long-term dynamics of the resulting temporal filters for a relatively simple model where depression and facilitation interact at the level of the synaptic efficacy change. We extend our results and tools to account for more complex models. These include multiple STP time scales and non-periodic presynaptic inputs. The results and ideas we develop have implications for the understanding of the generation of temporal filters in complex networks for which the simple feedforward network we investigate here is a building block.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal filters in response to presynaptic spike trains: Interplay of cellular, synaptic and short-term plasticity time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleasurable touch during social behavior is the key to building familial bonds and meaningful connections. One form of social touch occurs during sexual encounters. Although sexual behavior is initiated in part by touch, and touch is ongoing throughout copulation, the identity and role of sensory neurons that transduce sexual touch remain unknown. A population of sensory neurons labeled by the G-protein coupled receptor Mrgprb4 detect stroking touch in mice, however, these neurons have never been implicated in any natural social behaviors. Here, we study the social relevance of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons by genetically engineering mice to allow activation or ablation of this population and reveal that these neurons are required for sexual receptivity and sufficient to induce dopamine release in the brain. Even in social isolation, optogenetic stimulation of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons through the back skin is sufficient to induce a conditioned place preference and a striking dorsiflexion resembling the lordotic copulatory posture in females. In the absence of Mrgprb4-lineage neurons, female mice no longer find male mounts rewarding: sexual receptivity is supplanted by aggression and a coincident decline in dopaminergic release in the mesolimbic reward pathway. In addition to sexual behavior, Mrgprb4-lineage neurons are also required for social postures induced by female-to-female back touch. Together, these findings establish that Mrgprb4-lineage neurons are the first neurons of a skin-to-brain circuit encoding the rewarding quality of social touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Middleton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Succi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ejoh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo as a platform for studying EVomics, signaling, and targeting in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based signaling is a challenge to study, due to EV small size, heterogeneity, and limited information on cargo content in vivo. We present Caenorhabditis elegans as a discovery platform that allows single EV tracking from source to target tissue in living animals. We enriched ciliary EVs using GFP-tagged PKD-2 cargo followed by mass spectrometry analysis to identify 2,888 cargo candidates. By integrating our dataset with single-cell transcriptomic data, we identified EV cargo produced by individual neurons and other cell and tissue types. A single cilium produces multiple EVs with distinct protein content. Ciliary EVs carry nucleic acid binding proteins. We observed transfer of EV cargo from the male reproductive tract to the hermaphrodite uterus during mating, a direct demonstration of animal-to-animal EV targeting.

One-Sentence SummaryHere we present a discovery platform for studying animal extracellular vesicle composition and biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilton, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauchunas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo as a platform for studying EVomics, signaling, and targeting in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), a model species for evolution and ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid technological improvements are democratizing access to high quality, chromosome-scale genome assemblies. No longer the domain of only the most highly studied model organisms, now non-traditional and emerging model species can be genome-enabled using a combination of sequencing technologies and assembly software. Consequently, old ideas built on sparse sampling across the tree of life have recently been amended in the face of genomic data drawn from a growing number of high-quality reference genomes. Arguably the most valuable are those long-studied species for which much is already known about their biology; what many term emerging model species. Here, we report a new, highly complete chromosome-scale genome assembly for the brown anole, Anolis sagrei - a lizard species widely studied across a variety of disciplines and for which a high-quality reference genome was long overdue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geneva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarigol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donihue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauderdale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minchey, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbe, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losos, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), a model species for evolution and ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Measuring Day-length in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms are known to regulate seasonal behaviors and physiological processes in response to day length changes through photoperiodism. Extreme changes in photoperiods have detrimental effects on human health, which can impair development and serve as the origin of adult diseases. Since the seminal work by Bunning in 1936, there are studies supporting the view that organisms can measure the day length through an endogenous 24-hour cellular circadian clock. However, the mechanisms involved in measuring seasonal or day-length changes are not understood. In the current study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on photoperiodism using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. The GWAS identified 4 top candidate genes responsible for photoperiodic regulations. The knockout mutants of the four candidate genes (Protein Kinase C delta (Pkcdelta), Glucuronyltransferase-P (GlcAT-P), Brain-specific homeobox (Bsh), and Diuretic hormone 31 Receptor (Dh31-R1)) were analyzed for their photoperiod and circadian period phenotypes. PKCdelta and GlcAT-P mutants show a significantly different photoperiod response compared to that of the wild type strain, and also had an altered circadian period phenotype. Further molecular characterization revealed two independent mutant alleles of PKCdelta with a defective catalytic domain had distinct photoperiod responses. Taken these data together, we concluded that there is overlap between the circadian clock and photoperiodic regulations in Drosophila, and PKCdelta is a component that is involved in both circadian and photoperiodic regulations. By identifying novel molecular components of photoperiod, the current study provides new insights into the genetic mechanisms of determining the seasonal changes.

Author SummaryExtreme changes in photoperiods have detrimental effects on human health, which can impair development and serve as the origin of adult diseases. The molecular and genetic mechanisms of how an organism interprets and adapts to seasonal environmental changes are not well understood. Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) is a community resource of 205 inbred lines created for studying population genomics and quantitative traits. Using DGRP we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to find potential photoperiod candidate genes. PKCdelta, a candidate gene from the GWAS study was identified to have both photoperiod and circadian effects. This data supports the view that circadian clock and photoperiodism have a shared regulatory circuit. Our study sheds light onto potential genes that could be further studied to characterize the mechanisms of photoperiodism, and its relationship to the circadian clock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khaira, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Measuring Day-length in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans (CA), a commensal and opportunistic eukaryotic organism, frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis is a major risk factor for increased CA colonization and dissemination from the GI tract. We identified a significant increase of taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid in antibiotic-treated mice susceptible to CA infection. In vivo findings indicate that administration of TCA through drinking water is sufficient to induce colonization and dissemination of CA in wild type and immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with TCA significantly reduced mRNA expression of immune genes ang4 and Cxcr3 in the colon. In addition, TCA significantly decreased the relative abundance of three culturable species of commensal bacteria, Turicibacter sanguinis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Clostridium celatum, in both cecal contents and mucosal scrapings from colon. Taken together, our results indicate that TCA promotes fungal colonization and dissemination of CA from the GI tract by controlling host defense system and intestinal microbiota that play a critical role in regulating CA in the intestine.

ImportanceBroad-spectrum antibiotics, FDA-approved bile acid drugs, and probiotics used to control metabolic and infectious diseases profoundly alter the level of TCA in the gut. Furthermore, TCA level is highly altered in a subset of cancer, colitis and surgery patients who are highly susceptible to CA infection. Inadvertently, these therapies and disease conditions could be either promoting CA colonization and dissemination. Our findings indicate that TCA alone can induce fungal colonization and dissemination from the intestine. Results from this study will have a significant impact in understanding how bile acids interact with the microbiota and host in regulating invasive fungal infections that originate from the intestine and to develop potential new antifungal therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thangamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antharam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HogenEsch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazbun, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioorthogonal Functionalization of Material Surfaces with Bioactive Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functionalization of material surfaces with biologically active molecules is crucial for enabling technologies in life sciences, biotechnology, and medicine. However, achieving biocompatibility and bioorthogonality with current synthetic methods remains a challenge. We report herein a novel surface functionalization method that proceeds chemoselectively and without a free transition metal catalyst. In this method, a coating is first formed via the tyrosinase-catalyzed putative polymerization of a tetrazine-containing catecholamine (DOPA-Tet). One or more types of molecule of interest containing trans-cyclooctene are then grafted onto the coating via tetrazine ligation. The entire process proceeds under physiological conditions and is suitable for grafting bioactive molecules with diverse functions and structural complexities. Utilizing this method, we functionalized material surfaces with enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase), a cyclic peptide (cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys], or c(RGDfK)), and an antibiotic (vancomycin). Colorimetric assays confirmed the maintenance of the biocatalytic activities of the grafted enzymes on the surface. We established the mammalian cytocompatibility of the functionalized materials with fibroblasts. Surface functionalization with c(RGDfK) showed improved fibroblast cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Microbiological studies with Staphylococcus aureus indicated that surfaces coated using DOPA-Tet inhibit the formation of biofilms. Vancomycin-grafted surfaces additionally display significant inhibition of planktonic S. aureus growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hast, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioorthogonal Functionalization of Material Surfaces with Bioactive Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structure of the Pol Polyprotein Provides Insights into HIV Maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many retroviral proteins are initially translated from unspliced full-length RNA as polyprotein precursors that are subsequently processed by the viral protease (PR) to yield the mature forms. In HIV-1, the enzymes, PR, reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN), are produced as part of the Gag-Pol polyprotein. While structures of the mature proteins have aided our understanding of catalytic mechanisms and the design of antiretroviral drugs, knowledge of the architecture and functional implications of the immature forms prior to PR-mediated cleavage is limited. We developed a system to produce and purify the HIV-1 Pol polyprotein intermediate precursor and determined its high-resolution cryo-EM structure. The RT portion of the polyprotein has an architecture similar to the mature RT p66/p51 heterodimer, and dimerization of the RT portion draws together two PR monomers to activate proteolytic processing. HIV-1 thus may leverage the dimerization interfaces in Pol to regulate the assembly and maturation of the polyprotein precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. J. E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passos, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhn, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuberty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyumkis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structure of the Pol Polyprotein Provides Insights into HIV Maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow TCA flux implies low ATP production in tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidizes carbon substrates to carbon dioxide, with the resulting high energy electrons fed into the electron transport chain to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Healthy tissues derive most of their ATP from oxidative metabolism, and the remainder from glycolysis. The corresponding balance in tumors remains unclear. Tumors upregulate aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect), yet they also typically require an intact TCA cycle and electron transport chain1-6. Recent studies have measured which nutrients contribute carbon to the tumor TCA metabolites7,8, but not tumor TCA flux: how fast the cycle turns. Here, we develop and validate an in vivo dynamic isotope tracing-mass spectrometry strategy for TCA flux quantitation, which we apply to all major mouse organs and to five tumor models. We show that, compared to the tissue of origin, tumor TCA flux is markedly suppressed. Complementary glycolytic flux measurements confirm tumor glycolysis acceleration, but the majority of tumor ATP is nevertheless made aerobically, and total tumor ATP production is suppressed compared to healthy tissues. In murine pancreatic cancer, this is accommodated by downregulation of the major energy-using pathway in the healthy exocrine pancreas, protein synthesis. Thus, instead of being hypermetabolic as commonly assumed, tumors apparently make ATP at a lower than normal rate. We propose that, as cells de-differentiate into cancer, they eschew ATP-intensive processes characteristic of the host tissue, and that the resulting suppressed ATP demand contributes to the Warburg effect and facilitates cancer growth in the nutrient-poor tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartman, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TeSlaa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankowski, C. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow TCA flux implies low ATP production in tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power dynamics of theta oscillations during goal-directed navigation in freely moving humans: A mobile EEG-virtual reality T-maze study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theta oscillations ([~]4-12 Hz) are dynamically modulated by speed and direction in freely moving animals. However, due to the paucity of electrophysiological recordings of freely moving humans, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we combined mobile-EEG with fully immersive virtual-reality to investigate theta dynamics in twenty-two healthy adults (aged 18-29 years old) freely navigating a T-maze to find rewards. Our results revealed three dynamic periods of theta modulation: 1) theta power increases coincided with the participants decision-making period; 2) theta power increased for fast and leftward trials as subjects approached the goal location; and 3) feedback onset evoked two phase-locked theta bursts over the right temporal and frontal-midline channels. These results suggest that recording scalp EEG in freely moving humans navigating a simple virtual T-maze can be utilized as a powerful translational model by which to map theta dynamics during "real-life" goal-directed behavior in both health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liran, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power dynamics of theta oscillations during goal-directed navigation in freely moving humans: A mobile EEG-virtual reality T-maze study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processive translocation of cohesive and non-cohesive cohesin in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin is a central architectural element of chromosomes that regulates numerous DNA-based events. The complex holds sister chromatids together until anaphase onset and organizes individual chromosomal DNAs into loops. Purified cohesin translocates along DNA in a diffusive fashion that can be propelled by transcribing RNA polymerase. The complex also extrudes DNA loops in a process that consumes ATP. In this study we examine processive genomic translocation of cohesin in vivo. To this end, obstacles of increasing size were tethered to DNA to act as roadblocks to complexes mobilized by transcription in yeast. The obstacles were built from a GFP-lacI core fused to one or more mCherries. A chimera with four mCherries blocked cohesin passage in late G1. During M phase, the threshold barrier depended on the state of cohesion: non-cohesive complexes were also blocked by four mCherries whereas cohesive complexes were blocked by as few as three mCherries. Furthermore, cohesive complexes that were stalled at obstacles, in turn, blocked the passage of non-cohesive complexes. That synthetic barriers alter cohesin redistribution demonstrates that the complex translocates processively on chromatin in vivo. The approach provides a relative measure of the maximum size of the DNA binding chamber(s) of cohesin. Together, this study reveals unexplored limitations to cohesin movement on chromosomes.

Significance StatementCohesin is an architectural protein that brings distant chromosomal DNA sites together. The complex links sister chromatids cohesion but it also binds to single pieces of DNA in ways that do not generate cohesion. One class of non-cohesive complexes organizes chromosomal DNA into loops. All cohesin complexes move on DNA but the constraints on such movement are not fully explored. Here, we use size-calibrated obstacles in yeast to interrogate cohesin and the properties of its movement on DNA. We show that both cohesive and non-cohesive complexes translocate processively on chromosomes. In addition, we show that cohesive and non-cohesive complexes are blocked by obstacles of different size. Lastly, we show that stalled cohesive complexes block passage of non-cohesive complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gartenberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrie, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processive translocation of cohesive and non-cohesive cohesin in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supercharged Cellulases Show Reduced Non-Productive Binding, But Enhanced Activity, on Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-productive adsorption of cellulolytic enzymes to various plant cell wall components, such as lignin and cellulose, necessitates high enzyme loadings to achieve efficient conversion of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), appended to various catalytic domains (CDs), promote lignocellulose deconstruction by increasing targeted substrate-bound CD concentration but often at the cost of increased non-productive enzyme binding. Here, we demonstrate how a computational protein design strategy can be applied to a model endocellulase enzyme (Cel5A) from Thermobifida fusca to allow fine-tuning its CBM surface charge, which led to increased hydrolytic activity towards pretreated lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., corn stover) by up to [~]330% versus the wild-type Cel5A control. We established that the mechanistic basis for this improvement arises from reduced non-productive binding of supercharged Cel5A mutants to cell wall components such as crystalline cellulose (up to 1.7-fold) and lignin (up to 1.8-fold). Interestingly, supercharged Cel5A mutants that showed improved activity on various forms of pretreated corn stover showed increased reversible binding to lignin (up to 2.2-fold) while showing no change in overall thermal stability remarkably. In general, negative supercharging led to increased hydrolytic activity towards both pretreated lignocellulosic biomass and crystalline cellulose whereas positive supercharging led to a reduction of hydrolytic activity. Overall, selective supercharging of protein surfaces was shown to be an effective strategy for improving hydrolytic performance of cellulolytic enzymes for saccharification of real-world pretreated lignocellulosic biomass substrates. Future work should address the implications of supercharging cellulases from various families on inter-enzyme interactions and synergism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Chellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thokkadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supercharged Cellulases Show Reduced Non-Productive Binding, But Enhanced Activity, on Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.462578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the Genetic Architecture of Broad Antisocial Behavior through a Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-analysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.462578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the substantial heritability of antisocial behavior (ASB), specific genetic variants robustly associated with the trait have not been identified. The present study by the Broad Antisocial Behavior Consortium (BroadABC) meta-analyzed data from 28 discovery samples (N = 85,359) and five independent replication samples (N = 8,058) with genotypic data and broad measures of ASB. We identified the first significant genetic associations with broad ASB, involving common intronic variants in the forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) gene (lead SNP rs12536335, P = 6.32 x 10-10). Furthermore, we observed intronic variation in Foxp2 and one of its targets (Cntnap2) distinguishing a mouse model of pathological aggression (BALB/cJ strain) from controls (BALB/cByJ strain). The SNP-based heritability of ASB was 8.4% (s.e.= 1.2%). Polygenic-risk-score (PRS) analyses in independent samples revealed that the genetic risk for ASB was associated with several antisocial outcomes across the lifespan, including diagnosis of conduct disorder, official criminal convictions, and trajectories of antisocial development. We found substantial genetic correlations of ASB with mental health (depression rg{square}={square}0.63, insomnia rg = 0.47), physical health (overweight rg = 0.19, waist-to-hip ratio rg = 0.32), smoking (rg{square}={square}0.54), cognitive ability (intelligence rg= -0.40), educational attainment (years of schooling rg = -0.46) and reproductive traits (age at first birth rg={square}- 0.58, fathers age at death rg= -0.54). Our findings provide a starting point towards identifying critical biosocial risk mechanisms for the development of ASB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tielbeek, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uffelmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro-Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallis, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegrini, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morosoli, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellet-Morin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendgen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.462578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the Genetic Architecture of Broad Antisocial Behavior through a Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-analysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and parthenogenetic Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. It is transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian longhorned tick, ALT), which has both parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in at least 15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of SFTS. The distribution of SFTS cases was however poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ALTs. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ALTs were collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTS endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of ALTs in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was like that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic ALT, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.

Article Summary LineThe parthenogenetic population of Asian longhorned tick is broadly distributed in China and plays a major role in the long-distance spread of SFTSV and perhaps future invasion of countries outside of Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanuka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and parthenogenetic Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Offline memory replay in recurrent neuronal networks emerges from constraints on online dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During spatial exploration, neural circuits in the hippocampus store memories of sequences of sensory events encountered in the environment. When sensory information is absent during "offline" resting periods, brief neuronal population bursts can "replay" sequences of activity that resemble bouts of sensory experience. These sequences can occur in either forward or reverse order, and can even include spatial trajectories that have not been experienced, but are consistent with the topology of the environment. The neural circuit mechanisms underlying this variable and flexible sequence generation are unknown. Here we demonstrate in a recurrent spiking network model of hippocampal area CA3 that experimental constraints on network dynamics such as population sparsity, stimulus selectivity, rhythmicity, and spike rate adaptation enable additional emergent properties, including variable offline memory replay. In an online stimulus-driven state, we observed the emergence of neuronal sequences that swept from representations of past to future stimuli on the timescale of the theta rhythm. In an offline state driven only by noise, the network generated both forward and reverse neuronal sequences, and recapitulated the experimental observation that offline memory replay events tend to include salient locations like the site of a reward. These results demonstrate that biological constraints on the dynamics of recurrent neural circuits are sufficient to enable memories of sensory events stored in the strengths of synaptic connections to be flexibly read out during rest and sleep, which is thought to be important for memory consolidation and planning of future behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milstein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Offline memory replay in recurrent neuronal networks emerges from constraints on online dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intragenomic variation in mutation biases causes underestimation of selection on synonymous codon usage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of non-uniform usage of synonymous codons (codon bias) varies across genes in an organism and across species from all domains of life. The bias in codon usage is due to a combination of both non-adaptive (e.g. mutation biases) and adaptive (e.g. natural selection for translation efficiency/accuracy) evolutionary forces. Most population genetics models quantify the effects of mutation bias and selection on shaping codon usage patterns assuming a uniform mutation bias across the genome. However, mutation biases can vary both along and across chromosomes due to processes such as biased gene conversion, potentially obfuscating signals of translational selection. Moreover, estimates of variation in genomic mutation biases are often lacking for non-model organisms. Here, we combine an unsupervised learning method with a population genetics model of synonymous codon bias evolution to assess the impact of intragenomic variation in mutation bias on the strength and direction of natural selection on synonymous codon usage across 49 Saccharomycotina budding yeasts. We find that in the absence of a priori information, unsupervised learning approaches can be used to identify regions evolving under different mutation biases. We find that the impact of intragenomic variation in mutation bias varies widely, even among closely-related species. We show that the overall strength and direction of selection on codon usage can be underestimated by failing to account for intragenomic variation in mutation biases. Interestingly, genes falling into clusters identified by machine learning are also often physically clustered across chromosomes, consistent with processes such as biased gene conversion. Our results indicate the need for more nuanced models of sequence evolution that systematically incorporate the effects of variable mutation biases on codon frequencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intragenomic variation in mutation biases causes underestimation of selection on synonymous codon usage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal patterns of urban mosquitoes are modulated by socioeconomic status and environmental traits in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of mosquitoes and associated vector diseases (e.g., West Nile, dengue, and Zika viruses) is likely a function of environmental conditions in the landscape. Urban environments are highly heterogeneous in the amount of vegetation, standing water, and concrete structures covering the land at a given time, each having the capacity to influence mosquito abundance and disease transmission. Previous research suggests that socioeconomic status is correlated with the ecology of the landscape, with lower-income neighborhoods generally having more concrete structures and standing water via residential abandonment, garbage dumps, and inadequate sewage. Whether these socio-ecological factors affect mosquito distributions across urban environments in the United States (US) remains unclear. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 22 paired observations from 15 articles testing how socioeconomic status relates to overall mosquito burden in urban landscapes in the United States. We then analyzed a comprehensive dataset from a socioeconomic gradient in Baltimore, Maryland to model spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes albopictus using a spatial regression model with socio-ecological covariates. The meta-analysis revealed that lower-income neighborhoods (regions making less than $50,000 per year on average) are exposed to 151% greater mosquito densities and mosquito-borne illnesses compared to higher-income neighborhoods ([&ge;]$50,000 per year). Two species of mosquito (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) showed the strongest relationship with socioeconomic status, with Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti being 62% and 22% higher in low-income neighborhoods, respectively. In the spatial regression analysis in Baltimore, we found that Ae. albopictus spatial spread of 1.2 km per year was significantly associated with median household income, vegetation cover, tree density, and abandoned buildings. Specifically, Ae. albopictus abundance was negatively correlated with median household income, vegetation cover, and tree density. Ae. albopictus abundance and the cover of abandoned buildings were positively correlated. Together, these results indicate that socio-ecological interactions can lead to disproportionate impacts of mosquitoes on humans in urban landscapes. Thus, concerted efforts to manage mosquito populations in low-income urban neighborhoods are required to reduce mosquito burden for the communities most vulnerable to human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yitbarek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celestin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal patterns of urban mosquitoes are modulated by socioeconomic status and environmental traits in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a general framework for modeling large-scale biophysical neuronal networks: a full-scale computational model of the rat dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale computational models of the brain are necessary to accurately represent anatomical and functional variability in neuronal biophysics across brain regions and also to capture and study local and global interactions between neuronal populations on a behaviorally-relevant temporal scale. We present the methodology behind and an initial implementation of a novel open-source computational framework for construction, simulation, and analysis of models consisting of millions of neurons on high-performance computing systems, based on the NEURON and CoreNEURON simulators (Carnevale and Hines, 2006, Kumbhar et al., 2019). This framework uses the HDF5 data format and software library (HDF Group, 2021) and includes a data format for storing morphological, synaptic, and connectivity information of large neuronal network models, and an accompanying open-source software library that provides efficient, scalable parallel storage and MPI-based data movement capabilities. We outline our approaches for constructing detailed large-scale biophysical models with topographical connectivity and input stimuli, and present simulation results obtained with a full-scale model of the dentate gyrus constructed with our framework. The model generates sparse and spatially selective population activity that fits well with in-vivo experimental data. Moreover, our approach is fully general and can be applied to modeling other regions of the hippocampal formation in order to rapidly evaluate specific hypotheses about large-scale neural architectural features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raikov, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milstein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moolchand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjiabadi, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzikalymniou, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltesz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a general framework for modeling large-scale biophysical neuronal networks: a full-scale computational model of the rat dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of imidazole-based inhibitors of P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of new targets for treatment of malaria and in particular those aimed at the pre-erythrocytic stage in the life cycle, advanced with the demonstration that orally administered inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) could clear infection in a murine model. This enthusiasm was tempered by unsatisfactory safety and/or pharmacokinetic issues found with these chemotypes. To address the urgent need for new scaffolds, this manuscript presents initial structure-activity relationships in an imidazole scaffold at four positions, representative in vitro ADME, hERG characterization and cell-based anti-parasitic activity. This series of PfPKG inhibitors has good in vitro PfPKG potency, low hERG activity and cell-based anti-parasitic activity against multiple Plasmodium species that appears to correlate with in vitro potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylor, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pybus, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colussi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childers, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siekierka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotella, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of imidazole-based inhibitors of P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.464847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antioxidants green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid confer species and strain specific lifespan and health effects in Caenorhabditis nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.464847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) is an NIH-funded research consortium of investigators who conduct analyses at three independent sites to identify chemical interventions that reproducibly promote health and lifespan in a robust manner. The founding principle of the CITP is that compounds with positive effects across a genetically diverse panel of Caenorhabditis species and strains are likely engaging conserved biochemical pathways to exert their effects. As such, interventions that are broadly efficacious might be considered prominent compounds for translation for pre-clinical research and human clinical applications. Here, we report results generated using a recently streamlined pipeline approach for the evaluation of the effects of chemical compounds on lifespan and health. We studied five compounds previously shown to extend C. elegans lifespan or thought to promote mammalian health: 17-estradiol, acarbose, green tea extract, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and rapamycin. We found that green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend Caenorhabditis lifespan in a species-specific manner. Additionally, these two antioxidants conferred assay-specific effects in some studies--for example, decreasing survival for certain genetic backgrounds in manual survival assays in contrast with extended lifespan as assayed using automated C. elegans Lifespan Machines. We also observed that GTE and NDGA impact on older adult mobility capacity is dependent on genetic background, and that GTE reduces oxidative stress resistance in some Caenorhabditis strains. Overall, our analysis of the five compounds supports the general idea that genetic background and assay type can influence lifespan and health effects of compounds, and underscores that lifespan and health can be uncoupled by chemical interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banse, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedore, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Hulbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshead, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaumik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harinath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.464847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antioxidants green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid confer species and strain specific lifespan and health effects in Caenorhabditis nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of transcription start site selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determines contributions of DNA sequence and RNA Polymerase II activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription start site (TSS) selection is a key step in gene expression and occurs at many promoter positions over a wide range of efficiencies. Here, we develop a massively parallel reporter assay to quantitatively dissect contributions of promoter sequence, NTP substrate levels, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity to TSS selection by "promoter scanning" in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pol II MAssively Systematic Transcript End Readout, "Pol II MASTER"). Using Pol II MASTER, we measure the efficiency of Pol II initiation at 1,000,000 individual TSS sequences in a defined promoter context. Pol II MASTER confirms proposed critical qualities of S. cerevisiae TSS -8, -1, and +1 positions quantitatively in a controlled promoter context. Pol II MASTER extends quantitative analysis to surrounding sequences and determines that they tune initiation over a wide range of efficiencies. These results enabled the development of a predictive model for initiation efficiency based on sequence. We show that genetic perturbation of Pol II catalytic activity alters initiation efficiency mostly independently of TSS sequence, but selectively modulates preference for initiating nucleotide. Intriguingly, we find that Pol II initiation efficiency is directly sensitive to GTP levels at the first five transcript positions and to CTP and UTP levels at the second position genome wide. These results suggest individual NTP levels can have transcript-specific effects on initiation, representing a cryptic layer of potential regulation at the level of Pol II biochemical properties. The results establish Pol II MASTER as a method for quantitative dissection of transcription initiation in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of transcription start site selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determines contributions of DNA sequence and RNA Polymerase II activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preclinical studies for plant-based oral enzyme replacement therapy (Oral-ERT) in Pompe disease knockout mice with transgenic tobacco seeds expressing human GAA (tobrhGAA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic deficiency of acid -glucosidase (GAA) results in glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII) or Pompe disease (PD) encompassing at least four clinical subtypes of varying severity (infantile; childhood, juvenile and late onset). Our objective is to develop an innovative and affordable approach for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) via oral administration (Oral-ERT) to maintain a sustained, therapeutic level of enzyme on a daily basis to improve efficacy of treatment and quality of life for people living with Pompe disease. A consensus at a 2019 US Acid Maltase Deficiency (AMDA) conference suggested that a multi-pronged approach including gene therapy, diet, exercise, etc. must be evaluated for a successful treatment of Pompe disease. Tobacco seeds contain the metabolic machinery that is more compatible with mammalian glycosylation-phosphorylation and processing. Previously, we have shown that a lysate from transgenic tobacco seeds expressing human GAA (tobrhGAA) was enzymatically active and can correct enzyme deficiency in cultured PD cells and in adult lymphocytes of Pompe patients and in vivo in disease-relevant tissues in GAA knockout (KO) mice when administered IP.

We have extended these pre-clinical studies in PD knockout (KO) mice with ground tobrhGAA seeds that supports proof-of-concept for Oral-ERT for future clinical trials. Briefly in GAA KO mice, Oral-ERT with ground tobrhGAA seeds showed significant reversal of fore-limb and hind-limb muscle weakness, increased motor coordination/balance/strength and mobility, improved spontaneous learning, increased GAA baseline activity in tissues, reduced glycogen in tissues and negible serum titers to GAA. Pharmacokinetics showed maximum serum GAA concentration (Cs) at 8-10 hr and peak urine excretion at 10-12 hr. The tobrhGAA was taken up in PD fibroblast, lymphoid and myoblast cells. Enzyme kinetics compared favorably or superior to placental hGAA, plus alglucosidase alfa or other rhGAAs for Km, Vmax, pH optima, thermal heat stability and IC50 for inhibitors. The tobrhGAA in seeds was extremely stable stored for 15 years at room temperature. NGS-genome sequencing of the tobrhGAA and wild-type plants and RNA expression profiles was performed and will be posted on our website. Thus, Oral-ERT with ground tobrhGAA seeds is an innovative approach that overcomes some of the challenges of alglucosidase alfa-ERT and provides a more effective, safe and significantly less expensive treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martiniuk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiniuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voronin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchou-Wong, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambitsis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitopoulos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitopoulos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preclinical studies for plant-based oral enzyme replacement therapy (Oral-ERT) in Pompe disease knockout mice with transgenic tobacco seeds expressing human GAA (tobrhGAA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
#COVIDisAirborne: AI-Enabled Multiscale Computational Microscopy of Delta SARS-CoV-2 in a Respiratory Aerosol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We seek to completely revise current models of airborne transmission of respiratory viruses by providing never-before-seen atomic-level views of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within a respiratory aerosol. Our work dramatically extends the capabilities of multiscale computational microscopy to address the significant gaps that exist in current experimental methods, which are limited in their ability to interrogate aerosols at the atomic/molecular level and thus ob-scure our understanding of airborne transmission. We demonstrate how our integrated data-driven platform provides a new way of exploring the composition, structure, and dynamics of aerosols and aerosolized viruses, while driving simulation method development along several important axes. We present a series of initial scientific discoveries for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, noting that the full scientific impact of this work has yet to be realized.

ACM Reference FormatAbigail Dommer1{dagger}, Lorenzo Casalino1{dagger}, Fiona Kearns1{dagger}, Mia Rosenfeld1, Nicholas Wauer1, Surl-Hee Ahn1, John Russo,2 Sofia Oliveira3, Clare Morris1, AnthonyBogetti4, AndaTrifan5,6, Alexander Brace5,7, TerraSztain1,8, Austin Clyde5,7, Heng Ma5, Chakra Chennubhotla4, Hyungro Lee9, Matteo Turilli9, Syma Khalid10, Teresa Tamayo-Mendoza11, Matthew Welborn11, Anders Christensen11, Daniel G. A. Smith11, Zhuoran Qiao12, Sai Krishna Sirumalla11, Michael OConnor11, Frederick Manby11, Anima Anandkumar12,13, David Hardy6, James Phillips6, Abraham Stern13, Josh Romero13, David Clark13, Mitchell Dorrell14, Tom Maiden14, Lei Huang15, John McCalpin15, Christo- pherWoods3, Alan Gray13, MattWilliams3, Bryan Barker16, HarindaRajapaksha16, Richard Pitts16, Tom Gibbs13, John Stone6, Daniel Zuckerman2*, Adrian Mulholland3*, Thomas MillerIII11,12*, ShantenuJha9*, Arvind Ramanathan5*, Lillian Chong4*, Rommie Amaro1*. 2021. #COVIDisAirborne: AI-Enabled Multiscale Computational Microscopy ofDeltaSARS-CoV-2 in a Respiratory Aerosol. In Supercomputing  21: International Conference for High Perfor-mance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 14 pages. https://doi.org/finalDOI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wauer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sztain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennubhotla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo-Mendoza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welborn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirumalla, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manby, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalpin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapaksha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muholland,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[#COVIDisAirborne: AI-Enabled Multiscale Computational Microscopy of Delta SARS-CoV-2 in a Respiratory Aerosol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semaphorin signaling restricts neuronal regeneration in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular signaling proteins serve as neuronal growth cone guidance molecules during development and are well positioned to be involved in neuronal regeneration and recovery from injury. Semaphorins and their receptors, the plexins, are a family of conserved proteins involved in development that, in the nervous system, are axonal guidance cues mediating axon pathfinding and synapse formation. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes for three semaphorins and two plexin receptors: the transmembrane semaphorins, SMP-1 and SMP-2, signal through their receptor, PLX-1, while the secreted semaphorin, MAB-20, signals through PLX-2. Here, we evaluate the locomotion behavior of knockout animals missing each of the semaphorins and plexins and the neuronal morphology of plexin knockout animals; we described the cellular expression pattern of the promoters of all plexins in the nervous system of C. elegans; and we evaluated their effect on the regrowth and reconnection of motoneuron neurites and the recovery of locomotion behavior following precise laser microsurgery. Regrowth and reconnection were more prevalent in the absence of each plexin, while recovery of locomotion surpassed regeneration in all genotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harreguy, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanvir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simprevil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haspel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.13.468479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semaphorin signaling restricts neuronal regeneration in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika virus-induced TNF-α signaling dysregulates expression of neurologic genes associated with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus of global concern. ZIKV infection of the central nervous system has been linked to a variety of clinical syndromes, including microcephaly in fetuses and rare but serious neurologic disease in adults. However, the potential for ZIKV to influence brain physiology and host behavior following recovery from apparently mild or subclinical infection is less well understood. Furthermore, though deficits in cognitive function are well-documented following recovery from neuroinvasive viral infection, the potential impact of ZIKV on other host behavioral domains has not been thoroughly explored. In our study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of primary neuron cultures following ZIKV infection, which revealed altered expression of key genes associated with major psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Gene ontology enrichment analysis also revealed significant changes in gene expression associated with fundamental neurobiological processes, including neuronal development, neurotransmission, and others. These alterations to neurologic gene expression were also observed in the brain in vivo using an immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKV infection. Mechanistic studies identified TNF- signaling via TNFR1 as a major regulatory mechanism controlling ZIKV-induced changes to neurologic gene expression. Our studies reveal that cell-intrinsic innate immune responses to ZIKV infection profoundly shape neuronal transcriptional profiles, highlighting the need to further explore associations between ZIKV infection and disordered host behavioral states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kung, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika virus-induced TNF-α signaling dysregulates expression of neurologic genes associated with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial LomR Induces the Vibriophage VP882 VqmA-Directed Quorum-Sensing Lysogeny-Lysis Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing enables groups of bacteria to synchronously alter behavior in response to changes in cell population density. Quorum sensing relies on the production, release, accumulation, and detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Here, we investigate a mechanism employed by a vibriophage to surveil host quorum sensing and tune its lysogeny-lysis decision to host cell density. The phage possesses a gene called vqmAPhage encoding a quorum-sensing receptor homologous to vibrio VqmA. Both VqmA receptors can detect the host bacteria-produced autoinducer called DPO. DPO-bound VqmAPhage launches the phage lysis process. We discover that the bacterial host produces an inducer of the VqmAPhage-directed quorum-sensing lysogeny-lysis transition. Production of the inducer appears to be widespread among bacteria. A screen of the Escherichia coli Keio collection for mutants impaired for inducer production revealed lomR, located in a prophage, and encoding a poorly understood protein. In the E. coli screening strain, lomR is interrupted by DNA encoding an insertion element. The 3 domain of this LomR protein is sufficient to induce VqmAPhage-directed lysis. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis showed that substitution at either of two key residues abrogates inducer activity. Full-length LomR is similar to the outer membrane porin OmpX in E. coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6, and OmpT in Vibrio cholerae C6706, and indeed, OmpX and OmpT can induce VqmAPhage-directed activity. Possibly, development of the LomR, OmpX, or OmpT proteins as tools to direct phage lysis of host cells could be used to control bacteria in medical or industrial settings.

ABSTRACT IMPORTANCEBacteria communicate with chemical signal molecules using a process called quorum sensing. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to track their cell numbers and orchestrate collective behaviors. Recently, we discovered that a virus that infects and kills bacteria "eavesdrops" on its hosts quorum-sensing process. Specifically, the virus monitors host cell growth by detecting the accumulation of host quorum-sensing signal molecules. In response to the garnered quorum-sensing information, the virus kills the host bacterial cells when the bacterial population has reached a high cell density. This strategy presumably enhances transmission of viruses to new host cells. Here, we discover and characterize three closely-related bacterial host-produced proteins called LomR, OmpX, and OmpT that are capable of inducing the viral quorum-sensing-mediated killing program. Development of this class of inducer proteins as tools to drive "on demand" virus-mediated lysis of pathogenic host bacterial cells could be used to control bacteria in medical or industrial settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashruwala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial LomR Induces the Vibriophage VP882 VqmA-Directed Quorum-Sensing Lysogeny-Lysis Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ploidy variation and its implications for reproduction and population dynamics in two sympatric Hawaiian coral species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standing genetic variation is a major driver of fitness and resilience, and therefore of fundamental importance for threatened species such as stony corals. We analyzed RNA- seq data generated from 132 Montipora capitata and 119 Pocillopora acuta coral colonies collected from K[a]neohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Our goals were to determine the extent of colony genetic variation and to study reproductive strategies in these two sympatric species. Surprisingly, we found that 63% of the P. acuta colonies were triploid, with putative independent origins of the different triploid clades. These corals have spread primarily via asexual reproduction and are descended from a small number of genotypes, whose diploid ancestor invaded the bay. In contrast, all M. capitata colonies are diploid, outbreeding, with almost all colonies genetically distinct. Only two cases of asexual reproduction, likely via fragmentation, were identified in this species. We report two distinct strategies in sympatric coral species that inhabit the largest sheltered body of water in the main Hawaiian Islands. These data highlight divergence in reproductive behavior and genome biology, both of which contribute to coral resilience and persistence.

Significance StatementGiven the threat posed to coral reef ecosystems by human caused climate change, there is a growing focus on developing strategies for the protection and restoration of these critical marine habitats. These efforts are however limited by our understanding of the diversity of coral survival and reproductive strategies. Our analysis of data from two coral species inhabiting the same Hawaiian bay found that one is a strict sexual outbreeder, whereas the other reproduces predominantly asexually (i.e., clonally) and includes both diploids and triploids. These results broaden our understanding of coral biology, adaptability, and evolution, and underpin future research into the mechanisms of coral resilience that can inform restoration activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ploidy variation and its implications for reproduction and population dynamics in two sympatric Hawaiian coral species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic control of striatal GABAergic microcircuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCholinergic interneurons (CINs) are essential elements of striatal circuits and behaviors. While acetylcholine signaling via muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been well studied, more recent data indicate that postsynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) located on GABAergic interneurons (GINs) are equally critical. One demonstration is that CINs stimulation induces large disynaptic inhibition of SPNs mediated by nAChR activation of striatal GINs. While these circuits are ideally positioned to modulate striatal output activity, the neurons involved are not definitively identified due largely to an incomplete mapping of CINs-GINs interconnections. Here, we show that CINs optogenetic activation evokes an intricate dual mechanism involving co-activation of pre- and postsynaptic mAChRs and nAChRs on four GINs populations. Using multi-optogenetics, we demonstrate the participation of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing GINs in the disynaptic inhibition of SPNs likely via heterotypic electrical coupling with neurogliaform interneurons. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of CINs in regulating GINs microcircuits via complex synaptic/heterosynaptic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocaturk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guven, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepper, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assous, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic control of striatal GABAergic microcircuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.468282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid multilocus adaptation of clonal cabbage leaf curl virus populations to Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.468282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cabbage leaf curl virus (CabLCV) has a bipartite single-stranded DNA genome and infects the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. CabLCV serves as a model for the genus Begomovirus, members of which cause tremendous crop losses worldwide. We have used CabLCV as a model for within-plant virus evolution by inoculating individual plants with infectious clones of either a wild-type or mutagenized version of the CabLCV genome. Consistent with previous reports, detrimental substitutions in the Replication-associated gene (Rep) were readily compensated for by direct reversion and/or alternative mutations. A surprising number of common mutations were detected elsewhere in both viral segments (DNA-A and DNA-B) indicating convergent evolution and suggesting that CabLCV may not be as well adapted to A. thaliana as commonly presumed. Consistent with this idea, a spontaneous coat protein variant consistently rose to high allele frequency in susceptible accession Col-0, at a higher rate than in hypersusceptible accession Sei-0. Numerous high-frequency mutations were also detected in a candidate Rep binding site in DNA-B. Our results reinforce the fact that spontaneous mutation of this type of virus occurs rapidly and can change the majority consensus sequence of a within-plant virus population in weeks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, K. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascencio-Ibanez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.468282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid multilocus adaptation of clonal cabbage leaf curl virus populations to Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of neurosensation drives the gain and loss of phenotypic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic plasticity is widely regarded as important for enabling species resilience to environmental change and for species evolution. However, insight into the complex mechanisms by which phenotypic plasticity evolves in nature has been limited by our ability to reconstruct evolutionary histories of plasticity. By using part of the molecular mechanism, we were able to trace the evolution of pre-feeding phenotypic plasticity across the class Echinoidea and identify the origin of plasticity at the base of the regular urchins. The neurosensory foundation for plasticity was ancestral within the echinoids. However, coincident development of the plastic trait and the neurosensory system was not achieved until the regular urchins, likely due to pleiotropic effects and linkages between the two colocalized systems. Plasticity continues to evolve within the urchins with numerous instances of losses associated with loss of sensory capabilities and in one case loss of neurons, consistent with a cost associated with maintaining these capabilities. Thus, evidence was found for the neurosensory system providing opportunities and constraints to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of neurosensation drives the gain and loss of phenotypic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic architecture controls spatial structuring in Amazonian birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large rivers are ubiquitously invoked to explain the distributional limits and speciation of the Amazon Basins mega-diversity. However, inferences on the spatial and temporal origins of Amazonian species have narrowly focused on evolutionary neutral models, ignoring the potential role of natural selection and intrinsic genomic processes known to produce heterogeneity in differentiation across the genome. To test how genomic architecture impacts our ability to reconstruct patterns of spatial diversification across multiple taxa, we sequenced whole genomes for populations of bird species that co-occur in southeastern Amazonian. We found that phylogenetic relationships within species and demographic parameters varied across the genome in predictable ways. Genetic diversity was positively associated with recombination rate and negatively associated with the species tree topology weight. Gene flow was less pervasive in regions of low recombination, making these windows more likely to retain patterns of population structuring that matched the species tree. We further found that approximately a third of the genome showed evidence of selective sweeps and linked selection skewing genome-wide estimates of effective population sizes and gene flow between populations towards lower values. In sum, we showed that the effects of intrinsic genomic characteristics and selection can be disentangled from the neutral processes to elucidate how speciation hypotheses and biogeographic patterns are sensitive to genomic architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thom, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleixo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic architecture controls spatial structuring in Amazonian birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyses of the Autism-associated Neuroligin-3 R451C Mutation in Human Neurons Reveals a Gain-of-Function Synaptic Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in many synaptic genes are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), suggesting that synaptic dysfunction is a key driver of ASD pathogenesis. Among these mutations, the R451C-substitution in the NLGN3 gene that encodes the postsynaptic adhesion molecule Neuroligin-3 is noteworthy because it was the first specific mutation linked to ASDs. In mice, the corresponding Nlgn3 R451C-knockin mutation recapitulates social interaction deficits of ASD patients and produces synaptic abnormalities, but the impact of the NLGN3 R451C-mutation on human neurons has not been investigated. Here, we generated human knock-in neurons with the NLGN3 R451C-mutation. Strikingly, analyses of NLGN3 R451C-mutant neurons revealed that the R451C-mutation decreased NLGN3 protein levels but enhanced the strength of excitatory synapses without affecting inhibitory synapses. No significant cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress were detected. Importantly, the augmentation of excitatory transmission was confirmed in vivo with human neurons transplanted into mouse forebrain.

Using single-cell RNA-seq experiments with co-cultured excitatory and inhibitory NLGN3 R451C-mutant neurons, we identified differentially expressed genes in relatively mature human neurons that corresponded to synaptic gene expression networks. Moreover, gene ontology and enrichment analyses revealed convergent gene networks associated with ASDs and other mental disorders. Our findings suggest that the NLGN3 R451C-mutation induces a gain-of-function enhancement in excitatory synaptic transmission that may contribute to the pathophysiology of ASDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabella, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comoletti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyses of the Autism-associated Neuroligin-3 R451C Mutation in Human Neurons Reveals a Gain-of-Function Synaptic Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Adaptive Protein Ensemble Refinement Integrating Flexible Fitting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have enabled modeling macromolecular complexes that are essential components of the cellular machinery. The density maps derived from cryo-EM experiments are often integrated with manual, knowledge or artificial intelligence driven, and physics-guided computational methods to build, fit, and refine molecular structures. Going beyond a single stationary-structure determination scheme, it is becoming more common to interpret the experimental data with an ensemble of models, which contributes to an average observation. Hence, there is a need to decide on the quality of an ensemble of protein structures on-the-fly, while refining them against the density maps. We introduce such an adaptive decision making scheme during the molecular dynamics flexible fitting (MDFF) of biomolecules. Using RADICAL-Cybertools, and the new RADICAL augmented MDFF implementation (R-MDFF) is examined in high-performance computing environments for refinement of two protein systems, Adenylate Kinase and Carbon Monoxide Dehy-drogenase. For the test cases, use of multiple replicas in flexible fitting with adaptive decision making in R-MDFF improves the overall correlation to the density by 40% relative to the refinements of the brute-force MDFF. The improvements are particularly significant at high, 2 - 3 [A] map resolutions. More importantly, the ensemble model captures key features of biologically relevant molecular dynamics that is inaccessible to a single-model interpretation. Finally, the pipeline is applicable to systems of growing sizes, which is demonstrated using ensemble refinement of capsid proteins from Chimpanzee adenovirus. The overhead for decision making remaining low and robust to computing environments. The software is publicly available on GitHub and includes a short user guide to install the R-MDFF on different computing environments, from local Linux based workstations to High Performance Computing (HPC) environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vant, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Adaptive Protein Ensemble Refinement Integrating Flexible Fitting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and spotted fever group Rickettsia in the highly urbanized northeastern US 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the multi-year collection of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acaridae: Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Staten Island, New York City (NYC) as well as their detection in Brooklyn, NYC, and in Atlantic and Cumberland counties in southern NJ, USA. The first detections on all sites were of adults but in Freshkills Park on Staten Island larvae were collected in a following year. Based on known observations on birds of this tick species, it is likely A. maculatum are expanding north on migratory birds, which are now often seen in Freshkills Park. The presence of larvae indicates that adults are being successful at finding hosts in Staten Island. We describe the landscape features of the area in Staten Island where populations were highest and larvae were detected, which could have facilitated the establishment of A. maculatum. Notably, we also report the presence of human pathogens Rickettsia parkeri in 5/10 (50%) of adults tested and R. felis in 1/24 (4.17%) of larvae tested. In addition to established populations in Staten Island we found evidence of A. maculatum in NJ and other NYC boroughs, suggesting current or future establishment is possible. The failure thus far to detect established populations in these areas may be due to inherent difficulties in detecting low density, spatially heterogeneous incipient populations, which could require targeted surveillance efforts for this species. We discuss the consequences to public health of the establishment of A. maculatum and detection of two additional rickettsial pathogens in the densely populated Northeastern US.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bajwa, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsynman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egizi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and spotted fever group Rickettsia in the highly urbanized northeastern US]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple genes in cis mediate the effects of a single chromatin accessibility variant on aberrant synaptic development and function in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite hundreds of risk loci from genome-wide association studies of neuropsychiatric disorders, causal variants/genes remain largely unknown. Here, in NEUROG2-induced human neurons, we identified 31 risk SNPs in 26 schizophrenia (SZ) risk loci that displayed allele-specific open chromatin (ASoC) and were likely to be functional. Editing the strongest ASoC SNP rs2027349 near vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog (VPS45) altered the expression of VPS45, lncRNA AC244033.2, and a distal gene, C1orf54, in human neurons. Notably, the global gene expression changes in neurons were enriched for SZ risk and correlated with post-mortem brain gene expression signatures of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurons carrying the risk allele exhibited increased dendritic complexity, synaptic puncta density, and hyperactivity, which were reversed by knocking-down distinct cis-regulated genes (VPS45, AC244033.2, or C1orf54), suggesting a phenotypic contribution from all three genes. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis of knockdown cells suggested a non-additive effects of these genes. Our study reveals a compound effect of multiple genes at a single SZ locus on synaptic development and function, providing a mechanistic link between a non-coding SZ risk variant and disease-related cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piguel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionisio, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple genes in cis mediate the effects of a single chromatin accessibility variant on aberrant synaptic development and function in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural models of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in complex with ACE2 receptor or antibodies suggest altered binding interfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is enormous ongoing interest in characterizing the binding properties of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern (VOC) (B.1.1.529), which continues to spread towards potential dominance worldwide. To aid these studies, based on the wealth of available structural information about several SARS-CoV-2 variants in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and a modeling pipeline we have previously developed for tracking the ongoing global evolution of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we provide a set of computed structural models (henceforth models) of the Omicron VOC receptor-binding domain (omRBD) bound to its corresponding receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE2) and a variety of therapeutic entities, including neutralizing and therapeutic antibodies targeting previously-detected viral strains. We generated bound omRBD models using both experimentally-determined structures in the PDB as well as machine learningbased structure predictions as starting points. Examination of ACE2-bound omRBD models reveals an interdigitated multi-residue interaction network formed by omRBD-specific substituted residues (R493, S496, Y501, R498) and ACE2 residues at the interface, which was not present in the original Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD-ACE2 complex. Emergence of this interaction network suggests optimization of a key region of the binding interface, and positive cooperativity among various sites of residue substitutions in omRBD mediating ACE2 binding. Examination of neutralizing antibody complexes for Barnes Class 1 and Class 2 antibodies modeled with omRBD highlights an overall loss of interfacial interactions (with gain of new interactions in rare cases) mediated by substituted residues. Many of these substitutions have previously been found to independently dampen or even ablate antibody binding, and perhaps mediate antibody-mediated neutralization escape (e.g., K417N). We observe little compensation of corresponding interaction loss at interfaces when potential escape substitutions occur in combination. A few selected antibodies (e.g., Barnes Class 3 S309), however, feature largely unaltered or modestly affected protein-protein interfaces. While we stress that only qualitative insights can be obtained directly from our models at this time, we anticipate that they can provide starting points for more detailed and quantitative computational characterization, and, if needed, redesign of monoclonal antibodies for targeting the Omicron VOC Spike protein. In the broader context, the computational pipeline we developed provides a framework for rapidly and efficiently generating retrospective and prospective models for other novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 bound to entities of virological and therapeutic interest, in the setting of a global pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markosian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural models of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in complex with ACE2 receptor or antibodies suggest altered binding interfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Activity-Induced Mitochondrial ATP Production Underlies the Synaptic Defects in a Drosophila model of ALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.472444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene encoding VAPB (vesicle-associated membrane protein B) cause a familial form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Expression of an ALS-related variant of vapb (vapbP58S) in Drosophila motor neurons results in morphological changes at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) characterized by the appearance of fewer, but larger, presynaptic boutons. Although diminished microtubule stability is known to underlie these morphological changes, a mechanism for the loss of presynaptic microtubules has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate the suppression of vapbP58S- induced changes in NMJ morphology by either the loss of ER Ca2+ release channels or the inhibition Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-activated kinase II (CaMKII). These data suggest a model in which decreased stability of presynaptic microtubules at vapbP58S NMJs result from hyperactivation of CaMKII due to elevated cytosolic [Ca2+]. We attribute the Ca2+ dyshomeostasis to delayed extrusion of cytosolic Ca2+ stemming from a paucity of activity-induced mitochondrial ATP production coupled with elevated rates of ATP consumption. Taken together, our data point to bioenergetic dysfunction as the root cause for the synaptic defects in vapbP58S-expressing Drosophila motor neurons.

Significance StatementRates of ATP production and consumption are tightly synchronized in healthy neurons. Whether this synchrony is lost in models of neurodegenerative diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we find that expression of a gene encoding an ALS-causing variant of an ER membrane protein, VAPB, decouples mitochondrial ATP production from neuronal activity. Due to a combination of diminished ATP production and elevated ATP consumption -- established outcomes in ALS neurons -- the levels of ATP in vapbP58S neurons are unable to keep up with the bioenergetic burden of depolarization. The resulting paucity of ATP and attendant decrease in the activity of Ca2+ ATPases results in diminished extrusion of cytosolic Ca2+ in vapbP58S-expressing motor neurons. The accumulation of residual Ca2+ in vapbP58S-expressing neurons underlies paired-pulse facilitation of synaptic vesicle release, and the changes in bouton development at the NMJ. In summary, our findings point to bioenergetic dysfunction due to the loss of activity-induced ATP production as being the cause of the synaptic defects observed in a Drosophila model of ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karagas, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Activity-Induced Mitochondrial ATP Production Underlies the Synaptic Defects in a Drosophila model of ALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconstrained coevolution of bacterial size and the latent period of plastic phage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses play critical roles in the dynamics of microbial communities. Lytic viruses, for example, kill significant proportions of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes. The dynamic interplay between viruses and microbes results from an overlap of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary responses: environmental changes trigger host physiological changes, affecting the ecological interactions of host and virus and, ultimately, the evolutionary pressures influencing the two populations. Recent theoretical work studied how the dependence of viral traits on host physiology (viral plasticity) affects the evolutionarily stable host cell size and viral infection time emerging from coevolution. Here, we broaden the scope of the framework to consider any coevolutionary outcome, including potential evolutionary collapses of the system. We used the case study of Escherichia coli and T-like viruses under chemo-stat conditions, but the framework can be adapted to any microbe-virus system. Oligotrophic conditions led to smaller, lower-quality but more abundant hosts, and infections that were longer but produced a reduced viral offspring. Conversely, eutrophic conditions resulted in fewer but larger higher-quality hosts, and shorter but more productive infections. The virus influenced host evolution decreasing host radius more noticeably for low than for high dilution rates, and for high than for low nutrient input concentration. For low dilution rates, the emergent infection time minimized host need/use, but higher dilution led to an opportunistic strategy that shortened the duration of infections. System collapses driven by evolution resulted from host failure to adapt quickly enough to the evolving virus. Our results contribute to understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbes and virus, and to improving the predictability of current models for host-virus interactions. The large quantitative and qualitative differences observed with respect to a classic description (in which viral traits are assumed to be constant) highlights the importance of including viral plasticity in theories describing short- and long-term host-virus dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconstrained coevolution of bacterial size and the latent period of plastic phage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent landmark trial showed a 4-month regimen of rifapentine, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and isoniazid (PZMH) to be non-inferior to the 6-month standard of care. Here, two murine models of tuberculosis were used to test whether novel regimens replacing rifapentine and isoniazid with bedaquiline and another drug would maintain or increase the sterilizing activity of the regimen. In BALB/c mice, replacing rifapentine in the PZM backbone with bedaquiline (i.e., BZM) significantly reduced both lung CFU counts after 1 month and the proportion of mice relapsing within 3 months after completing 1.5 months of treatment. Addition of rifabutin to BZM (BZMRb) further increased the sterilizing activity. In the C3HeB/FeJ mouse model characterized by caseating lung lesions, treatment with BZMRb resulted in significantly fewer relapses than PZMH after 2 months of treatment. A regimen combining the new DprE1 inhibitor OPC-167832 and delamanid (BZOD) also had superior bactericidal and sterilizing activity compared to PZM in BALB/c mice and was similar in efficacy to PZMH in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Thus, BZM represents a promising backbone for treatment-shortening regimens. Given the prohibitive drug-drug interactions between bedaquiline and rifampin or rifapentine, the BZMRb regimen represents the best opportunity to combine, in one regimen, the treatment-shortening potential of the rifamycin class with that of BZM and deserves high priority for evaluation in clinical trials. Other 4-drug BZM-based regimens and BZOD represent promising opportunities for extending the spectrum of treatment-shortening regimens to rifamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Converse, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurbatova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel regimens of bedaquiline-pyrazinamide combined with moxifloxacin, rifabutin, delamanid and/or OPC-167832 in murine tuberculosis models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type I Interferon Signaling Drives Microglial Dysfunction and Senescence in Human iPSC Models of Down Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are critical for brain development and play a central role in Alzheimers disease (AD) etiology. Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is the most common genetic origin of intellectual disability and the most common risk factor for AD. Surprisingly, little information is available on the impact of trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) on microglia in DS brain development and AD in DS (DSAD). Using our new induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based human microglia-containing cerebral organoid and chimeric mouse brain models, here we report that DS microglia exhibit enhanced synaptic pruning function during brain development. Consequently, electrophysiological recordings demonstrate that DS microglial mouse chimeras show impaired synaptic functions, as compared to control microglial chimeras. Upon being exposed to human brain tissue-derived soluble pathological tau, DS microglia display dystrophic phenotypes in chimeric mouse brains, recapitulating microglial responses seen in human AD and DSAD brain tissues. Further flow cytometry, single-cell RNA- sequencing, and immunohistological analyses of chimeric mouse brains demonstrate that DS microglia undergo cellular senescence and exhibit elevated type I interferon signaling after being challenged by pathological tau. Mechanistically, we find that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Hsa21encoded type I interferon receptor genes, IFNARs, rescues the defective DS microglial phenotypes both during brain development and in response to pathological tau. Our findings provide first in vivo evidence supporting a paradigm shifting theory that human microglia respond to pathological tau by exhibiting accelerated senescence and dystrophic phenotypes. Our results further suggest that targeting IFNARs may improve microglial functions during DS brain development and prevent human microglial senescence in DS individuals with AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type I Interferon Signaling Drives Microglial Dysfunction and Senescence in Human iPSC Models of Down Syndrome and Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Evolution of the Ancient Enzyme, Dissimilatory Sulfite Reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dissimilatory sulfite reductase is an ancient enzyme that has linked the global sulfur and carbon biogeochemical cycles since at least 3.47 Gya. While much has been learned about the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of DsrAB across environmental gradients, far less is known about the structural changes that occurred to maintain DsrAB function as the enzyme accompanied diversification of sulfate/sulfite reducing organisms (SRO) into new environments. Analyses of available crystal structures of DsrAB from Archaeoglobus fulgidus and Desulfovibrio vulgaris, representing early and late evolving lineages, respectively, show that certain features of DsrAB are structurally conserved, including active siro-heme binding motifs. Whether such structural features are conserved among DsrAB recovered from varied environments, including hot spring environments that host representatives of the earliest evolving SRO lineage (e.g., MV2-Eury), is not known. To begin to overcome these gaps in our understanding of the evolution of DsrAB, structural models from MV2.Eury were generated and evolutionary sequence co-variance analyses were conducted on a curated DsrAB database. Phylogenetically diverse DsrAB harbor many conserved functional residues including those that ligate active siro-heme(s). However, evolutionary co-variance analysis of monomeric DsrAB subunits revealed several False Positive Evolutionary Couplings (FPEC) that correspond to residues that have co-evolved despite being too spatially distant in the monomeric structure to allow for direct contact. One set of FPECs corresponds to residues that form a structural path between the two active siro-heme moieties across the interface between heterodimers, suggesting the potential for allostery or electron transfer within the enzyme complex. Other FPECs correspond to structural loops and gaps that may have been selected to stabilize enzyme function in different environments. These structural bioinformatics results suggest that DsrAB has maintained allosteric communication pathways between subunits as SRO diversified into new environments. The observations outlined here provide a framework for future biochemical and structural analyses of DsrAB to examine potential allosteric control of this enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labesse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapna, G. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanakis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Evolution of the Ancient Enzyme, Dissimilatory Sulfite Reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introducing a New Bond-Forming Activity in an Archaeal DNA Polymerase by Structure-Guided Enzyme Redesign 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA polymerases have evolved to feature a highly conserved activity across the tree of life: formation of, without exception, phosphodiester linkages that create the repeating sugarphosphate backbone of DNA. Can this linkage selectivity observed in nature be overcome by design to produce non-natural nucleic acids? Here, we report that structure-guided redesign of an archaeal DNA polymerase (9{degrees}N) enables a new polymerase activity that is undetectable in the wild type enzyme: catalyzing the formation of N3[-&gt;]P5 phosphoramidate linkages in the presence of 3-amino-2,3-dideoxynucleoside 5-triphosphate (3-NH2-ddNTP) building blocks. Replacing a highly conserved metal-binding aspartate in the 9{degrees}N active site (Asp-404) with asparagine was key to the emergence of this unnatural enzyme activity. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into how a single substitution could enhance the productive positioning of the 3-amino nucleophile in the active site. Further remodeling of the protein-nucleic acid interface with substitutions in the finger subdomain led to a quadruple-mutant variant (9{degrees}N-NRQS) that incorporated 3-NH2-ddNTPs into a 3-amino-primer on various DNA templates. This work presents the first example of an active-site substitution of a metal-binding residue that leads to a novel activity in a DNA polymerase, and sheds light on the molecular basis of substrate fidelity and latent promiscuity in enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introducing a New Bond-Forming Activity in an Archaeal DNA Polymerase by Structure-Guided Enzyme Redesign]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulate gonadal development, gametogenesis and the secretion of the gonadal steroid hormones. The gonadotroph is primarily regulated by hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurons of the rostral hypothalamus and is mediated by GnRH receptor signaling. Kisspeptin (KISS1)/kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) signaling in GnRH neurons plays an essential role in reproductive function. As the kisspeptin receptor is present in the pituitary, kisspeptin signaling via the Kiss1r may regulate reproductive function at the level of pituitary. Using Cre/Lox technology, we deleted the Kiss1r gene in pituitary gonadotropes (PKiRKO). PKiRKO male and females have normal genital development, puberty onset, and fertility. Females have normal LH, FSH and estradiol while males had significantly increased basal serum FSH levels with no differences in basal serum LH, or testosterone levels. Overall, these findings indicate that the pituitary KISS1R does not play a role in male reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radovick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normal Reproductive function in male mice lacking pituitary kisspeptin receptor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INFLUENCE OF RAT CENTRAL THALAMIC NEURONS ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR IN A HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basolateral amygdala (BL) is a major regulator of foraging behavior. Following BL inactivation, rats become indifferent to predators. However, at odds with the view that the amygdala detects threats and generate defensive behaviors, most BL neurons have reduced firing rates during foraging and at proximity of the predator. In search of the signals determining this unexpected activity pattern, this study considered the contribution of the central medial thalamic nucleus (CMT), which sends a strong projection to BL, mostly targeting its principal neurons. Inactivation of CMT or BL with muscimol abolished the rats normally cautious behavior in the foraging task. Moreover, unit recordings revealed that CMT neurons showed large but heterogeneous activity changes during the foraging task, with many neurons decreasing or increasing their discharge rates, with a modest bias for the latter. A generalized linear model revealed that CMT neurons encode many of the same task variables as principal BL cells. However, the nature (inhibitory vs. excitatory) and relative magnitude of the activity modulations seen in CMT neurons differed markedly from those of principal BL cells but were very similar to those of fast-spiking BL interneurons. Together, these findings suggest that, during the foraging task, CMT inputs fire some principal BL neurons, recruiting feedback interneurons in BL, resulting in the widespread inhibition of principal BL cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herzallah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pare, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INFLUENCE OF RAT CENTRAL THALAMIC NEURONS ON FORAGING BEHAVIOR IN A HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal Volume, Neurite Density and Trace Eye-Blink Conditioning in Young Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current study examined the relations between hippocampal structure (e.g., volume and neurite density) and performance on a trace eye blink conditioning (EBC) task in young children. Our first aim assessed whether individual differences in hippocampal volume were associated with trace EBC performance, using both percent Conditioned Responses (% CR) and CR onset latency or the average latency (ms) at which the child started their blink, as measures of hippocampal-dependent associative learning. Our second aim evaluated whether individual differences in hippocampal neurite density were associated with EBC performance using the same outcome measures. Typically developing 4- to 6-year-olds (N = 31; 14 girls; Mage = 5.67; SDage = 0.89) completed T1 and diffusion-weighted MRI scans and a 15-minute trace eyeblink conditioning task outside of the scanner. % CR and CR onset latency were computed across all tone-puff and tone-alone trials. While hippocampal volume was not associated with any of our EBC measures, greater hippocampal neurite density bilaterally, was associated with later CR onset. In other words, children with greater left and right hippocampal neurite density blinked closer to the US (i.e., air puff) than children with less hippocampal neurite density, indicating that structural changes in the hippocampus assisted in the accurate timing of conditioned responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieites, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeb-Sutherland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattfeld, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruden, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal Volume, Neurite Density and Trace Eye-Blink Conditioning in Young Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.475002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time dynamic single-molecule protein sequencing on an integrated semiconductor device 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.475002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells, and their dynamic regulation and post-translational modifications (PTMs) underlie cellular phenotypes. Next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized our understanding of heredity and gene regulation, but the complex and dynamic states of cells are not fully captured by the genome and transcriptome. Sensitive measurements of the proteome are needed to fully understand biological processes and changes to the proteome that occur in disease states. Studies of the proteome would benefit greatly from methods to directly sequence and digitally quantify proteins and detect PTMs with single-molecule sensitivity and precision. However current methods for studying the proteome lag behind DNA sequencing in throughput, sensitivity, and accessibility due to the complexity and dynamic range of the proteome, the chemical properties of proteins, and the inability to amplify proteins. Here, we demonstrate single-molecule protein sequencing on a compact benchtop instrument using a dynamic sequencing by stepwise degradation approach in which single surface-immobilized peptide molecules are probed in real-time by a mixture of dye-labeled N-terminal amino acid recognizers and simultaneously cleaved by aminopeptidases. By measuring fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and binding kinetics of recognizers on an integrated semiconductor chip we are able to annotate amino acids and identify the peptide sequence. We describe the expansion of the number of recognizable amino acids and demonstrate the kinetic principles that allow individual recognizers to identify multiple amino acids in a highly information-rich manner that is sensitive to adjacent residues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method is compatible with both synthetic and natural peptides, and capable of detecting single amino acid changes and PTMs. We anticipate that with further development our protein sequencing method will offer a sensitive, scalable, and accessible platform for studies of the proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adcock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alppay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belhachemi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellofiore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe Beltran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadud Bhuiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blacklock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisvert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brault, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink Croce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshenawy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrigno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudipati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.475002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time dynamic single-molecule protein sequencing on an integrated semiconductor device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.473910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function of OTUD7A in the schizophrenia-associated 15q13.3 deletion impairs synapse development and function in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.473910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying causative gene(s) within disease-associated large genomic regions of copy number variants (CNVs) is challenging. Here, by targeted sequencing of genes within schizophrenia (SZ)-associated CNVs in 1,779 SZ cases and 1,418 controls, we identified three rare putative loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in OTU deubiquitinase 7A (OTUD7A) within the 15q13.3 deletion in cases, but none in controls. To tie OTUD7A LoF with any SZ-relevant cellular phenotypes, we modeled the OTUD7A LoF mutation, rs757148409, in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived induced excitatory neurons (iNs) by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. The mutant iNs showed a [~]50% decrease in OTUD7A expression without undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The mutant iNs also exhibited marked reduction of dendritic complexity, density of synaptic proteins GluA1 and PSD-95, and neuronal network activity. Congruent with the neuronal phenotypes in mutant iNs, our transcriptomic analysis showed that the set of OTUD7A LoF-downregulated genes was enriched for those relating to synapse development and function, and was associated with SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. These results suggest that OTUD7A LoF impairs synapse development and neuronal function in human neurons, providing mechanistic insight into the possible role of OTUD7A in driving neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with the 15q13.3 deletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.473910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function of OTUD7A in the schizophrenia-associated 15q13.3 deletion impairs synapse development and function in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of disease pathology in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of a specific immunological niche is not fully understood. Here, we used a golden Syrian hamster model to systematically evaluate the kinetics of host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, following disease pathology, viral loads, antibody responses, and inflammatory cytokine expression in multiple organs. The kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and genomewide lung transcriptome was also compared between immunocompetent and immunocompromised hamsters. We observed that the body weight loss was proportional to the SARS-CoV-2 infectious dose and lasted for a short time only in immunocompetent hamsters. Body weight loss was more prominent and prolonged in infected immunocompromised hamsters. While the kinetics of viral replication and peak live viral loads were not significantly different at low and high infectious doses (LD and HD), the HD-infected immunocompetent animals developed severe lung disease pathology. The immunocompetent animals cleared the live virus in all tested tissues by 12 days post-infection and generated a robust serum antibody response. In contrast, immunocompromised hamsters mounted an inadequate SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response, and the virus was detected in the pulmonary and multiple extrapulmonary organs until 16 days post-infection. These hamsters also had prolonged moderate inflammation with severe bronchiolar-alveolar hyperplasia/metaplasia. Consistent with the difference in disease presentation, distinct changes in the expression of inflammation and immune cell response pathways and network genes were seen in the lungs of infected immunocompetent and immunocompromised animals. This study highlights the interplay between the kinetics of viral replication and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis at organ-level niches and maps how COVID-19 symptoms vary in different immune contexts. Together, our data suggest that the histopathological manifestations caused by progressive SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a better predictor of COVID-19 severity than individual measures of viral load, antibody response, and cytokine storm at the systemic or local (lungs) levels in the immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolloli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soteropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of disease pathology in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal variability in carbon:234thorium ratios of suspended and sinking particles in coastal Antarctic waters: Field data and modeling synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
238U-234Th disequilibrium is a powerful tool for investigating particle cycling and carbon export associated with the oceans biological carbon pump. However, the interpretation of this method is complicated by multiple processes that can modify carbon:thorium ratios over small spatial scales. We investigated seasonal variability in the thorium and carbon cycles at a coastal site in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Throughout the ice-free summer season, we quantified carbon and 234Th vertical flux, total water column 234Th, particulate 234Th, and the C:234Th ratios of sinking material and bulk suspended material. Simultaneous identification and separation of fecal pellets from sinking material showed that fecal pellets (primarily from krill) contributed 56% of carbon flux and that as a result of lower C:234Th ratios than suspended particles, these fecal pellets were primary drivers of variability in the C:234Th ratios of sinking material. Bulk suspended particles had highly variable C:234Th ratios and were consistently elevated in the euphotic zone relative to deeper waters. The fraction of 234Th adsorbed onto particles was positively correlated with chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations. The C:234Th ratios of suspended particles were positively correlated with POC, although during the spring diatom bloom C:234Th ratios were lower than would have been predicted based on POC concentrations alone. We hypothesize that diatom production of transparent exopolymers may have led to enhanced rates of thorium adsorption during the bloom, thus decreasing the C:234Th ratios. We used a Bayesian model selection approach to develop and parameterize mechanistic models to simulate thorium sorption dynamics. The best model incorporated one slowly-sinking POC pool and rapidly-sinking fecal pellets, with second-order sorption kinetics. The model accurately simulated temporal patterns in the C:234Th ratios of sinking and suspended particles and the fraction of 234Th adsorbed to particles. However, it slightly over-estimated C:234Th ratios during the spring (diatom-dominated) bloom and underestimated C:234Th ratios during the fall (mixed-assemblage) bloom. Optimized model parameters for thorium sorption and desorption were 0.0047 {+/-} 0.0002 m3 mmol C-1 d-1 and 0.017 {+/-} 0.008 d-1, respectively. Our results highlight the important role that specific taxa can play in modifying the C:234Th ratio of sinking and suspended particles and provide guidance for future studies that use 234Th measurements to investigate the functional relationships driving the efficiency of the biological pump.

HIGHLIGHTSInvestigated thorium and carbon cycling over full ice-free season

C:234Th ratios of sinking particles were controlled by low C:234Th of fecal pellets

C:234Th ratios of suspended particles were correlated with chlorophyll and POC

Diatom abundance may have led to high particulate thorium during spring bloom

Second-order thorium sorption kinetics model accurately simulates C:234Th ratios
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, O. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducklow, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal variability in carbon:234thorium ratios of suspended and sinking particles in coastal Antarctic waters: Field data and modeling synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamine is required for M1-like polarization in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophages mount early proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses similar to those observed in M1 macrophages classically activated by LPS and IFN-{gamma}. A metabolic reprogramming to HIF-1-mediated uptake of glucose and its metabolism by glycolysis is required for M1-like polarization, but little is known about other metabolic programs driving M1-like polarization during M. tuberculosis infection. Identification and quantification of labeling patterns of U13C glutamine and U13C glucose-derived metabolites demonstrated that glutamine, rather than glucose, is catabolized in both the oxidative and reductive TCA cycle of M1-like macrophages, thereby generating signaling molecules that include succinate, biosynthetic precursors such as aspartate, and the antimicrobial metabolite itaconate. This conclusion is corroborated by diminished M1 polarization via chemical inhibition of glutaminase (GLS), the key enzyme of the glutaminolysis pathway, and by genetic deletion of GLS in infected macrophages. Furthermore, characterization of the labeling distribution pattern of U15N glutamine in M1-like macrophages indicates that glutamine serves as a nitrogen source for the synthesis of intermediates of purine and pyrimidine metabolism plus amino acids including aspartate. Thus, the catabolism of glutamine, as an integral component of metabolic reprogramming in activating macrophages, fulfills the cellular demand for bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors of M1-like macrophages. Knowledge of these new immunometabolic features of M1-like macrophages is expected to advance the development of host-directed therapies that will enhance bacterial clearance and prevent immunopathology during tuberculosis.

SummaryRecent advances in immunometabolism have stimulated increasing interest in understanding the specific cellular metabolic states of immune cells associated with the various disease states of tuberculosis. As the primary target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, macrophages play essential roles in dictating the progression and final outcome of infection. Previous studies, including our own, show that the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible-factor 1 alpha (HIF-1) and a metabolic reprogramming to the Warburg effect-like state are general features of the host immune cell response to Mtb infection. They are also critical for macrophage polarization to the M1-like phenotype characterized by high-level expression of proinflammatory and antimicrobial molecules against Mtb infection. However, our knowledge about the immunometabolic features of M1-like macrophages is poor. Using widely targeted small metabolite (WTSM) screening (600+ small polar metabolites) and stable isotope tracing of U13 glutamine, U13 glucose, and N15 glutamine, as well as therapeutic and genetic approaches, we report that, in addition to elevated glucose catabolism by glycolysis, glutamine serves as an important carbon and nitrogen source for the generation of building blocks, signaling molecules, and antimicrobial metabolite during macrophage polarization to the M1-like phenotype. The study adds novel insights into the immunometabolic properties of Mtb-infected macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drlica, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamine is required for M1-like polarization in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA Detection in Biological Media Using a Split Aptamer Platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular microRNA (miRNA)-based communication has been implicated in a wide array of functional and dysfunctional biological processes. This has raised attention to the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis and produced interest in their detection. Though the list of clinically significant miRNA biomarkers is rapidly expanding, it remains challenging to adapt current tools to investigate new targets in biological environments. Systematic approaches for the rapid development of miRNA biosensors are valuable to reduce this disparity. We describe here a methodology for developing aptamer-based fluorescent biosensors that can specifically detect miRNAs in biological environments, including culture medium from HeLa cells, human serum, and human plasma. This methodology includes the semi-rational design of the hybridization between a pair of split DNA aptamer oligonucleotides and the miRNA target to build a pool of potential sensor designs, and the screening of this pool for designs with high signal-to-background ratio and sequence selectivity. The method uses natural oligonucleotides without chemical modification, and is effective in buffer, 10%, and 30% (v/v) biological media. Following this approach, we developed sensors that detect three miRNA targets (miR-19b, miR-21, and miR-92a) at concentrations as low as 5 nM without amplification and are selective against single-nucleotide mutants. This work expands upon the current design principles of nucleic acid-based biosensors and provides a method to rapidly develop diagnostic tools for novel and niche miRNA targets of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hast, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA Detection in Biological Media Using a Split Aptamer Platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective inhibition of goal-directed actions in the mesencephalic locomotor region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine enables purposive behavior and adjusts vigor as a function of the relative value of actions. In Parkinsons disease, dopamine neurons die and give rise to a series of motor and cognitive changes that interfere with the expression of volitional actions. Here we report a novel inhibitory input to dopamine neurons originated in the mesencephalic locomotor region that selectively blocks purposive behavior. GABAergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) synapse onto dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and decrease dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Activation of PPN neurons abolished exploratory locomotion and goal-directed actions while preserved other motor behaviors; furthermore, PPN caused a decrease in movement vigor and interrupted motor sequences presumably by modulating the immediate value of the learned action. Our results reveal an inhibitory mechanism in the midbrain that rapidly and reversibly adjusts the intrinsic value of ongoing actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gut, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondabolu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Ocampo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena-Segovia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective inhibition of goal-directed actions in the mesencephalic locomotor region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid A, the membrane-anchored portion of lipopolysaccharide, is an essential component of the outer membrane (OM) of nearly all Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we identify regulatory and structural factors that together permit Caulobacter crescentus to eliminate lipid A from its OM. Mutations in the ferric uptake regulator fur allow Caulobacter to survive in the absence of either LpxC, which catalyzes an early step of lipid A synthesis, or CtpA, a tyrosine phosphatase homolog which we find is needed for wild-type lipid A structure and abundance. Alterations in Fur-regulated processes, rather than iron status per se, underlie the ability to eliminate lipid A. Fitness of lipid A-deficient Caulobacter requires a previously uncharacterized anionic sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoglycerate (CPG), which also mediates sensitivity to the antibiotic colistin. Our results demonstrate that, in an altered regulatory landscape, anionic sphingolipids can support the integrity of a lipid A-deficient OM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zik, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudoor, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodlett, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caulobacter requires anionic sphingolipids and deactivation of fur to lose lipid A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The amyloid precursor protein modulates the position and length of the axon initial segment offering a new perspective on Alzheimer's disease genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small A{beta} peptide has been hypothesized to be the main driver of Alzheimers disease (AD). A{beta} is a proteolytic cleavage product of a larger protein, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose normal functions remain largely unexplored. We report here activities of the full-length APP protein that relate directly to the etiology of AD. Increasing neuronal activity leads to a rapid increase in App gene expression. In both cultures of mouse cortical neurons and human iPSC-derived neurons, elevated APP protein changes the structure of the axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation. In neurons with elevated APP, the AIS shortens in length and shifts in position away from the cell body. Both changes would be expected to reduce neuronal excitability. The AIS effects are due to the cell-autonomous actions of APP; exogenous A{beta} - either fibrillar or oligomeric - has no effect. The findings relate directly to AD in several ways. In culture, APP carrying the Swedish familial AD mutation (APPSwe) induces stronger AIS changes than wild type APP. Ankyrin G and {beta}IV-spectrin, scaffolding proteins of the AIS, both physically associate with APP, and APPSwe binds more avidly than wild type APP. Finally, neurons in the frontal cortex of humans with sporadic AD reveal histologically elevated levels of APP protein that invade the domain of the AIS, whose length is significantly shorter than that found in healthy control neurons. The findings offer an alternative explanation for the effects of at least some familial AD mutations.

SignificanceIn familial Alzheimers disease (AD) the linkage between the genetics of APP, the neuropathology of the amyloid plaques and the symptoms of dementia are one of the strongest pieces of evidence supporting the amyloid cascade hypothesis - a conceptualization that marks the A{beta} peptide as the root cause of AD. Yet, formally, the genetics only point to APP, not its A{beta} breakdown product. We report here that the full-length APP protein affects the properties of the axon initial segment and through these changes serves as a dynamic regulator of neuronal activity. We propose that this newly discovered APP function offers a different, A{beta}-independent, view of the genetic evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The amyloid precursor protein modulates the position and length of the axon initial segment offering a new perspective on Alzheimer's disease genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and mechanistic basis of σ-dependent transcriptional pausing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In {sigma}-dependent transcriptional pausing, the transcription initiation factor {sigma}, translocating with RNA polymerase (RNAP), makes sequence-specific protein-DNA interactions with a promoter-like sequence element in the transcribed region, inducing pausing. It has been proposed that, in {sigma}-dependent pausing, the RNAP active center can access off-pathway "backtracked" states that are substrates for the transcript-cleavage factors of the Gre family, and on-pathway "scrunched" states that mediate pause escape. Here, using site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking to define positions of the RNAP trailing and leading edges and of {sigma} relative to DNA at the{lambda} PR promoter, we show directly that {sigma}-dependent pausing in the absence of GreB in vitro predominantly involves a state backtracked by 2-4 bp, and that {sigma}-dependent pausing in the presence of GreB in vitro and in vivo predominantly involves a state scrunched by 2-3 bp. Analogous experiments with a library of 47 ([~]16,000) transcribed-region sequences show that the state scrunched by 2-3 bp--and only that state--is associated with the consensus sequence, T-3N-2Y-1G+1, (where -1 corresponds to the position of the RNA 3 end), which is identical to the consensus for pausing in initial transcription, and which is related to the consensus for pausing in transcription elongation. Experiments with heteroduplex templates show that sequence information at position T-3 resides in the DNA nontemplate strand. A cryo-EM structure of a complex engaged in {sigma}-dependent pausing reveals positions of DNA scrunching on the DNA nontemplate and template strands and suggests that position T-3 of the consensus sequence exerts its effects by facilitating scrunching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pukhrambam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooshkbaghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tareen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and mechanistic basis of σ-dependent transcriptional pausing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target-dependent siRNA suppression distinguishes self from non-self endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their prominent role in transposon silencing, expression of endo-siRNAs is not limited to the "non-self" DNA elements. Transcripts of protein-coding genes ("self" DNA) in some cases also produce endo-siRNAs in yeast, plants, and animals [1]. How cells distinguish these two populations of siRNAs to prevent unwanted silencing of self-genes in animals is not well understood. To address this question, we examined the expression of ectopic siRNAs from an LTR retrotransposon in C. elegans germline. We found that the abundance of ectopic siRNAs was dependent on their homologous target genes: ectopic siRNAs against genes expressed only in somatic cells can be abundantly expressed. In contrast, ectopic siRNAs against germline-expressed genes are often suppressed. This phenomenon, which we termed "target-directed siRNA suppression", is dependent on the target mRNA and requires germline P-granule components. We found that siRNA suppression can also occur to naturally produced endo-siRNAs. We suggest that siRNA suppression plays an important role in regulating siRNA expression and preventing self-genes from aberrant epigenetic silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gajic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target-dependent siRNA suppression distinguishes self from non-self endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The P132H mutation in the main protease of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 decreases thermal stability without compromising catalysis or small-molecule drug inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to be a significant threat to global health. First reported in November 2021, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is more transmissible and can evade immunity better than previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, fueling an unprecedented surge in cases. To produce functional proteins from this polyprotein, SARS-CoV-2 relies on the cysteine proteases Nsp3/papain-like protease (PLpro) and Nsp5/Main Protease (Mpro)/3C-like protease to cleave at three and more than 11 sites, respectively.1 Therefore, Mpro and PLpro inhibitors are considered to be some of the most promising SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. On December 22, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for PAXLOVID, a ritonavir-boosted formulation of nirmatrelvir. Nirmatrelvir is a first-in-class orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor.2 Thus, the scientific community must vigilantly monitor potential mechanisms of drug resistance, especially because SARS-CoV-2 is naive to Mpro inhibitors. Mutations have been well identified in variants to this point.3 Notably, Omicron Mpro (OMpro) harbors a single mutation- P132H. In this study we characterize the enzymatic activity, drug inhibition, and structure of OMpro while evaluating the past and future implications of Mpro mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sacco, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongora, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilleur, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The P132H mutation in the main protease of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 decreases thermal stability without compromising catalysis or small-molecule drug inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ARZIMM: A Novel Analytic Platform for the Inference of Microbial Interactions and Community Stability from Longitudinal Microbiome Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic changes of microbiome communities may play important roles in human health and diseases. The recent rise in longitudinal microbiome studies calls for statistical methods that can model the temporal dynamic patterns and simultaneously quantify the microbial interactions and community stability. Here, we propose a novel autoregressive zero-inflated mixed-effects model (ARZIMM) to capture the sparse microbial interactions and estimate the community stability. ARZIMM employs a zero-inflated Poisson autoregressive model to model the excessive zero abundances and the non-zero abundances separately, a random effect to investigate the underlining dynamic pattern shared within the group, and a Lasso-type penalty to capture and estimate the sparse microbial interactions. Based on the estimated microbial interaction matrix, we further derive the estimate of community stability, and identify the core dynamic patterns through network inference. Through extensive simulation studies and real data analyses we evaluated ARZIMM in comparison with the other methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ARZIMM: A Novel Analytic Platform for the Inference of Microbial Interactions and Community Stability from Longitudinal Microbiome Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensing Echoes: Temporal misalignment as the Earliest Marker of Neurodevelopmental Derail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders are on the rise worldwide, with diagnoses that detect derailment from typical milestones by 3-4.5 years of age. By then, the circuitry in the brain has already reached some level of maturation that inevitably takes neurodevelopment through a different course. There is a critical need then to develop analytical methods that detect problems much earlier and identify targets for treatment. We integrate data from multiple sources, including neonatal auditory brainstem responses (ABR), clinical criteria detecting autism years later in those neonates, and similar ABR information for young infants and children who also received a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, to produce the earliest known digital screening biomarker to flag neurodevelopmental derailment in neonates. This work also defines concrete targets for treatment and offers a new statistical approach to aid in guiding a personalized course of maturation in line with the highly nonlinear, accelerated neurodevelopmental rates of change in early infancy.

Significance StatementAutism is currently detected on average after 4.5 years of age, based on differences in social interactions. Yet basic building blocks that develop to scaffold social interactions are present at birth and quantifiable at clinics. Auditory Brainstem Response tests, routinely given to neonates, infants, and young children, contain information about delays in signal transmission important for sensory integration. Although currently discarded as gross data under traditional statistical approaches, new analytics reveal unambiguous differences in ABR signals fluctuations between typically developing neonates and those who received an autism diagnosis. With very little effort and cost, these new analytics could be added to the clinical routine testing of neonates to create a universal screening tool for neurodevelopmental derailment and prodrome of autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermperidis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varkey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensing Echoes: Temporal misalignment as the Earliest Marker of Neurodevelopmental Derail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable Potassium Isotopes (41K/39K) Track Transcellular and Paracellular Potassium Transport in Biological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most abundant cation in archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells, potassium (K+) is an essential element for life. While much is known about the machinery of transcellular and paracellular K transport - channels, pumps, co-transporters, and tight-junction proteins - many quantitative aspects of K homeostasis in biological systems remain poorly constrained. Here we present measurements of the stable isotope ratios of potassium (41K/39K) in three biological systems (algae, fish, and mammals). When considered in the context of our current understanding of potential mechanisms of K isotope fractionation and K+ transport in these biological systems, our results provide evidence that the fractionation of K isotopes depends on transport pathway and transmembrane transport machinery. Specifically, we find that passive transport of K+ down its electrochemical potential through channels and pores in tight-junctions at favors 39K, a result which we attribute to a kinetic isotope effect associated with dehydration and/or size selectivity at the channel/pore entrance. In contrast, we find that transport of K+ against its electrochemical gradient via pumps and co-transporters is associated with less/no isotopic fractionation, a result that we attribute to small equilibrium isotope effects that are expressed in pumps/co-transporters due to their slower turnover rate and the relatively long residence time of K+ in the ion pocket. These results indicate that stable K isotopes may be able to provide quantitative constraints on transporter-specific K+ fluxes (e.g. the fraction of K efflux from a tissue by channels vs. co-transporters) and how these fluxes change under different physiological states. In addition, precise determination of K isotope effects associated with K+ transport through channels, pumps, and co-transporters may provide unique constraints on the mechanisms of K transport that could be tested with steered molecular dynamic simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanoski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youn, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable Potassium Isotopes (41K/39K) Track Transcellular and Paracellular Potassium Transport in Biological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extinction Risk of Sonoran Desert Annuals Following Potential Changes in Precipitation Regimes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid environmental change can affect both the mean and variability in environmental conditions. Natural selection tends to favour those organisms that best respond to such changes. Here, we consider delayed germination as bet hedging strategies for 10 Sonoran Desert annuals. We use a germination model parameterized with long-term demographic and climate data to explore potential effects of changes in the mean and variance in precipitation on the evolution of germination strategies, as well as the risk of extinction. We then explored the potential for evolutionary rescue in response to these changes. As expected, results indicate that as rainfall declines, or uncertainty in rainfall increases, all species have higher extinction risk (the former being more detrimental). These shifts also increased the benefit of delayed germination. Results also indicate that evolutionary rescue can often occur for small shifts, especially for more variable rainfall regimes, but would not likely save populations experiencing larger environmental changes. Finally, we identified life history traits and functional responses to precipitation that were most strongly correlated to the ability to cope with changes in rainfall and with potential for evolutionary rescue: dormant seed survivorship and, to a smaller degree, chance of reproduction and seed yield sensitivity to precipitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuello, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gremer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venable, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimmer, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extinction Risk of Sonoran Desert Annuals Following Potential Changes in Precipitation Regimes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.478993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KMT2C deficiency promotes APOBEC mutagenesis and genomic instability in multiple cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.478993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone methyltransferase KMT2C is among the frequently mutated epigenetic modifier genes in cancer. It has additional roles in DNA replication, but the effects of KMT2C deficiency on genomic instability during tumorigenesis are unclear. Analyzing 9,663 tumors from 30 cohorts, we report that KMT2C mutant tumors have a significant excess of APOBEC mutational signatures in several cancer types. We show that KMT2C deficiency promotes APOBEC expression and deaminase activity, and compromises DNA replication speed and delays fork restart, facilitating APOBEC mutagenesis targeting ssDNA near stalled forks. APOBEC-mediated mutations primarily accumulate during early replication, and tend to cluster along the genome and also in 3D nuclear contexts. Excessive APOBEC mutational signatures in KMT2C mutant tumors correlate with elevated genomic instability and signatures of homologous recombination deficiency. We propose that in multiple cancer types KMT2C deficiency is a likely driver of APOBEC mutagenesis, which promotes further genomic instability during cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.478993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KMT2C deficiency promotes APOBEC mutagenesis and genomic instability in multiple cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional response of individual Hawaiian Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culex quinquefasciatus, the mosquito vector of avian malaria in Hawai{square}i, became established in the islands in the 1820s and the deadly effects of malaria on endemic bird species have been documented for many decades. To evaluate the gene expression response of the mosquito to the parasite, we let the offspring of wild-collected Hawaiian Cx. quinquefasciatus feed on a domestic canary infected with Plasmodium relictum GRW4 freshly isolated from a wild-caught Hawaiian honeycreeper. Control mosquitoes were fed on an uninfected canary. We sequenced the individual transcriptomes of five infected and three uninfected individual mosquitoes at three different stages of the parasite life cycle: 24 h post feeding (hpf) during ookinete invasion; 5 days post feeding (dpf) when oocysts are developing; 10 dpf when sporozoites are released and invade the salivary glands. Differential gene expression analyses showed that during ookinete invasion (24 hpf), genes related to oxidoreductase activity and galactose catabolism had lower expression levels in infected mosquitoes compared to controls. Oocyst development (5 dpf) was associated with reduced expression of a gene with a predicted innate immune function. At 10 dpf, infected mosquitoes had reduced expression levels of a serine protease inhibitor. Overall, the gene expression response of Hawaiian Culex exposed to a Plasmodium infection intensity that occur naturally in Hawaii was low, but more pronounced during ookinete invasion. The low fitness costs often documented in Culex infected with avian Plasmodium likely reflect the relatively small transcriptional changes observed in mosquito genes related to immune response and nutrient metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Videvall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidl, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpatrick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional response of individual Hawaiian Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogeography and Validation of species limits in Caribbean Red Bats (Vespertilionidae: Lasiurus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDefining species limits using an integrative framework is crucial for biodiversity assessments and to maintain taxonomic stability. These approaches are robust and can be useful to also validate the status of species that are uncommon and underrepresented in biological collections. We examined the species limits and validated the taxonomic status of the Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), an uncommon species originally described from four specimens. Our approach consisted of three independent lines of evidence combining genetic and phenotypic data. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the uniqueness of L. minor compared to three other geographically and closely related Red Bat species. Furthermore, coalescent species delimitation supported the four Red Bat species hypothesis. Linear phenotypic analyses demonstrated that L. minor is distinct from other Red Bats despite a morphological continuum. Finally, we reassessed the diagnosability of characters used to describe L. minor using an objective shape analysis approach, which emphasized the support for this taxon. Based on our findings, while identification in the field could still pose a challenge, there is strong support to recognize L. minor. This study settles a longstanding taxonomic question and provides evidence to better understand Caribbean biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soto-Centeno, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon-Acevedo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.479705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogeography and Validation of species limits in Caribbean Red Bats (Vespertilionidae: Lasiurus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental contributions to the evolution of trait differences in Geum triflorum: implications for restoration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.480132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Premise of the StudyUnderstanding how environment influences the distribution of trait variation across a species range has important implications for seed transfer during restoration. Heritable genetic differences associated with environment could impact fitness when transferred into new environments. Here, we test the degree to which the environment shapes the evolution and distribution of genetic effects for traits important to adaptation.

MethodsIn a common garden experiment, we quantified trait differentiation for populations of Geum triflorum sourced from three distinct ecoregions and evaluated the ability of climate to predict trait variation. Populations were sourced from alvar ecoregions which experience predictable extremes in seasonal water availability and the prairie ecoregion which exhibits unpredictable changes in water availability.

Key ResultsPlants sourced from alvar ecoregions exhibited smaller but more numerous stomata and greater intrinsic water use efficiency relative to prairie plant populations supporting the evolution of ecotypic differences. Estimates of standing genetic variance and heritable genetic variation for quantitative traits suggest alvar populations have greater adaptive potential. However, reduced evolvability suggest all populations of G. triflorum may have limited capacity to evolve in response to environmental change.

ConclusionsThese results point towards the importance of understanding the role of environment in shaping the distribution and evolution of genetic differences across seed populations and how these data may inform recommendations for seed transfer across novel environments and our expectations of populations adaptive potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braasch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlering, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.480132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental contributions to the evolution of trait differences in Geum triflorum: implications for restoration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Ferroptosis-mediated regulation of the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several subunits in the matrix domain of mitochondrial complex I (CI) have been posited to be redox sensors for CI; but how elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) impinge on CI assembly is unknown. We report that when the mitochondrial NADPH-generating enzyme - Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 2 - is genetically disrupted, ROS levels are elevated and assembly of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is impaired. Mechanistically, this begins with a ROS-mediated inhibition of biosynthesis of the matrix domain of CI, which progresses to a point where ferroptotic signals are induced, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is activated and multiple OXPHOS complexes are impaired. Disruption of other enzymes that eliminate hydrogen peroxide, but not those that eliminate the superoxide radical, recapitulates the phenotype; implicating hydrogen peroxide as the signaling molecule involved. Thus, the redox status of the mitochondrion modulates the assembly of the matrix domain of CI and ultimately that of the entire OXPHOS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhooms, S.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goparaju, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owusu-Ansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Ferroptosis-mediated regulation of the biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed network processes account for the majority of variance in localized visual category selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how function-relevant brain activations are generated. Here we test the hypothesis that function-relevant brain activations are generated primarily by distributed network flows. We focused on visual processing in human cortex, given the long-standing literature supporting the functional relevance of brain activations in visual cortex regions exhibiting visual category selectivity. We began by using fMRI data from N=352 human participants to identify category-specific responses in visual cortex for images of faces, places, body parts, and tools. We then systematically tested the hypothesis that distributed network flows can generate these localized visual category selective responses. This was accomplished using a recently developed approach for simulating - in a highly empirically constrained manner - the generation of task-evoked brain activations by modeling activity flowing over intrinsic brain connections. We next tested refinements to our hypothesis, focusing on how stimulus-driven network interactions initialized in V1 generate downstream visual category selectivity. We found evidence that network flows directly from V1 were sufficient for generating visual category selectivity, but that additional, globally distributed (whole-cortex) network flows increased category selectivity further. Using null network architectures we also found that each regions unique intrinsic "connectivity fingerprint" was key to the generation of category selectivity. These results generalized across regions associated with all four visual categories tested (bodies, faces, places, and tools), and provide evidence that the human brains intrinsic network organization plays a prominent role in the generation of functionally relevant, localized responses.

Author SummaryA fundamental question in neuroscience has persisted for over a century: to what extent do distributed processes drive brain function? The existence of category-selective regions within visual cortex provides long-standing evidence supporting localized computations, wherein specialized functions (e.g., selective responsiveness to face images) are thought to be primarily generated by within-region processes. This account was recently updated to include category selectivity dispersed across visual cortex, in the absence of category-selective regions. Here we provide groundwork evidence demonstrating that locally-exhibited visual-category-selective responses can be accurately generated via distributed activity flowing over globally connected systems. These processes were simulated via empirically-based computational models initialized by stimulus-evoked activity patterns and empirical connectivity matching each category-selective regions unique intrinsic functional connectivity fingerprint. Results demonstrate that activity flowing over the human brains distributed network architecture can account for the generation of category selectivity in visual cortex regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed network processes account for the majority of variance in localized visual category selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monkeys exhibit human-like gaze biases in economic decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In economic decision-making individuals choose between items based on their perceived value. For both humans and nonhuman primates, these decisions are often carried out while shifting gaze between the available options. Recent studies in humans suggest that these shifts in gaze actively influence choice, manifesting as a bias in favor of the items that are viewed first, viewed last, or viewed for the overall longest duration in a given trial. This suggests a mechanism that links gaze behavior to the neural computations underlying value-based choices. In order to identify this mechanism, it is first necessary to develop and validate a suitable animal model of this behavior. To this end, we have created a novel value-based choice task for macaque monkeys that captures the essential features of the human paradigms in which gaze biases have been observed. Using this task, we identified gaze biases in the monkeys that were both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those in humans. In addition, the monkeys gaze biases were well-explained using a sequential sampling model framework previously used to describe gaze biases in humans--the first time this framework has been used to assess value-based decision mechanisms in nonhuman primates. Together, these findings suggest a common mechanism that can explain gaze-related choice biases across species, and open the way for mechanistic studies to identify the neural origins of this behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lupkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinty, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monkeys exhibit human-like gaze biases in economic decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of Doravirine and Rilpivirine with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase/DNA Aptamer: Nonnucleoside Inhibitor Resistance by E138K and M184I Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structures trapping a verity of functional and conformational states of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. These structures have played important roles in understanding the mechanisms of catalysis, inhibition and drug resistance, and in driving drug design. However, structures of several desired complexes of RT could not be obtained even after many crystallization or crystal soaking experiments. The ternary complexes of doravirine and rilpivirine with RT/DNA are such examples.

Structural study of HIV-1 RT by single-particle cryo-EM has been challenging due to the enzymes relatively smaller size and higher flexibility. We optimized a protocol for rapid structure determination of RT complexes by cryo-EM and determined six structures of wild-type and E138K/M184I mutant RT/DNA in complexes with the nonnucleoside inhibitors rilpivirine, doravirine, and nevirapine. RT/DNA/rilpivirine and RT/DNA/doravirine complexes have structural differences between them and from the representative conformation of RT/DNA/nevirapine (or efavirenz); the primer grip in the RT/DNA/doravirine and the YMDD motif in the RT/DNA/rilpivirine complexes have large shifts. The DNA primer 3-end in the doravirine-bound structure is positioned at the active site, but the complex is in a non-productive state. In the mutant RT/DNA/rilpivirine structure, I184 is stacked with the DNA such that their relative positioning can influence rilpivirine in the pocket. Simultaneously, E138K mutation widens the NNRTI-binding pocket entrance, potentially contributing to a faster rate of rilpivirine dissociation by E138K/M184I mutant RT, as reported by earlier kinetic studies. These structural differences have implications for drug design and for understanding molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Wijngaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijnens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyttersprot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdewijn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pannecouque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.482155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of Doravirine and Rilpivirine with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase/DNA Aptamer: Nonnucleoside Inhibitor Resistance by E138K and M184I Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cadherin mutation in Celsr3 linked to Tourette Disorder affects dendritic patterning and excitability of cholinergic interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CELSR3 encodes an atypical protocadherin cell adhesion receptor that was recently identified as a high-risk gene for Tourette disorder. A putative damaging de novo variant was inserted into the mouse genome to generate an amino acid substitution within the fifth cadherin repeat. By contrast to Celsr3 constitutive null animals, mice homozygous for the R774H amino acid substitution are viable and have grossly normal forebrain development. The density of cortical and striatal interneuron subpopulations is normal, but 3D geometric analysis of cortical pyramidal neurons and striatal cholinergic interneurons revealed changes to dendritic patterning and types and distributions of spines. Furthermore, patch clamp recordings in cholinergic interneurons located within the sensorimotor striatum uncovered mild intrinsic hyperexcitability. Despite these changes, Celsr3R774H homozygous mice do not show obvious  tic-like stereotypies at baseline nor motor learning impairments, but females exhibited perseverative digging behavior. Our findings show that a human mutation in CELSR3 linked to Tourette disorder is sufficient to alter dendritic patterning in the cortex and striatum and also the intrinsic excitability of cholinergic interneurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poppi, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho-Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matrongolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carayannopoulos, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheedalla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cadherin mutation in Celsr3 linked to Tourette Disorder affects dendritic patterning and excitability of cholinergic interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeled Connexin 43 hemichannels alter cardiac excitability and promote arrhythmias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin-43 (Cx43) is the most abundant protein forming gap junction channels (GJCs) in cardiac ventricles. In multiple cardiac pathologies, including hypertrophy and heart failure, Cx43 is found remodeled at the lateral side of the intercalated discs of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Remodeling of Cx43 has been long linked to spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia, yet the mechanisms by which arrhythmias develop are still debated. Using a model of a dystrophic cardiomyopathy, we previously showed that remodeled Cx43 function as aberrant hemichannels (non-forming GJCs) that alter cardiomyocyte excitability and, consequently, promote arrhythmias. Here, we aim to evaluate if opening of remodeled Cx43 can serve as a general mechanism to alter cardiac excitability independent of cellular dysfunction associated with a particular cardiomyopathy. To address this issue, we used a genetically modified Cx43 knock-in mouse (S3A) that promotes cardiac remodeling of Cx43 protein without apparent cardiac dysfunction. Importantly, when S3A mice were subjected to cardiac stress using the {beta}-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (Iso), they displayed acute and severe arrhythmias, which were not observed in WT mice. Pre-treatment of S3A mice with the Cx43 hemichannel blocker, Gap19, prevented Iso-induced abnormal electrocardiographic behavior. At the cellular level, when compared with WT, Iso-treated S3A cardiomyocytes showed increased membrane permeability and greater plasma membrane depolarization, which subsequently leads to triggered activity. These cellular dysfunctions were also prevented by Cx43 hemichannel blockers. Our results support the notion that opening of remodeled Cx43 hemichannels, regardless of the type of cardiomyopathy, is sufficient to mediate cardiac stress-induced arrhythmogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaul-Muller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraidenraich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeled Connexin 43 hemichannels alter cardiac excitability and promote arrhythmias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying transcription factor-DNA interactions using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning approaches have been applied to identify transcription factor (TF)-DNA interaction important for gene regulation and expression. However, due to the enormous search space of the genome, it is challenging to build models capable of surveying entire reference genomes, especially in species where models were not trained. In this study, we surveyed a variety of methods for classification of epigenomics data in an attempt to improve the detection for 12 members of the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) binding DNAs from maize and soybean as assessed by DNA Affinity Purification and sequencing (DAP-seq). We used the classification for prediction by minimizing the genome search space by only surveying unmethylated regions (UMRs). For identification of DAP-seq binding events within the UMRs, we achieved 93.54% accuracy, 6.2% false positive, and a 43.29% false negative rate across 12 members of ARFs of maize on average by encoding DNA with count vectorization for k-mer with a logistic regression classifier with up-sampling and feature selection. Importantly, feature selection helps to uncover known and potentially novel ARF binding motifs. This demonstrates an independent method for identification of transcription factor binding sites. Finally, we tested the model built with maize DAP-seq data and applied it directly to the soybean genome and found unacceptably high false positive rates, which accounted for more than 40% across the ARF TFs tested. The findings in this study suggest the potential use of various methods to predict TF-DNA interactions within and between species with varying degrees of success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisp, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying transcription factor-DNA interactions using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte-specific loss of LAP2α reduces hepatic steatosis in male mice by enhancing LMNA-mediated transcriptional regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing evidence for the importance of the nuclear envelope in lipid metabolism, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Human mutations in LMNA, encoding A-type nuclear lamins, cause early-onset insulin resistance and NASH, while hepatocyte-specific deletion of Lmna predisposes to NASH with fibrosis in male mice. Given that variants in the gene encoding LAP2, a nuclear protein that regulates lamin A/C, were previously identified in patients with NAFLD, we sought to determine the role of LAP2 in NAFLD using a mouse genetic model. Hepatocyte-specific Lap2a-knockout (Lap2({Delta}Hep)) mice and littermate controls were fed normal chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks or 6 months. In contrast to what was observed with hepatocyte-specific Lmna deletion, male Lap2a({Delta}Hep) mice showed no increase in hepatic steatosis or NASH compared to controls. Rather, Lap2a({Delta}Hep) mice demonstrated reduced hepatic steatosis, particularly after long-term HFD, with decreased susceptibility to diet-induced NASH. Accordingly, whereas pro-steatotic genes Cidea, Mogat1, and Cd36 were upregulated in Lmn-KO mice, they were downregulated in Lap2({Delta}Hep) mice, and there was a trend toward decreases in pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. These data indicate that hepatocyte-specific Lap2a deletion protects against hepatic steatosis and NASH in mice; therefore, LAP2 might represent a potential therapeutic target in human NASH.

Brief SummaryLoss of LAP2 in mouse hepatocytes protected against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.-Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foisner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omary, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.484917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte-specific loss of LAP2α reduces hepatic steatosis in male mice by enhancing LMNA-mediated transcriptional regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triple Notch/Tgfβ/FoxO1 blockade converts multiple intestinal sub-lineages into β-like cells and lowers glycemia in diabetic animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin is the essential treatment of Type 1 (T1D) and is often used in Type 2 Diabetes. For nearly five decades, efforts have been focused on replenishing {beta}-cells in T1D patients as a more durable treatment. Gut endocrine cells can be converted into insulin-producing cells, but their numbers are limited. In this study we report that insulin-immunoreactive cells with Paneth/goblet cell features are present in human fetal intestine, in addition to enteroendocrine cells. Accordingly, lineage tracing experiments show that, besides enterochromaffin cells, the Paneth/goblet lineage can undergo conversion to the insulin lineage upon genetic or pharmacologic Foxo1 ablation in mice. We leveraged these data to design a screening platform in organoids to accurately quantitate {beta}-like cell reprogramming and fine-tune a combination treatment to increase the efficiency of the conversion process by expanding the intestinal secretory lineage. We identified a triple blockade of FoxO1, Notch, and Tgf{beta} that, when tested in insulin-deficient diabetic animals resulted in a near-normalization of glucose levels, associated with the appearance of gut insulin-producing cells. The findings illustrate a therapeutic approach to replace insulin treatment in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKimpson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunkyoung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belvedere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.484748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triple Notch/Tgfβ/FoxO1 blockade converts multiple intestinal sub-lineages into β-like cells and lowers glycemia in diabetic animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) regulates CD4 T cell Activation independent of its role in proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our previous work found that the RNA binding protein polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP1) is critical for regulating multiple events in T cell activation including changes in proliferation, and expression of activation markers and cytokines. These changes corresponded to the regulation of the ERK1/2 and NF-{kappa}B pathways as well as through changes in steady-state RNA levels. Because proliferation is critical for driving T cell activation, it was unclear whether PTBP1 was required for optimal activation per se or whether changes were secondary to a requirement for initiating/sustaining proliferation. To address this question, the human T cell lymphoma cell line, Jurkat, which recapitulates many of the molecular events of TCR-induced activation, was used to understand how PTBP1 impacts early events in T cell activation with ongoing proliferation. Using two phenotypically distinct Jurkat subclones (D1.1 and B2.7), we first profiled global RNA expression patterns using RNAseq analysis and found marked differences between the two cell lines with the D1.1 line giving a more antigen-experienced phenotype. Reducing PTBP1 by shPTB expression, to 60% WT levels resulted in no significant decrease in proliferation in the two subclones. However, we observed that PTBP1 was required for both optimal expression of activation markers, CD25, CD38, CD69, and CD40L, and signaling through the ERK1/2, P38 and AKT pathways. Importantly, limiting PTBP1 had different effects on the activation signals for each cell line suggesting that the differentiation state of the cell is a critical factor in understanding the role of PTBP1 in T cell activation. This was further reinforced by our finding that PTBP1 regulated distinct groups of genes specific for each line. Together, our findings suggest that PTBP1 regulates specific T cell activation responses independent of its role in proliferation and that the initial phenotype of the T cell plays an essential role in the dependency of the cell on PTBP1 for driving these changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado De Maio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Porta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus-Nicodemos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganapathi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Acevedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) regulates CD4 T cell Activation independent of its role in proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel oral GyrB/ParE dual binding inhibitor effective against multidrug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other high-threat pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious global health concern. New drugs are needed that can overcome existing drug resistance, as well as limit development of new resistance. We describe the small molecule tricyclic pyrimidoindole JSF-2414 [8-(6- fluoro-8-(methylamino)-2-((2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)-2- oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl)methanol], which simultaneously binds to ATP binding regions of DNA gyrase (GyrB) and topoisomerase (ParE). JSF-2414 displays potent activity against N. gonorrhoeae including drug-resistant strains. A phosphate prodrug JSF-2659 was developed to facilitate oral dosing. In two different animal models of Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaginal infection, JSF-2659 was highly efficacious in reducing microbial burdens to the limit of detection. The parent molecule also showed potent in vitro activity against high-threat Gram positive organisms, and JSF-2659 was shown in a deep tissue model of VRSA and a model of C. difficile-induced colitis to be highly efficacious and protective. JSF-2659 is a novel drug candidate against high-threat multidrug resistant organisms with low potential to develop new resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westfall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurepina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilotta, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerse, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freundlich, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlin, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel oral GyrB/ParE dual binding inhibitor effective against multidrug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other high-threat pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal foraging decisions and involvement of the ventral tegmental area in human opioid addiction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction is marked by a tendency to exploit sources of reward despite diminishing returns. This behavior is aptly captured by animal patch-foraging models that have recently been extended to humans. Dopamine and norepinephrine centrally mediate addictive behavior and activity in both catecholaminergic systems is proposed to reflect the computations necessary for optimal foraging. However, the specific neural bases of excessive foraging and their role in human addiction are largely unknown. To address this gap, we studied the behavior of people with and without opioid use disorder (OUD) on a patch-foraging task in which they made serial decisions to "harvest" a depleting resource ("patch") for reward or incur a varying cost to "travel" to a replenished patch. In a subset of participants, we used high-resolution neuromelanin-sensitive MRI to image neuromelanin concentration, a proxy for long-term catecholaminergic function, in distinct dopaminergic nuclei (ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra subregions) and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. While all participants were sensitive to the long-run reward rates of different patch-foraging environments, OUD participants stayed in reward patches longer than optimal--markedly overharvesting a source of reward despite its declining value--and this correlated with more chronic drug use. Overharvesting was selectively associated with lower neuromelanin signal in the ventral tegmental area but not other dopaminergic nuclei, nor the locus coeruleus. Our findings suggest that foraging decisions relevant to addiction involve a ventral-tegmental-area circuit that may signal reward rates in dynamic environments and implicate this circuit in maladaptive reward pursuit in human addiction to opioids.

Significance statementPatch-foraging provides a potentially important translational framework for understanding addictive behavior by revealing how maladaptive reward pursuit emerges in more ecologically valid decision contexts. Here, we show that the tendency to exploit sources of reward despite diminishing returns is associated with chronic drug use in people with opioid use disorder, a particularly devastating form of addiction. We further use neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, a neuroimaging measure of the long-term function of dopamine neurons, to reveal that variation in ventral tegmental area neuromelanin signal selectively underlies individual differences in this overharvesting bias. These findings establish a role for specific dopaminergic circuits in patch-foraging decisions and advance understanding of the neurobiology of human addiction to opioids that has so far eluded the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raio, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonagura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantino, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konova, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal foraging decisions and involvement of the ventral tegmental area in human opioid addiction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of transcription antitermination by Q{lambda}: NusA induces refolding of Q{lambda} to form nozzle for RNA polymerase exit channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lambdoid bacteriophage Q proteins are transcription antipausing and antitermination factors that enable RNA polymerase (RNAP) to read through pause and termination sites. Q proteins load onto RNAP engaged in promoter-proximal pausing at a Q binding element (QBE) and adjacent sigma-dependent pause element to yield a Q-loading complex, and translocate with RNAP as a pausing-deficient, termination-deficient Q-loaded complex. In previous work, we showed that the Q protein from bacteriophage 21 (Q21) functions by forming a "nozzle" that narrows and extends the RNAP RNA-exit channel, preventing formation of pause and termination RNA hairpins. Here, we report atomic structures of four states on the pathway of antitermination by the Q protein from bacteriophage {lambda} (Q{lambda}), a Q protein that shows no sequence similarity to Q21 and that, unlike Q21, requires the transcription elongation factor NusA for efficient antipausing and antitermination. We report structures of Q{lambda}, the Q{lambda}-QBE complex, the NusA-free "pre-engaged" Q{lambda}-loading complex, and the NusA-containing "engaged" Q{lambda}-loading complex. The results show that Q{lambda}, like Q21, forms a nozzle that narrows and extends the RNAP RNA-exit channel, preventing formation of RNA hairpins. However, the results show that Q{lambda} has no three-dimensional structural similarity to Q21, employs a different mechanism of QBE recognition than Q21, and employs a more complex process for loading onto RNAP than Q21, involving recruitment of Q{lambda} to form a "pre-engaged" loading complex, followed by NusA-facilitated refolding of Q{lambda} to form an "engaged" loading complex. The results establish Q{lambda} and Q21 are not structural homologs and are solely functional analogs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBacteriophage Q proteins are textbook examples of regulators of gene expression that function at the level of transcription antitermination. Here, we report structures defining the mechanism of antitermination by the Q protein of bacteriophage {lambda} (Q{lambda}). The results show Q{lambda} forms a "nozzle" that narrows and extends the RNA polymerase RNA-exit channel, precluding the formation of terminator RNA hairpins. The results show Q{lambda} exhibits no structural similarity to the Q protein of bacteriophage 21 (Q21), employs a different mechanism for DNA binding than Q21, and employs a more complex process of loading onto RNA polymerase than Q21. We conclude Q{lambda} and Q21 are not structural homologs and are solely functional analogs, akin to a bird wing and a bat wing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of transcription antitermination by Q{lambda}: NusA induces refolding of Q{lambda} to form nozzle for RNA polymerase exit channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S51 family peptidases provide resistance to peptidyl-nucleotide antibiotic McC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microcin C-like compounds are natural Trojan horse peptide-nucleotide antibiotics produced by diverse bacteria. The ribosomally-synthesized peptide parts of these antibiotics are responsible for their facilitated transport into susceptible cells. Once inside the cell, the peptide part is degraded, releasing the toxic payload, an isoaspartyl-nucleotide that inhibits aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme essential for protein synthesis. Bacteria that produce microcin C-like compounds have evolved multiple ways to avoid self-intoxication. Here, we describe a new strategy through the action of S51 family peptidases, which we name MccG. MccG cleaves the toxic isoaspartyl-nucleotide rendering it inactive. While some MccG homologs are encoded in gene clusters responsible for McC-like compounds biosynthesis, most are encoded by stand-alone genes whose products may provide basal level of resistance to peptide-nucleotide antibiotics in phylogenetically distant bacteria.

SIGNIFICANCEWe identified a natural substrate for a major phylogenetic clade of poorly characterized S51 family proteases from bacteria. We show that these proteins can contribute to basal level of resistance to an important class of natural antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yagmurov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilep, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebryakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubiley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S51 family peptidases provide resistance to peptidyl-nucleotide antibiotic McC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD169-mediated restrictive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exacerbated and persistent innate immune response marked by pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is thought to be a major driver of chronic COVID-19 pathology. Although macrophages are not the primary target cells of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, viral RNA and antigens in activated monocytes and macrophages have been detected in post-mortem samples, and dysfunctional monocytes and macrophages have been hypothesized to contribute to a protracted hyper-inflammatory state in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we demonstrate that CD169, a myeloid cell specific I-type lectin, facilitated ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry in macrophages. CD169- mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry in macrophages resulted in expression of viral genomic and sub-genomic (sg) RNAs with minimal viral protein expression and no infectious viral particle release, suggesting a post-entry restriction of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. Intriguingly this post-entry replication block was alleviated by exogenous ACE2 expression in macrophages. Restricted expression of viral gRNA and sgRNA in CD169+ macrophages elicited a pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1{beta}) in a RIG-I, MDA-5 and MAVS-dependent manner, which was suppressed by remdesivir pre- treatment. These findings suggest that de novo expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in macrophages contributes to the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature and that blocking CD169-mediated ACE2 independent infection and subsequent activation of macrophages by viral RNA might alleviate COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response.

Author SummaryOver-exuberant production of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages has been hypothesized to contribute to severity of COVID-19 disease. Molecular mechanisms that contribute to macrophage-intrinsic immune activation during SARS- CoV-2 infection are not fully understood. Here we show that CD169, a macrophage- specific sialic-acid binding lectin, facilitates abortive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages that results in innate immune sensing of viral replication intermediates and production of proinflammatory responses. We identify an ACE2-independent, CD169- mediated endosomal viral entry mechanism that results in cytoplasmic delivery of viral capsids and initiation of virus replication, but absence of infectious viral production. Restricted viral replication in CD169+ macrophages and detection of viral genomic and sub-genomic RNAs by cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptor family members, RIG-I and MDA5, and initiation of downstream signaling via the adaptor protein MAVS, was required for innate immune activation. These studies uncover mechanisms important for initiation of innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macrophages, persistent activation of which might contribute to severe COVID-19 pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gummuluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalloh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olejnik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrigan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suder, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushkin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD169-mediated restrictive SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule-Connexin-43 regulation suppresses arrhythmias and fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients due to advancements in skeletal muscle therapies yet limited presence of cardiac treatments. The phosphorylation status of gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43) drives Cx43 remodeling and the development of arrhythmias and fibrosis. Based on evidence that Colchicine drug treatment improves Cx43 phosphorylation and remodeling, we compared the microtubule cytoskeleton in DMD mice (mdx) versus mdx mice genetically altered to be Cx43-phosphorylation-deficient (mdxS3A). Reciprocally, we analyzed the microtubule cytoskeleton in mdx mice genetically altered to be Cx43-phospho-mimicking (mdxS3E). We found a link between the phospho-status of Connexin-43 and regulation of microtubule organization, in which phospho-dead Cx43 (S3A) inhibits improvements seen with Colchicine treatment in mdx mice, and phospho-mimic S3E promotes microtubule reorganization in mdx mice. A reduction in arrhythmias and fibrosis suggests an unsuspecting Cx43-microtubule link for translational corrective activities for DMD cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrens, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodney, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraidenraich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule-Connexin-43 regulation suppresses arrhythmias and fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paracrine circuit of IL-1b/IL-1R1 between myeloid and tumor cells drives glioblastoma progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from blood circulation infiltrate and promote glioblastoma growth. Here we discover that glioma cells induce the expression of potent pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1{beta} in MDM, which engages IL-1R1 in glioma cells, activates NF-{kappa}B pathway, and subsequently leads to the induction of monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCPs). Thus, a feedforward paracrine circuit of IL-1{beta}/IL-1R1 between the tumors and MDM creates an interdependence driving glioblastoma progression. Locally antagonizing IL-1{beta}/IL-1R1 leads to reduced MDM infiltration, diminished tumor growth, reduced exhausted CD8+ T cells, and thereby extends the survival of tumor-bearing mice. In contrast to IL-1{beta}, IL-1a exhibits anti-tumor effects. Genetic deletion of Il1a is associated with decreased recruitment of lymphoid cells and loss of interferon (IFN) signaling in various immune populations and subsets of malignant cells. IL-1{beta} antagonism of IL-1{beta} should be considered as an effective anti-glioblastoma therapy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486888v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (66K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c99e57org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba9d24org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a2c418org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f8091c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giotti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaluzova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herting, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vallcorba, m. p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulzewsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez-Ropero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayakhmetov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutmann, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsankov, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hambardzumyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paracrine circuit of IL-1b/IL-1R1 between myeloid and tumor cells drives glioblastoma progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Contribution of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundance and biological contribution of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in glioblastoma are poorly understood. Here, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics analyses to identify and characterize CAFs in human glioblastoma tumors and then performed functional enrichment analysis and in vitro assays to investigate their interactions with malignant glioblastoma cells. We found that CAF abundance was significantly correlated with tumor grade, poor clinical outcome, and activation of extracellular matrix remodeling, using three large databases containing bulk RNA-sequencing data and clinical information. Proteomic analysis of the CAFs and their secretome revealed fibronectin (FN1) as a strong candidate mediating CAF functions. This was validated using in vitro cellular models, which demonstrated that CAF conditioned media and recombinant FN1 could facilitate the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. In addition, we showed that CAFs were more abundant in the mesenchymal-like state (or subtype) than in other states of glioblastomas, while cell lines resembling the proneural-state responded to the CAF signaling better in terms of the migratory and invasive phenotypes. Investigating the in-situ expression of gene markers specifically associated with CAFs and mesenchymal malignant cells further indicated that CAFs were enriched in the perinecrotic and pseudopalisading zones of human tumors, where mesenchymal-like glioblastoma cells co-resided and thus likely interacted. Overall, this study characterized the molecular features and functional impacts of CAFs in glioblastoma, alluding to a novel cell-to-cell interaction axis mediated by CAFs in the glioblastoma microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galbo, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Contribution of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of a Minimal di-Nickel Hydrogenase Peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most ancient processes for energy production in the evolution of life involve the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen by hydrogenase. Extant hydrogenase enzymes are complex, comprising hundreds of amino acids and multiple cofactors. We designed a 13 amino acid nickel-binding peptide capable of robustly producing molecular hydrogen from protons under a wide variety of conditions. The peptide forms a di-nickel cluster structurally analogous to a Ni-Fe cluster in [NiFe]-hydrogenase and the Ni-Ni cluster in acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), two ancient, extant proteins central to metabolism. These experimental results clearly demonstrate that modern enzymes, despite their enormous complexity, likely evolved from simple peptide precursors on early Earth.

One Sentence SummarySmall metal-binding peptides were the likely precursors of modern enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancini, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyryshkin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinaro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koder, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkowski, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of a Minimal di-Nickel Hydrogenase Peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome duplication in an algal symbiont serendipitously confers thermal tolerance to corals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The algal endosymbiont Durusdinium trenchii enhances the resilience of coral reefs under thermal stress1,2. As an endosymbiont, D. trenchii is generally expected to have a reduced genome compared to its free-living relatives, due in part to the lack of selective pressure for maintaining redundant gene functions in a stable intracellular environment within the host3. However, D. trenchii can live freely or in endosymbiosis, and the analysis of genetic markers4 suggests that this species has undergone whole-genome duplication (WGD). Here we present genome assemblies for two D. trenchii isolates, confirm WGD in these taxa, and examine how selection has shaped the duplicated genome regions. We assess how the competing free-living versus endosymbiotic lifestyles of D. trenchii have contributed to the retention and divergence of duplicated genes, and how these processes have enhanced thermotolerance of corals hosting these symbionts. We find that lifestyle is the driver of post-WGD evolution in D. trenchii, with the free-living phase being most important, followed by endosymbiosis. Adaptations to both lifestyles collectively result in increased cellular fitness for D. trenchii, which provides enhanced thermal stress protection to the host coral. Beyond corals, this polyploid alga is a valuable model for understanding how genome-wide selective forces act to balance the often, divergent constraints imposed by competing lifestyles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellantuono, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahlke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbriano, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados-Cifuentes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oppen, M. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suggett, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Lanetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome duplication in an algal symbiont serendipitously confers thermal tolerance to corals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance of novel antibodies for lipoarabinomannan to develop diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall, is detectable in the urine of MTB infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). LAM-specific antibodies (Igs) have been developed by a variety of traditional and recombinant methods for potential use in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We evaluated the analytical performance of the TB LAM Igs to identify pairs that offer superior performance over existing urine LAM tests. We assessed 25 new and 4 existing Igs in a matrixed format using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence-based liquid immunoassay. A total of 841 paired Ig combinations were challenged with in vitro cultured LAM (cLAM) derived from MTB strains representing diverse phylogenetic lineages, alongside urinary LAM (uLAM) from the urine of adults with active pulmonary TB. Analytical sensitivity of down-selected Ig pairs was determined using MTB Aoyama-B cLAM, while diagnostic accuracy was determined using clinical samples. When testing cLAM, the reactivity of Ig pairs was similar across MTB lineages 1-4 but lineage 5:6 had significantly more reactivity among Ig pairs. Overall, 41 Ig pairs had a strong binding affinity to cLAM, as compared to the reference pair of S4-20/A194-01, and 28 Ig pairs therein exhibited a strong affinity for both cLAM and uLAM. Retrospective testing on clinical urine specimens demonstrated varying sensitivities (12-80%) and specificities (14-100%). The five top pairs had a similar analytical limit of detection to the reference pair but in four instances, the sensitivity and specificity with clinical uLAM samples was poor. Overall, epitopes presented by uLAM are different from cLAM, which may affect antibody performance when testing uLAM in patient samples. Several new Ig pairs had similar ranges of high sensitivity to cLAM but overall, there were no new candidate Ig pairs identified in this round of screening with increased performance with uLAM as compared to an existing optimal pair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schouten, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drain, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallenius, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobos, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halas, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance of novel antibodies for lipoarabinomannan to develop diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple waves of viral invasions in Symbiodiniaceae algal genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae are phototrophic marine protists that engage in symbiosis with diverse hosts. Their large and distinct genomes show pervasive gene duplication and large-scale retroposition events. However, little is known about the role and scale of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the genomic evolution of this algal family. In other dinoflagellates, higher levels of HGTs have been observed, linked to major genomic transitions, such as the appearance of a viral acquired nucleoprotein that originated via HGT from a large DNA algal virus. Previous work showed Symbiodiniaceae from different hosts being actively infected by several viral groups, such as giant DNA viruses and ssRNA viruses, that may play an important role in coral health. This includes a hypothetical latent viral infection, whereby viruses could persist in the cytoplasm or integrate into the host genome as a provirus. This hypothesis received some experimental support however, the cellular localization of putative latent viruses and their taxonomic affiliation are still unknown. In addition, despite the finding of viral sequences in some genomes of Symbiodiniaceae, viral origin, taxonomic breadth, and metabolic potential have not been explored. To address these questions, we searched for evidence of protein sequences of putative viral origin in 13 Symbiodiniaceae genomes. We found 59 candidate viral-derived HGTs that give rise to 12 phylogenies across 10 genomes. We also describe the taxonomic affiliation of these virus-related sequences, their structure, and genomic context. These results lead us to propose a model to explain the origin and fate of Symbiodiniaceae viral acquisitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benites, L. F. d. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple waves of viral invasions in Symbiodiniaceae algal genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Landscape change and alien invasions drive shifts in native lady beetle communities over a century 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimUnderstanding drivers of insect population declines is essential for the development of successful conservation plans, but data limitations restrict assessment across spatial and temporal scales. Museum records represent a unique source of historical data that can be leveraged to investigate temporal trends in insect communities. Native lady beetle decline has been attributed to competition with established alien species and landscape change, but the relative importance of these drivers is difficult to measure with short-term field-based studies. Here we assessed distribution patterns for native lady beetle species over 12 decades using museum records and evaluated the relative importance of alien species and landscape change as long-term drivers contributing to changes in lady beetle communities.

LocationOhio, USA.

MethodsWe compiled occurrence records for 28 lady beetle species collected in Ohio, USA from 1900-2018. Incidence-based measures of taxonomic beta-diversity were used to evaluate changes in lady beetle community composition over time. To evaluate the relative influence of temporal, spatial, landscape, and community drivers on the captures of native lady beetles, we constructed negative binomial generalized additive models.

ResultsWe report evidence of declines in captures for several native species, including Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella novemnotata, Hippodamia convergens, and Coleomegilla maculata. Importantly, the timing, severity, and drivers of these documented declines were species-specific. Changes in lady beetle species composition began in the 1980s, when processes of species loss/gain and turnover shifted communities towards dominance by a few alien lady beetle species. Land cover change also was associated with declines in captures, particularly for C. novemnotata which declined prior to the arrival of alien species in the state.

Main conclusionsOur study documented shifts in Ohios lady beetle communities beginning in the 1980s as alien species supplanted natives. Drivers of declines in captures of native lady beetle species were highly species-specific, emphasizing that mechanisms driving population losses cannot be generalized even among closely related species. These findings also indicate the importance of museum holdings and the analysis of species-level data when studying temporal trends in insect populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlai, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assal, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turo, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado de la flor, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakoff, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Landscape change and alien invasions drive shifts in native lady beetle communities over a century]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Transfer based Phylogenetics: Analytical Expressions and Additivity via Birth/Death Theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic era has opened up vast opportunities in molecular systematics, one of which is deciphering the evolutionary history in fine detail. Under this mass of data, analysing the point mutations of standard markers is too crude and slow for fine-scale phylogenetics. Nevertheless, genome dynamics events provide far richer information. The synteny index (SI) between a pair of genomes combines gene order and gene content information, allowing the comparison of genomes of unequal gene content, together with order considerations of their common genes. Recently, genome dynamics has been modelled as a continuous-time Markov process, and gene distance in the genome as a birth-death-immigration process. Nevertheless, due to complexities arising in this setting such as overlapping neighbourhoods and other confounding factors, no precise and provably consistent estimators could be derived.

Here, we extend this modelling approach by using techniques from birth-death theory to derive explicit expressions of the systems probabilistic dynamics in the form of rational functions of the model parameters. This, in turn, allows us to infer analytically the expected distances between organisms based on a transformation of their SI. Despite the complexity of the expressions obtained, we establish additivity of this estimated evolutionary distance (a desirable property yielding phylogenetic consistency).

Applying the new measure in simulation studies shows that it attains very accurate results in realistic settings and even under model extensions. In the real-data realm, we applied the new formulation to unique data structure that we constructed - the ordered orthology DB - based on a new version of the EggNOG database, to construct a tree with more than 4.5K taxa. The resulted tree was compared it with a NCBI taxonomy for these organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest gene-order-based tree constructed and it overcomes flaws found in previous approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katriel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahanaymi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutschan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeilberger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Transfer based Phylogenetics: Analytical Expressions and Additivity via Birth/Death Theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward Interpretable Digital Biomarkers of Walking and Reaching in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal digital data registered with wearable biosensors has emerged as highly complementary of clinical pencil-and-paper criteria, offering new insights in ways to detect and diagnose various aspects of Parkinsons disease. A pressing question is how to combine both the clinical knowledge of PD and the new technology to create interpretable digital biomarkers easily obtainable with off-the-shelf technology. Several challenges concerning disparity in biophysical units, anatomical differences across participants, sensor positioning, and sampling resolution are addressed in this work, along with identification of optimal parameters to automatically differentiate patients with PD from controls. We combine data from a multitude of biosensors registering signals from the central (EEG) and peripheral (magnetometry, kinematics) nervous systems, inclusive of the autonomic nervous system (EKG), as the participants perform natural tasks requiring different levels of intentional planning and automatic control. We find that magnetometer data during walking, across a variety of amplitude and timing signals provide optimal separation of PD from neurotypical controls. We conclude that considering multimodal signals, while differentiating across levels of intent in natural actions can be revealing of important features of PD that otherwise escape the naked eye. Further we add that clinical criteria combined with such optimal digital parameter spaces offer a far more complete picture of PD than using either one of these pieces of data alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.23.489070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward Interpretable Digital Biomarkers of Walking and Reaching in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) as a tolerant host of avian malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) are a social, polygamous bird species whose populations have rapidly expanded their geographic range across North America over the past century. Before 1865, Great-tailed Grackles were only documented in Central America, Mexico, and southern Texas in the USA. Given the rapid northern expansion of this species, it is relevant to study its role in the dynamics of avian blood parasites. Here, 87 Great-tailed grackles in Arizona (a population in the new center of the range) were screened for haemosporidian parasites using microscopy and PCR targeting the parasite mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Individuals were caught in the wild from January 2018 until February 2020. Haemosporidian parasite prevalence was 60.9% (53/87). A high Plasmodium prevalence was found (59.8%, 52/87), and one grackle was infected with Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) sp. (lineage SIAMEX01). Twenty-one grackles were infected with P. cathemerium, sixteen with P. homopolare, four with P. relictum (strain GRW04), and eleven with three different genetic lineages of Plasmodium spp. that have not been characterized to species level (MOLATE01, PHPAT01, and ZEMAC01). Gametocytes were observed in birds infected with three different Plasmodium lineages, revealing that grackles are competent hosts for some parasite species. This study also suggests that grackles are highly susceptible and develop chronic infections consistent with parasite tolerance, making them competent to transmit some generalist haemosporidian lineages. It can be hypothesized that, as the Great-tailed Grackle expands its geographic range, it may affect local bird communities by increasing the transmission of local parasites but not introducing new species into the parasite species pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacPherson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albino Miranda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Alarcon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) as a tolerant host of avian malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p75NTR prevents the onset of cerebellar granule cell migration via RhoA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal migration is one of the fundamental processes during brain development. Several neurodevelopmental disorders can be traced back to dysregulated migration. Although substantial efforts have been placed in identifying molecular signals that stimulate migration, little is known about potential mechanisms that restrict migration. These restrictive mechanisms are essential for proper development since it helps coordinate the timing for each neuronal population to arrive and establish proper connections. Moreover, preventing migration away from a proliferative niche is necessary to maintain a pool of proliferating cells until the proper number of neuronal progenitors is attained.

Here, we identify an anti-migratory role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in cerebellar development. Our results show that granule cell precursors robustly express p75NTR in the external granule layer (EGL) when they are proliferating during postnatal development, however, they do not express p75NTR when they migrate either from the rhombic lip during embryonic development or from the EGL during postnatal development. We show that p75NTR prevented GCP migration by maintaining elevated levels of active RhoA. The expression of p75NTR was sufficient to prevent the migration of the granule cells even in the presence of BDNF, a well-established chemotactic signal for this cell population. Our findings suggest that the expression of p75NTR might be a critical signal that stops and maintains the GCPs in the proliferative niche of the EGL, promoting the clonal expansion of cerebellar granule neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p75NTR prevents the onset of cerebellar granule cell migration via RhoA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antibiotic phazolicin displays a dual mode of uptake in Gram-negative bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phazolicin (PHZ) is a peptide antibiotic exhibiting narrow-spectrum activity against rhizobia closely related to its producer Rhizobium sp. Pop5. Using genetic and biochemical techniques, we here identified BacA and YejABEF as two importers of PHZ in a sensitive model strain Sinorhizobium meliloti Sm1021. BacA and YejABEF are members of SLiPT and ABC transporter families of non-specific peptide importers, respectively. The uptake of PHZ by two distinct families of transporters dramatically decreases the naturally occurring rate of resistance. Moreover, since both BacA and YejABEF are essential for the development of functional symbiosis of rhizobia with leguminous plants, the acquisition of PHZ resistance via the inactivation of transporters is further disfavoured since single bacA or yejABEF mutants are unable to propagate in root nodules. Crystal structures of the periplasmic subunit YejA from S. meliloti and Escherichia coli revealed fortuitous bound peptides, suggesting a non-specific peptide-binding mechanism that facilitates the uptake of PHZ and other antimicrobial peptides.

SIGNIFICANCEMany bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate competitors and create an exclusive niche. These peptides kill bacteria by either membrane disruption or inhibiting essential intracellular processes. The Achilles heel of the latter type of antimicrobials is their dependence on transporters to enter the susceptible bacteria since mutations in such transporters result in resistance. We describe here how the ribosome-targeting peptide phazolicin, produced by Rhizobium sp. Pop5, uses two different transporters, BacA and YejABEF, to get into the cells of the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. This dramatically reduces the probability of resistance acquisition. Both transporters need to be inactivated for phazolicin resistance acquisition. Since these transporters are also crucial in S. meliloti for its symbiotic association with host plants, their inactivation in biological settings is highly unlikely. This makes PHZ an attractive lead for the development of a biocontrol agent with potential for use in agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travin, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigouroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inaba-Inoue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutormin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubiley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MORERA, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mergaert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antibiotic phazolicin displays a dual mode of uptake in Gram-negative bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Guidance for Discovering Genetic Networks through Iterative Hypothesis Reduction on Time Series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large programs of dynamic gene expression, like cell cyles and circadian rhythms, are controlled by a relatively small "core" network of transcription factors and post-translational modifiers, working in concerted mutual regulation. Recent work suggests that system-independent, quantitative features of the dynamics of gene expression can be used to identify core regulators. We introduce an approach of iterative network hypothesis reduction from time-series data in which increasingly complex features of the dynamic expression of individual, pairs, and entire collections of genes are used to infer functional network models that can produce the observed transcriptional program. The culmination of our work is a computational pipeline, Iterative Network Hypothesis Reduction from Temporal Dynamics (Inherent Dynamics Pipeline), that provides a priority listing of targets for genetic perturbation to experimentally infer network structure. We demonstrate the capability of this integrated computational pipeline on synthetic and yeast cell-cycle data.

Author SummaryIn this work we discuss a method for identifying promising experimental targets for genetic network inference by leveraging different features of time series gene expression data along a chained set of previously published software tools. We aim to locate small networks that control oscillations in the genome-wide expression profile in biological functions such as the circadian rhythm and the cell cycle. We infer the most promising targets for further experimentation, emphasizing that modeling and experimentation are an*Corresponding author: breschine.cummins@montana.edu essential feedback loop for confident predictions of core network structure. Our major offering is the reduction of experimental time and expense by providing targeted guidance from computational methods for the inference of oscillating core networks, particularly in novel organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cummins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motta, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campione, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischaikow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Guidance for Discovering Genetic Networks through Iterative Hypothesis Reduction on Time Series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Competing Guilds as a Core Microbiome Signature for Chronic Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphOver eons of co-evolution, the gut microbiota has become an essential organ for humans1,2. However, it is unclear what core members and their ecological organization ensures the stable provision of this organs essential health-relevant functions to the host. With high quality metagenome-assembled genomes as network nodes, here we identified two competing guilds3 of the most stably and highly connected bacteria that together correlate with a wide range of host health conditions. Genomes in these two guilds kept their ecological relationship unchanged despite experiencing profound abundance changes during a 3-month high fiber intervention and 1-year follow-up in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The genomes of one guild harbored more genes for plant polysaccharide degradation and butyrate production, while the other guild had more genes for virulence or antibiotic resistance. A Random Forest regression model showed that the abundance distributions of these genomes were associated with 41 out of 43 bio-clinical parameters in the study cohort. With these genomes as reference, Random Forest modeling successfully classified case and control of T2DM, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, ankylosing spondylitis, schizophrenia, and Parkinsons disease in 12 independent metagenomic datasets from 1,816 participants across ethnicity and geography. This core microbiome signature may serve as a common target for health recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Competing Guilds as a Core Microbiome Signature for Chronic Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel deFADding activity in 5' to 3' exoribonucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of metabolite caps including FAD on the 5 end of RNA has uncovered a previously unforeseen intersection between cellular metabolism and gene expression. To understand the function of FAD caps in cellular physiology, we characterised the proteins interacting with FAD caps in budding yeast. Here we demonstrate that highly conserved 5-3 exoribonucleases, Xrn1 and Rat1, physically interact with the RNA 5 FAD cap and both possess FAD cap decapping (deFADding) activity and subsequently degrade the resulting RNA. Xrn1 deFADding activity was also evident in human cells indicating its evolutionary conservation. Furthermore, we report that the recently identified bacterial 5-3 exoribonuclease RNase AM also possesses deFADding activity that can degrade FAD-capped RNAs in vitro and in E. coli cells. To gain a molecular understanding of the deFADding reaction, an RNase AM crystal structure with three manganese ions coordinated by a sulfate molecule and the active site amino acids was generated that provided details underlying hydrolysis of the FAD cap. Our findings reveal a general propensity for 5-3 exoribonucleases to hydrolyse and degrade RNAs with 5 end noncanonical caps in addition to their well characterized 5 monophosphate RNA substrates indicating an evolutionarily conserved intrinsic property of 5-3 exoribonucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doamekpor, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudizen-Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel deFADding activity in 5' to 3' exoribonucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Category representations in the primary visual cortex support orientation discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal population activity in sensory cortices is the substrate for perceptual decisions. Yet, we still do not understand how neuronal information content in sensory cortices relates to behavioral reports. To reconcile neurometric and psychometric performance, we recorded the activity of V1 neurons in mice performing a Go/NoGo orientation discrimination task. We found that, around the discrimination threshold, V1 does not represent the orientation of the stimuli as canonically expected. Instead, it forms categorical representations characterized by a relocation of activity at task-relevant domains of the orientation representational space. The relative neuronal activity at those discrete domains accurately predicted the probabilities of the animals decisions. Our results thus suggest that the categorical integration of discretized feature representations from sensory cortices explains perceptual decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkat, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khdour, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Category representations in the primary visual cortex support orientation discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification by cryoEM of a densovirus causing mass mortality in mass-reared larval darkling beetles (Zophobas morio) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A reared colony of larval superworms (Zophobas morio) experienced the swift and unexplained death of about 90% of its population. We isolated a high-abundance virus from dead larvae and, using cryoEM, identified it as a novel densovirus, which we name Zophobas morio black wasting virus (ZmBWV). Densoviruses (DVs) are small, ssDNA viruses of the family Parvoviridae that infect protostome and deuterostome invertebrates. The vast majority of DVs have been associated with severe pathology, especially in larval stage insects. By cryoEM we resolved the high-resolution capsid structure of this new DV at 2.9 [A] resolution for the genome-packaging, infectious particles and at a resolution of 3.3 [A] in case of the empty particles, both purified directly from the infected Z. morio larvae. The capsid structure of ZmBWV provides the first insights into the capsid morphology of a structurally previously-uncharacterized genus, Blattambidensovirus. Consequently, the ZmBWV capsid harbors a unique surface morphology within the family, yet shows the T=1 icosahedral symmetry, the eight-stranded jelly roll core, as well as general features of multimer interactions previously found typical of subfamily Densovirinae. Although we have not inoculated healthy larvae with ZmBWV, on the basis of its prodigious abundance in infected larvae and the prior probability of larval pathology with viruses of this subfamily, ZmBWV is the most probable cause of the observed mass mortality event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penzes, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification by cryoEM of a densovirus causing mass mortality in mass-reared larval darkling beetles (Zophobas morio)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule Constrains Dendritic Spine Density through Ankyrin Binding in Pyramidal Neurons of the Mouse Cerebral Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A novel function for L1 cell adhesion molecule and its interaction with Ankyrin, an actin-spectrin adaptor protein, was identified in constraining dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in the mouse neocortex. In an L1-null mouse mutant increased spine density was observed on apical but not basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in diverse cortical areas (prefrontal cortex layer 2/3, motor cortex layer 5, visual cortex layer 4).The Ankyrin binding motif (FIGQY) in L1s cytoplasmic domain was critical for spine formation, as demonstrated by increased spine density in the prefrontal cortex of a mouse mutant (L1YH) harboring a tyrosine to histidine mutation in this motif, which disrupts L1-Ankyrin association. This mutation is a known variant in the human L1 syndrome. In both mutants mature mushroom spines rather than immature spines were predominant. L1 was detected in spines and dendrites of wild-type prefrontal cortical neurons by immmunostaining. L1 coimmunoprecipitated with Ankyrin B (220 kDa) from cortical lysates of wild-type but not L1YH mice. Spine pruning assays in cortical neuron cultures from wild-type and L1YH mutant mice showed that the L1-Ankyrin interaction mediated spine retraction in response to the class 3 Semaphorins, Sema3F and to a lesser extent Sema3B. These ligands also induce spine pruning through other L1 family adhesion molecules, NrCAM and Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1), respectively. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of spine regulation and underscore the potential for this adhesion molecule to regulate cognitive and other L1-related functions that are abnormal in the L1 syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperringer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schachner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule Constrains Dendritic Spine Density through Ankyrin Binding in Pyramidal Neurons of the Mouse Cerebral Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MFGE8 links absorption of dietary fatty acids with catabolism of enterocyte lipid stores through HNF4 γ- dependent transcription of CES enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterocytes modulate the extent of postprandial lipemia, a potent risk factor for developing atherosclerotic disease, by storing dietary fats in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (cLDs). We have previously demonstrated that the integrin ligand MFGE8 links absorption of dietary fats with activation of triglyceride (TG) hydrolases that catabolize cLDs for chylomicron production. The hydrolase(s) responsible for mobilization of TG from diet-derived cLDs is unknown though recent evidence indicates that this process is independent of the canonical pathway of TG hydrolysis mediated by ATGL. Here we identify CES1D as the key hydrolase downstream of the MFGE8-v{beta}5 integrin pathway that regulates catabolism of diet-drive cLDs. Mfge8 KO enterocytes have reduced CES1D transcript and protein levels and reduced protein levels of the transcription factor HNF4{gamma}. Mice KO for Ces1d or Hnf4{gamma} have decreased enterocyte TG hydrolase activity coupled with retention of TG in cLDs. Mechanistically, MFGE8-dependent fatty acid uptake through CD36 leads to stabilization of HNF4{gamma} protein levels; HNF4{gamma} then increases Ces1d transcription. Our work identifies a regulatory network by which MFGE8 and v{beta}5 regulate the severity of postprandial lipemia by linking dietary fat absorption with protein stabilization of a transcription factor that increases expression of enterocyte TG hydrolases that catabolize diet-derived cLDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholampour, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolsky, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaro, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abumrad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atabai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MFGE8 links absorption of dietary fatty acids with catabolism of enterocyte lipid stores through HNF4 γ- dependent transcription of CES enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing PDB Macromolecular Crystal Structure Confidence at the Individual Amino Acid Residue Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 87% of the more than 190,000 atomic-level, (three-dimensional) 3D biostructures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) were determined using macromolecular crystallography (MX). Agreement between 3D atomic coordinates and experimental data for >100 million individual amino acid residues occurring within [~]150,000 PDB MX structures was analyzed in detail. The Real-Space-Correlation-Coefficient (RSCC) calculated using the 3D atomic coordinates for each residue and experimental electron density enables outlier detection of unreliable atomic coordinates (particularly important for poorly-resolved sidechain atoms) and ready evaluation of local structure quality by PDB users. For human protein MX structures in PDB, comparisons of per-residue RSCC experimental-agreement metric with AlphaFold2 computed structure model confidence (pLDDT-predicted local distance difference test) document (i) that RSCC values and pLDDT scores are correlated (median correlation coefficient[~]0.41), and (ii) that experimentally-determined MX structures (3.5 [A] resolution or better) are more reliable than AlphaFold2 computed structure models and should be used preferentially whenever possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing PDB Macromolecular Crystal Structure Confidence at the Individual Amino Acid Residue Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the Drosophila Ajuba LIM protein defines functions for distinct LIM domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ajuba LIM protein Jub mediates regulation of Hippo signaling by cytoskeletal tension through interaction with the kinase Warts, and also participates in feedback regulation of junctional tension through regulation of the cytohesin Steppke. To investigate how Jub interacts with and regulates its distinct partners, we investigated the ability of Jub proteins missing different combinations of its three LIM domains to rescue jub phenotypes and to interact with -catenin, Warts and Steppke. Multiple regions of Jub contribute to its ability to bind -catenin and to localize to adherens junctions in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in cultured cells identified a specific requirement for LIM2 for binding to Warts. However, in vivo, both LIM1 and LIM2, but not LIM3, were required for regulation of wing growth, Yorkie activity, and Warts localization. Conversely, LIM2 and LIM3, but not LIM1, were required for regulation of cell shape and Steppke localization in vivo, and for maximal Steppke binding in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. These observations identify distinct functions for the different LIM domains of Jub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rauskolb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirichenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the Drosophila Ajuba LIM protein defines functions for distinct LIM domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory interneurons within the deep dorsal horn integrate convergent sensory input to regulate motor performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To achieve smooth motor performance in a changing sensory environment, motor outputs must be constantly updated in response to sensory feedback. Inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord play an essential role in shaping motor activity by gating the transmission of sensory information and setting the pattern and rhythm of motor neurons. Here, we identify the medial deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord as a "hot zone" of convergent proprioceptive and cutaneous information from the hindlimb, where inhibitory neurons show increased responsiveness to sensory input and are preferentially recruited during locomotion in comparison to excitatory neurons. We identify a novel population of glycinergic inhibitory neurons within the deep dorsal horn that express parvalbumin (dPV) and receive convergent proprioceptive and cutaneous input from the paw. We show that dPVs possess intrinsic properties that support spontaneous discharge, even in the absence of synaptic input. However, a drug cocktail mimicking descending input (5-HT, dopamine, NMDA) amplifies dPV output, while cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs shape the temporal dynamics of dPV activity. These findings suggest dPV-mediated inhibition is modulated by behavioral state and can be fine-tuned by sensory input. Using intersectional genetic strategies, we selectively target spinal cord dPVs and demonstrate their capacity to provide divergent ipsilateral inhibition to both pre-motor and motor networks of the ventral horn, thereby controlling the timing and magnitude of cutaneous-evoked muscle activity. Manipulating the activity of dPVs during treadmill locomotion results in altered limb kinematics at the transition of stance to swing and altered step cycle timing at increased speeds. To investigate the effects of manipulating dPV activity on broader sets of motor behaviors, we used depth vision and machine learning to quantify and scale naturalistic behavior. We find that although sub-movements remain stable, the transitions between sub-movements are reduced, suggesting a role in movement switching. In sum, our study reveals a new model by which sensory convergence and inhibitory divergence produce a surprisingly flexible influence on motor networks to increase the diversity of mechanisms by which sensory input facilitates smooth movement and context-appropriate transitions.

HighlightsO_LIInhibitory deep dorsal horn interneurons integrate convergent proprioceptive and cutaneous sensory inputs from the paw and are preferentially recruited during locomotion.
C_LIO_LIDeep dorsal horn parvalbumin+ interneurons (dPVs) represent a population of glycinergic interneurons that can provide sustained inhibitory control.
C_LIO_LISensory input engages dPVs to facilitate inhibition with high temporal precision and reduced variability.
C_LIO_LIdPVs contribute to the ipsilateral inhibitory control of motor and premotor networks of the ventral horn, thereby gating the magnitude and timing of cutaneous-evoked flexor and extensor muscle activity.
C_LIO_LIIn vivo, dPVs modulate gait dynamics in a state- and phase-dependent manner, to ensure smooth movement transitions between step-cycle phases and naturalistic sub-movements.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozeri-Engelhard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laflamme, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas- Zadeh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory interneurons within the deep dorsal horn integrate convergent sensory input to regulate motor performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of Bispecific T cell engagers via cell surface glycocalyx editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.22.492978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE)-based cancer therapies that activate the cytotoxic T cells of a patients own immune system have gained momentum with the recent FDA approval of Blinatumomab for treating B cell malignancies. However, this approach has had limited success in targeting solid tumors. Here, we report the development of BiTE-sialidase fusion proteins that enhance tumor cell susceptibility to BiTE-mediated cytolysis by T cells via targeted desialylation at the BiTE-induced T cell-tumor cell interface. Targeted desialylation results in better immunological synapse formation, T-cell activation and effector function. As a result, BiTE-sialidase fusion proteins show remarkably increased efficacy in inducing T-cell-dependent tumor cell cytolysis in response to target antigens compared to the parent BiTE molecules alone. This enhanced function is seen both in vitro and in in vivo xenograft and syngeneic solid tumor mouse models. Our findings highlight BiTE-sialidase fusion proteins as promising candidates for the development of next-generation bispecific T-cell engaging molecules for cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.22.492978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of Bispecific T cell engagers via cell surface glycocalyx editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.491563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel basil downy mildew resistance genes using de novo comparative transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.491563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LISweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) production is threatened by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora belbahrii causing basil downy mildew (BDM); BDM resistant cultivar  Mrihani (MRI) was identified in a germplasm screen, and fertile progeny were produced through a breeding program with BDM-susceptible  Newton (SB22), but the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance in MRI and progeny remained unknown
C_LIO_LIComparative transcriptomics was performed to identify candidate resistance genes and potential mechanisms for BDM resistance; RNA samples from BDM-infected MRI and SB22 plants were harvested at 4 time points during the first 3 days of infection to differentiate interactions in resistant and susceptible plants.
C_LIO_LIThree categories of genes uniquely induced in resistant MRI upon pathogen challenge were identified: nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat proteins (NLRs), multi-functional receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and secondary metabolic enzymes; validation of the top resistance candidate NLR gene confirmed its unique presence in MRI as well as in two of four resistant MRIxSB22 F2 progeny.
C_LIO_LIIn MRI, pathogen challenge also upregulated transcripts in the salicylic acid synthesis pathway, suggesting its role in BDM resistance, and demonstrating the application of using comparative transcriptomics to identify resistance genes and mechanisms in non-model crops for marker-assisted breeding approaches.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeIulio, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.491563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel basil downy mildew resistance genes using de novo comparative transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol reverses the effects of KCNJ6 (GIRK2) noncoding variants on excitability of human glutamatergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synonymous and noncoding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the KCNJ6 gene, encoding G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK2) channel subunit 2, have been linked with increased electroencephalographic frontal theta event-related oscillations (ERO) in subjects diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD). To identify molecular and cellular mechanisms while retaining the appropriate genetic background, we generated induced excitatory glutamatergic neurons (iN) from iPSCs derived from four AUD-diagnosed subjects with KCNJ6 variants ( Affected: AF) and four control subjects without variants ( Unaffected: UN). Neurons were analyzed for changes in gene expression, morphology, excitability and physiological properties. Single cell RNA sequencing suggests that KCNJ6 AF variant neurons have altered patterns of synaptic transmission and cell projection morphogenesis. Results confirm that AF neurons express lower levels of GIRK2, have greater neurite area, and elevated excitability. Interestingly, exposure to intoxicating concentrations of ethanol induces GIRK2 expression and reverses functional effects in AF neurons. Ectopic overexpression of GIRK2 alone mimics the effect of ethanol to normalize induced excitability. We conclude that KCNJ6 variants decrease GIRK2 expression and increase excitability and that this effect can be minimized or reduced with ethanol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro-Ros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalamea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prytkova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol reverses the effects of KCNJ6 (GIRK2) noncoding variants on excitability of human glutamatergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High frequency DBS-like optogenetic stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D2 receptor-containing neurons attenuates cocaine reinstatement in male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrevious work indicated that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens shell in male rats attenuated reinstatement of cocaine seeking, an animal model of craving. However, the potential differential impact of DBS on specific populations of neurons to drive the suppression of cocaine seeking is unknown. Medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens are differentiated by expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1DRs) or D2DRs, activation of which promotes or inhibits cocaine-related behaviors, respectively. The advent of transgenic rat lines expressing Cre recombinase selectively in D1DR-containing or D2DR-containing neurons, when coupled with Cre-dependent virally mediated gene transfer of channelrhodopsin (ChR2), enabled mimicry of DBS in a selective subpopulation of neurons during complex tasks.

HypothesisWe tested the hypothesis that high frequency DBS-like optogenetic stimulation of D1DR-containing neurons in the accumbens shell would potentiate, whereas stimulation of D2DR-containing neurons in the accumbens shell would attenuate, cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking.

ResultsResults indicated that high frequency, DBS-like optogenetic stimulation of D2DR-containing neurons attenuated reinstatement of cocaine seeking in male rats, whereas DBS-like optogenetic stimulation of D1DR-containing neurons did not alter cocaine-primed reinstatement. Surprisingly, DBS-like optogenetic stimulation did not alter reinstatement of cocaine seeking in female rats. In rats which only expressed eYFP, intra-accumbens optogenetic stimulation did not alter cocaine reinstatement relative to sham stimulation, indicating that the effect of DBS-like stimulation to attenuate cocaine reinstatement is mediated specifically by ChR2 rather than consequent to prolonged light delivery.

ConclusionsThese results suggest that DBS of the accumbens attenuates cocaine-primed reinstatement in male rats through the selective manipulation of D2DR-containing neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swinford-Jackson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knouse, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankame, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worobey, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarmiento, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High frequency DBS-like optogenetic stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D2 receptor-containing neurons attenuates cocaine reinstatement in male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical and structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 polyprotein processing by Mpro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, a human coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Its [~]30 kb RNA genome is translated into two large polyproteins subsequently cleaved by viral papain-like protease and main protease (Mpro/nsp5). Polyprotein processing is essential yet incompletely understood. We studied Mpro-mediated processing of the nsp7-10/11 polyprotein, whose mature products are cofactors of the viral replicase, identifying the order of cleavages as: 1) nsp9-10, 2) nsp8-9/nsp10-11, and 3) nsp7-8. Integrative modeling based on mass spectrometry (including hydrogen-deuterium exchange and cross-linking) and X-ray scattering yielded three-dimensional models of the nsp7-10/11 polyprotein. Our data suggest that the nsp7- 10/11 structure in complex with Mpro strongly resembles the unbound polyprotein, and that both polyprotein conformation and junction accessibility determine the preference and order of cleavages. Finally, we used limited proteolysis assays to characterize the effect of a series of inhibitors/binders on Mpro processing of nsp7-11 and Mpro inhibition using a polyprotein substrate.

TeaserWe elucidated the structural basis of order of cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 nsp7-11 polyprotein, with implications for Mpro inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courouble, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. J. E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slack, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarafianos, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical and structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 polyprotein processing by Mpro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of the Intestinal Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis in Early Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic Fibrosis is a heritable disease that causes altered physiology at mucosal sites; these changes result in chronic infection in the lung, significant gastrointestinal complications as well as dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, although the latter has been less well explored. Here, we describe the longitudinal development of the gut microbiome in a cohort of children with cystic fibrosis (cwCF) from birth through early childhood (0-4 years of age) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of stool samples as a surrogate for the gut microbiota. Similar to healthy populations, alpha diversity of the gut microbiome increases significantly with age, but diversity plateaus [~]2 years of age for this CF cohort. Several taxa that have been associated with dysbiosis in CF change with age towards a more healthy-like composition; notable exceptions include Akkermansia, which decreases with age, and Blautia, which increases with age. We also examined the relative abundance and prevalence of nine taxa associated with CF lung disease, several of which persist across early life, highlighting the possibility of the lung being seeded directly from the gut early in life. Finally, we applied the Crohns dysbiosis index to each sample, and found that high Crohns-associated dysbiosis early in life (<2 years) was associated with significantly lower Bacteroides in samples collected from 2-4 years of age. Together, these data indicate a persisting dysbiosis in the gut microbiota as well as markers associated with inflammatory bowel disease early in life for cwCF.

IMPORTANCECystic Fibrosis is a heritable disease that disrupts ion transport at mucosal surfaces, causing a buildup of mucus and dysregulation of microbial communities in both the lungs and the intestines. Persons with CF are known to have dysbiotic gut microbial communities, but the development of these communities over time beginning at birth have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we describe the development of the gut microbiome of cwCF throughout the first four years of life, during the critical window of both gut microbiome and immune development. Our findings indicate a persisting dysbiosis, the possibility of the gut microbiota as a reservoir of airway pathogens and a surprisingly early indication of a microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valls, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of the Intestinal Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis in Early Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning in healthy adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been shown to increase dopaminergic activity in the dorsal striatum, a region strongly implicated in reinforcement learning. However, the behavioural influence of this effect remains largely unknown.

ObjectiveHere, we tested the causal effects of rTMS on behavioral and computational characteristics of reinforcement learning.

Methods40 healthy individuals were randomized into Active and Sham rTMS groups. Each participant underwent one 10-Hz rTMS session (1500 pulses) in which stimulation was applied over the left DLPFC using a robotic arm. Participants then completed a reinforcement learning task sensitive to striatal dopamine functioning. Participants trial-to-trial training choices were modelled using a reinforcement learning model (Q-learning) that calculates separate learning rates associated with positive and negative reward prediction errors.

ResultsSubjects receiving Active TMS exhibited an increased reward rate (number of correct responses per second of task activity) compared to the Sham rTMS group. Computationally, the Active rTMS group displayed a higher learning rate for correct trials (G) compared to incorrect trials (L). Finally, when tested with novel pairs of stimuli, the Active group displayed extremely fast reaction times, and a trend towards a higher reward rate.

ConclusionsThe present study provided specific behavioral and computational accounts of altered striatal-mediated reinforcement learning induced by a proposed increase of dopamine activity by 10-Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC. Together, these findings bolster the use of TMS to target neurocognitive disturbances attributed to the dysregulation of dopaminergic-striatal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biernacki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning in healthy adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saturated cell lysing is critical for high sensitivity microbiome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.494821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphFor robust DNA-based gut microbiome analysis, all cells in the stool samples need to be lysed. However, no standards have been developed to evaluate a DNA extraction protocols capability of lysing all cells and its sensitivity on detecting microbial structural differences among samples. In this study, we incrementally increased the intensity of mechanical lysis and integrated lysozyme pretreatment to Protocol Q (PQ), which was recommended as the best from 21 protocols1. A new protocol (LPQ) was optimized when DNA yield, Gram-positive bacteria ratio, and beta diversity all reached to a plateau with no further significant changes, indicating the achievement of saturated lysing. LPQ detected significant differences among three groups of fiber-treated human stool samples and identified 64 responsive ASVs, while a commercial kit failed to detect any significant treatment effects and PQ only detected 17 responsive ASVs. Therefore, saturated lysing as defined in this study should be adopted for evaluating microbiome DNA extraction protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.494821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saturated cell lysing is critical for high sensitivity microbiome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.494883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanism of leaflet-specific phospholipid modulation of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.494883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) mediate synaptic transmission and are sensitive to their lipid environment. The mechanism of phospholipid modulation of any pLGIC is not well understood. We demonstrate that the model pLGIC, ELIC (Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel), is positively modulated by the anionic phospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, from the outer leaflet of the membrane. To elucidate the mechanism of phosphatidylglycerol modulation, we determine a structure of ELIC in an open conformation. The structure shows a bound phospholipid in an outer leaflet site, and conformational changes in the phospholipid binding site unique to the open state. In combination with streamlined alchemical free energy perturbation calculations and functional measurements in asymmetric liposomes, the data support a mechanism by which an anionic phospholipid stabilizes the open state of a pLGIC by specific, state-dependent binding to this site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petroff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-McRae, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreland, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.494883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanism of leaflet-specific phospholipid modulation of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-catenin obstructs γδ T cell immunosurveillance in colon cancer through loss of BTNL expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNT/{beta}-catenin signaling endows cancer cells with proliferative capacity and immune-evasive functions that impair anti-cancer immunosurveillance by conventional, cytoxtoic T cells. However, the impact of dysregulated WNT signalling on unconventional, tissue-resident T cells, specifically in colon cancer is unknown. Here, we show that cancer cells in Apc-mutant mouse models escape immunosurveillance from gut-resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expressing {gamma}{delta} T cell receptors ({gamma}{delta}TCRs). Analysis of late-stage tumors from mice and humans revealed that {gamma}{delta}IELs are largely absent from the tumor microenvironment, and that butyrophilin-like (BTNL) molecules, which can critically regulate {gamma}{delta}IEL through direct {gamma}{delta}TCR-interactions, are also downregulated. We could attribute this to {beta}-catenin stabilization, which rapidly decreased expression of the transcription factors, HNF4A and HNF4G, that we found to bind promoter regions of Btnl genes, thereby driving their expression in normal gut epithelial cells. Indeed, inhibition of {beta}-catenin signaling restored Btnl1 gene expression and {gamma}{delta} T cell infiltration into tumors. These observations highlight an immune-evasion mechanism specific to WNT-driven colon cancer cells that disrupts {gamma}{delta}IEL immunosurveillance and furthers cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilbey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridgway, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casa Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgakopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vzquez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belnoue-Davis, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostner, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuwajit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesheu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jandke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseweir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leedham, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayday, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffelt, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-catenin obstructs γδ T cell immunosurveillance in colon cancer through loss of BTNL expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustness and reproducibility of simple and complex synthetic logic circuit designs using a DBTL loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational tools addressing various components of design-build-test-learn loops (DBTL) for the construction of synthetic genetic networks exist, but do not generally cover the entire DBTL loop. This manuscript introduces an end-to-end sequence of tools that together form a DBTL loop called DART (Design Assemble Round Trip). DART provides rational selection and refinement of genetic parts to construct and test a circuit. Computational support for experimental process, metadata management, standardized data collection, and reproducible data analysis is provided via the previously published Round Trip (RT) test-learn loop. The primary focus of this work is on the Design Assemble (DA) part of the tool chain, which improves on previous techniques by screening up to thousands of network topologies for robust performance using a novel robustness score derived from dynamical behavior based on circuit topology only. In addition, novel experimental support software is introduced for the assembly of genetic circuits. A complete design-through-analysis sequence is presented using several OR and NOR circuit designs, with and without structural redundancy, that are implemented in budding yeast. The execution of DART tested the predictions of the design tools, specifically with regard to robust and reproducible performance under different experimental conditions. The data analysis depended on a novel application of machine learning techniques to segment bimodal flow cytometry distributions. Evidence is presented that, in some cases, a more complex build may impart more robustness and reproducibility across experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cummins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eramian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanarrosa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motta, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eslami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopaulakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggers, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosqueda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischaikow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustness and reproducibility of simple and complex synthetic logic circuit designs using a DBTL loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Prediction of Synthetic Circuit Function Across Growth Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A challenge in the design and construction of synthetic genetic circuits is that they will operate within biological systems that have noisy and changing parameter regimes that are largely unmeasurable. The outcome is that these circuits do not operate within design specifications or have a narrow operational envelope in which they can function. This behavior is often observed as a lack of reproducibility in function from day to day or lab to lab. Moreover, this narrow range of operating conditions does not promote reproducible circuit function in deployments where environmental conditions for the chassis are changing, as environmental changes can affect the parameter space in which the circuit is operating. Here we describe a computational method for assessing the robustness of circuit function across broad parameter regions. Previously designed circuits are assessed by this computational method and then circuit performance is measured across multiple growth conditions in budding yeast. The computational predictions are correlated with experimental findings, suggesting that the approach has predictive value for assessing the robustness of a circuit design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cummins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deckard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischaikow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopaulakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrana, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheshri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhalev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggers, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosqueda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Prediction of Synthetic Circuit Function Across Growth Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding the Dynamics of Fluid-Structure Interaction with an Air Deflected Microfluidic Chip (ADMC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A deformable microfluidic system and a fluidic dynamic model have been successfully coupled to understand the dynamic fluid-structure interaction in transient flow, designed to understand the dentine hypersensitivity caused by hydrodynamic theory. The Polydimethylsiloxane thin sidewalls of the microfluidic chip are deformed with air pressure ranging from 50 to 500 mbar to move the liquid meniscus in the central liquid channel. The displacement is recorded and compared with our new theoretical model derived from the unsteady Bernoulli equation. We show that our theoretical model can well predict the ending point of the liquid displacement as well as the dynamics process, regardless of the wall thickness. Moreover, an overshooting and oscillation phenomenon is observed by reducing the friction factor by a few orders which could be the key to explain the dentine hypersensitivity caused by the liquid movement in the dentine tubules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ten Pas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding the Dynamics of Fluid-Structure Interaction with an Air Deflected Microfluidic Chip (ADMC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutagenesis and structural modeling implicate RME-8 IWN domains as conformational control points 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargo is differentially sorted into degradative or recycling pathways. This process is facilitated by recruitment into physically distinct degradative or recycling microdomains on the limiting membrane of individual endosomes. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) mark the degradative microdomain, while the recycling domain is marked by the retromer complex and associated proteins RME-8 and SNX-1. The separation of endosomal microdomains is also controlled by RME-8 and SNX-1, at least in part via removal of degradative component HRS/HGRS-1 from the recycling microdomain. This activity is likely due to recruitment and activation of chaperone Hsc70 to the recycling microdomain by the RME-8 DNAJ domain. To better understand the mechanism of RME-8 function we performed a new phylogenetic analysis of RME-8 and identified new conserved sequence features. In a complementary approach, we performed structure-function analysis that identified the C-terminus as important for microdomain localization and likely substrate binding, while N-terminal sequences beyond the known single N-terminal PH-like domain are important for endosome recruitment. Random mutagenesis identified IWN4, and by analogy IWN3, to be important for the inhibitory DNAJ domain binding. Combining AlphaFold structural predictions with in vivo truncation and point mutation analysis of RME-8, we propose a model whereby SNX-1 and the IWN domains control the conformation of RME-8 and hence the productive exposure of the DNAJ domain. Furthermore, we propose that the activation of RME-8 is cyclical, with SNX-1 acting as an activator and a target of RME-8 uncoating activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutagenesis and structural modeling implicate RME-8 IWN domains as conformational control points]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GCN2 eIF2 kinase promotes prostate cancer by maintaining amino acid homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A stress adaptation pathway termed the integrated stress response has been suggested to be active in many cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we demonstrate that the eIF2 kinase GCN2 is required for sustained growth in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant models of PCa both in vitro and in vivo, and is active in PCa patient samples. Using RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and a CRISPR-based phenotypic screen, GCN2 was shown to regulate expression of over 60 solute-carrier (SLC) genes, including those involved in amino acid transport and loss of GCN2 function reduces amino acid import and levels. Addition of essential amino acids or expression of 4F2 (SLC3A2) partially restored growth following loss of GCN2, suggesting that GCN2 targeting of SLC transporters is required for amino acid homeostasis needed to sustain tumor growth. A small molecule inhibitor of GCN2 showed robust in vivo efficacy in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant mouse models of PCa, supporting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of PCa.

SignificanceThe ISR kinase GCN2 is critical for maintaining tumor amino acid levels to facilitate growth, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer by inducing starvation for essential amino acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damayanti, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmendorf, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyeong-Geug, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirek, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pili, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wek, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staschke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GCN2 eIF2 kinase promotes prostate cancer by maintaining amino acid homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.18.496543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Redundancy of the Posterior Hippocampi, but not Anterior Hippocampi or Left Frontal Cortex, is Disrupted in Pathological Brain Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.18.496543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As prevalence rates of Alzheimers disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, are projected to more than double by 2050, emphasis has been placed on early intervention strategies that target resilience mechanisms to delay or prevent the onset of clinical symptoms. Several neural mechanisms underlying brain resilience to AD have been proposed, including redundant neural connections between the posterior hippocampi (HC) and all other brain regions, and global functional connectivity of the left frontal cortex (LFC). It remains unknown, however, if regional redundancy of the HC and LFC underscores neural resilience in the presence of AD pathologies. From the ADNI database, 363 cognitively normal older adults (CN) (N = 220; 36% A{beta}+) and patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) (N = 143; 51% A{beta}+) were utilized. Regional redundancy was calculated from resting state fMRI data using a graph theoretical approach by summing the direct and indirect paths (path lengths=1-4) between each ROI and its 262 functional connections. The results showed that A{beta}-status significantly disrupted posterior HC, but not anterior HC or LFC, redundancy. A{beta}- groups showed higher redundancy of the bilateral posterior HC than A{beta}+. In regard to redundancy-cognition relationships, higher posterior HC redundancy was related to better episodic memory performance, an effect which was primarily driven by the A{beta}- group. Despite the positive relationship between posterior HC redundancy and cognition, we did not find compelling evidence that redundancy of the posterior HC serves in a resilience manner, as posterior HC redundancy did not moderate the potentially deleterious relationship between A{beta} deposition and cognition. No relationships were found between anterior HC or LFC redundancy and cognitive performance. Together, these findings suggest that redundancy of the LFC does not underpin its role in resilience and that posterior HC redundancy may capture disruptions to network connectivity that occur as a result of A{beta} deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blujus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festa, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buka, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salloway, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heindel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ADNI,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.18.496543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Redundancy of the Posterior Hippocampi, but not Anterior Hippocampi or Left Frontal Cortex, is Disrupted in Pathological Brain Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane curvature governs the distribution of Piezo1 in cellulo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piezo1 is a bona fide mechanosensitive ion channel ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells. The distribution of Piezo1 within a cell is essential for various biological processes including cytokinesis, cell migration, and wound healing. However, the underlying principles that guide the subcellular distribution of Piezo1 remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that membrane curvature serves as a key regulator of the spatial distribution of Piezo1 in the plasma membrane of living cells. Piezo1 depletes from highly curved membrane protrusions such as filopodia and enriches to nanoscale membrane invaginations. Quantification of the curvaturedependent sorting of Piezo1 directly reveals the in situ nano-geometry of the Piezo1-membrane complex. Piezo1 density on filopodia increases upon activation, independent of Ca2+, suggesting flattening of the channel upon opening. Consequently, the expression of Piezo1 inhibits filopodia formation, an effect that diminishes with channel activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane curvature governs the distribution of Piezo1 in cellulo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-Based Imaging of Lipid Environments Targeted by Peroxynitrite in Biomimetic Vesicles and Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid environments can be chemically impacted by peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a reactive species generated under nitrative stress. Molecular tools used for investigating ONOO- reactivity in biological membranes remain underdeveloped, available probes lack the ability of subcellular localization, and the standard methods for detecting ONOO- in vivo are indirect. Here we investigated ONOO- in diverse lipid environments (biomimetic giant vesicles, live mammalian cells, and within the lung lining) using a biocompatible and membrane-localized phospholipid named DPPC-TC-ONOO-. This designer lipid and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine self-assemble to giant vesicles that respond to ONOO- by generating fluorescence. These vesicles remain intact after sensing ONOO- and exhibit excellent selectivity against other redox species. We delivered DPPC-TC-ONOO- into live HeLa and RAW cells via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Cytokine-induced nitrative stress led to enhanced fluorescence of the lipid clusters, primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. These LNPs allowed the detection of ONOO- reactivity and nitrative stress around bronchioles within precision cut lung slices in response to acute lung injury (ALI). Furthermore, the use of the LNPs allowed for the detection of pulmonary macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage following ALI in C57BL6/J but not in Nos2-/- mice. These investigations revealed significant advantages of DPPC-TC-ONOO- over its non-amphiphilic analog. Our work presents (i) an unprecedented function for biomimetic membranes, (ii) the potential of LNPs for delivering designer lipids into cells and tissues, (iii) real-time imaging of endogenous ONOO- at the organelle level in mammalian cells, and (iv) a direct method of studying nitrative stress due to ALI ex vivo and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erguven, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-Based Imaging of Lipid Environments Targeted by Peroxynitrite in Biomimetic Vesicles and Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal assembly of the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) genome as a new genetic ressource for aquaculture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) is the endemic species of the European coasts. Its exploitation has been reduced during the last decades, because of the appearance of two parasites that have led to the collapse of the stocks and the strong decline of the natural oyster beds. O. edulis has been the subject of numerous studies and programs in population genetics and on the presence of the parasites Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens. These studies investigated the effects of these parasites mainly on immunity at the molecular and cellular levels. Several genetic selection programs especially related to resistance to the parasite have been initiated. Within the framework of a European project (PERLE 2) which aims to produce genetic lines of O. edulis with hardiness traits (growth, survival, resistance) for the purpose of repopulating natural oyster beds in Brittany and reviving the culture of this species on the foreshore, obtaining a reference genome has proved to be essential as done recently in many bivalve species of aquaculture interest. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation for the European flat oyster, generated by combining PacBio technology, Illumina, 10X linked and Hi-C sequencing. The finished assembly is 887.2 Mb with a scaffold-N50 of 97.1 Mb scaffolded on the expected 10 pseudo-chromosomes. Annotation of the genome revealed the presence of 35962 protein-coding genes. We analyzed in details the transposable elements (TE) diversity in the flat oyster genome, highlight some specificities in tRNA and miRNA composition and provide first insights in the molecular response of O. edulis to M. refringens. This genome will serve as a reference for genomic studies on O. edulis to better understand its basic physiology or developing genetic markers in breeding projects for aquaculture or natural reef restoration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boutet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, H. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnivard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billoud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales-Haraya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toullec, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flot, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiglielmoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pales-Espinoza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal assembly of the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) genome as a new genetic ressource for aquaculture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thalamocortical contribution to cognitive task activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thalamocortical interaction is a ubiquitous functional motif in the mammalian brain. Previously (Hwang et al., 2021), we reported that lesions to network hubs in the human thalamus are associated with multi-domain behavioral impairments in language, memory, and executive functions. Here we show how task-evoked thalamic activity and thalamocortical interactions are organized to support these broad cognitive abilities. To address this question, we analyzed functional MRI data from human subjects that performed 127 tasks encompassing a broad range of cognitive representations. We first investigated the spatial organization of task-evoked activity and found that multi-task thalamic activity converged onto a low-dimensional structure, through which a basis set of activity patterns are evoked to support processing needs of each task. Specifically, the anterior, medial, and posterior-medial thalamus exhibit hub-like activity profiles that are suggestive of broad functional participation. These thalamic task hubs overlapped with network hubs interlinking cortical systems. To further determine the cognitive relevance of thalamocortical interactions, we built a data-driven thalamocortical interaction model to test whether thalamocortical functional connectivity transformed thalamic activity to cortical task activity. The thalamocortical model predicted task-specific cortical activity patterns, and outperformed comparison models built on cortical, hippocampal, and striatal regions. Simulated lesions to low-dimensional, multi-task thalamic hub regions impaired task activity prediction. This simulation result was further supported by profiles of neuropsychological impairments in human patients with focal thalamic lesions. In summary, our results suggest a general organizational principle of how thalamocortical interactions support cognitive task activity.

Impact StatementHuman thalamic activity transformed via thalamocortical functional connectivity to support task representations across functional domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thalamocortical contribution to cognitive task activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Denoising sparse microbial signals from single-cell sequencing of mammalian host tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed SAHMI, a computational resource to identify truly present microbial nucleic acids and filter contaminants and spurious false-positive taxonomic assignments from standard transcriptomic sequencing of mammalian tissues. In benchmark studies, SAHMI correctly identifies known microbial infections present in diverse tissues. The application of SAHMI to single-cell and spatial genomic data enables co-detection of somatic cells and microorganisms and joint analysis of host-microbiome ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Denoising sparse microbial signals from single-cell sequencing of mammalian host tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.496887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of amidase-dependent pyrazinoic acid prodrugs with activity against pyrazinamide resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.496887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most significant healthcare challenges of our time. The cause of drug resistance is multifactorial, with the long course anti-tubercular therapy required to treat tuberculosis (TB) constituting a major contributing factor. Introduction of pyrazinamide (PZA) resulted in shortening of TB treatment from twelve to six months and consequently played a critical role in curbing drug resistance that developed over long course therapy. Nevertheless, because PZA is a prodrug activated by a nonessential amidase, PncA, resistance to PZA develops and frequently results in treatment failure. Here, we leveraged a whole cell drug screening approach to identify anti-tuberculars with unconventional mechanisms of action or activation that could be further developed into compounds effective at killing Mtb resistant to PZA. We discovered an amide containing prodrug, DG160, that was activated by the amidase, Rv2888c (AmiC). This amidase was capable of metabolizing a variety of amide containing compounds including a novel pyrazinoic acid-isoquinolin-1-amine prodrug, JSF-4302, which we developed as a potential PncA-independent replacement for PZA. As predicted, AmiC activation of JSF-4302 led to the generation of POA in Mtb including in a PZA resistant clinical isolate, thereby successfully delivering the active component of PZA while bypassing the need for activation by PncA. This work provides a framework for a new approach to drug development and prodrug activation in Mtb.

SIGNIFICANCEPyrazinamide (PZA) is a vital component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) treatment since its inclusion shortened tuberculosis therapy by six months. However, PZA is a prodrug and resistance develops at a high frequency due to mutations in its activator PncA. Here, we present the discovery of amide-containing anti-tubercular prodrugs that are activated intracellularly by the Mtb amidase, AmiC. Taking advantage of this finding, we successfully designed and synthesized pyrazinoic acid (POA) prodrugs that were activated by AmiC and found that these compounds delivered intracellular POA to PZA- resistant Mtb isolates that contained a nonfunctional PncA. This new approach to prodrug development provides a method for delivering conjugated drugs into Mtb with the potential to overcome clinical drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsotetsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daher, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukheja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikdan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freundlich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.496887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of amidase-dependent pyrazinoic acid prodrugs with activity against pyrazinamide resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TLR4 signaling in presence of HIV-induced activation enhances programmed death ligand-1 expression on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and modulates their function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) only comprise a minute fraction of human mononuclear leukocytes, but are important anti-viral responders that mediate both innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Persistent activation of pDC enhances HIV pathogenesis by promoting immune suppressive mechanisms such as T regulatory cells. It is therefore important to identify the sources of pDC activation in the context of HIV infection. HIV-associated disruption of gut mucosa associated lymphoid tissue introduces normal flora-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into systemic circulation, which exacerbates HIV-induced immune activation. We report here that pDC are capable of mediating functional TLR4 signaling upon LPS stimulation, and that pDC of HIV-infected individuals have enhanced TLR4 expression compared to healthy individuals. How TLR4 signaling affects pDC function in HIV infection has not been examined before. Hence we examined the influence of TLR4 signaling in presence of HIVstimulation on pDC and found that it not only potentiated HIV-induced activation but also strongly up-regulated Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and Interleukin-6 synthesis. TLR4 signaling specifically up-regulated PD-L1 expression on activated pDC in presence of HIV stimulation. LPS and HIV co-stimulated pDC demonstrated enhanced migratory potential and repressed T cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that in the setting of HIV infection enhancement of pDC immune suppressive mechanisms such as PD-L1 may be an outcome of HIV-associated immune activation potentiated by TLR4 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TLR4 signaling in presence of HIV-induced activation enhances programmed death ligand-1 expression on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and modulates their function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.499988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere dysfunction impairs intestinal differentiation andpredisposes to diet-induced colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.14.499988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelium dysfunction causes barrier defects, malabsorption and dysbiosis, predicting local and systemic disease, morbidity and mortality in humans. However, the underlying causes are not well understood. Here we show that telomere shortening is a host intrinsic factor that impairs enterocyte differentiation. The presence of such undifferentiated enterocytes is associated with barrier disruption and malabsorption of nutrients, such as fructose. A fructose-rich diet causes increased fructose spillover to the colon and induces colitis in a microbiome-dependent manner. The microbiome uses fructose to synthesize essential metabolites, including NAD precursors, that complement the hosts low NAD pool in the inflamed colon. Thus, telomere shortening drives enterocyte dysfunction and predisposes to diet-induced colitis through barrier disruption, increased nutrient flux to the colon and modulation of the microbiome. This differerentiation defect expands the canonical stem cell failure-centered view of how telomere shortening impacts the intestine and predisposes to intestinal disease in conditions associated with short telomeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engevik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chronowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhanov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosquez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engevik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oezguen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finegold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.499988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere dysfunction impairs intestinal differentiation andpredisposes to diet-induced colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive update to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv reference genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H37Rv is the most widely used M. tuberculosis strain. Its genome is globally used as the M. tuberculosis reference sequence. We developed Bact-Builder, a pipeline that leverages consensus building to generate complete and highly accurate gap-closed bacterial genomes and applied it to three independently sequenced cultures of a parental H37Rv laboratory stock. Two of the 4,417,942 base-pair long H37Rv assemblies were 100% identical, with the third differing by a single nucleotide. Compared to the existing H37Rv reference, the new sequence contained approximately 6.4 kb additional base pairs encoding ten new regions. These regions included insertions in PE/PPE genes and new paralogs of esxN and esxJ, which were differentially expressed compared to the reference genes. Additional sequencing and assembly with Bact-Builder confirmed that all 10 regions were also present in widely accepted strains of H37Rv: NR123 and TMC102. Bact-builder shows promise as an improved method to perform extremely accurate and reproducible de novo assemblies of bacterial genomes. Furthermore, our findings provide important updates to the primary tuberculosis reference genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom-Mabey, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive update to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv reference genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Cladocopium goreaui genome assembly reveals features of a facultative coral symbiont and the complex evolutionary history of dinoflagellate genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae are crucial photosymbionts in corals and other marine organisms. Of these algae, Cladocopium goreaui is one of the most dominant symbiont species in the Indo-Pacific. Here, we present an improved genome assembly of C. goreaui combining new long-read sequence data with earlier generated short-read data. Incorporating new full-length transcripts to guide gene prediction, the C. goreaui genome (1.2 Gb) exhibits a high extent of completeness (82.4% based on BUSCO protein recovery) and better resolution of repetitive sequence regions; 45,322 gene models were predicted, and 327 putative, topologically associated domains of the chromosomes were identified. Comparison with other Symbiodiniaceae genomes revealed a prevalence of repeats and duplicated genes in C. goreaui, and lineage-specific genes indicating functional innovation. Incorporating 2,841,408 protein sequences from 96 broadly sampled eukaryotes and representative prokaryotes in a phylogenomic approach, we assessed the evolutionary history of C. goreaui genes. Of the 5,246 phylogenetic trees inferred from homologous protein sets containing two or more phyla, 35-36% have putatively originated via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), predominantly (19-23%) via an ancestral Archaeplastida lineage implicated in the endosymbiotic origin of plastids: 10-11% are of green algal origin, including genes encoding photosynthetic functions. Our results demonstrate the utility of long-read sequence data in resolving structural features of a dinoflagellate genome and highlight how genetic transfer has shaped genome evolution of a facultative symbiont, and more broadly of dinoflagellates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oppen, M. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Cladocopium goreaui genome assembly reveals features of a facultative coral symbiont and the complex evolutionary history of dinoflagellate genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maf Family Transcription Factors are Required for Nutrient Uptake in the Neonatal Gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are fundamental differences in the way that neonatal and adult intestines absorb nutrients. In adults, macromolecules are efficiently broken down into simpler molecular components in the lumen of the small intestine, then absorbed. In contrast, neonates are thought to rely more on bulk intake of nutrients and subsequent degradation in the lysosome. Here, we identify the Maf family transcription factors, MafB and cMaf, as markers of terminally-differentiated intestinal enterocytes throughout life. The expression of these factors is regulated by HNF4/{gamma}, master regulators of the enterocyte cell fate. Loss of Maf factors results in a neonatal-specific failure to thrive and loss of bulk uptake of nutrients. RNA-Seq and CUT&RUN analyses defined an endo-lysosomal program as being downstream of these transcription factors. We demonstrate major transcriptional changes in metabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation and increases in peroxisome number in response to loss of Mafs. Finally, we show that deletion of Blimp1, which represses adult enterocyte genes in the neonatal gut, shows highly overlapping changes in gene expression and similar defects in nutrient uptake. This work defines transcriptional regulators that are necessary for bulk uptake in neonatal enterocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bara, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreci, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumigray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maf Family Transcription Factors are Required for Nutrient Uptake in the Neonatal Gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Honey Bees Get Map Coordinates from the Dance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) communicate the rhumb line to a food source (its direction and distance from the hive) by means of a waggle dance. We ask whether bees recruited by the dance use it only as a flying instruction or also translate it into a location vector in a map-like memory, so that information about spatial relations of environmental cues informs their attempts to find the source. The flights of recruits captured on exiting the hive and released at distant sites were tracked by radar. The recruits performed first a straight flight in the direction of the rhumb line. However, the vector portions of their flights and the ensuing tortuous search portions were strongly and differentially affected by the release site. Searches were biased toward the true location of the food and away from the location specified by translating the rhumb line origin to the release site. We conclude that by following the dance a recruit gets two messages, a polar flying instruction (the rhumb line) and its conversion to Cartesian map coordinates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggers, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallistel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Honey Bees Get Map Coordinates from the Dance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large vesicle extrusion from C. elegans neurons requires phagocytic interaction via the ARF-6 and CED-1/DRAPER pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C. elegans neurons under stress can produce giant vesicles, several microns in diameter, called exophers. Current models suggest that exophers are neuroprotective, providing a mechanism for stressed neurons to eject toxic protein aggregates and organelles. However, little is known of the fate of the exopher once it leaves the neuron. We found that exophers produced by mechanosensory neurons in C. elegans are engulfed by surrounding hypodermal skin cells and are then broken up into numerous smaller vesicles that acquire hypodermal phagosome maturation markers, with vesicular contents gradually degraded by hypodermal lysosomes. Consistent with the hypodermis acting as an exopher phagocyte, we found that exopher removal requires hypodermal actin and Arp2/3, and the hypodermal plasma membrane adjacent to newly formed exophers accumulates dynamic F-actin during budding. Efficient fission of engulfed exopher-phagosomes to produce smaller vesicles and degrade their contents requires phagosome maturation factors SAND-1/Mon1, GTPase RAB-35, the CNT-1 ARF-GAP, and microtubule motor associated GTPase ARL-8, suggesting a close coupling of phagosome fission and phagosome maturation. Lysosome activity was required to degrade exopher contents in the hypodermis but not for exopher-phagosome resolution into smaller vesicles. Importantly, we found that GTPase ARF-6 and effector SEC-10/Exocyst activity in the hypodermis, along with the CED-1 phagocytic receptor, is required for efficient production of exophers by the neuron. Our results indicate that the neuron requires specific interaction with the phagocyte for an efficient exopher response, a mechanistic feature potentially conserved with mammalian exophergenesis, and similar to neuronal pruning by phagocytic glia that influences neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweinsberg, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large vesicle extrusion from C. elegans neurons requires phagocytic interaction via the ARF-6 and CED-1/DRAPER pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.500842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots on the Photosynthesis Rate of the Chlorella Vulgaris Beads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.500842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthesizing microalgae produce more than 50% of oxygen in the atmosphere and are crucial for the survival of many living systems such as coral reefs. To address the declining of coral reefs, artificial reefs have been introduced to encapsulate the aglae cells in a polymer matrix but the effects of nanoscale pollutants on these engineered systems have not been fully understood. In this work, quantum dots with a size smaller than 10 nm are being used to elucidate the photosynthesis performance of the sodium alginate beads encapsulated with Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). The fluorescent quantum dots can move into the alginate matrix and the fluorescence intensity in the algae beads is correlated with the quantum dot concentration. We further show that the photosynthesis of the algae beads are sensitive to the quantum dot concentration and are also time sensitive. In the first 48 min of quantum dot exposure, both carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production are low, suggesting limited photosynthesis. After the initial incubation, the photosynthesis rate quickly increases even though more inhibition is still observed with higher concentration of the quantum dots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dissanayake, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailstone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.500842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots on the Photosynthesis Rate of the Chlorella Vulgaris Beads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.501714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermediate Filaments Associate with Aggresome-like Structures and Influence Rate of Cellular Expulsion of Neuronal Disease Aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.501714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Under conditions of proteostasis disequilibrium, neurons can enhance intracellular and extracellular protective mechanisms to guard against neurotoxicity. In mammals, an intracellular response to severe proteostasis imbalance that results from proteosome inhibition is the formation of juxtanuclear intermediate filament-surrounded, aggregate-filled aggresomes, which sequester threatening aggregates for later disposal via lysosomal degradation. Highly proteo-stressed neurons can also engage the assistance of neighboring cells in aggregate removal by loading threatening materials into large exopher vesicles that are transferred to neighboring cells for remote degradation of contents, a process that has been suggested to be analogous to the process that enables aggregate spreading in the human brain in neurodegenerative disease. In C. elegans these large extruded vesicles are called exophers.

Here we document that players involved in aggresome biology are required for the elimination of potentially deleterious materials in neuronal exophers. We show that in proteostressed C. elegans touch receptor neurons, intermediate filament proteins IFD-1 and IFD-2 can assemble into juxtanuclear structures with multiple molecular and cellular characteristics of mammalian aggresomes. IFD-concentrating structures depend upon orthologs of mammalian adapter proteins, dynein motors, and microtubule integrity for aggregate collection into juxtanuclear compartments where they associate with ubiquitinated and neurotoxic polyglutamine expansion proteins. Strikingly, disruption of aggresome-decoration genes encoding IFDs or disruption of the BAG/14-3-3/Hsc70 adapter that promote aggregate loading of aggresome-like organelles, lowers exopher production via a cell autonomous mechanism. Although aggresome-like structures are not mandatory exopher cargo, IFD compartments can be extruded from neurons in exophers, revealing a previously unreported strategy to eliminate neuronal aggresome-like organelles via transfer to neighboring cells. Human IF neurofilament light chain hNFL can partially substitute for C. elegans IFD-2 proteins in promoting exopher production, indicating conservation of the capacity of intermediate filaments to influence neuronal aggregate extrusions across phyla. In sum, we identify a requirement for specific intermediate filaments, counterparts of human biomarkers of neuronal injury and disease and major components of Parkinsons disease Lewy bodies, in C. elegans neuronal aggresome-like organelle formation and large vesicle exopher extrusion from stressed neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Androwski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardeshna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melentijevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasp, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.501714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermediate Filaments Associate with Aggresome-like Structures and Influence Rate of Cellular Expulsion of Neuronal Disease Aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Infants With Cystic Fibrosis From Stool Microbiota using Random Forest Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut-lung axis describes the interaction between microbiota in the gut and health status of the airway, whereby there is a bidirectional relationship facilitated by systemic transport of microbially-derived metabolites and immune factors. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that is associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Recent literature has shown that the microbial dysbiosis in the CF gut can alter the hosts inflammatory status and that there are distinct microbial compositions in children with CF who have low versus high intestinal inflammation. These distinct microbial profiles can be used as signatures in children with CF (cwCF) to predict health outcomes. Here, we use supervised machine learning to train a random forest model on the distinct microbial composition of cwCF to predict: age (as a validation of the method), frequency of upper respiratory infection (URIfreq), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a clinical marker for systemic inflammation that negatively correlates with lung function. We find that the out of bag error, a measure of model accuracy, is lower when predicting age for cwCF compared to children without CF, consistent with previous data. We are able to predict high URIfreq with only 16% error and high NLR with 27% error. This machine learning pipeline may allow physicians and microbiome researchers to use the stool microbiota of cwCF as a tool for identifying individuals with the more negative airway clinical outcomes from this population, and potentially allow for early intervention.

ImportanceChildren with CF (cwCF) often experience chronic respiratory infections, leading to progressive, irreversible lung function decline and significant morbidity and premature mortality. Modulator therapy has revolutionized the treatment of eligible adults with CF. cwCF as young as age 6 are now eligible to receive modulator therapy, although by early childhood many children have already experienced pulmonary exacerbations. Here we show that for cwCF, stool microbiota composition is associated with higher upper respiratory infection frequency and increased systemic inflammation. Our findings may aid in developing diagnostic tools that can allow physicians further understanding of which intestinal microbiota profiles are associated with health outcomes and to identify targets for preventative treatment for cwCF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valls, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Infants With Cystic Fibrosis From Stool Microbiota using Random Forest Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A yeast-based system to study SARS-CoV-2 Mpro structure and to identify nirmatrelvir resistant mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is a major therapeutic target. The Mpro inhibitor, nirmatrelvir, is the antiviral component of Paxlovid, an orally available treatment for COVID-19. As Mpro inhibitor use increases, drug resistant mutations will likely emerge. We have established a non-pathogenic system, in which yeast growth serves as a proxy for Mpro activity, enabling rapid identification of mutants with altered enzymatic activity and drug sensitivity. The E166 residue is known to be a potential hot spot for drug resistance and yeast assays showed that an E166R substitution conferred strong nirmatrelvir resistance while an E166N mutation compromised activity. On the other hand, N142A and P132H mutations caused little to no change in drug response and activity. Standard enzymatic assays confirmed the yeast results. In turn, we solved the structures of Mpro E166R, and Mpro E166N, providing insights into how arginine may drive drug resistance while asparagine leads to reduced activity. The work presented here will help characterize novel resistant variants of Mpro that may arise as Mpro antivirals become more widely used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlais, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A yeast-based system to study SARS-CoV-2 Mpro structure and to identify nirmatrelvir resistant mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of ethnoracial-related stressors during pregnancy on the developing offspring brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We are increasingly aware of the effects of ethnoracial stress on health, with emerging interest in the potential for intergenerational transmission before birth. Here, we investigate the effect of maternal prenatal discrimination and acculturation experiences on fetal growth, birth outcomes, and functional connectivity in the infant brain. In pregnant adolescent women, we collected self-report measures of acculturation (tailored to an adolescent and Latinx population), discrimination, and maternal distress (i.e., stress and depressive symptoms; n=165). Fetal growth were obtained via electronic health records (n=92), and infant amygdala seed connectivity was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (n=38). We found that greater maternal prenatal assimilation to the host culture was associated with slower fetal growth, lower gestational age at birth, and weaker amygdala-fusiform connectivity. Maternal prenatal discrimination was associated with weaker amygdala-prefrontal connectivity. Together, these results suggest intergenerational effects of ethnoracial stressors on the growth and neural development of future generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spann, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleyne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davids, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Louis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyeneye, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiflom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of ethnoracial-related stressors during pregnancy on the developing offspring brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cognitive basis of intracranial self-stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently there has been a reckoning in the dopamine field. This has suggested that the dopamine prediction error may function as a teaching signal, without endowing preceding events with value. We studied the cognitive basis of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), a setting where dopamine appears to be valuable. Physiological frequencies seen during reinforcement learning did not support robust ICSS or promote behavior that would indicate the stimulation was represented as a meaningful reward in a specific or general sense. This was despite demonstrating that this same physiologically-relevant signal could function as a teaching signal. However, supraphysiological frequencies supported robust ICSS where the stimulation was represented as a specific sensory event, which acted as a goal to motivate behavior. This demonstrates that dopamine neurons only support ICSS at supraphysiological frequencies, and in a manner that does not reflect our subjective experience with endogenous firing of dopamine neurons during reinforcement learning.

One sentence summaryDopamine neurons only support ICSS at supraphysiological frequencies and in a manner not reflecting dopamines role in learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millard, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassum, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cognitive basis of intracranial self-stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neural Index Reflecting the Amount of Cognitive Resources Available during Memory Encoding: A Model-based Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans have a limited amount of cognitive resources to process various cognitive operations at a given moment. The Source of Activation Confusion (SAC) model of episodic memory proposes that resources are consumed during each processing and once depleted they need time to recover gradually. This has been supported by a series of behavioral findings in the past. However, the neural substrate of the resources is not known. In the present study, over an existing EEG dataset of a free recall task (Kahana et al., 2022), we provided a neural index reflecting the amount of cognitive resources available for forming new memory traces. Unique to our approach, we obtained the neural index not through correlating neural patterns with behavior outcomes or experimental conditions, but by demonstrating its alignment with a latent quantity of cognitive resources inferred from the SAC model. In addition, we showed that the identified neural index can be used to propose novel hypothesis regarding other long-term memory phenomena. Specifically, we found that according to the neural index, neural encoding patterns for subsequently recalled items correspond to greater available cognitive resources compared with that for subsequently unrecalled items. This provides a mechanistic account for the long-established subsequent memory effects (SMEs, i.e. differential neural encoding patterns between subsequently recalled versus subsequently unrecalled items), which has been previously associated with attention, fatigue and properties of the stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neural Index Reflecting the Amount of Cognitive Resources Available during Memory Encoding: A Model-based Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust total X-ray scattering workflow to study correlated motion of proteins in crystals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The breathing motions of proteins are thought to play a critical role in function. However, current techniques to study key collective motions are limited to spectroscopy and computation. We present a high-resolution experimental approach based on the total scattering from protein crystals at room temperature (TS/RT-MX) that captures both structure and collective motions. To reveal the scattering signal from protein motions, we developed a general workflow that enables robust subtraction of lattice disorder. The workflow introduces two new methods: GOODVIBES, a detailed and refinable lattice disorder model based on the rigid-body vibrations of a crystalline elastic network; and DISCOBALL, an independent method of validation that estimates the displacement covariance between proteins in the lattice in real space. We demonstrate the robustness of this workflow and further demonstrate how it can be interfaced with MD simulations towards obtaining high-resolution insight into functionally important protein motions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meisburger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust total X-ray scattering workflow to study correlated motion of proteins in crystals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural signature of reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a neurometric approach, we identify and validate a neural signature of reward encoded in a distributed pattern of brain activity using data collected from 21 different studies (N = 2,691). Our model can discriminate between receiving rewards from punishments in completely independent data with 99% accuracy and includes weights located in regions containing a high density of D2/D3 receptors. The model exhibits strong generalizability across a range of tasks probing reward, and a high degree of specificity for reward compared to non-reward constructs. We demonstrate several applications of how this model can infer psychological states of positive affect in the absence of self report. The model is sensitive to changes in brain activity following causal manipulations of homeostatic states, can uncover individual preferences for loss-aversion, and can be used to identify positive affective experiences when watching a television show. Our results suggest that there is a shared neural signature of reward elicited across these different task contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranger, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begunova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural signature of reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term high fat diet feeding of mice suppresses catecholamine-stimulated Ca2+ signalling in hepatocytes and intact liver. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excess consumption of carbohydrates, fat, and calories leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance; major factors in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes. Hormones and catecholamines acting through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) linked to phospholipase C (PLC) and increases in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) regulate many metabolic functions of the liver. In the intact liver, catabolic hormones such as glucagon, catecholamines and vasopressin integrate and synergize to regulate the frequency and extent to which [Ca2+]c waves propagate across hepatic lobules to control metabolism. Dysregulation of hepatic Ca2+ homeostasis has been implicated in the development of metabolic disease, but changes in hepatic GPCR-dependent Ca2+ signalling have been largely unexplored in this context. We show that short-term, 1-week, high fat diet (HFD) feeding of mice attenuates norepinephrine-stimulated Ca2+ signalling, reducing the number of cells responding and suppressing the frequency of [Ca2+]c oscillations in both isolated hepatocytes and intact liver. The 1-week HFD feeding paradigm did not change basal Ca2+ homeostasis; endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, store-operated Ca2+ entry and plasma membrane Ca2+ pump activity were unchanged compared to low fat diet (LFD) fed controls. However, norepinephrine-induced IP3 production was significantly reduced after HFD feeding, demonstrating an effect of HFD on receptor-stimulated PLC activity. Thus, we have identified a lesion in the PLC signalling pathway induced by short-term HFD feeding, which interferes with hormonal Ca2+ signalling in isolated hepatocytes and the intact liver. These early events may drive adaptive changes in signalling, which lead to pathological consequences in fatty liver disease.

Key points summaryO_LINon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing epidemic.
C_LIO_LIIn healthy liver, the counteracting effects of catabolic and anabolic hormones regulate metabolism and energy storage as fat. Hormones and catecholamines promote catabolic metabolism via increases in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c).
C_LIO_LIWe show that 1 week high fat diet (HFD) feeding of mice attenuated the Ca2+ signals induced by physiological concentrations of norepinephrine. Specifically, HFD suppressed the normal pattern of periodic [Ca2+]c oscillations in isolated hepatocytes and disrupted the propagation of intralobular [Ca2+]c waves in the intact perfused liver.
C_LIO_LIShort-term HFD inhibited norepinephrine-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) generation, but did not change basal endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load or plasma membrane Ca2+ fluxes.
C_LIO_LIWe propose that impaired Ca2+ signalling plays a key role in the earliest phases of the etiology of NAFLD, and is responsible for many of the ensuing metabolic and related dysfunctional outcomes at the cellular and whole tissue level.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brumer, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa-Velloso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandiford, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term high fat diet feeding of mice suppresses catecholamine-stimulated Ca2+ signalling in hepatocytes and intact liver.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies and biobanks are rapidly generating a multitude of coding and non-coding variants. They provide an unprecedented resource for illuminating the genetic basis of human diseases. Variant functional annotations play a critical role in WGS analysis, result interpretation, and prioritization of disease- or trait-associated causal variants. Existing functional annotation databases have limited scope to perform online queries or are unable to functionally annotate the genotype data of large WGS studies and biobanks for downstream analysis. We develop the Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resources (FAVOR) to meet these pressing needs. FAVOR provides a comprehensive online multi-faceted portal with summarization and visualization of all possible 9 billion single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the genome, and allows for rapid variant-, gene-, and region-level online queries. It integrates variant functional information from multiple sources to describe the functional characteristics of variants and facilitates prioritizing plausible causal variants influencing human phenotypes. Furthermore, a scalable annotation tool, FAVORannotator, is provided for functionally annotating and efficiently storing the genotype and variant functional annotation data of a large-scale sequencing study in an annotated GDS file format to facilitate downstream analysis. FAVOR and FAVORannotator are available at https://favor.genohub.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A second unveiling: haplotig masking of the eastern oyster genome improves population-level inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome assembly can be challenging for species that are characterized by high amounts of polymorphism, heterozygosity, and large effective population sizes. High levels of heterozygosity can result in genome mis-assemblies and a larger than expected genome size due to the haplotig versions of a single locus being assembled as separate loci. Here, we describe the first chromosome-level genome for the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Publicly released and annotated in 2017, the assembly has a scaffold N50 of 54 mb and is over 97.3% complete based on BUSCO analysis. The genome assembly for the eastern oyster is a critical resource for foundational research into molluscan adaptation to a changing environment and for selective breeding for the aquaculture industry. Subsequent resequencing data suggested the presence of haplotigs in the original assembly, and we developed a post hoc method to break up chimeric contigs and mask haplotigs in published heterozygous genomes and evaluated improvements to the accuracy of downstream analysis. Masking haplotigs had a large impact on SNP discovery and estimates of nucleotide diversity and had more subtle and nuanced effects on estimates of heterozygosity, population structure analysis, and outlier detection. We show that haplotig-masking can be a powerful tool for improving genomic inference, and we present an open, reproducible resource for the masking of haplotigs in any published genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puritz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hare, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotterhos, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minx, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proestou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Chiarri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A second unveiling: haplotig masking of the eastern oyster genome improves population-level inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide and structural polymorphisms of the eastern oyster genome paint a mosaic of divergence, selection, and human impacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is a valuable fishery and aquaculture species that provides critical services as an ecosystem engineer. Oysters have a life-history that promotes high genetic diversity and gene flow while also occupying a wide range of habitats in variable coastal environments from the southern Gulf of Mexico to the southern waters of Atlantic Canada. To understand the interplay of genetic diversity, gene flow, and intense environmental selection, we used whole genome re-sequencing data from 90 individuals across the eastern United States and Gulf of Mexico, plus 5 selectively bred lines. Our data confirmed a large phylogeographic break between oyster populations in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of the USA. We also demonstrated that domestication has artificially admixed genetic material between the two ocean basins, and selected lines with admixed ancestry continue to maintain heterozygosity at these sites through several generations post admixture, possibly indicating relevance to desirable aquaculture traits. We found that genetic and structural variation are high in both wild and selected populations, but we also demonstrated that, when controlling for domestication admixture across ocean basins, wild populations do have significantly higher levels of nucleotide diversity and copy number variation than selected lines. Within the Atlantic coast, we detected subtle but distinct population structure, introgression of selected lines within wild individuals, an interaction between structural variation and putatively adaptive population structure, and evidence of candidate genes responding to selection from salinity. Our study highlights the potential for applying whole genome sequencing to highly polymorphic species and provides a road map for future work examining the genome variation of eastern oyster populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puritz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hare, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPeyre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotterhos, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundgren, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proestou, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Robledo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weedop, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Chiarri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide and structural polymorphisms of the eastern oyster genome paint a mosaic of divergence, selection, and human impacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of Rho-dependent transcription termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rho and NusG mediate factor-dependent transcription termination in Escherichia coli. Here, we report preparation of complexes functional in factor-dependent termination from RNA polymerase (RNAP), Rho, NusG, and synthetic nucleic-acid scaffolds, and we report cryo-EM structures of complexes. The structures show that functional factor-dependent pre-termination complexes contain a closed-ring Rho hexamer, have RNA threaded through the central channel of Rho, have 60 nt of RNA interacting sequence-specifically with the exterior of Rho and 6 nt of RNA interacting sequence-specifically with the central channel of Rho, have Rho oriented relative to RNAP such that ATP-hydrolysis-dependent translocation by Rho exerts mechanical force on RNAP, and have NusG bridging Rho and RNAP. The results explain five decades of research on Rho and provide a foundation for understanding Rho function.

One sentence summaryCryo-EM reveals the structure of the functional Rho pre-termination complex
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firlar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of Rho-dependent transcription termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outcome of Crash Course Training on Protein Structure Prediction with Artificial Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein structure predictions have broad impact on several science disciplines such as biology, bioengineering, and medical science. AlphaFold2[1] and RoseTTAFold[2] are the current state-of-the-art AI methods to predict the structures of proteins with an accuracy comparable to lower-resolution experimental methods. In its 2021 year review, both these methods were recognized as "breakthrough of the year" by Science magazine[3] and "method of the year" by Nature magazine [4]. It is timely and important to provide training and support on these emerging methods. Our crash course "Enabling Protein Structure Prediction with Artificial Intelligence "was conducted in collaboration with domain experts and research computing professionals. The crash course was well received by the community as there were 750 registrants from all over the world. Here we provide the summary of the crash course, describe our findings in organizing the crash course, and explain what preparation steps helped us with the hands-on training.

CCS CONCEPTSComputing methodologies a Machine learning a Machine learning approaches a Bio-inspired approaches
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalenberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholodovych, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzion, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Oehsen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outcome of Crash Course Training on Protein Structure Prediction with Artificial Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The combination of morphogenic regulators BABY BOOM and GRF-GIF improves maize transformation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transformation is an indispensable tool for plant genetics and functional genomic studies. Although stable transformation no longer represents a major technology bottleneck in maize, there is still need for easily accessible and efficient transformation methods in most academic labs. Here we present the GGB transformation system, a rapid and highly efficient transformation system optimized for the immature embryo transformation of two maize genetic backgrounds, including the inbred line B104. The combination of distinct morphogenetic factors, the maize BABY BOOM transcriptional regulator (ZmBBM/EREB53) and the wheat GRF4-GIF1 (GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR4 - GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1) chimera, together with a modified QuickCorn protocol, regenerated transformed maize seedlings in approximately two months with an efficiency of 26 to 37%; notably, the efficiency was 7-fold higher than with using either component in isolation. Additionally, ectopic expression of both morphogenetic factors did not show obvious effects on B104 development, and in particular fertility was not affected, obviating the need to remove the morphogenetic regulators post Agrobacterium infections. The GGB transformation system is designed for CRISPR-Cas9 editing but can be adapted for other purposes and should be easy to implement in most academic labs with little transformation experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The combination of morphogenic regulators BABY BOOM and GRF-GIF improves maize transformation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.504996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking N-and C-termini of C. elegans polycystin-1 reveals their distinct targeting requirements and functions in cilia and extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.504996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cilium acts as an antenna receiving and sending signals, the latter via extracellular vesicles (EVs). In C. elegans and mammals, the Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) localize to both cilia and EVs, act in the same genetic pathway, and function in a sensory capacity, suggesting ancient conservation. However, the functions of the polycystins on cilia and EVs remain enigmatic. We used our C. elegans model and endogenously fluorescent-tagged LOV-1/polycystin-1 to study LOV-1 processing, trafficking, transport, EV biogenesis, and function in living animals. Super resolution, real time imaging reveals that LOV-1 is processed into N-terminal and C-terminal forms via a conserved GPCR proteolytic site (GPS). The LOV-1 NTM is secreted into the extracellular matrix and not localized to ciliary tip EVs. In contrast, LOV-1 CTM and PKD-2 are co-trafficked, co-transported, and co-localized in cilia and on environmentally-released ciliary EVs. LOV-1 CTM requires PKD-2 for ciliary EV localization, while PKD-2 localizes to ciliary EVs independent of LOV-1. We find that LOV-1 but not PKD-2 is required for chemosensation of an ascaroside mating pheromone. These findings indicate that the polycystins LOV-1 and PKD-2 function together and independently and provide insight to how cargo selected and packaged in ciliary EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHart, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.504996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking N-and C-termini of C. elegans polycystin-1 reveals their distinct targeting requirements and functions in cilia and extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.506792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and fibromyalgia are indistinguishable by their cerebrospinal fluid proteomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.506792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia have overlapping neurologic symptoms particularly disabling fatigue. This has given rise to the question whether they are distinct central nervous system (CNS) entities or is one an extension of the other. To investigate this, we used unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to examine the most proximal fluid to the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This was to ascertain if the proteome profile of one was the same or different from the other. We examined two separate groups of ME/CFS, one with (n=15) and one without (n=15) fibromyalgia. We quantified a total of 2,083 proteins using immunoaffinity depletion, tandem mass tag isobaric labeling and offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, including 1,789 that were quantified in all the CSF samples. ANOVA analysis did not yield any proteins with an adjusted p-value < 0.05. This supports the notion that ME/CFS and fibromyalgia as currently defined are not distinct entities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schutzer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepmoes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergquist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.506792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and fibromyalgia are indistinguishable by their cerebrospinal fluid proteomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual-motor integration deficits in 3q29 deletion syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose3q29 deletion syndrome (3q29del) is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We previously reported that graphomotor weakness is present in up to 78% of individuals with 3q29del. We have now explored nuances of the graphomotor phenotype and its association with other comorbidities in this population.

MethodsParticipants were recruited from the online 3q29 registry (3q29deletion.org) for two days of deep phenotyping. 32 individuals with 3q29del (62.5% male) were evaluated with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) to assess visual-motor integration. Participants were also evaluated with measures of cognitive ability, executive function, adaptive behavior, and school function.

ResultsMales with 3q29del performed significantly worse than females on the VMI and Motor Coordination subtest. VMI performance was significantly associated with ADHD diagnosis and cognitive ability. Compared to published data from individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, individuals with 3q29del showed significantly more impairment.

ConclusionThe 3q29 deletion is associated with substantial deficits in visual-motor integration, Visual Perception, and Motor Coordination. Our data suggests that 3q29del may qualify as a nonverbal learning disability, and that all individuals with 3q29del may benefit from early interventions, including occupational therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollak, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubells, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saulnier, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual-motor integration deficits in 3q29 deletion syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths, it is quite rare at the cellular level. Only a rare subset of cancer cells ([~]1 in 1.5 billion) can complete the entire metastatic cascade: invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, extravasation, and colonization (i.e. are metastasis competent). We propose that cells engaging a Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) phenotype are metastasis competent. PACCs are enlarged, non-dividing cells with increased genomic content that form in response to stress. Single-cell tracking using time-lapse microscopy reveals that PACCs are more motile than nonPACCs. Additionally, PACCs exhibit increased capacity for environment-sensing and directional migration in chemotactic environments, predicting successful invasion. Magnetic Twisting Cytometry and Atomic Force Microscopy reveal that cells in the PACC state display hyper-elastic properties like increased peripheral deformability and maintained peri-nuclear cortical integrity that predict successful intravasation and extravasation. Furthermore, four orthogonal methods reveal that PACCs have increased expression of Vimentin, a known hyper-elastic biomolecule. Lastly, anoikis-resistance assays and detection of PACCs in the blood of a patient with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer using a selection- free circulating tumor cell detection platform reveal that PACCs are capable of surviving in the circulation. Taken together with the knowledge that PACCs are capable of eventual depolyploidization and progeny formation (as a potential route to colonization), these data support PACCs as candidate metastasis-competent cells worthy of further analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pienta, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amend, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells in the Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell (PACC) state have increased metastatic potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of mTOR Signaling Mediates Common Neurite and Migration Defects in Both Idiopathic and 16p11.2 Deletion Autism Neural Precursor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by common behavioral characteristics, raising the possibility of shared pathogenic mechanisms. Yet, vast clinical and etiological heterogeneity suggests personalized phenotypes. Surprisingly, our iPSC studies find that six individuals from two distinct ASD-subtypes, idiopathic and 16p11.2 deletion, have common reductions in neural precursor cell (NPC) neurite outgrowth and migration even though whole genome sequencing demonstrates no genetic overlap between the datasets. To identify signaling differences that may contribute to these developmental defects, an unbiased phospho-(p)-proteome screen was performed. Surprisingly despite the genetic heterogeneity, hundreds of shared p-peptides were identified between autism subtypes including the mTOR pathway. mTOR signaling alterations were confirmed in all NPCs across both ASD-subtypes, and mTOR modulation rescued ASD phenotypes and reproduced autism defects in controls. Thus, our studies demonstrate that genetically distinct ASD subtypes have common defects in neurite outgrowth and migration which are driven by the shared pathogenic mechanism of mTOR signaling dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alibutud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connacher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millonig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCicco-Bloom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of mTOR Signaling Mediates Common Neurite and Migration Defects in Both Idiopathic and 16p11.2 Deletion Autism Neural Precursor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guild-level microbiome signature associated with COVID-19 severity and prognosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 severity has been associated with alterations of the gut microbiota. However, the relationship between gut microbiome alterations and COVID-19 prognosis remains elusive. Here, we performed a genome-resolved metagenomic analysis on fecal samples collected from 300 in-hospital COVID-19 patients at time of admission. Among the 2,568 high quality metagenome-assembled genomes (HQMAGs), Redundancy Analysis identified 33 HQMAGs which showed differential distribution among mild, moderate, and severe/critical severity groups. Random Forest model based on these 33 HQMAGs classified patients from different severity groups (average AUC = 0.79). Co-abundance network analysis found that the 33 HQMAGs were organized as two competing guilds. Guild 1 harbored more genes for short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, and fewer genes for virulence and antibiotic resistance, compared with Guild 2. Random Forest regression showed that these 33 HQMAGs at admission had the capacity to predict 8 clinical parameters, which are predictors for COVID-19 prognosis, at Day 7 in hospital. Moreover, the dominance of Guild 1 over Guild 2 at admission predicted the death/discharge outcome of the critical patients (AUC = 0.92). Random Forest models based on these 33 HQMAGs classified patients with different COVID-19 symptom severity, and differentiated COVID-19 patients from healthy subjects, non-COVID-19, and pneumonia controls in three independent datasets. Thus, this genome-based guild-level signature may facilitate early identification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with high risk of more severe outcomes at time of admission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.18.508418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guild-level microbiome signature associated with COVID-19 severity and prognosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent cortical activity sculpts visual perception by refining, amplifying, or suppressing incoming visual signals. Despite the importance of recurrent circuits for cortical processing, the basic rules that govern how nearby cortical neurons influence each other remains enigmatic. We used two-photon holographic optogenetics to activate ensembles of neurons in Layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the absence of external stimuli to isolate the impact of local recurrence from external inputs. We find that the spatial arrangement and the stimulus feature preference of both the stimulated and the target ensemble jointly determine the net effect of recurrent activity, defining the cortical activity patterns that drive competition versus facilitation in L2/3 circuits. Computational modeling suggests that a combination of highly local recurrent excitatory connectivity and selective convergence onto inhibitory neurons give rise to these principles of recurrent activity. Our data and modeling reveal that recurrent activity can have varied impact, but a logic emerges through an understanding of the precise spatial distribution and feature preference of the multicellular pattern of activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and structural modeling of the chlamydial RNA polymerase omega subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene transcription in bacteria is carried out by the multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP), which is composed of a catalytic core enzyme and a promoter-recognizing {sigma} factor. RNAP core enzyme comprises two  subunits, one {beta} subunit, one {beta} s subunit, and one {omega} (omega) subunit. Across multiple bacterial taxa, the RNAP {omega} subunit plays critical roles in the assembly of RNAP core enzyme and in other cellular functions, including regulation of bacterial growth, stress response, and biofilm formation. However, for several intracellular bacterium, including the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia, no RNAP {omega} subunit previously has been identified. Here, we report the identification of Chlamydia trachomatis hypothetical protein CTL0286 as the chlamydial RNAP {omega} ortholog, based on sequence, synteny, and AlphaFold and AlphaFold-Multimer three-dimensional-structure predictions. We conclude that CTL0286 functions as the previously missing chlamydial {omega} ortholog. Extensions of our analysis indicate that all obligate intracellular bacteria have {omega} orthologs.

IMPORTANCEChlamydiae are common mammalian pathogens. Chlamydiae have a unique developmental cycle characterized with an infectious but nondividing elementary body (EB), which can temporarily survive outside host cells, and a noninfectious reticulate body (RB), which replicates only intracellularly. Chlamydial development inside host cells can be arrested during persistence in response to adverse environmental conditions. Transcription plays a central role in the progression of the chlamydial developmental cycle as well as entry into and recovery from persistence. The identification of the elusive {omega} subunit of chlamydial RNAP makes possible future study of its regulatory roles in gene expression during chlamydial growth, development, and stress responses. This discovery also paves the way to prepare and study the intact chlamydial RNAP and its interactions with inhibitors in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and structural modeling of the chlamydial RNA polymerase omega subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A helminth mimic of TGF-β, TGM, enhances regenerative cutaneous wound healing and modulates immune cell recruitment and activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal helminth parasites express excretory/secretory (ES) molecules, which modulate the type-2 immune response including anti-inflammatory and tissue repair pathways. TGF-{beta} mimic (TGM), an ES molecule secreted by Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp), binds TGF-{beta} receptors yet lacks structural homology to TGF-{beta} and exhibits distinct receptor interactions. We demonstrate TGM treatment enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration in an in vivo wound biopsy model. TGM, in a 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose solution, was topically administered beneath a Tegaderm layer. Through histological analysis, increased restoration of normal tissue structure in the wound beds of TGM-treated mice was observed during mid- to late-stage wound healing. These observations included accelerated re-epithelialization and hair follicle regeneration, without increased scarring. Flow cytometric and gene expression analysis showed differential expansion of myeloid populations at different stages of wound healing. This included enhanced early accumulation and persistence of macrophages in TGM-treated wounds during the initial inflammatory phase. Additionally, the percentage of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages expressing CD206 was reduced with TGM treatment during early and mid-stage wound healing. scRNAseq analysis of TGM-treated wounds indicate upregulation of multiple wound healing-associated genes without expression of CD206 within macrophage subsets. Experiments with truncated TGM constructs revealed that the TGF{beta}-R binding domain was essential in enhancing the wound healing response. In summary, TGM can accelerate skin wound healing and pro-restorative maturation through its interaction with the TGF-{beta} receptor and stimulate the recruitment and reprogramming of specific macrophage subsets. This study indicates a role for TGM as a potential novel therapeutic option for enhanced wound healing.

One-Sentence SummaryA helminth-derived protein leads to rapid wound closure, skin regeneration, and reprogramming of macrophage activation through TGF-{beta}R binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lothstein, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyth, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maizels, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gause, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A helminth mimic of TGF-β, TGM, enhances regenerative cutaneous wound healing and modulates immune cell recruitment and activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multivariate Approach to Understanding the Genetic Overlap between Externalizing Phenotypes and Substance Use Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are phenotypically and genetically correlated with each other and with other psychological traits characterized by behavioral undercontrol, termed externalizing phenotypes. In this study, we used Genomic Structural Equation Modeling to explore the shared genetic architecture among six externalizing phenotypes and four SUDs used in two previous multivariate GWAS of an externalizing and an addiction risk factor, respectively. Using a preregistered set of criteria, we first evaluated the performance of five confirmatory factor analytic models, including a common factor model, alternative parameterizations of two-factor structures, and a bifactor model. We used a combination of model fit, factor reliability, and model characteristics to adjudicate among the models. We next explored the genetic correlations between factors identified in these models and other relevant psychological traits. We found that a common factor model, in which all externalizing phenotypes and SUDs were influenced by a single dimension of genetic risk best characterized the relationships among our phenotypes. Although two two-factor models also performed well, we found that the factors in those models were very highly correlated with each other (rgS > .87) and similarly genetically correlated with external criteria, suggesting they did not represent meaningfully distinct dimensions. Results from this study can be used to inform future efforts to characterize genetic liability for broad externalizing as well as specific externalizing phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poore, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatoum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multivariate Approach to Understanding the Genetic Overlap between Externalizing Phenotypes and Substance Use Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twist1 and balanced retinoic acid signaling act to suppress cortical folding in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution of cortical folding in gyrencephalic animals enabled higher cognitive functions and complex behaviors. Gene expression patterns and signaling molecules that control cortical folding have only recently been described and thus are still not well understood. In transgenic mouse models with induced cortical folding, amplification of neuroprogenitor cells or loss of their adhesion from the apical ventricular surface leads to gyri formation, whereas decreased cell adhesion in migrating projection neurons causes abnormal neuronal clustering and development of cortical fissures that resemble sulci. We now report that loss of Twist1 expression in the primitive meninx results in cortical folding and sulci formation in the dorsolateral telencephalon. In developing sulcal regions, generation of apical and basal neuroprogenitor cells is normal. Instead, cell proliferation in the developing meninges is reduced, leading to loss of arachnoid fibroblasts that express Raldh2, an enzyme required for retinoic acid synthesis. Maternal retinoic acid supplementation rescues cortical folding and sulci formation. Our results suggest that balanced retinoic acid signaling from the meninges is required to maintain lissencephaly in mice, and in a manner independent from neuroprogenitor cell amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho-Nguyen, K.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matrongolo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twist1 and balanced retinoic acid signaling act to suppress cortical folding in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapsing with oligodendrocyte precursor cells stop sensory axons regenerating into the spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sensory axons stop regenerating as they re-enter the spinal cord, resulting in incurable sensory loss. What arrests them has remained unclear. We previously showed that axons stop by forming synaptic contacts with unknown non-neuronal cells. Here, we identified these cells in adult mice as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We also found that only a few axons stop regenerating by forming dystrophic endings, exclusively at the CNS:PNS borderline where OPCs are absent. Most axons stop in contacts with a dense network of OPC processes. Live imaging, immuno-EM and OPC-DRG co-culture additionally suggest that axons are rapidly immobilized by forming synapses with OPCs. Genetic OPC ablation enables many axons to continue regenerating deep into the spinal cord. We propose that sensory axons stop regenerating by encountering OPCs that induce presynaptic differentiation. Our findings identify OPCs as a major regenerative barrier that prevents intraspinal restoration of sensory circuits following spinal root injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapsing with oligodendrocyte precursor cells stop sensory axons regenerating into the spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular machines are complex macromolecular assemblies that utilize thermal and chemical energy to perform essential, multistep, cellular processes. Despite possessing different architectures and functions, an essential feature of the mechanisms-of-action of all such machines is that they require dynamic rearrangements of structural components. Surprisingly, biomolecular machines generally possess only a limited set of such motions, suggesting that these dynamics must be repurposed to drive different mechanistic steps. Although ligands that interact with these machines are known to drive such repurposing, the physical and structural mechanisms through which ligands achieve this remain unknown. Using temperature-dependent, single-molecule measurements analyzed with a time-resolution-enhancing algorithm, here we dissect the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine, the bacterial ribosome, to reveal how its dynamics are repurposed to drive distinct steps during ribosome-catalyzed protein synthesis. Specifically, we show that the free energy landscape of the ribosome encompasses a network of allosterically coupled structural elements that coordinates the motions of these elements. Moreover, we reveal that ribosomal ligands which participate in disparate steps of the protein synthesis pathway repurpose this network by differentially modulating the structural flexibility of the ribosomal complex (i.e., the entropic component of the free energy landscape). We propose that such ligand-dependent entropic control of free energy landscapes has evolved as a general strategy through which ligands may regulate the functions of all biomolecular machines. Such entropic control is therefore an important driver in the evolution of naturally occurring biomolecular machines and a critical consideration for the design of synthetic molecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations that predictably generate drug tolerance and resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Initial responses to tuberculosis treatment are poor predictors of final therapeutic outcomes in drug-susceptible disease suggesting that treatment success depends on features that are hidden within a small minority of the overall infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) population. We developed a multi-transwell robotic system to perform numerous parallel cultures of genetically barcoded Mtb exposed to steady-state concentrations of rifampicin to uncover these difficult to eliminate minority populations. We found that tolerance repeatedly emerged from at least two subpopulations of barcoded cells, one that could not grow on solid agar media and a second that could form colonies, but whose kill curves diverged from the general bacterial population within 4 and 16 days of drug exposure, respectively. These tolerant subpopulations reproducibly passed through a phase characterized by multiple unfixed resistance mutations followed by emergent drug resistance in some cultures. Barcodes associated with drug resistance identified an especially privileged subpopulation that was rarely eliminated despite 20 days of drug treatment even in cultures that did not contain any drug resistant mutants. The association of this evolutionary scenario with a defined subset of barcodes across multiple independent cultures suggested a transiently heritable phenotype, and indeed glpK phase variation mutants were associated with up to 16 % of the resistant cultures. Drug tolerance and resistance were eliminated in{Delta} ruvA mutant consistent with the importance of bacterial stress responses. This work provides a window into the origin and dynamics of bacterial drug tolerant subpopulations whose elimination may be critical to developing rapid and resistance free cures.

ImportanceTuberculosis is unusual among bacterial diseases in that treatments which can rapidly resolve symptoms do not predictably lead to a durable cure unless treatment is continued for months after all clinical and microbiological signs of disease have been eradicated. Using a novel steady-state antibiotic exposure system combined with chromosomal barcoding, we identified small hidden Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations that repeatedly enter into a state of drug tolerance with a predisposition to develop fixed drug resistance after first developing a cloud of unfixed resistance mutations. The existence of these difficult to eradicate subpopulations may explain the need for extended treatment regimen for tuberculosis. Their identification provides opportunities to test genetic and therapeutic approaches that may result in shorter and more effective TB treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentakota, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations that predictably generate drug tolerance and resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have shown successes in clinics, but most PRS methods have focused only on individuals with one primary continental ancestry, thus poorly accommodating recently-admixed individuals. Here, we develop GAUDI, a novel penalized-regression-based method specifically designed for admixed individuals by explicitly modeling ancestry-specific effects and jointly estimating ancestry-shared effects. We demonstrate marked advantages of GAUDI over other methods through comprehensive simulation and real data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel pH-sensitive reporter reveals the cocaine-regulated trafficking of dopamine transporters in neuronal processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dopamine transporter (DAT) mediated DA reuptake is a major molecular mechanism for termination of dopaminergic signaling in the brain. Psychoactive substances such as cocaine act by inhibition of plasma membrane DAT function as well as by altering its expression. The precise manner and mechanism by which cocaine regulates DAT trafficking, especially at neuronal processes, are poorly understood. We have now engineered a novel pH-sensitive reporter for DAT by conjugating pHluorin to the second exofacial loop of human DAT. We show that DAT-pHluorin can be used to study DAT localization and its dynamic trafficking at neuronal processes. Using DAT-pHluorin we show that unlike neuronal soma and dendrites, which contain majority of the DATs in weakly acidic intracellular compartments, axonal DATs at both shafts and boutons are primarily (75%) localized to the plasma membrane, while varicosities contain abundant intracellular DAT within acidic intracellular structures. Using this novel reporter, we show, for the first time, that cocaine exposure leads to a brief DAT internalization followed by membrane reinsertion that lasts for days. We further show that the cocaine-induced DAT trafficking is sensitive to the activities of Synaptojanin1 phosphatase. Thus, our study using the newly engineered DAT optical reporter reveals the previously unknown dynamics and molecular regulation for cocaine-regulated DAT trafficking in neuronal processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCicco-Bloom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel pH-sensitive reporter reveals the cocaine-regulated trafficking of dopamine transporters in neuronal processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCID50 Measurements of anti-viral efficacy on metal printed masks and plastic surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created a need for effective personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent viral spread. PPE like face masks contain the spread of virus-filled droplets and thus reduce infection rates, has been a critical tool in stopping the spread of SARS-CoV-2. PET plastic barriers have also been used in public settings to reduce face to face viral transmission. However, in some cases, they have provided additional contact with the virus due to contamination. In order study, we evaluated the effectiveness of face masks and PET plastics coated in different metals in reducing viral load. We compared PPE printed with silver, copper, or zinc for their ability to inactivate live human coronavirus HCoV 229E. Our results show that silver and copper have significant anti-viral efficacy when printed on nonwoven fabric compared to the controls. The metal-printed PET showed around 70% anti-viral efficacy with any formulations, with copper performing the best. This work builds more data to support the development of metal printed materials for enhanced protection against coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilynsky, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayne, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCID50 Measurements of anti-viral efficacy on metal printed masks and plastic surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Transducing Bacteriophage Infecting Staphylococcus epidermidis Contributes to the Expansion of aNovel Siphovirus Genus and Implies Genus is Inappropriate for Phage Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effort to discover novel phages infecting Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to both the development of phage therapy and the expansion of genome-based phage phylogeny. Here, we report the genome of an S. epidermidis-infecting phage SEP1 and compare its genome with five other sequenced phages with high sequence identity. These phages represent a novel siphovirus genus, which was recently reported in the literature. The published member of this group was favorably evaluated as a phage therapeutic agent, but SEP1 is capable of transducing antibiotic resistance. Members of this genus may be maintained within their host as extrachromosomal plasmid prophages, through stable lysogeny or pseudolysogeny. Therefore, we conclude that SEP1 may be temperate and members of this novel genus are not suitable for phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficken, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fey, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Transducing Bacteriophage Infecting Staphylococcus epidermidis Contributes to the Expansion of aNovel Siphovirus Genus and Implies Genus is Inappropriate for Phage Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptojanin1 regulates lysosomal functions in ventral midbrain neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major pathological hallmark of Parkinsons Disease (PD) is the manifestation of Lewy bodies comprised of alpha-synuclein (-syn). The accumulation of -syn enriched protein aggregates is thought to arise from dysfunction in degradation systems within the brain. Recently, missense mutations of SYNJ1 encoding the SAC1 and 5-phosphatase domains have been found in families with hereditary early-onset Parkinsonism. Previous studies showed that Synj1 haploinsufficiency (Synj1+/-) leads to PD-like behavioral and pathological changes in mice, including the accumulation of the autophagy substrate p62 and pathological -syn proteins in the midbrain (MB) and striatum. In this study, we aim to investigate the neuronal degradation pathway using the Synj1+/- MB culture as a model. Our data suggests that autophagy flux and cumulative autophagosome formation is unaltered at baseline in Synj1+/- MB neurons. However, lysosome number is reduced with a similar decrease in lysosomal proteins, including LAMP1, LAMP2, and LAMP2A. Lysosomes are hyperacidified with enhanced enzymatic activity in Synj1+/- MB neurons. Using a combination of light and electron microscopy, we show that lysosomal changes are primarily associated with a lack of SAC1 activity. Consistently, expressing the SYNJ1 R258Q mutant in N2a cells reduces the lysosome number. Interestingly, the lysosomal defects in Synj1+/- neurons does not impact the clearance of exogenously expressed wild-type -syn; however, the clearance of -syn A53T was impaired in the axons of Synj1+/- MB neurons. Taken together, our results suggest axonal vulnerability to lysosomal defects in Synj1 deficient MB neurons.

Significance StatementIn the study, Zhu et al. discovered a previously uncharacterized role of Synj1 in regulating lysosomal number, protein, and acidity in ventral midbrain neurons. These alterations are associated with a specific impairment in the clearance of -syn A53T, but not WT -syn in axons, suggesting an essential role of Synj1 in axonal degradative capacity under pathological stress. This work in cultured mammalian neurons complements recent research efforts in Drosophila, C. elegans and zebra fish, and provides a novel insight for the role Synj1 in neuronal autolysosomal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuliffe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptojanin1 regulates lysosomal functions in ventral midbrain neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Halo Library, a Tool for Rapid Identification of Ligand Binding Sites on Proteins Using Crystallographic Fragment Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
X-ray crystallographic fragment screening (XCFS) uses fragment-sized molecules ([~]60 - 300 Da) to access binding sites on proteins that may be inaccessible to larger drug-like molecules (>300 Da). Previous studies from our lab and others have shown that fragments containing halogen atoms have a higher binding occurrence compared to non-halogenated fragments. Specifically, we showed that 4-halopyrazoles hold potential for predicting the likelihood of success of a XCFS campaign. Here, we designed the Halo Library containing 46 halogenated fragments (including the "universal fragment" 4-bromopyrazole). The basis of fragment selection was presence of (at least) one halogen atom, and binding to or inhibitory activity against (at least) two targets in literature. The library was screened against crystals of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with drug rilpivirine, yielding an overall hit rate of 26%. Two new binding sites were discovered in addition to previously reported sites, and several hot spots were identified (i.e., sites with multiple fragment hits). This small library may thus provide a convenient tool for assessing feasibility of a target for XCFS, mapping hot spots and cryptic sites, as well as finding fragment binders that can be useful for developing drug leads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Halo Library, a Tool for Rapid Identification of Ligand Binding Sites on Proteins Using Crystallographic Fragment Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and molecular biology of Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus, the first parvovirus to harbor a bipartite genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are defined by their linear monopartite ssDNA genome, T=1 icosahedral capsid, and distinct structural (VP) and non-structural (NS) protein expression cassettes within their genome. Here, we report the first parvovirus with a segmented genome, Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus (AdSDV), a house cricket (Acheta domesticus) pathogen. The AdSDV harbors its NS and VP cassettes on two separate segmented genomes. Its VP segment acquired a phospholipase A2-encoding gene via inter-subfamily recombination, which is absent from its capsid. The AdSDV evolved a transcription profile in response to its multipartite replication strategy that has diverged from its Brevihamaparvovirus ancestors. Furthermore, AdSDV assembles three capsid populations, which package one genome segment per particle. The cryoEM structures of these three capsids (2.3 to 3.3 [A] resolution) reveal a genome packaging mechanism, which differs from other parvoviruses. This study provides a new perspective on ssDNA genome segmentation and on the plasticity of parvovirus biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penzes, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijssen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and molecular biology of Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus, the first parvovirus to harbor a bipartite genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study examines racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in career self-efficacy amongst 6077 US citizens and US naturalized graduate and postdoctoral trainees. Respondents from biomedical fields completed surveys administered by the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) programs across 17 US institutional sites. Graduate and postdoctoral demographic and survey response data were examined to evaluate the impact of intersectional identities on trainee career self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that race, ethnicity and gender, and the relations between these identities, would impact trainee career self-efficacy. The analysis demonstrated that racial and ethnic group, gender, specific career interests (academic principal investigator vs. other careers), and seniority (junior vs. senior trainee level) were, to various degrees, all associated with trainee career self-efficacy and the effects were consistent across graduate and postdoctoral respondents. Implications for differing levels of self-efficacy are discussed, including factors and events during training that may contribute to (or undermine) career self-efficacy. The importance of mentorship for building research and career self-efficacy of trainees is discussed, especially with respect to those identifying as women and belonging to racial/ethnic populations underrepresented in biomedical sciences. The results underscore the need for change in the biomedical academic research community in order to retain a diverse biomedical workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cellular Notch1 Protein Promotes KSHV reactivation in an Rta-dependent manner. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular Notch signal transduction pathway is intimately associated with infections by Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and other gamma-herpesviruses. RBP-Jk, the cellular DNA binding component of the canonical Notch pathway, is the key Notch downstream effector protein in virus-infected and uninfected animal cells. Reactivation of KSHV from latency requires the viral lytic switch protein, Rta, to form complexes with RBP-Jk on numerous sites within the viral DNA. Constitutive Notch activity is essential for KSHV pathophysiology in models of Kaposis sarcoma (KS) and Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL), and we demonstrate that Notch1 is also constitutively active in infected Vero cells. Although the KSHV genome contains >100 RBP-Jk DNA motifs, we show that none of the four isoforms of activated Notch can productively reactivate the virus from latency in a highly quantitative trans-complementing reporter virus system. Nevertheless, Notch contributed positively to reactivation because broad inhibition of Notch1-4 with gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) or expression of dominant negative mastermind-like1 (dnMAML1) coactivators severely reduced production of infectious KSHV from Vero cells. Reduction of KSHV production is associated with gene specific reduction of viral transcription in both Vero and PEL cells. Specific inhibition of Notch1 by siRNA partially reduces production of infectious KSHV, and NICD1 forms promoter-specific complexes with viral DNA during reactivation. We conclude that constitutive Notch activity is required for robust production of infectious KSHV, and our results implicate activated Notch1 as a pro-viral member of a MAML1/RBP-Jk/DNA complex during viral reactivation.

ImportanceKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) manipulates the host cell oncogenic Notch signaling pathway for viral reactivation from latency and cell pathogenesis. KSHV reactivation requires that the viral protein Rta functionally interacts with RBP-Jk, the DNA binding component of the Notch pathway, and with promoter DNA to drive transcription of productive cycle genes. We show that the Notch pathway is constitutively active during KSHV reactivation and is essential for robust production of infectious virus progeny. Inhibiting Notch during reactivation reduces expression of specific viral genes yet does not affect growth of the host cells. Although Notch cannot reactivate KSHV alone, the requisite expression of Rta reveals a previously unappreciated role for Notch in reactivation. We propose that activated Notch cooperates with Rta in a promoter-specific manner that is partially programmed by Rtas ability to redistribute RBP-Jk DNA binding to the virus during reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeCotiis-Mauro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyeneche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchesini-Tovar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellofatto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukac, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cellular Notch1 Protein Promotes KSHV reactivation in an Rta-dependent manner.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matters Arising: Re-examining the correlations between codon usage and dihedral bond angles using a population genetics model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent paper by Rosenberg et al. [2022] found a surprising correlation between synonymous codon usage and the dihedral bond angles of the resulting amino acid. However, their analysis did not account for the strongest known correlate of codon usage: gene expression. We applied the approach of Rosenberg et al. [2022] to simulated protein-coding sequences that (1) maintain the general relationship between codon usage and gene expression and (2) completely random codon usage. The analysis of the simulated data assuming a general relationship between gene expression and codon usage returned results remarkably similar to the real data. More concerning was the large number of significant results detected when sequences with random codon usage were analyzed. We believe that the specific results of Rosenberg et al. [2022] were confounded by the relationship between codon usage and gene expression, but also that their method is generally prone to detecting noise in protein bond angle distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akeju, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matters Arising: Re-examining the correlations between codon usage and dihedral bond angles using a population genetics model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Equalizing epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early mammalian embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CENP-A histone variant epigenetically defines centromeres, where its levels and locations are precisely maintained through mitotic cell divisions. However, differences in centromere CENP-A propagation in soma versus female/male germline remains poorly understood. Here, we generated CenpamScarlet mice and followed CENP-A dynamics in gametes, zygotes, and embryos. We found that, unlike somatic cells, progenitor female and male germ cells carry high centromeric CENP-A levels that decrease upon terminal differentiation. The reduction in CENP-A is differentially regulated between sexes, resulting in a ten-fold higher level in oocytes compared to sperm. In the zygote, the parent-of-origin CENP-A asymmetry is equalized prior to initial S-phase by redistribution of nuclear CENP-A from maternal to paternal chromosomes. Redistribution of CENP-A requires both CDK1/2 and PLK1 centromeric machinery. These experiments provide direct evidence for resetting of epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early pronuclear stage embryos and imply a mechanism to sense the non-equivalency of parental chromosomes.

HighlightsO_LIIncreased CENP-A density at centromeres is a conserved property of germline stem cells while CENP-A reduction is coincident with germ cell differentiation
C_LIO_LIPaternal and maternal CENP-A containing nucleosomes are intergenerationally inherited
C_LIO_LICENP-A density at centromeres differs between male and female mature gametes
C_LIO_LIUpon fertilization, maternal nuclear CENP-A is redistributed to equalize with parental CENP-A
C_LIO_LICENP-C and MIS18BP1 are asymmetrically enriched in the parental pronuclei in accordance with CENP-A asymmetry.
C_LIO_LILicensing for centromere equalization begins before zygotic DNA replication
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manske, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboelenain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Equalizing epigenetically imprinted centromeres in early mammalian embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice lacking Ptprd exhibit deficits in goal-directed behavior and female-specific impairments in sensorimotor gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family that mediates cell adhesion and synaptic specification. Genetic studies have linked Ptprd to several neuropsychiatric phenotypes, including Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), opioid abuse disorder, and antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of either pediatric obsessive-compulsive traits, or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), have identified loci near Ptprd as genome-wide significant, or strongly suggestive for this trait. We assessed Ptprd wild-type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and knockout (KO) mice for behavioral dimensions that are altered in OCD, including anxiety and exploration (open field test, dig test), perseverative behavior (splash-induced grooming, spatial d), sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition), and home cage goal-directed behavior (nest building). No effect of genotype was observed in any measure of the open field test, dig test, or splash test. However, Ptprd KO mice of both sexes showed impairments in nest building behavior. Finally, female, but not male, Ptprd KO mice showed deficits in prepulse inhibition, an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that is reduced in female, but not male, OCD patients. Our results indicate that constitutive lack of Ptprd may contribute to the development of certain domains that are altered OCD, including goal-directed behavior, and reduced sensorimotor gating specifically in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulawa, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice lacking Ptprd exhibit deficits in goal-directed behavior and female-specific impairments in sensorimotor gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mesodermal source of fibronectin is required for heart morphogenesis and cardiac outflow tract elongation by regulating cell shape, polarity, and mechanotransduction in the second heart field. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure in the elongation of the cardiac outflow tract results in congenital heart disease due to ventricular septum defects and misalignment of the great vessels. The cardiac outflow tract lengthens via accretion of progenitors derived from the second heart field (SHF). SHF cells in the splanchnic mesoderm are exquisitely regionalized and organized into an epithelial-like layer forming the dorsal pericardial wall (DPW). Tissue tension, cell polarity, and proliferation within the DPW are important for the addition of SHF-derived cells to the heart and elongation of the cardiac outflow tract. However, the genes regulating these processes are not completely characterized. Using conditional mutagenesis in the mouse, we show that fibronectin (Fn1) synthesized by the SHF is a central regulator of epithelial architecture in the DPW. Fn1 is enriched in the anterior DPW and mediates outflow tract elongation by balancing pro- and anti-adhesive cell-ECM interactions and regulating DPW cell shape, polarity, cohesion, proliferation, and mechanoresponsiveness. Our studies establish that Fn1 synthesized specifically by the mesoderm coordinates multiple cellular behaviors in the anterior DPW necessary for elongation of the cardiac outflow tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arriagada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mesodermal source of fibronectin is required for heart morphogenesis and cardiac outflow tract elongation by regulating cell shape, polarity, and mechanotransduction in the second heart field.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of an fMRI-informed EEG model of reward-related ventral striatum activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward processing is essential for our mental-health and well-being. Here, we present the development and validation of a scalable fMRI-informed EEG model related to reward processing in the ventral-striatum (VS); a central reward circuit node. Simultaneous EEG/fMRI data were acquired from 17 healthy individuals listening to pleasurable music, and used to construct a one-class regression model for predicting the reward-related VS-BOLD signal using spectro-temporal features from the EEG. Validation analyses, applied on EEG/fMRI data from a different group (N=14), revealed that the EEG model predicted VS-BOLD activation from the simultaneous EEG to a greater extent than a model derived from another anatomical region. The VS-EEG-model was also modulated by musical pleasure and predictive of the VS-BOLD during a monetary reward task, further indicating it functional relevance. These findings provide compelling evidence for the use of a scalable yet precise EEG-only probe of VS-originated reward processing, which could serve for process specific neruo-monitoring and -modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of an fMRI-informed EEG model of reward-related ventral striatum activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mEnrich-seq: Methylation-guided enrichment sequencing of bacterial taxa of interest from microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomics has enabled the comprehensive study of microbiomes. However, many applications would benefit from a method that can sequence specific bacterial taxa of interest (pathogens, beneficial microbes, or low-abundance taxa), but not the vast background of other taxa in a microbiome sample. To address this need, we developed mEnrich-seq, a method that can enrich taxa of interest from metagenomic DNA before sequencing. The core idea is to exploit the self vs. non-self genome differentiation provided by natural bacterial DNA methylation and rationally choose methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (REs), individually or in combination, to deplete host DNA and most background microbial DNA while enriching bacterial taxa of interest. This core idea is integrated with library preparation procedures in a way that only non-digested DNA libraries are sequenced. We performed in-depth evaluations of mEnrich-seq and demonstrated its use in several applications to enrich (up to 117-fold) genomic DNA of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria from human urine and fecal samples, including several species that are hard to culture or of low abundance. We also assessed the broad applicability of mEnrich-seq and found that 3130 (68.03%) of the 4601 strains with mapped methylomes to date can be targeted by at least one commercially available RE, representing 54.78% of the species examined in this analysis. mEnrich-seq provides microbiome researchers with a versatile and cost-effective approach for selective sequencing of diverse taxa of interest directly from the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourancheau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksiezarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mEnrich-seq: Methylation-guided enrichment sequencing of bacterial taxa of interest from microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two RNA binding proteins, ADAD2 and RNF17, interact to form novel meiotic germ cell granules required for male fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian male germ cell differentiation relies on complex RNA biogenesis events, many of which occur in RNA binding protein (RBP) rich non-membrane bound organelles termed RNA germ cell granules. Though known to be required for male germ cell differentiation, little is understood of the relationships between and functions of the numerous granule subtypes. ADAD2, a testis specific RBP, is required for normal male fertility and forms a poorly characterized granule in meiotic male germ cells. This work aimed to define the role of ADAD2 granules in male germ cell differentiation and their relationship to other granules. Biochemical analyses identified RNF17, a testis specific RBP that forms meiotic male germ cell granules, as an ADAD2-interacting protein. Phenotypic analysis of Adad2 and Rnf17 mutant mice defined a shared and rare post-meiotic chromatin defect, suggesting shared biological roles. We further demonstrated ADAD2 and RNF17 are dependent on one another for granularization and together form a previously unstudied set of germ cell granules. Based on co-localization studies with well-characterized granule RBPs including DDX4 and PIWIL1, a subset of the ADAD2-RNF17 granules are likely components of the piRNA pathway. In contrast, a second, morphologically distinct population of ADAD2-RNF17 co-localize with the translation regulator NANOS1 and form a unique cup-shaped structure with distinct protein subdomains. This cup shape appears to be driven, in part, by association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Lastly, a double Adad2-Rnf17 mutant model demonstrated loss of ADAD2-RNF17 granules themselves, as opposed to loss of either ADAD2 or RNF17, is the likely driver of the Adad2 and Rnf17 mutant phenotypes. Together, this work identified a set of novel germ cell granules required for male fertility and sheds light on the relationship between germ cell granule pools. The example described here defines a new genetic approach to germ cell granule study.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTo differentiate successfully, male germ cells tightly regulate their RNA pools. As such, they rely on RNA binding proteins, which often localize to cytoplasmic granules. The majority of studies have focused on a single granule type which regulates small-RNA biogenesis. Although additional granules have been identified, there is limited knowledge about their relationship to each other and exact functions. Here, we identify an interaction between two RNA binding proteins, ADAD2 and RNF17, and demonstrate mutants share a rare germ cell phenotype. Further, ADAD2 and RNF17 colocalize to the same germ cell granule, which displays two morphologically unique types. The first subset of ADAD2-RNF17 granules have similar morphologies to other characterized granules and likely play a role in the small-RNA pathway. The second granule type forms a unique shape with distinct protein subdomains. This second population appears to be closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Genetic models further demonstrate the granules themselves, as opposed to the resident proteins, likely drive the mutant phenotypes. These findings not only identify a novel population of germ cell granules but reveal a new genetic approach to defining their formation and function during germ cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chukrallah, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potgieter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two RNA binding proteins, ADAD2 and RNF17, interact to form novel meiotic germ cell granules required for male fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tissue-specific autophagic response to nutrient deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy is a highly adaptable degradative system that is essential for life. Although studies have shown the importance of this pathway across all organ systems, we have little understanding of how discrete tissues might employ autophagy and how this changes during stress. Using an approach to identify quantitatively autophagic cargoes, we sought to identify how cells from the adult liver and brain rely on autophagy under basal conditions and during nutrient deprivation. We find that in addition to the turnover of cell type specific proteins, the different organs relied on autophagy differentially for the turnover of organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and ER. Moreover, in response to nutrient deprivation, although both tissues showed increased cargo capture, cell type- and tissue-specific patterns emerged. Most notably in the brain, we found an increased representation of glial and endothelial cell cargoes, whereas neuronal cargoes were relatively unchanged. In liver, we unexpectedly found a decreased representation of mitochondrial proteins, which represented a shift moving away from the whole mitochondrion turnover to piecemeal. These results indicate how the physiologic context of the different cell types significantly influence autophagy-dependence, and begins to shed insight into how the term  autophagy dysfunction might be thought of when considering different disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosso Jasutkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dephoure, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tissue-specific autophagic response to nutrient deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent trait space can be leveraged to harmonize small data into big data when the constituent datasets measure the same underlying (latent) domains using a set of partially overlapping measurement instruments in each domain. The latent trait space then acts as a common metric space for each dataset, thus ensuring the same scale for the latent traits across datasets, despite the use of non-identical sets of measurement instruments within datasets. This approach, as originally published, only applied to a narrow set of circumstances, namely, that each measurement instrument occurred in more than one dataset. Here, we extend the latent trait approach to drop this requirement by using matrix completion methods. Using a simulation study, we evaluate the reliability of this extension and offer guidance on circumstances when the latent trait approach to missing data is robust and practical on real datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>bartlett, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kress, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klamer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of a Latent Trait Modeling Method for Missing Data Across Datasets: Guidance on Appropriate Factor Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initiation of fibronectin fibrillogenesis is an enzyme-dependent process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibronectin fibrillogenesis and mechanosensing both depend on integrin-mediated force transmission to the extracellular-matrix. However, force transmission is in itself dependent on fibrillogenesis, and fibronectin fibrils are found in soft embryos where high forces cannot be applied, suggesting that force cannot be the sole initiator of fibrillogenesis. Here we identify a nucleation step prior to force transmission, driven by fibronectin oxidation mediated by lysyl-oxidase enzyme family members. This oxidation induces fibronectin clustering that promotes early adhesion, alters cellular response to soft matrices, and enhances force transmission to the matrix. In contrast, absence of fibronectin oxidation abrogates fibrillogenesis, perturbs cell-matrix adhesion, and compromises mechanosensation. Moreover, fibronectin oxidation promotes cancer cells colony formation in soft agar as well as collective and single-cell migration. These results reveal a force-independent enzyme-dependent mechanism that initiates fibronectin fibrillogenesis, establishing a critical step in cell adhesion and mechanosensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaffryar-Eilot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadjar-Boger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaseen-Badarne, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalev-Altman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela-Donenfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initiation of fibronectin fibrillogenesis is an enzyme-dependent process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A meiotic midbody structure in mouse oocytes acts as a barrier for nascent translation to ensure developmental competence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful embryo development is dependent upon maternally deposited components. During egg formation, developmental competence is acquired through regulated translation of maternal mRNA stores. In addition, egg precursors undergo two rounds of chromosome segregation, each coupled to an asymmetric cytokinesis that produces two non-functional polar bodies. In somatic cells, cytokinesis produces two daughter cells and one midbody remnant (MBR), a signaling organelle assembled from the midbody (MB), which first appears in Telophase. MBs contain transcription and translation factors, and epigenetic modifiers. Once MBs mature to MBRs by abscission, they can be subsequently phagocytosed by another cell and influence cellular function or fate. Although the significance of MBs is elucidated in several cell types like neurons, cancer cells and stem cells, the presence and function of MBs in gametes and their roles in reproductive fitness are unknown. Here, we examined the formation and regulation of meiotic midbodies (mMB) in mouse oocytes. We find that although mouse oocyte mMBs contain analogous structures to somatic MBs, they also have a unique cap-like structure composed of the centralspindlin complex, and that cap formation depends upon an asymmetric microtubule abundance in the egg compared to the polar body. Furthermore, our results show that mMBs are translationally active ribonucleoprotein granules, supported by detection of ribosomes, polyadenylated mRNAs and nascent translation. Finally, by pharmacological and laser ablation-based approaches, we demonstrate that the mMB cap is a barrier to prevent translated products from leaving the egg and escaping into the polar body. Crucially, this barrier is critical for successful early embryonic development. Here, we document an evolutionary adaptation to the highly conserved process of cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and describe a new structure and new mechanism by which egg quality and embryonic developmental competence are regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londono-Vasquez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balboula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A meiotic midbody structure in mouse oocytes acts as a barrier for nascent translation to ensure developmental competence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab11 is essential to pancreas morphogenesis, lumen formation and endocrine mass. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular links between tissue-level morphogenesis and the differentiation of cell lineages in the pancreas remain elusive despite a decade of studies. We previously showed that in pancreas both these processes depend on proper lumenogenesis. The Rab GTPase Rab11 has been shown to be essential to epithelial lumen formation in vitro, however few studies have addressed its functions in vivo and none have tested its requirement in pancreas. Here, we show that Rab11 is critical to proper pancreas development. Co-deletion of the Rab11 isoforms Rab11A and Rab11B in the developing pancreatic epithelium (Rab11pancDKO) results in ~50% neonatal lethality, and surviving adult Rab11pancDKO mice exhibit defective endocrine function. Loss of Rab11 in the embryonic pancreas results in morphogenetic defects of the epithelium linked to defective lumen formation and interconnection. In contrast to wildtype cells, Rab11pancDKO cells attempt to form multiple lumens, resulting in a failure to coordinate a single apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) between groups of cells. We show that these defects are due to failures in vesicle trafficking, as apical components remain trapped within Rab11pancDKO cells. Together, these observations suggest Rab11 directly regulates epithelial lumen formation and morphogenesis. Our report links intracellular trafficking to organ morphogenesis in vivo, and presents a novel framework for decoding pancreatic development.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIRab11Af/f;Rab11B-/-;Pdx1-Cre pancreas displays disruption of epithelial organization and reduction of endocrine cell mass.
C_LIO_LILoss of Rab11 results in disruption of pancreatic lumen continuity due to a failure of lumen formation.
C_LIO_LIEpithelial cells lacking Rab11 display abnormal polarity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barlow, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htike, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassetta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierschenk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizoglu, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleaver, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab11 is essential to pancreas morphogenesis, lumen formation and endocrine mass.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational structure prediction methods enable the systematic identification of oncogenic mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations are associated with the activation of key pathways necessary for the initiation, progression and treatment-evasion of tumors. While large genomic studies provide the opportunity of identifying these mutations, the vast majority of variants have unclear functional roles presenting a challenge for the use of genomic studies in the clinical/therapeutic setting. Recent developments in predicting protein structures enable the systematic large-scale characterization of structures providing a link from genomic data to functional impact. Here, we observed that most oncogenic mutations tend to occur in protein regions that undergo conformation changes in the presence of the activating mutation or when interacting with a protein partner. By combining evolutionary information and protein structure prediction, we introduce the Evolutionary and Structure (ES) score, a computational approach that enables the systematic identification of hotspot somatic mutations in cancer. The predicted sites tend to occur in Short Linear Motifs and protein-protein interfaces. We test the use of ES-scores in genomic studies in pediatric leukemias that easily recapitulates the main mechanisms of resistance to targeted and chemotherapy drugs. To experimentally test the functional role of the predictions, we performed saturated mutagenesis in NT5C2, a protein commonly mutated in relapsed pediatric lymphocytic leukemias. The approach was able to capture both commonly mutated sites and identify previously uncharacterized functionally relevant regions that are not frequently mutated in these cancers. This work shows that the characterization of protein structures provides a link between large genomic studies, with mostly variants of unknown significance, to functional systematic characterization, prioritizing variants of interest in the therapeutic setting and informing on their possible mechanisms of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reglero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forouhar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Quraishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrando, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabadan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational structure prediction methods enable the systematic identification of oncogenic mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human endometrial KISS1R inhibits stromal cell decidualization in a manner associated with a reduction in ESR1 levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defective endometrial stromal cell decidualization is a major cause of recurrent implantation failure (RIF), a condition with a prevalence of [~]15%. To treat RIF, a stronger understanding of the endometrial factors that regulate decidualization is required. Here we studied the role of the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) in regulating human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) decidualization. Our data revealed KISS1R inhibits HESC decidualization in vitro in a manner associated with a striking reduction in ESR1 protein levels. To determine whether KISSR inhibition of decidualization results from reduced ESR1 levels we expressed the dominant negative ESR1-46 isoform in decidualizing HESCs. We found that expression of ESR1-46 in decidualizing HESCs ablated the expression of ESR1-66 and ESR1-54 isomers, and blocked decidualization. Interestingly, when ESR1-64 was co-expressed with ESR1-46, ESR1-66 and ESR1-54 expression was restored and decidualization was rescued. Taken together, these results suggest that KISS1R inhibits HESC decidualization by downregulating ESR1 levels. Based on our findings, we suggest that by inhibiting HESC decidualization, KISS1R regulates the depth of embryo invasion of the stroma, a requirement for a successful pregnancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadchan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kommagaini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babwah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human endometrial KISS1R inhibits stromal cell decidualization in a manner associated with a reduction in ESR1 levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid nanodisc scaffold and size alters the structure of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.20.517256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanodiscs have become the standard reconstitution system for structural and biochemical studies of membrane proteins, especially using single particle cryo-EM. We find that reconstitution of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC), Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC), in different nanodisc scaffolds (MSP1E3D1, SMA, saposin, spMSP1D1) produces distinct apo and agonist-bound structures. In the presence of agonist, different nanodiscs scaffolds produce concerted conformational changes associated with activation in ELIC, with larger nanodiscs showing more activated conformations. The effect of different nanodisc scaffolds on ELIC structure extends to the extracellular domain and agonist binding site. Molecular dynamic simulations of ELIC in small and large nanodiscs suggest that the impact of the nanodisc on ELIC structure is influenced by nanodisc size. Overall, the results indicate that the nanodisc profoundly affects the structure of a pLGIC, and suggest that larger circularized nanodiscs may be advantageous to approximate a lipid membrane environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcario, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.20.517256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid nanodisc scaffold and size alters the structure of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.516688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila Dopamine 2-like receptor D2R (Dop2R) is required in the Blood Brain Barrier for male courtship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.516688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood brain barrier (BBB) has the essential function to protect the brain from potentially hazardous molecules while also enabling controlled selective uptake. How these processes and signaling inside BBB cells control neuronal function is an intense area of interest. Signaling in the adult Drosophila BBB is required for normal male courtship behavior and relies on male-specific molecules in the BBB. Here we show that the dopamine receptor D2R is expressed in the BBB and is required in mature males for normal mating behavior. Conditional adult male knockdown of D2R in BBB cells causes courtship defects. The courtship defects observed in genetic D2R mutants can be rescued by expression of normal D2R specifically in the BBB of adult males. Drosophila BBB cells are glial cells. Our findings thus identify a specific glial function for the DR2 receptor and dopamine signaling in the regulation of a complex behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Love, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauwalder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.516688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila Dopamine 2-like receptor D2R (Dop2R) is required in the Blood Brain Barrier for male courtship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale signal and noise correlations configure multi-task coding in human brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
State-dependent neural correlations can be understood from a neural coding framework. Noise correlations - trial-to-trial or moment-to-moment co-variability - can be interpreted only if the underlying signal correlation - similarity of task selectivity between pairs of neural units - is known. Despite many investigations in local spiking circuits, it remains unclear how this coding framework applies to large-scale brain networks. Here we investigated relationships between large-scale noise correlations and signal correlations in a multi-task human fMRI dataset. We found that task-state noise correlation changes (e.g., functional connectivity) did not typically change in the same direction as their underlying signal correlation (e.g., tuning similarity of two regions). This suggests that 1) trial-by-trial variability typically decreases between similarly tuned regions, and 2) stimulus-driven activity does not linearly superimpose atop the networks background activity. Crucially, noise correlations that changed in the opposite direction as their signal correlation (i.e., anti-aligned correlations) improved information coding of these brain regions. In contrast, noise correlations that changed in the same direction (aligned noise correlations) as their signal correlation did not. Interestingly, these aligned noise correlations were primarily correlation increases, suggesting that most functional correlation increases across fMRI networks actually degrade information coding. These findings illustrate that state-dependent noise correlations shape information coding of functional brain networks, with interpretation of correlation changes requiring knowledge of underlying signal correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale signal and noise correlations configure multi-task coding in human brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the thalamus in human reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the thalamus is supposed to be involved in reinforcement-based decision-making, there is no direct evidence regarding the involvement of this subcortical structure in humans. To fill this gap, we leveraged rare intra-thalamic electrophysiological recordings in patients and found that temporally structured thalamic oscillations encode key learning signals. Our findings also provide neural insight into the computational mechanisms of action inhibition in punishment avoidance learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collomb-Clerc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueguen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minotti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabardes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palminteri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the thalamus in human reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
, a prion-form of Cut4/ Apc1, enforces non-Mendelian inheritance of heterochromatin silencing defect in Fission Yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prions represent epigenetic regulator proteins that can self-propagate their structure and confer their misfolded structure and function on normally folded proteins. Like the mammalian prion PrPSc, prions also occur in fungi. While a few prions, like Swi1, affect gene expression, none are shown to affect heterochromatin structure and function. In fission yeast and metazoans, histone methyltransferase Clr4/Suv39 causes H3-Lys9 methylation, which is bound by the chromodomain protein Swi6/HP1 to assemble heterochromatin. Earlier, we showed that sng2-1 mutation in the Cut4 subunit of Anaphase Promoting Complex abrogates heterochromatin structure due to defective binding and recruitment of Swi6. Here, we demonstrate that the Cut4p forms a non-canonical prion form, designated as [SNG2], which abrogates heterochromatin silencing. [SNG2] exhibits various prion-like properties, e.g., non-Mendelian inheritance, requirement of Hsp proteins for its propagation, de novo generation upon cut4 overexpression, reversible curing by guanidine, cytoplasmic inheritance and formation of infectious protein aggregates, which are converted into monomers upon overexpression of hsp genes. Interestingly, [SNG2] prion imparts an enhanced tolerance to stress conditions, supporting its role in promoting cell survival under environmental stress during evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.517888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[, a prion-form of Cut4/ Apc1, enforces non-Mendelian inheritance of heterochromatin silencing defect in Fission Yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between myosin II and βH-Spectrin regulates cytoskeletal tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectrins are membrane cytoskeletal proteins generally thought to function as heterotetramers comprising two -spectrins and two {beta}-spectrins. They influence cell shape and Hippo signaling, but the mechanism by which they influence Hippo signaling has remained unclear. We have investigated the role and regulation of the Drosophila {beta}-heavy Spectrin ({beta}H-Spectrin, encoded by the karst gene) in wing imaginal discs. Our results establish that {beta}H-Spectrin regulates Hippo signaling through the Jub biomechanical pathway due to its influence on cytoskeletal tension. While we find that -Spectrin also regulates Hippo signaling through Jub, unexpectedly, we find that {beta}H-Spectrin localizes and functions independently of -Spectrin. Instead, {beta}H-Spectrin co-localizes with and reciprocally regulates and is regulated by myosin. In vivo and in vitro experiments support a model in which {beta}H-Spectrin and myosin directly compete for binding to apical F-actin. This competition can explain the influence of {beta}H-Spectrin on cytoskeletal tension and myosin accumulation. It also provides new insight into how {beta}H-Spectrin participates in ratcheting mechanisms associated with cell shape change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinthalapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heissler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between myosin II and βH-Spectrin regulates cytoskeletal tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBE2I coordinates the oocyte and zygotic transcriptional programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, meiotically competent oocytes develop cyclically during ovarian folliculogenesis. During folliculogenesis, prophase I arrested oocytes are transcriptionally active, producing and storing transcripts required for their growth and for early stages of embryogenesis prior to the maternal to zygotic transition. Defective oocyte development during folliculogenesis leads to meiotic defects, aneuploidy, follicular atresia, or non-viable embryos. Here we generated a novel oocyte-specific knockout of the SUMO E2 ligase, Ube2i, using Zp3-cre to test its function during folliculogenesis.

Ube2i Zp3-cre+ female mice are sterile with oocytes that arrest in meiosis I with defective spindles and chromosome alignment. Fully grown mutant oocytes abnormally maintain transcription but downregulate maternal effect genes and prematurely activate the zygotic transcriptional program. Thus, this work uncovers UBE2i as a novel orchestrator of chromatin and transcriptional regulation in mouse oocytes.

TeaserOocyte-specific deletion of Ube2i causes loss of transcriptional repression and premature activation of the zygotic genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Briley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartig, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBE2I coordinates the oocyte and zygotic transcriptional programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a heat-killed fbp1 mutant strain as a therapeutic agent to treat invasive Cryptococcus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In previous studies we determined that the F-box protein Fbp1, a subunit of the SCF(Fbp1) E3 ligase in Cryptococcus neoformans, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. Heat-killed fbp1{Delta} cells (HK-fbp1) can confer vaccine-induced immunity against lethal challenge with clinically important invasive fungal pathogens, e.g., C. neoformans, C. gattii, and Aspergillus fumigatus. In this study, we found that either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells are sufficient to confer protection against lethal challenge of C. neoformans in HK-fbp1 induced-immunity. Given the potent effect of HK-fbp1 as a preventative vaccine, we further tested the potential efficacy of administering HK-fbp1 cells as a therapeutic agent for treating animals after infection. Remarkably, administration of HK-fbp1 provided robust host protection against pre-existing C. neoformans infection. The mice infected with wild type H99 cells and then treated with HK-fbp1 showed significant reduction of fungal CFU in the infected lung, and no dissemination of fungal cells to the brain and spleen. we find that early treatment is critical for the effective use of HK-fbp1 as a therapeutic agent. Immune analysis revealed that early treatment with HK-fbp1 cells elicited Th1 biased protective immune responses that help block fungal dissemination and promote better host protection. Our data thus suggest that HK-fbp1 is both an effective prophylactic vaccine candidate against C. neoformans infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations, as well as a potential novel therapeutic strategy to treat early stage cryptococcosis.

ImportanceInvasive fungal infections, e.g., cryptococcosis, are often life threatening and difficult to treat with very limited therapeutic options. There is no vaccine available in clinical use to prevent or treat fungal infections. Our previous studies demonstrated that heat-killed fbp1{Delta} cells (HK-fbp1) in Cryptococcus neoformans can be harnessed to confer protection against a challenge by the virulent parental strain, even in immunocompromised animals, such as the ones lacking CD4+ T cells. In this study, we further determined that T cells are required for vaccine-induced protection against homologous challenge and that either CD4+ or CD8+ cells are sufficient. This finding is particularly important for the potential utility of this vaccine candidate in the context of HIV/AIDS-induced immune deficiency, the main risk factor for cryptococcosis in humans. Furthermore, in addition to the utility of HK-fbp1 as a prophylactic vaccine, we found that HK-fbp1 administration can inhibit disease dissemination when animals are treated at an early-stage during Cryptococcus infection. Our findings could significantly expand the utility of HK-fbp1 not only as prophylactic vaccine but also as a novel therapy against cryptococcosis. Conceptually, therapeutic administration of HK-fbp1 could have an advantage over small molecule antifungal drugs in that it is expected to have minimal side effects and lower cost. In all, our studies showed that HK-fbp1 strain can be used both preventively and therapeutically to elicit robust host protection against cryptococcosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a heat-killed fbp1 mutant strain as a therapeutic agent to treat invasive Cryptococcus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing absolute binding affinities by Streamlined Alchemical Free Energy Perturbation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) is a powerful but challenging computational technique for estimating differences in free energy between two or more states. This document is intended both as a tutorial and as an adaptable protocol for computing free energies of binding using free energy perturbations in NAMD. We present the Streamlined Alchemical Free Energy Perturbation (SAFEP) framework. SAFEP shifts the computational frame of reference from the ligand to the binding site itself. This both simplifies the thermodynamic cycle and makes the approach more broadly applicable to superficial sites and other less common geometries. As a practical example, we give instructions for calculating the absolute binding free energy of phenol to lysozyme. We assume familiarity with standard procedures for setting up, running, and analyzing molecular dynamics simulations using NAMD and VMD. While simulation times will vary, the human tasks should take no more than 3 to 4 hours for a reader without previous training in free energy calculations or experience with the VMD Colvars Dashboard. Sample data are provided for all key calculations both for comparison and readers convenience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago-McRae, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing absolute binding affinities by Streamlined Alchemical Free Energy Perturbation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 (FGF5) and Its Missense Mutant FGF5-Y174H Underlying Trichomegaly: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The missense mutation Y174H of FGF5 (FGF5-H174) had been associated with trichomegaly, characterized by abnormally long and pigmented eyelashes. The amino acid tyrosine (Tyr/Y) is conserved across many species, proposedly holding important characteristics for the functions of FGF5. One-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations along with protein-protein docking and residue interacting network analysis were employed to investigate the structural dynamics and binding mode of both wild-type (FGF5-WT) and its mutated counterpart (FGF5-Y174H). It was found that the mutation caused decreases in number of hydrogen bonds within the protein, sheet secondary structure, interaction of residues 174 with others, and number of salt-bridges. On the other hand, the mutation showed increases in solvent accessible surface area, number of hydrogen bonds between the protein and solvent, coil secondary structure, protein C-alpha backbone root mean square deviation, protein residue root mean square fluctuations, as well as occupied conformational space. In addition, protein-protein docking integrated with molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics - Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) binding energy calculation demonstrated that the mutated variant possessed stronger binding affinity towards fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). However, residue interaction network analysis demonstrated that the binding mode was drastically different from that of the FGF5-WT-FGFR1 complex. In conclusion, the missense mutation conferred more instability, stronger binding affinity towards FGFR1 but with distinctively altered binding mode or residue connectivity. These findings might help explain the decreased activation of FGFR1, underlying trichomegaly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 (FGF5) and Its Missense Mutant FGF5-Y174H Underlying Trichomegaly: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of early-acting autophagy genes in C. elegans neurons improves protein homeostasis, promotes exopher production, and extends lifespan via the ATG-16.2 WD40 domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While autophagy is key to maintain cellular homeostasis, tissue-specific roles of individual autophagy genes are less understood. To study neuronal autophagy in vivo, we inhibited autophagy genes specifically in C. elegans neurons, and unexpectedly found that knockdown of early-acting autophagy genes, i.e., involved in formation of the autophagosome, except for atg-16.2, decreased PolyQ aggregates and increased lifespan, albeit independently of the degradation of autophagosomal cargo. Neuronal aggregates can be secreted from neurons via vesicles called exophers, and we found that neuronal inhibition of early-acting autophagy genes atg-7 and lgg-1/Atg8, but not atg-16.2 increased exopher formation. Moreover, atg-16.2 mutants were unable to form exophers, and atg-16.2 was required for the effects of early autophagy gene reduction on neuronal PolyQ aggregation, exopher formation, and lifespan. Notably, neuronal expression of full-length ATG-16.2 but not ATG-16.2 without a functional WD40 domain, important for non-canonical functions of ATG16L1 in mammalian cells, restored these phenotypes. Collectively, we discovered a specific role for C. elegans ATG-16.2 and its WD40 domain in exopher biogenesis, neuronal proteostasis, and lifespan determination, highlighting a possible role for non-canonical autophagy functions in both exopher formation and in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broussalian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumsta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of early-acting autophagy genes in C. elegans neurons improves protein homeostasis, promotes exopher production, and extends lifespan via the ATG-16.2 WD40 domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing habit learning in the human brain at the individual and group levels: a multi-modal MRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dual-process theory of action control postulates that there are two competitive and complementary mechanisms that control our behavior: a goal-directed system that executes deliberate actions, explicitly aimed toward a particular outcome, and a habitual system that autonomously execute well-learned actions, typically following an encounter with a previously associated cue. In line with dual-process theory, animal studies have provided convincing evidence for dissociable neural mechanisms, mainly manifested in cortico-striatal regions, involved in goal-directed and habitual action control. While substantial progress has been made in characterizing the neural mechanism underlying habit learning in animals, we still lack knowledge on how habits are formed and maintained in the human brain. Thus far only one study, conducted more than a decade ago by Tricomi et al. (2009), has been able to induce habitual behavior in humans via extensive training. This study also implicated the posterior putamen in the process, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, recent attempts to replicate the behavioral results of this study were not successful. This leaves the research of human habits, and particularly the research of their formation through extensive repetition, as well as their neural basis, limited and far behind the animal research in the field. This motivated us to (1) attempt to replicate the behavioral and imaging main findings of Tricomi et al., (2) identify further functional and microstructural neural modifications associated with habit formation and manifestation, and (3) investigate the relationships between functional and structural plasticity and individual differences in habit expression. To this end, in this registered report we used Tricomi et al.s free-operant task along with multi-modal MRI methods in a well-powered sample (n=123). In this task participants sensitivity to outcome devaluation (an index of goal-directed/habitual action control) is tested following either short or extensive training. In contrast to our hypothesis, we were not able to demonstrate habit formation as a function of training duration nor were we able to relate any functional or microstructural plasticity in the putamen with individual habit expression. We found that a pattern of increased activations in the left head of caudate that re-occurred across each days training is associated with goal directed behavior and that increased processing of devalued cues in low-level visual regions was indicative of goal-directed behavior (and vice versa). In a follow-up exploratory analysis comparing habitual and goal-directed subgroups within each experimental group, we found that elevated activations in frontoparietal regions during early stages of training, as well as increased reactivity towards still-valued cues in somatosensory and superior parietal regions were found in individuals that were more inclined to perform goal-directed behavior (compared with more habitual individuals). Taken together, regions commonly implicated in goal-directed behavior were most predictive of individual habit expression. Finally, we also found that differential patterns of training-related microstructural plasticity, as measured with diffusion MRI, in midbrain dopaminergic regions were associated with habit expression. This work provides new insights into the neural dynamics involved in individual habit formation/expression and encourages the development and testing of new, more sensitive, procedures for experimental habit induction in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar Or, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricomi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing habit learning in the human brain at the individual and group levels: a multi-modal MRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A MTA2-SATB2 chromatin complex restrains colonic plasticity toward small intestine by retaining HNF4A at colonic chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasticity between cell lineages is a fundamental but poorly understood property of regenerative tissues. In the gut tube, small intestine absorbs nutrients whereas colon absorbs electrolytes. In a striking display of inherent plasticity, adult colonic mucosa lacking the chromatin factor SATB2 is converted to small intestine. Using proteomics and CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified MTA2 as a crucial component of the molecular machinery that, together with SATB2, restrain colonic plasticity. MTA2 loss in adult mouse colon activated lipid absorptive genes and functional lipid uptake. Mechanistically, MTA2 co-binds with HNF4A, an activating pan-intestine transcription factor (TF), on colonic chromatin. MTA2 loss leads to HNF4A release from colonic and gain on small intestinal chromatin. SATB2 similarly restrains colonic plasticity through a HNF4A-dependent mechanism. Our study provides a generalizable model of lineage plasticity in which broadly-expressed TFs are retained on tissue-specific enhancers to maintain cell identity and prevent activation of alternative lineages; their release unleashes plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Salinero, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A MTA2-SATB2 chromatin complex restrains colonic plasticity toward small intestine by retaining HNF4A at colonic chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first fossil replete ant worker establishes living food storage in the Eocene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Worker specialization extends the behavioral and ecological repertoire of ant colonies. Specialization may relate to colony defense, brood care, foraging, and, in some taxa, storage. Replete workers swell the crop and gaster to store liquid food, which can be accessed by other colony members through trophallaxis. This storage ability, known as repletism, has independently evolved across several ant lineages, but the temporal history of this trait has not yet been investigated. Here, we describe the first fossil replete in the extinct species Leptomyrmex neotropicus Baroni Urbani, 1980 preserved in Miocene-age Dominican amber. Together with new evidence of repletism in L. neotropicus extant sister species, L. relictus Boudinot et al., 2016, we reconstruct the pattern of acquisition and descent in this storage-linked trait. Our ancestral state reconstruction suggests that Leptomyrmex acquired replete workers in the Eocene and may therefore represent the earliest instance of so-called "honeypot" ants among all known ants, both living and extinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosiak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadempour, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first fossil replete ant worker establishes living food storage in the Eocene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved humoral immunity and protection against influenza virus infection with a 3D porous biomaterial vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New vaccine platforms that properly activate humoral immunity and generate neutralizing antibodies are required to combat emerging and re-emerging pathogens, including influenza virus. Biomaterial scaffolds with macroscale porosity have demonstrated tremendous promise in regenerative medicine where they have been shown to allow immune cell infiltration and subsequent activation, but whether these types of materials can serve as an immunization platform is unknown. We developed an injectable immunization platform that uses a slurry of antigen-loaded hydrogel microparticles that anneal to form a porous scaffold with high surface area for antigen uptake by infiltrating immune cells as the biomaterial degrades to maximize humoral immunity. Antigen-loaded-microgels elicited a robust cellular humoral immune response, with increased CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and prolonged germinal center (GC) B cells comparable to the commonly used adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide (Alum). By simply increasing the weight fraction of polymer material, we enhanced material stiffness and further increased antigen-specific antibody titers superior to Alum. Vaccinating mice with inactivated influenza virus loaded into this more highly crosslinked formulation elicited a strong antibody response and provided better protection against a high dose viral challenge than Alum. Thus, we demonstrate that by tuning physical and chemical properties alone, we can enhance adjuvanticity and promote humoral immunity and protection against a pathogen, leveraging two different types of antigenic material: individual protein antigen and inactivated virus. The flexibility of the platform may enable design of new vaccines to enhance innate and adaptive immune cell programming to generate and tune high affinity antibodies, a promising approach to generate long-lasting immunity against specific pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miwa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antao, O. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly-Scumpia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdasarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scumpia, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Carlo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved humoral immunity and protection against influenza virus infection with a 3D porous biomaterial vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Workflow for Instant Labeling and Real-Time Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-Glycosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the transition toward continuous bioprocessing, process analytical technology (PAT) is becoming necessary for rapid and reliable in-process monitoring during biotherapeutics manufacturing. Bioprocess 4.0 is looking to build an end-to-end bioprocesses that includes PAT-enabled real-time process control. This is especially important for drug product quality attributes that can change during bioprocessing, such as protein N-glycosylation, a critical quality attribute for most monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Glycosylation of mAbs is known to influence their efficacy as therapeutics and is regulated for a majority of mAb products on the market today. Currently, there is no method to truly measure N-glycosylation using on-line PAT, hence making it impractical to design upstream process control strategies. We recently described the N-GLYcanyzer: an integrated PAT unit that measures mAb N-glycosylation within 3 hours of automated sampling from a bioreactor. Here, we integrated Agilents Instant PC (IPC) based chemistry workflow into the N-GLYcanzyer PAT unit to allow for nearly 10x faster mAb glycoforms analysis. Our methodology is explained in detail to allow for replication of the PAT workflow as well as present a case study demonstrating use of this PAT to autonomously monitor a mammalian cell perfusion process at the bench-scale to gain increased knowledge of mAb glycosylation dynamics during continuous biomanufacturing of biologics using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=169 SRC="FIGDIR/small/521623v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyorgypal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Workflow for Instant Labeling and Real-Time Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-Glycosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved NIMA kinases regulate multiple steps of endocytic trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human NIMA-related kinases have primarily been studied for their roles in cell cycle progression (NEK1/2/6/7/9), checkpoint-DNA-damage control (NEK1/2/4/5/10/11), and ciliogenesis (NEK1/4/8). We previously showed that Caenorhabditis elegans NEKL-2 (NEK8/9 homolog) and NEKL-3 (NEK6/7 homolog) regulate apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the worm epidermis and are essential for molting. Here we show that NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 also have distinct roles in controlling endosome function and morphology. Specifically, loss of NEKL-2 led to enlarged early endosomes with long tubular extensions but showed minimal effects on other compartments. In contrast, NEKL-3 depletion caused pronounced defects in early, late, and recycling endosomes. Consistently, NEKL-2 was strongly localized to early endosomes, whereas NEKL-3 was localized to multiple endosomal compartments. Loss of NEKLs also led to variable defects in the recycling of two resident cargoes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), MIG-14/Wntless and TGN-38/TGN38, which were missorted to lysosomes after NEKL depletion. In addition, defects were observed in the uptake of clathrin-dependent (SMA-6/Type I BMP receptor) and independent cargoes (DAF-4/Type II BMP receptor) from the basolateral surface of epidermal cells after NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 depletion. Complementary studies in human cell lines further showed that siRNA knockdown of the NEKL-3 orthologs NEK6 and NEK7 led to missorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor from endosomes. Moreover, in multiple human cell types, depletion of NEK6 or NEK7 disrupted both early and recycling endosomal compartments, including the presence of excess tubulation within recycling endosomes, a defect also observed after NEKL-3 depletion in worms. Thus, NIMA family kinases carry out multiple functions during endocytosis in both worms and humans, consistent with our previous observation that human NEKL-3 orthologs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in C. elegans nekl-3 mutants. Our findings suggest that trafficking defects could underlie some of the proposed roles for NEK kinases in human disease.

Author SummaryIntracellular trafficking is an evolutionary conserved process whereby cargoes, which include proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules, are internalized by cells, packaged into vesicles, and distributed to their proper places within the cell. This study demonstrated that two conserved NIMA-related kinases, NEKL-2 and NEKL-3, are required for the transport of multiple cargoes in the epidermis of C. elegans. NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 function at organelles, called endosomes, to regulate their morphology and control the sorting of cargoes between different intracellular compartments. In the absence of NEKL activities, various cargoes, including components of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways, were misregulated. Our studies are further supported by results showing that the human counterparts of NEKL-3, NEK6 and NEK7, were also required for maintaining endosome morphologies and for the proper sorting of cargo in human cells. Notably, NIMA-kinases are well studied for their roles in cell cycle regulation, and overexpression of these kinases is linked to cancer formation and poor prognosis. Our study suggests their role in cancer progression could be partly due to the abnormal intracellular trafficking of conserved signaling components with known roles in cancer formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naslavsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robison, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved NIMA kinases regulate multiple steps of endocytic trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory problems are common among older adults with a history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Employing a machine learning framework, the current study investigates the use of multi-domain features to classify individuals with and without alcohol-induced memory problems. A group of 94 individuals (ages 50-81 years) with alcohol-induced memory problems (Memory group) were compared with a matched Control group who did not have memory problems. The Random Forests model identified specific features from each domain that contributed to the classification of Memory vs. Control group (AUC=88.29%). Specifically, individuals from the Memory group manifested a predominant pattern of hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions except some connections involving anterior cingulate cortex which were predominantly hypoconnected. Other significant contributing features were (i) polygenic risk scores for AUD, (ii) alcohol consumption and related health consequences during the past 5 years, such as health problems, past negative experiences, withdrawal symptoms, and the largest number of drinks in a day during the past 12 months, and (iii) elevated neuroticism and increased harm avoidance, and fewer positive "uplift" life events. At the neural systems level, hyperconnectivity across the default mode network regions, including the connections across the hippocampal hub regions, in individuals with memory problems may indicate dysregulation in neural information processing. Overall, the study outlines the importance of utilizing multidomain features, consisting of resting-state brain connectivity collected [~]18 years ago, together with personality, life experiences, polygenic risk, and alcohol consumption and related consequences, to predict alcohol-related memory problems that arise in later life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbie Saenz de Viteri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plawecki, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuperman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merikangas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brislin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselbrock, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucholz, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuckit, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting alcohol-related memory problems in older adults: A machine learning study with multi-domain features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Physical Basis of Osmosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmosis is an important force in all living organisms, yet the molecular basis of osmosis is widely misunderstood as arising from differences in water concentration in solutions of differing osmolarities. In 1923 Debye proposed a physical model for a semipermeable membrane that was hardly noticed at the time and slipped out of view. We show that Debyes analysis of vant Hoffs law for osmotic equilibrium provides a consistent and plausible explanation for osmotic flow. A difference in osmolyte concentrations in solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane generates different pressures at the two water-membrane interfaces. Water is therefore driven through the membrane for exactly the same reason that pure water flows in response to an imposed hydrostatic pressure difference. In this paper we present the Debye model in both equilibrium and flow conditions. We point out its applicability regardless of the nature of the membrane with examples ranging from predominantly convective flow of water through synthetic membranes to purely diffusive flow of independent water molecules through a lipid bilayer and the flow of strongly interacting water molecules in single file across narrow protein channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Physical Basis of Osmosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet-dependent 5-hydroxymethyl-Cytosine modification of mRNA regulates the axon guidance genes robo2 and slit in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modifications of mRNA, especially methylation of adenosine, have recently drawn much attention. The much rarer modification, 5-hydroxymethylation of cytosine (5hmC), is not well understood and is the subject of this study. Vertebrate Tet proteins are 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases and catalyze the transition of 5mC to 5hmC in DNA. These enzymes have recently been shown to have the same function in messenger RNAs in both vertebrates and in Drosophila. The Tet gene is essential in Drosophila as Tet knock-out animals do not reach adulthood. We describe the identification of Tet-target genes in the embryo and larval brain by mapping one, Tet DNA-binding sites throughout the genome and two, the Tet-dependent 5hmrC modifications transcriptome-wide. 5hmrC modifications are distributed along the entire transcript, while Tet DNA-binding sites are preferentially located at the promoter where they overlap with histone H3K4me3 peaks. The identified mRNAs are preferentially involved in neuron and axon development and Tet knock-out led to a reduction of 5hmrC marks on specific mRNAs. Among the Tet-target genes were the robo2 receptor and its slit ligand that function in axon guidance in Drosophila and in vertebrates. Tet knock-out embryos show overlapping phenotypes with robo2 and both Robo2 and Slit protein levels were markedly reduced in Tet KO larval brains. Our results establish a role for Tet-dependent 5hmrC in facilitating the translation of modified mRNAs primarily in cells of the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirishenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet-dependent 5-hydroxymethyl-Cytosine modification of mRNA regulates the axon guidance genes robo2 and slit in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Investigation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Pathogenesis in Juvenile Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, characterized by locomotor hyperactivity, impaired sustained attention, impulsivity, and distractibility. Recently, the dysfunction of different synaptic circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been shown. Previous studies have attributed the pathophysiological mechanism of ADHD to disturbances in the dopaminergic system. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which are considered a validated animal model of ADHD, have altered dopaminergic innervation and increased locomotor activity. Here, we performed immunohistochemical tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) staining. The mesocortical dopaminergic system appears to be normal in juvenile SHR, as suggested by (i) no alteration in the area density of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) dopaminergic neurons in the VTA, (ii) no alterations in the volume density of TH-ir fibers in layer I of the PrL subregion of mPFC, (iii) no alteration in the percentage of TH-ir dopaminergic fibers in layer I of the PrL subregion of mPFC as revealed by TH and/or DBH immunoreactivity. Furthermore, the SHR showed increased locomotor activity than WKY in the open field test.

The demonstration of no alteration in mesocortical dopaminergic neurons and fiber in SHR raises some concern about the position of SHR as an animal model of the inattentive subtype of ADHD. However, these results strengthen this strain as an animal model of hyperactive/impulsive subtype ADHD for future studies that may elucidate the underlying mechanism mediating hyperactivity and test various treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiguzel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Investigation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Pathogenesis in Juvenile Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Dynamics of Activity in Default Mode Network Suggests a Role in Top-down processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The default mode network (DMN) is a collection of brain regions including midline frontal and parietal structures, medial and lateral temporal lobes, and lateral parietal cortex. Although there is evidence that the network can be subdivided into at least two subcomponents, the network reliably exhibits highly correlated activity both at rest and during task performance. Current understanding regarding the function of the DMN rests on a large body of research indicating that activity in the network decreases during task epochs of experimental paradigms relative to inter-trial intervals. A seeming contradiction arises when the experimental paradigm includes tasks involving autobiographical memory, thinking about ones self, planning for the future, or social cognition. In such cases, the DMNs activity increases and is correlated with attentional networks. Some have therefore concluded that the DMN supports advanced human cognitive abilities such as interoceptive processing and theory of mind. This conclusion may be called into question by evidence of correlated activity in homologous brain regions in other, even non-primate, species. Thus, there are contradictory findings related to the function of the DMN that have been difficult to integrate into a coherent theory regarding its function. Using data from the Human Connectome Project, we explore the temporal dynamics of activity in different regions of the DMN in relation to stimulus presentation. We show that generally the dorsal portion of the network exhibits only a transient initial decrease in activity at the start of trials that increases over trial duration. The ventral component often has more similarity in its time course to that of task-activated areas. We propose that task-associated ramping dynamics in the network are incompatible with a task-negative view of the DMN and propose the dorsal and ventral sub-components of network may rather work together to support bottom-up salience detection and subsequent top-down voluntary action. In this context, we re-interpret the body of anatomical and neurophysiological experimental evidence, arguing that this interpretation can accommodate the seeming contradictions regarding DMN function in the extant literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mastrovito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Dynamics of Activity in Default Mode Network Suggests a Role in Top-down processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental hearing loss-induced perceptual deficits are rescued by cortical expression of GABAB receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even transient periods of developmental hearing loss during the developmental critical period have been linked to long-lasting deficits in auditory perception, including temporal and spectral processing, which correlate with speech perception and educational attainment. In gerbils, hearing loss-induced perceptual deficits are correlated with a reduction of both ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition in auditory cortex, but most research on critical period plasticity has focused on GABAA receptors. We developed viral vectors to express both endogenous GABAA or GABAB receptor subunits in auditory cortex and tested their capacity to restore perception of temporal and spectral auditory cues following critical period hearing loss in the Mongolian gerbil. HL significantly impaired perception of both temporal and spectral auditory cues. While both vectors similarly increased IPSCs in auditory cortex, only overexpression of GABAB receptors improved perceptual thresholds after HL to be similar to those of animals without developmental hearing loss. These findings identify the GABAB receptor as an important regulator of sensory perception in cortex and point to potential therapeutic targets for developmental sensory disorders.

Significance StatementHearing loss in children can induce deficits in aural communication that persevere even after audibility has returned to normal, suggesting permanent changes to the auditory central nervous system. In fact, a reduction in cortical synaptic inhibition has been implicated in a broad range of developmental disorders, including hearing loss. Here, we tested the hypothesis that developmental hearing loss-induced perceptual impairments in gerbils are caused by a permanent reduction of auditory cortical inhibitory synapse strength. We found that virally-mediated expression of a GABAB receptor subunit in gerbil auditory cortex was able to restore two auditory perceptual skills in juvenile animals reared with hearing loss, suggesting that cortical synaptic inhibition is a plausible therapeutic target for sensory processing disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental hearing loss-induced perceptual deficits are rescued by cortical expression of GABAB receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Network Pharmacology Approach to Elucidate the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ellagic Acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ellagic acid (EA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various fruits and vegetables like strawberries, raspberries, pomegranates, and nuts such as pecans and walnuts. With its antioxidant properties, EA has shown potential health benefits, although further research is necessary to fully comprehend its effects, mechanisms, and safe and effective application as a complementary medicine. Notably, there is accumulating evidence of EAs anti-inflammatory effects; however, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of EA, a network pharmacology approach was employed. The study identified 52 inflammation-related targets of EA and revealed significant signaling pathways and relevant diseases associated with inflammation through GO and KEGG analysis. Furthermore, topological analysis identified 10 important targets, including AKT1, VEGFA, TNF, MAPK3, ALB, SELP, MMP9, MMP2, PTGS2, and ICAM1. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (integrated with were conducted molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann), indicating that AKT1, PTGS2, VEGFA, and MAPK3 are the most likely targets of EA. In summary, this study not only confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of EA observed in previous research but also identified the most probable targets of EA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Network Pharmacology Approach to Elucidate the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ellagic Acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGFB1 Induces Fetal Reprogramming and Enhances Intestinal Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adult gut epithelium has a remarkable ability to recover from damage. To achieve cellular therapies aimed at restoring and/or replacing defective gastrointestinal tissue, it is important to understand the natural mechanisms of tissue regeneration. We employed a combination of high throughput sequencing approaches, mouse genetic models, and murine and human organoid models, and identified a role for TGFB signaling during intestinal regeneration following injury. At 2 days following irradiation (IR)-induced damage of intestinal crypts, a surge in TGFB1 expression is mediated by monocyte/macrophage cells at the location of damage. Depletion of macrophages or genetic disruption of TGFB-signaling significantly impaired the regenerative response following irradiation. Murine intestinal regeneration is also characterized by a process where a fetal transcriptional signature is induced during repair. In organoid culture, TGFB1-treatment was necessary and sufficient to induce a transcriptomic shift to the fetal-like/regenerative state. The regenerative response was enhanced by the function of mesenchymal cells, which are also primed for regeneration by TGFB1. Mechanistically, integration of ATAC-seq, scRNA-seq, and ChIP-seq suggest that a regenerative YAP-SOX9 transcriptional circuit is activated in epithelium exposed to TGFB1. Finally, pre-treatment with TGFB1 enhanced the ability of primary epithelial cultures to engraft into damaged murine colon, suggesting promise for the application of the TGFB-induced regenerative circuit in cellular therapy.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/523825v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@147f3b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d1a64dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fd0dc0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@91f7d8_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellon-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perekatt, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGFB1 Induces Fetal Reprogramming and Enhances Intestinal Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.14.524076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated ACMG approved genes and ICD codes for the translational research and precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.14.524076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Timely understanding of biological secrets of complex diseases will ultimately benefit millions of individuals by reducing the high risks for mortality and improving the quality of life with personalized diagnoses and treatments. Due to the advancements in sequencing technologies and reduced cost, genomics data is developing at an unmatched pace and levels to foster translational research and precision medicine. Over ten million genomics datasets have been produced and publicly shared in the year 2022. Diverse and high-volume genomics and clinical data have the potential to broaden the scope of biological discoveries and insights by extracting, analyzing, and interpreting the hidden information. However, the current and still unresolved challenges include the integration of genomic profiles of the patients with their medical records. The disease definition in genomics medicine is simplified, when in the clinical world, diseases are classified, identified, and adopted with their International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, which are maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO). Several biological databases have been produced, which includes information about human genes and related diseases. However, still, there is no database exists, which can precisely link clinical codes with relevant genes and variants to support genomic and clinical data integration for clinical and translation medicine. In this project, we are focused on the development of an annotated gene-disease-code database, which is accessible through an online, cross-platform, and user-friendly application i.e., PAS-GDC. However, our scope is limited to the integration of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes with the list of genes approved by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Results include over seventeen thousand diseases and four thousand ICD codes, and over eleven thousand gene-disease-code combinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wable, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Louis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelhalim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.14.524076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated ACMG approved genes and ICD codes for the translational research and precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the contribution of microRNA-specific slicing Argonautes in animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
microRNAs regulate gene expression through interaction with an Argonaute protein family member. While some members of this protein family retain an enzymatic activity capable of cleaving RNA molecules complementary to Argonaute-bound small RNAs, the role of the slicing activity in the canonical microRNA pathway is still unclear in animals. To address the importance of slicing Argonautes in animals, we created Caenorhabditis elegans strains, carrying catalytically dead endogenous ALG-1 and ALG-2, the only two slicing Argonautes essential for the miRNA pathway in this animal model. We observe that the loss of ALG-1 and ALG-2 slicing activity affects overall animal fitness and causes phenotypes, reminiscent of miRNA defects, only when grown and maintained at restrictive temperature. Furthermore, the analysis of global miRNA expression shows that the catalytic activity of ALG-1 and ALG-2 differentially regulate the level of specific subsets of miRNAs in young adults. We also demonstrate that altering the slicing activity of those miRNA-specific Argonautes does not result in any defect in the production of canonical miRNAs. Together, these data support that the slicing activity of miRNA- specific Argonautes function to maintain the levels of a set of miRNAs for optimal viability and fitness in animals particularly exposed to specific growing conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houle, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniates, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quevillon Huberdeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the contribution of microRNA-specific slicing Argonautes in animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression of macaques infected with malaria species of zoonotic concern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A multitude of malaria species (genus Plasmodium) infects primates. Due to their public health importance, the human-infective species have garnered the most focus, but increased knowledge of non-human primate malaria species is warranted to improve our evolutionary understanding of host-parasite interactions. Additionally, the broad host tropism of some primate malaria parasites and their realized or theorized zoonotic potential add urgency to understanding of primate-parasite interactions. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics to understand the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) response to two malaria parasites used as analogues to human-infective species of differing severity and which may represent emerging zoonotic threats: P. coatneyi, comparable to human-infective P. falciparum, and P. cynomolgi, comparable to human-infective P. vivax. We first validate our transcriptomics-based proxy of parasite load through comparison to gold-standard microscopy-based measures. We then find that malaria-associated host genes have functional links to immune system regulation and blood cells. Host genes with differing expression by malaria species were more likely to be involved in brain-linked functions, perhaps due to the differential central nervous system involvement of the two parasite species. Such comparative work on primate malaria species may help elucidate the essential and species-specific molecular mechanisms that underlie differing clinical presentations and zoonotic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression of macaques infected with malaria species of zoonotic concern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low frequency optogenetic deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 or D2 receptor-containing neurons attenuates cocaine seeking selectively in male rats in part by reversing synaptic plasticity deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClinically, deep brain stimulation (DBS) utilizes relatively high frequencies (>100 Hz). In preclinical models, 160 Hz stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in rodents prevents relapse of drug seeking. However, the ability of varied frequencies of accumbens DBS to attenuate drug seeking, and the neuronal subtype specificity of this effect, is unclear.

MethodsThe present study examined the effect of DBS in the nucleus accumbens on neuronal plasticity and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking behavior in rats.

ResultsElectrical DBS of the accumbens shell attenuated cocaine primed reinstatement across a range of frequencies in male rats, including as low as 12 Hz. The majority of nucleus accumbens neurons are medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which can be differentiated in terms of projections and effects on cocaine-related behaviors by expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1DRs) or D2DRs. In slice electrophysiology experiments, 12 Hz electrical stimulation evoked long term potentiation (LTP) in eYFP labeled D1DR-MSNs and D2DR-MSNs from cocaine naive male and female rats. However, in rats that self-administered cocaine and underwent extinction training, a paradigm identical to our reinstatement experiments, electrical DBS only elicited LTP in D2DR-MSNs from male rats; this effect was replicated by optical stimulation in rats expressing Cre-dependent ChR2 in D2DR-MSNs. Low-frequency optogenetic-DBS in D1DR-containing or D2DR-containing neurons attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in male but not female rats.

ConclusionsThese results suggest that administering DBS in the nucleus accumbens shell at lower frequencies effectively, but sex-specifically, suppresses cocaine craving, perhaps in part by reversing synaptic plasticity deficits selectively in D2DR-MSNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swinford-Jackson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knouse, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankame, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worobey, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.524956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low frequency optogenetic deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 or D2 receptor-containing neurons attenuates cocaine seeking selectively in male rats in part by reversing synaptic plasticity deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often display atypical learning styles, however little is known regarding learning-related brain plasticity and its relation to clinical phenotypic features. Here, we investigate cognitive learning and neural plasticity using functional brain imaging and a novel numerical problem-solving training protocol. Children with ASD showed comparable learning relative to typically developing children but were less likely to shift from rule-based to memory-based strategy. Critically, while learning gains in typically developing children were associated with greater plasticity of neural representations in the medial temporal lobe and intraparietal sulcus, learning in children with ASD was associated with more stable neural representations. Crucially, the relation between learning and plasticity of neural representations was moderated by insistence on sameness, a core phenotypic feature of ASD. Our study uncovers atypical cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying learning in children with ASD, and informs pedagogical strategies for nurturing cognitive abilities in childhood autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg-Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species transcriptomic analysis identifies mitochondrial dysregulation as a functional consequence of the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in the genetics of schizophrenia (SCZ) have identified rare variants that confer high disease risk, including a 1.6 Mb deletion at chromosome 3q29 with a staggeringly large effect size (O.R. > 40). Understanding the impact of the 3q29 deletion (3q29Del) on the developing CNS may therefore lead to insights about the pathobiology of schizophrenia. To gain clues about the molecular and cellular perturbations caused by the 3q29 deletion, we interrogated transcriptomic effects in two experimental model systems with complementary advantages: isogenic human forebrain cortical organoids and isocortex from the 3q29Del mouse model. We first created isogenic lines by engineering the full 3q29Del into an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a neurotypical individual. We profiled transcriptomes from isogenic cortical organoids that were aged for 2 months and 12 months, as well as day p7 perinatal mouse isocortex, all at single cell resolution. Differential expression analysis by genotype in each cell-type cluster revealed that more than half of the differentially expressed genes identified in mouse cortex were also differentially expressed in human cortical organoids, and strong correlations were observed in mouse-human differential gene expression across most major cell-types. We systematically filtered differentially expressed genes to identify changes occurring in both model systems. Pathway analysis on this filtered gene set implicated dysregulation of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, although the direction of the effect was dependent on developmental timepoint. Transcriptomic changes were validated at the protein level by analysis of oxidative phosphorylation protein complexes in mouse brain tissue. Assays of mitochondrial function in human heterologous cells further confirmed robust mitochondrial dysregulation in 3q29Del cells, and these effects are partially recapitulated by ablation of the 3q29Del gene PAK2. Taken together these data indicate that metabolic disruption is associated with 3q29Del and is conserved across species. These results converge with data from other rare SCZ-associated variants as well as idiopathic schizophrenia, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a significant but overlooked contributing factor to the development of psychotic disorders. This cross-species scRNA-seq analysis of the SCZ-associated 3q29 deletion reveals that this copy number variant may produce early and persistent changes in cellular metabolism that are relevant to human neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Purcell, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt-Garza, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEachin, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilahun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassell, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species transcriptomic analysis identifies mitochondrial dysregulation as a functional consequence of the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive survey of coronaviral main protease active site diversity in 3D: Identifying and analyzing drug discovery targets in search of broad specificity inhibitors for the next coronavirus pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the rapid development of therapeutic responses to combat SARS-CoV-2 represents a great human achievement, it also demonstrates untapped potential for advanced pandemic preparedness. Cross-species efficacy against multiple human coronaviruses by the main protease (MPro) inhibitor nirmatrelvir raises the question of its breadth of inhibition and our preparedness against future coronaviral threats. Herein, we describe sequence and structural analyses of 346 unique MPro enzymes from all coronaviruses represented in the NCBI Virus database. Cognate substrates of these representative proteases were inferred from their polyprotein sequences. We clustered MPro sequences based on sequence identity and AlphaFold2-predicted structures, showing approximate correspondence with known viral subspecies. Predicted structures of five representative MPros bound to their inferred cognate substrates showed high conservation in protease:substrate interaction modes, with some notable differences. Yeast-based proteolysis assays of the five representatives were able to confirm activity of three on inferred cognate substrates, and demonstrated that of the three, only one was effectively inhibited by nirmatrelvir. Our findings suggest that comprehensive preparedness against future potential coronaviral threats will require continued inhibitor development. Our methods may be applied to candidate coronaviral MPro inhibitors to evaluate in advance the breadth of their inhibition and identify target coronaviruses potentially meriting advanced development of alternative countermeasures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinusen, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zardecki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacorn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balogun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaton, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakeer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive survey of coronaviral main protease active site diversity in 3D: Identifying and analyzing drug discovery targets in search of broad specificity inhibitors for the next coronavirus pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical contacts between sparse biofilms promote plasmid transfer and generate functional novelty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The horizontal transfer of plasmids is an important driver of microbial evolution, such as conferring antibiotic resistance (AR) to new genotypes. In biofilms, the abundance of cell-cell contacts promotes the frequent transfer of plasmids and their associated genes. In this study, we expand our knowledge about AR-encoding plasmids by investigating their transfer between discrete biofilms as the biofilms grow and physically collide with each other. Using an experimental system consisting of two fluorescently labelled Pseudomonas stutzeri strains and an Escherichia coli strain, we show that biofilm collisions promote plasmid transfer along the collision boundaries. The extent of plasmid transfer depends on the plasmid loss probability, the plasmid transfer probability, and the relative growth rates of plasmid-free and plasmid-carrying cells. We further show that the proliferation of plasmids after biofilm collision depends on the spatial positionings of plasmid-carrying cells along the collision boundary, thus establishing a link between the large-scale spatial distribution of discrete biofilms and the small-scale spatial arrangement of cells within individual biofilms. Our study reveals that plasmid transfer during biofilm collisions is determined by spatial factors operating at different organizational levels and length scales, expanding our understanding of the fate of plasmid-encoded traits in microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramoneda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angst, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical contacts between sparse biofilms promote plasmid transfer and generate functional novelty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging Architecture of Granulomas Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections with Single-Molecule FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Granulomas are an important hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. They are organized and dynamic structures created by an assembly of immune cells around the sites of infection in the lungs to locally restrict the bacterial growth and the hosts inflammatory responses. The cellular architecture of granulomas is traditionally studied by immunofluorescence labeling of phenotypic surface markers. However, very few antibodies are available for model animals used in tuberculosis research, such as non-human primates and rabbits; secreted immunological markers such as cytokines cannot be imaged in situ using antibodies; and traditional phenotypic surface markers do not provide sufficient resolution for the detection of many subtypes and differentiation states of immune cells. Using single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) and its derivatives, amplified smFISH (ampFISH) and iterative smFISH, we developed a platform for imaging mRNAs encoding immune markers in rabbit and macaque tuberculosis granulomas. Multiplexed imaging for several mRNA and protein markers was followed by quantitative measurement of expression of these markers in single cells in situ. A quantitative analysis of combinatorial expressions of these markers allowed us to classify the cells into several subtypes and chart their distributions within granulomas. For one mRNA target, HIF-1, we were able to image its mRNA and protein in the same cells, demonstrating the specificity of probes. This method paves the way for defining granular differentiation states and cell subtypes from transcriptomic data, identifying key mRNA markers for these cell subtypes, and then locating the cells in the spatial context of granulomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolloli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging Architecture of Granulomas Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections with Single-Molecule FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Aurora B pools at the inner centromere and kinetochore have different contributions to meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper chromosome segregation depends on establishment of bioriented kinetochore-microtubule attachments, which often requires multiple rounds of release and reattachment. Aurora B and C kinases phosphorylate kinetochore proteins to release tensionless attachments. Multiple pathways recruit Aurora B/C to the centromere and kinetochore. We studied how these pathways contribute to anaphase onset timing and correction of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in budding yeast meiosis and mitosis. We find that the pool localized by the Bub1/Bub3 pathway sets the normal duration of meiosis and mitosis, in differing ways. Our meiosis data suggests that disruption of this pathway leads to PP1 kinetochore localization, which dephosphorylates Cdc20 for premature anaphase onset. For error correction, the Bub1/Bub3 and COMA pathways are individually important in meiosis but compensatory in mitosis. Finally, we find that the haspin and Bub1/3 pathways function together to ensure error correction in mouse oogenesis. Our results suggest that each recruitment pathway localizes spatially distinct kinetochore-localized Aurora B/C pools that function differently between meiosis and mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cairo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiwe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Aurora B pools at the inner centromere and kinetochore have different contributions to meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine designed for manufacturability results in unexpected potency and non-waning humoral response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid development of several highly efficacious SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was an unprecedented scientific achievement that saved millions of lives. However, now that SARS-CoV-2 is transitioning to the endemic stage, there exists an unmet need for new vaccines that provide durable immunity, protection against variants, and can be more easily manufactured and distributed. Here we describe a novel protein component vaccine candidate, MT-001, based on a fragment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that encompasses the receptor binding domain (RBD). Mice and hamsters immunized with a prime-boost regimen of MT-001 demonstrated extremely high anti-spike IgG titers, and remarkably this humoral response did not appreciably wane for up to 12 months following vaccination. Further, virus neutralization titers, including titers against variants such as Delta and Omicron BA.1, remained high without the requirement for subsequent boosting. MT-001 was designed for manufacturability and ease of distribution, and we demonstrate that these attributes are not inconsistent with a highly immunogenic vaccine that confers durable and broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. These properties suggest MT-001 could be a valuable new addition to the toolbox of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and other interventions to prevent infection and curtail additional morbidity and mortality from the ongoing worldwide pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SantAngelo, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine designed for manufacturability results in unexpected potency and non-waning humoral response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of microsatellite markers for the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor tested on samples from Europe or the United States of America. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsatellite primers are a valuable tool to use for both observational and experimental studies in numerous taxa. Here, we develop 18 and 16 microsatellite markers for the widespread duckweeds Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, respectively. All 18 L. minor primers and 12 of the 16 S. polyrhiza primers amplified polymorphic loci when tested on samples from Europe or Western Pennsylvania, USA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerestetter, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zallek, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobble, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of microsatellite markers for the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor tested on samples from Europe or the United States of America.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking genotypic and phenotypic changes in the LTEE using metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Changes in an organisms environment, genome, or gene expression patterns can lead to changes in its metabolism. The metabolic phenotype can be under selection and contributes to adaptation. However, the networked and convoluted nature of an organisms metabolism makes relating mutations, metabolic changes, and effects on fitness challenging. To overcome this challenge, we use the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE) with E. coli as a model to understand how mutations can eventually affect metabolism and perhaps fitness. We used mass-spectrometry to broadly survey the metabolomes of the ancestral strains and all 12 evolved lines. We combined this metabolic data with mutation and expression data to suggest how mutations that alter specific reaction pathways, such as the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, might increase fitness in the system. Our work provides a better understanding of how mutations might affect fitness through the metabolic changes in the LTEE and thus provides a major step in developing a complete genotype-phenotype map for this experimental system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favate, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking genotypic and phenotypic changes in the LTEE using metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Microcapsules for Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biomanufacturing in a Vertical-Wheel Bioreactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microencapsulation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) via electrospraying has been well documented in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Herein, we report the use of microencapsulation, via electrospraying, for MSC expansion using a commercially available hydrogel that is durable, optimized to MSC culture, and enzymatically degradable for cell recovery. Critical parameters of the electrospraying encapsulation process such as seeding density, correlation of microcapsule output with hydrogel volume, and applied voltage were characterized to consistently fabricate cell-laden microcapsules of uniform size. Upon encapsulation, we then verified [~] 10x expansion of encapsulated MSCs within a vertical-wheel bioreactor and the preservation of critical quality attributes such as immunophenotype and multipotency after expansion and cell recovery. Finally, we highlight the genetic manipulation of encapsulated MSCs as an example of incorporating bioactive agents in the capsule material to create new compositions of MSCs with altered phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teryek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bento, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Microcapsules for Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biomanufacturing in a Vertical-Wheel Bioreactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction and Design of Protease Enzyme Specificity Using a Structure-Aware Graph Convolutional Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Site-specific proteolysis by the enzymatic cleavage of small linear sequence motifs is a key post-translational modification involved in physiology and disease. The ability to robustly and rapidly predict protease substrate specificity would also enable targeted proteolytic cleavage - editing - of a target protein by designed proteases. Current methods for predicting protease specificity are limited to sequence pattern recognition in experimentally-derived cleavage data obtained for libraries of potential substrates and generated separately for each protease variant. We reasoned that a more semantically rich and robust model of protease specificity could be developed by incorporating the three-dimensional structure and energetics of molecular interactions between protease and substrates into machine learning workflows. We present Protein Graph Convolutional Network (PGCN), which develops a physically-grounded, structure-based molecular interaction graph representation that describes molecular topology and interaction energetics to predict enzyme specificity. We show that PGCN accurately predicts the specificity landscapes of several variants of two model proteases: the NS3/4 protease from the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) proteases. Node and edge ablation tests identified key graph elements for specificity prediction, some of which are consistent with known biochemical constraints for protease:substrate recognition. We used a pre-trained PGCN model to guide the design of TEV protease libraries for cleaving two non-canonical substrates, and found good agreement with experimental cleavage results. Importantly, the model can accurately assess designs featuring diversity at positions not present in the training data. The described methodology should enable the structure-based prediction of specificity landscapes of a wide variety of proteases and the construction of tailor-made protease editors for site-selectively and irreversibly modifying chosen target proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stentz, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction and Design of Protease Enzyme Specificity Using a Structure-Aware Graph Convolutional Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examines the intersectional role of citizenship and gender with career self-efficacy amongst 10,803 doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in US universities. These biomedical trainees completed surveys administered by 17 US institutions that participated in the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) Programs. Findings indicate that career self-efficacy of non-citizen trainees is significantly lower than that of US citizen trainees. While lower career efficacy was observed in women compared with men, it was even lower for non-citizen female trainees. Results suggest that specific career interests may be related to career self-efficacy. Relative to US citizen trainees, both male and female non-citizen trainees showed higher interest in pursuing a career as an academic research investigator. In comparison with non-citizen female trainees and citizen trainees of all genders, non-citizen male trainees expressed the highest interest in research-intensive (and especially principal investigator) careers. The authors discuss potential causes for these results and offer recommendations for increasing trainee career self-efficacy which can be incorporated into graduate and postdoctoral training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.526477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary changes in germ granule mRNA content are driven by multiple mechanisms in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The co-packaging of mRNAs into biomolecular condensates called germ granules is a conserved strategy to post-transcriptionally regulate mRNAs that function in germline development and maintenance. In D. melanogaster, mRNAs accumulate in germ granules by forming homotypic clusters, aggregates that contain multiple transcripts from a specific gene. Nucleated by Oskar (Osk), homotypic clusters in D. melanogaster are generated through a stochastic seeding and self-recruitment process that requires the 3 UTR of germ granule mRNAs. Interestingly, the 3 UTR belonging to germ granule mRNAs, such as nanos (nos), have considerable sequence variations among Drosophila species. Thus, we hypothesized that evolutionary changes in the 3 UTR influences germ granule development. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the homotypic clustering of nos and polar granule component (pgc) in four Drosophila species and concluded that homotypic clustering is a conserved developmental process used to enrich germ granule mRNAs. Additionally, we discovered that the number of transcripts found in nos and/or pgc clusters could vary significantly among species. By integrating biological data with computational modeling, we determined that multiple mechanisms underlie naturally occurring germ granule diversity, including changes in nos, pgc, osk levels, and/or homotypic clustering efficacy. Finally, we found that the nos 3 UTR from different species can alter the efficacy of nos homotypic clustering, resulting in germ granules with reduced nos accumulation. Our findings highlight the impact that evolution has on the development of germ granules and may provide insight into processes that modify the content of other classes of biomolecular condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doyle, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burian, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinder, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzel, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nifras, G. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabazz-Henry, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich Palma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sottolano, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepielko, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary changes in germ granule mRNA content are driven by multiple mechanisms in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α acts downstream of LRK-1/LRRK2 to regulate polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through clathrin adaptor protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are thought to travel in heterogeneous carriers dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. In C. elegans neurons, we found that some SVps are transported along with lysosomal proteins by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 are critical for the separation of lysosomal proteins from SVp transport carriers. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins are independent of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays a key role in ensuring UNC-104-dependent transport of SVps. Additionally, LRK-1 likely acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates the membrane localization of AP-3. The action of AP-3 is necessary for the active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin- to facilitate the transport of SVp carriers. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, SYD-2/Liprin- acts with UNC-104 to instead facilitate the transport of SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. We propose that SYD-2 acts in concert with both the AP-1 and AP-3 complexes to ensure polarized trafficking of SVps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadiminti, S. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnakaran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swords, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koushika, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α acts downstream of LRK-1/LRRK2 to regulate polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through clathrin adaptor protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic influences vary by age and sex: Trajectories of the association of cholinergic system variants and theta band event related oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To characterize systemic changes in genetic effects on brain development, the age variation of the associations of cholinergic genetic variants and theta band event-related oscillations (EROs) was studied in a sample of 2140 adolescents and young adults, ages 12 to 25 from the COGA prospective study. The theta band EROs were elicited in visual and auditory oddball (target detection) tasks and measured by EEG recording. Associations were found to vary with age, sex, task modality (auditory or visual), and scalp locality. Seven of the twenty-one muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic SNPs studied in the analysis, from CHRM2, CHRNA3, CHRNA5, and CHRNB4, had significant effects on theta band EROs with considerable age spans for some sex-modality combination. No SNP-age-modality combination had significant effects in the same direction for males and females. Results suggest that nicotinic receptor associations are stronger before age 18, while muscarinic receptor associations are stronger after age 18.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plawecki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic influences vary by age and sex: Trajectories of the association of cholinergic system variants and theta band event related oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conserved Requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in Neuronal Autolysosome Reformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autolysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain proteostasis and cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Cell biological studies have linked the DNA-J domain Hsc70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 to endosomal coat protein regulation, while human genetics studies have linked RME-8/DNAJC13 to neurological disease, including Parkinsonism and Essential Tremor. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on C. elegans mechanosensory neurons in the intact animal, and in primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. We find that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including bec-1/beclin and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate type-III PI3-kinase VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a conserved but previously unrecognized role in autolysosome reformation, likely affecting ALR tubule initiation and/or severing. Additionally, in both systems, we found that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 appeared to reduce autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swords, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conserved Requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in Neuronal Autolysosome Reformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel buffering mechanisms in aortic arch artery development and congenital heart disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThe resiliency of embryonic development to genetic and environmental perturbations has been long appreciated; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the robustness of developmental processes. Aberrations resulting in neonatal lethality are exemplified by congenital heart disease (CHD) arising from defective morphogenesis of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAA) and their derivatives.

ObjectiveTo uncover mechanisms underlying the robustness of PAA morphogenesis.

Methods and ResultsThe second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the PAA endothelium. Here, we show that the number of SHF-derived ECs is regulated by VEGFR2 and Tbx1. Remarkably, when SHF-derived EC number is decreased, PAA development can be rescued by the compensatory endothelium. Blocking such compensatory response leads to embryonic demise. To determine the source of compensating ECs and mechanisms regulating their recruitment, we investigated three-dimensional EC connectivity, EC fate, and gene expression. Our studies demonstrate that the expression of VEGFR2 by the SHF is required for the differentiation of SHF-derived cells into PAA ECs. The deletion of one VEGFR2 allele (VEGFR2SHF-HET) reduces SHF contribution to the PAA endothelium, while the deletion of both alleles (VEGFR2SHF-KO) abolishes it. The decrease in SHF-derived ECs in VEGFR2SHF-HET and VEGFR2SHF-KO embryos is complemented by the recruitment of ECs from the nearby veins. Compensatory ECs contribute to PAA derivatives, giving rise to the endothelium of the aortic arch and the ductus in VEGFR2SHF-KO mutants. Blocking the compensatory response in VEGFR2SHF-KO mutants results in embryonic lethality shortly after mid-gestation. The compensatory ECs are absent in Tbx1+/- embryos, a model for 22q11 deletion syndrome, leading to unpredictable arch artery morphogenesis and CHD. Tbx1 regulates the recruitment of the compensatory endothelium in an SHF-non-cell-autonomous manner.

ConclusionsOur studies uncover a novel buffering mechanism underlying the resiliency of PAA development and remodeling.

Nonstandard Abbreviations and Acronyms in Alphabetical OrderCHD - congenital heart disease; ECs - endothelial cells; IAA-B - interrupted aortic arch type B; PAA - pharyngeal arch arteries; RERSA - retro-esophageal right subclavian artery; SHF - second heart field; VEGFR2 - Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhardt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel buffering mechanisms in aortic arch artery development and congenital heart disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the molecular language of protein liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between an amino acid sequence and its phase separation has important implications for analyzing cellular function, treating disease, and designing novel biomaterials. Several sequence features have been identified as drivers for protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), leading to the development of a "molecular grammar" for LLPS. In this work, we further probed how sequence modulates phase separation and the material properties of the resulting condensates. Specifically, we used a model intrinsically disordered polypeptide composed of an 8-residue repeat unit and performed systematic sequence manipulations targeting sequence features previously overlooked in the literature. We generated sequences with no charged residues, high net charge, no glycine residues, or devoid of aromatic or arginine residues. We report that all but one of the twelve variants we designed undergo LLPS, albeit to different extents, despite significant differences in composition. These results support the hypothesis that multiple interactions between diverse residue pairs work in tandem to drive phase separation. Molecular simulations paint a picture of underlying molecular details involving various atomic interactions mediated by not just a handful of residue types, but by most residues. We characterized the changes to inter-residue contacts in all the sequence variants, thereby developing a more complete understanding of the contributions of sequence features such as net charge, hydrophobicity, and aromaticity to phase separation. Further, we find that all condensates formed behave like viscous fluids, despite large differences in their viscosities. The results presented in this study significantly advance the current sequence-phase behavior and sequence-material properties relationships to help interpret, model, and design protein assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rekhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizuan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the molecular language of protein liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature selection followed by a residuals-based normalization simplifies and improves single-cell gene expression analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normalization is a crucial step in the analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) counts data. Its principal objectives are to reduce the systematic biases primarily introduced through technical sources and to transform the data to make it more amenable for application of established statistical frameworks. In the standard workflows, normalization is followed by feature selection to identify highly variable genes (HVGs) that capture most of the biologically meaningful variation across the cells. Here, we make the case for a revised workflow by proposing a simple feature selection method and showing that we can perform feature selection before normalization by relying on observed counts. We highlight that the feature selection step can be used to not only select HVGs but to also identify stable genes. We further propose a novel variance stabilization transformation inclusive residuals-based normalization method that in fact relies on the stable genes to inform the reduction of systematic biases. We demonstrate significant improvements in downstream clustering analyses through the application of our proposed methods on biological truth-known as well as simulated counts datasets. We have implemented this novel workflow for analyzing high-throughput scRNA-seq data in an R package called Piccolo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature selection followed by a residuals-based normalization simplifies and improves single-cell gene expression analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Requirement of GrgA for Chlamydia infectious progeny production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.531986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hallmarks of the developmental cycle of the obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium Chlamydia are the primary differentiation of the infectious elementary body (EB) cell type into the proliferative reticulate body (RB) and the secondary differentiation of RBs back into EBs. The detailed mechanisms regulating these transitions are unclear. In this study, we developed a novel strategy termed DOPE (dependence on plasmid-mediated expression) that allows for the knockdown of essential genes in Chlamydia. Importantly, we demonstrate that GrgA, a Chlamydia-specific transcription factor, is essential for the secondary differentiation of RBs into EBs. Our development of a conditional GrgA-deficient chlamydiae should prove valuable for future studies examining chlamydial growth, development, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, because EB formation is absolutely required for chlamydial dissemination within infected individuals, and for chlamydial transmission to new hosts, our maturation-defective chlamydiae system may serve as an attractive attenuated vaccine methodology for the prevention of chlamydial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurihan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Requirement of GrgA for Chlamydia infectious progeny production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through infection and lysis of their coexisting bacterial hosts, viruses impact the biogeochemical cycles sustaining globally significant pelagic oceanic ecosystems. Currently, little is known of the ecological interactions between lytic viruses and their bacterial hosts underlying these biogeochemical impacts at ecosystem scales. This study focused on populations of lytic viruses carrying the B12- dependent Class II monomeric ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) gene, ribonucleotide triphosphate reductase (RTPR), documenting seasonal changes in pelagic virioplankton and bacterioplankton using amplicon sequences of RTPR and the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Amplicon sequence libraries were analyzed using compositional data analysis tools that account for the compositional nature of these data. Both virio- and bacterioplankton communities responded to environmental changes typically seen across seasonal cycles as well as shorter term upwelling-downwelling events. Defining RTPR-carrying viral populations according to major phylogenetic clades proved a more robust means of exploring virioplankton ecology than operational taxonomic units defined by percent sequence homology. Virioplankton RTPR populations showed positive associations with a broad phylogenetic diversity of bacterioplankton including dominant taxa within pelagic oceanic ecosystems such as Prochlorococcus and SAR11. Temporal changes in RTPR-virioplankton, occurring as both free viruses and within infected cells, indicated possible viral-host pairs undergoing sustained infection and lysis cycles throughout the seasonal study. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from RTPR sequences mirrored ecological patterns in virio- and bacterioplankton populations demonstrating possible genome to phenome associations for an essential viral replication gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piedade, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidle, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissimov, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dums, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wommack, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B12-dependent virioplankton demonstrate interseasonal dynamics and associate with a diversity of pelagic bacterioplankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMAD4: A Critical Regulator of Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate and Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) are precursor vessels which remodel into the aortic arch arteries (AAAs) during embryonic cardiovascular development. Cardiac neural crest cells (NCs) populate the PAAs and differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), which is critical for successful PAA-to-AAA remodeling. SMAD4, the central mediator of canonical TGF{beta} signaling, has been implicated in NC-to-vSMC differentiation; however, its distinct roles in vSMC differentiation and NC survival are unclear.

ResultsHere, we investigated the role of SMAD4 in cardiac NC differentiation to vSMCs using lineage-specific inducible mouse strains in an attempt to avoid early embryonic lethality and NC cell death. We found that with global SMAD4 loss, its role in smooth muscle differentiation could be uncoupled from its role in the survival of the cardiac NC in vivo. Moreover, we found that SMAD4 may regulate the induction of fibronectin, a known mediator of NC-to-vSMC differentiation. Finally, we found that SMAD4 is required in NCs cell-autonomously for NC-to-vSMC differentiation and for NC contribution to and persistence in the pharyngeal arch mesenchyme.

ConclusionsOverall, this study demonstrates the critical role of SMAD4 in the survival of cardiac NCs, their differentiation to vSMCs, and their contribution to the developing pharyngeal arches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMAD4: A Critical Regulator of Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate and Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfactory receptor (OR) choice represents an example of genetically hardwired stochasticity, where every olfactory neuron expresses one out of [~]2000 OR alleles in a probabilistic, yet stereotypic fashion. Here, we propose that topographic restrictions in OR expression are established in neuronal progenitors by two opposing forces: polygenic transcription and genomic silencing, both of which are influenced by dorsoventral gradients of transcription factors NFIA, B, and X. Polygenic transcription of OR genes may define spatially constrained OR repertoires, among which one OR allele is selected for singular expression later in development. Heterochromatin assembly and genomic compartmentalization of OR alleles also vary across the axes of the olfactory epithelium and may preferentially eliminate ectopically expressed ORs with more dorsal expression destinations from this "privileged" repertoire. Our experiments identify early transcription as a potential "epigenetic" contributor to future developmental patterning and reveal how two spatially responsive probabilistic processes may act in concert to establish deterministic, precise, and reproducible territories of stochastic gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashkirova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimpert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmorady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shykind, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronostajski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing, spatially-determined epigenetic forces impose restrictions on stochastic olfactory receptor choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predatory Bacteria can Reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Corneal Perforation and Proliferation in a Rabbit Keratitis Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is a severe ocular infection that can lead to perforation of the cornea. In this study we evaluated the role of bacterial quorum sensing in generating corneal perforation and bacterial proliferation and tested whether co-injection of the predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus could alter the clinical outcome. P. aeruginosa with lasR mutations were observed among keratitis isolates from a study collecting samples from India, so an isogenic lasR mutant strain of P. aeruginosa was included.

MethodsRabbit corneas were intracorneally infected with P. aeruginosa strain PA14 or an isogenic {Delta}lasR mutant and co-injected with PBS or B. bacteriovorus. After 24 h, eyes were evaluated for clinical signs of infection. Samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, optical coherence tomography, sectioned for histology, and corneas were homogenized for CFU enumeration and for inflammatory cytokines.

ResultsWe observed that 54% of corneas infected by wild-type PA14 presented with a corneal perforation (n=24), whereas only 4% of PA14 infected corneas that were co-infected with B. bacteriovorus perforate (n=25). Wild-type P. aeruginosa proliferation was reduced 7-fold in the predatory bacteria treated eyes. The {Delta}lasR mutant was less able to proliferate compared to the wild-type, but was largely unaffected by B. bacteriovorus.

ConclusionThese studies indicate a role for bacterial quorum sensing in the ability of P. aeruginosa to proliferate and cause perforation of the rabbit cornea. Additionally, this study suggests that predatory bacteria can reduce the virulence of P. aeruginosa in an ocular prophylaxis model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romanowski, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazile, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadouri, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanks, R. M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predatory Bacteria can Reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Corneal Perforation and Proliferation in a Rabbit Keratitis Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guidelines for Evaluating the Comparability of Down-Sampled GWAS Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proprietary genetic datasets are valuable for boosting the statistical power of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), but their use can restrict investigators from publicly sharing the resulting summary statistics. Although researchers can resort to sharing down-sampled versions that exclude restricted data, down-sampling reduces power and might change the genetic etiology of the phenotype being studied. These problems are further complicated when using multivariate GWAS methods, such as genomic structural equation modeling (Genomic SEM), that model genetic correlations across multiple traits. Here, we propose a systematic approach to assess the comparability of GWAS summary statistics that include versus exclude restricted data. Illustrating this approach with a multivariate GWAS of an externalizing factor, we assessed the impact of down-sampling on (1) the strength of the genetic signal in univariate GWASs, (2) the factor loadings and model fit in multivariate Genomic SEM, (3) the strength of the genetic signal at the factor level, (4) insights from gene-property analyses, (5) the pattern of genetic correlations with other traits, and (6) polygenic score analyses in independent samples. For the externalizing GWAS, down-sampling resulted in a loss of genetic signal and fewer genome-wide significant loci, while the factor loadings and model fit, gene-property analyses, genetic correlations, and polygenic score analyses are robust. Given the importance of data sharing for the advancement of open science, we recommend that investigators who share down-sampled summary statistics report these analyses as accompanying documentation to support other researchers use of the summary statistics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanksley, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne-Krak, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londono-Correa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linner, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guidelines for Evaluating the Comparability of Down-Sampled GWAS Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upregulated GIRK2 counteracts ethanol-induced changes in excitability and respiration in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of electroencephalographic endophenotypes for alcohol use disorder (AUD) has identified non-coding polymorphisms within the KCNJ6 gene. KCNJ6 encodes GIRK2, a subunit of a G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel that regulates neuronal excitability. How changes in GIRK2 affect human neuronal excitability and the response to repeated ethanol exposure is poorly understood. Here, we studied the effect of upregulating KCNJ6 using an isogenic approach with human glutamatergic neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (male and female donors). Using multi-electrode-arrays, population calcium imaging, single-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, and mitochondrial stress tests, we find that elevated GIRK2 acts in concert with 7-21 days of ethanol exposure to inhibit neuronal activity, to counteract ethanol-induced increases in glutamate response, and to promote an increase intrinsic excitability. Furthermore, elevated GIRK2 prevented ethanol-dependent changes in basal and activity-dependent mitochondrial respiration. These data support a role for GIRK2 in mitigating the effects of ethanol and a previously unknown connection to mitochondrial function in human glutamatergic neurons.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major health problem that has worsened since COVID, affecting over 100 million people worldwide. While it is known that heritability contributes to AUD, specific genes and their role in neuronal function remain poorly understood, especially in humans. In the current manuscript, we focused on the inwardly-rectifying potassium channel GIRK2, which has been identified in an AUD-endophenotype genome-wide association study. We used human excitatory neurons derived from healthy donors to study the impact of GIRK2 expression. Our results reveal that elevated GIRK2 counteracts ethanol-induced increases in glutamate response and intracellular calcium, as well as deficits in activity-dependent mitochondrial respiration. The role of GIRK2 in mitigating ethanol-induced hyper-glutamatergic and mitochondrial offers therapeutic promise for treating AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prytkova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro-Ros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamarajan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorlian, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upregulated GIRK2 counteracts ethanol-induced changes in excitability and respiration in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total RNA sequencing reveals gene expression and microbial alterations shared by oral pre-malignant lesions and cancer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Head and neck cancers are a complex malignancy comprising multiple anatomical sites, with cancer of the oral cavity ranking among the deadliest and most disfiguring cancers globally. Oral cancer (OC) constitutes a subset of head and neck cancer cases, presenting primarily as tobacco-and alcohol-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with a 5-year survival rate of [~]65%, partly due to the lack of early detection and effective treatments. OSCC arises from premalignant lesions (PMLs) in the oral cavity through a multi-step series of clinical and histopathological stages, including varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with the progression of PMLs to OSCC, we profiled the whole transcriptome of 66 human PMLs comprising leukoplakia with dysplasia and hyperkeratosis non-reactive (HkNR) pathologies, alongside healthy controls and OSCC. Our data revealed that PMLs were enriched in gene signatures associated with cellular plasticity, such as partial EMT (p-EMT) phenotypes, and with immune response. Integrated analyses of the host transcriptome and microbiome further highlighted a significant association between differential microbial abundance and PML pathway activity, suggesting a contribution of the oral microbiome towards PML evolution to OSCC. Collectively, this study reveals molecular processes associated with PML progression that may help early diagnosis and disease interception at an early stage.

AUTHOR SUMMARYPatients harboring oral premalignant lesions (PMLs) have an increased risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the underlying mechanisms driving transformation of PMLs to OSCC remain poorly understood. In this study, Khan et al., analyzed a newly generated dataset of gene expression and microbial profiles of oral tissues from patients diagnosed with PMLs from differing histopathological groups, including hyperkeratosis not reactive (HkNR) and dysplasia, comparing these profiles with OSCC and normal oral mucosa. Significant similarities between PMLs and OSCC were observed, with PMLs manifesting several cancer hallmarks, including oncogenic and immune pathways. The study also demonstrates associations between the abundance of multiple microbial species and PML groups, suggesting a potential contribution of the oral microbiome to the early stages of OSCC development. The study offers insights into the nature of the molecular, cellular and microbial heterogeneity of oral PMLs and suggests that molecular and clinical refinement of PMLs may provide opportunities for early disease detection and interception.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frustino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varelas, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukuruzinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total RNA sequencing reveals gene expression and microbial alterations shared by oral pre-malignant lesions and cancer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive genome reduction occurred prior to the origin of coral algal symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates in the Family Symbiodiniaceae (Order Suessiales) are diverse, predominantly symbiotic lineages that associate with taxa such as corals and jellyfish. Their ancestor is believed to have been free-living, and the establishment of symbiosis (i.e., symbiogenesis) is hypothesised to have occurred multiple times during Symbiodiniaceae evolution. Among Symbiodiniaceae taxa, the genus Effrenium is an early diverging, free-living lineage that is phylogenetically positioned between two robustly supported groups of genera within which symbiotic taxa have emerged. The lack of symbiogenesis in Effrenium suggests that the ancestral features of Symbiodiniaceae may have been retained in this lineage. Here we present de novo assembled genomes and associated transcriptome data from three isolates of Effrenium voratum. We compared the Effrenium genomes (1.2-1.9 Gbp in size) and gene features with those of 16 Symbiodiniaceae taxa and other outgroup dinoflagellates. Surprisingly, we find that genome reduction, which is often associated with a symbiotic lifestyle, predates the origin of Symbiodiniaceae. We postulate that adaptation to an extreme habitat (e.g., as in Polarella glacialis) or life in oligotrophic conditions resulted in the Suessiales ancestor having a haploid genome size < 2Gbp, which was retained (or reduced) among all extant algae in this lineage. Nonetheless, our data reveal that the free-living lifestyle distinguishes Effrenium from symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae vis-a-vis their longer introns, more-extensive mRNA editing, fewer ([~]30%) lineage-specific gene families, and lower ([~]10%) level of pseudogenisation. These results demonstrate how genome reduction and the adaptation to symbiotic versus free-living lifestyles intersect, and have driven the diversification and genome evolution of Symbiodiniaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortuin, M. D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murigneux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellantuono, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Lanetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive genome reduction occurred prior to the origin of coral algal symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic targeting of ACLY in T-ALL in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematological malignancy in need of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we identify the ATP-citrate lyase ACLY as overexpressed and as a novel therapeutic target in T-ALL. To test the effects of ACLY in leukemia progression, we developed an isogenic model of NOTCH1-induced Acly conditional knockout leukemia. Importantly, we observed intrinsic antileukemic effects upon loss of ACLY, which further synergized with NOTCH1 inhibition in vivo. Metabolomic profiling upon ACLY loss revealed a metabolic crisis with reduced acetyl-CoA levels, as well as a decreased oxygen consumption rate. Gene expression profiling analyses showed that the transcriptional signature of ACLY loss very significantly correlates with the signature of MYC loss in vivo. Mechanistically, the decrease in acetyl-CoA led to reduced H3K27ac levels in Myc, resulting in transcriptional downregulation of Myc and drastically reduced MYC protein levels. Interestingly, our analyses also revealed a reciprocal relationship whereby ACLY itself is a direct transcriptional target of MYC, thus establishing a feedforward loop that is important for leukemia progression. Overall, our results identified a relevant ACLY-MYC axis and unveiled ACLY as a novel promising target for T-ALL treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>da Silva-Diz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancho, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksandrova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandleywala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic targeting of ACLY in T-ALL in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultured Mesenchymal Cells from Nasal Turbinate as a Cellular Model of the Neurodevelopmental Component of Schizophrenia Etiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study of the neurodevelopmental molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia requires the development of adequate biological models such as patient-derived cells and their derivatives. We previously used cell lines with neural progenitor properties (CNON) derived from superior or middle turbinates of patients with schizophrenia and control groups to study gene expression specific to schizophrenia.

In this study, we compared single cell-RNA seq data from two CNON cell lines, one derived from an individual with schizophrenia (SCZ) and the other from a control group, with two biopsy samples from the middle turbinate (MT), also from an individual with SCZ and a control. In addition, we compared our data with previously published data from olfactory neuroepithelium (1). Our data demonstrated that CNON originated from a single cell type which is present both in middle turbinate and olfactory neuroepithelium. CNON express multiple markers of mesenchymal cells. In order to define relatedness of CNON to the developing human brain, we also compared CNON datasets with scRNA-seq data of embryonic brain (2) and found that the expression profile of CNON very closely matched one of the cell types in the embryonic brain. Finally, we evaluated differences between SCZ and control samples to assess usability and potential benefits of using single cell RNA-seq of CNON to study etiology of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tung, V. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boruk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suppa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foronjy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evgrafov, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultured Mesenchymal Cells from Nasal Turbinate as a Cellular Model of the Neurodevelopmental Component of Schizophrenia Etiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraspecies genomic divergence of coral algal symbionts shaped by gene duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates of Order Suessiales include the diverse Family Symbiodiniaceae known for their role as essential coral reef symbionts, and the cold-adapted Polarella glacialis. These taxa inhabit a broad range of ecological niches and exhibit extensive genomic divergence, although their genomes are in the smaller size ranges (haploid size < 3 Gbp) compared to most other dinoflagellates. Different isolates of a species are known to form symbiosis with distinct hosts and exhibit different regimes of gene expression, but intraspecies whole-genome divergence remains little known. Focusing on three Symbiodiniaceae species (the free-living Effrenium voratum, and the symbiotic Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Durusdinium trenchii) and the free-living outgroup P. glacialis, all for which whole-genome data from multiple isolates are available, we assessed intraspecies genomic divergence at sequence and structural levels. Our analysis based on alignment and alignment-free methods revealed greater extent of intraspecies sequence divergence in symbiodiniacean species than in P. glacialis. Our results also reveal the implications of gene duplication in generating functional innovation and diversification of Symbiodiniaceae, particularly in D. trenchii for which whole-genome duplication was involved. Interestingly, tandem duplication of single-exon genes was found to be more prevalent in genomes of free-living species than in those of symbiotic species. These results in combination demonstrate the remarkable intraspecies genomic divergence in dinoflagellates under the constraint of reduced genome sizes, shaped by genetic duplications and symbiogenesis events during diversification of Symbiodiniaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraspecies genomic divergence of coral algal symbionts shaped by gene duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular stiffening in a large animal model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PHT) is a devastating disease with low survival rates. In PHT, chronic pressure overload leads to right ventricle (RV) remodeling and stiffening; thus, impeding diastolic filling and ventricular function. Multiple mechanisms contribute to RV stiffening, including wall thickening, microstructural disorganization, and myocardial stiffening. The relative importance of each mechanism is unclear. Our objective is to use a large animal model as well as imaging, experimental, and computational approaches to untangle these mechanisms.

MethodsWe induced PHT in eight sheep via pulmonary artery banding. After eight weeks, the hearts underwent anatomic and diffusion tensor MRI to characterize wall thickening and microstructural disorganization. Additionally, myocardial samples underwent histological and gene expression analyses to quantify compositional changes and mechanical testing to quantify myocardial stiffening. All findings were compared to 12 control animals. Finally, we used computational modeling to disentangle the relative importance of each stiffening mechanism.

ResultsFirst, we found that the RVs of PHT animals thickened most at the base and the free wall. Additionally, we found that PHT induced excessive collagen synthesis and microstructural disorganization, consistent with increased expression of fibrotic genes. We also found that the myocardium itself stiffened significantly. Importantly, myocardial stiffening correlated significantly with excess collagen synthesis. Finally, our model of normalized RV pressure-volume relationships predicted that myocardial stiffness contributes to RV stiffening significantly more than other mechanisms.

ConclusionsIn summary, we found that PHT induces wall thickening, microstructural disorganization, and myocardial stiffening. These remodeling mechanisms were both spatially and directionally dependent. Using modeling, we show that myocardial stiffness is the primary contributor to RV stiffening. Thus, myocardial stiffening may be an important predictor for PHT progression. Given the significant correlation between myocardial stiffness and collagen synthesis, collagen-sensitive imaging modalities may be useful for non-invasively estimating myocardial stiffness and predicting PHT outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakaletsis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugerman, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luci, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazwiec, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timek, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular stiffening in a large animal model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
METTL3 is essential for small intestinal epithelial proliferation via regulation of growth factor signaling including KRAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial transit amplifying cells are essential stem progenitors required for intestinal homeostasis, but their rapid proliferation renders them vulnerable to DNA damage from radiation and chemotherapy. Despite their critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease, few studies have described genes that are essential to transit amplifying cell function. We report that the RNA methyltransferase, METTL3, is required for survival of transit amplifying cells in the murine small intestine. Transit amplifying cell death after METTL3 deletion was associated with crypt and villus atrophy, loss of absorptive enterocytes, and uniform wasting and death in METTL3-depleted mice. Ribosome profiling and sequencing of methylated RNAs in enteroids and in vivo demonstrated decreased translation of hundreds of unique methylated transcripts after METTL3 deletion, particularly transcripts involved in growth factor signal transduction such as Kras. Further investigation confirmed a novel relationship between METTL3 and Kras methylation and protein levels in vivo. Our study identifies METTL3 as an essential factor supporting the homeostasis of small intestinal tissue via direct maintenance of transit amplifying cell survival. We highlight the crucial role of RNA modifications in regulating growth factor signaling in the intestine, with important implications for both homeostatic tissue renewal and epithelial regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naughton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellapan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettleford, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[METTL3 is essential for small intestinal epithelial proliferation via regulation of growth factor signaling including KRAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reply to Barton et al: signatures of natural selection during the Black Death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barton et al.1 raise several statistical concerns regarding our original analyses2 that highlight the challenge of inferring natural selection using ancient genomic data. We show here that these concerns have limited impact on our original conclusions. Specifically, we recover the same signature of enrichment for high FST values at the immune loci relative to putatively neutral sites after switching the allele frequency estimation method to a maximum likelihood approach, filtering to only consider known human variants, and down-sampling our data to the same mean coverage across sites. Furthermore, using permutations, we show that the rs2549794 variant near ERAP2 continues to emerge as the strongest candidate for selection (p = 1.2x10-5), falling below the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold recommended by Barton et al. Importantly, the evidence for selection on ERAP2 is further supported by functional data demonstrating the impact of the ERAP2 genotype on the immune response to Y. pestis and by epidemiological data from an independent group showing that the putatively selected allele during the Black Death protects against severe respiratory infection in contemporary populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiratori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madej, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redfern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitte, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldsen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varlik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golding, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouillard, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reply to Barton et al: signatures of natural selection during the Black Death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in areas of the northeastern United States infested with the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The northeastern United States is a hot spot for tick-borne diseases. Adding to an already complex vector landscape, in 2017 large populations of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, were detected in New Jersey (NJ) and later found to be widespread from Connecticut to Georgia. In its native range in northeastern Asia, H. longicornis is considered an important vector of deadly pathogens to humans, companion animals, and livestock. To identify the primary hosts of H. longicornis we surveyed synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in three different sites in suburban New Brunswick, NJ. Specifically, we collected approximately 9,000 tick specimens belonging to nine species from 11 different species of mammals sampled between May and September 2021. We found that H. longicornis feeds more frequently on rodents than previously thought, and that this invasive tick is likely exposed to important enzootic and zoonotic pathogens. Overall, we obtained detailed information about the seasonal dynamics and feeding patterns of six tick species common in the northeastern US, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, I. texanus and I. cookei. We found that unlike I. scapularis that feeds on mammals of all sizes, H. longicornis feeds on hosts following the general pattern of A. americanum, favoring larger species such as skunks, groundhogs, and raccoons. However, our survey revealed that unlike A. americanum, H. longicornis reaches high densities on Virginia opossum. Overall, the newly invasive H. longicornis was the most abundant tick species both on multiple host species and in the environment, raising significant questions regarding its role in the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens, especially those affecting livestock, companion animals and wildlife. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the tick species composition on mammal hosts in New Jersey and the ongoing national expansion of H. longicornis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milholland, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in areas of the northeastern United States infested with the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoupling of evolutionary changes in mRNA and protein levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in gene expression across lineages is thought to explain much of the observed phenotypic variation and adaptation. The protein is closer to the target of natural selection but gene expression is typically measured as the amount of mRNA. The broad assumption that mRNA levels are good proxies for protein levels has been undermined by a number of studies reporting moderate or weak correlations between the two measures across species. One biological explanation for this discrepancy is that there has been compensatory evolution between the mRNA level and regulation of translation. However, we do not understand the evolutionary conditions necessary for this to occur nor the expected strength of the correlation between mRNA and protein levels. Here we develop a theoretical model for the coevolution of mRNA and protein levels and investigate the dynamics of the model over time. We find that compensatory evolution is widespread when there is stabilizing selection on the protein level, which is true across a variety of regulatory pathways. When the protein level is under directional selection, the mRNA level of a gene and its translation rate of the same gene were negatively correlated across lineages but positively correlated across genes. These findings help explain results from comparative studies of gene expression and potentially enable researchers to disentangle biological and statistical hypotheses for the mismatch between transcriptomic and proteomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoupling of evolutionary changes in mRNA and protein levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are now showing promising predictive performance on a wide variety of complex traits and diseases, but there exists a substantial performance gap across different populations. We propose MUSSEL, a method for ancestry-specific polygenic prediction that borrows information in the summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) across multiple ancestry groups. MUSSEL conducts Bayesian hierarchical modeling under a MUltivariate Spike-and-Slab model for effect-size distribution and incorporates an Ensemble Learning step using super learner to combine information across different tuning parameter settings and ancestry groups. In our simulation studies and data analyses of 16 traits across four distinct studies, totaling 5.7 million participants with a substantial ancestral diversity, MUSSEL shows promising performance compared to alternatives. The method, for example, has an average gain in prediction R2 across 11 continuous traits of 40.2% and 49.3% compared to PRS-CSx and CT-SLEB, respectively, in the African Ancestry population. The best-performing method, however, varies by GWAS sample size, target ancestry, underlying trait architecture, and the choice of reference samples for LD estimation, and thus ultimately, a combination of methods may be needed to generate the most robust PRS across diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelsch, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME-Bayes SL: Enhanced Bayesian Polygenic Risk Prediction Leveraging Information across Multiple Ancestry Groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building the Next Generation Workforce: Why We Need Science Policy Training at the Undergraduate Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.537026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse pathways into the science policy workforce are necessary for providing opportunities to students at all levels to engage in the field and to bring their talents to the future of policymaking. Both classroom and experiential training opportunities are essential to achieving this goal. In this publication, we assessed the current landscape of science policy training for undergraduate students in the United States by conducting a keyword search for experiential career training opportunities at varying levels of education. We also reviewed existing science policy publications for undergraduate opportunities, an area that has been largely unexplored to date. From these assessments, we found that most experiential training opportunities are geared towards Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) students in PhDs program or recent PhD graduates, followed by Masters-level students or graduates, and fewer opportunities exist for undergraduate students and Bachelor-degree holders. We then conducted focus group-style interviews with early career scientists involved in science policy, including undergraduate students, to discuss their experiences and ideas for change. Based on our findings, we recommend that universities, organizations, and funding agencies expand upon their existing resources for curriculum, academic advising, training opportunities, and funding, and dedicate resources toward raising awareness and creating additional opportunities in science policy at the undergraduate level. These steps can help create pathways for undergraduate students to enter and contribute to the science policy workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saybolt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Faix, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building the Next Generation Workforce: Why We Need Science Policy Training at the Undergraduate Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular physiology of Antarctic diatom natural assemblages reveals multiple strategies contributing to their ecological success 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continental shelf of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a highly variable system characterized by strong cross-shelf gradients, rapid regional change and large blooms of phytoplankton, notably diatoms. Rapid environmental changes coincide with shifts in plankton community composition and productivity, food web dynamics and biogeochemistry. Despite progress in identifying important environmental factors influencing plankton community composition in the WAP, the molecular basis for their survival in this oceanic region, as well as variations in species abundance, metabolism and distribution remain largely unresolved. Across a gradient of physicochemical parameters, we analyzed the metabolic profiles of phytoplankton as assessed through metatranscriptomic sequencing. Distinct phytoplankton communities and metabolisms closely mirrored the strong gradients in oceanographic parameters that existed from coastal to offshore regions. Diatoms were abundant in coastal, southern regions, where colder and fresher waters were conducive to a bloom of the centric diatom, Actinocyclus. Members of this genus invested heavily in growth and energy production; carbohydrate, amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways; and coping with oxidative stress, resulting in uniquely expressed metabolic profiles compared to other diatoms. We observed strong molecular evidence for iron limitation in shelf and slope regions of the WAP, where diatoms in these regions employed iron-starved induced proteins, a geranylgeranyl reductase, aquaporins, and urease, among other strategies, while limiting the use of iron-containing proteins. The metatranscriptomic survey performed here revealed functional differences in diatom communities and provides further insight into the environmental factors influencing the growth of diatoms and their predicted response to changes in ocean conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular physiology of Antarctic diatom natural assemblages reveals multiple strategies contributing to their ecological success]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate androgen receptor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergom, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate androgen receptor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective effects of polyphenol-rich extracts against neurotoxicity elicited by paraquat or rotenone in cellular models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving motor symptoms caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Epidemiological evidence suggests that anthocyanin (ANC) intake is associated with a low risk of PD. Previously, we reported that extracts enriched with ANC and proanthocyanidins (PAC) suppressed dopaminergic neuron death elicited by the PD-related toxin rotenone in a primary midbrain culture model. Here, we characterized botanical extracts enriched with a mixed profile of polyphenols, as well as a set of purified polyphenolic standards, in terms of their ability to mitigate dopaminergic cell death in midbrain cultures exposed to another PD-related toxicant, paraquat (PQ), and we examined underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. Extracts prepared from blueberries, black currants, grape seeds, grape skin, mulberries, and plums, as well as several ANC, were found to rescue dopaminergic neuron loss in PQ-treated cultures. Comparison of a subset of ANC-rich extracts for the ability to mitigate neurotoxicity elicited by PQ versus rotenone revealed that a hibiscus or plum extract was only neuroprotective in cultures exposed to rotenone or PQ, respectively. Several extracts or compounds with the ability to protect against PQ neurotoxicity increased the activity of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 in cultured astrocytes, and PQ-induced dopaminergic cell death was attenuated in Nrf2-expressing midbrain cultures. In other studies, we found that extracts prepared from hibiscus, grape skin, or purple basil (but not plums) rescued defects in O2 consumption in neuronal cells treated with rotenone. Collectively, these findings suggest that extracts enriched with certain combinations of ANC, PAC, stilbenes, and other polyphenols could potentially slow neurodegeneration in the brains of individuals exposed to PQ or rotenone by activating cellular antioxidant mechanisms and/or alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquet, A. d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strathearn, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferruzzi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lila, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochet, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective effects of polyphenol-rich extracts against neurotoxicity elicited by paraquat or rotenone in cellular models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.02.539069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet Controls Axon Guidance in Early Brain Development through Glutamatergic Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.02.539069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in human TET proteins have been found in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we report a new function of Tet in regulating Drosophila early brain development. We found that mutation in the Tet DNA-binding domain (TetAXXC) resulted in axon guidance defects in the mushroom body (MB). Tet is required in early brain development during the outgrowth of MB {beta} axons. Transcriptomic study shows that glutamine synthetase 2 (Gs2), a key enzyme in glutamatergic signaling, is significantly downregulated in the TetAXXC mutant brains. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis or RNAi knockdown of Gs2 recapitulates the TetAXXC mutant phenotype. Surprisingly, Tet and Gs2 act in the insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to control MB axon guidance, and overexpression of Gs2 in these cells rescues the axon guidance defects of TetAXXC. Treating TetAXXC with the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist MPEP can rescue while treating with glutamate enhances the phenotype confirming Tet function in regulating glutamatergic signaling. TetAXXC and the Drosophila homolog of Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein protein mutant (Fmr13) have similar axon guidance defects and reduction in Gs2 mRNA levels. Interestingly, overexpression of Gs2 in the IPCs also rescues the Fmr13 phenotype, suggesting functional overlapping of the two genes. Our studies provide the first evidence that Tet can control the guidance of axons in the developing brain by modulating glutamatergic signaling and the function is mediated by its DNA-binding domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.02.539069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet Controls Axon Guidance in Early Brain Development through Glutamatergic Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.538463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell Mayo Map (scMayoMap): an easy-to-use tool for cell type annotation in single-cell RNA-sequencing data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.538463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has become a widely used tool for both basic and translational biomedical research. In scRNA-seq data analysis, cell type annotation is an essential but challenging step. In the past few years, several annotation tools have been developed. These methods require either labeled training/reference datasets, which are not always available, or a list of predefined cell subset markers, which are subject to biases. Thus, a user-friendly and precise annotation tool is still critically needed. We curated a comprehensive cell marker database named scMayoMapDatabase and developed a companion R package scMayoMap, an easy-to-use single cell annotation tool, to provide fast and accurate cell type annotation. The effectiveness of scMayoMap was demonstrated in 48 independent scRNA-seq datasets across different platforms and tissues. scMayoMap performs better than the currently available annotation tools on all the datasets tested. Additionally, the scMayoMapDatabase can be integrated with other tools and further improve their performance. scMayoMap and scMayoMapDatabase will help investigators to define the cell types in their scRNA-seq data in a streamlined and user-friendly way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBrasseur, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.538463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell Mayo Map (scMayoMap): an easy-to-use tool for cell type annotation in single-cell RNA-sequencing data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad-Spectrum Heavily Mutated Monoclonal Antibody Isolated from COVID-19 Convalescent Vaccinee with Capacity to Neutralize SARS-CoV2 Variants Ranging from B.1 to BQ.1.1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=103 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539267v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f7dab8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@388861org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@181a7c7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12e02cb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG In briefChoudhary et al. have isolated and characterized Acovimab, a broadly neutralizing RBM-specific human monoclonal antibody with a relatively high level of somatic hypermutation, which potently neutralizes SARS-CoV2 variants ranging from WuhanB.1 to OmicronBQ.1.1, but not the XBB.1.5 variant. Acovimab also possesses strong synergistic neutralizing activity against some Omicron variants when combined with Sotrovimab. Polyclonal plasma antibodies from COVID-19 vaccinees who had recovered from SARS-CoV2 infection were shown to possess low neutralizing titers of antibodies against conserved RBD targets of CoV2 variants including XBB.1.5, which also synergistically neutralize with Sotrovimab against this variant.

SummaryThe increasing prevalence of the highly antibody-evasive Omicron sublineages increases the risk of breakthrough infections and leaves high-risk and vulnerable immunocompromised individuals with no effective options for prophylactic or therapeutic antibody treatments. Here, we report a heavily mutated anti-RBD monoclonal antibody, Acovimab, directed against a site in the receptor-binding motif (RBM) region of the CoV2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), that possesses very broad and highly potent neutralizing activity against CoV2 variants, including many Omicron variants. This antibody is derived from the IGHV1-58*01 germline sequence and possesses a relatively high level of mutation (15.5% of the VH aa sequence), which is unusual for anti-RBD antibodies. Neutralizing activity was very potent (IC50s range of 1-9 ng/ml) for early Omicron subvariants that possess an unmutated F486 residue and is retained but less potent (IC50s of 200-650 ng/ml) for more resistant Omicron subvariants which contain the F486V mutation (BA4/5, BA4.6, and BQ1.1), but is lost for the later ultra-resistant variants that contain F486S (XBB) or F486P (XBB.1.5) mutations. Based on these specificities, it is predicted that Acovimab by itself should protect against CoV2 infections other than those caused by the XBB/XBB.1.5 family. Acovimab also shows strong synergy in neutralization when combined with Sotrovimab, which neutralizes all Omicron variants, including XBB.1.5. Plasma from subjects with hybrid immunity (induced by vaccination + infection) possessed low levels of XBB.1.5 RBM-targeting plasma-neutralizing antibodies, and these also neutralized synergistically when combined with Sotrovimab. These results suggest potentially novel immunotherapeutic options for treating most of the CoV2 variants responsible for current infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calianese, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honnen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolloli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikdan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaijyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkaraju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattappallil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad-Spectrum Heavily Mutated Monoclonal Antibody Isolated from COVID-19 Convalescent Vaccinee with Capacity to Neutralize SARS-CoV2 Variants Ranging from B.1 to BQ.1.1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-triggered DNA-mediated membrane fusion in synthetic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cells, membrane fusion is mediated by SNARE proteins, whose activities are calcium-dependent. While several non-native membrane fusion mechanisms have been demonstrated, few can respond to external stimuli. Here, we develop a calcium-triggered DNA-mediated membrane fusion strategy where fusion is regulated using surface-bound PEG chains that are cleavable by the calcium-activated protease calpain-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Chanchavac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghimianavval, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-triggered DNA-mediated membrane fusion in synthetic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Transcriptome and Functional Analyses Identify Novel Genes Involved in Meiosis and Fertility in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive success requires the development of viable oocytes and the accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. Failure to segregate chromosomes properly can lead to infertility, miscarriages, or developmental disorders. A variety of factors contribute to accurate chromosome segregation and oocyte development, such as spindle assembly and sister chromatid cohesion. However, many proteins required for meiosis remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize novel meiotic and fertility genes using the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. To accomplish this goal, genes upregulated within meiotically active tissues were identified. About 200 genes with no known function were silenced using RNA interference (RNAi), and the effects on meiosis and fertility were assessed. We identified 65 genes that when silenced caused infertility and/or high levels of chromosomal nondisjunction. The vast majority of these genes have human and mouse homologs that are also poorly studied. Through this screening process, we identified novel genes that are crucial for meiosis and oocyte development but have not been extensively studied in human or model organisms. Understanding the function of these genes will be an important step towards the understanding of their biological significance during reproduction.

Author SummaryIn this study, we aimed to identify and characterize novel meiotic and fertility genes within the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. We identified 65 genes that when silenced caused infertility and/or high levels of chromosomal nondisjunction. The vast majority of these genes have human and mouse homologs that are also poorly studied. Through this screening process, we identified novel genes that are crucial for meiosis and oocyte development, making them strong candidates for future studies to characterize their functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defosse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verderose, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Transcriptome and Functional Analyses Identify Novel Genes Involved in Meiosis and Fertility in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guild-level response of the gut microbiota to isocaloric time-restricted feeding in high-fat diet-fed mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) during the active phase protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and its impact on gut microbiota has been previously investigated using bacterial taxa as functional units. However, in the gut ecosystem, bacteria from different taxonomic backgrounds form coherent functional groups called guilds, whose members exhibit co-abundant behavior. Thirty-five co-abundance groups (CAGs), clustered from 297 prevalent amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), showed greater concordance with beta-diversity plots based on all 1131 ASVs than the 130 classifiable genera, leading to a significantly improved preservation of community-level information. TRF-enriched CAGs positively correlated with metabolic improvement, while TRF-reduced CAGs negatively correlated. TRF restored the diurnal rhythm of most of these key CAGs. Novel ASVs, unclassifiable at the genus level, were identified in these key CAGs. Overall, this suggests that the key bacterial guilds may mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of TRF through the restoration of diurnal oscillation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guild-level response of the gut microbiota to isocaloric time-restricted feeding in high-fat diet-fed mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host subversion of bacterial metallophore usage drives copper intoxication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms can acquire metal ions in metal-limited environments using small molecules called metallophores. While metals and their importers are essential, metals can also be toxic, and metallophores have limited ability to discriminate metals. The impact of the metallophore-mediated non-cognate metal uptake on bacterial metal homeostasis and pathogenesis remains to be defined. The globally significant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus uses the Cnt system to secrete the metallophore staphylopine in zinc-limited host niches. Here, we show that staphylopine and the Cnt system facilitate bacterial copper uptake, potentiating the need for copper detoxification. During in vivo infection, staphylopine usage increased S. aureus susceptibility to host-mediated copper stress, indicating that the innate immune response can harness the antimicrobial potential of altered elemental abundances in host niches. Collectively, these observations show that while the broad-spectrum metal-chelating properties of metallophores can be advantageous, the host can exploit these properties to drive metal intoxication and mediate antibacterial control.

IMPORTANCEDuring infection bacteria must overcome the dual threats of metal starvation and intoxication. This work reveals that the zinc-withholding response of the host sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to copper intoxication. In response to zinc starvation S. aureus utilizes the metallophore staphylopine. The current work revealed that the host can leverage the promiscuity of staphylopine to intoxicate S. aureus during infection. Significantly, staphylopine-like metallophores are produced by a wide range of pathogens, suggesting that this is a conserved weakness that the host can leverage to toxify invaders with copper. Moreover, it challenges the assumption that the broad-spectrum metal binding of metallophores is inherently beneficial to bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hossain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neville, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norambuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehl-Fie, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host subversion of bacterial metallophore usage drives copper intoxication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capture Efficiency Of Long-Adapter Single-Strand Oligonucleotide Probe Libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput techniques that can massively produce in parallel, longer DNA sequences of interest can accelerate the decoding of gene functions. LASSO probes are a molecular biology tool that can enrich for DNA targets in a genomic sample via a multiplexed, single-pot reaction for downstream sequencing and/or cloning. Here we have explored aspects of process development and the design of the probes that relate to binding thermodynamics to determine impact on cloned library sequences. Control of ligase concentration, polymerase type, and melting temperature of probe are critical when translating the use of LASSO probes for homogeneous and high fidelity DNA capture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chkaiban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capture Efficiency Of Long-Adapter Single-Strand Oligonucleotide Probe Libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.542766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity of foam cell biogenesis across diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.542766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foam cells are dysfunctional, lipid-laden macrophages associated with chronic inflammation of diverse origin. The long-standing paradigm that foam cells are cholesterol-laden derives from atherosclerosis research. We previously showed that, in tuberculosis, foam cells surprisingly accumulate triglycerides. Here, we utilized bacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), fungal (Cryptococcus neoformans), and human papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) models to address the need for a new explanation of foam cell biogenesis. We applied mass spectrometry-based imaging to assess the spatial distribution of storage lipids relative to foam-cell-rich areas in lesional tissues, and we characterized lipid-laden macrophages generated under corresponding in vitro conditions. The in vivo data and the in vitro findings showed that cryptococcus-infected macrophages accumulate triglycerides, while macrophages exposed to pRCC- conditioned-medium accumulated both triglycerides and cholesterol. Moreover, cryptococcus- and mycobacterium-infected macrophages accumulated triglycerides in different ways. Collectively, the data show that the molecular events underlying foam cell formation are specific to disease and microenvironment. Since foam cells are potential therapeutic targets, recognizing that their formation is disease-specific opens new biomedical research directions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prideaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadimin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.542766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity of foam cell biogenesis across diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The agr quorum-sensing system links Staphylococcus aureus metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H2O2, a crucial host defense against S. aureus. We now report that protection by agr surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the agr system is no longer turned on. Thus, agr can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of agr increased both respiration and fermentation but decreased ATP levels and growth, suggesting that {Delta}agr cells assume a hyperactive metabolic state in response to reduced metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the agr mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of {Delta}agr strains to lethal H2O2 doses. Increased survival of wild-type agr cells during H2O2 exposure required sodA, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of S. aureus with respiration-reducing menadione protected {Delta}agr cells from killing by H2O2. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that agr helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived "memory" of agr-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from agr activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Nox2-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shopsin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podkowik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perault, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pountain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuMont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagounis, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haag, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenderovich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowosad, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lun, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drlica, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurobehavioural Correlates of Obesity are Largely Heritable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/204917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that the majority of genes associated with obesity are expressed in the central nervous system. Obesity has also been associated with neurobehavioural factors such as brain morphology, cognitive performance, and personality. Here, we tested whether these neurobehavioural factors were associated with the heritable variance in obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) in the Human Connectome Project (N=895 siblings). Phenotypically, cortical thickness findings supported the "right brain hypothesis" for obesity. Namely, increased BMI associated with decreased cortical thickness in right frontal lobe and increased thickness in the left frontal lobe, notably in lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, lower thickness and volume in entorhinal-parahippocampal structures, and increased thickness in parietal-occipital structures in obese participants supported the role of visuospatial function in obesity. Brain morphometry results were supported by cognitive tests, which outlined obesitys negative association with visuospatial function, verbal episodic memory, impulsivity, and cognitive flexibility. Personality-obesity correlations were inconsistent. We then aggregated the effects for each neurobehavioural factor for a behavioural genetics analysis and demonstrated the factors genetic overlap with obesity. Namely, cognitive test scores and brain morphometry had 0.25 - 0.45 genetic correlations with obesity, and the phenotypic correlations with obesity were 77-89% explained by genetic factors. Neurobehavioural factors also had some genetic overlap with each other. In summary, obesity has considerable genetic overlap with brain and cognitive measures. This supports the theory that obesity is inherited via brain function, and may inform intervention strategies.nnSignificance StatementObesity is a widespread heritable health condition. Evidence from psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics has proposed links between obesity and the brain. The current study tested whether the heritable variance in obesity is explained by brain and behavioural factors in a large brain imaging cohort that included multiple related individuals. We found that the heritable variance in obesity had genetic correlations 0.25 - 0.45 with cognitive tests, cortical thickness, and regional brain volume. In particular, obesity was associated with frontal lobe asymmetry and differences in temporal-parietal perceptual systems. Further, we found genetic overlap between certain brain and behavioural factors. In summary, the genetic vulnerability to obesity is expressed in the brain. This may inform intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vainik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanis, J. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurobehavioural Correlates of Obesity are Largely Heritable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the human brain’s cortical-subcortical functional network organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highlights O_LILarge-scale functional network map of the entire human brainnC_LIO_LICortical networks based on multiband fMRI, recently-identified regionsnC_LIO_LISubcortical extension of networks covering all subcortical structuresnC_LIO_LIMultiple quality assessments demonstrate robustness of functional networksnC_LIO_LINetwork atlas released as public resource, providing framework for future studiesnC_LInnABSTRACTUnderstanding complex systems such as the human brain requires characterization of the systems architecture across multiple levels of organization - from neurons, to local circuits, to brain regions, and ultimately large-scale brain networks. Here we focus on characterizing the human brains large-scale network organization, as it provides an overall framework for the organization of all other levels. We developed a highly principled approach to identify cortical network communities at the level of functional systems, calibrating our community detection algorithm using extremely well-established sensory and motor systems as guides. Building on previous network partitions, we replicated and expanded upon well-known and recently identified networks, including several higher-order cognitive networks such as a left-lateralized language network. We expanded these cortical networks to subcortex, revealing 358 highly organized subcortical parcels that take part in forming whole-brain functional networks. Notably, the identified subcortical parcels are similar in number to a recent estimate of the number of cortical parcels (360). This whole-brain network atlas - released as an open resource for the neuroscience community - places all brain structures across both cortex and subcortex into a single large-scale functional framework, with the potential to facilitate a variety of studies investigating large-scale functional networks in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spronk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the human brain’s cortical-subcortical functional network organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
spe-43 is required for sperm activation in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful fertilization requires that sperm are activated prior to contacting an oocyte. In C. elegans, this activation process, called spermiogenesis, transforms round immobile spermatids into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa. We describe the phenotypic and genetic characterization of spe-43, a new component of the spe-8 pathway, which is required for spermiogenesis in hermaphrodites; spe-43 hermaphrodites are self-sterile, while spe-43 males show wild-type fertility. When exposed to Pronase to activate sperm in vitro, spe-43 spermatids form long rigid spikes radiating outward from the cell periphery instead of forming a motile pseudopod, indicating that spermiogenesis initiates but is not completed. Using a combination of recombinant and deletion mapping and whole genome sequencing, we identified F09E8.1 as spe-43. SPE-43 is predicted to exist in two isoforms; one isoform appears to be a single-pass transmembrane protein while the other is predicted to be a secreted protein. SPE-43 can bind to other known sperm proteins, including SPE-4 and SPE-29, which are known to impact spermiogenesis. In summary, we have identified a membrane protein that is present in C. elegans sperm and is required for sperm activation via the hermaphrodite activation signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krauchunas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druzhinina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanfield, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[spe-43 is required for sperm activation in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning for Population Genetics: A New Paradigm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As population genomic datasets grow in size, researchers are faced with the daunting task of making sense of a flood of information. To keep pace with this explosion of data, computational methodologies for population genetic inference are rapidly being developed to best utilize genomic sequence data. In this review we discuss a new paradigm that has emerged in computational population genomics: that of supervised machine learning. We review the fundamentals of machine learning, discuss recent applications of supervised machine learning to population genetics that outperform competing methods, and describe promising future directions in this area. Ultimately, we argue that supervised machine learning is an important and underutilized tool that has considerable potential for the world of evolutionary genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning for Population Genetics: A New Paradigm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved patterns of somatic mutations in human peripheral blood cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/208066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With growing interest in monitoring mutational processes in normal tissues, tumor heterogeneity, and cancer evolution under therapy, the ability to accurately and economically detect ultra-rare mutations is becoming increasingly important. However, this capability has often been compromised by significant sequencing, PCR and DNA preparation error rates. Here, we describe FERMI (Fast Extremely Rare Mutation Identification) - a novel method designed to eliminate majority of these sequencing and library preparation errors in order to significantly improve rare somatic mutation detection. This method leverages barcoded targeting probes to capture and sequence DNA of interest with single copy resolution. The variant calls from the barcoded sequencing data then further filtered in a position-dependent fashion against an adaptive, context-aware null model in order to distinguish true variants. As a proof of principle, we employ FERMI to probe bone marrow biopsies from leukemia patients, and show that rare mutations and clonal evolution can be tracked throughout cancer treatment, including during historically intractable periods like minimum residual disease. Importantly, FERMI is able to accurately detect nascent clonal expansions within leukemias in a manner that may facilitate the early detection and characterization of cancer relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liggett, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGregori, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved patterns of somatic mutations in human peripheral blood cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage-dependent inward currents in smooth muscle cells of skeletal muscle arterioles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-dependent inward currents responsible for the depolarizing phase of action potentials were characterized in smooth muscle cells of 4th order arterioles in mouse skeletal muscle. Currents through L-type Ca2+ channels were expected to be dominant; however, action potentials were not eliminated in nominally Ca2+-free bathing solution or by addition of L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (10 M). Instead, Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 M) reduced the maximal velocity of the upstroke at low, but not at normal (2 mM), Ca2+ in the bath. The magnitude of TTX-sensitive currents recorded with 140 mM Na+ was about 20 pA/pF. TTX-sensitive currents decreased five-fold when Ca2+ increased from 2 to 10 mM. The currents reduced three-fold in the presence of 10 mM caffeine, but remained unaltered by 1 mM of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). In addition to L-type Ca2+ currents (15 pA/pF in 20 mM Ca2+), we also found Ca2+ currents that are resistant to 10 M nifedipine (5 pA/pF in 20 mM Ca2+). Based on their biophysical properties, these Ca2+ currents are likely to be through voltage-gated T-type Ca2+ channels. Our results suggest that Na+ and at least two types (T- and L-) of Ca2+ voltage-gated channels contribute to depolarization of smooth muscle cells in skeletal muscle arterioles. Voltage-gated Na+ channels appear to be under a tight control by Ca2+ signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulyanova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokov, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage-dependent inward currents in smooth muscle cells of skeletal muscle arterioles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Crohns disease signal from variome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAfter many years of concentrated research efforts, the exact cause of Crohns disease remains unknown. Its accurate diagnosis, however, helps in management and even preventing the onset of disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified 140 loci associated with CD, but these carry very small log odds ratios and are uninformative for diagnoses.nnResultsHere we describe a machine learning method - AVA,Dx (Analysis of Variation for Association with Disease) - that uses whole exome sequencing data to make predictions of CD status. Using the person-specific variation in these genes from a panel of only 111 individuals, we built disease-prediction models informative of previously undiscovered disease genes. In this panel, our models differentiate CD patients from healthy controls with 71% precision and 73% recall at the default cutoff. By additionally accounting for batch effects, we are also able to predict individual CD status for previously unseen individuals from a separate CD study (84% precision, 73% recall).nnConclusionsLarger training panels and additional features, including regulatory variants and environmental factors, e.g. human-associated microbiota, are expected to improve model performance. However, current results already position AVA,Dx as both an effective method for highlighting pathogenesis pathways and as a simple Crohns disease risk analysis tool, which can improve clinical diagnostic time and accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrakhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Crohns disease signal from variome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlated disasters and need-based transfers: The limits of risk pooling systems in simulated ecologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout their evolutionary history, humans have faced risks including drought, disease, natural disasters and other unexpected negative events. To deal with these risks, humans use a variety of risk management strategies, some of which involve relying on others in times of need in order to pool risk. However, the effectiveness of risk pooling strategies can be limited when there is high synchronicity of need. Here we investigate the limits of two resource transfer systems for pooling risk (need-based transfers, NBT, and debt-based transfers, DBT) in simulated ecologies with different degrees of correlated disasters using an agent-based model of the need-based transfer system of the Maasai. Overall, we find that survival is higher when shocks are less correlated among partners, when groups are larger, and when network structure is characterized by preferential attachment networks, which have a more modular structure than regular or small world networks. We also find that NBT strategies consistently outperform DBT strategies across a wide variety of parameter values and that the advantage of NBT over DBT is greatest when shocks are less correlated and group size is small. Our results also suggest that systems of sharing that are based on recipient need are less vulnerable than systems that are based on debt and credit, especially in small world and regular networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campenni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aktipis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlated disasters and need-based transfers: The limits of risk pooling systems in simulated ecologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mathematical approach to differentiate spontaneous and induced evolution to drug resistance during cancer treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug resistance is a major impediment to the success of cancer treatment. Resistance is typically thought to arise through random genetic mutations, after which mutated cells expand via Darwinian selection. However, recent experimental evidence suggests that the progression to drug resistance need not occur randomly, but instead may be induced by the treatment itself, through either genetic changes or epigenetic alterations. This relatively novel notion of resistance complicates the already challenging task of designing effective treatment protocols. To better understand resistance, we have developed a mathematical modeling framework that incorporates both spontaneous and drug-induced resistance. Our model demonstrates that the ability of a drug to induce resistance can result in qualitatively different responses to the same drug dose and delivery schedule. We have also proven that the induction parameter in our model is theoretically identifiable, and proposed an in vitro protocol which could be used to determine a treatments propensity to induce resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevertz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mathematical approach to differentiate spontaneous and induced evolution to drug resistance during cancer treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of transcription inhibition by fidaxomicin (lipiarmycin A3) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fidaxomicin is an antibacterial drug in clinical use in treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea1-2. The active pharmaceutical ingredient of fidaxomicin, lipiarmycin A3 (Lpm)1-4, is a macrocyclic antibiotic with bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria and efflux-deficient strains of Gram-negative bacteria1-2, 5. Lpm functions by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP)6-8. Lpm exhibits no cross-resistance with the classic RNAP inhibitor rifampin (Rif)7, 9 and inhibits transcription initiation at an earlier step than Rif8-11, suggesting that the binding site and mechanism of Lpm differ from those of Rif. Efforts spanning a decade to obtain a crystal structure of RNAP in complex with Lpm have been unsuccessful. Here, we report a cryo-EM12-13 structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNAP holoenzyme in complex with Lpm at 3.5 [A] resolution. The structure shows that Lpm binds at the base of the RNAP "clamp," interacting with the RNAP switch region and the RNAP RNA exit channel. The binding site on RNAP for Lpm does not overlap the binding sites for other RNAP inhibitors, accounting for the absence of cross-resistance of Lpm with other RNAP inhibitors. The structure exhibits an open conformation of the RNAP clamp, with the RNAP clamp swung outward by ~17{degrees} relative to its position in catalytically competent RNAP-promoter transcription initiation complexes, suggesting that Lpm traps an open-clamp conformational state. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer14 experiments confirm that Lpm traps an open-clamp conformational state and define effects of Lpm on clamp opening and closing dynamics. We propose that Lpm inhibits transcription initiation by trapping an open-clamp conformational state, thereby preventing simultaneous engagement of transcription initiation factor {sigma} regions 2 and 4 with promoter -10 and -35 elements. The results provide information essential to understanding the mode of action of Lpm, account for structure-activity relationships of known Lpm analogs, and suggest modifications to Lpm that could yield new, improved Lpm analogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sineva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigliotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donadio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of transcription inhibition by fidaxomicin (lipiarmycin A3)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
“CapZyme-Seq” comprehensively defines promoter-sequence determinants for RNA 5’ capping with NAD+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/239426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoside-containing metabolites such as NAD+ can be incorporated as "5' caps" on RNA by serving as non-canonical initiating nucleotides (NCINs) for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase (RNAP). Here, we report "CapZyme-Seq," a high-throughput-sequencing method that employs NCIN-decapping enzymes NudC and Rai1 to detect and quantify NCIN-capped RNA. By combining CapZyme-Seq with multiplexed transcriptomics, we determine efficiencies of NAD+ capping by Escherichia coli RNAP for ~16,000 promoter sequences. The results define preferred transcription start-site (TSS) positions for NAD+ capping and define a consensus promoter sequence for NAD+ capping: HRRASWW (TSS underlined). By applying CapZyme-Seq to E. coli total cellular RNA, we establish that sequence determinants for NCIN capping in vivo match the NAD+-capping consensus defined in vitro, and we identify and quantify NCIN-capped small RNAs. Our findings define the promoter-sequence determinants for NCIN capping with NAD+ and provide a general method for analysis of NCIN capping in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barvik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/239426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[“CapZyme-Seq” comprehensively defines promoter-sequence determinants for RNA 5’ capping with NAD+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell adhesion and fluid flow jointly initiate genotype spatial distribution in biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are microbial collectives that occupy a diverse array of surfaces. The function and evolution of biofilms are strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of different strains and species within them, but how spatiotemporal distributions of different genotypes in biofilm populations originate is still underexplored. Here, we study the origins of biofilm genetic structure by combining model development, numerical simulations, and microfluidic experiments using the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Using spatial correlation functions to quantify the differences between emergent cell lineage segregation patterns, we find that strong adhesion often, but not always, maximizes the size of clonal cell clusters on flat surfaces. Counterintuitively, our model predicts that, under some conditions, investing in adhesion can reduce rather than increase clonal group size. Our results emphasize that a complex interaction of fluid flow and cell adhesiveness can underlie emergent patterns of biofilm genetic structure. This structure, in turn, has an outsize influence on how biofilm-dwelling populations function and evolve.nnAuthor summaryBiofilms are bacterial groups, often attached to surfaces, in which a broad variety of cooperative and competitive interactions typically occur. The spatial organization of different strains and species within biofilm communities strongly influences their global functioning, but little is known about how such structure arises. Combining experiments on V. cholerae and simulations of a cellular automaton, we show that the complex interaction between bacterial traits (cell adhesion) and environmental factors (fluid flow intensity) strongly influences the early origins of biofilm spatial structure. In most cases, we found that highly-adhesive strains form larger clusters than the weakly-adhesive ones. Against intuition, however, we also found the opposite outcome: weakly-adhesive tend to form larger clusters than the highly adhesive ones when flows are weak or the population density of colonizing cells is high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell adhesion and fluid flow jointly initiate genotype spatial distribution in biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TuBA: Tunable Biclustering Algorithm Reveals Clinically Relevant Tumor Transcriptional Profiles in Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTraditional clustering approaches for gene expression data are not well adapted to address the complexity and heterogeneity of tumors, where small sets of genes may be aberrantly co-expressed in specific subsets of tumors. Biclustering algorithms that perform local clustering on subsets of genes and conditions help address this problem. We propose a graph-based Tunable Biclustering Algorithm (TuBA) based on a novel pairwise proximity measure, examining the relationship of samples at the extremes of genes expression profiles to identify similarly altered signatures.

ResultsTuBAs predictions are consistent in 3,940 Breast Invasive Carcinoma (BRCA) samples from three independent sources, employing different technologies for measuring gene expression (RNASeq and Microarray). Over 60% of biclusters identified independently in each dataset had significant agreement in their gene sets, as well as similar clinical implications. About 50% of biclusters were enriched in the ER-/HER2- (or basal-like) subtype, while more than 50% were associated with transcriptionally active copy number changes. Biclusters representing gene co-expression patterns in stromal tissue were also identified in tumor specimens.

ConclusionTuBA offers a simple biclustering method that can identify biologically relevant gene co-expression signatures not captured by traditional unsupervised clustering approaches. It complements biclustering approaches that are designed to identify constant or coherent submatrices in gene expression datasets, and outperforms them in identifying a multitude of altered transcriptional profiles that are associated with observed genomic heterogeneity of diseased states in breast cancer, both within and across tumor subtypes, a promising step in understanding disease heterogeneity, and a necessary first step in individualized therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TuBA: Tunable Biclustering Algorithm Reveals Clinically Relevant Tumor Transcriptional Profiles in Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemogenetic Manipulations of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons Reveal Multifaceted Roles in Cocaine Abuse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons perform diverse functions in motivation and cognition, but their precise roles in addiction-related behaviors are still debated. Here, we targeted VTA DA neurons for bidirectional chemogenetic modulation during specific tests of cocaine reinforcement, demand, and relapse-related behaviors, querying the roles of DA neuron inhibitory and excitatory G-protein signaling in these processes. Designer receptor stimulation of Gq-, but not Gs-signaling in DA neurons enhanced cocaine seeking via functionally distinct projections to forebrain limbic regions. In contrast, engaging inhibitory Gi/o signaling in DA neurons blunted cocaines reinforcing and priming effects, reduced stress-potentiated reinstatement, and altered cue-induced cocaine seeking strategy, but not the motivational impact of cocaine cues per se. Results demonstrate that DA neurons play several distinct roles in cocaine seeking, depending on behavioral context, G-protein signaling, and DA neuron efferent target, highlighting their multifaceted roles in addiction.nnSignificance StatementG-protein coupled receptors are crucial modulators of VTA dopamine neuron activity, but how metabotropic signaling impacts dopamines complex roles in reward and addiction is poorly understood. Here, we bidirectionally modulate dopamine neuron G-protein signaling with DREADDs during a variety of cocaine seeking behaviors, revealing nuanced, pathway-specific roles in cocaine reward, effortful seeking, and relapse-like behaviors. Gq- and Gs-stimulation activated dopamine neurons, but only Gq stimulation robustly enhanced cocaine seeking. Gi/o inhibitory signaling altered the response strategy employed during cued reinstatement, and reduced some, but not all types of cocaine seeking. Results show that VTA dopamine neurons modulate numerous distinct aspects of cocaine addiction- and relapse-related behaviors, and indicate potential new approaches for intervening in these processes to treat addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahler, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodnik, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchta, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentzley, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scofield, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riegel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espana, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/246595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemogenetic Manipulations of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons Reveal Multifaceted Roles in Cocaine Abuse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans heterochromatin factor SET-32 plays an essential role in transgenerational establishment of nuclear RNAi-mediated epigenetic silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance contributes fundamentally to transgenerational physiology and fitness. Mechanistic understanding of RNA-mediated chromatin modification and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, which in C. elegans can be triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (exo-dsRNA) or facilitated by endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), has mainly been limited to the post-initiation phases of silencing. Indeed, the dynamic process by which nuclear RNAi engages a transcriptionally active target, before the repressive state is stably established, remains largely a mystery. Here we found that the onset of exo-dsRNA-induced nuclear RNAi is a transgenerational process, and that establishment requires SET-32, one of the three putative histone methyltransferases (HMTs) that are required for H3K9me3 deposition at the nuclear RNAi targets. We also performed multigenerational whole-genome analyses to examine the establishment of silencing at endogenous targets of germline nuclear RNAi. The nuclear Argonaute protein HRDE-1 is essential for the maintenance of nuclear RNAi. Repairing a loss-of-function mutation in hrde-1 by CRISPR restored the silencing of endogenous targets in animals carrying wild type set-32. However, for numerous endogenous targets, repairing the hrde-1 mutation in a set-32;hrde-1 double mutant failed to restore their silencing states in up to 20 generations after the hrde-1 repair, using a similar genome editing approach. We found that despite a prominent role in the establishment of silencing, however, set-32 is completely dispensable for the maintenance of silencing once HRDE-1-dependent gene repression is established. Our study indicates that: 1) establishment and maintenance of siRNA-guided transcriptional repression are two distinct processes with different genetic requirements; and 2) the rate-limiting step of the establishment phase is a transgenerational, chromatin-based process. In addition, our study reveals a novel paradigm in which a heterochromatin factor primarily functions to promote the establishment of transgenerational silencing, expanding mechanistic understanding of the well-recognized role of heterochromatin in epigenetic maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalinava, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushakov, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis elegans heterochromatin factor SET-32 plays an essential role in transgenerational establishment of nuclear RNAi-mediated epigenetic silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maturation Trajectories of Cortical Resting-State Networks Depend on the Mediating Frequency Band 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional significance of resting state networks and their abnormal manifestations in psychiatric disorders are firmly established, as is the importance of the cortical rhythms in mediating these networks. Resting state networks are known to undergo substantial reorganization from childhood to adulthood, but whether distinct cortical rhythms, which are generated by separable neural mechanisms and are often manifested abnormally in psychiatric conditions, mediate maturation differentially, remains unknown. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to map frequency band specific maturation of resting state networks from age 7 to 29 in 162 participants (31 independent), we found significant changes with age in networks mediated by the beta (13-30Hz) and gamma (31-80Hz) bands. More specifically, gamma band mediated networks followed an expected asymptotic trajectory, but beta band mediated networks followed a linear trajectory. Network integration increased with age in gamma band mediated networks, while local segregation increased with age in beta band mediated networks. Spatially, the hubs that changed in importance with age in the beta band mediated networks had relatively little overlap with those that showed the greatest changes in the gamma band mediated networks. These findings are relevant for our understanding of the neural mechanisms of cortical maturation, in both typical and atypical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamashli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michmizos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzbichler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharadwaj, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekhti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaina, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stufflebeam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamalainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maturation Trajectories of Cortical Resting-State Networks Depend on the Mediating Frequency Band]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional equivalence of genome sequencing analysis pipelines enables harmonized variant calling across human genetics projects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/269316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of thousands of human whole genome sequencing (WGS) datasets will be generated over the next few years to interrogate a broad range of traits, across diverse populations. These data are more valuable in aggregate: joint analysis of genomes from many sources increases sample size and statistical power for trait mapping, and will enable studies of genome biology, population genetics and genome function at unprecedented scale. A central challenge for joint analysis is that different WGS data processing and analysis pipelines cause substantial batch effects in combined datasets, necessitating computationally expensive reprocessing and harmonization prior to variant calling. This approach is no longer tenable given the scale of current studies and data volumes. Here, in a collaboration across multiple genome centers and NIH programs, we define WGS data processing standards that allow different groups to produce "functionally equivalent" (FE) results suitable for joint variant calling with minimal batch effects. Our approach promotes broad harmonization of upstream data processing steps, while allowing for diverse variant callers. Importantly, it allows each group to continue innovating on data processing pipelines, as long as results remain compatible. We present initial FE pipelines developed at five genome centers and show that they yield similar variant calling results - including single nucleotide (SNV), insertion/deletion (indel) and structural variation (SV) - and produce significantly less variability than sequencing replicates. Residual inter-pipeline variability is concentrated at low quality sites and repetitive genomic regions prone to stochastic effects. This work alleviates a key technical bottleneck for genome aggregation and helps lay the foundation for broad data sharing and community-wide "big-data" human genetics studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regier, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farjoun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasheninina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zody, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/269316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional equivalence of genome sequencing analysis pipelines enables harmonized variant calling across human genetics projects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yeast heterochromatin regulators Sir2 and Sir3 act directly at euchromatic DNA replication origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most active DNA replication origins are found within euchromatin, while origins within heterochromatin are often inactive or inhibited. In yeast, origin activity within heterochromatin is negatively controlled by the histone H4K16 deacetylase, Sir2, and at some heterochromatic loci also by the nucleosome binding protein, Sir3. The prevailing view has been that direct functions of Sir2 and Sir3 are confined to heterochromatin. However, growth defects in yeast mutants compromised for loading the MCM helicase, such as cdc6-4, are robustly suppressed by deletion of either SIR2 or SIR3. While this and other observations indicate that SIR2,3 can have a negative impact on at least some euchromatic origins, the genomic scale of this effect was unknown. It was also unknown whether this suppression resulted from direct functions of Sir2,3 within euchromatin, or was an indirect effect of their previously established roles within heterochromatin. Using both MCM ChIP-Seq and MNase-H4K16ac ChIP-Seq data, we show that a SIR2 deletion rescues MCM complex loading at ~80% of euchromatic origins in cdc6-4 cells. Therefore, Sir2 exhibits a pervasive effect at the majority of euchromatic origins. Importantly, in wild type (i.e. CDC6) cells, origin-adjacent nucleosomes were depleted for H4K16 acetylation in a SIR2-dependent manner. In addition, both Sir2 and Sir3 directly bound to nucleosomes adjacent to euchromatic origins. The relative levels of each of these molecular hallmarks of yeast heterochromatin - SIR2-dependent H4K16 hypoacetylation, Sir2, and Sir3 - correlated with how strongly a SIR2 deletion suppressed the MCM loading defect in cdc6-4 cells. Finally, a screen for histone H3 and H4 mutants that could suppress the cdc6-4 growth defect identified amino acids that map to a surface of the nucleosome important for Sir3 binding. We conclude that heterochromatin proteins directly bind euchromatic DNA replication origins and modify their local chromatin environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoggard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chueng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yeast heterochromatin regulators Sir2 and Sir3 act directly at euchromatic DNA replication origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus-responsive self-assembly of enzymatic fractal structures by computational design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fractal topologies, which are statistically self-similar over multiple length scales, are pervasive in nature. The recurrence of patterns at increasing length scales in fractal-shaped branched objects, e.g., trees, lungs, and sponges, results in high effective surface areas, and provides key functional advantages, e.g., for molecular trapping and exchange. Mimicking these topologies in designed protein-based assemblies will provide access to novel classes of functional biomaterials for wide ranging applications. Here, we describe a modular, multi-scale computational design method for the reversible self-assembly of proteins into tunable supramolecular fractal-like topologies in response to phosphorylation. Computationally-guided atomic-resolution modeling of fusions of symmetric, oligomeric proteins with Src homology 2 (SH2) binding domain and its phosphorylatable ligand peptide was used to design iterative branching leading to fractal-like assembly formation by enzymes of the atrazine degradation pathway. Structural characterization using various microscopy techniques and Cryo-electron tomography revealed a variety of dendritic, hyperbranched, and sponge-like topologies which are self-similar over three decades ([~]10nm-10m) of length scale, in agreement with models from multi-scale computational simulations. We demonstrate control over mesoscale topology (by linker design), formation dynamics, and functional enhancements due to dynamic multi-component assemblies constructed with three atrazine degradation pathway enzymes. The described design method should enable the construction of a variety of novel, spatiotemporally responsive catalytic biomaterials featuring fractal topologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustaffson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wackett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus-responsive self-assembly of enzymatic fractal structures by computational design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA polymerase clamp interconverts dynamically among three states and is stabilized in a partly closed state by ppGpp 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase (RNAP) contains a mobile structural module, the "clamp," that forms one wall of the RNAP active-center cleft and that has been linked to crucial aspects of the transcription cycle, including loading of promoter DNA into the RNAP active-center cleft, unwinding of promoter DNA, transcription elongation complex stability, transcription pausing, and transcription termination. Crystal structures and single-molecule FRET studies establish that the clamp can adopt open and closed conformational states; however, the occurrence, pathway, and kinetics of transitions between clamp states have been unclear. Using single-molecule FRET (smFRET) on surface-immobilized RNAP molecules, we show that the clamp in RNAP holoenzyme exists in three distinct conformational states: the previously defined open state, the previously defined closed state, and a previously undefined partly closed state. smFRET time-traces show dynamic transitions between open, partly closed, and closed states on the 0.1-1 second time-scale. Similar analyses of transcription initiation complexes confirm that the RNAP clamp is closed in the catalytically competent transcription initiation complex and in initial transcribing complexes (RPITC), including paused initial transcribing complexes, and show that, in these complexes, in contrast to in RNAP holoenzyme, the clamp does not interconvert between the closed state and other states. The stringent-response alarmone ppGpp selectively stabilizes the partly-closed-clamp state, inhibiting interconversion between the partly closed state and the open state. The methods of this report should allow elucidation of clamp conformation and dynamics during all phases of transcription.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe clamp forms a pincer of the RNA polymerase "crab-claw" structure, and adopts many conformations with poorly understood function and dynamics. By measuring distances within single surface-attached molecules, we observe directly the motions of the clamp and show that it adopts an open, a closed, and a partly closed state; the last state is stabilized by a sensor of bacterial starvation, linking the clamp conformation to the mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract stress. We also show that the clamp remains closed in many transcription steps, as well as in the presence of a specific antibiotic. Our approach can monitor clamp motions throughout transcription and offers insight on how antibiotics can stop pathogens by blocking their RNA polymerase movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA polymerase clamp interconverts dynamically among three states and is stabilized in a partly closed state by ppGpp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin signaling in hippocampus during initial cocaine abstinence drives persistent drug seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe initiation of abstinence (extinction day 1, ED1) represents a stressful event involving abstinence from drug. We showed previously that ED1 cocaine-seeking behavior is reduced by blocking 5-HT signaling in dorsal hippocampus in both male and female rats. We hypothesized that the experience of ED1 can substantially influence later relapse behavior, and that dorsal raphe serotonin (DR 5-HT) signaling to dorsal hippocampus (DH) may be involved.nnMethodsWe used pharmacological inhibition of dorsal hippocampus 5-HT1A/1B receptors (via WAY100,635 plus GR127935), and chemogenetic inhibition of dorsal raphe-dHPC signaling to test the roles of these pathways on cocaine-seeking 2 weeks after ED1. We also tested specific effects of 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptor antagonism on conditioned place preference for cocaine.nnResultsInhibition of DR-DH signaling via DREADDs or 5-HT1A/1B antagonists decreased ED1 drug-seeking with persistent effects on cocaine-seeking 2 weeks later, confirming the involvement of 5-HT signaling to dorsal hippocampus in driving drug-seeking persistence. Administration of a 5-HT1B antagonist alone on ED1 transiently decreased drug-associated memory performance in CPP, whereas administration of a 5-HT1A antagonist had no effect on memory but blocked CPP on a subsequent test 24h later.nnConclusionsWe conclude that blockade of DR inputs or 5HT1 signaling in DH on ED1 prevents recall of the drug-associated context and reduces drug seeking via antagonism of 5-HT1B receptors, and consolidates the memory of the newly non-drug context via antagonism of 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, treatments that modulate 5-HT-dependent memory mechanisms during initial abstinence may facilitate later maintenance of abstinence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohtz, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin signaling in hippocampus during initial cocaine abstinence drives persistent drug seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisensory expectations shape olfactory input to the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian brain interprets sensory input based on prior multisensory knowledge of the external world, but it is unknown how this knowledge influences neural processing in individual sensory modalities. We found that GABAergic periglomerular interneuron populations in the olfactory bulb endogenously respond not only to odors but also to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli in waking (but not anesthetized) mice. When these stimuli predict future odors, they evoke enhanced interneuron activity during the time odor normally occurs. When expectations are violated by omitting an expected "warning tone" before an odor, odor presentation evokes a burst of interneuron activity. The resulting GABA release presynaptically suppresses neurotransmitter release from the axon terminals of olfactory sensory neurons, the cells that transduce odor in the nasal epithelium and communicate this information to the brain. Expectations, even those evoked by cues in other sensory modalities, can thus affect the very first neurons in the olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czarnecki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fast, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisensory expectations shape olfactory input to the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses can infect any organism. Because viruses use the host machinery to replicate, their performance depends on the host physiological state. For bacteriophages, this host-viral performance link has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans. Here, we combined data and models to study the short- and long-term consequences that host physiology has on bacteriophage performance. We compiled data showing the dependence of lytic-phage traits on host growth rate (viral phenotypic "plasticity") to deduce simple expressions representing such plasticity. We included these expressions in a standard host-phage model, to understand how viral plasticity can break the expected evolutionary trade-off between infection time and viral offspring number. Furthermore, viral plasticity influences dramatically dynamic scenarios (e.g. sudden nutrient pulses or host starvation). We show that the effect of plasticity on offspring number, not generation time, drives the phage ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Standard models do not account for this plasticity, which handicaps their predictability in realistic environments. Our results highlight the importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions, and the need of laboratory and field experiments to characterize viral plastic responses across systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task activations produce spurious but systematic inflation of task functional connectivity estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most neuroscientific studies have focused on task-evoked activations (activity amplitudes at specific brain locations), providing limited insight into the functional relationships between separate brain locations. Task-state functional connectivity (FC) - statistical association between brain activity time series during task performance moves beyond task-evoked activations by quantifying functional interactions during tasks. However, many task-state FC studies do not remove the first-order effect of taskevoked activations prior to estimating task-state FC. It has been argued that this results in the ambiguous inference "likely active or interacting during the task", rather than the intended inference "likely interacting during the task". Utilizing a neural mass computational model, we verified that task-evoked activations substantially and inappropriately inflate task-state FC estimates, especially in functional MRI (fMRI) data. Various methods attempting to address this problem have been developed, yet the efficacies of these approaches have not been systematically assessed. We found that most standard approaches for fitting and removing mean task-evoked activations were unable to correct these inflated correlations. In contrast, methods that flexibly fit mean task-evoked response shapes effectively corrected the inflated correlations without reducing effects of interest. Results with empirical fMRI data confirmed the models predictions, revealing activation-induced task-state FC inflation for both Pearson correlation and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) approaches. These results demonstrate that removal of mean task-evoked activations using an approach that flexibly models task-evoked response shape is an important preprocessing step for valid estimation of task-state FC.nnHighlightsO_LIComputational model shows task inflation of functional connectivity estimatesnC_LIO_LIHemodynamic responses cause task activations to further inflate estimatesnC_LIO_LIStandard approaches to remove task activations leave many false positivesnC_LIO_LIMethods that flexibly fit hemodynamic response shape effectively correct inflationnC_LIO_LICorrection of functional connectivity inflation verified with empirical fMRI datanC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task activations produce spurious but systematic inflation of task functional connectivity estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active presynaptic ribosomes in mammalian brain nerve terminals, and increased transmitter release after protein synthesis inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/295543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Presynaptic neuronal activity requires the localization of thousands of proteins that are typically synthesized in the soma and transported to nerve terminals. Local translation for some dendritic proteins occurs, but local translation in mammalian presynaptic nerve terminals is difficult to demonstrate. Here, we present evidence for local presynaptic protein synthesis in the mammalian brain at a glutamatergic nerve terminal. We show an essential ribosomal component, 5.8s rRNA, in terminals. We also show active translation in nerve terminals, in situ, in brain slices demonstrating ongoing presynaptic protein synthesis. After inhibiting translation for ~1 hour, the presynaptic terminal exhibits increased spontaneous release, and increased evoked release with an increase in vesicle recycling during stimulation trains. Postsynaptic response, shape and amplitude were not affected. We conclude that ongoing protein synthesis limits vesicle release at the nerve terminal which reduces the need for presynaptic vesicle replenishment, thus conserving energy required for maintaining synaptic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scarnati, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradiso, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/295543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active presynaptic ribosomes in mammalian brain nerve terminals, and increased transmitter release after protein synthesis inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Cardiac Inotrope, Omecamtiv Mecarbil, Activates Muscle Despite Suppressing the Myosin Working Stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/298141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a positive cardiac inotrope in phase-3 clinical trials for treatment of heart failure. Although initially described as a direct myosin activator, subsequent studies are at odds with this description and do not explain OM-mediated increases in cardiac output. Single-molecule, biophysical experiments on cardiac myosin show that OM suppresses myosins working stroke and prolongs actomyosin attachment 5-fold, which explain inhibitory actions of the drug observed in vitro. Surprisingly, the increased myocardial force output in the presence of OM can be explained by cooperative thin filament activation by OM-inhibited myosin molecules. Selective suppression of myosin is an unanticipated route to muscle activation that may guide future development of therapeutic drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woody, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/298141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Cardiac Inotrope, Omecamtiv Mecarbil, Activates Muscle Despite Suppressing the Myosin Working Stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicase Promotes Replication Re-initiation from an RNA Transcript 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To ensure accurate DNA replication, a replisome must effectively overcome numerous obstacles on its DNA substrate. After encountering an obstacle, a progressing replisome often aborts DNA synthesis but continues to unwind the DNA, resulting in a gap in the newly replicated DNA. However, little is known about how DNA synthesis is resumed downstream of an obstacle. Here, we examine the consequences of a non-replicating replisome collision with a co-directional RNA polymerase (RNAP). Using single-molecule and ensemble methods, we find that T7 helicase interacts strongly with a non-replicating T7 DNA polymerase (DNAP) at a replication fork. As the helicase advances the fork, the DNAP also moves forward processively, via its association with the helicase. The presence of the DNAP, in turn, increases both helicases processivity and unwinding rate. We show that such a DNAP, together with its helicase, is indeed able to actively disrupt a stalled transcription elongation complex, and then initiates replication using the RNA transcript as a primer. These observations exhibit T7 helicases novel role in replication re-initiation, independent of replication restart proteins or primase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicase Promotes Replication Re-initiation from an RNA Transcript]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for GrgA in regulation of σ28-dependent transcription in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sexually transmitted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis has a unique developmental cycle consisting of two contrasting cellular forms. Whereas the primary Chlamydia sigma factor, {sigma}66, is involved in the expression of the majority of chlamydial genes throughout the developmental cycle, expression of several late genes requires the alternative sigma factor {sigma}28. In prior work we identified GrgA as a Chlamydia-specific transcription factor that activates {sigma}66-dependent transcription by binding DNA and interacting with a non-conserved region (NCR) of {sigma}66. Here, we extend these findings by showing GrgA can also activate {sigma}28-dependent transcription through direct interaction with {sigma}28. We measure the binding affinity of GrgA for both {sigma}66and {sigma}28, and we identify regions of GrgA important for {sigma}28-dependent transcription. Similar to results obtained with {sigma}66, we find that GrgAs interaction with {sigma}28 involves a NCR located upstream of conserved region 2 of {sigma}28. Our findings suggest GrgA is an important regulator of both {sigma}66- and {sigma}28-dependent transcription in C. trachomatis and further highlight NCRs of bacterial RNA polymerase as targets for regulatory factors unique to particular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurihan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for GrgA in regulation of σ28-dependent transcription in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RefCell: Multi-dimensional analysis of image-based high-throughput screens based on ‘typical cells’ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImage-based high-throughput screening (HTS) reveals a high level of heterogeneity in single cells and multiple cellular states may be observed within a single population. Cutting-edge high-dimensional analysis methods are successful in characterizing cellular heterogeneity, but they suffer from the "curse of dimensionality" and non-standardized outputs.nnResultsHere we introduce RefCell, a multi-dimensional analysis pipeline for image-based HTS that reproducibly captures cells with typical combinations of features in reference states, and uses these "typical cells" as a reference for classification and weighting of metrics. RefCell quantitatively assesses the heterogeneous deviations from typical behavior for each analyzed perturbation or sample.nnConclusionsWe apply RefCell to the analysis of data from a high-throughput imaging screen of a library of 320 ubiquitin protein targeted siRNAs selected to gain insights into the mechanisms of premature aging (progeria). RefCell yields results comparable to a more complex clustering based single cell analysis method, which both reveal more potential hits than conventional average based analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubben, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misteli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RefCell: Multi-dimensional analysis of image-based high-throughput screens based on ‘typical cells’]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A whole-brain and cross-diagnostic perspective on functional brain network dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/326728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wide variety of mental disorders have been associated with resting-state functional network alterations, which are thought to contribute to the cognitive changes underlying mental illness. These observations have seemed to support various theories postulating large-scale disruptions of brain systems in mental illness. However, existing approaches isolate differences in network organization without putting those differences in broad, whole-brain perspective. Using a graph distance measure - connectome-wide correlation - we found that whole-brain resting-state functional network organization in humans is highly similar across a variety of mental diseases and healthy controls. This similarity was observed across autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Nonetheless, subtle differences in network graph distance were predictive of diagnosis, suggesting that while functional connectomes differ little across health and disease those differences are informative. Such small network alterations may reflect the fact that most psychiatric patients maintain overall cognitive abilities similar to those of healthy individuals (relative to, e.g., the most severe schizophrenia cases), such that whole-brain functional network organization is expected to differ only subtly even for mental diseases with devastating effects on everyday life. These results suggest a need to reevaluate neurocognitive theories of mental illness, with a role for subtle functional brain network changes in the production of an array of mental diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spronk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A whole-brain and cross-diagnostic perspective on functional brain network dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addiction associated N40D mu-opioid receptor variant modulates synaptic function in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe OPRM1 A118G gene variant (N40D) encoding the {micro}-opioid receptor (MOR) has been associated with dependence on opiates and other abused drugs but its mechanism is unknown. With opioid abuse-related deaths rising at unprecedented rates, understanding these mechanisms may provide a path to therapy.nnMethodsSeven human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines from homozygous N40D subjects (4 with N40 and 3 with D40 variants) were generated and human induced neuronal cells (iNs) were derived from these iPS cell lines. Morphological, gene expression as well as synaptic physiology analyses were conducted in human iN cells carrying N40D MOR variants; Two pairs of isogenic pluripotent stem cells carrying N40D were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing and iN cells derived from them were analyzed.nnResultsInhibitory human neurons generated from subjects carrying N40D MOR gene variants show mature properties in morphological and functional analyses. Gene expression revealed that they express mature neuronal marker and MORs. Activation of MORs suppressed inhibitory synaptic transmission in human neurons carrying both N40 or D40 MOR variants but D40 show stronger effects. To mitigate the confounding effects of background genetic variation on neuronal function, the regulatory effects of MORs on synaptic transmission were validated in two sets of independently generated isogenic N40D iNs.nnConclusionsActivations of N40D MOR variants show different regulatory effects on synaptic transmission in inhibitory human neurons. This study identifies neurophysiological differences between human MOR variants that may predict altered opioid responsivity and/or dependence in this subset of individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halikere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdel, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addiction associated N40D mu-opioid receptor variant modulates synaptic function in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunobiochemical reconstruction of influenza lung infection - Melanoma skin cancer interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our recent experimental results that combine a mouse model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection (A/H1N1/PR8) and a highly aggressive model of infection-unrelated cancer, B16-F10 skin melanoma, showed that acute influenza infection of the lung promotes distal melanoma growth in the dermis of the flank and leads to decreased host survival. Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates the T cell receptor signaling pathway, various transcription factors, and a gene regulatory network (GRN). A core component of our model is a biochemical motif, which we call a Triple Incoherent Feed-Forward Loop (TIFFL), and which reflects known interactions between IRF4, Blimp-1, and Bcl-6. The different activity levels of the TIFFL components, as a function of the cognate antigen levels and the given inflammation context, manifest themselves in phenotypically distinct outcomes. Specifically, both the TIFFL reconstruction and quantitative estimates obtained from the model allowed us to formulate a hypothesis that it is the loss of the fundamental TIFFL-induced adaptation of the expression of PD-1 receptors on anti-melanoma CD8+ T cells that constitutes the essence of the previously unrecognized immunologic factor that promotes the experimentally observed distal tumor growth in the presence of acute non-ocogenic infection. We therefore hope that this work can further highlight the importance of adaptive mechanisms by which immune functions contribute to the balance between self and non-self immune tolerance, adaptive resistance, and the strength of TCR-induced activation, thus contributing to the understanding of a broader complexity of fundamental interactions between pathogens and tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaev, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zloza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunobiochemical reconstruction of influenza lung infection - Melanoma skin cancer interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights on TRPV5 gating by endogenous modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRPV5 is a transient receptor potential channel involved in calcium reabsorption. Here we investigate the interaction of two endogenous modulators with TRPV5. Both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and calmodulin (CaM) have been shown to directly bind to TRPV5 and activate or inactivate the channel, respectively. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined TRPV5 structures in the presence of dioctanoyl PI(4,5)P2 and CaM. The PI(4,5)P2 structure revealed a novel binding site between the N-linker, S4-S5 linker and S6 helix of TRPV5. These interactions with PI(4,5)P2 induce conformational rearrangements in the lower gate, opening the channel. The CaM structure revealed two TRPV5 C-terminal peptides anchoring a single CaM molecule and that calcium inhibition is mediated through a cation-{pi} interaction between Lys116 on the C-lobe of calcium-activated CaM and Trp583 at the intracellular gate of TRPV5. Overall, this investigation provides insight into the endogenous modulation of TRPV5, which has the potential to guide drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pumroy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluck, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molugu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moiseenkova-Bell, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights on TRPV5 gating by endogenous modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manifold-tiling Localized Receptive Fields are Optimal in Similarity-preserving Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurons in the brain, such as place cells in the rodent hippocampus, have localized receptive fields, i.e., they respond to a small neighborhood of stimulus space. What is the functional significance of such representations and how can they arise? Here, we propose that localized receptive fields emerge in similarity-preserving networks of rectifying neurons that learn low-dimensional manifolds populated by sensory inputs. Numerical simulations of such networks on standard datasets yield manifold-tiling localized receptive fields. More generally, we show analytically that, for data lying on symmetric manifolds, optimal solutions of objectives, from which similarity-preserving networks are derived, have localized receptive fields. Therefore, nonnegative similarity-preserving mapping (NSM) implemented by neural networks can model representations of continuous manifolds in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehlevan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chklovskii, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manifold-tiling Localized Receptive Fields are Optimal in Similarity-preserving Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vesicular delivery of the antifungal antibiotics of Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a predatory strain of gram-negative gliding bacteria that produces antifungal antibiotics by the polyketide synthetic pathway. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are formed as a stress response and can deliver virulence factors to host cells. The production of OMV by C3 and their role in antifungal activity are reported here. Vesicles in the range of 130-150 nm in diameter were discovered in the cell-free supernatants of C3 cultures. These OMV contain molecules characteristic of bacterial outer membranes, such as lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids. In addition, they contain chitinase activity and essentially all of the heat stable antifungal activity in cell supernatants. We show here that C3 OMV can directly inhibit growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as the filamentous fungus Fusarium subglutinans. The activity is dependent on physical contact between OMV and the cells. Furthermore, fluorescent lipid labeling of C3 OMV demonstrated transfer of the membrane-associated probe to yeast cells, suggesting the existence of a mechanism of delivery for membrane-associated molecules. Mass spectrometric analysis of C3 OMV extracts indicates the presence of molecules with molecular weights identical to some of the previously identified antifungal products of C3. These data together suggest that OMV act as an important remote mobile component of predation by Lysobacter.nnImportanceThe data presented here suggest a newly discovered function of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) that are produced from the outer membrane of the bacterial species Lysobacter enzymogenes C3. We show that these OMV can be released from the surface of the cells to deliver antibiotics to target fungal organisms as a mechanism of killing or growth inhibition. Understanding the role of OMV in antibiotic delivery can generally lead to improved strategies for dealing with antibiotic-resistant organisms. These results also add to the evidence that some bacterially produced antibiotics can be discovered and purified using methods designed for isolation of nanoscale vesicles. Information on these systems can lead to better identification of active molecules or design of delivery vehicles for these molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartos, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziedzic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orciuolo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutyla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithrananda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vesicular delivery of the antifungal antibiotics of Lysobacter enzymogenes C3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a universal structural and energetic model for prokaryotic promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With almost no consensus promoter sequence in prokaryotes, recruitment of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to precise transcriptional start sites (TSSs) has remained an unsolved puzzle. Uncovering the underlying mechanism is critical for understanding the principle of gene regulation. We attempted to search the hidden code in ~16500 promoters, of twelve prokaryotes representing two kingdoms, in their structure and energetics. Twenty eight fundamental parameters of DNA structure including backbone angles, base pair axis, inter base pair and intra base pair parameters were used and information was extracted from X-ray crystallography (XRC) data. Three parameters (solvation energy, hydrogen bond energy and stacking energy) were selected for creating energetics profiles using in-house programs. DNA was found to be inherently designed to undergo a change in every parameter undertaken, from some distance upstream of TSSs to adopt a signature state at these locations in all prokaryotes. These signature states might be the universal hidden codes recognised by RNAP. This observation was reiterated when randomly selected promoter sequences (with little sequence conservation) were subjected to structure generation; all developed into very similar three dimensional structures, quite distinct from those of conventional B-DNA and coding sequences. Fine structural details at important motifs (viz. -11, -35, -75 positions relative to TSS) of promoters reveal novel and pointed insights for RNAP interaction at these locations; it could be correlated that how some particular structural changes at -11 region may allow insertion of RNAP amino acids in inter-base pair space as well as facilitate the flipping out of bases from DNA duplex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwach, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaram, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thayer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beveridge, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/348854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a universal structural and energetic model for prokaryotic promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
14-3-3 recruits keratin intermediate filaments to mechanically sensitive cell-cell contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractIntermediate filament cytoskeletal networks simultaneously support mechanical integrity and influence signal transduction pathways. Marked remodeling of the keratin intermediate filament network accompanies collective cellular morphogenetic movements that occur during early embryonic development in the frog Xenopus laevis. While this reorganization of keratin is initiated by force transduction on cell-cell contacts mediated by C-cadherin, the mechanism by which keratin filament reorganization occurs remains poorly understood. In this work we demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins regulate keratin reorganization dynamics in embryonic mesendoderm cells from Xenopus gastrula. 14-3-3 co-localizes with keratin filaments near cell-cell junctions in migrating mesendoderm. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses indicate Keratin 19 is a target of 14-3-3 in the whole embryo and, more specifically, mesendoderm tissue. Inhibition of 14-3-3 results in both the decreased exchange of keratin subunits into filaments and blocks keratin filament recruitment toward cell-cell contacts. Synthetically coupling 14-3-3 to Keratin 19 through a unique fusion construct conversely induces the localization of this keratin population to the region of cell-cell contacts. Taken together, these findings indicate that 14-3-3 acts on keratin intermediate filaments and is involved in their reorganization to sites of cell adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariani, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/349092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[14-3-3 recruits keratin intermediate filaments to mechanically sensitive cell-cell contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orexin-1 receptor signaling in ventral pallidum mediates demand for the opioid remifentanil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/353896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (Ox1R) is important for motivation for various drugs of abuse. Recently, our laboratory showed that systemic blockade of Ox1Rs decreased motivation for the potent and short-acting opioid remifentanil (Porter-Stransky et al, 2017). However, the central sites through which orexin acts to mediate motivation for opioids are not known. Here, we investigated ventral pallidum (VP) as a potential site of orexin action, as VP is a known mediator of opioid reward and is densely innervated by orexin-immunoreactive fibers. We used a within-session behavioral economics (BE) paradigm in which remifentanil price (responses/{micro}g iv remifentanil) was sequentially increased throughout the session. Rats were implanted with bilateral cannulae into VP, through which microinjections of SB334867 (SB), and orexin 1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist, were given prior to BE testing. Rats were then extinguished and subjected to cue-induced reinstatement following intra-VP SB microinjection. We found that inhibition of Ox1R signaling in VP reduced both motivation (increased demand elasticity) for remifentanil and cued reinstatement of extinguished remifentanil-seeking without affecting baseline consumption or general locomotor activity. These effects were specific to the VP, as control injections of SB immediately dorsal to VP did not affect remifentanil-seeking. Together, these findings indicate a selective role of Ox1R signaling in VP in motivation and relapse for the opioid remifentanil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammdkhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowrey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/353896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orexin-1 receptor signaling in ventral pallidum mediates demand for the opioid remifentanil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockdown of butyrylcholinesterase but not inhibition by chlorpyrifos alters early differentiation mechanisms in human neural stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is the evolutionary counterpart to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Both are expressed early in nervous system development prior to cholinergic synapse formation. The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) primarily exerts toxicity through inhibition of AChE, which results in excess cholinergic stimulation at the synapse. We hypothesized that inhibition of AChE and BChE by CPF may impair early neurogenesis in neural stem cells (NSCs). To model neurodevelopment in vitro, we used human NSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a focus on initial differentiation mechanisms. Over six days of NSC differentiation, BChE activity and mRNA expression significantly increased, while AChE activity and expression remained unchanged. CPF treatment (10 M) caused 82% and 92% inhibition of AChE and BChE, respectively. CPF exposure had no effect on cell viability or the expression of differentiation markers HES5, DCX or MAP2. However, shRNA-knockdown of BChE expression resulted in decreased or delayed expression of transcription factors HES5 and HES3. BChE may have a role in the differentiation of NSCs independent of, or in addition to, its enzymatic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teithof, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockdown of butyrylcholinesterase but not inhibition by chlorpyrifos alters early differentiation mechanisms in human neural stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posttranscriptional regulation of intestinal epithelial cell repair by RNA binding protein IMP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins, such as IMP1, are emerging as essential regulators of intestinal development and cancer. IMP1 hypomorphic mice exhibit severe intestinal growth defects, yet its role in adult intestinal epithelium is unclear. We employed ribosome profiling to test the effect of IMP1 loss on the "translatome" in colon cancer cell lines. In parallel, we evaluated mice with intestinal epithelial-specific Imp1 deletion (Imp1{Delta}IEC) following irradiation or colitis models. Ribosome-profiling revealed translation efficiency changes for multiple pathways important for intestinal homeostasis, including autophagy, in IMP1 knockout cells. We found increased autophagy flux in Imp1{Delta}IEC mice, reinforced through in silico and biochemical analyses revealing direct binding of IMP1 to autophagy transcripts MAP1LC3B and ATG3. We found that Imp1{Delta}IEC mice exhibit enhanced recovery following irradiation, which is attenuated with genetic deletion of autophagy gene Atg7. Finally, we demonstrated that IMP1 is upregulated in Crohns disease patients and Imp1 loss lessened colitis severity in mice. These studies demonstrate that IMP1 acts as a posttranscriptional regulator of gut epithelial repair post-irradiation and colitis, in part through modulation of autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterji, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samper, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundsmith, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, H. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giroux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posttranscriptional regulation of intestinal epithelial cell repair by RNA binding protein IMP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluoxetine effects on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in female C57BL/6J mice across the estrous cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder, are more prevalent in women than in men. However, historically preclinical studies in rodents have a lower inclusion rate of females than males, possibly due to the fact that behavior can be affected by the estrous cycle. Several studies have demonstrated that chronic antidepressant treatment can decrease anxiety-like behaviors and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male rodents. However, very few studies have conclusively looked at the effects of antidepressants on behavior and neurogenesis across the estrous cycle in naturally cycling female rodents. Here we analyze the effects of chronic treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac) on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in naturally cycling C57BL/6J females across all four phases of the estrous cycle. Interestingly, we find that the effects of fluoxetine on both behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis are driven by mice specifically in the estrus or diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Taken together our data is the first to illustrate the impact of fluoxetine on brain and behavior across all four stages of the murine estrous cycle.nnHighlightsO_LIChronic fluoxetine reduces anxiety-like behaviors in naturally cycling female micenC_LIO_LIChronic fluoxetine increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis in naturally cycling female micenC_LIO_LIThe effects of chronic fluoxetine on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis are driven by the estrus and diestrus phases of the estrous cyclenC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yohn, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diethorn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashamalla, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluoxetine effects on behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in female C57BL/6J mice across the estrous cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel virtual plus-maze for studying electrophysiological correlates of spatial reorientation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quick reorientation is an essential part of successful navigation. Despite growing attention to this ability, little is known about how reorientation happens in humans. To this aim, we recorded EEG from 34 participants. Participants were navigating a simple virtual reality plus-maze where at the beginning of each trial they were randomly teleported to either the North or the South alley. Results show that the teleportation event caused a quick reorientation effect over occipito-parietal areas as early as 100 msec; meaning that despite the known stochastic nature of the teleportation, participants built up expectations for their place of arrival. This result has important consequences for the optimal design of Virtual reality locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honbolygo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel virtual plus-maze for studying electrophysiological correlates of spatial reorientation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backward evolution from gene network dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression is controlled by regulator genes that together with effector genes form gene regulatory networks. How mutation in the genes comprising gene regulatory networks influences cell population dynamics has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we develop mathematical models to study how a mutation in a regulator gene that reaches the effector gene with a time delay affects short-term and long-term population growth. Using theory and experiment, we find a paradoxical outcome of evolution where a mutation in a regulator gene leads to an interaction between gene regulatory network and population dynamics, causing in certain cases a permanent decrease in population fitness in a constant environment.nnSignificance StatementThe properties of a cell are largely the products of its proteins, synthesized at rates depending on the regulation of protein coding genes. Single-cell measurements show that genetically identical cells can differ radically in their protein levels, partially due to the random production and degradation of proteins. It is currently unknown how mutants arise and spread in populations affected by such biological variability. We use computer simulations and evolution experiments to study how a mutant spreads in a population that carries a synthetic drug resistance gene network. Our results show for the first time a paradoxical outcome of evolution, where an initially beneficial mutation can interact with gene regulatory network dynamics and cause a permanent decrease in population fitness in the same environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belete, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlebois, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazsi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backward evolution from gene network dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scedar: a scalable Python package for single-cell RNA-seq exploratory data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments, the number of individual cells has increased exponentially, and the sequencing depth of each cell has decreased significantly. As a result, analyzing scRNA-seq data requires extensive considerations of program efficiency and method selection. In order to reduce the complexity of scRNA-seq data analysis, we present scedar, a scalable Python package for scRNA-seq exploratory data analysis. The package provides a convenient and reliable interface for performing visualization, imputation of gene dropouts, detection of rare transcriptomic profiles, and clustering on large-scale scRNA-seq datasets. The analytical methods are efficient, and they also do not assume that the data follow certain statistical distributions. The package is extensible and modular, which would facilitate the further development of functionalities for future requirements with the open-source development community. The scedar package is distributed under the terms of the MIT license at https://pypi.org/project/scedar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scedar: a scalable Python package for single-cell RNA-seq exploratory data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix regulates morphogenesis and function of ciliated sensory organs in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles that play important roles in human health and disease. In C. elegans and mammals, the Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 localize to both cilia and EVs, act in the same genetic pathway, and function in a sensory capacity, suggesting ancient conservation. Hence, the nematode offers an excellent system in which to address central questions regarding the biology of cilia, EVs, and the polycystins. We discovered an unexpected role of the mec-1, mec-5, and mec-9 genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components. We determined that these ECM encoding genes regulate polycystin localization and function, ciliary EV release, cilia length, dendritic morphology, and neuron-glia interactions. Abnormal ECM and fibrosis are observed in ciliopathies such as ADPKD, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Our studies reveal multifaceted roles for ECM proteins in the ciliated nervous system of the worm and provide a powerful new in vivo model to study the relationship between ECM, the polycystins, and ciliopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vore, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knobel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular matrix regulates morphogenesis and function of ciliated sensory organs in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of ECF-sigma-factor-dependent transcription initiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracytoplasmic (ECF) {sigma} factors, the largest class of alternative {sigma} factors, are related to primary {sigma} factors, but have simpler structures, comprising only two of the six conserved functional modules present in primary {sigma} factors: region 2 ({sigma}R2) and region 4 ({sigma}R4). Here, we report crystal structures of transcription initiation complexes containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase (RNAP), M. tuberculosis ECF {sigma} factor {sigma}L, and promoter DNA. The structures show that {sigma}R2 and {sigma}R4 of the ECF {sigma} factor occupy the same sites on RNAP as in primary {sigma} factors, show that the connector between {sigma}R2 and {sigma}R4 of the ECF {sigma} factor--although unrelated in sequence--follows the same path through RNAP as in primary {sigma} factors, and show that the ECF {sigma} factor uses the same strategy to bind and unwind promoter DNA as primary {sigma} factors. The results define protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions involved in ECF-{sigma}-factor-dependent transcription initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of ECF-sigma-factor-dependent transcription initiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial RNA capping: highly efficient 5’-RNA capping with NAD+ and NADH by yeast and human mitochondrial RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial and eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases (RNAPs) cap RNA with the oxidized and reduced forms of the metabolic effector nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+ and NADH, using NAD+ and NADH as non-canonical initiating nucleotides for transcription initiation. Here, we show that mitochondrial RNAPs (mtRNAPs) cap RNA with NAD+ and NADH, and do so more efficiently than nuclear RNAPs. Direct quantitation of NAD+- and NADH-capped RNA demonstrates remarkably high levels of capping in vivo: up to ~60% NAD+ and NADH capping of yeast mitochondrial transcripts, and up to ~10% NAD+ capping of human mitochondrial transcripts. The capping efficiency is determined by promoter sequence at, and upstream of, the transcription start site and, in yeast and human cells, by intracellular NAD+ and NADH levels. Our findings indicate mtRNAPs serve as both sensors and actuators in coupling cellular metabolism to mitochondrial gene expression, sensing NAD+ and NADH levels and adjusting transcriptional outputs accordingly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bird, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grudzien-Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiakov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial RNA capping: highly efficient 5’-RNA capping with NAD+ and NADH by yeast and human mitochondrial RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific structural plasticity of the ciliary transition zone in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background informationThe current consensus on cilia development posits that the ciliary transition zone (TZ) is formed via extension of nine centrosomal microtubules. In this model, TZ structure remains unchanged in microtubule number throughout the cilium life cycle. This model does not however explain structural variations of TZ structure seen in nature, and could also lend itself to the misinterpretation that deviations from nine-doublet microtubule ultrastructure represent an abnormal phenotype. Thus, a better understanding of events that occur at the TZ in vivo during metazoan development is required.nnResultsTo address this issue, we characterized ultrastructure of two types of sensory cilia in developing Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that, in cephalic male (CEM) and inner labial quadrant (IL2Q) sensory neurons, ciliary TZs are structurally plastic and remodel from one structure to another during animal larval development. The number of microtubules doublets forming the TZ can be increased or decreased over time, depending on cilia type. Both cases result in structural TZ intermediates different from TZ in adult cilia. In CEM cilia, axonemal extension and maturation occurs concurrently with TZ structural maturation.nnConclusions and SignificanceOur work extends the current model to include the structural plasticity of metazoan transition zone, which can be structurally delayed, maintained or remodeled in cell type-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morsci, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific structural plasticity of the ciliary transition zone in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kingdom-wide comparison reveals conserved diurnal gene expression in Archaeplastida 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants have adapted to the diurnal light-dark cycle by establishing elaborate transcriptional programs that coordinate innumerable metabolic, physiological, and developmental responses to the external environment. These transcriptional programs have been studied in only a few species, and their function and conservation across algae and plants is currently unknown. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of the diurnal cycle of nine members of Archaeplastida, and we observed that, despite large phylogenetic distances and dramatic differences in morphology and lifestyle, diurnal transcriptional programs of these organisms are similar. However, the establishment of multicellularity coincided with the uncoupling of cell division from the diurnal cycle and decreased diurnal control of the expression of the biological pathways. Hence, our study provides evidence for the universality of diurnal gene expression and elucidates its evolutionary history among different photosynthetic eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikoloski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tohge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutwil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kingdom-wide comparison reveals conserved diurnal gene expression in Archaeplastida]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic Midbrain Afferents Modulate Striatal Circuits and Shape Encoding of Action Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assimilation of novel strategies into a consolidated action repertoire is a crucial function for behavioral adaptation and cognitive flexibility. Acetylcholine in the striatum plays a pivotal role in such adaptation and its release has been causally associated with the activity of cholinergic interneurons. Here we show that the midbrain, a previously unknown source of acetylcholine in the striatum, is a major contributor to cholinergic transmission in the striatal complex. Neurons of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei synapse with striatal cholinergic interneurons and give rise to excitatory responses that, in turn, mediate inhibition of spiny projection neurons. Inhibition of acetylcholine release from midbrain terminals in the striatum impairs action shifting and mimics the effects observed following inhibition of acetylcholine release from striatal cholinergic interneurons. These results suggest the existence of two hierarchically-organized modes of cholinergic transmission in the striatum where cholinergic interneurons are modulated by cholinergic neurons of the midbrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dautan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta-Ocampo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondabolu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdjikov, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena-Segovia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic Midbrain Afferents Modulate Striatal Circuits and Shape Encoding of Action Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATM is activated by ATP depletion and modulates mitochondrial function through NRF1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have uncovered new insights into the symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Neurons with high physiological activity, particularly cerebellar Purkinje cells, have large and dynamic ATP demands. Depletion of ATP generates reactive oxygen species that activate ATM (the A-T Mutated gene product). Activated in this way, but not by DNA damage, ATM phosphorylates nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1). This leads to NRF1 dimerization, nuclear translocation and the upregulation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, thus enhancing the capacity of the electron transport chain (ETC) and restoring mitochondrial function. In cells with ATM deficiency, resting ATP levels are normal, but cells replenish ATP poorly following surges in energy demand and chronic ATP insufficiency endangers cell survival. This is a particular problem for energy-intensive cells such as Purkinje cells, which degenerate in A-T. Our findings thus identify ATM as a guardian of mitochondrial output as well as genomic integrity, and suggest that alternate fuel sources may ameliorate A-T disease symptoms.nnSummaryOxidative stress, resulting from neuronal activity and depleted ATP levels, activates ATM, which phosphorylates NRF1, causing nuclear translocation and upregulation of mitochondrial gene expression. In ATM deficiency, ATP levels recover more slowly, particularly in active neurons with high energy demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrup, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATM is activated by ATP depletion and modulates mitochondrial function through NRF1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization of Dose Schedules for Chemotherapy of Early Colon Cancer Determined by High Performance Computer Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer chemotherapy dose schedules are conventionally applied intermittently, with dose duration of the order of hours, intervals between doses of days or weeks, and cycles repeated for weeks. The large number of possible combinations of values of duration, interval, and lethality has been an impediment to empirically determine the optimal set of treatment conditions. The purpose of this project was to determine the set of parameters for duration, interval, and lethality that would be most effective for treating early colon cancer. An agent-based computer model that simulated cell proliferation kinetics in normal human colon crypts was calibrated with measurements of human biopsy specimens. Mutant cells were simulated as proliferating and forming an adenoma, or dying if treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Using a high performance computer, a total of 28,800 different parameter sets of duration, interval, and lethality were simulated. The effect of each parameter set on the stability of colon crypts, the time to cure a crypt of mutant cells, and the accumulated dose was determined. Of the 28,800 parameter sets, 434 parameter sets were effective in curing the crypts of mutant cells before they could form an adenoma and allowed the crypt normal cell dynamics to recover to pretreatment levels. A group of 14 similar parameter sets produced a minimal time to cure mutant cells. A different group of 9 similar parameter sets produced the least accumulated dose. These parameter sets may be considered as candidate dose schedules to guide clinical trials for early colon cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization of Dose Schedules for Chemotherapy of Early Colon Cancer Determined by High Performance Computer Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lineage-Specific Transcription Factor CDX2 Navigates Dynamic Chromatin to Control Distinct Stages of Intestine Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage-restricted transcription factors, such as the intestine-specifying factor CDX2, often have dual requirements across developmental time. Embryonic-loss of CDX2 triggers homeotic transformation of intestinal fate, while adult-onset Cdx2-loss compromises critical physiological functions but preserves intestinal identity. It is unclear how such diverse requirements are executed across the developmental continuum. Using primary and engineered human tissues, mouse genetics, and a multi-omics approach, we demonstrate that divergent CDX2 loss-of-function phenotypes in embryonic versus adult intestines correspond to divergent CDX2 chromatin-binding profiles in embryonic versus adult stages. CDX2 binds and activates distinct target genes in developing versus adult mouse and human intestinal cells. We find that temporal shifts in chromatin accessibility correspond to these context-specific CDX2 activities. Thus, CDX2 is not sufficient to activate a mature intestinal program, but rather, CDX2 responds to its environment, targeting stage-specific genes to contribute to either intestinal patterning or maturity. This study provides insights into the mechanisms through which lineage-specific regulatory factors achieve divergent functions over developmental time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lineage-Specific Transcription Factor CDX2 Navigates Dynamic Chromatin to Control Distinct Stages of Intestine Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male and female bees show large differences in floral preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIIntraspecific variation in foraging niche can drive food web dynamics and ecosystem processes. Field studies and theoretical analysis of plant-pollinator interaction networks typically focus on the partitioning of the floral community between pollinator species, with little attention paid to intraspecific variation among plants or foraging bees. In other systems, male and female animals exhibit different, cascading, impacts on interaction partners. Although the foraging ecology of male bees is little known, we expect foraging preferences to differ between male and female bees, which could strongly impact plant-pollinator interaction outcomes.nC_LIO_LIWe designed an observational study to evaluate the strength and prevalence of sexually dimorphic foraging preferences in bees.nC_LIO_LIWe observed bees visiting flowers in semi-natural meadows in New Jersey, USA. To detect differences in flower use against a shared background resource availability, we maximized the number of interactions observed within narrow spatio-temporal windows. To distinguish observed differences in bee use of flower species, which can reflect abundance patterns and sampling effects, from underlying differences in bee preferences, we analyzed our data with both a permutation-based null model and random effects models.nC_LIO_LIWe found that the diets of male and female bees of the same species were often as dissimilar as the diets of bees of different species. Furthermore, we demonstrate differences in preference between male and female bees, and identify plant species that are particularly attractive to each sex. We show that intraspecific differences in preference can be robustly identified within interactions between hundreds of species, without precisely quantifying resource availability, and despite high phenological turnover.nC_LIO_LIGiven the large differences in flower use and preference between male and female bees, ecological sex differences should be integrated into studies of bee demography, plant pollination, and coevolutionary relationships between flowers and insects.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roswell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male and female bees show large differences in floral preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GrgA as a potential target of selective antichlamydials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia is a common pathogen that can causes serious complications in the reproductive system and eyes. Lack of vaccine and other effective prophylactic measures coupled with the largely asymptomatic nature and unrare clinical treatment failure calls for development of new antichlamydials, particularly selective antichlamydials without adverse effects on humans and the beneficial microbiota. We previously reported that benzal-N-acylhydrazones (BAH) can inhibit chlamydiae without detectable adverse effects on host cells and beneficial lactobacilli that dominate the human vaginal microbiota among reproductive-age women. However, the antichlamydial mechanism of BAH is not known. Whereas 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (i.e., SNP1-4) were identified in a rare Chlamydia variant with a low level of BAH resistance, termed MCR, previous studies failed to establish a causal effect of any particular SNP(s). In the present work, we performed recombination to segregate the four SNPs. Susceptibility tests indicate that the R51G GrgA allele is both necessary and sufficient for the low level of BAH resistance. Thus, the Chlamydia-specific transcription factor GrgA either is a direct target of BAH or regulates BAH susceptibility. We further confirm an extremely low rate of BAH resistance in Chlamydia. Our findings warrant exploration of GrgA as a therapeutic and prophylactic target for chlamydial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GrgA as a potential target of selective antichlamydials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intrinsic neural eye tracker in primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other primates rely on eye movements to explore visual scenes and to track moving objects. As a result, the image that is projected onto the retina - and propagated throughout the visual cortical hierarchy - is almost constantly changing and makes little sense without taking into account the momentary direction of gaze. How is this achieved in the visual system? Here we show that in primary visual cortex (V1), the earliest stage of cortical vision, neural representations carry an embedded "eye tracker" that signals the direction of gaze associated with each image. Using chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays, we recorded the activity of neurons in V1 during tasks requiring fast (exploratory) and slow (pursuit) eye movements. Neurons were stimulated with flickering, full-field luminance noise at all times. As in previous studies 1-4, we observed neurons that were sensitive to gaze direction during fixation, despite comparable stimulation of their receptive fields. We trained a decoder to translate neural activity into metric estimates of (stationary) gaze direction. This decoded signal not only tracked the eye accurately during fixation, but also during fast and slow eye movements, even though the decoder had not been exposed to data from these behavioural states. Moreover, this signal lagged the real eye by approximately the time it took for new visual information to travel from the retina to cortex. Using simulations, we show that this V1 eye position signal could be used to take into account the sensory consequences of eye movements and map the fleeting positions of objects on the retina onto their stable position in the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intrinsic neural eye tracker in primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cerebral Organoids Reveal Human Oligodendrogenesis with Dorsal and Ventral Origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of oligodendrogenesis has been relatively well delineated in the rodent brain. However, it remains unknown whether analogous developmental processes are manifested in the human brain. Here, we report oligodendrogenesis in forebrain organoids, generated by using OLIG2-GFP knockin human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) reporter lines. OLIG2/GFP exhibits distinct temporal expression patterns in ventral forebrain organoids (VFOs) vs. dorsal forebrain organoids (DFOs). Interestingly, oligodendrogenesis can be induced in both VFOs and DFOs after neuronal maturation. Assembling VFOs and DFOs to generate fused forebrain organoids (FFOs) promotes oligodendroglia maturation. Furthermore, dorsally-derived oligodendroglial cells outcompete ventrally-derived oligodendroglia and become dominant in FFOs after long-term culture. Thus, our organoid models reveal human oligodendrogenesis with ventral and dorsal origins. These models will serve to study the phenotypic and functional differences between human ventrally- and dorsally-derived oligodendroglia and to reveal mechanisms of diseases associated with cortical myelin defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragunathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunaevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyfus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cerebral Organoids Reveal Human Oligodendrogenesis with Dorsal and Ventral Origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabinoid 1-Receptor regulation of deep and distributed subcellular processes enables neurite outgrowth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurite outgrowth is an integrated whole cell process that represents the earliest steps in neuronal differentiation. We studied cannabinoid-1 receptor regulated neurite outgrowth to identify the different subcellular processes (SCPs) involved and how they come together to produce a whole cell response. We identified the genes that were differentially expressed after CB1 receptor stimulation. From the differentially expressed components we identified the SCPs involved and how the SCPs connect to one another both horizontally and vertically. We used these SCP networks to identify genes, which when knocked down would validate the involvement of the SCP in neurite outgrowth. We identified a varied list of SCPs including those involved in pyrimidine metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, mitochondrial transport function, mRNA splicing and stability in addition to those involved in membrane vesicle production, transport and fusion and microtubule dynamics. Overall these data and computational analyses show that the downstream SCPs required for neurite outgrowth are widely distributed and involve a range of normal cellular functions. Additionally, several of these processes can be considered distal in terms of their proximity to cell signaling pathways and the microtubule and membrane vesicle dynamics, the proximal SCPs required for neurite outgrowth. Hence we conclude that receptor regulation of neurite outgrowth is distributed and deep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadaw, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiq, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolentino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyenagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabinoid 1-Receptor regulation of deep and distributed subcellular processes enables neurite outgrowth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversing Abnormal Neural Development by Inhibiting OLIG2 in Down Syndrome Human iPSC Brain Organoids and Neuronal Mouse Chimeras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down syndrome (DS) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, and cognitive defects in DS patients may arise form imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such imbalances may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from DS patients overproduce OLIG2+ ventral forebrain neural progenitors. As a result, DS hiPSC-derived cerebral organoids excessively produce specific subclasses of GABAergic interneurons and cause impaired recognition memory in neuronal chimeric mice. Increased OLIG2 expression in DS cells directly upregulates interneuron lineage-determining transcription factors. shRNA-mediated knockdown of OLIG2 largely reverses abnormal gene expression in early-stage DS neural progenitors, reduces interneuron production in DS organoids and chimeric mouse brains, and improves behavioral deficits in DS chimeric mice. Thus, altered OLIG2 expression may underlie neurodevelopmental abnormalities and cognitive defects in DS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brawner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversing Abnormal Neural Development by Inhibiting OLIG2 in Down Syndrome Human iPSC Brain Organoids and Neuronal Mouse Chimeras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-distance dispersal, ice sheet dynamics, and mountaintop isolation underlie the genetic structure of glacier ice worms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disentangling the contemporary and historical factors underlying the spatial distributions of species is a central goal of biogeography. For species with broad distributions but little capacity to actively disperse, disconnected geographic distributions highlight the potential influence of passive, long-distance dispersal (LDD) on their evolutionary histories. However, dispersal alone cannot completely account for the biogeography of any species, and other factors-e.g., habitat suitability, life history-must also be considered. North American ice worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) are ice-obligate annelids that inhabit coastal glaciers from Oregon to Alaska. Previous studies identified a complex biogeographic history for ice worms, with evidence for genetic isolation, unexpectedly close relationships among geographically disjunct lineages, and contemporary migration across large (> 1,500 km) areas of unsuitable habitat. In this study, we analyzed genome-scale sequence data for most of the known ice worm range. We found clear support for divergence between populations along the Pacific Coast and the inland flanks of the Coast Mountains (mean FST = 0.60), likely precipitated by episodic ice sheet expansion and contraction during the Pleistocene. We also found support for LDD of ice worms from Alaska to Vancouver Island, perhaps mediated by migrating birds. Our results highlight the power of genomic data for disentangling complex biogeographic patterns, including the presence of LDD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hotaling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M., L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisrock, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-distance dispersal, ice sheet dynamics, and mountaintop isolation underlie the genetic structure of glacier ice worms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 reduces motivation, but not inhibitory control, in a rat stop signal task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is considerable clinical interest in the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin for its ability to regulate motivation and reward as well as arousal and wakefulness. For instance, antagonists for the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) are thought to hold great promise for treating drug addiction and disorders associated with overeating, as these compounds repeatedly have been found to suppress seeking of various drugs of abuse as well as highly palatable foods in preclinical models. Given the hypothesized role of OxR1 signaling in cue-driven motivation, an outstanding question is whether pharmacologically blocking this receptor affects cognitive functioning. Response inhibition - the ability to cancel ongoing behavior - is one aspect of cognitive control that may be particularly relevant. Response inhibition deficits are commonly associated with a range of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases, including substance use disorders and obesity. Moreover, OxR1 signaling recently has been implicated in waiting impulsivity, another aspect of inhibitory control. Here, we investigated the effects of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 on response inhibition in a rat version of the stop signal reaction time task. Results show that acutely blocking OxR1 had minimal effects on response inhibition or attentional functioning. In contrast, this manipulation reduced motivation to perform the task and earn food rewards. These results add to the growing body of literature implicating OxR1 in the regulation of motivation and suggest that effects of pharmacological compounds such as SB-334867 on drug seeking behavior are not related to effects on response inhibition.nnHighlightsO_LIOrexin-1 receptor antagonists hold great promise for treatment of drug addictionnC_LIO_LIThese compounds are thought to reduce motivation for drug seekingnC_LIO_LILess is known about effects of orexin-1 receptor blockade on cognitive functioningnC_LIO_LIWe tested the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 in a rat stop signal tasknC_LIO_LISB-334867 reduced task motivation but had little effect on executive control as measured with response inhibitionnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiskerke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 reduces motivation, but not inhibitory control, in a rat stop signal task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased genome-scale identification of cis-regulatory modules in the human genome by GRAMc 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although significant advances have been made toward functionally identifying human regulatory elements, existing genome-scale reporter methods preferentially detect either enhancers or promoters. Here we develop GRAMc, a highly reproducible unbiased Genome-scale Reporter Assay Method for cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). GRAMc combines the versatility of traditional reporter constructs and the scalability of DNA barcode reporters, and unites the complementary advantages of several currently available high-throughput reporter assays. We demonstrate that GRAMc can reliably measure cis-regulatory activity of nearly 90% of the human genome in 200 million HepG2 cells with randomly fragmented ~800bp inserts. By using the GRAMc-identified CRMs, we show that CRMs identified in one cell type are useful for predicting gene regulatory programs not only within that cell type but also between cell types or conditions separated in time and space. In addition, the GRAMc-identified CRMs support the hypothesis that SINE/Alu elements are rich sources of regulatory evolution. Finally, the observation that the majority of experimentally identified regulatory elements do not overlap with computationally predicted elements underscores the necessity of an efficient and unbiased genome-scale reporter assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guay, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased genome-scale identification of cis-regulatory modules in the human genome by GRAMc]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic signatures of evolutionary rescue in bats surviving white-nose syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of advantageous traits following abrupt environmental change can help populations grow and avoid extinction through evolutionary rescue. Here, we provide the first genetic evidence for rapid evolution in bat populations affected by white-nose syndrome (WNS). By comparing genetic samples from before and after little brown bat populations were decimated by WNS, we identified signatures of soft selection on standing genetic variation. This selection occurred at multiple loci in genes linked to hibernation behavior rather than immune function, suggesting that differences in hibernation strategy have allowed these bats to survive infection with WNS. Through these findings, we suggest that evolutionary rescue can be a conservationrelevant process even in slowly reproducing taxa threatened with extinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gignoux-Wolfsohn, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fefferman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic signatures of evolutionary rescue in bats surviving white-nose syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biochemical studies define Nudt12 as a new class of RNA deNADding enzyme in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently demonstrated mammalian cells harbor NAD-capped mRNAs that are hydrolyzed by the DXO deNADding enzyme. Here we report the Nudix protein Nudt12 is a second mammalian deNADding enzyme structurally and mechanistically distinct from DXO and targets different RNAs. Crystal structure of mouse Nudt12 in complex with the deNADding product AMP and three Mg2+ ions at 1.6 [A] resolution provides exquisite insights into the molecular basis of the deNADding activity within the NAD pyrophosphate. Disruption of the Nudt12 gene stabilizes transfected NAD-capped RNA in cells and its endogenous NAD-capped mRNA targets are enriched in those encoding proteins involved in cellular energetics. Furthermore, exposure of cells to metabolic stress manifests changes in NAD-capped RNA levels indicating an association between NAD-capped RNAs and cellular metabolism. Lastly, we show that the bacterial RppH protein also possesses deNADding activity toward NAD-capped RNA but not free NAD, revealing a third class of deNADding enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grudzien-Nogalska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biochemical studies define Nudt12 as a new class of RNA deNADding enzyme in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical Details on a Cancer Resistance Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary factor limiting the success of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is the phenomenon of drug resistance. We have recently introduced a framework for quantifying the effects of induced and non-induced resistance to cancer chemotherapy [11, 10]. In this work, we expound on the details relating to an optimal control problem outlined in [10]. The control structure is precisely characterized as a concatenation of bang-bang and path-constrained arcs via the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and differential Lie algebra techniques. A structural identifiability analysis is also presented, demonstrating that patient-specific parameters may be measured and thus utilized in the design of optimal therapies prior to the commencement of therapy. For completeness, a detailed analysis of existence results is also included.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greene, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Tapia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical Details on a Cancer Resistance Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Realtime 2-5A kinetics suggests interferons β and {lambda} evade global arrest of translation by RNase L 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells of all mammals recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a foreign material. In response, they release interferons (IFNs) and activate a ubiquitously expressed pseudokinase/endoribonuclease RNase L. RNase L executes regulated RNA decay and halts global translation. Here we developed a biosensor for 2,5-oligoadenylate (2-5A), the natural activator of RNase L. We found that 2-5A was acutely synthesized by cells in response to dsRNA sensing, which immediately triggered cellular RNA cleavage by RNase L and arrested host protein synthesis. However, translation-arrested cells still transcribed IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and secreted IFNs of types I and III (IFN-{beta} and IFN-{lambda}). Our data suggests that IFNs escape from the action of RNase L on translation. We propose that 2-5A/RNase L pathway serves to rapidly and accurately suppress basal protein synthesis, preserving privileged production of defense proteins of the innate immune system.nnSignificanceRNase L is a mammalian enzyme that can stop global protein synthesis during interferon response. Cells must balance the need to make interferons (which are proteins) with the risk to lose cell-wide translation due to RNase L. This balance can most simply be achieved if RNase L was activated late in the interferon response. However, we show by engineering a biosensor for the RNase L pathway, that on the contrary, RNase L activation precedes interferon synthesis. Further, translation of interferons evades the action of RNase L. Our data suggest that RNase L facilitates a switch of protein synthesis from homeostasis to specific needs of innate immune signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitrakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarest, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao Sridhar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korennykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Realtime 2-5A kinetics suggests interferons β and {lambda} evade global arrest of translation by RNase L]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/480988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic properties of internal noise probed by modulating binocular rivalry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/480988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural systems are inherently noisy, and this noise can affect our perception from moment to moment. This is particularly apparent in binocular rivalry, where our perception of competing stimuli shown to the left and right eyes alternates over time in a seemingly random fashion. We investigated internal noise using binocular rivalry by modulating rivalling stimuli using dynamic sequences of external noise of various rates and amplitudes. As well as measuring the effect on dominance durations, we repeated each external noise sequence twice, and assessed the consistency of percepts across repetitions. External noise modulations with standard deviations above 4% contrast increased consistency scores above baseline, and were most effective at 1/8Hz. A computational model of rivalry in which internal noise has a 1/f (pink) temporal amplitude spectrum, and a standard deviation of 16%, provided the best account of our data, and was able to correctly predict perception in additional conditions. Our novel technique provides detailed estimates of the dynamic properties of internal noise during binocular rivalry, and by extension the stochastic processes that drive our perception and other types of spontaneous brain activity.nnSignificance statementAlthough our perception of the world appears constant, sensory representations are variable because of the  noisy nature of biological neurons. Here we used a binocular rivalry paradigm, in which conflicting images are shown to the two eyes, to probe the properties of this internal variability. Using a novel paradigm in which the contrasts of rivalling stimuli are modulated by two independent external noise streams, we infer the amplitude and character of this internal noise. The temporal amplitude spectrum of the noise has a 1/f spectrum, similar to that of natural visual input, and consistent with the idea that the visual system evolved to match its environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/480988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic properties of internal noise probed by modulating binocular rivalry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel photoactivatable tool for intermediate filament disruption indicates a role for keratin filaments in early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The significance of cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins has previously been examined largely through various genetic approaches, including knockdown, knockout and transgenic overexpression. Few studies to date have attempted to examine the role of specifically the filamentous intermediate filament network in orchestrating various cell functions. To directly assess the role of the filamentous keratin intermediate filament network in regulation of cellular behavior, we created a PhotoActivatable disruptor of keratin Intermediate Filaments (PA-dIF). This genetically encoded construct consists of a peptide derived from the 2B2 region of Keratin 8 fused to the photosensitive LOV2 domain from Avena sativa phototropin-1. Upon 458 nm photoirradiation, PA-dIF disrupts keratin intermediate filaments in multiple species and cell types. Marked remodeling of the keratin intermediate filament network accompanies collective cellular morphogenetic movements that occur during gastrulation and neurulation in the Xenopus laevis frog embryo. Light-based activation of PA-dIF was able to disrupt keratin intermediate filaments in Xenopus cells and lead to tissue-specific disruption of morphogenetic processes. Altogether our data show a fundamental requirement for keratin intermediate filaments in orchestrating morphogenetic movements during early embryonic development that have yet to be revealed in other model systems. Moreover, our data validate the utility of a new genetically encoded photoactivatable tool for the disruption and examination of intermediate filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi-Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranjpe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel photoactivatable tool for intermediate filament disruption indicates a role for keratin filaments in early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dentate Gyrus Activin Signaling Mediates the Antidepressant Treatment Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antidepressants that target monoaminergic systems, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, several different anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, these treatments are not ideal because only a subset of patients achieve remission. The reasons why some individuals remit to antidepressant treatments while others do not are unknown. Here, we developed a paradigm to assess antidepressant treatment resistance in mice. Treatment of mice with either chronic corticosterone or chronic social defeat stress effectively induces increased negative valence behaviors. Subsequent chronic treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine reverses these behavioral changes in some, but not all, of the mice, permitting stratification into persistent responders and non-responders to fluoxetine. We found several significant differences in expression of Activin signaling-related genes between responders and non-responders to fluoxetine in the dentate gyrus, a region that we recently reported is critical for the beneficial behavioral effects of fluoxetine. Furthermore, enhancement of Activin signaling in the dentate gyrus converted behavioral non-responders into responders to fluoxetine treatment more effectively than commonly used adjunctive antidepressant treatments, while inhibition of Activin signaling in the dentate gyrus converted responders into non-responders. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the behavioral response to FLX can be bidirectionally modified via targeted manipulations of the dentate gyrus and suggest that molecular- and neural circuit-based modulations of dentate gyrus may provide a new therapeutic avenue for more effective antidepressant treatments or adjunctive therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gergues, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohn, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinstein, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dentate Gyrus Activin Signaling Mediates the Antidepressant Treatment Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One-dimensional sliding assists σ70-dependent promoter binding by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The search for a promoter on DNA by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is an obligatory first step in transcription. The role of facilitated diffusion during promoter search has been controversial. Here, we re-assessed facilitated diffusion in promoter search by imaging motions of single molecules of Escherichia coli RNAP {sigma}70 holoenzyme on single DNA molecules suspended between optical traps in a manner that absolutely avoided interactions with surfaces. The assay enabled us to observe unambiguous one-dimensional sliding of RNAP {sigma}70 holoenzyme for thousands of DNA base pairs during promoter search. Analysis of binding kinetics revealed short binding events on nonspecific DNA (0.4 s), intermediate binding events on A/T-rich DNA (1.6 s), and long binding events at or near promoters (>300 s). We estimate a lower bound for the "diffusion facilitation threshold" - the RNAP concentration at which three-dimensional search and one-dimensional sliding contribute equally to promoter binding - of 0.2 M RNAP. The results suggest facilitated diffusion occurs in promoter search by RNAP, even at the relatively high, 0.2-0.6 M, concentrations of RNAP in cells.nnSignificance statementThe flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA is of central importance to living systems, and it can only start after an RNA polymerase (RNAP) has found a promoter site. But how does this enzyme find promoter sites on DNA in the first place? In recent years, debate on this topic has favored a promoter search mechanism that is dominated by three-dimensional diffusion of RNAP, rather than by one-dimensional sliding of RNAP on DNA. Here, we designed an improved single-molecule assay that unambiguously revealed extensive one-dimensional sliding of RNAP on DNA. Our results imply that, at the RNAP concentrations in living cells, the promoter-search process is facilitated by one-dimensional sliding on DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heller, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterman, E. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuite, G. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One-dimensional sliding assists σ70-dependent promoter binding by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of whole genome-transcriptomic organization in brain to identify genes associated with alcoholism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol exposure triggers changes in gene expression and biological pathways in human brain. We explored alterations in gene expression in the Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) of 65 alcoholics and 73 controls of European descent, and identified 129 genes that showed altered expression (FDR < 0.05) in subjects with alcohol dependence. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for pathways related to interferon signaling and Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) signaling. A coexpression module (thistle2) identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was significantly correlated with alcohol dependence, alcohol consumption, and AUDIT scores. Genes in the thistle2 module were enriched with genes related to calcium signaling pathways and showed significant downregulation of these pathways, as well as enrichment for biological processes related to nicotine response and opioid signaling. A second module (brown4) showed significant upregulation of pathways related to immune signaling. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for genes in the brown4 module were also enriched for genetic associations with alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption in large genome-wide studies included in the Psychiatric Genetic Consortium and the UK Biobanks alcohol consumption dataset. By leveraging multi-omics data, this transcriptome analysis has identified genes and biological pathways that could provide insight for identifying therapeutic targets for alcohol dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClintick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselbroc, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porjesz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of whole genome-transcriptomic organization in brain to identify genes associated with alcoholism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Allostery in Ribonucleotide Reductase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) use a conserved radical-based mechanism to catalyze the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Within the RNR family, class Ib RNRs are notable for being largely restricted to bacteria, including many pathogens, and for lacking an evolutionarily mobile ATP-cone domain that allosterically controls overall activity. In this study, we report the emergence of a new and unexpected mechanism of activity regulation in the sole RNR of the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Using a hypothesis-driven structural approach that combines the strengths of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), crystallography, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we describe the reversible interconversion of six unique structures, including a flexible, active tetramer and two novel, inhibited filaments. These structures reveal the conformational gymnastics necessary for RNR activity and the molecular basis for its control via an evolutionarily convergent form of allostery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnim, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacik, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Allostery in Ribonucleotide Reductase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of ocean warming on black sea bass (Centropristis striata) aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last decade, ocean temperature in the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf (U.S. NES) has warmed faster than the global average and is associated with observed distribution changes of the northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Mechanistic models based on physiological responses to environmental conditions can improve future habitat suitability projections. We measured maximum, resting metabolic rate, and hypoxia tolerance (Scrit) of the northern adult black sea bass stock to assess performance across the known temperature range of the species. A subset of individuals was held at 30{degrees}C for one month (30chronic{degrees}C) prior to experiments to test acclimation potential. Absolute aerobic scope (maximum - resting metabolic rate) reached a maximum of 367.21 mgO2 kg-1 hr-1 at 24.4{degrees}C while Scrit continued to increase in proportion to resting metabolic rate up to 30{degrees}C. The 30chronic{degrees}C group had a significant decrease in maximum metabolic rate and absolute aerobic scope but resting metabolic rate or Scrit were not affected. This suggests a decline in performance of oxygen demand processes (e.g. muscle contraction) beyond 24{degrees}C despite maintenance of oxygen supply. The Metabolic Index, calculated from Scrit as an estimate of potential aerobic scope, closely matched the measured factorial aerobic scope (maximum / resting metabolic rate) and declined with increasing temperature to a minimum below 3. This may represent a critical value for the species. Temperature in the U.S. NES is projected to increase above 24{degrees}C in the southern portion of the northern stocks range. Therefore, these black sea bass will likely continue to shift north as the ocean continues to warm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosendale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of ocean warming on black sea bass (Centropristis striata) aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tRNA modification balances carbon and nitrogen metabolism by regulating phosphate homeostasis, to couple metabolism to cell cycle progression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must appropriately sense and integrate multiple metabolic resources to commit to proliferation. Here, we report that cells regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolic homeostasis through tRNA U34-thiolation. Despite amino acid sufficiency, tRNA-thiolation deficient cells appear amino acid starved. In these cells, carbon flux towards nucleotide synthesis decreases, and trehalose synthesis increases, resulting in a starvation-like metabolic signature. Thiolation mutants have only minor translation defects. However, these cells exhibit strongly decreased expression of phosphate homeostasis genes, resulting in an effectively phosphate-limited state. Reduced phosphate enforces a metabolic switch, where glucose-6-phosphate is routed towards storage carbohydrates. Notably, trehalose synthesis, which releases phosphate and thereby restores phosphate availability, is central to this metabolic rewiring. Thus, cells use thiolated tRNAs to perceive amino acid sufficiency, and balance carbon and amino acid metabolic flux to maintain metabolic homeostasis, by controlling phosphate availability. These results further biochemically explain how phosphate availability determines a switch to a  starvation-state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walvekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashida, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tRNA modification balances carbon and nitrogen metabolism by regulating phosphate homeostasis, to couple metabolism to cell cycle progression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping and characterization of structural variation in 17,795 deeply sequenced human genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key goal of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for human genetics studies is to interrogate all forms of variation, including single nucleotide variants (SNV), small insertion/deletion (indel) variants and structural variants (SV). However, tools and resources for the study of SV have lagged behind those for smaller variants. Here, we used a cloud-based pipeline to map and characterize SV in 17,795 deeply sequenced human genomes from common disease trait mapping studies. We publicly release site-frequency information to create the largest WGS-based SV resource to date. On average, individuals carry 2.9 rare SVs that alter coding regions, which affect the dosage or structure of 4.2 genes and account for 4.0-11.2% of rare high-impact coding alleles. Based on a computational model, we estimate that SVs account for 17.2% of rare alleles genome-wide whose predicted deleterious effects are equivalent to loss-of-function (LoF) coding alleles; ~90% of such SVs are non-coding deletions (mean 19.1 per genome). We report 158,991 ultra-rare SVs and show that ~2% of individuals carry ultra-rare megabase-scale SVs, nearly half of which are balanced and/or complex rearrangements. Finally, we exploit this resource to infer the dosage sensitivity of genes and non-coding elements, revealing strong trends related to regulatory element class, conservation and cell-type specificity. This work will help guide SV analysis and interpretation in the era of WGS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchi, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salerno, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zody, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutcher, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitziel, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/508515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping and characterization of structural variation in 17,795 deeply sequenced human genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupled fast and slow feedbacks lead to continual evolution: A general modeling approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Red Queen Hypothesis, which suggests that continual evolution can result from solely biotic interactions, has been studied in macroevolutionary and microevolutionary contexts. While microevolutionary studies have described examples in which evolution does not cease, understanding which general conditions lead to continual evolution or to stasis remains a major challenge. In many cases, it is unclear which experimental features or model assumptions are necessary for the observed continual evolution to emerge, and whether the described behavior is robust to variations in the given setup. Here, we aim to find the minimal set of conditions under which continual evolution occurs. To this end, we present a theoretical framework that does not assume any specific functional form and, therefore, can be applied to a wide variety of systems. Our framework is also general enough to cast predictions about both monomorphic and polymorphic populations. We show that the combination of a fast positive and a slow negative feedback causes continual evolution to emerge even from the evolution of one single evolving trait, provided that the ecological timescale is sufficiently separated from the timescales of mutation and the negative feedback. Our approach and results thus contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics resulting from biotic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wortel, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenseth, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupled fast and slow feedbacks lead to continual evolution: A general modeling approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-Specific Expression and High-Throughput Reporter Assay Reveal Functional Variants in Human Brains with Alcohol Use Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome studies can identify genes whose expression differs between alcoholics and controls. To test which variants associated with alcohol use disorder (AUDs) may cause expression differences, we integrated deep RNA-seq and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data from four postmortem brain regions of 30 AUDs subjects and 30 controls (social/non-drinkers) and analyzed allele-specific expression (ASE). We identified 90 genes with differential ASE in subjects with AUDs compared to controls. Of these, 61 genes contained 437 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3 untranslated regions (3UTR) with at least one heterozygote among the subjects studied. Using a modified PASSPORT-seq (parallel assessment of polymorphisms in miRNA target-sites by sequencing) assay, we identified 25 SNPs that showed affected RNA levels in a consistent manner in two neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2). Many of these are in binding sites of miRNAs and RNA binding proteins, indicating that these SNPs are likely causal variants of AUD-associated differential ASE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargreaves, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farris, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-Specific Expression and High-Throughput Reporter Assay Reveal Functional Variants in Human Brains with Alcohol Use Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brainstem-central amygdala circuit underlies defensive responses to learned threats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/519249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE) plays a central role in the acquisition of aversive learning via actions in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA)1,2. However, the function of NE in expression of aversively-conditioned responses has not been established. Given the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the expression of such behaviors3, and the presence of NE projections in this brain nucleus, we assessed the effects of NE activity in the CeA on behavioral expression using receptor-specific pharmacology and cell-and projection-specific chemogenetic manipulations. We found that inhibition and activation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons decreases and increases freezing to aversively conditioned cues, respectively. We then show that locally inhibiting or activating LC terminals in CeA is sufficient to achieve this bidirectional modulation of defensive reactions. These findings support the hypothesis that LC projections to CeA are required for the expression of defensive responses elicited by conditioned threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazey, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDoux, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/519249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brainstem-central amygdala circuit underlies defensive responses to learned threats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orexin (hypocretin) system is important for reward-seeking behavior. The orexin-1 receptor (Ox1R) antagonist SB334867 (SB) reduces seeking of food and drug reward under conditions of high motivation. There is some evidence that the effects of systemic SB on reward seeking persist beyond the pharmacological availability of the drug, however the time course of these effects is not well characterized, nor is it known whether similar persistent effects are observed following intraparenchymal injections. Here, we used a behavioral economics paradigm, which allows for repeated testing of drug motivation across consecutive days, to examine the persistent effects of acute systemic and local treatment with SB on motivation for the short-acting opioid remifentanil. Systemic injections of SB immediately prior to behavioral testing reduced motivation for remifentanil; this effect was sustained on a subsequent test at 24h, but not on a third test at 48h. When injected locally into caudal ventral pallidum (cVP) the effects of SB were more persistent, with reduced motivation observed for up to 48h. We next made SB injections into cVP 24h prior to behavioral testing; this produced persistent effects that persisted for at least 72h post-treatment. Cued reinstatement of extinguished remifentanil seeking was also attenuated by pretreatment with SB 24h prior. These data indicate that the effects of SB on opioid seeking behavior persist beyond the bioavailability of the compound. These observations might have important ramifications for the future clinical use of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadkhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 on motivation for the fast acting opioid remifentanil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIK3CA in KrasG12D/Trp53R172H Tumor Cells Promotes Immune Evasion by Limiting Infiltration of T Cells in a Model of Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of tumor-infiltrating T cells is associated with favorable patient outcomes, yet most pancreatic cancers are immunologically silent and resistant to currently available immunotherapies. Here we show using a syngeneic orthotopic implantation model of pancreatic cancer that Pik3ca regulates tumor immunogenicity. Genetic silencing of Pik3ca in KrasG12D/Trp53R172H-driven pancreatic tumors leads to infiltration of T cells, complete tumor regression, and 100% survival of immunocompetent host mice. By contrast, Pik3ca-null tumors implanted in T cell-deficient mice progress and kill all of the animals. Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-experienced T cells eliminates Pik3ca-null tumors in immunodeficient mice. Loss of PIK3CA or inhibition of its effector, AKT, increases the expression of MHC Class I and CD80 on tumor cells. These changes contribute to the increased susceptibility of Pik3ca-null tumors to T cell surveillance. These results indicate that tumor cell PIK3CA-AKT signaling limits T cell recognition and clearance of pancreatic cancer cells. Strategies that target this pathway may yield an effective immunotherapy for this cancer.nnSIGNIFICANCEPIK3CA-AKT signaling in pancreatic cancer cells limits T cell infiltration and clearance of tumors by suppressing the surface expression of MHC Class I and CD80. Targeting the PIK3CA-AKT pathway in tumor cells provides a new avenue for discovery of novel pancreatic cancer immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivaram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Velden, A. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIK3CA in KrasG12D/Trp53R172H Tumor Cells Promotes Immune Evasion by Limiting Infiltration of T Cells in a Model of Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism of TRPV2 channel modulation by cannabidiol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) plays a critical role in neuronal development, cardiac function, immunity, and cancer. Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic therapeutically active ingredient of Cannabis sativa, is a potent activator of TRPV2 and also modulates other transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Here, we determined structures of the full-length TRPV2 channel in a CBD-bound state in detergent and in PI(4,5)P2 enriched nanodiscs by cryo-electron microscopy. CBD interacts with TRPV2 through a hydrophobic pocket located between S5 and S6 helices of adjacent subunits, which differs from known ligand and lipid binding sites in other TRP channels. Comparison between apo- and two CBD-bound TRPV2 structures reveals that the S4-S5 linker plays a critical role in channel gating upon CBD binding. The TRPV2 "vanilloid" pocket, which is critical for ligand-dependent gating in other TRPV channels, stays unoccupied by annular lipids, PI(4,5)P2, or CBD. Together these results provide a foundation to further understand TRPV channel gating properties and their divergent physiological functions and to accelerate structure-based drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pumroy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moiseenkova-Bell, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism of TRPV2 channel modulation by cannabidiol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomes of polyextremophilic Cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role and extent of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes are hotly disputed topics that impact our understanding regarding the origin of metabolic processes and the role of organelles in cellular evolution. We addressed this issue by analyzing 10 novel Cyanidiales genomes and determined that 1% of their gene inventory is HGT-derived. Numerous HGT candidates originated from polyextremophilic prokaryotes that live in similar habitats as the Cyanidiales and encodes functions related to polyextremophily. HGT candidates differ from native genes in GC-content, number of splice sites, and gene expression. HGT candidates are more prone to loss, which may explain the nonexistence of a eukaryotic pan-genome. Therefore, absence of a pan-genome and cumulative effects fail to provide substantive arguments against our hypothesis of recurring HGT followed by differential loss in eukaryotes. The maintenance of 1% HGTs, even under selection for genome reduction underlines the importance of non-endosymbiosis related foreign gene acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossoni, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomes of polyextremophilic Cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anhedonia following mild traumatic brain injury in rats: A behavioral economic analysis of positive and negative reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychiatric disorders affect nearly 50% of individuals who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Anhedonia is a major symptom of numerous psychiatric disorders and is a diagnostic criterion for depression. Recently, anhedonia has been divided into consummatory, motivational and decisional components, all of which may be affected differently in disease. Although anhedonia is typically assessed using positive reinforcement, the importance of stress in psychopathology suggests the study of negative reinforcement (removal or avoidance of aversive events) may be equally important. The present study investigated positive and negative reinforcement following a rat model of mild TBI (mTBI) using lateral fluid percussion. Hedonic value of and motivation for reinforcement was determined by behavioral economic analyses. Following mTBI, the hedonic value of avoiding foot shock was reduced. In contrast, the hedonic value of escaping foot shock or obtaining a sucrose pellet was not altered by mTBI. Moreover, neither motivation to avoid or escape foot shock nor motivation to acquire sucrose was modified by mTBI. Our results suggest that individuals experiencing mTBI may experience more stress because of poor proactive control of stress resulting from reduced hedonic value of avoiding aversive events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avcu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortress, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragale, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anhedonia following mild traumatic brain injury in rats: A behavioral economic analysis of positive and negative reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal sensory integration facilitates the generation of a unified and coherent perception of the environment. It is now well established that unimodal sensory perceptions, such as vision, are improved in multisensory contexts. While multimodal integration is primarily performed by dedicated multisensory brain regions such as the association cortices or the superior colliculus, recent studies have shown that multisensory interactions also occur in primary sensory cortices. In particular, sounds were shown to modulate the responses of neurons located in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Yet, the net effect of sound modulation at the V1 population level remained unclear. Here, we performed two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare the representation of the orientation and the direction of drifting gratings by V1 L2/3 neurons in unimodal (visual only) or multi-modal (audiovisual) conditions. We found that sound modulation depended on the tuning properties (orientation and direction selectivity) and response amplitudes of V1 L2/3 neurons. Sounds potentiated the responses of neurons that were highly tuned to the cue orientation and direction but weakly active in the unimodal context, following the principle of inverse effectiveness of multimodal integration. Moreover, sound suppressed the responses of neurons untuned for the orientation and/or the direction of the visual cue. Altogether, sound modulation improved the representation of the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus in V1 L2/3. Namely, visual stimuli presented with auditory stimuli recruited a neuronal population better tuned to the visual stimulus orientation and direction than when presented alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClure, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Demand for the Opioid Fentanyl 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orexin system is a potential treatment target for drug addiction. Orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) antagonism reduces demand for cocaine and remifentanil indicating that orexin-based therapies may reduce demand for many classes of abused drugs. However, pharmacokinetics vary greatly among opioids and it is unclear if OxR1 antagonism would reduce demand for all opioids, particularly ones with particularly high abuse liability. Here, we establish a behavioral economics (BE) procedure to assess the effects of OxR1 antagonism on demand for the highly abused opioid fentanyl. We also investigate the utility of our novel procedure in predicting OxR1 antagonism efficacy and relapse propensity. The OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 (SB) increased demand elasticity (; decreased motivation) for fentanyl without affecting preferred consumption of fentanyl at null cost (Qo). Baseline  values predicted SB efficacy, such that SB was most effective at increasing demand elasticity in highly motivated rats. SB also attenuated cue-induced fentanyl seeking and baseline  values predicted the amount of reinstatement behavior. These results highlight the promise of the orexin system as a treatment target for opioid addiction and emphasize the usefulness of BE procedures in the study of opioid abuse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fragale, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Demand for the Opioid Fentanyl]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug-like Fragments Inhibit agr-Mediated Virulence Expression in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to the increasingly problematic emergence of antibiotic resistance, novel strategies for combating pathogenic bacteria are being investigated. Targeting the agr quorum sensing system, which regulates expression of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus, is one potentially useful approach for combating drug-resistant pathogens that has not yet been fully explored. A previously published study of a fragment screen resulted in the identification of five compound fragments that interact with the DNA-binding domain of the response regulator AgrA from S. aureus. We have analyzed the ability of these compounds to affect agr-mediated virulence gene expression in S. aureus cells. Three of the compounds demonstrated the ability to reduce agr-driven transcription of at the P2 and P3 promoters of the agr operon and increase biofilm formation, and two of these compounds also showed the ability to reduce levels of secreted toxins. The finding that the compounds tested were able to reduce agr activity suggests that they could be useful tools for probing the effects of agr inhibition.

Furthermore, the characteristics of compound fragments make them good starting materials for the development of compound libraries to iteratively improve the inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bezar, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashruwala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug-like Fragments Inhibit agr-Mediated Virulence Expression in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The number of lateral hypothalamus orexin/hypocretin neurons contributes to individual differences in cocaine demand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin neuron signaling has been implicated in the motivation to seek and take drugs of abuse. The number of LH orexin neurons has been shown to vary with behavioral state and can be upregulated with exposure to drugs of abuse. We sought to determine if the number of LH orexin neurons related to individual differences in motivation (demand) for cocaine in our behavioral economics (BE) paradigm, and whether knockdown of these cells predicted changes in economic demand. We quantified LH orexin cell numbers in animals immediately following our BE paradigm, as well as BE-experienced animals after a two-week period of abstinence to relate the number of LH orexin cells to economic demand for cocaine. We also unilaterally knocked down LH orexin expression prior to BE with an orexin morpholino antisense to determine how reduced orexin numbers impacted cocaine demand. Animals with greater motivation for cocaine (lower demand elasticity) had more LH orexin neurons. Following a two-week abstinence from BE, the number of LH orexin neurons predicted economic demand for cocaine prior to abstinence. Reducing LH orexin cell numbers with antisense decreased motivation for cocaine (increased demand elasticity) without affecting baseline consumption. In addition, the number of spared LH orexin neurons after antisense treatment correlated with individual demand for cocaine. These studies point to a role for the endogenous number of LH orexin neurons in individual differences in motivation for cocaine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentzley, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The number of lateral hypothalamus orexin/hypocretin neurons contributes to individual differences in cocaine demand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Instability is an Effective Chronic Stress Paradigm for both Male and Female Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite stress-associated disorders having a higher incidence rate in females, preclinical research mainly focuses on males. Chronic stress paradigms, such as chronic social defeat and chronic corticosterone administration, were mainly designed and validated in males and subsequent attempts to use these paradigms in females has demonstrated sex differences in the behavioral and HPA axis response to stress. Here, we developed a social stress paradigm, social instability stress (SIS), which exposes adult mice to unstable social hierarchies for 7 weeks. SIS effectively induces negative valence behaviors and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in both males and females. Importantly, while there were effects of estrous cycle on behavior, this variability did not impact the overall effects of SIS on behavior, suggesting estrous does not need to be tracked while utilizing SIS. Furthermore, the effects of SIS on negative valence behaviors were also reversed following chronic antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine (FLX) in both males and females. SIS also reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in female mice, while chronic FLX treatment increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both males and females. Overall, these data demonstrate that the SIS paradigm is an ethologically valid approach that effectively induces chronic stress in both adult male and adult female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yohn, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashamalla, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gergues, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Instability is an Effective Chronic Stress Paradigm for both Male and Female Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Quasi Birth-and-Death Model For Tumor Recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major cause of chemoresistance and recurrence in tumors is the presence of dormant tumor foci that survive chemotherapy and can eventually transition to active growth to regenerate the cancer. In this paper, we propose a Quasi Birth-and-Death (QBD) model for the dynamics of tumor growth and recurrence/remission of the cancer. Starting from a discrete-state master equation that describes the time-dependent transition probabilities between states with different numbers of dormant and active tumor foci, we develop a framework based on a continuum-limit approach to determine the time-dependent probability that an undetectable residual tumor will become large enough to be detectable. We derive an exact formula for the probability of recurrence at large times and show that it displays a phase transition as a function of the ratio of the death rate {micro}A of an active tumor focus to its doubling rate{lambda} . We also derive forward and backward Kolmogorov equations for the transition probability density in the continuum limit and, using a first-passage time formalism, we obtain a drift-diffusion equation for the mean recurrence time and solve it analytically to leading order for a large detectable tumor size N. We show that simulations of the discrete-state model agree with the analytical results, except for O(1/N) corrections. Finally, we describe a scheme to fit the model to recurrence-free survival (Kaplan-Meier) curves from clinical cancer data, using ovarian cancer data as an example. Our model has potential applications in predicting how changing chemotherapy schedules may affect disease recurrence rates, especially in cancer types for which no targeted therapy is available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M. Santana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Quasi Birth-and-Death Model For Tumor Recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2A.Z-dependent and -independent recruitment of metabolic enzymes to chromatin required for histone modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H2A.Z plays a fundamental role in the regulation of transcription and epigenetics, however, the mechanisms that underlie its functions are not fully understood. Using rapid chromatin immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, we uncovered the association of H2A.Z-bound chromatin with an array of tricarboxylic acid cycle and beta-oxidation enzymes in the mouse heart. Recombinant green florescence fusion proteins combined with mutations of putative nuclear localization signals of select enzymes, including acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2), oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 confirmed their nuclear localization and chromatin binding in both rodent and human cells. Conclusively, chromatin immunoprecipitation-deep sequencing, confirmed the selective association of ACAA2 and OGDH with H2A.Z-occupied transcription start sites. Finally, human H2A.Z-deficient HAP1 cells exhibited reduced chromatin-bound metabolic enzymes, with the exception of pyruvate dehydrogenase, accompanied with reduced posttranslational histone modifications. Thus, the data show that metabolic enzymes are recruited to active promoters for potential site-directed epigenetic modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfleger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astrof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellatif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2A.Z-dependent and -independent recruitment of metabolic enzymes to chromatin required for histone modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of NPC2 protein with Lysobisphosphatidic Acid is required for normal endolysosomal cholesterol trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unesterified cholesterol accumulation in the late endosomal/lysosomal (LE/LY) compartment is the cellular hallmark of Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease, caused by defects in the genes encoding NPC1 or NPC2. We previously reported the dramatic stimulation of NPC2 cholesterol transport rates by the LE/LY phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and in these studies sought to determine their functional relationship in normal LE/LY cholesterol egress. Here we demonstrate that NPC2 interacts directly with LBPA and identify the NPC2 hydrophobic knob domain as the site of interaction. Using its precursor phosphatidylglycerol (PG), we show that PG-induced LBPA enrichment results in clearance of accumulated cholesterol from NPC1-deficient cells but is ineffective in cells lacking functional NPC2. Together these studies reveal a heretofore unknown aspect of intracellular cholesterol trafficking, in which NPC2 and LBPA function together in an obligate step of sterol egress from the LE/LY compartment, which appears to be independent of NPC1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCauliff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilnytska, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of NPC2 protein with Lysobisphosphatidic Acid is required for normal endolysosomal cholesterol trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task-evoked activity quenches neural correlations and variability in large-scale brain systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many large-scale functional connectivity studies have emphasized the importance of communication through increased inter-region correlations during task states. In contrast, local circuit studies have demonstrated that task states primarily reduce correlations among pairs of neurons, likely enhancing their information coding by suppressing shared spontaneous activity. Here we sought to adjudicate between these conflicting perspectives, assessing whether co-active brain regions during task states tend to increase or decrease their correlations. We found that variability and correlations primarily decrease across a variety of cortical regions in two highly distinct data sets: non-human primate spiking data and human functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Moreover, this observed variability and correlation reduction was accompanied by an overall increase in dimensionality (reflecting less information redundancy) during task states, suggesting that decreased correlations increased information coding capacity. We further found in both spiking and neural mass computational models that task-evoked activity increased the stability around a stable attractor, globally quenching neural variability and correlations. Together, our results provide an integrative mechanistic account that encompasses measures of large-scale neural activity, variability, and correlations during resting and task states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brincat, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task-evoked activity quenches neural correlations and variability in large-scale brain systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of new MmpL3 inhibitors by untargeted and targeted mutant screens defines MmpL3 domains with differential resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mycolic acid flippase MmpL3 has been the proposed target for multiple inhibitors with diverse chemical scaffolds. This diversity in chemical scaffolds has made it difficult to predict compounds that inhibit MmpL3 without whole genome sequencing of isolated resistant mutants. Here we describe the identification of four new inhibitors that select for resistance mutations in mmpL3. Using these resistant mutants, we conducted a targeted whole-cell phenotypic screen of 163 novel Mtb growth inhibitors for differential growth inhibition of wild type Mtb as compared to a pool of twenty-four unique mmpL3 mutants. The screen successfully identified six additional putative MmpL3 inhibitors. The compounds were bactericidal both in vitro and against intracellular Mtb. Mtb cells treated with these compounds were shown to accumulate trehalose monomycolate and have reduced levels of trehalose dimycolate, supporting MmpL3 as the target. The inhibitors were mycobacteria specific with several also showing activity against the non-tuberculosis mycobacterial species M. abscessus. Cluster analysis of cross resistance profiles generated by dose response experiments for each combination of 13 MmpL3 inhibitors against each of the 24 mmpL3 mutants defined two clades of inhibitors and two clades of mmpL3 mutants. Pairwise combination studies of the inhibitors revealed interactions that were specific to the clades identified in the cross-resistance profiling. Additionally, modeling of resistance substitutions to the MmpL3 crystal structure revealed clade specific localization of the residues to specific domains of MmpL3, with the clades showing differential resistance. Several compounds exhibited high solubility and stability in microsomes and low cytotoxicity in macrophages, supporting their further development. The combined study of multiple mutants and novel compounds provides new insights into structure-function interactions of MmpL3 and small molecule inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiderer, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulson, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovitch, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of new MmpL3 inhibitors by untargeted and targeted mutant screens defines MmpL3 domains with differential resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling in the Oval Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Chronic Stress-Induced Negative Valence Behaviors Associated with Anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/572966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is a forebrain region highly sensitive to stress that expresses corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neuropeptide at high levels and regulates negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety. However, how chronic stress modulates CRH signaling and neuronal activity in BNST remains unknown. We subjected C57BL6/J mice to a 6-week chronic variable mild stress (CVMS) paradigm and investigated the effects on behavior, BNST cellular neurophysiology, and BNST CRH signaling. We also utilized pharmacological infusions and optogenetics to decipher and mimic the effects of CVMS on BNST cellular neurophysiology and behavior. CVMS elevated plasma corticosterone levels, induced negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety, diminished M-currents (voltage-gated K+ currents that stabilize membrane potential and regulate neuronal excitability), and increased mEPSC amplitude in ovBNST. Additionally, the number of c-fos+, CRH+, and CRH activator pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)+ cells were increased while CRH inhibitor striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP)+ cells were decreased in ovBNST. These expression data were confirmed with qPCR. CVMS also activated PKA in BNST and the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of CVMS were reversed by ovBNST infusion of the PKA-selective antagonist H89. Moreover, optogenetic activation of ovBNST directly induced negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety, mimicking the effects of CVMS. CVMS mediates effects on negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety by activating CRH signaling components and cellular excitability in ovBNST Our findings decipher an important CRH-associated stress molecular signature in BNST and advance our understanding of the neural circuitry underlying stress-induced disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maita, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gergues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaab, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucassen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling in the Oval Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Chronic Stress-Induced Negative Valence Behaviors Associated with Anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fuNTRp: Identifying protein positions for variation driven functional tuning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the impact of non-synonymous genetic variants is essential for uncovering disease associations and mechanisms of evolution. Understanding corresponding sequence changes is also fundamental for synthetic protein design and stability assessments. However, the performance gain of variant effect predictors observed in recent years is not in line with the increased complexity of new methods. One likely reason for this might be that most approaches use similar sets of gene/protein features for modeling variant effect, often emphasizing sequence conservation. While high levels of conservation highlight residues essential for protein activity, much of the in vivo observable variation is arguably weaker in its impact and, thus, requires evaluation at a higher level of resolution. Here we describe function Neutral/Toggle/Rheostat predictor (funtrp), a novel computational method that categorizes protein positions based on the position-specific expected range of mutational impacts: Neutral (weak/no effects), Rheostat (function-tuning positions), or Toggle (on/off switches). We show that position types do not correlate strongly with familiar protein features such as conservation or protein disorder. We also find that position type distribution varies across different protein functions. Finally, we demonstrate that position types reflect experimentally determined functional effects and can thus improve performance of existing variant effect predictors and suggest a way forward for the development of new ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fuNTRp: Identifying protein positions for variation driven functional tuning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring biophysical models of evolution from genome-wide patterns of codon usage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frequencies of synonymous codons are typically non-uniform, despite the fact that such codons correspond to the same amino acid in the genetic code. This phenomenon, known as codon bias, is broadly believed to be due to a combination of factors including genetic drift, mutational biases, and selection for speed and accuracy of codon translation; however, quantitative modeling of codon bias has been elusive. We have developed a biophysical population genetics model which explains genome-wide codon frequencies observed across 20 organisms. We assume that codons evolve independently of each other under the influence of mutation and selection forces, and that the codon population has reached evolutionary steady state. Our model implements codon-level treatment of mutations with transition/transversion biases, and includes two contributions to codon fitness which describe codon translation speed and accuracy. Furthermore, our model includes wobble pairing - the possibility of codon-anticodon base pairing mismatches at the 3 nucleotide position of the codon. We find that the observed patterns of genome-wide codon usage are consistent with a strong selective penalty for mistranslated amino acids. Thus codons undergo purifying selection and their relative frequencies are affected in part by mutational robustness. We find that the dependence of codon fitness on translation speed is weaker on average compared to the strength of selection against mistranslation. Although no constraints on codon-anticodon pairing are imposed a priori, a reasonable hierarchy of pairing rates, which conforms to the wobble hypothesis and is consistent with available structural evidence, emerges spontaneously as a model prediction. Finally, treating the translation process explicitly in the context of a finite ribosomal pool has allowed us to estimate mutation rates per nucleotide directly from the coding sequences. Reminiscent of Drakes observation that mutation rates are inversely correlated with the genome size, we predict that mutation rates are inversely proportional to the number of genes. Overall, our approach offers a unified biophysical and population genetics framework for studying codon bias across all domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kion-Crosby, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring biophysical models of evolution from genome-wide patterns of codon usage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic corticosterone administration induces negative valence and impairs positive valence behaviors in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral approaches utilizing rodents to study mood disorders have focused primarily on negative valence behaviors associated with potential threat (anxiety). However, for disorders such as depression, positive valence behaviors that assess reward processing may be more translationally-valid and predictive of antidepressant treatment outcome. Chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration is a well-validated pharmacological stressor that increases negative valence behaviors (David et al., 2009; Gourley et al., 2008a,b; Gourley et al., 2012; Olausson et al., 2013). However, whether chronic stress paradigms such as CORT administration also lead to deficits in positive valence behaviors remains unclear. We treated male C57BL/6J mice with chronic CORT and assessed both negative and positive valence behaviors. We found that CORT induced negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety in the open field and NSF. Interestingly, CORT also impaired instrumental acquisition, reduced sensitivity to a devalued outcome, reduced breakpoint in progressive ratio, and impaired performance in probabilistic reversal learning. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic CORT administration at the same dosage both induces negative valence behaviors associated with anxiety and impairs positive valence behaviors associated with reward processing. These data suggest that CORT administration is a useful experimental system for preclinical approaches to studying stress-induced mood disorders.nnSignificance StatementChronic exposure to stress can precipitate mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. However, most studies focus on the effects of chronic stress on increasing negative affect behaviors. Elucidating how chronic stress impacts translationally-valid positive valence behaviors is less studied. Here, we show that chronic pharmacological stress induces negative affect behaviors associates with anxiety and impairs reward-related, positive valence behaviors in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dieterich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stech, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/593632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic corticosterone administration induces negative valence and impairs positive valence behaviors in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Spacer Precursors Formed In Vivo During Primed CRISPR Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) loci provide prokaryotes with a nucleic-acid-based adaptive immunity against foreign DNA1. Immunity involves "adaptation," the integration of ~30-bp DNA fragments into the CRISPR array as "spacer" sequences, and "interference," the targeted degradation of DNA containing a "protospacer" sequence mediated by a complex containing a spacer-derived CRISPR RNA (crRNA)1-4. Specificity for targeting interference to protospacers, but not spacers, occurs through recognition of a 3-bp protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)5 by the crRNA-containing complex6. Interference-driven DNA degradation of protospacer-containing DNA can be coupled with "primed adaptation," ill which spacers are acquired from DNA surrounding the targeted protospacer in a bidirectional, orientation-dependent manner2,3,7. Here we construct a robust in vivo model for primed adaptation consisting of an Escherichia coli type I-E CRISPR-Cas "self-targeting" locus encoding a crRNA that targets a chromosomal protospacer. We develop a strand-specific, high-throughput-sequencing method for analysis of DNA fragments, "FragSeq," and use this method to detect short fragments derived from DNA surrounding the targeted protospacer. The detected fragments have sequences matching spacers acquired during primed adaptation, contain ~3- to 4-nt overhangs derived from excision of genomic DNA within a PAM, are generated in a bidirectional, orientation-dependent manner relative to the targeted protospacer, require the functional integrity of machinery for interference and adaptation to accumulate, and function as spacer precursors when exogenously introduced into cells by transformation. DNA fragments with a similar structure accumulate in cells undergoing primed adaptation in a type I-F CRISPR-Cas self-targeting system. We propose the DNA fragments detected in this work are products of universal steps of spacer precursor processing in type I CRISPR-Cas systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiriaeva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savitskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datsenko, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metlitskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabantsev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Spacer Precursors Formed In Vivo During Primed CRISPR Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xenotransplantation of Human PSC-derived Microglia Creates a Chimeric Mouse Brain Model that Recapitulates Features of Adult Human Microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, exhibit highly dynamic functions in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Human microglia possess unique features as compared to mouse microglia, but our understanding of human microglial functions is largely limited by an inability to obtain human microglia under homeostatic states. We developed a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based microglial chimeric mouse brain model by transplanting hPSC-derived primitive macrophage precursors into neonatal mouse brains. The engrafted human microglia widely disperse in the brain and replace mouse microglia in corpus callosum at 6 months post-transplantation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of the microglial chimeric mouse brains reveals that xenografted hPSC-derived microglia largely retain human microglial identity, as they exhibit signature gene expression patterns consistent with physiological human microglia and recapitulate heterogeneity of adult human microglia. Importantly, the engrafted hPSC-derived microglia exhibit dynamic response to cuprizone-induced demyelination and species-specific transcriptomic differences in the expression of neurological disease-risk genes in microglia. This model will serve as a novel tool to study the role of human microglia in brain development and degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boreland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posyton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xenotransplantation of Human PSC-derived Microglia Creates a Chimeric Mouse Brain Model that Recapitulates Features of Adult Human Microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new immunotherapeutic concept for pancreatic cancer using childhood vaccine recall antigens and Listeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is highly metastatic, poorly immunogenic, and immune suppression prevents T cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. We developed a microbial-based immunotherapeutic concept for selective delivery of a highly immunogenic tetanus toxoid protein (TT856-1313), into tumor cells by attenuated Listeria monocytogenes, and reactivation of pre-existing TT-specific memory T cells (generated during childhood) to kill infected tumor cells. Thus, TT here functions as an alternative for neoantigens. Treatment of KPC mice with Listeria-TT resulted in TT accumulation in tumors and inside tumor cells, and attraction of predominantly TT-specific memory CD4 T cells. Moreover, gemcitabine (GEM) combined with Listeria-TT significantly improved the migration of CD4 T cells into tumors and the production of perforin and granzyme B, turning cold tumors into immunological hot tumors. In vivo depletion of T cells in Listeria-TT+GEM-treated mice demonstrated CD4 T cell-mediated eradication of tumors and metastases (Mann-Whitney p<0.05). In addition, peritumoral lymph node like structures (LNS) were observed in close contact with the pancreatic tumors displaying CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells of KPC mice treated with Listeria-TT or Listeria-TT+GEM. The production of perforin and granzyme B was observed in LNS of KPC mice that received Listeria-TT+GEM. This combination not only reduced tumor burden (80%) and metastases (87%) significantly (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney), but also improved the survival time of KPC mice with advanced pancreatic cancer substantially (Mantel-Cox p<0.0001). Our results unveil new mechanisms of Listeria and GEM improving immunotherapy for PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvanesan, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quispe-Tintaya, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahangir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meena, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto Alves Da Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libutti, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesfa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koba, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuliffe, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condeelis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravekamp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new immunotherapeutic concept for pancreatic cancer using childhood vaccine recall antigens and Listeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Porcine Model of Peripheral Nerve Injury Enabling Ultra-Long Regenerative Distances: Surgical Approach, Recovery Kinetics, and Clinical Relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 20 million Americans currently experience residual deficits from traumatic peripheral nerve injury. Despite recent advancements in surgical technique, peripheral nerve repair typically results in poor functional outcomes due to prolonged periods of denervation resulting from long regenerative distances coupled with relatively slow rates of axonal regeneration. Development of novel surgical solutions requires valid preclinical models that adequately replicate the key challenges of clinical peripheral nerve injury. Our team has developed a porcine model using Yucatan minipigs that provides an opportunity to investigate peripheral nerve regeneration using different nerves tailored for a specific mechanism of interest, such as (1) nerve modality: motor, sensory, and mixed-modality; (2) injury length: short versus long gap; and (3) total regenerative distance: proximal versus distal injury. Here, we describe a comprehensive porcine model of two challenging clinically relevant procedures for repair of long segmental lesions ([&ge;] 5 cm) - the deep peroneal nerve repaired using a sural nerve autograft and the common peroneal nerve repaired using a saphenous nerve autograft - each featuring ultra-long total regenerative distances (up to 20 cm and 27 cm, respectively) to reach distal targets. This paper includes a detailed characterization of the relevant anatomy, surgical approach/technique, functional/electrophysiological outcomes, and nerve morphometry for baseline and autograft repaired nerves. These porcine models of major peripheral nerve injury are suitable as preclinical, translatable models for evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of next-generation artificial nerve grafts prior to clinical deployment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laimo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledebur, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/610147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Porcine Model of Peripheral Nerve Injury Enabling Ultra-Long Regenerative Distances: Surgical Approach, Recovery Kinetics, and Clinical Relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HNF4 factors control chromatin accessibility and are redundantly required for maturation of the fetal intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/610428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As an embryo matures into a fetus, cells undergo remarkable transitions, accompanied by shifts in transcription factor regulatory networks and chromatin landscapes. The mechanisms of these developmental transitions are not completely understood. The embryonic intestine transitions from a rapidly proliferating tube with pseudostratified epithelium prior to embryonic day (E) 14.5, to an exquisitely folded columnar epithelium in the fetus. We sought to define factors that drive fetal maturation of the intestine. ATAC-seq profiling revealed a dramatic restructuring of intestinal chromatin during the embryonic-to-fetal transition, with CDX2 transcription factor motifs abundant at chromatin-accessible regions of the embryo, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) transcription factor motifs the most abundant in the fetal stages. Genetic inactivation of Hnf4 and its paralog, Hnf4{gamma}, revealed that HNF4 factors are redundantly and vitally required for fetal maturation. In the embryo, CDX2 binds to and activates Hnf4 gene loci to drive HNF4 expression at fetal stages. HNF4 and CDX2 transcription factors then occupy shared genomic regulatory sites and are required for chromatin accessibility at genes expressed in the maturing fetal intestine. Thus, intestinal transcription factor regulatory networks shift to accompany changing chromatin landscapes and gene expression profiles that occur during the transition of an embryonic tissue to its mature state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toke, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasoya, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parthasarathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/610428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HNF4 factors control chromatin accessibility and are redundantly required for maturation of the fetal intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous ribosome profiling of human host cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous obligate intracellular parasite that infects the nucleated cells of warm-blooded animals. From within the parasitophorous vacuole in which they reside, Toxoplasma tachyzoites secrete an arsenal of effector proteins that can reprogram host gene expression to facilitate parasite survival and replication. Gaining a better understanding of how host gene expression is altered upon infection is central for understanding parasite strategies for host invasion and for developing new parasite therapies. Here, we applied ribosome profiling coupled with mRNA measurements to concurrently study gene expression in the parasite and in host human foreskin fibroblasts. By examining the parasite transcriptome and translatome, we identified potential upstream open reading frames that may permit the stress-induced preferential translation of parasite mRNAs. We also determined that tachyzoites reduce host death-associated pathways and increase survival, proliferation, and motility in both quiescent and proliferative host cell models of infection. Additionally, proliferative cells alter their gene expression in ways consistent with massive transcriptional rewiring while quiescent cells were best characterized by re-entry into the cell cycle. We also identified a translational control regimen consistent with mTOR activation in quiescent cells, and to a lesser degree in proliferative cells. This study illustrates the utility of the method for dissection of gene expression programs simultaneously in parasite and host.nnImportanceToxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite that has infected up to one-third of the worlds population. Significant overhauls in gene expression in both the parasite and the host cell accompany parasite invasion, and a better understanding of these changes may lead to the development of new therapeutic agents. In this study, we employed ribosome profiling to determine the changes that occur at the levels of transcription and translation in both the parasite and the infected host cell at the same time. We discovered features of Toxoplasma mRNAs that suggest a means for controlling parasite gene expression under stressful conditions. We also show that differences in host gene expression occur depending on whether they are confluent or not. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using ribosomal profiling to interrogate the host-parasite dynamic under a variety of conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wek, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous ribosome profiling of human host cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Dynamics of α-Synuclein Fibrils by β-Synuclein Leads to Reduced Seeding and Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (S) fibrils are toxic to cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinsons disease and other synucleinopathies. {beta}-Synuclein ({beta}S), which co-localizes with S, has been shown to provide a neuroprotective effect, but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains elusive. Here we show that S fibrils formed in the presence of {beta}S are less cytotoxic, exhibit reduced cell seeding capacity and are more resistant to fibril shedding compared to S fibrils alone. Using solid-state NMR, we found that the overall structure of the core of S fibrils when co-incubated with {beta}S is minimally perturbed, however, the dynamics of Lys and Thr residues, located primarily in the imperfect KTKEGV repeats of the S N-terminus, are increased. Our results suggest that amyloid fibril dynamics may play a key role in modulating toxicity and seeding. Thus, enhancing the dynamics of amyloid fibrils may be a strategy for future therapeutic targeting of neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouradian, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Dynamics of α-Synuclein Fibrils by β-Synuclein Leads to Reduced Seeding and Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with second-generation anti-androgen therapies (ADT) has coincided with a greater incidence of lethal, aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) tumors that have lost androgen receptor (AR) signaling. AVPC tumors may also express neuroendocrine markers, termed neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Recent evidence suggests kinase signaling may be an important driver of NEPC. To identify targetable kinases in NEPC, we performed global phosphoproteomics comparing AR-negative to AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines and identified multiple altered signaling pathways, including enrichment of RET kinase activity in the AR-negative cell lines. Clinical NEPC and NEPC patient derived xenografts displayed upregulated RET transcript and RET pathway activity. Pharmacologically inhibiting RET kinase in NEPC models dramatically reduced tumor growth and cell viability in mouse and human NEPC models. Our results suggest that targeting RET in NEPC tumors with high RET expression and may be a novel treatment option.nnStatement of SignificanceThere are limited treatment options for patients with metastatic aggressive variant prostate cancer and none are curative. Here we identified aberrantly activated RET kinase signaling in multiple models of NEPC. Inhibiting RET restricted tumor growth, providing a novel approach for treating NEPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanDeusen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramroop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sychev, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wook Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-FIT: Allele-Frequency-based Imputation of Tumor Purity from High-Depth Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/625376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationClinical sequencing aims to identify somatic mutations in cancer cells for accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, most widely used clinical assays lack patient-matched control DNA and additional analysis is needed to distinguish somatic and unfiltered germline variants. Such computational analyses require accurate assessment of tumor cell content in individual specimens. Histological estimates often do not corroborate with results from computational methods that are primarily designed for normal-tumor matched data and can be confounded by genomic heterogeneity and presence of sub-clonal mutations.nnMethodsAll-FIT is an iterative weighted least square method to estimate specimen tumor purity based on the allele frequencies of variants detected in high-depth, targeted, clinical sequencing data.nnResultsUsing simulated and clinical data, we demonstrate All-FITs accuracy and improved performance against leading computational approaches, highlighting the importance of interpreting purity estimates based on expected biology of tumors.nnAvailability and ImplementationFreely available at http://software.khiabanian-lab.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guccione, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Clemente, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/625376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-FIT: Allele-Frequency-based Imputation of Tumor Purity from High-Depth Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organohalide-respiring Desulfoluna species isolated from marine environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Desulfoluna comprises two anaerobic sulfate-reducing strains, D. spongiiphila AA1{top} and D. butyratoxydans MSL71{top} of which only the former was shown to perform organohalide respiration (OHR). Here we isolated a third member of this genus from marine intertidal sediment, designed D. spongiiphila strain DBB. All three Desulfoluna strains harbour three reductive dehalogenase gene clusters (rdhABC) and corrinoid biosynthesis genes in their genomes. Brominated but not chlorinated aromatic compounds were dehalogenated by all three strains. The Desulfoluna strains maintained OHR in the presence of 20 mM sulfate or 20 mM sulfide, which often negatively affect OHR. Strain DBB sustained OHR with 2% oxygen in the gas phase, in line with its genetic potential for reactive oxygen species detoxification. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differential induction of rdhA genes in strain DBB in response to 1,4-dibromobenzene or 2,6-dibromophenol. Proteomic analysis confirmed differential expression of rdhA1 with 1,4-dibromobenzene, and revealed a possible electron transport chain from lactate dehydrogenases and pyruvate oxidoreductase to RdhA1 via menaquinones and either RdhC, or Fix complex (electron transfer flavoproteins), or Qrc complex (Type-1 cytochrome c3:menaquinone oxidoreductase).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijsse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrichter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleheck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehorst, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipkema, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damste, J. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stams, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggblom, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atashgahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organohalide-respiring Desulfoluna species isolated from marine environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial alternating current stimulation reduces BOLD adaptation and increases functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is used as a non-invasive tool for cognitive enhancement and clinical applications. The physiological effects of tACS, however, are complex and poorly understood (Liu et al. 2018). Most studies of tACS focus on its ability to entrain brain oscillations (Herrmann et al. 2013), but our behavioral results in humans (Kar and Krekelberg 2014a) and extracellular recordings in nonhuman primates (Kar et al. 2017) support the view that tACS at 10 Hz additionally affects brain function by reducing sensory adaptation. Our primary goal here was to test this hypothesis using BOLD imaging in human subjects. Using a motion adaptation paradigm developed to quantify BOLD adaptation (Huk et al. 2001) and concurrent fMRI and tACS, we found that tACS significantly attenuated adaptation in the human motion area (hMT+). In addition, an exploratory analysis showed that tACS increased functional connectivity between the stimulated hMT+ and the rest of the brain, in particular the dorsal attention network. We conclude that weak 10 Hz currents applied to the scalp affect both local and global measures of brain activity.nnNew and NoteworthyConcurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and fMRI show that tACS affects the human brain by attenuating adaptation and increasing functional connectivity. This work is important for our basic understanding of what tACS does, but also for therapeutic applications, which need insight into the full range of ways in which tACS affects the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial alternating current stimulation reduces BOLD adaptation and increases functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global ecotypes in the ubiquitous marine clade SAR86 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAR86 is an abundant and ubiquitous heterotroph in the surface ocean that plays a central role in the function of marine ecosystems. We hypothesized that despite its ubiquity, different SAR86 subgroups may be endemic to specific ocean regions and functionally specialized for unique marine environments. However, the global biogeographical distributions of SAR86 genes, and the manner in which these distributions correlate with marine environments, have not been investigated. We quantified SAR86 gene content across globally-distributed metagenomic samples and modeled these gene distributions as a function of 51 environmental variables. We identified five distinct clusters of genes within the SAR86 pangenome, each with a unique geographic distribution associated with specific environmental characteristics. Gene clusters are characterized by strong taxonomic enrichment of distinct SAR86 genomes and partial assemblies, as well as differential enrichment of certain functional groups, suggesting differing functional and ecological roles of SAR86 ecotypes. We then leveraged our models and high-resolution, remote sensing-derived environmental data to predict the distributions of SAR86 gene clusters across the worlds oceans, creating global maps of SAR86 ecotype distributions. Our results reveal that SAR86 exhibits previously unknown, complex biogeography, and provide a framework for exploring geographic distributions of genetic diversity from other microbial clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoarfrost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayfach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yooseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnosti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global ecotypes in the ubiquitous marine clade SAR86]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1 plays a role in degradation of beta amyloid fibrils 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques surrounded by microglia. In cell culture, microglia internalize fibrillar {beta}-amyloid but do not degrade it efficiently. Unactivated microglia have a relatively high lysosomal pH, which impairs the activity of lysosomal proteases. Previous studies showed that activation of microglia with macrophage colony stimulating factor decreases lysosomal pH and enhances fibrillar {beta}-amyloid degradation. We investigated the role of the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) in cell culture and in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease. Increased levels of TPP1 in unactivated microglia enhanced fibrillar {beta}-amyloid degradation. Conversely, reduction of TPP1 led to decreased fibrillar {beta}-amyloid degradation in activated microglia, macrophages, and other cells that degrade fibrillar {beta}-amyloid efficiently. Reduction of TPP1 in an AD model mouse using a gene-targeted hypomorphic Tpp1 allele increased plaque burden. These results suggest that decreased TPP1 potentiates AD pathogenesis and that strategies to increase TPP1 activity may have therapeutic value.

Highlights*In microglia, TPP1 is important for the degradation of fibrillar {beta}-amyloid.
*Increased TPP1 in microglia results in enhanced fibrillar {beta}-amyloid degradation.
*In an AD mouse model, reduction of TPP1 led to increased amyloid plaque deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Banna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleat, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldowney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxfield, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal enzyme tripeptidyl peptidase 1 plays a role in degradation of beta amyloid fibrils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An omnidirectional visualization model of personalized gene regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have been widely used as a fundamental tool to reveal the genomic mechanisms that underlie the organisms response to environmental and developmental cues. Standard approaches infer GRNs as holistic graphs of gene co-expression, but such graphs cannot quantify how gene-gene interactions differentiate among organisms and how they alter structurally across spatiotemporal gradients. Here, we develop a generalized framework for inferring informative, dynamic, omnidirectional, and personalized GRNs (idopGRNs) from routine transcriptional experiments. This framework is constructed by a system of quasi-dynamic ordinary differential equations (qdODEs) derived from the combination of ecological and evolutionary theories. We reconstruct idopGRNs from a clinical genomic study and illustrate how network structure and organization affect surgical response to infrainguinal vein bypass grafting and the outcome of grafting. idopGNRs may shed light on genotype-phenotype relationships and provide valuable information for personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berceli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An omnidirectional visualization model of personalized gene regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overt attention towards appetitive cues enhances their subjective value, independent of orbitofrontal cortex activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural representations of value underlie many behaviors that are crucial for survival. Previously, we found that value representations in primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are modulated by attention, specifically, by overt shifts of gaze towards or away from reward-associated visual cues (McGinty et al., 2016). Here, we investigate the influence of overt attention on behavior, by asking how gaze shifts correlate with reward anticipatory responses, and whether activity in OFC mediates this correlation. Macaque monkeys viewed Pavlovian-conditioned appetitive cues on a visual display, while the fraction of time they spent looking towards or away from the cues was measured using an eye tracker. Also measured during cue presentation were the monkeys reward anticipation, indicated by conditioned licking responses (CRs), and single neuron activity in OFC. In general, gaze allocation predicted subsequent licking responses: the longer the monkeys spent looking at a cue at a given time point in a trial, the more likely they were to produce an anticipatory CR later in that trial, as if the subjective value of the cue were increased. To address neural mechanisms, mediation analysis measured the extent to which the gaze-CR correlation could be statistically explained by the concurrently recorded firing of single OFC neurons. The resulting mediation effects were indistinguishable from chance. Therefore, while overt attention may increase the subjective value of reward-associated cues (as revealed by anticipatory behaviors), the underlying mechanism remains unknown, as does the functional significance of gaze-driven modulation of OFC value signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinty, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overt attention towards appetitive cues enhances their subjective value, independent of orbitofrontal cortex activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of Q-dependent antitermination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lambdoid bacteriophage Q protein mediates the switch from middle to late bacteriophage gene expression by enabling RNA polymerase (RNAP) to read through transcription terminators preceding bacteriophage late genes. Q loads onto RNAP engaged in promoter-proximal pausing at a Q binding element (QBE) and an adjacent sigma-dependent pause element (SDPE) to yield a "Q-loading complex," and Q subsequently translocates with RNAP as a pausing-deficient, termination-deficient "Q-loaded complex." Here, we report high-resolution structures of four states on the pathway of antitermination by Q from bacteriophage 21 (Q21): Q21, the Q21-QBE complex, the Q21-loading complex, and the Q21-loaded complex. The results show that Q21 forms a torus--a "nozzle"--that narrows and extends the RNAP RNA-exit channel, extruding single-stranded RNA and preventing formation of pause and terminator hairpins.nnOne Sentence SummaryQ forms a "nozzle" that narrows the RNA polymerase RNA-exit channel and extrudes ssRNA, preventing formation of RNA hairpins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of Q-dependent antitermination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPublished genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are mainly European-centric, examine a narrow view of phenotypic variation, and infrequently interrogate genetic effects shared across traits. We therefore examined the extent to which a multi-ethnic, combined trait GWAS of phenotypes that map to well-defined biology can enable detection and characterization of complex trait loci.nnMethodsWith 1000 Genomes Phase 3 imputed data in 34,668 participants (15% African American; 3% Chinese American; 51% European American; 30% Hispanic/Latino), we performed covariate-adjusted univariate GWAS of six contiguous electrocardiogram (ECG) traits that decomposed an average heartbeat and two commonly reported composite ECG traits that summed contiguous traits. Combined phenotype testing was performed using the adaptive sum of powered scores test (aSPU).nnResultsWe identified six novel and 87 known ECG trait loci (aSPU p-value < 5E-9). Lead SNP rs3211938 at novel locus CD36 was common in African Americans (minor allele frequency=10%) and near-monomorphic in European Americans, with effect sizes for the composite trait, QT interval, among the largest reported. Only one novel locus was detected for the composite traits, due to opposite directions of effects across contiguous traits that summed to near-zero. Combined phenotype testing did not detect novel loci unapparent by univariate testing. However, this approach aided locus characterization, particularly when loci harbored multiple independent signals that differed by trait.nnConclusionsDespite including one-third as few participants as the largest published GWAS of ECG traits, our study identifies multiple novel ECG genetic loci, emphasizing the importance of ancestral diversity and phenotype measurement in this era of ever-growing GWAS.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYWe leveraged a multiethnic cohort with precise measures of cardioelectric function to identify novel genetic loci affecting this complex, multifaceted phenotype. The success of our approach stresses the importance of phenotypic precision and participant diversity for future locus discovery and characterization efforts, and cautions against compromises made in genome-wide association studies to pursue ever-growing sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baldassari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindorff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ida Chen, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotters, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyerle, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Engineered Axon Tracts Serve as Living Scaffolds to Accelerate Axonal Regeneration and Functional Recovery Following Peripheral Nerve Injury in Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although regeneration of damaged axons in peripheral nerves has long been observed, the mechanisms facilitating this growth are not well characterized. Recently, we demonstrated that host axon regeneration could be greatly enhanced by transplanting engineered living axon tracts to guide outgrowth. Here, we used a model of rat sciatic nerve transection to explore potential mechanisms of this facilitated regeneration and its efficacy in comparison with nerve guidance tubes (NGTs) and autografts. Tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) were developed via "stretch-growth" in mechanobioreactors and consisted of centimeter-scale aligned axonal tracts. Either TENGs, NGTs or autografts (reversed nerve) were then transplanted to bridge a 1 cm segmental gap in the sciatic nerve with the mechanisms of axonal regrowth assessed at 2 weeks and the extent of functional recovery assessed at 16 weeks. We observed numerous host axons growing directly along and intertwining with pre-formed axonal tracts in TENGs. This behavior appears to mimic the action of "pioneer" axons in developmental pathfinding by providing living cues for directed and accelerated outgrowth. Indeed, we found that the rates of axon regeneration were 3-4 fold faster than NGTs and equivalent to autografts. It was also observed that infiltration of host Schwann cells - traditional drivers of peripheral axon regeneration - was both accelerated and progressed directly along TENG axonal tracts. These TENG repairs resulted in levels of functional recovery equivalent to autografts, with each being several fold superior to NGT repairs. This new mechanism - which we term "axon-facilitated axon-regeneration" - may be further exploited to enhance axonal regeneration and functional recovery following neurotrauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katiyar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struzyna, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morand, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laimo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledebur, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Engineered Axon Tracts Serve as Living Scaffolds to Accelerate Axonal Regeneration and Functional Recovery Following Peripheral Nerve Injury in Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AimB is a small protein regulator of cell size and MreB assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MreB actin-like cytoskeleton assembles into dynamic polymers that coordinate cell shape in many bacteria. In contrast to most other cytoskeletons, few MreB interacting proteins have been well characterized. Here we identify a small protein from Caulobacter crescentus, AimB, as an Assembly Inhibitor of MreB. AimB overexpression mimics inhibition of MreB polymerization, leading to increased cell width and MreB delocalization. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that AimB binds MreB at its monomer-monomer protofilament interaction cleft. We validate this model through functional analysis of point mutants in both AimB and MreB, photo-crosslinking studies with site-specific unnatural amino acids, and species-specific activity of AimB. Together, our findings indicate that AimB promotes MreB dynamics by inhibiting monomer-monomer assembly interactions, representing a new mechanism for regulating actin-like polymers and the first identification of a non-toxin MreB assembly inhibitor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werner, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AimB is a small protein regulator of cell size and MreB assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropilin 2 signaling mediates corticostriatal transmission, spine maintenance, and goal-directed learning in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum represents the main input structure of the basal ganglia, receiving massive excitatory input from the cortex and the thalamus. The development and maintenance of cortical input to the striatum is crucial for all striatal function including many forms of sensorimotor integration, learning and action control. The molecular mechanisms regulating the development and maintenance of corticostriatal synaptic transmission are unclear. Here we show that the guidance cue, Semaphorin 3F and its receptor Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2), influence dendritic spine maintenance, corticostriatal short-term plasticity, and learning in adult male and female mice. We found that Nrp2 is enriched in adult layer V pyramidal neurons, corticostriatal terminals, and in developing and adult striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Loss of Nrp2 increases SPN excitability and spine number, reduces short-term facilitation at corticostriatal synapses, and impairs goal-directed learning in an instrumental task. Acute deletion of Nrp2 selectively in adult layer V cortical neurons produces a similar increase in the number of dendritic spines and presynaptic modifications at the corticostriatal synapse in the Nrp2-/- mouse, but does not affect the intrinsic excitability of SPNs. Furthermore conditional loss of Nrp2 impairs sensorimotor learning on the accelerating rotarod without affecting goal-directed instrumental learning. Collectively, our results identify Nrp2 signaling as essential for the development and maintenance of the corticostriatal pathway and may shed novel insights on neurodevelopmental disorders linked to the corticostriatal pathway and semaphorin signaling.nnSignificance StatementThe corticostriatal pathway controls sensorimotor, learning and action control behaviors and its dysregulation is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we demonstrate that neuropilin 2 (Nrp2), a receptor for the axon-guidance cue semaphorin 3F, has important and previously unappreciated functions in the development and adult maintenance of dendritic spines on striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), corticostriatal short-term plasticity, intrinsic physiological properties of SPNs and learning in mice. Our findings, coupled with Nrp2s association with ASD in human populations, suggest that Nrp2 may play an important role in ASD pathophysiology. Overall, our work demonstrates Nrp2 as a key regulator of corticostriatal development, maintenance and function, and may lead to better understanding of neurodevelopmental disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assous, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhimani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiflett, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropilin 2 signaling mediates corticostriatal transmission, spine maintenance, and goal-directed learning in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strategies for Integrating Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Results With Multiple Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) is a robust technology for parsing gene expression in individual cells from a tissue or other complex source. One application involves experiments where cells from multiple species are recovered from a single sample, such as when human cells are transplanted into an animal model. We transplanted microglial precursor cells into newborn mouse brain and then recovered unenriched cortical tissue six months later. Dissociated cells were assessed by scRNAseq. The default method for analyzing these results begins by aligning sequencing reads with a mixture of both mouse and human reference genomes. While this clearly identifies the human cells as a distinct cluster, the clustering is artificially driven by expression from non-comparable gene identifiers from different species. We devised a method for translating expression counts from human to mouse and evaluated four algorithms for parsing mixed-species scRNAseq data. Our optimal approach split raw sequencing reads according to the best alignment score in each genome, and then re-aligned reads only with the appropriate genome. After gene symbol translation, pooled results indicate that cell types are more appropriately clustered and that differential expression analysis identifies species-specific patterns. This method should be applicable to any mixed-species scRNAseq experiment.nnSummary of optimal strategyO_LIMixed-species scRNAseq data are aligned with mixture of mouse and human reference genomesnC_LIO_LIThe BAM file is scanned to find the best alignment score for each sequencing read identifier; these are used to split the paired FASTQ files into two sets of filesnC_LIO_LIEach set of species-specific, paired FASTQ files is re-aligned with only the appropriate reference genomenC_LIO_LIRaw counts imported into SeuratnC_LIO_LIThe human counts table is translated to mouse gene symbols using a custom HomoloGene translation tablenC_LIO_LIResults are merged and analyzednC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strategies for Integrating Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Results With Multiple Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal patterns of transcranial electrical stimulation can strengthen the metamemory of individual episodic memories in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) during slow-wave oscillations (SWOs) in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep has been demonstrated with sensory cues to achieve about 5-12% improvement in post-nap memory performance on simple laboratory tasks. But prior work has neither addressed the one-shot aspect of episodic memory acquisition, nor dealt with the presence of interference from ambient environmental cues in real-world settings for the sensory cues. Moreover, TMR with sensory cues may not be scalable to the multitude of experiences over ones lifetime. We designed a novel non-invasive paradigm that tags one-shot experiences of minute-long naturalistic episodes within immersive virtual reality (VR) with unique spatiotemporal amplitude-modulated patterns (STAMPs) of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cues them during SWOs. In particular, we demonstrate that these STAMPs can be re-applied as brief pulses to temporally coincide with UP states of SWOs (0.4167 - 1 s) on two consecutive nights to achieve about 20% improvement in the metamemory of targeted episodes at 48 hours after the one-shot viewing, compared to the control episodes. Post-sleep metamemory of the targeted episodes was driven by an interaction between their pre-sleep metamemory and the number of STAMP applications for those episodes during sleep. Overnight metamemory improvements were mediated by spectral power increases from 6.18 to 6.7 s following the offset of STAMPs in the slow-spindle band (9-12 Hz) for left temporal areas in the scalp electroencephalography (EEG) during sleep. These results prescribe an optimal strategy to leverage STAMPs for boosting metamemory and suggest that real-world episodic memories can be modulated in a targeted manner even with coarser, non-invasive spatiotemporal stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilly, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skorheim, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartholt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal patterns of transcranial electrical stimulation can strengthen the metamemory of individual episodic memories in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NemaLife: A structured microfluidic culture device optimized for aging studies in crawling C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful animal model in aging research. Standard longevity assays on agar plates involve the tedious task of picking and transferring animals to prevent younger progeny from contaminating age-synchronized adult populations. Large-scale studies employ progeny-blocking drugs or sterile mutants to avoid progeny contamination, but such manipulations change adult physiology and alter the influence of reproduction on normal aging. Moreover, for some agar growth-based technology platforms, such as automated lifespan machines, reagents such as food or drugs cannot be readily added/removed after initiation of the study. Current microfluidic approaches are well-suited to address these limitations, but in their liquid-based environments animals swim rather than crawl, introducing swim-induced stress in the lifespan analysis. Here we report a simple microfluidic device that we call NemaLife that features: 1) an optimized micropillar arena in which animals can crawl, 2) sieve channels that separate progeny and prevent the loss of adults from the arena during culture maintenance, and 3) ports which allow rapid accessibility to feed the adult-only population and introduce reagents as needed. Culture maintenance and liquid manipulation are performed with simple hand-held syringes to facilitate integration of our technology into general laboratory protocols. Additionally, device geometry and feeding protocols were designed to emulate the body gait, locomotion, and lifespan of animals reared on agar. We validated our approach with longevity analyses of classical aging mutants (daf-2, age-1, eat-2, and daf-16) and animals subjected to RNAi knockdown of age-related genes (age-1 and daf-16). We also showed that healthspan measures such as pharyngeal pumping and tap-induced stimulated reversals can be scored across the lifespan. Overall, the capacity to generate reliable lifespan and physiological data from the NemaLife chip underscores the potential of this device to accelerate healthspan and lifespan investigations in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birze, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrilska, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbaugh, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blawzdziewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szewczyk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanapalli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NemaLife: A structured microfluidic culture device optimized for aging studies in crawling C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting dysfunctional age-related task activations from resting-state network alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is linked to changes in fMRI task activations and fMRI resting-state functional connectivity (restFC), which can emerge early in the timecourse of illness. Study of these fMRI correlates of unhealthy aging has been conducted in largely separate subfields. Taking inspiration from neural network simulations, we propose a unifying mechanism wherein restFC network alterations associated with Alzheimers disease disrupt the ability for activations to flow between brain regions, leading to aberrant task activations. We apply this activity flow modeling framework in a large sample of clinically unimpaired older adults, which was segregated into healthy (low-risk) and at-risk subgroups based on established imaging (positron emission tomography amyloid) and genetic (apolipoprotein) risk factors for AD. We identified healthy task activations in individuals at low risk for AD, and then by estimating activity flow using at-risk AD restFC data we were able to predict the altered at-risk AD task activations. Thus, modeling the flow of healthy activations over at-risk AD connectivity effectively transformed the healthy aged activations into unhealthy aged activations. These results provide evidence that activity flow over altered intrinsic functional connections may act as a mechanism underlying Alzheimers-related dysfunction, even in very early stages of the illness. Beyond these mechanistic insights linking restFC with cognitive task activations, this approach has potential clinical utility as it enables prediction of task activations and associated cognitive dysfunction in individuals without requiring them to perform in-scanner cognitive tasks.nnSignificance StatementDeveloping analytic approaches that can reliably predict features of Alzheimers disease is a major goal for cognitive and clinical neuroscience, with particular emphasis on identifying such diagnostic features early in the timeline of disease. We demonstrate the utility of an activity flow modeling approach, which predicts fMRI cognitive task activations in subjects identified as at-risk for Alzheimers disease. The approach makes activation predictions by transforming a healthy aged activation template via the at-risk subjects individual pattern of fMRI resting-state functional connectivity (restFC). The observed prediction accuracy supports activity flow as a mechanism linking age-related alterations in restFC and task activations, thereby providing a theoretical basis for incorporating restFC into imaging biomarker and personalized medicine interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balota, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting dysfunctional age-related task activations from resting-state network alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individualized Dynamic Brain Models: Estimation and Validation with Resting-State fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/678243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge for neuroscience is to develop generative, causal models of the human nervous system in an individualized, data-driven manner. Previous initiatives have either constructed biologically-plausible models that are not constrained by individual-level human brain activity or used data-driven statistical characterizations of individuals that are not mechanistic. We aim to bridge this gap through the development of a new modeling approach termed Mesoscale Individualized Neurodynamic (MINDy) modeling, wherein we fit nonlinear dynamical systems models directly to human brain imaging data. The MINDy framework is able to produce these data-driven network models for hundreds to thousands of interacting brain regions in just 1-3 minutes per subject. We demonstrate that the models are valid, reliable, and robust. We show that MINDy models are predictive of individualized patterns of resting-state brain dynamical activity. Furthermore, MINDy is better able to uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in resting state activity than functional connectivity methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individualized Dynamic Brain Models: Estimation and Validation with Resting-State fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that inconsistent gene prediction can mislead analysis of algal genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative algal genomics often relies on predicted gene models from de novo assembled genomes. However, the artifacts introduced by different gene-prediction approaches, and their impact on comparative genomic analysis, remain poorly understood. Here, using available genome data from six dinoflagellate species in Symbiodiniaceae, we identified potential methodological biases in the published gene models that were predicted using different approaches. We developed and applied a comprehensive customized workflow to predict genes from these genomes. The observed variation among predicted gene models resulting from our workflow agreed with current understanding of phylogenetic relationships among these taxa, whereas those published earlier were largely biased by the distinct approaches used in each instance. Importantly, these biases mislead the inference of homologous gene families and synteny among genomes, thus impacting biological interpretation of these data. Our results demonstrate that a consistent gene-prediction approach is critical for comparative genomics, particularly for non-model algal genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Pech, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that inconsistent gene prediction can mislead analysis of algal genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating and testing the microbial causal mediation effect with high-dimensional and compositional microbiome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent microbiome association studies have revealed important associations between microbiome and disease/health status. Such findings encourage scientists to dive deeper to uncover the causal role of microbiome in the underlying biological mechanism, and have led to applying statistical models to quantify causal microbiome effects and to identify the specific microbial agents. However, there are no existing causal mediation methods specifically designed to handle high dimensional and compositional microbiome data.nnResultsWe propose a rigorous Sparse Microbial Causal Mediation Model (SparseMCMM) specifically designed for the high dimensional and compositional microbiome data in a typical three-factor (treatment, microbiome and outcome) causal study design. In particular, linear log-contrast regression model and Dirichlet regression model are proposed to estimate the causal direct effect of treatment and the causal mediation effects of microbiome at both the community and individual taxon levels. Regularization techniques are used to perform the variable selection in the proposed model framework to identify signature causal microbes. Two hypothesis tests on the overall mediation effect are proposed and their statistical significance is estimated by permutation procedures. Extensive simulated scenarios show that SparseMCMM has excellent performance in estimation and hypothesis testing. Finally, we showcase the utility of the proposed SparseMCMM method in a study which the murine microbiome has been manipulated by providing a clear and sensible causal path among antibiotic treatment, microbiome composition and mouse weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating and testing the microbial causal mediation effect with high-dimensional and compositional microbiome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colicin E1 Fragments Potentiate Antibiotics by Plugging TolC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/692251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The double membrane architecture of Gram-negative bacteria forms a barrier that is effectively impermeable to extracellular threats. Bacteriocin proteins evolved to exploit the accessible, surface-exposed proteins embedded in the outer membrane to deliver cytotoxic cargo. Colicin E1 is a bacteriocin produced by, and lethal to, Escherichia coli that hijacks the outer membrane proteins TolC and BtuB to enter the cell. Here we capture the colicin E1 translocation domain inside its membrane receptor, TolC, by high-resolution cryoEM, the first reported structure of a bacteriocin bound to TolC. Colicin E1 binds stably to TolC as an open hinge through the TolC pore--an architectural rearrangement from colicin E1s unbound conformation. This binding is stable in live E. coli cells as indicated by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Finally, colicin E1 fragments binding to TolC plugs the channel, inhibiting its native efflux function as an antibiotic efflux pump and heightening susceptibility to three antibiotic classes. In addition to demonstrating that these protein fragments are useful starting points for developing novel antibiotic potentiators, this method could be expanded to other colicins to inhibit other outer membrane protein functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budiardjo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deay, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimalasena, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montezano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biteen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusky, J. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/692251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colicin E1 Fragments Potentiate Antibiotics by Plugging TolC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive dewetting underlies site-specific binding of general anesthetics to GABA(A) receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABA(A) receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels playing a critical role in the modulation of neuronal excitability. These inhibitory receptors, gated by{gamma} -aminobutyric acid (GABA), can be potentiated and even directly activated by intravenous and inhalational anesthetics. Intersubunit cavities in the transmembrane domain have been consistently identified as putative binding sites by numerous experiment and simulation results. Synaptic GABA(A) receptors are predominantly found in a 2:2{beta}:1{gamma} stoichiometry, with four unique inter-subunit interfaces. Experimental and computational results have suggested a perplexing specificity, given that cavity-lining residues are highly conserved, and the functional effects of general anesthetics are only weakly sensitive to most mutations of cavity residues. Here we use Molecular Dynamics simulations and thermodynamically rigorous alchemical free energy perturbation (AFEP) techniques to calculate affinities of the intravenous anesthetic propofol and the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane to all intersubunit sites in a heteromeric GABA(A) receptor. We find that the best predictor of general anesthetic affinity for the intersubunit cavity sites is water displacement: combinations of anesthetic and binding site that displace more water molecules have higher affinities than those that displace fewer. The amount of water displacement is, in turn, a function of size of the general anesthetic, successful competition of the general anesthetic with water for the few hydrogen bonding partners in the site, and inaccessibility of the site to lipid acyl chains. The latter explains the surprisingly low affinity of GAs for the{gamma} -  intersubunit site, which is missing a bulky methionine residue at the cavity entrance and can be occupied by acyl chains in the unbound state. Simulations also identify sevoflurane binding sites in the {beta} subunit centers and in the pore, but predict that these are lower affinity than the intersubunit sites.nnSignificanceAfter over a century of research, it is established that general anesthetics interact directly with hydrophobic cavities in proteins. We still do not know why not all small hydrophobic molecules can act as general anesthetics, or why not all hydrophobic cavities bind these molecules. General anesthetics can even select among homologous sites on one critical target, the GABA(A) heteropentamer, although the origins of selectivity are unknown. Here we used rigorous free energy calculations to find that binding affinity correlates with the number of released water molecules, which in turn depends upon the lipid content of the cavity without bound anesthetic. Results suggest a mechanism that reconciles lipid-centered and protein-centered theories, and which can directly inform design of new anesthetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murlidaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive dewetting underlies site-specific binding of general anesthetics to GABA(A) receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical models of protease-based enzymatic biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/695320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important goal of synthetic biology is to build biosensors and circuits with well-defined input-output relationships that operate at speeds found in natural biological systems. However, for molecular computation, most commonly used genetic circuit elements typically involve several steps from input detection to output signal production: transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. These multiple steps together require up to several hours to respond to a single stimulus, and this limits the overall speed and complexity of genetic circuits. To address this gap, molecular frame-works that rely exclusively on post-translational steps to realize reaction networks that can process inputs at a timescale of seconds to minutes have been proposed. Here, we build mathematical models of fast biosensors capable of producing Boolean logic functionality. We employ protease-based chemical and light-induced switches, investigate their operation, and provide selection guidelines for their use as on-off switches. We then use these switches as elementary blocks, developing models for biosensors that can perform OR and XOR Boolean logic computation while using reaction conditions as tuning parameters. We use sensitivity analysis to determine the time-dependent sensitivity of the output to proteolytic and protein-protein binding reaction parameters. These fast protease-based biosensors can be used to implement complex molecular circuits with a capability of processing multiple inputs controllably and algorithmically. Our framework for evaluating and optimizing circuit performance can be applied to other molecular logic circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical models of protease-based enzymatic biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sugar-phosphate metabolism regulates stationary phase entry and stalk elongation in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for adapting to environmental perturbations. Changes in oxygen availability result in a switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, whereas iron limitation may lead to siderophore secretion. In addition to metabolic adaptations, many organisms respond by altering their cell shape. Caulobacter crescentus, when grown under phosphate limiting conditions, dramatically elongates its polar stalk appendage. The stalk is hypothesized to facilitate phosphate uptake; however, the mechanistic details of stalk synthesis are not well characterized. We used a chemical mutagenesis approach to isolate and characterize stalk-deficient mutants, one of which had two mutations in the phosphomannose isomerase gene (manA) that were necessary and sufficient to inhibit stalk elongation. Transcription of the pho regulon was unaffected in the manA mutant; therefore, ManA plays a unique regulatory role in stalk synthesis. The mutant ManA had reduced enzymatic activity resulting in a 5-fold increase in the intracellular fructose 6-phosphate: mannose 6-phosphate ratio. This metabolic imbalance impaired the synthesis of cellular envelope components derived from mannose 6-phosphate, namely lipopolysaccharide O-antigen and exopolysaccharide. Furthermore, the manA mutations prevented C. crescentus cells from efficiently entering stationary phase. Deletion of the stationary-phase response regulator spdR inhibited stalk elongation in wild-type cells while overproduction of the alarmone ppGpp, which triggers growth arrest and stationary phase entry, increased stalk length in the manA mutant strain. These results demonstrate that sugar-phosphate metabolism regulates stalk elongation independently of phosphate starvation.nnImportanceBacteria have various mechanisms for adapting to environmental perturbations including morphological alterations. During phosphate limitation, Caulobacter crescentus dramatically elongates its polar stalk appendage. The stalk is hypothesized to facilitate phosphate uptake; however, the mechanism of stalk synthesis is not well characterized. We isolated stalk-deficient mutants, one of which had mutations in the phosphomannose isomerase gene (manA) that blocked stalk elongation, despite normal activation of the phosphate-starvation response. The mutant ManA produced an imbalance in sugar-phosphate concentrations that impaired the synthesis of cellular envelope components and prevented entry into stationary phase. Overproduction of the alarmone ppGpp, which promotes stationary phase entry, increased stalk length in the manA mutant demonstrating that sugar-phosphate metabolism regulates stalk elongation independently of phosphate starvation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Young, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankeviciute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sugar-phosphate metabolism regulates stationary phase entry and stalk elongation in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarella glacialis genomes encode tandem repeats of single-exon genes with functions critical to adaptation of dinoflagellates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates are taxonomically diverse, ecologically important phytoplankton in marine and freshwater environments. Here, we present two draft diploid genome assemblies of the free-living dinoflagellate Polarella glacialis, isolated from the Arctic and Antarctica. For each genome, guided using full-length transcriptome data, we predicted >50,000 high-quality genes. About 68% of the genome is repetitive sequence; long terminal repeats likely contribute to intra-species structural divergence and distinct genome sizes (3.0 and 2.7 Gbp). Of all genes, [~]40% are encoded unidirectionally, [~]25% comprised of single exons. Multi-genome comparison unveiled genes specific to P. glacialis and a common, putatively bacterial, origin of ice-binding domains in cold-adapted dinoflagellates. Our results elucidate how selection acts within the context of a complex genome structure to facilitate local adaptation. Since most dinoflagellate genes are constitutively expressed, Polarella glacialis has enhanced transcriptional responses via unidirectional, tandem duplication of single-exon genes that encode functions critical to survival in cold, low-light environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Pech, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarella glacialis genomes encode tandem repeats of single-exon genes with functions critical to adaptation of dinoflagellates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the Motor Cortex: Theta Burst Stimulation of the Anterior Midcingulate Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suppressed reward-related signaling in the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), resulting in a change in goal-directed behavior. Continuous TBS had no effect. While these results are inconsistent with reported TBS effects on motor cortex, the present findings offer normative insights into the magnitude and time course of TBS-induced changes in aMCC excitability during goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the Motor Cortex: Theta Burst Stimulation of the Anterior Midcingulate Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosomal stalk proteins RPLP1 and RPLP2 promote biogenesis of flaviviral and cellular multi-pass transmembrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) and other mosquito-borne flaviviruses are highly dependent on the ribosomal stalk proteins, RPLP1 and RPLP2 (RPLP1/2), for efficient infection. Here, we show that RPLP1/2 function to relieve ribosome pausing within the DENV envelope coding sequence, leading to enhanced protein stability. We used ribosome profiling to evaluate viral and cellular translation in RPLP1/2-depleted cells. This revealed that ribosomes pause in the sequence coding for the N-terminus of the envelope protein, immediately downstream of sequences encoding two adjacent transmembrane domains (TMDs). RPLP1/2 function to enhance ribosome elongation at this position and increase viral protein stability, possibly by improving co-translational folding of DENV proteins. We also analyzed the effects of RPLP1/2 depletion on cellular translation. We find that RPLP1/2 affects ribosome density for a small subset of cellular mRNAs. However, meta-analysis of ribosome positions on all cellular mRNAs revealed slightly increased accumulation of ribosomes downstream of start codons in RPLP1/2-depleted cells, suggesting that RPLP1/2 enhance elongation efficiency. Importantly, we found that ribosome density on mRNAs encoding multiple TMDs was disproportionately affected by RPLP1/2 knockdown, implying a role for RPLP1/2 in transmembrane protein biogenesis. Together, our findings reveal insights into the function of RPLP1/2 in DENV and cellular translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Blanco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradrick, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosomal stalk proteins RPLP1 and RPLP2 promote biogenesis of flaviviral and cellular multi-pass transmembrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ciliary BBSome-ARL-6-PDE6D pathway trafficks RAB-28, a negative regulator of extracellular vesicle biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/715730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia both receive and send information, the latter in the form of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano-communication devices that cells shed to influence cell, tissue, and organism behavior. Mechanisms driving ciliary EV biogenesis and environment release are almost entirely unknown. Here, we show that the ciliary G-protein RAB28, associated with human autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy, negatively regulates EV levels in the sensory organs of Caenorhabditis elegans. We also find that sequential targeting of lipidated RAB28 to periciliary and ciliary membranes is highly dependent on the BBSome and PDE6D, respectively, and that BBSome loss causes excessive and ectopic EV production. Our data indicate that RAB28 and the BBSome are key in vivo regulators of EV production at the periciliary membrane. Our findings also suggest that EVs control sensory organ homeostasis by mediating communication between ciliated neurons and glia, and that defects in ciliary EV biogenesis may contribute to human ciliopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsiropoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blacque, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ciliary BBSome-ARL-6-PDE6D pathway trafficks RAB-28, a negative regulator of extracellular vesicle biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glpK produces transiently heritable drug tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The length and complexity of tuberculosis (TB) therapy, as well as the propensity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to develop drug resistance, are major barriers to global TB control efforts. M. tuberculosis is known to have the ability to enter into a drug-tolerant state, which may explain many of these impediments to TB treatment. We have identified a novel mechanism of genetically encoded but rapidly reversible drug-tolerance in M. tuberculosis caused by transient frameshift mutations in a homopolymeric tract (HT) of seven cytosines (7C) in the glpK gene. Inactivating frameshift mutations associated with the 7C HT in glpK produce small colonies that exhibit heritable multi-drug increases in minimal inhibitory concentrations and decreases in drug-dependent killing; however, reversion back to a fully drug-susceptible large-colony phenotype occurs rapidly through the introduction of additional insertions or deletions in the same glpK HT region. These reversible frameshift mutations in the 7C HT of M. tuberculosis glpK occur in clinical isolates, accumulate in M. tuberculosis infected mice with further accumulation during drug treatment, and exhibit a reversible transcriptional profile including induction of dosR and sigH and repression of kstR regulons, similar to that observed in other in vitro models of M. tuberculosis tolerance. These results suggest that GlpK phase variation may contribute to drug-tolerance, treatment failure and relapse in human TB. Drugs effective against phase-variant M. tuberculosis may hasten TB treatment and improve cure rates.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe ability of M. tuberculosis to survive during prolonged treatment has been attributed to either transient stress responses or fixed heritable drug-resistance producing mutations. We show that phase-variation in the M. tuberculosis glpK gene represents a third type of resistance mechanism. The ability of these glpK mutants to grow slowly and then rapidly revert suggests that these transiently-heritable changes may also explain how a hidden population of drug-tolerant bacteria develops during TB treatment. As a genetically trackable cause of drug-tolerance, M. tuberculosis glpK mutants provides a unique opportunity to study these phenomena at a cellular and mechanistic level. These mutants could also be used for developing drugs that target tolerant populations, leading to more rapid and effective TB treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.-P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soteropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glpK produces transiently heritable drug tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden Aspects of the Research-ADOS are Bound to Affect Autism Science 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The research-grade ADOS is a broadly used instrument that informs and steers much of the science of Autism. Despite its broad use, little is known about the empirical variability inherently present in the scores of the ADOS scale, or their appropriateness to define change, to repeatedly use this test to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories. Here we examine the empirical distributions of research-grade ADOS scores from 1,324 records in a cross-section of the population comprising participants with autism between 5-65 years of age. We find that these empirical distributions violate the theoretical requirements of normality and homogeneous variance, essential for independence between bias and sensitivity. Further, we assess a subset of 52 typical controls vs. those with autism and find lack of proper elements to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories in a coping nervous system changing at non-uniform, non-linear rates. Lastly, longitudinally repeating the assessments over 4 visits in a subset of the participants with autism for whom verbal criteria kept the same appropriate ADOS modules over the timespan of the 4 visits, reveals that switching the clinician, changes the cutoff scores, and consequently, influences the diagnosis, despite maintaining fidelity in the same tests modules, room conditions and tasks fluidity per visit. Given the changes in probability distribution shape and dispersion of these ADOS scores, the lack of appropriate metric spaces, and the impact that these elements have on sensitivity-bias co-dependencies, and on longitudinal tracking of autism, we invite a discussion on the use of this test for scientific purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden Aspects of the Research-ADOS are Bound to Affect Autism Science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SirT7 auto-ADP-ribosylation regulates glucose starvation response through macroH2A1.1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/719559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuins are key players in the response to oxidative, metabolic and genotoxic stress, and are involved in genome stability, metabolic homeostasis and aging. Originally described as NAD+-dependent deacetylases, some sirtuins are also characterized by a poorly understood mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (mADPRT) activity. Here we report that the deacetylase SirT7 is a dual sirtuin as it also features auto-mADPRT activity. Molecular and structural evidence suggests that this novel activity occurs at a second previously undefined active site that is physically separated in another domain. Specific abrogation of this activity alters SirT7 chromatin distribution, suggesting a role for this modification in SirT7 chromatin binding specificity. We uncover an epigenetic pathway by which ADP-ribosyl-SirT7 is recognized by the ADP-ribose reader macroH2A1.1, a histone variant involved in chromatin organization, metabolism and differentiation. Glucose starvation (GS) boosts this interaction and promotes SirT7 relocalization to intergenic regions in a macroH2A1-dependent manner. Both SirT7 activities are in turn required to promote GS-dependent enrichment of macroH2A1 in a subset of nearby genes, which results in their specific up- or downregulation. Consistently, the expression changes of these genes associated to calorie restriction (CR) or aging are abrogated in SirT7-/- mice, reinforcing the link between Sirtuins, CR and aging. Our work provides a novel perspective about sirtuin duality and suggests a key role for SirT7/macroH2A1.1 axis in mammalian glucose homeostasis, calorie restriction signaling and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonet, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Alcantud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Sanfrutos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado-Bages, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabido, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschbeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/719559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SirT7 auto-ADP-ribosylation regulates glucose starvation response through macroH2A1.1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Binding of Phosphatidylglycerol at Specific Sites Modulates Desensitization of a Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are essential determinants of synaptic transmission, and are modulated by specific lipids including anionic phospholipids. The exact modulatory effect of anionic phospholipids in pLGICs and the mechanism of this effect are not well understood. Using native mass spectrometry, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and functional assays, we show that the anionic phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), preferentially binds to and stabilizes the pLGIC, Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC), and decreases ELIC desensitization. Mutations of five arginines located in the interfacial regions of the transmembrane domain (TMD) reduce POPG binding, and a subset of these mutations increase ELIC desensitization. In contrast, the L240A mutant known to decrease ELIC desensitization, increases POPG binding. The results support a mechanism by which POPG stabilizes the open state of ELIC relative to the desensitized state by direct binding at specific sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidpeter, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimigean, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Binding of Phosphatidylglycerol at Specific Sites Modulates Desensitization of a Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interplay between molten globule intermediates and heme disassociation characterizes human hemoglobin disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemoglobin functions as an oxygen transport protein, with each subunit containing a heme cofactor. We have developed a global disassembly model for human hemoglobin, linking hemin (ferric heme) disassociation and apo(heme-free)-protein unfolding pathways. The model was based on the evaluation of circular dichroism and visible absorbance measurements of guanidine hydrochloride-induced disassembly of holo (heme-bound)-hemoglobin and previous measurements of apohemoglobin unfolding. The populations of holo-intermediates and equilibrium disassembly parameters were determined quantitatively for adult and fetal hemoglobins. The key stages for disassembly into unfolded monomers are characterized by hemichrome intermediates with molten globule characteristics. Hemichromes, which occur when both hemin iron axial sites coordinate amino acids, are not energetically favored in native human hemoglobins. However, these hexacoordinate iron complexes are important for preventing hemin disassociation from partially unfolded species during early disassembly and late stage assembly events. Both our model evaluation and independent small angle X-ray scattering measurements demonstrate that heme disassociation during early disassembly leads to loss of tetrameric structural integrity. Dimeric and monomeric hemichrome intermediates occur along the disassembly pathway inside red cells where the hemoglobin concentration is very high. This prediction explains why in the red cells of patients with unstable hemoglobinopathies, misassembled hemoglobins often get trapped as hemichromes that accumulate into insoluble Heinz bodies. These Heinz bodies become deposited on the cell membranes and can lead to hemolysis. Alternatively, when acellular hemoglobin is diluted into blood plasma after red cell lysis, the disassembly pathway is dominated by early hemin disassociation events, which leads to the generation of higher fractions of apo-subunits and free hemin known to damage to the integrity of blood vessel walls. Thus, our model illuminates the pathophysiology of hemoglobinopathies and other disease states associated with unstable globins and red cell lysis, and provides insights into the factors governing hemoglobin assembly during erythropoiesis.nnSignificanceOur deconvolution and global analysis of spectral data led to both the characterization of "hidden" hemichrome intermediates and the development of a quantitative model for human hemoglobin disassembly/assembly. The importance of this mechanism is several-fold. First, the hemoglobin system serves as a general biological model for understanding the role of oligomerization and cofactor binding in facilitating protein folding and assembly. Second, the fitted parameters provide: (a) estimates of hemin affinity for apoprotein states; (b) quantitative interpretations of the pathophysiology of hemoglobinopathies and other diseases associated with unstable globins and red cell lysis; (c) insights into the factors governing hemoglobin assembly during erythropoiesis; and (d) a framework for designing targeted hemoglobinopathy therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samuel, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interplay between molten globule intermediates and heme disassociation characterizes human hemoglobin disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-Transcriptional Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) Gene Regulation in Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/735852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deletion of an "ultra-conserved sequence" (UCS) within the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp)2 mRNA previously revealed that the sequence represses Bmp2 reporter gene expression in vascular cells. The objective was to determine the impact of the endogenous UCS on Bmp2 mRNA levels, BMP signaling, and calcification in the healthy control aorta and in the calcified aorta of mice with renal disease. We compared the phenotypes of mice bearing a wild type Bmp2 allele or the UCS deletion allele in mice with normal kidney function or in Klotho mutant mice with reduced kidney function. BMP signaling and calcium levels were normally higher in control females relative to males. UCS deletion induced aortic Bmp2 mRNA and BMP signaling in control males, but not in females. UCS deletion significantly increased BMP signaling in both male and female Klotho homozygotes. Inheritance of the Bmp2 UCS deletion and Klotho alleles was skewed from Mendelian expectations suggesting that these alleles influence interacting pathways. Analyses of body and heart weight supported these interactions. The Bmp2 UCS represses BMP signaling in control males and in mice of both sexes with abnormal mineralization associated with kidney disease. Disease and sex-specific differences in Bmp2 gene control may influence the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurkow, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/735852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-Transcriptional Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) Gene Regulation in Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying phenotypic variation in bioethanol-related processes in Neurospora crassa. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass has received increasing attention over the past decade. Many attempts have been made to reduce the cost of bioethanol production by combining the separate steps of the process into a single-step process known as consolidated bioprocessing. This requires identification of organisms that can efficiently decompose lignocellulose to simple sugars and ferment the pentose and hexose sugars liberated to ethanol. There have been many attempts in engineering laboratory strains by adding new genes or modifying genes to expand the capacity of an industrial microorganism. There has been less attention in improving bioethanol-related processes utilizing natural variation existing in the natural ecotypes. In this study, we sought to identify genomic loci contributing to variation in saccharification of cellulose and fermentation of glucose in the fermenting cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa through quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. We identified one major QTL contributing to fermentation of glucose and multiple putative QTLs underlying saccharification. Understanding the natural variation of the major QTL gene would provide new insights in developing industrial microbes for bioethanol production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhaveri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biffinger, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying phenotypic variation in bioethanol-related processes in Neurospora crassa.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-protein docking using learned three-dimensional representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions are determined by a number of hard-to-capture features related to shape complementarity, electrostatics, and hydrophobicity. These features may be intrinsic to the protein or induced by the presence of a partner. A conventional approach to protein-protein docking consists in engineering a small number of spatial features for each protein, and in minimizing the sum of their correlations with respect to the spatial arrangement of the two proteins. To generalize this approach, we introduce a deep neural network architecture that transforms the raw atomic densities of each protein into complex three-dimensional representations. Each point in the volume containing the protein is described by 48 learned features, which are correlated and combined with the features of a second protein to produce a score dependent on the relative position and orientation of the two proteins. The architecture is based on multiple layers of SE(3)-equivariant convolutional neural networks, which provide built-in rotational and translational invariance of the score with respect to the structure of the complex. The model is trained end-to-end on a set of decoy conformations generated from 851 nonredundant protein-protein complexes and is tested on data from the Protein-Protein Docking Benchmark Version 4.0.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derevyanko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-protein docking using learned three-dimensional representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual RNA-seq provides insight into the biology of the neglected intracellular human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging and neglected diseases pose challenges as their biology is frequently poorly understood, and genetic tools often do not exist to manipulate the responsible pathogen. Organism agnostic sequencing technologies offer a promising approach to understand the molecular processes underlying these diseases. Here we apply dual RNA-seq to Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of the vector-borne human disease scrub typhus. Half the Ot genome is composed of repetitive DNA, and there is minimal collinearity in gene order between strains. Integrating RNA-seq, comparative genomics, proteomics, and machine learning, we investigated the transcriptional architecture of Ot, including operon structure and non-coding RNAs, and found evidence for wide-spread post-transcriptional antisense regulation. We compared the host response to two clinical isolates and identified distinct immune response networks that are up-regulated in response to each strain, leading to predictions of relative virulence which were confirmed in a mouse infection model. Thus, dual RNA-seq can provide insight into the biology and host-pathogen interactions of a poorly characterized and genetically intractable organism such as Ot.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mika-Gospodorz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giengkam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsantichon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kion-Crosby, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuenklin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyakumthorn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobota, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquist, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual RNA-seq provides insight into the biology of the neglected intracellular human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demonstrating and disrupting well-learned habits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Researchers have exerted tremendous efforts to empirically study how habits form and dominate at the expense of deliberation, yet we know very little about breaking these rigid habits to restore goal-directed control. In a three-experiment study, we first illustrate a novel approach of studying well-learned habits, in order to effectively demonstrate habit disruption. In Experiment 1, we use a Go/NoGo task with familiar color-response associations to demonstrate outcome-insensitivity when compared to novel, more flexible associations. Specifically, subjects perform more accurately when the required mapping is the familiar association of green-Go/red-NoGo than when it is red-Go/green-NoGo, confirming outcome-insensitive, habitual control. As a control condition, subjects show equivalent performance with unfamiliar color-response mappings (using the colors blue and purple mapped to Go and NoGo responses). Next, in Experiments 2 and 3, we test a motivation-based feedback manipulation in varying magnitudes (i.e., performance feedback with and without monetary incentives) to break the well-established habits elicited by our familiar stimuli. We find that although performance feedback prior to the contingency reversal test is insufficient to disrupt outcome-insensitivity in Experiment 2, a combination of performance feedback and monetary incentive is able to restore goal-directed control in Experiment 3, effectively breaking the habits. As the first successful demonstration of well-learned habit disruption in the laboratory, these findings provide new insights into how we execute and modify habits, while fostering new and translational research avenues that may be applicable to treating habit-based pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceceli, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricomi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/745356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demonstrating and disrupting well-learned habits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VAMP8 contributes to TRIM6-mediated type-I interferon antiviral response during West Nile virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate immune pathways including the antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) system. Previously, we demonstrated that TRIM6 is involved in IFN-I induction and signaling. In the absence of TRIM6, optimal IFN-I signaling is reduced, allowing increased replication of interferon-sensitive viruses. Despite having evolved numerous mechanisms to restrict the vertebrate hosts IFN-I response, West Nile Virus (WNV) replication is sensitive to pre-treatment with IFN-I. However, the regulators and products of the IFN-I pathway that are important in regulating WNV replication are incompletely defined. Consistent with WNVs sensitivity to IFN-I, we found that in TRIM6 knockout (TRIM6-KO) A549 cells WNV replication is significantly increased and IFN-I induction and signaling is impaired compared to wild-type (wt) cells. IFN{beta} pre-treatment was more effective in protecting against subsequent WNV infection in wt cells as compared to TRIM6-KO, indicating that TRIM6 contributes to the establishment of an IFN-induced antiviral response against WNV. Using next generation sequencing, we identified VAMP8 as a potential factor involved in this TRIM6-mediated antiviral response. VAMP8 knockdown resulted in reduced Jak1 and STAT1 phosphorylation and impaired induction of several ISGs following WNV infection or IFN{beta} treatment. Furthermore, VAMP8-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation required the presence of TRIM6. Therefore, the VAMP8 protein is a novel regulator of IFN-I signaling, and its expression and function is dependent on TRIM6 activity. Overall, these results provide evidence that TRIM6 contributes to the antiviral response against WNV and identified VAMP8 as a novel regulator of the IFN-I system.nnIMPORTANCEWNV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that poses threat to human health across large discontinuous areas throughout the world. Infection with WNV results in febrile illness, which can progress to severe neurological disease. Currently, there are no approved treatment options to control WNV infection. Understanding the cellular immune responses that regulate viral replication is important in diversifying the resources available to control WNV. Here we show that the elimination of TRIM6 in human cells results in an increase in WNV replication and alters the expression and function of other components of the IFN-I pathway through VAMP8. Dissecting the interactions between WNV and host defenses both informs basic molecular virology and promotes the development of host- and viral-targeted antiviral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Tol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiberg, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajsbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VAMP8 contributes to TRIM6-mediated type-I interferon antiviral response during West Nile virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by NIMA family kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis, the process by which cells internalize plasma membrane and associated cargo, is regulated extensively by posttranslational modifications. Previous studies suggested the potential involvement of scores of protein kinases in endocytic control, of which only a few have been validated within their native context. Here we show that the conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2/NEK8/9 and NEKL-3/NEK6/7 (the NEKLs) control clathrin-mediated endocytosis in C. elegans. Loss of NEKLs leads to clathrin mislocalization and to a dramatic reduction in clathrin mobility at the apical membrane. Strikingly, reducing the levels of active AP2, the major clathrin adapter complex, rescues nekl mutant defects, whereas increased levels of active AP2 exacerbate nekl defects. Moreover, NEKL inhibition alleviates defects associated with reduced AP2 activity, attesting to the tight link between NEKL and AP2 functions. We also show that NEKLs are required for the clustering and internalization of membrane cargo and that human NEKs rescue defects in nekl mutant worms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazetic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edeen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by NIMA family kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA virus diversity in a phyllosphere microbial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/772475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although metagenomics reveals that natural virus communities harbor vast genetic diversity, the spatiotemporal dynamics of viral diversity in the wild are seldom tested, especially across small geographic scales. This problem is usefully examined in the above-ground phyllosphere, because terrestrial plants are frequently infected by taxonomically-diverse RNA viruses, whose elevated mutation rates generate abundant allele diversity. Here, we studied the problem by comparative analysis of RNA virus samples over time from three spatially-separated patches of a common perennial legume, white clover (Trifolium repens L.), growing in a grassy lawn in Woods Hole Village (Falmouth, MA, USA). We predicted that clover samples would show similarly high levels of virus species (alpha) diversity across space, but differing among-patch diversity of non-dominant virus taxa over time (4 samples spanning 6 weeks). Results showed that recognizable alpha diversity in clover patches was consistently dominated by RNA virus family Alphaflexiviridae across space, but that all patches showed inconsistent spatiotemporal presence of a diversity of minority virus families. Also, we observed that white clover mosaic virus (WClMV) dominated all patches across space and time. The high coverage of WClMV fostered an haplotype analysis, which revealed that two strains of the virus consistently infected clover plants during the 6-week period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bono, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peredo, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sistrom, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA virus diversity in a phyllosphere microbial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced maturation of fast-spiking interneurons driven by mTOR activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of stem cell derived neurons for cell-based therapies is limited by a protracted maturation. We present a novel approach for accelerating the post-mitotic maturation of human stem cell derived interneurons via the activation of mTOR signaling. Lox sites were placed within PTEN, a key mTOR inhibitor, in a cortical interneuron (CIn) reporter line. Following directed differentiation and purification by FACS, the CIns were exposed to Cre-expressing lentivirus, then transplanted into mouse neocortex or plated onto cultured rat neocortex. Input synaptogenesis and dendritogenesis was greatly enhanced in the PTEN-deleted CIns. Whole-cell recording of the PTEN-deleted CIns in slices of transplanted neocortex revealed multiple indices of enhanced maturation. Finally, we observed similar effects using transient, doxycycline-inducible activation of AKT. We thus present an inducible, reversible approach for accelerating the maturation of human stem cell derived CIns, and to study the influences of this disease-related signaling system in human neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced maturation of fast-spiking interneurons driven by mTOR activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Based Discovery of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains represents a major threat to public health. MRSA elaborates an arsenal of secreted host-damaging virulence factors to mediate pathogenicity and blunt immune defense. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and -toxin are pore-forming cytotoxins of recognized importance in the development of invasive MRSA infection and are thus potential targets for antivirulence therapy. We report the X-ray crystal structures of PVL and -toxin in their soluble, monomeric and oligomeric, membrane-inserted pore states, in complex with n-tetradecylphosphocholine (C14PC). The structures reveal two evolutionarily conserved phosphatidylcholine binding mechanisms and their roles in modulating host cell attachment, oligomer assembly and membrane perforation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the soluble C14PC compound protects primary human immune cells in vitro against cytolysis by PVL and -toxin and hence may serve as the basis for the development of novel antivirulence agents to combat MRSA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozhaya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Based Discovery of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural rearrangements drive extensive genome divergence between symbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiodiniaceae are predominantly symbiotic dinoflagellates critical to corals and other reef organisms. Symbiodinium is a basal symbiodiniacean lineage and includes symbiotic and free-living taxa. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these distinct lifestyles remain little known. Here, we present high-quality de novo genome assemblies for the symbiotic Symbiodinium tridacnidorum CCMP2592 (genome size 1.3 Gbp) and the free-living Symbiodinium natans CCMP2548 (genome size 0.74 Gbp). These genomes display extensive sequence divergence, sharing only ~1.5% conserved regions ([&ge;]90% identity). We predicted 45,474 and 35,270 genes for S. tridacnidorum and S. natans, respectively; of the 58,541 homologous gene families, 28.5% are common to both genomes. We recovered a greater extent of gene duplication and higher abundance of repeats, transposable elements and pseudogenes in the genome of S. tridacnidorum than in that of S. natans. These findings demonstrate that genome structural rearrangements are pertinent to distinct lifestyles in Symbiodinium, and may contribute to the vast genetic diversity within the genus, and more broadly in Symbiodiniaceae. Moreover, the results from our whole-genome comparisons against a free-living outgroup support the notion that the symbiotic lifestyle is a derived trait in, and that the free-living lifestyle is ancestral to, Symbiodinium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Pech, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural rearrangements drive extensive genome divergence between symbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clickable methionine as a universal probe for labelling intracellular bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/784371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their clinical and biological importance, the cell biology of obligate intracellular bacteria is less well understood than that of many free-living model organisms. One reason for this is that they are mostly genetically intractable. As a consequence, it is not possible to engineer strains expressing fluorescent proteins and therefore fluorescence light microscopy - a key tool in host-pathogen cell biology studies - is difficult. Strain diversity limits the universality of antibody-based immunofluorescence approaches. Here, we have developed a universal labelling protocol for intracellular bacteria based on a clickable methionine analog. Whilst we have applied this to obligate intracellular bacteria, we expect it to be useful for labelling free living bacteria as well as other intracellular pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giengkam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiyen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feaga, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clickable methionine as a universal probe for labelling intracellular bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory Feedbacks on Receptor and Non-receptor Synthesis for Robust Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elaborate feedback regulatory processes are thought to make biological developments robust, i.e., resistant to changes induced by genetic or environmental perturbations. How this might be done is still not completely understood. Previous numerical simulations on reaction-diffusion models of Dpp gradients in Drosophila wing imaginal disc showed that feedback (of the Hills function type) on (signaling) receptors and/or non-(signaling) receptors are of limited effectiveness in promoting robustness. Spatial nonuniformity of the feedback processes is thought to lead to serious shape distortion and a principal cause for ineffectiveness. Through mathematical modeling of a spatially uniform nonlocal feedback mechanism, the present paper provides a theoretical support of these observations. More significantly, the new approach also enables us to uncover in this paper a new, theory-based multi-feedback instrument for broadly effective promotion of robust signaling gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lander, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Tapia, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory Feedbacks on Receptor and Non-receptor Synthesis for Robust Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paulinella micropora KR01 holobiont genome assembly for studying primary plastid evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/794941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The widespread algal and plant (Archaeplastida) plastid originated >1 billion years ago, therefore relatively little can be learned about plastid integration during the initial stages of primary endosymbiosis by studying these highly derived species. Here we focused on a unique model for endosymbiosis research, the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella micropora KR01 (Rhizaria) that underwent a more recent independent primary endosymbiosis about 124 Mya. A total of 149 Gbp of PacBio and 19 Gbp of Illumina data were used to generate the draft assembly that comprises 7,048 contigs with N50=143,028 bp and a total length of 707 Mbp. Genome GC-content was 44% with 76% repetitive sequences. We predicted 32,358 genes that contain 73% of the complete, conserved genes in the BUSCO database. The mean intron length was 882 bp, which is significantly greater than in other Rhizaria (86[~]184 bp). Symbiotic bacteria from the culture were isolated and completed genomes were generated from three species (Mesorhizobium amorphae Pch-S, Methylibium petroeiphilum Pch-M, Polaromonas sp. Pch-P) with one draft genome (Pimelobacter simplex Pch-N). Our holobiont data establish P. micropora KR01 as a model for studying plastid integration and the role of bacterial symbionts in Paulinella biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lhee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelzion, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paulinella micropora KR01 holobiont genome assembly for studying primary plastid evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomes of Symbiodiniaceae reveal extensive sequence divergence but conserved functions at family and genus levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae (Order Suessiales) are predominantly symbiotic, and many are known for their association with corals. The genetic and functional diversity among Symbiodiniaceae is well acknowledged, but the genome-wide sequence divergence among these lineages remains little known. Here, we present de novo genome assemblies of five isolates from the basal genus Symbiodinium, encompassing distinct ecological niches. Incorporating existing data from Symbiodiniaceae and other Suessiales (15 genome datasets in total), we investigated genome features that are common or unique to these Symbiodiniaceae, to genus Symbiodinium, and to the individual species S. microadriaticum and S. tridacnidorum. Our whole-genome comparisons reveal extensive sequence divergence, with no sequence regions common to all 15. Based on similarity of k-mers from whole-genome sequences, the distances among Symbiodinium isolates are similar to those between isolates of distinct genera. We observed extensive structural rearrangements among symbiodiniacean genomes; those from two distinct Symbiodinium species share the most (853) syntenic gene blocks. Functions enriched in genes core to Symbiodiniaceae are also enriched in those core to Symbiodinium. Gene functions related to symbiosis and stress response exhibit similar relative abundance in all analysed genomes. Our results suggest that structural rearrangements contribute to genome sequence divergence in Symbiodiniaceae even within a same species, but the gene functions have remained largely conserved in Suessiales. This is the first comprehensive comparison of Symbiodiniaceae based on whole-genome sequence data, including comparisons at the intra-genus and intra-species levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Pech, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagorce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomes of Symbiodiniaceae reveal extensive sequence divergence but conserved functions at family and genus levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen I weakly interacts with the β-sheets of β2-microglobulin and enhances conformational exchange to induce amyloid formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloidogenesis is significant in both protein function and pathology. Amyloid formation of folded, globular proteins is commonly initiated by partial unfolding. However, how this unfolding event is triggered for proteins that are otherwise stable in their native environments is not well understood. The accumulation of the immunoglobulin protein {beta}2-microglobulin ({beta}2m) into amyloid plaques in the joints of long-term hemodialysis patients is the hallmark of Dialysis Related Amyloidosis (DRA). While {beta}2m does not form amyloid unassisted near neutral pH in vitro, the localization of {beta}2m deposits to joint spaces suggests a role for the local extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, specifically collagens, in promoting amyloid formation. Indeed, collagen and other ECM components have been observed to facilitate {beta}2m amyloid formation, but the large size and anisotropy of the complex, combined with the low affinity of these interactions, has limited atomic-level elucidation of the amyloid-promoting mechanism by these molecules. Using solution NMR approaches that uniquely probe weak interactions and large complexes, we are able to derive binding interfaces for collagen I on {beta}2m and detect collagen I-induced {micro}s-ms timescale dynamics in the {beta}2m backbone. By combining solution NMR relaxation methods and 15N-dark state exchange saturation transfer experiments, we propose a model in which weak, multimodal collagen I-{beta}2m interactions promote exchange with a minor population of an amyloid-competent species to induce fibrillogenesis. The results portray the intimate role of the environment in switching an innocuous protein into an amyloid-competent state, rationalizing the localization of amyloid deposits in DRA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoop, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobita, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen I weakly interacts with the β-sheets of β2-microglobulin and enhances conformational exchange to induce amyloid formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Correlated Motions in a Protein Crystal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein dynamics are integral to biological function, yet few techniques are sensitive to collective atomic motions. A long-standing goal of X-ray crystallography has been to combine structural information from Bragg diffraction with dynamic information contained in the diffuse scattering background. However, the origin of macromolecular diffuse scattering has been poorly understood, limiting its applicability. We present a detailed diffuse scattering map from triclinic lysozyme that resolves both inter- and intramolecular correlations. These correlations are studied theoretically using both all-atom molecular dynamics and simple vibrational models. Although lattice dynamics reproduce most of the diffuse pattern, protein internal dynamics, which include hinge-bending motions, are needed to explain the short-ranged correlations revealed by Patterson analysis. These insights lay the groundwork for animating crystal structures with biochemically relevant motions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meisburger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Correlated Motions in a Protein Crystal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Neutralization of Ricin Toxin by Single Domain Antibodies Targeting the Active Site Pocket 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extreme potency of the plant toxin, ricin, is due to its enzymatic subunit, RTA, which inactivates mammalian ribosomes with near perfect efficiency. Here we characterized, at the functional and structural levels, seven alpaca single-domain antibodies (VHHs) previously reported to recognize epitopes in proximity to RTAs active site. Three of the VHHs, V2A11, V8E6 and V2G10, were potent inhibitors of RTA in vitro and protected Vero cells from ricin when expressed as intracellular antibodies ("intrabodies"). Crystal structure analysis revealed that the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) elements of V2A11 and V8E6 penetrate RTAs active site and interact with key catalytic residues. V2G10, in contrast, sits atop the enzymatic pocket and occludes substrate accessibility. The other four VHHs also penetrated/occluded RTAs active site, but lacked sufficient binding affinities to outcompete RTA-ribosome interactions. Intracellular delivery of high-affinity, single-domain antibodies may offer a new avenue in the development of countermeasures against ricin toxin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czajka, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANTIS, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Neutralization of Ricin Toxin by Single Domain Antibodies Targeting the Active Site Pocket]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter scanning during transcription initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Pol II in the \"shooting gallery\" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe majority of eukaryotic promoters utilize multiple transcription start sites (TSSs). How multiple TSSs are specified at individual promoters across eukaryotes is not understood for most species. In S. cerevisiae, a preinitiation complex comprised of Pol II and conserved general transcription factors (GTFs) assembles and opens DNA upstream of TSSs. Evidence from model promoters indicates that the preinitiation complex (PIC) scans from upstream to downstream to identify TSSs. Prior results suggest that TSS distributions at promoters where scanning occurs shift in a polar fashion upon alteration in Pol II catalytic activity or GTF function.

ResultsTo determine extent of promoter scanning across promoter classes in S. cerevisiae, we perturbed Pol II catalytic activity and GTF function and analyzed their effects on TSS usage genome-wide. We find that alterations to Pol II, TFIIB, or TFIIF function widely alter the initiation landscape consistent with promoter scanning operating at all yeast promoters, regardless of promoter class. Promoter architecture, however, can determine extent of promoter sensitivity to altered Pol II activity in ways that are predicted by a scanning model.

ConclusionsOur observations coupled with previous data validate key predictions of the scanning model for Pol II initiation in yeast - which we term the "shooting gallery". In this model, Pol II catalytic activity, and the rate and processivity of Pol II scanning together with promoter sequence determine the distribution of TSSs and their usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vvedenskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llenas, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sze, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter scanning during transcription initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Pol II in the \"shooting gallery\"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of relationship closeness on default-mode network connectivity during social interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/815274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reciprocated trust plays a critical role in forming and maintaining relationships, and has consistently been shown to implicate neural circuits involved in reward-related processing and social cognition. Less is known about neural network connectivity during social interactions involving trust, however, particularly as a function of closeness between an investor and a trustee. We examined network reactivity and connectivity in participants who played an economic trust game with close friends, strangers and a computer. Network reactivity analyses showed enhanced activation of the DMN to social relative to non-social outcomes. A novel network psychophysiological interaction analysis (nPPI) revealed enhanced connectivity between the DMN and the superior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule when experiencing reciprocated vs. violated trust from friends relative to strangers. Such connectivity tracked with differences in self-reported social closeness with these partners. Interestingly, reactivity of the executive control network (ECN), involved in decision processes, demonstrated no social vs. non-social preference, and ECN-ventral striatum (VS) connectivity did not track social closeness. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that DMN interacts with components of attention and control networks to signal the relative importance of positive experiences with close others vs. strangers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/815274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of relationship closeness on default-mode network connectivity during social interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closing and opening of the RNA polymerase trigger loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA polymerase (RNAP) trigger loop (TL) is a mobile structural element of the RNAP active center that, based on crystal structures, has been proposed to cycle between an "unfolded"/"open" state that allows an NTP substrate to enter the active center and a "folded"/"closed" state that holds the NTP substrate in the active center. Here, by quantifying single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a first fluorescent probe in the TL and a second fluorescent probe elsewhere in RNAP or in DNA, we detect and characterize TL closing and opening in solution. We show that the TL closes and opens on the millisecond timescale; we show that TL closing and opening provides a checkpoint for NTP complementarity, NTP ribo/deoxyribo identity, and NTP tri/di/monophosphate identity, and serves as a target for inhibitors; and we show that one cycle of TL closing and opening typically occurs in each nucleotide addition cycle in transcription elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closing and opening of the RNA polymerase trigger loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination among neighbors improves the efficacy of Zika control despite economic costs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/819490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEmerging mosquito-borne viruses like Zika, dengue, and chikungunya pose a major threat to public health, especially in low-income regions of Central and South America, southeast Asia, and the Caribbean. Outbreaks of these diseases are likely to have long-term social and economic consequences due to Zika-induced congenital microcephaly and other complications. Larval control of the container-inhabiting mosquitoes that transmit these infections is an important tool for mitigating outbreaks. However, metapopulation theory suggests that spatiotemporally uneven larvicide treatment can impede control effectiveness, as recolonization compensates for mortality within patches. Coordinating the timing of treatment among patches could therefore substantially improve epidemic control, but we must also consider economic constraints, since coordination may have costs that divert resources from treatment.nnMethodology/Principle FindingsTo inform practical disease management strategies, we ask how coordination among neighbors in the timing of mosquito control efforts influences the size of a mosquito-borne infectious disease outbreak under the realistic assumption that coordination has costs. Using an SIR/metapopulation model of mosquito and disease dynamics, we examine whether larvicide treatment triggered by surveillance information from neighboring patches reduces human infections when incorporating coordination costs. We examine how different types of coordination costs and different surveillance methods jointly influence the effectiveness of larval control. We find that the effect of coordination depends on both costs and the type of surveillance used to inform treatment. With epidemiological surveillance, coordination improves disease outcomes, even when costly. With demographic surveillance, coordination either improves or hampers disease control, depending on the type of costs and surveillance sensitivity.nnConclusions/SignificanceOur results suggest coordination among neighbors can improve management of mosquito-borne epidemics under many, but not all, assumptions about costs. Therefore, estimating coordination costs is an important step for most effectively applying metapopulation theory to strategies for managing outbreaks of mosquito-borne viral infections.nnAuthor SummaryMosquito-borne viruses, such as Zika, are an urgent public health threat, particularly in tropical, low-income regions. Vector control, the main strategy for combatting outbreaks, can be challenging because the urban-adapted, container-breeding mosquitoes that transmit these viruses often exhibit metapopulation dynamics, where mortality in one population is compensated by migration from neighboring populations. The timing and spatial distribution of vector control efforts can therefore have a large impact on their efficacy. Using a model of virus transmission and vector population dynamics, we demonstrate that local mosquito control initiatives aimed at reducing the burden of Zika and other mosquito-borne infections are most effective when there is communication of surveillance findings among neighboring control agencies and coordination over the timing of mosquito reduction treatments. We find that local communication improves epidemic outcomes even when it imposes costs to resource-limited control agencies due to gains in the efficiency of mosquito control from spatial coordination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemanski, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fefferman, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination among neighbors improves the efficacy of Zika control despite economic costs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible coordinator and switcher hubs for adaptive task control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity studies have identified at least two large-scale neural systems that constitute cognitive control networks - the frontoparietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON). Control networks are thought to support goal-directed cognition and behavior. It was previously shown that the FPN flexibly shifts its global connectivity pattern according to task goal, consistent with a "flexible hub" mechanism for cognitive control. Our aim was to build on this finding to develop a functional cartography (a multi-metric profile) of control networks in terms of dynamic network properties. We quantified network properties in (male and female) humans using a high-control-demand cognitive paradigm involving switching among 64 task sets. We hypothesized that cognitive control is enacted by the FPN and CON via distinct but complementary roles reflected in network dynamics. Consistent with a flexible "coordinator" mechanism, FPN connections were varied across tasks, while maintaining within-network connectivity to aid cross-region coordination. Consistent with a flexible "switcher" mechanism, CON regions switched to other networks in a task-dependent manner, driven primarily by reduced within-network connections to other CON regions. This pattern of results suggests FPN acts as a dynamic, global coordinator of goal-relevant information, while CON transiently disbands to lend processing resources to other goal-relevant networks. This cartography of network dynamics reveals a dissociation between two prominent cognitive control networks, suggesting complementary mechanisms underlying goal-directed cognition.

Significance StatementCognitive control supports a variety of behaviors requiring flexible cognition, such as rapidly switching between tasks. Furthermore, cognitive control is negatively impacted in a variety of mental illnesses. We used tools from network science to characterize the implementation of cognitive control by large-scale brain systems. This revealed that two systems - the frontoparietal (FPN) and cingulo-opercular (CON) networks - have distinct but complementary roles in controlling global network reconfigurations. The FPN exhibited properties of a flexible coordinator (orchestrating task changes), while CON acted as a flexible switcher (switching specific regions to other systems to lend processing resources). These findings reveal an underlying distinction in cognitive processes that may be applicable to clinical, educational, and machine learning work targeting cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible coordinator and switcher hubs for adaptive task control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sparse epistatic patterns in the evolution of terpene synthases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/822544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore sequence determinants of enzyme activity and specificity in a major enzyme family of terpene synthases. Most enzymes in this family catalyze reactions that produce cyclic terpenes - complex hydrocarbons widely used by plants and insects in diverse biological processes such as defense, communication, and symbiosis. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of emergence of terpene cyclization, we have carried out in-depth examination of mutational space around (E)-{beta}-farnesene synthase, an Artemisia annua enzyme which catalyzes production of a linear hydrocarbon chain. Each mutant enzyme in our synthetic libraries was characterized biochemically, and the resulting reaction rate data was used as input to the Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme kinetics, in which free energies were represented as sums of one-amino-acid contributions and two-amino-acid couplings. Our model predicts measured reaction rates with high accuracy and yields free energy landscapes characterized by relatively few coupling terms. As a result, the Michaelis-Menten free energy landscapes have simple, interpretable structure and exhibit little epistasis. We have also developed biophysical fitness models based on the assumption that highly fit enzymes have evolved to maximize the output of correct products, such as cyclic products or a specific product of interest, while minimizing the output of byproducts. This approach results in a non-linear fitness landscape which is considerably more epistatic. Overall, our experimental and computational framework provides focused characterization of evolutionary emergence of novel enzymatic functions in the context of micro-evolutionary exploration of sequence space around naturally occurring enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurendon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardakou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Maille, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sparse epistatic patterns in the evolution of terpene synthases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein thermal stability does not correlate with cellular half-life: Global observations and a case study of tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the protease tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP1). Progression of LINCL can be slowed or halted by enzyme replacement therapy, where recombinant human TPP1 is administered to patients. In this study, we utilized protein engineering techniques to increase the stability of recombinant TPP1 with the rationale that this may lengthen its lysosomal half-life, potentially increasing the potency of the therapeutic protein. Utilizing multiple structure-based methods that have been shown to increase the stability of other proteins, we have generated and evaluated over 70 TPP1 variants. The most effective mutation, R465G, increased the melting temperature of TPP1 from 55.6{degrees}C to 64.4{degrees}C and increased its enzymatic half-life at 60{degrees}C from 5.4 min to 21.9 min. However, the intracellular half-life of R465G and all other variants tested in cultured LINCL-patient derived lymphoblasts was similar to that of WT TPP1. These results provide structure/function insights into TPP1 and indicate that improving in vitro thermal stability alone is insufficient to generate TPP1 variants with improved physiological stability. This conclusion is supported by a proteome-wide analysis that indicates that lysosomal proteins have higher melting temperatures but also higher turnover rates than proteins of other organelles. These results have implications for similar efforts where protein engineering approaches, which are frequently evaluated in vitro, may be considered for improving the physiological properties of proteins, particularly those that function in the lysosomal environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemtsova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banach-Petrosky, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleat, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein thermal stability does not correlate with cellular half-life: Global observations and a case study of tripeptidyl-peptidase 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining multiple functional connectivity methods to improve causal inferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognition and behavior emerge from brain network interactions, suggesting that causal interactions should be central to the study of brain function. Yet approaches that characterize relationships among neural time series--functional connectivity (FC) methods--are dominated by methods that assess bivariate statistical associations rather than causal interactions. Such bivariate approaches result in substantial false positives since they do not account for confounders (common causes) among neural populations. A major reason for the dominance of methods such as bivariate Pearson correlation (with functional MRI) and coherence (with electrophysiological methods) may be their simplicity. Thus, we sought to identify an FC method that was both simple and improved causal inferences relative to the most popular methods. We started with partial correlation, showing with neural network simulations that this substantially improves causal inferences relative to bivariate correlation. However, the presence of colliders (common effects) in a network resulted in false positives with partial correlation, though this was not a problem for bivariate correlations. This led us to propose a new combined functional connectivity method (combinedFC) that incorporates simple bivariate and partial correlation FC measures to make more valid causal inferences than either alone. We release a toolbox for implementing this new combinedFC method to facilitate improvement of FC-based causal inferences. CombinedFC is a general method for functional connectivity and can be applied equally to resting-state and task-based paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining multiple functional connectivity methods to improve causal inferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic approach reveals a highly sensitive maize auxin response circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auxin plays a key role across all land plants in growth and developmental processes. Although auxin signaling function has diverged and expanded, differences in the molecular functions of signaling components have largely been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we used the Auxin Response Circuit recapitulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ARCSc) system to functionally annotate maize auxin signaling components, focusing on genes expressed during development of ear and tassel inflorescences. All 16 maize Auxin (Aux)/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) repressor proteins are degraded in response to auxin, with rates that depended on both receptor and repressor identity. When fused to the maize TOPLESS (TPL) homolog RAMOSA1 ENHANCER LOCUS2 (REL2), maize Aux/IAAs were able to repress AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcriptional activity. A complete auxin response circuit comprised of all maize components, including ZmAFB2/3 b1 maize AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor, was found to be fully functional. The ZmAFB2/3 b1 auxin receptor was found to be more sensitive to hormone than AtAFB2 and allowed for rapid circuit activation upon auxin addition. These results validate the conserved role of predicted auxin response genes in maize, as well as provide evidence that a synthetic approach can facilitate broader comparative studies across the wide range of species with sequenced genomes.

A synthetic maize auxin response circuit is recapitulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealing a highly sensitive auxin signaling network with functional homology to the Arabidopsis circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos Baez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemhauser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic approach reveals a highly sensitive maize auxin response circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparing for the 3D data deluge: real time structural search at the scale of the PDB and beyond 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of protein structure similarity is a central challenge in structural bioinformatics. Comparisons are usually performed at the polypeptide chain level, however the functional form of a protein within the cell is often an oligomer. This fact, together with recent growth of oligomeric structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), demands more efficient approaches to oligomeric assembly alignment/retrieval. Traditional methods use atom level information, which can be complicated by the presence of topological permutations within a polypeptide chain and/or subunit rearrangements. These challenges can be overcome by comparing electron density volumes directly. But, brute force alignment of 3D data is a compute intensive search problem. We developed a 3D Zernike moment normalization procedure to orient electron density volumes and assess similarity with unprecedented speed. Similarity searching with this approach enables real-time retrieval of proteins/protein assemblies resembling a target, from PDB or user input, together with resulting alignments (http://shape.rcsb.org).

Author SummaryProtein structures possess wildly varied shapes, but patterns at different levels are frequently reused by nature. Finding and classifying these similarities is fundamental to understand evolution. Given the continued growth in the number of known protein structures in the Protein Data Bank, the task of comparing them to find the common patterns is becoming increasingly complicated. This is especially true when considering complete protein assemblies with several polypeptide chains, where the large sizes further complicate the issue. Here we present a novel method that can detect similarity between protein shapes and that works equally fast for any size of proteins or assemblies. The method looks at proteins as volumes of density distribution, departing from what is more usual in the field: similarity assessment based on atomic coordinates and chain connectivity. A volumetric function is amenable to be decomposed with a mathematical tool known as 3D Zernike polynomials, resulting in a compact description as vectors of Zernike moments. The tool was introduced in the 1990s, when it was suggested that the moments could be normalized to be invariant to rotations without losing information. Here we demonstrate that in fact this normalization is possible and that it offers a much more accurate method for assessing similarity between shapes, when compared to previous attempts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guzenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparing for the 3D data deluge: real time structural search at the scale of the PDB and beyond]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nova proteins direct synaptic integration of somatostatin interneurons through activity-dependent alternative splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatostatin interneurons are the earliest born population of cortical inhibitory cells. They are crucial to support normal brain development and function; however, the mechanisms underlying their integration into nascent cortical circuitry are not well understood. In this study, we begin by demonstrating that the maturation of somatostatin interneurons is activity dependent. We then investigated the relationship between activity, alternative splicing and synapse formation within this population. Specifically, we discovered that the Nova family of RNA-binding proteins are activity-dependent and are essential for the maturation of somatostatin interneurons, as well as their afferent and efferent connectivity. Within this population, Nova2 preferentially mediates the alternative splicing of genes required for axonal formation and synaptic function independently from its effect on gene expression. Hence, our work demonstrates that the Nova family of proteins through alternative splicing are centrally involved in coupling developmental neuronal activity to cortical circuit formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fishell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaglin, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodadadi-Jamayran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favuzzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimidschstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nova proteins direct synaptic integration of somatostatin interneurons through activity-dependent alternative splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral Nerve Repair Using Tissue Engineered Living Scaffolds Comprised of Stretch-Grown Aligned Axonal Tracts Promotes Survival of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/847988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) impacts millions annually, often leaving debilitated patients with minimal repair options to improve functional recovery. Our group has previously developed tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) featuring long, aligned axonal tracts from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that are fabricated in custom bioreactors using the process of axon "stretch-growth". We have shown that TENGs effectively serve as "living scaffolds" to promote regeneration across segmental nerve defects by exploiting the newfound mechanism of axon-facilitated axon regeneration, or "AFAR", by simultaneously providing haptic and neurotrophic support. To extend this work, the current study investigated the efficacy of living versus non-living regenerative scaffolds in preserving host sensory and motor neuronal health following nerve repair. Rats were assigned across five groups: naive, or repair using autograft, nerve guidance tube (NGT) with collagen, NGT + non-aligned DRG populations in collagen, or TENGs. We found that TENG repairs yielded equivalent regenerative capacity as autograft repairs based on preserved health of host spinal cord motor neurons and acute axonal regeneration, whereas NGT repairs or DRG neurons within an NGT exhibited reduced motor neuron preservation and diminished regenerative capacity. These acute regenerative benefits ultimately resulted in enhanced levels of functional recovery in animals receiving TENGs, at levels matching those attained by autografts. Our findings indicate that TENGs may preserve host spinal cord motor neuron health and regenerative capacity without sacrificing an otherwise uninjured nerve (as in the case of the autograft), and therefore represent a promising alternative strategy for neurosurgical repair following PNI.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITENGs preserve host spinal cord motor neuron health and regenerative capacity acutely following repair of segmental nerve defects, matching that of the clinical gold-standard autograft and exceeding commercially-available nerve guidance tubes.
C_LIO_LITENGs facilitated regeneration across segmental nerve defects, yielding similar degree of chronically surviving host spinal motor neurons and functional recovery as compared to autografts.
C_LIO_LIEarly surgical intervention for segmental nerve defect with living scaffolds, such as TENGs and autografts, preserves the host regenerative capacity, and likely increases the ceiling for total regeneration and functional recovery at chronic time points compared to (acellular) commercially-available nerve guidance tubes.
C_LIO_LITENGs preserve host neuronal health and regenerative capacity without sacrificing an otherwise uninjured nerve, and therefore represent a promising alternative strategy to autografts or nerve guidance tube repairs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maggiore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katiyar, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laimo, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral Nerve Repair Using Tissue Engineered Living Scaffolds Comprised of Stretch-Grown Aligned Axonal Tracts Promotes Survival of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA extension drives a stepwise displacement of an initiation-factor structural module in initial transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/855544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All organisms--bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes--have a transcription initiation factor that contains a structural module that binds within the RNA polymerase (RNAP) active-center cleft and interacts with template-strand single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the immediate vicinity of the RNAP active center. This transcription-initiation-factor structural module pre-organizes template-strand ssDNA to engage the RNAP active center, thereby facilitating binding of initiating nucleotides and enabling transcription initiation from initiating mononucleotides. However, this transcription-initiation-factor structural module occupies the path of nascent RNA and thus presumably must be displaced before or during initial transcription. Here, we report four sets of crystal structures of bacterial initially transcribing complexes that demonstrate, and define details of, stepwise, RNA-extension-driven displacement of the "{sigma} finger" of the bacterial transcription initiation factor {sigma}. The structures reveal that--for both the primary {sigma} factor and extracytoplasmic (ECF) {sigma} factors, and for both 5-triphosphate RNA and 5-hydroxy RNA--the "{sigma} finger" is displaced in stepwise fashion, progressively folding back upon itself, driven by collision with the RNA 5-end, upon extension of nascent RNA from [~]5 nt to [~]10 nt.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe "{sigma} finger" of the bacterial initiation factor {sigma} binds within the RNA polymerase active-center cleft and blocks the path of nascent RNA. It has been hypothesized that the {sigma} finger must be displaced during initial transcription. By determining crystal structures defining successive steps in initial transcription, we demonstrate that the {sigma} finger is displaced in stepwise fashion, driven by collision with the RNA 5-end, as nascent RNA is extended from [~]5 nt to [~]10 nt during initial transcription, and we show that this is true for both the primary {sigma} factor and alternate {sigma} factors. Stepwise displacement of the {sigma} finger can be conceptualized as stepwise compression of a "protein spring" that stores energy for subsequent breakage of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions in promoter escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA extension drives a stepwise displacement of an initiation-factor structural module in initial transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of mouse Setd4 promotes the recovery of hematopoietic failure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquired hematopoietic failure is commonly caused by therapeutic and accidental exposure to toxic agents to the bone marrow (BM). Efficient recovery from the BM failure is not only dictated by the intrinsic sensitivity and proliferation capacity of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but also nourished by the BM environment niche. Identification of genetic factors that improve the recovery from hematopoietic failure is essential. Vertebrate SETD4 is a poorly characterized, putative non-histone methyl-transferase whose physiological substrates have not yet been fully identified. By inducing Setd4 deletion in adult mice, we found that loss of Setd4 improved the survival of whole body irradiation induced BM failure. This was associated with improved recoveries of long-term and short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and early progenitor cells. BM transplantation analyses surprisingly showed that the improved recovery was not due to a radiation resistance of the Setd4 deficient HSC, but that Setd4 deficient HSC were actually more sensitive to radiation. However, the Setd4 deficient mice were better recipients for allogeneic HSC transplantation. Furthermore, there was an enhanced splenic erythropoiesis in Setd4 deficient mice. These findings not only revealed a previously unrecognized role of the Setd4 as a unique modulator of hematopoiesis, but also underscored the critical role of the BM niche in the recovery of hematopoietic failure. These studies also implicated Setd4 as a potential target for therapeutic inhibition to improve the conditioning of the BM niche prior to allogeneic transplantation.

Key pointsO_LIDeletion of Setd4 in adult mice improved the survival from hematopoietic failure.
C_LIO_LISetd4 deficiency sensitized HSCs to radiation, but improved bone marrow environment niche.
C_LIO_LIThe study suggests that SETD4 as a potential inhibitory target to improve bone marrow niche function for recovery of bone marrow failure.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shettigar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of mouse Setd4 promotes the recovery of hematopoietic failure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora B and C kinases regulate prophase exit and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of chromosome dynamics during meiosis is critical for fertility. A gametocyte undergoing meiosis coordinates formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) to promote efficient homologous chromosome recombination. Subsequent disassembly of the SC is required prior to meiotic divisions to ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes. We examined the requirements of the mammalian Aurora kinases (AURKA, B, and C) during SC disassembly and chromosome segregation using a combination of chemical inhibition and gene deletion approaches. We find that both mouse and human spermatocytes fail to disassemble SC lateral elements when AURKB and AURKC are inhibited. Interestingly, both Aurkb conditional knockout and Aurkc knockout spermatocytes successfully progress through meiosis and mice are fertile. In contrast, Aurkb, Aurkc double knockout spermatocytes failed to coordinate disassembly of SC lateral elements with chromosome segregation, resulting in delayed meiotic progression, spindle assembly checkpoint failure, chromosome missegregation, and abnormal spermatids. Collectively, our data demonstrates that AURKB and AURKC functionally compensate for one another ensuring successful mammalian spermatogenesis.

SUMMARYChemical inhibition and gene deletion approaches show that Aurora B and Aurora C have overlapping functions that ensure timely disassembly of lateral element components of the synaptonemal complex in mouse and human spermatocytes and ensure accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wellard, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora B and C kinases regulate prophase exit and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MixMir: microRNA motif discovery from gene expression data using mixed linear models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of [~]22nt non-coding RNAs that potentially regulate over 60% of human protein-coding genes. miRNA activity is highly specific, differing between cell types, developmental stages and environmental conditions, so the identification of active miRNAs in a given sample is of great interest. Here we present a novel computational approach for analyzing both mRNA sequence and gene expression data, called MixMir. Our method corrects for 3' UTR background sequence similarity between transcripts, which is known to correlate with mRNA transcript abundance. We demonstrate that after accounting for kmer sequence similarities in 3 UTRs, a statistical linear model based on motif presence/absence can effectively discover active miRNAs in a sample. MixMir utilizes fast software implementations for solving mixed linear models which are widely-used in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Essentially we use 3 UTR sequence similarity in place of population cryptic relatedness in the GWAS problem. Compared to similar methods such as miReduce, Sylamer and cWords, we found that MixMir performed better at discovering true miRNA motifs in three mouse Dicer knockout experiments from different tissues, two of which were collected by our group. We confirmed these results on protein and mRNA expression data obtained from miRNA transfection experiments in human cell lines. MixMir can be freely downloaded from https://github.com/ldiao/MixMir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LIYANG Diao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoine Marcais</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Norton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin C. Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MixMir: microRNA motif discovery from gene expression data using mixed linear models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast Bayesian Inference of Copy Number Variants using Hidden Markov Models with Wavelet Compression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By combining Haar wavelets with Bayesian Hidden Markov Models, we improve detection of genomic copy number variants (CNV) in array CGH experiments compared to the state-of-the-art, including standard Gibbs sampling. At the same time, we achieve drastically reduced running times, as the method concentrates computational effort on chromosomal segments which are difficult to call, by dynamically and adaptively recomputing consecutive blocks of observations likely to share a copy number. This makes routine diagnostic use and re-analysis of legacy data collections feasible; to this end, we also propose an effective automatic prior. An open source software implementation of our method is available at http://bioinformatics.rutgers.edu/Software/HaMMLET/. The web supplement is at http://bioinformatics.rutgers.edu/Supplements/HaMMLET/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John Wiedenhoeft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Brugel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Schliep</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast Bayesian Inference of Copy Number Variants using Hidden Markov Models with Wavelet Compression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limiting the Development of Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance in a Spatial Model of Micrometastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While chemoresistance in primary tumors is well-studied, much less is known about the influence of systemic chemotherapy on the development of drug resistance at metastatic sites. In this work, we use a hybrid spatial model of tumor response to a DNA damaging drug to study how the development of chemoresistance in micrometastases depends on the drug dosing schedule. We separately consider cell populations that harbor pre-existing resistance to the drug, and those that acquire resistance during the course of treatment. For each of these independent scenarios, we consider one hypothetical cell line that is responsive to metronomic chemotherapy, and another that with high probability cannot be eradicated by a metronomic protocol. Motivated by experimental work on ovarian cancer xenografts, we consider all possible combinations of a one week treatment protocol, repeated for three weeks, and constrained by the total weekly drug dose. Simulations reveal a small number of fractionated-dose protocols that are at least as effective as metronomic therapy in eradicating micrometastases with acquired resistance (weak or strong), while also being at least as effective on those that harbor weakly pre-existing resistant cells. Given the responsiveness of very different theoretical cell lines to these few fractionated-dose protocols, these may represent more effective ways to schedule chemotherapy with the goal of limiting metastatic tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ami B Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katarzyna A Rejniak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana L Gevertz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limiting the Development of Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance in a Spatial Model of Micrometastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clusterflock: A Flocking Algorithm for Isolating Congruent Phylogenomic Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCollective animal behavior such as the flocking of birds or the shoaling of fish has inspired a class of algorithms designed to optimize distance-based clusters in various applications including document analysis and DNA microarrays. In the flocking model, individual agents respond only to their immediate environment and move according to a few simple rules. After several iterations the agents self-organize and clusters emerge without the need for partitional seeds. In addition to their unsupervised nature, flocking offers several computational advantages including the potential to decrease the number of required comparisons.nnFindingsIn Clusterflock, we implement a flocking algorithm designed to find groups (flocks) of orthologous gene families (OGFs) that share a common evolutionary history. Pairwise distances that measure the phylogenetic incongruence between OGFs guide flock formation. We test this approach on several simulated datasets varying the number of underlying topologies, the proportion of missing data, and evolutionary rates, and show that in datasets containing high levels of missing data and rate heterogeneity, clusterflock outperforms other well-established clustering techniques. We also demonstrate its utility on a known, large-scale recombination event in Staphylococcus aureus. By isolating sets of OGFs with divergent phylogenetic signal, we can pinpoint the recombined region without forcing a pre-determined number of groupings or defining a pre-determined incongruence threshold.nnConclusionsClusterflock is an open source tool that can be used to discover horizontally transferred genes, recombining areas of chromosomes, and the phylogenetic "core" of a genome. Though we use it in an evolutionary context, it is generalizable to any clustering problem. Users can write extensions to calculate any distance metric on the unit interval and use these distances to flock any type of data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Apurva Narechania</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard H Baker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rob DeSalle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barun Mathema</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry Kreiswirth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul J Planet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clusterflock: A Flocking Algorithm for Isolating Congruent Phylogenomic Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
discoal: flexible coalescent simulations with selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryHere we describe discoal, a coalescent simulator able to generate population samples that include selective sweeps in a feature-rich, flexible manner. discoal can perform simulations conditioning on the fixation of an allele due to drift or either hard or soft selective sweeps--even those occurring a large genetic distance away from the simulated locus. discoal can simulate sweeps with recurrent mutation to the adaptive allele, recombination, and gene conversion, under nonequilibrium demographic histories and without specifying an allele frequency trajectory in advance.nnAvailability and ImplementationAvailability and implementation: discoal is implemented in the C programming language. Source code is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/kernlab/discoal_multipop) under a GNU General Public License.nnContactkern@dls.rutgers.edunnSupplementary informationSupplementary Figures and Text are appended below
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew D. Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Schrider</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[discoal: flexible coalescent simulations with selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact calculation of the joint allele frequency spectrum for generalized isolation with migration models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population genomic datasets collected over the past decade have spurred interest in developing methods that can utilize massive numbers of loci for inference of demographic and selective histories of populations. The allele frequency spectrum (AFS) provides a convenient statistic for such analysis and accordingly much attention has been paid to predicting theoretical expectations of the AFS under a number of different models. However, to date, exact solutions for the joint AFS of two or more populations under models of migration and divergence have not been found. Here we present a novel Markov chain representation of the coalescent on the state space of the joint AFS that allows for rapid, exact calculation of the joint AFS under isolation with migration (IM) models. In turn, we show how our Markov chain method, in the context of composite likelihood estimation, can be used for accurate inference of parameters of the IM model using SNP data. Lastly, we apply our method to recent whole genome datasets from African Drosophila melanogaster.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrew Kern</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jody Hey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact calculation of the joint allele frequency spectrum for generalized isolation with migration models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-Free Exponents of Resting State are Biomarkers of Neuro-Typical and Atypical Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scale-free networks (SFN) arise from simple growth processes, which can encourage efficient, centralized and fault tolerant communication (1). Recently its been shown that stable network hub structure is governed by a phase transition at exponents (>2.0) causing a dramatic change in network structure including a loss of global connectivity, an increasing minimum dominating node set, and a shift towards increasing connectivity growth compared to node growth. Is this SFN shift identifiable in atypical brain activity? The Pareto Distribution (P(D)[~]D{wedge}-{beta}) on the hub Degree (D) is a signature of scale-free networks. During resting-state, we assess Degree exponents across a large range of neurotypical and atypical subjects. We use graph complexity theory to provide a predictive theory of the brain network structure. Results.We show that neurotypical resting-state fMRI brain activity possess scale-free Pareto exponents (1.8 se .01) in a single individual scanned over 66 days as well as in 60 different individuals (1.8 se .02). We also show that 60 individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, and 60 individuals with Schizophrenia have significantly higher (>2.0) scale-free exponents (2.4 se .03, 2.3 se .04), indicating more fractionated and less controllable dynamics in the brain networks revealed in resting state. Finally we show that the exponent values vary with phenotypic measures of atypical disease severity indicating that the global topology of the network itself can provide specific diagnostic biomarkers for atypical brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen Jose Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Mastrovito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catherine Hanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe Ramsey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark Glymour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-Free Exponents of Resting State are Biomarkers of Neuro-Typical and Atypical Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3-5 Hz membrane potential oscillations decrease the gain of neurons in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain modulation is a computational mechanism critical for sensory processing. Yet, the cellular mechanisms that decrease the gain of cortical neurons are unclear. To test if low frequency subthreshold oscillations could reduce neuronal gain during wakefulness, we measured the membrane potential of primary visual cortex (V1) layer 2/3 excitatory, parvalbumin-positive (PV+), and somatostatin-positive (SOM+) neurons in awake mice during passive visual stimulation and sensory discrimination tasks. We found prominent 3-5 Hz membrane potential oscillations that reduced the gain of excitatory neurons but not the gain of PV+ and SOM+ interneurons, which oscillated synchronously with excitatory neurons and fired strongly at the peak of de polarizations. 3-5 Hz oscillation prevalence and timing were strongly modulated by visual input and the animals behavior al response, suggesting that these oscillations are triggered to adjust sensory responses for specific behavioral contexts. Therefore, these findings reveal a novel gain reduction mechanism that adapts sensory processing to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael C Einstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Olivier Polack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyman Golshani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3-5 Hz membrane potential oscillations decrease the gain of neurons in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UNC-5 (UNC5) Regulates the Length and Number of Processes that Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons Can Develop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons extend processes that vary in number, length, and direction of outgrowth. Extracellular cues help determine outgrowth patterns. In Caenorhabditis elegans, neurons respond to the extracellular UNC-6 (netrin) cue via UNC-40 (DCC) and UNC-5 (UNC5) receptors. Previously we presented evidence that UNC-40 asymmetric localization at the plasma membrane is self-organizing and that UNC-40 can localize and mediate outgrowth at randomly selected sites. We also postulate that the process is statistically dependent, i.e. if the probability of outgrowth at one site changes then the probability at another site(s) must also change. Over time, the direction of outgrowth activity fluctuates across the membrane. A probability distribution describes the likelihood of outgrowth in each direction. Random walk modeling predicts that the degree to which the direction of outgrowth fluctuations affects the outward displacement of the membrane. We predict that extracellular cues create patterns of outgrowth by differentially affecting the degree to which the direction of outgrowth activity fluctuates along the membrane. This produces different rates of outgrowth along the surface and creates patterns of extension. Here we present evidence that UNC-5 (UNC5) receptor activity regulates UNC-40 asymmetric localization and the patterning of outgrowth. We show that unc-5 mutations alter UNC-40 asymmetric localization and the patterns of outgrowth that neurons develop. Genetic interactions suggest UNC-5 acts through the UNC-53 (NAV2) cytoplasmic protein to regulate UNC-40 asymmetric localization in response to both the UNC-6 and EGL-20 (wnt) extracellular cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Limerick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Aamiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UNC-5 (UNC5) Regulates the Length and Number of Processes that Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons Can Develop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural diversity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sustainability of malaria control in Africa is threatened by rising levels of insecticide resistance, and new tools to prevent malaria transmission are urgently needed. To gain a better understanding of the mosquito populations that transmit malaria, we sequenced the genomes of 765 wild specimens of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii sampled from 15 locations across Africa. The data reveal high levels of genetic diversity, with over 50 million single nucleotide polymorphisms across the 230 Mbp genome. We observe complex patterns of population structure and marked variations in local population size, some of which may be due at least in part to malaria control interventions. Insecticide resistance genes show strong signatures of recent selection associated with multiple independent mutations spreading over large geographical distances and between species. The genetic variability of natural populations substantially reduces the target space for novel gene-drive strategies for mosquito control. This large dataset provides a foundation for tracking the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance and developing new vector control tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarkson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diabate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costantini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elissa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulibaly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midega, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbogo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawejje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffreys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowlands, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyothi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malangone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vauterin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluczynski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacInnis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrichs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomantonio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural diversity of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pals-22, A Member Of An Expanded C. elegans Gene Family, Controls Silencing Of Repetitive DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive DNA sequences are subject to gene silencing in various animal species. Under specific circumstances repetitive DNA sequences can escape such silencing. For example, when exogenously added, extrachromosomal DNA sequences that are stably inherited in multicopy repetitive arrays in the nematode C. elegans are frequently silenced in the germline, whereas such silencing often does not occur in the soma. This indicates that somatic cells might utilize factors that prevent repetitive DNA silencing. Indeed, such "anti-silencing" factors have been revealed through genetic screens that identified mutant loci in which repetitive transgenic arrays are aberrantly silenced in the soma. We describe here a novel locus, pals-22 (for protein containing ALS2CR12 domain), required to prevent silencing of repetitive transgenes in neurons and other somatic tissue types. pals-22 deficiency also severely impacts animal vigor and confers phenotypes reminiscent of accelerated aging. We find that pals-22 is a member of a large family of divergent genes (39 members), defined by the presence of an ALS2CR12 domain. While gene family members are highly divergent, they show striking patterns of genomic clustering. The family expansion appears C. elegans-specific and has not occurred to the same extent in other nematode species. Previous transcriptome analysis has revealed that most of the pals genes are induced under stress conditions or upon infection by intracellular parasites. The transgene silencing phenotype observed upon loss of cytoplasmically localized PALS-22 protein depends on the biogenesis of small RNAs, since silencing is abolished in the RNAi defective mutant rde-4, suggesting that pals-22 might regulate RNAi dependent silencing in the cytoplasm of neurons and other tissues. We speculate that the pals gene family may be part of a species-specific cellular defense mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pals-22, A Member Of An Expanded C. elegans Gene Family, Controls Silencing Of Repetitive DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS of epigenetic ageing rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation age is an accurate biomarker of chronological age and predicts lifespan, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this genome-wide association study of 9,907 individuals, we found gene variants mapping to five loci associated with intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA) and gene variants in 3 loci associated extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA). Mendelian randomization analysis suggested causal influences of menarche and menopause on IEAA and lipid levels on IEAA and EEAA. Variants associated with longer leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) locus at 5p15.33 confer higher IEAA (P<2.7x10-11). Causal modelling indicates TERT-specific and independent effects on LTL and IEAA. Experimental hTERT expression in primary human fibroblasts engenders a linear increase in DNA methylation age with cell population doubling number. Together, these findings indicate a critical role for hTERT in regulating the DNA methylation clock, in addition to its established role of compensating for cell replication-dependent telomere shortening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salfati, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joehanes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunetta, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS of epigenetic ageing rates in blood reveals a critical role for TERT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems approach to the characterization and classification of T-cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Types of T-cell responses are categorized on the basis of a limited number of molecular markers selected using a priori knowledge about T-cell immunobiology. We sought to develop a novel systems-based approach for the creation of an unbiased framework enabling assessment of antigenic-peptide specific T-cell responses in vitro. A meta-analysis of transcriptome data from PBMCs stimulated with a wide range of peptides identified patterns of gene regulation that provided an unbiased classification of types of antigen-specific responses. Further analysis yielded new insight about the molecular processes engaged following antigenic stimulation. This led for instance to the identification of transcription factors not previously studied in the context of T-cell differentiation. Taken together this profiling approach can serve as a basis for the unbiased characterization of antigen-specific responses and as a foundation for the development of novel systems-based immune profiling assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chujo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nattamai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguiano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banchereau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaussabel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems approach to the characterization and classification of T-cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational framework for detecting signatures of accelerated somatic evolution in cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By accumulation of somatic mutations, cancer genomes evolve, diverging away from the genome of the host. It remains unclear to what extent somatic evolutionary divergence is comparable across different regions of the cancer genome versus concentrated in specific genomic elements. We present a novel computational framework, SASE-mapper, to identify genomic regions that show signatures of accelerated somatic evolution (SASE) in a subset of samples in a cohort, marked by accumulation of an excess of somatic mutations compared to that expected based on local, context-aware background mutation rates in the cancer genomes. Analyzing tumor whole genome sequencing data for 365 samples from 5 cohorts we detect recurrent SASE at a genome-wide scale. The SASEs were enriched for genomic elements associated with active chromatin, and regulatory regions of several known cancer genes had SASE in multiple cohorts. Regions with SASE carried specific mutagenic signatures and often co-localized within the 3D nuclear space suggesting their common basis. A subset of SASEs was frequently associated with regulatory changes in key cancer pathways and also poor clinical outcome. While the SASE-associated mutations were not necessarily recurrent at base-pair resolution, the SASEs recurrently targeted same functional regions, with similar consequences. It is likely that regulatory redundancy and plasticity promote prevalence of SASE-like patterns in the cancer genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational framework for detecting signatures of accelerated somatic evolution in cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATRX, DAXX or MEN1 mutant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a distinct alpha-cell signature subgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most commonly mutated genes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1. Little is known about the cells-of-origin for non-functional neuroendocrine tumors. Here, we genotyped 64 PanNETs for mutations in ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1 and found 37 tumors (58%) carry mutations in these three genes (A-D-M mutant PanNETs) and this correlates with a worse clinical outcome than tumors carrying the wild-type alleles of all three genes (A-D-M WT PanNETs). We performed RNA sequencing and DNA-methylation analysis on 33 randomly selected cases to reveal two distinct subgroups with one group consisting entirely of A-D-M mutant PanNETs. Two biomarkers differentiating A-D-M mutant from A-D-M WT PanNETs were high ARX gene expression and low PDX1 gene expression with PDX1 promoter hyper-methylation in the A-D-M mutant PanNETs. Moreover, A-D-M mutant PanNETs had a gene expression signature related to that of alpha cells (pval < 0.009) of pancreatic islets including increased expression of HNF1A and its transcriptional target genes. This gene expression profile suggests that A-D-M mutant PanNETs originate from or transdifferentiate into a distinct cell type similar to alpha cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laddha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robzyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Untch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimstra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allis, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATRX, DAXX or MEN1 mutant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a distinct alpha-cell signature subgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RhoGAP RGA-8 supports morphogenesis in C. elegans by polarizing epithelia through CDC-42 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.877332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CDC-42 regulation of non-muscle myosin/NMY-2 is required for polarity maintenance in the one-cell embryo of C. elegans. CDC-42 and NMY-2 regulate polarity throughout embryogenesis, but their contribution to later events of morphogenesis are less understood. We have shown that epidermal enclosure requires the GTPase CED-10/Rac1 and WAVE/Scar complex, its effector, to promote protrusions that drive enclosure through the branch actin regulator Arp2/3. Our analysis here of RGA-8, a homolog of SH3BP1/Rich1/ARHGAP17/Nadrin, with BAR and RhoGAP motifs, suggests it regulates CDC-42, so that NMY-2 promotes two events of epidermal morphogenesis: ventral enclosure and elongation. Genetic and molecular data suggest RGA-8 regulates CDC-42, and the CDC-42 effectors WSP-1 and MRCK-1, in parallel to F-BAR proteins TOCA-1 and TOCA-2. The RGA-8-CDC-42-WSP-1 pathway enriches myosin in migrating epidermal cells during ventral enclosure. We propose TOCA proteins and RGA-8 use BAR domains to localize and regenerate CDC-42 activity, thus regulating F-actin levels, through the branched actin regulator WSP-1, and myosin polarity through the myosin kinase MRCK-1. Regulated CDC-42 thus polarizes epithelia, to control cell migrations and cell shape changes of embryonic morphogenesis.

SummaryRGA-8, a protein with membrane binding and actin regulatory motifs, promotes embryonic morphogenesis by localizing active CDC-42 in developing epithelia, thus controlling actin and actin motors during cell movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raduwan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasidharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova Burgos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RhoGAP RGA-8 supports morphogenesis in C. elegans by polarizing epithelia through CDC-42]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing generating and collecting efficiency of single particle upconverting luminescence at low-level power excitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upconverting luminescent nanoparticles are photostable, non-blinking, and low chemically toxic fluorophores that are emerging as promising fluorescent probe at single-molecule level. High luminescence intensity upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is achieved with highly doped rare-earth ions co-doped (20% Yb3+) using high excitation power (>2.5 MW/cm2). However, such particles are inadequate for in-vitro live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking since high excitation power can cause photodamage. Here, we compared UCNPs luminescence intensities with different dopants concentrations and presented a more efficient ([~]7x) UCNPs at low excitation power by increasing the concentrations of Yb3+ and Tm3+ dopants (NaYF4: 60% Yb3+, 8% Tm3+) and adding a core-shell structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing generating and collecting efficiency of single particle upconverting luminescence at low-level power excitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semilunar Granule Cells Maintain Distinct Dendritic Morphology and Inhibition through Postnatal Development and Receive Heightened Inhibition in Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semilunar granule cells (SGCs) have been proposed as a morpho-functionally distinct class of hippocampal dentate projection neurons contributing to feedback inhibition and memory processing in juvenile rats. However, the structural and physiological features that can reliably classify granule cells (GCs) from SGCs through postnatal development remain unresolved. Focusing on postnatal days 11-13, 28-42, and >120, corresponding with human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, we examined the somatodendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation in SGCs and GCs to determine the cell-type specific features. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed that morphological features reliably distinguish SGCs from GCs irrespective of animal age. SGCs maintain higher spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency than GCs from infancy through adulthood. Although sIPSC frequency in SGCs was particularly enhanced during adolescence, sIPSC amplitude and cumulative charge transfer declined from infancy to adulthood and were not different between GCs and SGCs. Extrasynaptic GABA current amplitude peaked in adolescence in both cell types and was significantly greater in SGCs than in GCs only during adolescence. Although GC input resistance was higher than in SGCs during infancy and adolescence, input resistance decreased with developmental age in GCs while it progressively increased in SGCs. Consequently, GCs input resistance was significantly lower than SGCs in adults. The data delineate the structural features that can reliably distinguish GCs from SGCs through development. The results reveal developmental differences in passive membrane properties and steady state inhibition between GCs and SGCs which could confound their use in classifying the cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proddutur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgammal, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semilunar Granule Cells Maintain Distinct Dendritic Morphology and Inhibition through Postnatal Development and Receive Heightened Inhibition in Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile health, the collection of data using wearables and sensors, is a rapidly growing field in health research with many applications. Deriving validated measures of disease and severity that can be used clinically or as outcome measures in clinical trials, referred to as digital biomarkers, has proven difficult. In part due to the complicated analytical approaches necessary to develop these metrics. Here we describe the use of crowdsourcing to specifically evaluate and benchmark features derived from accelerometer and gyroscope data in two different datasets to predict the presence of Parkinsons Disease (PD) and severity of three PD symptoms: tremor, dyskinesia and bradykinesia. Forty teams from around the world submitted features, and achieved drastically improved predictive performance for PD status (best AUROC=0.87), as well as tremor (best AUPR=0.75), dyskinesia (best AUPR=0.48) and bradykinesia (best AUPR=0.95) severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneault, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costante, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydın, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golabchi, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Görmez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaakkola, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonnagaddala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KLEn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainaldi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapienza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokhirev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venäläinen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara-Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin-like proteins are essential for vesicle biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secretes pathogenicity factors and immunologically active molecules via membrane vesicles. However, nothing is known about the mechanisms involved in mycobacterial vesicle biogenesis. This study investigates molecular determinants of membrane vesicle production in Mtb by analyzing Mtb cells under conditions of high vesicle production: iron limitation and VirR restriction. Ultrastructural analysis showed extensive cell envelope restructuring in association with vesicle release that correlated with downregulation of cell surface lipid biosynthesis and peptidoglycan alterations. Comparative transcriptomics showed common upregulation of the iniBAC operon in association with high vesicle production in Mtb cells. Vesicle production analysis demonstrated that the dynamin-like proteins (DLPs) encoded by this operon, IniA and IniC, are necessary for release of EV by Mtb in culture and in infected macrophages. Isoniazid, a first-line antibiotic, used in tuberculosis treatment, was found to stimulate vesicle release in a DLP-dependent manner. Our results provide a new understanding of the function of mycobacterial DLPs and mechanistic insights into vesicle biogenesis. The findings will enable further understanding of the relevance of Mtb-derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and may open new avenues for therapeutic research.

IMPORTANCEIron is an essential nutrient that promotes survival and growth of M. tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes human tuberculosis (TB). Limited availability of iron, often encountered in the host environment, stimulates M. tuberculosis to secrete membrane-bound extracellular vesicles containing molecules that may help it evade the immune system. Characterizing the bacterial factors and mechanisms involved in the production of mycobacterial vesicles is important for envisioning ways to interfere with this process. Here, we report the discovery of proteins required by M. tuberculosis for vesicle biogenesis in culture and during host cell infection. We also demonstrate a connection between antibiotic response and extracellular vesicle production. The work provides insights into the mechanisms underlying vesicle biogenesis in M. tuberculosis and permits better understanding of the significance of vesicle production to M. tuberculosis-host interactions and antibiotic stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khataokar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampedro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prados-Rosales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin-like proteins are essential for vesicle biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.912014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution visualization of distinct stalled and broken replication fork structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.912014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous genotoxic stress occurs in healthy cells due to competition between DNA replication machinery, and transcription and topographic relaxation processes. This causes replication fork (RF) stalling and regression, which can further collapse to form single-ended double strand breaks (seDSBs). To avoid mutagenesis, these breaks require repair via Homologous Recombination (HR). Here we apply multicolor single molecule super resolution microscopy to visualize individual RFs under mild stress from the trapping of Topoisomerase I cleavage complexes, a damage induction which closely mimics endogenous replicative stress. We identify RAD51 and RAD52, alongside RECQ1, as the first responder proteins to stalled but unbroken forks, whereas Ku and MRE11 are initially recruited to seDSBs. Ku loads directly onto the DSB end whereas MRE11 associates with nascent DNA away from the break, and both proteins colocalize contemporaneously with a single seDSB. We are thus able to discern closely related RF stress motifs and their repair pathways in vivo, uncovering mechanistic insights into the nature of RF damage and repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whelan, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.912014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution visualization of distinct stalled and broken replication fork structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A real-time search strategy for finding urban disease vector infestations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.911974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Containing domestic vector infestation requires the ability to swiftly locate and treat infested homes. In urban settings where vectors are heterogeneously distributed throughout a dense housing matrix, the task of locating infestations can be challenging. Here, we present a novel stochastic compartmental model developed to help locate infested homes in urban areas. We designed the model using infestation data for the Chagas disease vector species Triatoma infestans in Arequipa, Peru. Our approach incorporates disease vector counts at each observed house, and the vectors complex spatial dispersal dynamics. We used a Bayesian method to augment the observed data, estimate the insect population growth and dispersal parameters, and determine posterior infestation probabilities of households. We investigated the properties of the model through simulation studies, followed by field testing in Arequipa. Simulation studies showed the model to be accurate in its estimates of two parameters of interest: the growth rate of a domestic triatomine bug colony and the probability of a triatomine bug successfully invading a new home after dispersing from an infested home. When testing the model in the field, data collection using model estimates was hindered by low household participation rates, which severely limited the algorithm and in turn, the models predictive power. While future optimization efforts must improve the models capabilities when household participation is low, our approach is nonetheless an important step toward integrating data with predictive modeling to carry out evidence-based vector surveillance in cities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billig Rose, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo-Neyra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condori-Pino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naquira-Velarde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.911974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A real-time search strategy for finding urban disease vector infestations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition and Crystal Structure of the Human DHTKD1-Thiamin Diphosphate Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.913012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DHTKD1 is the E1 component of the 2-oxoadipic acid dehydrogenase complex (OADHc), which functions in the L-lysine degradation pathway. Mutations in DHTKD1 have been associated with 2-aminoadipic and 2-oxoadipic aciduria, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q (CMT2Q) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). A crystal structure and inhibitors of DHTKD1 could improve the understanding of these clinically distinct disorders, but are currently not available. Here we report the identification of adipoylphosphonic acid and tenatoprazole as DHTKD1 inhibitors using targeted and high throughput screening, respectively. We furthermore elucidate the DHTKD1 crystal structure with thiamin diphosphate bound at 2.1 [A]. The protein assembles as a dimer with residues from both monomers contributing to cofactor binding. We also report the impact of ten DHTKD1 missense mutations on the encoded proteins by enzyme kinetics, thermal stability and structural modeling. Some DHTKD1 variants displayed impaired folding (S777P and S862I), whereas other substitutions rendered the enzyme inactive (L234G, R715C and R455Q) or affected the thermal stability and catalytic efficiency (V360A and P773L). Three variants (R163Q, Q305H and G729R) surprisingly showed wild type like properties. Our work provides a structural basis for further understanding of the function of DHTKD1 and a starting point for selective small molecule inhibitors of the enzyme, which could help tease apart the role of this enzyme in several human pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leandro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamrui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suebsuwong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeria, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustakim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodatko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVita, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarus, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.913012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition and Crystal Structure of the Human DHTKD1-Thiamin Diphosphate Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity increases the stability of ecosystems. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 1972, Robert May showed that diversity is detrimental to an ecosystem since, as the number of species increases, the ecosystem is less stable. This is the so-called diversity-stability paradox, which has been derived by considering a mathematical model with linear interactions between the species. Despite being in contradiction with empirical evidence, the diversity-stability paradox has survived the test of time for over 40+ years. In this paper we first show that this paradox is a conclusion driven solely by the linearity of the model employed in its derivation which allows for the neglection of the fixed point solution in the stability analysis. The linear model leads to an ill-posed solution and along with it, its paradoxical stability predictions. We then consider a model ecosystem with nonlinear interactions between species, which leads to a stable ecosystem when the number of species is increased. The saturating non linear term in the species interaction is analogous to a Hill function appearing in systems like gene regulation, neurons, diffusion of information and ecosystems The exact fixed point solution of this model is based on k-core percolation and shows that the paradox disappears. This theoretical result, which is exact and non-perturbative, shows that diversity is beneficial to the ecosystem in agreement with analyzed experimental evidence
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makse, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arese Lucini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morone, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassone, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity increases the stability of ecosystems.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.937797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiomyocytes undergo significant levels of structural and functional changes after birth--fundamental processes essential for the heart to produce the volume and contractility to pump blood to the growing body. However, due to the challenges in isolating single postnatal/adult myocytes, how individual newborn cardiomyocytes acquire multiple aspects of mature phenotypes remains poorly understood. Here we implemented large-particle sorting and analyzed single myocytes from neonatal to adult hearts. Early myocytes exhibited a wide-ranging transcriptomic and size heterogeneity, maintained until adulthood with a continuous transcriptomic shift. Gene regulatory network analysis followed by mosaic gene deletion revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 signaling--activated in vivo but inactive in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes--mediates the shift. The signaling regulated key aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation simultaneously through previously unrecognized regulators, including Yap1 and SF3B2. Our study provides a single-cell roadmap of heterogeneous transitions coupled to cellular features and unveils a multifaceted regulator controlling cardiomyocyte maturation.

Significance StatementHow the individual single myocytes achieve full maturity remains a  black box, largely due to the challenges with the isolation of single mature myocytes. Understanding this process is particularly important as the immaturity and early developmental arrest of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocytes has emerged a major concern in the field. Here we present the first study of high-quality single-cell transcriptomic analysis of cardiac muscle cells from neonatal to adult hearts. We identify a central transcription factor and its novel targets that control key aspects of myocyte maturation, including cellular hypertrophy, contractility, and mitochondrial activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervadec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambhampati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGC1/PPAR Drive Cardiomyocyte Maturation through Regulation of Yap1 and SF3B2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.935932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of glycosaminoglycans decreases contact stiffness of single collagen I fibrils in aqueous solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.935932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrillar collagen-integrin interactions in the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulate a multitude of cellular processes and cell signalling. Collagen I fibrils serve as the molecular scaffolding for connective tissues throughout the human body and are the most abundant protein building blocks in the ECM. The ECM environment is diverse, made up of several ECM proteins, enzymes, and proteoglycans. The contents of the ECM environment are modulated by disease and aging and may influence these critical collagen-integrin interactions. In particular, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), anionic polysaccharides that decorate proteoglycans, become depleted in the ECM with natural aging and their mis-regulation has been linked to cancers and other diseases. The impact of GAG concentration in the ECM environment on collagen interactions is not well understood. Here, we integrate protein adhesion assays with liquid high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) to assess the affects of GAG depletion on the interaction of collagen I fibrils with the integrin 2I domain. Adhesion assays demonstrate that 2I preferentially binds to GAG-depleted collagen I fibrils. By amplitude modulated AFM in air and in solution, we find that GAG-depleted collagen I fibrils retain structural features of the native fibrils, including their characteristic D-banding pattern, a key structural motif. AFM fast force mapping in solution shows that GAG depletion reduces the stiffness of individual fibrils, lowering the indentation modulus by half compared to native fibrils. Together these results shed new light on how GAGs influence collagen I fibril- integrin interactions and may aid in strategies to treat diseases that result from GAG misregulation.

Statement for broader audienceAging and disease result in mis-regulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which may affect fibrillar collagen interactions that are vital for cellular processes. Here, we characterize the impact of GAG depletion on collagen-integrin 2I domain interactions and collagen fibril topography and stiffness. We show that GAG depletion increases collagen-2I binding and reduces stiffness in comparison to native fibrils. These results may inform on strategies for treating GAG mis-regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoop, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.935932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of glycosaminoglycans decreases contact stiffness of single collagen I fibrils in aqueous solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Snow Microbiome Functional Analyses Reveal Novel Microbial Metabolism of Complex Organic Compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.938555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes active in extremely cold environments are not as well explored as those of other extreme environments. Studies have revealed a substantial microbial diversity and identified cold-specific microbiome molecular functions. We analyzed the metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of twenty snow samples collected during early and late spring in Svalbard, Norway using our computational read-based microbiome function annotation tool, mi-faser. Our results revealed a more diverse microbiome functional capacity and activity in the early compared to in the late spring samples. The dissimilarity between the metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of the same samples was also significantly higher in the early spring. These findings suggest that early spring samples may contain a larger fraction of DNA of dormant organisms, while late spring samples reflect a new community that is metabolically active. We additionally showed that the abundance of the sequencing reads mapping to the fatty acid synthesis-related microbial pathways was significantly positively correlated with organic acid levels, in both our late spring metagenomes and metatranscriptomes. Moreover, the geraniol degradation pathway and the styrene degradation pathway read abundances correlated and inversely correlated, respectively, with the organic acid levels. These results suggest a possible nutrient switch. Our study thus highlights the activity of microbial degradation pathways of complex organic compounds previously unreported at low temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusskin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergk Pinto, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maccario, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggblom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.938555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Snow Microbiome Functional Analyses Reveal Novel Microbial Metabolism of Complex Organic Compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel voltage clamp/dye uptake assay reveals saturable transport of molecules through CALHM1 and connexin channels. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.950923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Channels that are permeable to small molecules such as ATP, in addition to atomic ions, are emerging as important regulators in health and disease. Nonetheless, mechanisms of molecular permeation and selectivity of these channels remain mostly unexplored due to the lack of quantitative methodologies. To address this need, we developed a novel two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC)/dye uptake assay to examine the kinetics of molecular permeation of channels formed by human connexins (hCx), and the calcium homeostasis modulator (hCALHM1). We expressed hCx26, hCx30, and hCALHM1 individually in Xenopus laevis oocytes. To quantify the uptake of small molecular dyes through these channels, we developed a protocol that renders oocytes translucent - thereby amenable to optical detection techniques - without affecting the functional properties of the expressed channels. To control membrane potential and to determine functional channel expression accurately, dye uptake was evaluated in conjunction with TEVC. Using this methodology, we found that: (1) CALHM1 and Cx30 hemichannels display saturable transport of molecules that could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with apparent KM and Vmax; (2) Kinetic parameters for molecular transport through CALHM1 are sensitive to voltage and extracellular calcium; (3) Significant transport of molecules occurs through CALHM1 when there are little or no ionic currents through the channels; (4) Cx mutations in the N-terminal region significantly affect kinetics of transport and permselectivity. Our results reveal that molecular flux through these channels has a rate-limiting step, that the kinetic parameters of molecular transport are sensitive to modulators of channel gating and that molecular transport and ionic currents can be differentially affected. Our methodology allows the analysis of how human mutations causing diseases affect kinetic properties and permselectivity of molecular signaling and enables the study of molecular mechanisms, including selectivity and saturability, associated with molecular transport in large-pore channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaete, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.950923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel voltage clamp/dye uptake assay reveals saturable transport of molecules through CALHM1 and connexin channels.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila TART transposon manipulates the piRNA pathway as a counter-defense strategy to limit host silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-evolution between transposable elements (TEs) and their hosts can be antagonistic, where TEs evolve to avoid silencing and the host responds by reestablishing TE suppression, or mutualistic, where TEs are co-opted to benefit their host. The TART-A TE functions as an important component of Drosophila telomeres, but has also reportedly inserted into the D. melanogaster nuclear export factor gene nxf2. We find that, rather than inserting into nxf2, TART-A has actually captured a portion of nxf2 sequence. We show that Nxf2 is involved in suppressing TART-A activity via the piRNA pathway and that TART-A produces abundant piRNAs, some of which are antisense to the nxf2 transcript. We propose that capturing nxf2 sequence allowed TART-A to target the nxf2 gene for piRNA-mediated repression and that these two elements are engaged in antagonistic co-evolution despite the fact that TART-A is serving a critical role for its host genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagda, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila TART transposon manipulates the piRNA pathway as a counter-defense strategy to limit host silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcal DNA repair confers tolerance of the bactericidal activity of both neutrophils and antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.961458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The repair of DNA damage is essential for bacterial viability and contributes to adaptation via increased rates of mutation and recombination. However, the mechanisms by which DNA is damaged and repaired during infection are poorly understood. Using a panel of transposon mutants, we identified the rexBA operon as important for the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in whole human blood. Mutants lacking rexB were also attenuated for virulence in murine models of both systemic and skin infections. We then demonstrated that RexAB is a member of the AddAB family of helicase/nuclease complexes responsible for initiating the repair of DNA double strand breaks. Using a fluorescent reporter system, we were able to show that neutrophils cause staphylococcal DNA double strand breaks via the oxidative burst, which are repaired by RexAB, leading to induction of the mutagenic SOS response. We found that RexAB homologues in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii also promoted survival of these pathogens in human blood, suggesting that DNA double strand break repair is required for Gram-positive bacteria to survive in host tissues. Together, these data demonstrate that DNA is a target of host immune cells, leading to double-strand breaks, and that repair of this damage by an AddAB-family enzyme enables the survival of Gram-positive pathogens during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ha, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavridou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobbs, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.961458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcal DNA repair confers tolerance of the bactericidal activity of both neutrophils and antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auto-inhibitory regulation of DNA binding by the C-terminal tails of the mitochondrial transcription factors Mtf1 and TFB2M 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structurally homologous Mtf1 and TFB2M proteins serve as transcription initiation factors of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human mitochondrial RNA polymerases, respectively. These transcription factors directly interact with the non-template strand of the transcription bubble to drive promoter melting. Given the key roles of Mtf1 and TFB2M in promoter-specific transcription initiation, it is expected that the DNA binding activity of the mitochondrial transcription factors would be regulated to prevent DNA binding at inappropriate times. However, there is little information on how mitochondrial DNA transcription is regulated. While studying the C-tail deletion mutants of Mtf1 and TFB2M, we stumbled upon a new finding that suggested that the flexible C-tail region of these factors autoregulates their DNA binding activity. Quantitative DNA binding studies with fluorescence anisotropy-based titrations show that Mtf1 with an intact C-tail has no affinity for the DNA but the deletion of C-tail greatly increases the DNA binding affinity. Similar observations were made with TFB2M, although autoinhibition by the C-tail of TFB2M was not as absolute as in Mtf1. Analysis of available TFB2M structures show that the C-tail makes intramolecular interactions with the DNA binding groove in the free factor, which we propose masks the DNA binding activity. Further studies show that the RNA polymerase relieves autoinhibition by interacting with the C-tail and engaging it in complex formation. Thus, our biochemical and structural analysis identify previously unknown autoinhibitory and activation mechanisms of mitochondrial transcription factors that regulate the DNA binding activity and aid in specific assembly of the initiation complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooqui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.980961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auto-inhibitory regulation of DNA binding by the C-terminal tails of the mitochondrial transcription factors Mtf1 and TFB2M]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.982082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and function of virion RNA polymerase of crAss-like phage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.07.982082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CrAss-like phages are a recently described family-level group of viruses that includes the most abundant virus in the human gut1,2. Genomes of all crAss-like phages encode a large virion-packaged protein2,3 that contains a DFDxD sequence motif, which forms the catalytic site in cellular multisubunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs)4. Using Cellulophaga baltica crAss-like phage phi14:2 as a model system, we show that this protein is a novel DNA-dependent RNAP that is translocated into the host cell along with the phage DNA and transcribes early phage genes. We determined the crystal structure of this 2,180-residue enzyme in a self-inhibited, likely pre-virion-packaged state. This conformation is attained with the help of a Cleft-blocking domain that interacts with the active site motif and occupies the RNA-DNA hybrid binding grove. Structurally, phi14:2 RNAP is most similar to eukaryotic RNAPs involved in RNA interference5,6, although most of phi14:2 RNAP structure (nearly 1,600 residues) maps to a new region of protein folding space. Considering the structural similarity, we propose that eukaryal RNA interference polymerases take their origin in a phage, which parallels the emergence of the mitochondrial transcription apparatus7.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drobysheva, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panafidina, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnik, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimuk, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minakhin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakunina, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmfeldt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yutin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarova, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiman, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolova, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.07.982082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and function of virion RNA polymerase of crAss-like phage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.981167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Molecule Targeting IRES Domain Inhibits Enterovirus 71 Replication via an Allosteric Mechanism that Stabilizes a Ternary Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.981167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We herein report an RNA-targeting antiviral small molecule that reduces replication of the human enterovirus 71 (EV71) via stabilization of an inhibitory small molecule-RNA-protein ternary complex. The EV71 virus poses serious threats to human health, particularly in regions of Southeast Asia, and no FDA approved drugs or vaccines are available. We first screened an RNA-biased small molecule library using a peptide-displacement assay to identify ligands for the stem loop II structure of the EV71 internal ribosomal entry site, which was previously shown to impact viral translation and replication. One ligand, DMA-135, decreased viral translation and replication in cell-based studies in a dose-dependent manner with no significant toxicity. Structural, biophysical, and biochemical characterization support an allosteric mechanism in which DMA-135 induces a conformational change in the RNA structure that stabilizes a ternary complex with the AUF1 protein that then represses translation. This mechanism was further supported by pull-down experiments in cell culture. These detailed studies establish enterovirus RNA structures as promising drug targets while revealing an approach and mechanism of action that should be broadly applicable to functional RNA targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila-Calderon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugarman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penutmutchu, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargrove, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.981167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Molecule Targeting IRES Domain Inhibits Enterovirus 71 Replication via an Allosteric Mechanism that Stabilizes a Ternary Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subventricular zone adult mouse neural stem cells and human glioblastoma stem cells require insulin receptor for self-renewal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insulin receptor (IR) is an evolutionarily conserved signaling protein that regulates development and cellular metabolism. IR signaling regulates neurogenesis in Drosophila; however, a specific role for the IR in maintaining adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in mammals has not been investigated. We show that conditionally deleting the IR reduces adult NSCs of the subventricular zone by [~]70% accompanied by a corresponding increase in progenitors. IR deletion produced hyposmia due to aberrant olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Interestingly, hippocampal neurogenesis was not perturbed nor were hippocampal dependent behaviors. Highly aggressive proneural and mesenchymal glioblastomas (GBMs) had high IR/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway gene expression, and isolated glioma stem cells had an aberrantly high ratio of IR:IGF1R receptors. Moreover, IR knockdown inhibited proneural and mesenchymal GBM tumorsphere growth. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the IR is essential for a subset of normal NSCs as well as for brain tumor cancer stem cell self-renewal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chidambaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothbard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cajuste, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farjardo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapinos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subventricular zone adult mouse neural stem cells and human glioblastoma stem cells require insulin receptor for self-renewal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.979104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of fascin1, a marker of mature dendritic cells, reveals a New role for IL-6 signaling in chemotaxis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.979104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migration of mature dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes is critical for the initiation of adaptive immunity. While CCR7, a a G-protein-coupled receptor for CCL19/21 chemokines, is known to be essential for chemotaxis of mature DCs, the molecular mechanism linking inflammation to chemotaxis remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that fascin1, an actin-bundling protein, increases chemotaxis of mature DCs. In this paper we showed that fascin1 enhanced Interleukin (IL)-6 secretion and signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-6 signaling is required for chemotaxis. Blockage of IL-6 signaling in WT DCs with an anti-IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody inhibited chemotaxis toward CCL19. Likewise, knockout (KO) of IL-6R inhibited chemotaxis of BMDCs. The addition of soluble IL-6R and IL-6 rescued chemotaxis of IL-6R KO BMDCs, underscoring the role of IL-6 signaling in chemotaxis. We found that IL-6 signaling is required for internalization of CCR7, the initial step of CCR7 recycling. CCR7 recycling is known to be essential for CCR7-mediated chemotaxis, explaining why IL-6 signaling is needed for chemotaxis of mature DCs. Our results have identified IL-6 signaling as a new regulatory pathway for CCR7/CCL19-mediated chemotaxis, and suggest that rapid migration of mature DCs to lymph nodes depends on inflammation-associated IL-6 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsumura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashiro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.979104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of fascin1, a marker of mature dendritic cells, reveals a New role for IL-6 signaling in chemotaxis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.001982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Click-chemistry enabled directed evolution of glycosynthases for bespoke glycans synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.001982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineering of carbohydrate-active enzymes like glycosynthases for chemoenzymatic synthesis of bespoke oligosaccharides has been limited by the lack of suitable directed evolution based protein engineering methods. Currently there are no ultrahigh-throughput screening methods available for rapid and highly sensitive single cell-based screening of evolved glycosynthase enzymes employing azido sugars as substrates. Here, we report a fluorescence-based approach employing click-chemistry for the selective detection of glycosyl azides (versus free inorganic azides) that facilitated ultrahigh-throughput in-vivo single cell-based assay of glycosynthase activity. This discovery has led to the development of a directed evolution methodology for screening and sorting glycosynthase mutants for synthesis of desired fucosylated oligosaccharides. Our screening technique facilitated rapid fluorescence activated cell sorting of a large library of glycosynthase variants (>106 mutants) expressed in E. coli to identify several novel mutants with increased activity for {beta}-fucosyl-azide activated donor sugars towards desired acceptor sugars, demonstrating the broader applicability of this methodology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayes, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.001982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Click-chemistry enabled directed evolution of glycosynthases for bespoke glycans synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in retrotransposition, synaptic connectivity, and myelination implicated by transcriptomic changes following maternal immune activation in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.019190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMaternal immune activation (MIA) is a proposed risk factor for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms through which MIA imparts risk for these disorders remain poorly understood. A recently developed nonhuman primate model of exposure to the viral mimic poly:ICLC during pregnancy shows abnormal social and repetitive behaviors and elevated striatal dopamine, a molecular hallmark of human psychosis, providing an unprecedented opportunity for mechanistic dissection.

MethodsWe performed RNA-sequencing across four psychiatrically-relevant brain regions (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and primary visual cortex) from 3.5-4-year old male MIA-exposed and control offspring--an age comparable to mid adolescence in humans.

ResultsWe identify 266 unique genes differentially expressed (DE) in at least one brain region with the greatest number observed in hippocampus. Co-expression networks identified region-specific alterations in synaptic signaling and oligodendrocytes. Across regions, we observed temporal and regional differences, but transcriptomic changes were largely similar across 1st or 2nd trimester MIA exposures, including for the top DE genes--PIWIL2 and MGARP. In addition to PIWIL2, several other known regulators of retrotransposition, as well as endogenous transposable elements were dysregulated in MIA offspring.

ConclusionsTogether, these results begin to elucidate the brain-level molecular mechanisms through which MIA may impart risk for psychiatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parhami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Water, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.019190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in retrotransposition, synaptic connectivity, and myelination implicated by transcriptomic changes following maternal immune activation in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.037374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Model of Pancreatic Cancer Dormancy Reveals Mechanistic Insights and a Dormancy Gene Signature with Human Relevance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.037374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latent recurrences following curative-intent pancreatic cancer surgery is a major clinical problem thought to be due to the reactivation of dormant tumor cells that disseminate before the primary tumor has been removed. How dormancy is established and ultimately reversed to drive recurrence is poorly understood. Here we introduce a novel model of pancreatic cancer dormancy that mimics early and latent survival outcomes of resected patients. Using single-cell transcriptomics we compared primary, dormant, and reactivated tumor cells and found the primary and reactivated tumor cell transcriptomes clustered together with and away from the dormant tumor cells. Using a chromatin accessibility assay we found dormancy exhibits large scale changes in chromatin remodeling. Dormant tumor cells express cancer stem cell markers that are lost upon reactivation and are chemotherapy resistant. We identified a dormancy gene signature and investigated this in patients undergoing surgery for localized PC by isolating cells from the primary tumor and liver disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) for single-cell transcriptomics. We found the signature correlated with DTCs indicating that these cells are dormant at the time of surgery. The signature also identified CCL5 as a novel dormancy marker in PC. Mechanisms of PC dormancy include upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Dec2 which drives quiescence, monoallelic suppression of the mutant KRAS allele by DNA methylation, and immunoregulation. We conclude that PC dormancy is a highly plastic and heterogeneous cellular state governed by tumor cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.

One Sentence SummaryA novel model of resectable pancreatic cancer reveals pancreatic cancer dormancy is characterized by significant cellular plasticity, heterogeneity and chromatin remodeling
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dudgeon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casabianca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collisson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpizo, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.037374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Model of Pancreatic Cancer Dormancy Reveals Mechanistic Insights and a Dormancy Gene Signature with Human Relevance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIP6 is required for tension at adherens junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippo signaling mediates influences of cytoskeletal tension on organ growth. TRIP6 and LIMD1 have each been identified as being required for tension-dependent inhibition of the Hippo pathway LATS kinases and their recruitment to adherens junctions, but the relationship between TRIP6 and LIMD1 was unknown. Using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown we show that TRIP6 is required for LIMD1 localization to adherens junctions, whereas LIMD1 is not required for TRIP6 localization. TRIP6, but not LIMD1, is also required for recruitment of Vinculin and VASP to adherens junctions. Knockdown of TRIP6 or Vinculin, but not of LIMD1, also influences the localization of phosphorylated myosin light chain and F-actin. In TRIP6 knockdown cells actin stress fibers are lost apically but increased basally, and there is a corresponding increase in recruitment of Vinculin and VASP to basal focal adhesions. These observations identify a role for TRIP6 in organizing F-actin and maintaining tension at adherens junctions that could account for its influence on LIMD1 and LATS. They also suggest that focal adhesions and adherens junctions compete for key proteins needed to maintain attachments to contractile F-actin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatramanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibar Valenzuela, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.049569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIP6 is required for tension at adherens junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-associated mutations in TRPM3 render the channel overactive via two distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 (TRPM3) is a Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channel activated by heat and chemical agonists such as pregnenolone sulfate and CIM0216. TRPM3 mutations in humans were recently reported to be associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy; the functional effects of those mutations however were not reported. Here we show that both disease-associated mutations of TRPM3 render the channel overactive, but likely via different mechanisms. The Val to Met substitution in the S4-S5 loop induced a larger increase in basal activity and agonist sensitivity at room temperature than the Pro to Gln substitution in the extracellular segment of S6. In contrast, heat activation was increased more by the S6 mutant than by the S4-S5 segment mutant. Both mutants were inhibited by the TRPM3 antagonist primidone, suggesting a potential therapeutic intervention to treat this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-associated mutations in TRPM3 render the channel overactive via two distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.037242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular expression and functional roles of all 26 neurotransmitter GPCRs in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.037242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maps of the synapses made and neurotransmitters released by all neurons in model systems such as C. elegans have left still unresolved how neural circuits integrate and respond to neurotransmitter signals. Using the egg-laying circuit of C. elegans as a model, we mapped which cells express each of the 26 neurotransmitter G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of this organism and also genetically analyzed the functions of all 26 GPCRs. We found that individual neurons express many distinct receptors, epithelial cells often express neurotransmitter receptors, and receptors are often positioned to receive extrasynaptic signals. The egg-laying circuit appears to use redundancy and compensation to achieve functional robustness, as receptor knockouts reveal few defects; however, increasing receptor signaling through overexpression more efficiently reveals receptor functions. This map of neurotransmitter GPCR expression and function in the egg-laying circuit provides a model for understanding GPCR signaling in other neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikalauskaite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.037242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular expression and functional roles of all 26 neurotransmitter GPCRs in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Circuit Mechanism Underlying Suppression of Circadian Signals by Homeostatic Sleep Drive 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, which drive sleep after wakefulness, and a circadian clock, which confers the 24-hour rhythm of sleep. These processes interact with each other to control the timing of sleep in a daily cycle as well as following sleep deprivation. However, the mechanisms by which they interact are poorly understood. We show here that hugin+ neurons, previously identified as neurons that function downstream of the clock to regulate rhythms of locomotor activity, are also targets of the sleep homeostat. Sleep deprivation decreases activity of hugin+ neurons, likely to suppress circadian-driven activity during recovery sleep, and manipulations of hugin+ neurons affect sleep increases generated by activation of the homeostatic sleep locus, the dorsal fanshaped body (dFB). Also, mutations in peptides produced by the hugin+ locus increase recovery sleep following deprivation. Trans-synaptic mapping reveals that hugin+ neurons feed-back onto central clock neurons, which also show decreased activity upon sleep loss, in a Hugin-peptide dependent fashion. We propose that hugin+ neurons integrate circadian and sleep signals to modulate circadian circuitry and regulate the timing of sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Circuit Mechanism Underlying Suppression of Circadian Signals by Homeostatic Sleep Drive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of dopamine-dependent transcription and cocaine action by Gadd45b 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to drugs of abuse produces robust transcriptional and epigenetic reorganization within brain reward circuits that outlives the direct effects of the drug and may contribute to addiction. DNA methylation is a covalent epigenetic modification that is altered following stimulant exposure and is critical for behavioral and physiological adaptations to drugs of abuse. Although activity-related loss of DNA methylation requires the Gadd45 (Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible) gene family, very little is known about how this family regulates the activity of brain reward circuits or behavioral responses to drugs of abuse. Here, we combined genome-wide transcriptional profiling, pharmacological manipulations, electrophysiological measurements, and CRISPR tools with traditional knockout and behavioral approaches in rodent model systems to dissect the role of Gadd45b in dopamine-dependent epigenetic regulation and cocaine reward. We show that acute cocaine administration induces rapid upregulation of Gadd45b mRNA in the rat nucleus accumbens, and that knockout or site-specific CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockdown of Gadd45b blocks cocaine conditioned place preference. In vitro, dopamine treatment in primary striatal neurons increases Gadd45b mRNA expression through a dopamine receptor type 1 (DRD1)-dependent mechanism. Moreover, shRNA-induced Gadd45b knockdown decreases expression of genes involved in psychostimulant addiction, blocks induction of immediate early genes by DRD1 stimulation, and prevents DRD1-mediated changes in DNA methylation. Finally, we demonstrate that Gadd45b knockdown decreases striatal neuron action potential burst duration in vitro, without altering other electrophysiological characteristics. These results suggest that striatal Gadd45b functions as a dopamine-induced gene that is necessary for cocaine reward memory and DRD1-mediated transcriptional activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zipperly, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultan, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, G.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brane, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpkins, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of dopamine-dependent transcription and cocaine action by Gadd45b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One gene, multiple ecological strategies: a biofilm regulator is a capacitor for sustainable diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacteria cycle between sessile and motile forms in which they must sense and respond to internal and external signals to coordinate appropriate physiology. Maintaining fitness requires genetic networks that have been honed in variable environments to integrate these signals. The identity of the major regulators and how their control mechanisms evolved remain largely unknown in most organisms. During four different evolution experiments with the opportunist betaproteobacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia in a biofilm model, mutations were most frequently selected in the conserved gene rpfR. RpfR uniquely integrates two major signaling systems -- quorum sensing and the motile-sessile switch mediated by cyclic-d-GMP -- by two domains that sense, respond to, and control synthesis of the autoinducer cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF). The BDSF response in turn regulates activity of diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase domains acting on cyclic-di-GMP. Parallel adaptive substitutions evolved in each of these domains to produce unique life history strategies by regulating cyclic-di-GMP levels, global transcriptional responses, biofilm production, and polysaccharide composition. These phenotypes translated into distinct ecology and biofilm structures that enabled mutants to coexist and produce more biomass than expected from their constituents grown alone. This study shows that when bacterial populations are selected in environments challenging the limits of their plasticity, the evolved mutations not only alter genes at the nexus of signaling networks but also reveal the scope of their regulatory functions.

Significance statementMany organisms including bacteria live in fluctuating environments requiring attachment and dispersal. These lifestyle decisions require multiple external signals to be processed by several genetic pathways, but how they are integrated is largely unknown. We conducted multiple evolution experiments totaling >20,000 generations with Burkholderia cenocepacia populations grown in a model of the biofilm life cycle and identified parallel mutations in one gene, rpfR, that is a conserved central regulator. Because RpfR has multiple sensor and catalytic domains, different mutations can produce different ecological strategies that can coexist and even increase net growth. This study demonstrates that a single gene may coordinate complex life histories in biofilm-dwelling bacteria and that selection in defined environments can reshape niche breadth by single mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mhatre, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sileo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskirk, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One gene, multiple ecological strategies: a biofilm regulator is a capacitor for sustainable diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Visualization of a Large Insertion in the 5S ribosomal RNA of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Halococcus morrhuae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extreme halophile Halococcus morrhuae (ATCC(R) 17082) contains a 108-nucleotide insertion in its 5S rRNA. Large rRNA expansions in Archaea are rare. This one almost doubles the length of the 5S rRNA. In order to understand how such an insertion is accommodated in the ribosome, we obtained a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the native large subunit at subnanometer resolution. The insertion site forms a four-way junction that fully preserves the canonical 5S rRNA structure. Moving away from the junction site, the inserted region is conformationally flexible and does not pack tightly against the large subunit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tirumalai, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-Electron Microscopy Visualization of a Large Insertion in the 5S ribosomal RNA of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Halococcus morrhuae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbohydrate binding domains facilitate efficient oligosaccharides synthesis by enhancing mutant catalytic domain transglycosylation activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemoenzymatic approaches using carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) offer a promising avenue for synthesis of glycans like oligosaccharides. Here, we report a novel chemoenzymatic route for cellodextrins synthesis employed by chimeric CAZymes, akin to native glycosyltransferases, involving the unprecedented participation of a  non-catalytic lectin-like or carbohydrate-binding domains (CBMs) in the catalytic step for glycosidic bond synthesis using {beta}-cellobiosyl donor sugars as activated substrates. CBMs are often thought to play a passive substrate targeting role in enzymatic glycosylation reactions mostly via overcoming substrate diffusion limitations for tethered catalytic domains (CDs) but are not known to participate directly in any nucleophilic substitution mechanisms that impact the actual glycosyl transfer step. Our study provides evidence for the direct participation of CBMs in the catalytic reaction step for {beta}-glucan glycosidic bonds synthesis enhancing activity for CBM-based CAZyme chimeras by >140-fold over CDs alone. Dynamic intra-domain interactions that facilitate this poorly understood reaction mechanism were further revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering structural analysis along with detailed mutagenesis studies to shed light on our current limited understanding of similar transglycosylation-type reaction mechanisms. In summary, our study provides a novel strategy for engineering similar CBM-based CAZyme chimeras for synthesis of bespoke oligosaccharides using simple activated sugar monomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pingali, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbohydrate binding domains facilitate efficient oligosaccharides synthesis by enhancing mutant catalytic domain transglycosylation activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal IL-1-induced Inflammation Suppresses Tbr2+ Intermediate Progenitor Cell Proliferation in the Developing Hippocampus accompanied by Long-Term Behavioral Deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meta-analyses have revealed associations between the incidence of maternal infections during pregnancy, premature birth, smaller brain volumes, and subsequent cognitive, motor and behavioral deficits as these children mature. Inflammation during pregnancy in rodents produces cognitive and behavioral deficits in the offspring that are similar to those reported in human studies. These deficits are accompanied by decreased neurogenesis and proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. As systemically administering interleukin-1 {beta} (IL-1{beta}) to neonatal mice recapitulates many of the brain abnormalities seen in premature babies including developmental delays, the goal of this study was to determine whether IL-1-mediated neuroinflammation would affect hippocampal growth during development to produce cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. For these studies, 10 ng/g IL-1{beta} was administered twice daily to Swiss Webster mice during the first 5 days of life, which increased hippocampal levels of IL-1 and acutely reduced the proliferation of Tbr2+ neural progenitors in the DG. In vitro, both IL-1 and IL-1{beta} produced G1/S cell cycle arrest that resulted in reduced progenitor cell proliferation within the transit amplifying progenitor cell cohort. By contrast, IL-1{beta} treatment increased neural stem cell frequency. Upon terminating IL-1{beta} treatment, the progenitor cell pool regained its proliferative capacity. An earlier study that used this in vivo model of perinatal inflammation showed that mice that received IL-1{beta} as neonates displayed memory deficits which suggested abnormal hippocampal function. To evaluate whether other cognitive and behavioral traits associated with hippocampal function would also be altered, mice were tested in tasks designed to assess exploratory and anxiety behavior as well as working and spatial memory. Interestingly, mice that received IL-1{beta} as neonates showed signs of anxiety in several behavioral assays during adolescence that were also evident in adulthood. Additionally, these mice did not display working memory deficits in adulthood, but they did display deficits in long-term spatial memory. Altogether, these data support the view that perinatal inflammation negatively affects the developing hippocampus producing behavioral deficits that persist into adulthood. These data provide a new perspective into the origin of the cognitive and behavioral impairments observed in prematurely-born sick infants.

HighlightsO_LISystemic inflammation during the first 5 days of life increases hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
C_LIO_LINeuroinflammation reduces Tbr2+ neural progenitor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus.
C_LIO_LIIL-1 arrests the cell cycle of Tbr-2+ progenitors and enriches for neural stem cells.
C_LIO_LIAdolescent mice that experienced neonatal systemic inflammation have a persistent anxiety disorder.
C_LIO_LIMice that experienced neonatal systemic inflammation have deficits in spatial memory as adults.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veerasammy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Steenwinckel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le-Charpentier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gressens, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal IL-1-induced Inflammation Suppresses Tbr2+ Intermediate Progenitor Cell Proliferation in the Developing Hippocampus accompanied by Long-Term Behavioral Deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Characterization of Complex Binding Interactions of Cellulolytic Enzymes Highlights Limitations of Classical Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellulolytic microorganisms, like Trichoderma reesei or Clostridium thermocellum, frequently have non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) associated with secreted or cell surface bound multidomain carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) like cellulases. Mostly type-A family CBMs are known to promote cellulose deconstruction by increasing the substrate-bound concentration of cognate cellulase catalytic domains. However, due to the interfacial nature of cellulose hydrolysis and the structural heterogeneity of cellulose, it has been challenging to fully understand the role of CBMs on cellulase activity using classical protein-ligand binding assays. Here, we report a single-molecule CAZyme assay for an industrially relevant processive cellulase Cel7A (from T. reesei) to reveal how subtle CBM1 binding differences can drastically impact cellulase motility/velocity and commitment to initial processive motion for deconstruction of two well-studied crystalline cellulose allomorphs (namely cellulose I and III). We take a multifaceted approach to characterize the complex binding interactions of all major type-A family representative CBMs including CBM1, using an optical-tweezers based single-molecule CBM-cellulose bond  rupture assay to complement several classical bulk ensemble protein-ligand binding characterization methods. While our work provides a basis for the  cautious use of Langmuir-type adsorption models to characterize classical protein-ligand binding assay data, we highlight the critical limitations of using such overly simplistic models to gain a truly molecular-level understanding of interfacial protein binding interactions at heterogeneous solid-liquid interfaces. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations provided a theoretical basis for the complex binding behavior seen for CBM1 towards two distinct cellulose allomorphs reconciling experimental findings from multiscale analytical methods.

Significance StatementMultimodal biomolecular binding interactions involving carbohydrate polymers (e.g., cellulose, starch, chitin, glycosaminoglycans) are fundamental molecular processes relevant to the recognition, biosynthesis, and degradation of all major terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Protein-carbohydrate binding interactions are also critical to industrial biotechnology operations such as enzymatically-catalyzed bioconversion of starch and lignocellulose into biochemicals like ethanol. However, despite the ubiquitous importance of such interfacial processes, we have a poor molecular-level understanding of protein-polysaccharide binding interactions. Here, we provide a comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of bulk ensemble versus single-molecule binding interactions of enzyme motors and associated non-catalytic binding domains with cellulosic polysaccharides to highlight the critical limitations of applying classical biochemical assay techniques alone to understanding protein adsorption or biological activity at solid-liquid interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Characterization of Complex Binding Interactions of Cellulolytic Enzymes Highlights Limitations of Classical Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of analytical methods for rapid & reliable quantification of plant-based carbohydrates for the quintessential bioenergy educator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.106468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical conversion of plant-based insoluble carbohydrate polymers, such as starch from corn grains or cellulose-hemicellulose from corn stover, into soluble fermentable sugars (e.g., glucose and xylose) for bioenergy production has seen tremendous research activity and commercial-scale biorefineries deployment over the last three decades, particularly in regions around the world that have a dominant agricultural-based economy. Therefore, educators in schools and universities have developed various hands-on experimental activities to engage the general public and students either in outreach events or lab/classroom-based settings to instruct students on various inter-disciplinary concepts relevant to bioenergy and biochemicals production. One of the limitations of most available protocols is the lack of systematic and comprehensive comparison of educator-friendly analytical tools and protocols for quantitative analysis of water-soluble carbohydrates commonly encountered in a biorefinery backdrop during the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels/biochemicals. Here, we systematically compare and validate findings from four leading analytical approaches for detection and quantification of lignocellulosic biomass derived soluble carbohydrates. We compare these assay methods based on the overall ease of use, detection accuracy/sensitivity, commercial availability, analytical cost per assay run, and suitability for use by instructors in biorefining specific hands-on activity protocols. Next, we provide a detailed instructional protocol that utilizes one of these validated soluble sugar assays as part of a ∼90 min hands-on bioenergy focused activity (called ‘Grass-to-Gas!’) conducted at Rutgers University with pre-university high school students. ‘Grass-to-Gas!’ activity involves students running biochemical assays that helps them understand the various facets of cellulosic biomass hydrolysis by commercial cellulase enzymes and monitoring the total glucose product released using our validated sugar assays to finally estimate the fractional conversion of cellulose-to-glucose. Lastly, we further demonstrate how such carbohydrate-based analytical methods can be used by instructors to help university students explore and understand various chemistry, biochemistry, and chemical engineering concepts relevant to other advanced operations involved in lignocellulose biorefining. These activity protocols would greatly aid educators teaching interdisciplinary science and engineering concepts to students in the backdrop of lignocellulose biorefining.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.106468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of analytical methods for rapid & reliable quantification of plant-based carbohydrates for the quintessential bioenergy educator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMobile elements are a major source of human structural variants and some mobile elements can regulate gene expression and alternative splicing. However, the impact of polymorphic mobile element insertions (pMEIs) on gene expression and splicing in diverse human tissues has not been thoroughly studied. The multi-tissue gene expression and whole genome sequencing data generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project provide a great opportunity to systematic determine pMEIs role in gene expression regulation in human tissues.

ResultsUsing the GTEx whole genome sequencing data, we identified 20,545 high-quality pMEIs from 639 individuals. We then identified pMEI-associated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in 48 tissues by joint analysis of variants including pMEIs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and insertions/deletions. pMEIs were predicted to be the potential causal variant for 3,522 of the 30,147 significant eQTLs, and 3,717 of the 21,529 significant sQTLs. The pMEIs associated eQTLs and sQTLs show high level of tissue-specificity, and the pMEIs were enriched in the proximity of affected genes and in regulatory elements. Using reporter assays, we confirmed that several pMEIs associated with eQTLs and sQTLs can alter gene expression levels and isoform proportions.

ConclusionOverall, our study shows that pMEIs are associated with thousands of gene expression and splicing variations in different tissues, and pMEIs could have a significant role in regulating tissue-specific gene expression/splicing. Detailed mechanisms for pMEIs role in gene regulation in different tissues will be an important direction for future human genomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lords, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steranka, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.111310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymorphic mobile element insertions contribute to gene expression and alternative splicing in human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Autonomic Nervous System Differentiates Between Levels of Motor Intent and Hand Dominance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While attempting to bridge motor control and cognitive science, the nascent field of embodied cognition has primarily addressed intended, goal-oriented actions. Less explored however, have been unintended motions. Such movements tend to occur largely beneath awareness, while contributing to the spontaneous control of redundant degrees of freedom across the body in motion. We posit that the consequences of such unintended actions implicitly contribute to our autonomous sense of action ownership and agency. We question whether biorhythmic activities from these motions are separable from those which intentionally occur. Here we find that fluctuations in the biorhythmic activities of the nervous systems can unambiguously differentiate across levels of intent. More important yet, this differentiation is remarkable when we examine the fluctuations in biorhythmic activity from the autonomic nervous systems. We find that when the action is intended, the heart signal leads the body kinematics signals; but when the action segment spontaneously occurs without instructions, the heart signal lags the bodily kinematics signals. We posit that such differentiation within the nervous system, may be necessary to acquire the sense of action ownership, which in turn, contributes to the sense of agency. We discuss our results while considering their potential translational value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Autonomic Nervous System Differentiates Between Levels of Motor Intent and Hand Dominance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CB1 receptor signaling modulates amygdalar plasticity during context-cocaine memory reconsolidation to promote subsequent cocaine seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contextual drug-associated memories precipitate craving and relapse in cocaine users. Such associative memories can be weakened through interference with memory reconsolidation, a process by which memories are maintained following memory retrieval-induced destabilization. We hypothesized that cocaine-memory reconsolidation requires cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling based on the fundamental role of the endocannabinoid system in synaptic plasticity and emotional memory processing. Using an instrumental rat model of cocaine relapse, we evaluated whether systemic CB1R antagonism (AM251; 3 mg/kg, I.P.) during memory reconsolidation alters (a) subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, as well as (b) cellular adaptations and (c) excitatory synaptic physiology in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Systemic CB1R antagonism - during, but not after, cocaine-memory reconsolidation - reduced drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior three days, but not three weeks, later. CB1R antagonism also inhibited memory retrieval-associated increases in BLA zinc finger 268 (zif268) and activity regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) immediate-early gene expression and changes in BLA -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit phosphorylation that likely contribute to increased receptor membrane trafficking and synaptic plasticity during memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, CB1R antagonism increased memory reconsolidation-associated spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current frequency in BLA principal neurons during memory reconsolidation. Together, these findings suggest that CB1R signaling modulates cellular and synaptic mechanisms in the BLA during cocaine-memory reconsolidation, thereby facilitating cocaine-memory maintenance. These findings identify the CB1R as a potential therapeutic target for relapse prevention.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDrug relapse can be triggered by the retrieval of context-drug memories upon re-exposure to a drug-associated environment. Context-drug associative memories become destabilized upon retrieval and must be reconsolidated into long-term memory stores in order to persist. Hence, targeted interference with memory reconsolidation can weaken maladaptive context-drug memories and reduce the propensity for drug relapse. Our findings indicate that cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling is critical for context-cocaine memory reconsolidation and subsequent drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Furthermore, cocaine-memory reconsolidation is associated with CB1R-dependent immediate-early gene expression and changes in excitatory synaptic proteins and physiology in the basolateral amygdala. Together, our findings provide initial support for CB1R as a potential therapeutic target for relapse prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CB1 receptor signaling modulates amygdalar plasticity during context-cocaine memory reconsolidation to promote subsequent cocaine seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-directed oocyte spindle assembly depends HP1 and the Chromosomal Passenger Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.03.132142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromosomes in the oocytes of many animals appear to promote bipolar spindle assembly. In Drosophila oocytes, spindle assembly requires the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), which consists of INCENP, Borealin, Survivin and Aurora B. To determine what recruits the CPC to the chromosomes and its role in spindle assembly, we developed a strategy to manipulate the function and localization of INCENP, which is critical for recruiting the Aurora B kinase. We found that an interaction between Borealin and the chromatin is crucial for the recruitment of the CPC to the chromosomes and is sufficient to build kinetochores and recruit spindle microtubules. We also found that HP1 moves from the chromosomes to the spindle microtubules along with the CPC. We propose that the interaction with HP1 promotes the movement of the CPC from the chromosomes to the microtubules. In addition, within the central spindle, rather than at the centromeres, the CPC and HP1 are required for homologous chromosome bi-orientation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defosse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.03.132142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-directed oocyte spindle assembly depends HP1 and the Chromosomal Passenger Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outcomes of the 2019 EMDataResource model challenge: validation of cryo-EM models at near-atomic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper describes outcomes of the 2019 Cryo-EM Map-based Model Metrics Challenge sponsored by EMDataResource (www.emdataresource.org). The goals of this challenge were (1) to assess the quality of models that can be produced using current modeling software, (2) to check the reproducibility of modeling results from different software developers and users, and (3) compare the performance of current metrics used for evaluation of models. The focus was on near-atomic resolution maps with an innovative twist: three of four target maps formed a resolution series (1.8 to 3.1 [A]) from the same specimen and imaging experiment. Tools developed in previous challenges were expanded for managing, visualizing and analyzing the 63 submitted coordinate models, and several novel metrics were introduced. The results permit specific recommendations to be made about validating near-atomic cryo-EM structures both in the context of individual laboratory experiments and holdings of structure data archives such as the Protein Data Bank. Our findings demonstrate the relatively high accuracy and reproducibility of cryo-EM models derived from these benchmark maps by 13 participating teams, representing both widely used and novel modeling approaches. We also evaluate the pros and cons of the commonly used metrics to assess model quality and recommend the adoption of multiple scoring parameters to provide full and objective annotation and assessment of the model, reflective of the observed density in the cryo-EM map.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovych, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barad, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chojnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowtan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dill, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzik, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igaev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monastyrskyy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfab, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintilie, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terashi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwilliger, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaiana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.147033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outcomes of the 2019 EMDataResource model challenge: validation of cryo-EM models at near-atomic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CK2 inhibits TIMELESS nuclear export and modulates CLOCK transcriptional activity to regulate circadian rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks orchestrate daily rhythms in organismal physiology and behavior to promote optimal performance and fitness. In Drosophila, key pacemaker proteins PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) are progressively phosphorylated to perform phase-specific functions. Whereas PER phosphorylation has been extensively studied, systematic analysis of site-specific TIM phosphorylation is lacking. Here, we identified phosphorylation sites of PER-bound TIM by mass spectrometry, given the importance of TIM as a modulator of PER function in the oscillator. Among the twelve TIM phosphorylation sites we identified, at least two of them are critical for circadian timekeeping as mutants expressing non-phosphorylatable mutations exhibit altered behavioral rhythms. In particular, we observed that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of TIM(S1404) promotes nuclear accumulation of PER-TIM heterodimers by inhibiting the interaction of TIM and nuclear export component, Exportin 1 (XPO1). We postulate that proper level of nuclear PER-TIM accumulation is necessary to facilitate kinase recruitment for the regulation of daily phosphorylation rhythm and phase-specific transcriptional activity of CLOCK (CLK). Our results highlight the contribution of phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of PER-TIM heterodimers to the maintenance of circadian periodicity and identify a new mechanism by which the negative elements of the circadian oscillator (PER-TIM) regulate the positive elements (CLK-CYC). Finally, since the molecular phenotype of tim(S1404A) non-phosphorylatable mutant exhibits remarkable similarity to that of a mutation in human timeless that underlies Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (FASPS), our results revealed an unexpected parallel between the functions of Drosophila and human TIM and may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying human FASPS.

Significance StatementPhosphorylation is a central mechanism important for the regulation of circadian physiology across organisms. The molecular oscillator is composed of pacemaker proteins that undergo elaborate phosphorylation programs to regulate phase-specific functions. In Drosophila, phosphorylation of TIMELESS (TIM) has been recognized as critical for its function in the oscillator, but a systematic analysis of TIM phosphorylation is lacking. Here, we identified twelve Drosophila TIM phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry and showed that phosphorylation at TIM(S1404) is necessary for maintaining 24-hour rhythms. Finally, since the molecular phenotype of tim(S1404A) non-phosphorylatable fly mutant exhibits remarkable similarity to that of a mutation in human timeless that underlies FASPS, our results may provide new insights into the molecular underpinnings of human FASPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del-Carmen Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunimoto, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CK2 inhibits TIMELESS nuclear export and modulates CLOCK transcriptional activity to regulate circadian rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.156638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REDCRAFT: A Computational Platform Using Residual Dipolar Coupling NMR Data for Determining Structures of Perdeuterated Proteins Without NOEs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.156638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the two primary experimental means of characterizing macromolecular structures, including protein structures. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy has traditionally relied heavily on distance restraints derived from nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements. While structure determination of proteins from NOE-based restraints is well understood and broadly used, structure determination by NOEs imposes increasing quantity of data for analysis, increased cost of structure determination and is less available in the study of perdeuterated proteins. In the recent decade, Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs) have been investigated as an alternative source of data for structural elucidation of proteins by NMR. Several methods have been reported that utilize RDCs in addition to NOEs, and a few utilize RDC data alone. While these methods have individually demonstrated some successes, none of these methods have exposed the full potential of protein structure determination from RDCs. To date, structure determination of proteins from RDCs is limited to small proteins (less than 8.5 kDa) using RDC data from many alignment media (>3) that cannot be collected from larger proteins. Here we present the latest version of the REDCRAFT software package designed for structure determination of proteins from RDC data alone. We have demonstrated the success of REDCRAFT in structure determination of proteins ranging in size from 50 to 145 residues using experimentally collected data and large proteins (145 to 573 residues) using simulated RDC data that can be collected from perdeuterated proteins. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy of structure determination of REDCRAFT from RDCs alone in application to the structurally novel PF.2048 protein. The RDC-based structure of PF.2048 exhibited 1.0 [A] of BB-RMSD with respect to the NOE-based structure by only using a small amount of backbone RDCs ([~]3 restraints per residue) compared to what is required by other approaches.

Author SummaryResidual Dipolar Couplings have the potential to reduce the cost and the time needed to characterize protein structures. In addition, RDC data have been demonstrated to concurrently elucidate structure of proteins, perform assignment of resonances, and be used in characterization of the internal dynamics of proteins. Given all the advantages associated with the study of proteins from RDC data, based on the statistics provided by the Protein Databank (PDB), surprisingly the only 124 proteins (out of nearly 150,000 proteins) have utilized RDCs as part of their structure determination. Even a smaller subset of these proteins (approximately 7) have utilized RDCs as the primary source of data for structure determination. The impeding factor in the use of RDCs is the challenging computational and analytical aspects of this source of data. In this report, we demonstrate the success of the REDCRAFT software package in structure determination of proteins using RDC data that can be collected from small and large proteins in a routine fashion. REDCRAFT accomplishes the challenging task of structure determination from RDCs by introducing a unique search and optimization technique that is both robust and computationally tractable. Structure determination from routinely collectable RDC data using REDCRAFT can lead to faster and cheaper study of larger and more complex proteins by NMR spectroscopy in solution state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigham, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valafar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.156638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REDCRAFT: A Computational Platform Using Residual Dipolar Coupling NMR Data for Determining Structures of Perdeuterated Proteins Without NOEs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.180752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pericytes Directly Communicate with Emerging Endothelial Cells During Vasculogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.180752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPericytes (PCs), cells that extend along capillaries to contribute stability and other critical functions to established vasculature, are attracting attention from various fields involving vascular-related pathologies. Here, we demonstrate primary evidence of PC communication with endothelial cells (ECs) prior to tube coalescence. Observations of apparent PCs during early embryogenesis urged development of a mouse embryonic stem cell line (DR-ESCs), enabling unique dual-reporter investigations into earliest PC-EC interactions. Live imaging of differentiating DR-ESCs corroborated emergence of a PC lineage, which preceded EC differentiation, and further revealed highly dynamic PC-EC interactions during coordinated vessel formation. We show direct PC-EC communication via cell microinjection and dye-transfer, and RNA-seq analysis indicates a PC-EC coupling mechanism via gap junction Connexin43 (Cx43), exclusively up-regulated throughout DR-ESC differentiation. High resolution imaging of embryonic and postnatal mouse vasculature substantiates Cx43 plaques at PC-EC borders. These findings indicate a new role for PCs during vasculogenesis via Cx43-mediated communication with ECs.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkenberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oestreich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontheimer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal-Pra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.180752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pericytes Directly Communicate with Emerging Endothelial Cells During Vasculogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.183111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD+ Redox Imbalance in the Heart Exacerbates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.183111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDiabetes is a risk factor of heart failure and promotes cardiac dysfunction. Diabetic tissues are associated with NAD+ redox imbalance; however, the hypothesis that NAD+ redox imbalance leads to dysfunction of diabetic hearts has not been tested. In this study, we employed mouse models with altered NAD+ redox balance to test the hypothesis.

Methods and ResultsDiabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by streptozotocin injections, and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was allowed to develop for 16 weeks. Diabetic stress led to cardiac dysfunction and lowered NAD+/NADH ratio. This diabetogenic regimen was administered to cardiac-specific knockout mice of complex I subunit Ndufs4 (cKO), a model with lowered cardiac NAD+/NADH ratio without baseline dysfunction. Cardiac NAD+ redox imbalance in cKO hearts exacerbated systolic and diastolic dysfunction of diabetic mice in both sexes. Collagen levels and transcript analyses of fibrosis and extracellular matrix-dependent pathways did not show change in diabetic cKO hearts, suggesting that the exacerbated cardiac dysfunction was likely due to cardiomyocyte dysfunction. We found that cardiac NAD+ redox imbalance promoted superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) acetylation, protein oxidation, induced troponin I S150 phosphorylation and impaired energetics in diabetic cKO hearts. Importantly, elevation of cardiac NAD+ levels by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) normalized NAD+ redox balance, over-expression alleviated cardiac dysfunction and reversed pathogenic mechanisms in diabetic mice.

ConclusionOur results show that NAD+ redox imbalance to regulate protein acetylation and phosphorylation is a critical mediator of the progression of DCM, and suggest the therapeutic potential of harnessing NAD+ metabolism in DCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiao, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadoshima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.183111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD+ Redox Imbalance in the Heart Exacerbates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.182154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDA5 is an essential vita-PAMP sensor necessary for host resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.182154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RIG-I like receptors (RLR) are cytosolic RNA sensors that signal through the MAVS adaptor to activate interferon responses against viruses. Whether the RLR family has broader effects on host immunity against other pathogen families remains to be fully explored. Herein we demonstrate that MDA5/MAVS signaling was essential for host resistance against pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus challenge through the regulation of antifungal leukocyte responses in mice. Activation of MDA5/MAVS signaling was driven by dsRNA from live A. fumigatus serving as a key vitality-sensing pattern-recognition receptor. Interestingly, induction of type I interferons after A. fumigatus challenge was only partially dependent on MDA5/MAVS signaling, whereas type III interferon expression was entirely dependent on MDA5/MAVS signaling. Ultimately, type I and III interferon signaling drove the expression of CXCL10. Furthermore, the MDA5/MAVS-dependent interferon response was critical for the induction of optimal antifungal neutrophil killing of A. fumigatus spores. In conclusion, our data broaden the role of the RLR family to include a role in regulating antifungal immunity against A. fumigatus.

KEY POINTSO_LIMDA5 is essential for maintaining host resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus
C_LIO_LIMDA5 serves as a critical vitality sensor after fungal challenge
C_LIO_LIMDA5 is essential for IFN{lambda} expression and anti-fungal neutrophil killing
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffrey-Carr, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croteau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhingra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obar, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.182154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDA5 is an essential vita-PAMP sensor necessary for host resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic promoter based azide biosensor toolkit to advance chemical-biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time azide or azido-functionalized molecular detection inside living cells using bioorthogonal chemistry-based approaches has been revolutionary to advancing chemical-biology. These methods have enabled diverse applications ranging from understanding the role of cellular glycosylation pathways, identifying diseased cells, and targeting delivery of azido-based therapeutic drugs. However, while classical techniques were applicable only to in-vitro detection of such functional groups, even recent bioorthogonal based-detection methods require expensive sensing reagents and also cannot selectively identify inorganic azide. Here, we report an in-vivo synthetic promoter based azide biosensor toolkit to selectively detect azide anions. A promiscuous cyanate-specific promoter was engineered to detect azide and rapidly induce expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Escherichia coli. Our synthetic azide operon allows highly-tunable GFP expression, outperforming the classic lac-operon, and also offers an alternative low-cost protein expression system. Finally, we showcase the utility of this toolkit for in-vivo bioorthogonal reaction biosensing and glycoengineering based applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra Kanth Bandi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle S. Skalenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayushi Agrawal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelan Sivaneri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margaux Thiry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishir P.S. Chundawat</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.193060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic promoter based azide biosensor toolkit to advance chemical-biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference data based insights expand understanding of human metabolomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.194159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human metabolome has remained largely unknown, with most studies annotating [~]10% of features. In nucleic acid sequencing, annotating transcripts by source has proven essential for understanding gene function. Here we generalize this concept to stool, plasma, urine and other human metabolomes, discovering that food-based annotations increase the interpreted fraction of molecular features 7-fold, providing a general framework for expanding the interpretability of human metabolomic "dark matter."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julia M Gauglitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wout Bittremieux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candace L Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly C Weldon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan W Panitchpakdi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Di Ottavio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine M Aceves</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole C Sikora</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan K. Jarmusch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron Martino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anupriya Tripathi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erfan Sayyari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Shaffer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roxana Coras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando Vargas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay DeRight Goldasich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tara Schwartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie Bryant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Humphrey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abigail J. Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharina Spengler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro Belda-Ferre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar Diaz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel McDonald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiyun Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic S. Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel O. Elijah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingxun Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarisse Marotz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kate E. Sprecher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniela Vargas-Robles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dana Withrow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gail Ackerm</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.194159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference data based insights expand understanding of human metabolomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.217695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zinc shapes the folding landscape of p53 and establishes a new pathway for reactivating structurally diverse p53 mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.217695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the p53 tumor suppressor contribute to approximately half of new cancer cases each year worldwide. A primary goal in cancer therapy is to develop drugs that rescue the transcription function of mutant p53. Here we present a thermodynamic model that quantifies and links the major pathways by which mutations inactivate p53. The model is constructed by measuring folding free energies, zinc dissociation constants, and DNA dissociation constants of 20 of the most common DBD mutations in the p53 database. We report here that DBD possesses two unusual properties----one of the highest zinc binding affinities of any eukaryotic protein and extreme instability in the absence of zinc--which are predicted to cause p53 to be poised on the edge of folding/unfolding in the cell, with a major determinant being the concentration of available zinc. Eighty percent of the mutations examined impair either thermodynamic stability, zinc binding affinity, or both. Using a combination of biophysical experiments, cell based assays, and murine cancer models, we demonstrate for the first time that a synthetic zinc metallochaperone not only rescues mutants with decreased zinc affinities, but also mutants that destabilize DBD without impairing zinc binding. The latter is a broad class of p53 mutants of which only one member (Y220C) has been successfully targeted by small molecules. The results suggest that zinc metallochaperones have the capability to treat 120,500 patients per year in the U.S.

SUMMARYRestoring tumor suppressing function to mutant p53 has the capability of treating millions of new cancer patients worldwide each year. An important step toward this goal is to categorize the spectrum of mutations based on how they inactivate p53. This study finds that the majority of the most common tumorigenic mutations compromise p53s thermodynamic stability or its interaction with zinc, and demonstrates for the first time that members of both classes can be reactivated in cells by synthetic zinc metallochaperones. These results serve to stratify patients for potential zinc metallochaperone therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanden, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blayney, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpizo, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.217695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zinc shapes the folding landscape of p53 and establishes a new pathway for reactivating structurally diverse p53 mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.212712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) benchmarks have been widely used to help validate clinical sequencing pipelines and develop new variant calling and sequencing methods. Here, we use accurate linked reads and long reads to expand the prior benchmarks in 7 samples to include difficult-to-map regions and segmental duplications that are not readily accessible to short reads. Our new benchmark adds more than 300,000 SNVs, 50,000 indels, and 16 % new exonic variants, many in challenging, clinically relevant genes not previously covered (e.g., PMS2). For HG002, we include 92% of the autosomal GRCh38 assembly, while excluding problematic regions for benchmarking small variants (e.g., copy number variants and reference errors) that should not have been in the previous version, which included 85% of GRCh38. By including difficult-to-map regions, this benchmark identifies eight times more false negatives in a short read variant call set relative to our previous benchmark.We have demonstrated the utility of this benchmark to reliably identify false positives and false negatives across technologies in more challenging regions, which enables continued technology and bioinformatics development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrska-Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evani, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barrio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome in a Bottle Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.212712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking challenging small variants with linked and long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological inhibition of an epigenetic regulator during the formation of extinction memory reveals sensory cortical and subcortical codes for the specificity of salient cues. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using a sound-reward extinction paradigm in male rats, we reveal both cortical and subcortical sensory codes for the cue-specificity of memory. In the auditory cortex, re-tuning narrowed frequency receptive field bandwidth, yielding more precise extinction behavior cued by acoustic frequency. Subcortical signals revealed in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed decreases in amplitude of select components of the ABR wave. Interestingly, treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3-i) facilitated both auditory cortical tuning bandwidth changes and ABR changes that were frequency-specific to the extinguished signal sound. Moreover, both changes were correlated to each other and with highly precise extinction memory at the level of behavior. Thus, we show for the first time that HDAC3 regulates the specificity of sensory features consolidated in extinction memory. Overall, the dynamics of auditory system plasticity associated with sound-specific extinction are complex. Changes in ABR amplitude induced by sound-reward learning disappeared after extinction, while changes in ABR slope that were initially induced by sound-reward learning were maintained through extinction. Moreover, plasticity of cortical re-tuning emerged only after extinction learning. HDAC3-i applied after extinction training sessions enabled sensory system plasticity to encode the extinguished sound with higher acoustic specificity (compared to vehicle controls). Both cortical and subcortical response changes to sound became unusually "tuned-in" to the acoustic frequency that had been presented under extinction conditions. Thus, HDAC3 regulates how specifically sensory features of experience are encoded into long-term memory and may exert its behavioral effects via multiple coding strategies along sensory system pathways.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEpigenetic mechanisms have recently been implicated in memory and information processing. Here, we use a pharmacological inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in a sensory model of learning to reveal, for the first time, its ability to enable unusually precise extinction memory. In so doing, we uncover neural coding strategies for memorys "specificity" for sensory cues. Extinction induced multiple forms of change at different levels of sensory processing, which highlights the complexity of extinction memory encoding. HDAC3 appears to coordinate effects across sensory levels that determine specific cue saliency for behavior. Thus, epigenetic players may gate how sensory information is stored in long-term memory and their manipulation can be leveraged to reveal neural coding mechanisms for sensory detail in memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotondo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological inhibition of an epigenetic regulator during the formation of extinction memory reveals sensory cortical and subcortical codes for the specificity of salient cues.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosome-mediated hematopoietic rejuvenation in a humanized mouse model indicate potential for cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with increased morbidity and high economic costs due to a burdened healthcare system and decreased workforce. Parabiotic animal models indicated that secretome from young cells can restore aged tissue functions. We used a heterochronic co-culture system with young and aged mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB) and showed hematopoietic restoration, independent of allogeneic difference. Bidirectional communication between the aged and young cells influenced the miRNA cargo of exosomes, resulting in partial reprograming of the aged cells. The restored cells enhanced hematopoiesis (e.g., increased lymphoid:myeloid ratio) in immunodeficient mice bearing autologous aged hematopoietic system. Four exosomal miRNAs targeting PAX and PPMIF were partly responsible for the hematopoietic rejuvenation. Notably, increased natural killer (NK) cells within the restored cells eliminated dormant breast cancer cells in vivo. The findings could be developed as preventive measure and treatment for sustained immune/hematopoietic competence with potential for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rameshwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.233015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosome-mediated hematopoietic rejuvenation in a humanized mouse model indicate potential for cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Network Mechanisms of Visual Shape Completion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.233403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual shape completion represents object shape, size, and number from spatially segregated edges. Despite being extensively investigated, the processs underlying brain regions, networks, and functional connections are still not well understood. To shed light on the topic, we scanned (fMRI) healthy adults during rest and during a task in which they discriminated pac-man configurations that formed or failed to form visually completed shapes (illusory and fragmented condition, respectively). Task activation differences (illusory-fragmented), resting-state functional connectivity, and multivariate pattern differences were identified on the cortical surface using 360 predefined parcels and 12 functional networks composed of such parcels. Brain activity flow mapping (ActFlow) was used to evaluate the likely involvement of resting-state connections for shape completion. We identified 34 differentially-active parcels including a posterior temporal region, PH, whose activity was consistent across all 20 observers. Significant task regions primarily occupied the secondary visual network but also incorporated the frontoparietal, dorsal attention, default mode, and cingulo-opercular networks. Each parcels task activation difference could be modeled via its resting-state connections with the remaining parcels (r=.62, p<10-9), suggesting that such connections undergird shape completion. Functional connections from the dorsal attention network were key in modeling activation differences in the secondary visual network and across all remaining networks. Taken together, these results suggest that shape completion relies upon a distributed but densely interconnected network coalition that is centered in the secondary visual network, coordinated by the dorsal attention network, and inclusive of at least three other networks.

HighlightsO_LIShape completion differentially activates regions distributed across five networks
C_LIO_LIThe secondary visual network plays the clearest role in shape completion
C_LIO_LIDorsal attention functional connections likely coordinate activity across networks
C_LIO_LIPosterior temporal region, PH, played a highly consistent role in completion
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keane, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.233403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Network Mechanisms of Visual Shape Completion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus transforms the landscape and community assembly of bacterial biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus follows a life cycle in which it attaches to the exterior of a Gram-negative prey cell, enters the periplasm, and harvests resources to replicate before lysing the host to find new prey. Predatory bacteria such as this are common in many natural environments, as are groups of matrix-bound clusters of prey cells, termed biofilms. Despite the ubiquity of both predatory bacteria and biofilm-dwelling prey, the interaction between B. bacteriovorus and prey cells inside biofilms has received little attention and has not yet been studied at the micrometer scale. Filling this knowledge is critical to understanding the nature of predator-prey interaction in nature. Here we show that B. bacteriovorus is able to prey upon biofilms of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae, but only up until a critical maturation threshold past which the prey biofilms are protected from their predators. We determine the contribution of matrix secretion and cell-cell packing of the prey biofilm toward this protection mechanism. Our results demonstrate that B. bacteriovorus predation in the context of this protection threshold fundamentally transforms the sub-millimeter scale landscape of biofilm growth, as well as the process of community assembly as new potential biofilm residents enter the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wucher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadouri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus transforms the landscape and community assembly of bacterial biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.247320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy of Targeting SARS-CoV-2 by CAR-NK Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.247320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, is one of greatest global pandemics in history. No effective treatment is currently available for severe COVID-19 disease. One strategy for implementing cell-based immunity involves the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. Unlike CAR T cells, which need to be developed using primary T cells derived from COVID-19 patients with lymphopenia, clinical success of CAR NK cell immunotherapy is possible through the development of allogeneic, universal, and  off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells from a third party, which will significantly broaden the application and reduce costs. Here, we develop a novel approach for the generation of CAR-NK cells for targeting SARS-CoV-2. CAR-NK cells were generated using the scFv domain of CR3022 (henceforth, CR3022-CAR-NK), a broadly neutralizing antibody for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. CR3022-CAR-NK cells can specifically bind to RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 S protein, and can be activated by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2-S viral particles in vitro. Further, CR3022-CAR-NK cells can specifically kill pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 infected target cells. Thus,  off-the-shelf CR3022-CAR-NK cells may have the potential to treat patients with severe COVID-19 disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badeti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.247320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy of Targeting SARS-CoV-2 by CAR-NK Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-environment phenotyping of C. elegans for robust evaluation of physical performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.253583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the physical performance of humans using several measures is essential to evaluating the severity of diseases, understanding the role of environmental factors, and developing therapeutic interventions. Development of analogous measures of physical performance in model organisms can help in identifying conserved signaling pathways and prioritizing drug candidates. In this study, we propose a multi-environment phenotyping (MEP) approach that generates a comprehensive set of measures indicative of physical performance in C. elegans. We challenge C. elegans in different mechanical environments of burrowing, swimming, and crawling, each of which places different physiological demands on the animals to generate locomotory forces. Implementation of the MEP approach is done using three established assays corresponding to each environment-a hydrogel-based burrowing assay, the CeleST swim assay, and the NemaFlex crawling strength assay. Using this approach, we study individuals and show that these three assays report on unique aspects of nematode physiology, as phenotypic measures obtained from different environments do not correlate with one another. Analysis of a subset of genes representative of oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, and fat metabolism show differential expression depending on the animals environment, suggesting that each environment evokes a response with distinct genetic requirements. To demonstrate the utility of the MEP platform, we evaluate the response of a muscular dystrophy model of C. elegans dys-1 to drug interventions of prednisone, melatonin and serotonin. We find that prednisone, which is the current treatment standard for human Duchenne muscular dystrophy, confers benefits in all three assays. Furthermore, while the tested compounds improve the physical performance of dys-1, these compounds are not able to fully restore the measures to wild-type levels, suggesting the need for discovery efforts to identify more efficacious compounds that could be aided using the MEP platform. In summary, the MEP platforms ability to robustly define C. elegans locomotory phenotypes demonstrates the utility of the MEP approach toward identification of candidates for therapeutic intervention, especially in disease models in which the neuromuscular performance is impaired.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laranjeiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norouzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szewczyk, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanapalli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.253583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-environment phenotyping of C. elegans for robust evaluation of physical performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNFα reduces inhibitory transmission in young Trem2R47H Sporadic Alzheimer rats before observable Aβ and brain pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.256099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trem2R47H rats, which carry the Alzheimers disease (AD) risk factor p.R47H variant of the microglia gene TREM2 and produce human A{beta}. Previously, we demonstrated that supraphysiological TNF- boost glutamatergic transmission and suppresses Long-term-Potentiation (LTP), a surrogate of learning and memory, in peri-adolescent Trem2R47H rats (Ren et al., 2020). Here we tested the effect of the p.R47H TREM2 variant on GABA transmission. We report that GABAergic transmission is decreased in Trem2R47H/R47H rats. This decrease is due to the acute and reversable action of TNF- and is not associated whit changes in human A{beta} levels and pathological brain lesions. Thus, the p.R47H TREM2 variant changes the excitatory/inhibitory balance between glutamate and GABA transmission, favoring excitation. This unbalance could potentiate glutamate excitotoxicity and, over time, contribute to neuronal dysfunction, enhanced neuronal cells death and neurodegeneration. Future studies will determine whether this unbalance represents an early, A{beta}-independent pathway leading to dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuillaud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehntner, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.256099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNFα reduces inhibitory transmission in young Trem2R47H Sporadic Alzheimer rats before observable Aβ and brain pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.263830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Collection of Stem Cell Bank data, a data portal for standardized stem cell information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.263830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The last decade has witnessed an extremely rapid increase in the number of newly established stem cell lines. However, due to the lack of a standardized format, data exchange among stem cell line resources has been challenging, and no system can search all stem cell lines across resources worldwide. To solve this problem, we have developed Integrated Collection of Stem Cell Bank data (ICSCB) (http://icscb.stemcellinformatics.org/), the largest database search portal for stem cell line information, based on the standardized data items and terms of the MIACARM framework. Currently, ICSCB can retrieve >16,000 cell lines from four major data resources in Europe, Japan, and the United States. ICSCB is automatically updated to provide the latest cell line information, and its integrative search helps users collect cell line information for over 1,000 diseases including many rare diseases worldwide, which has been a formidable task, thereby distinguishing itself from other database search portals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewender, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seltmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujibuchi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.263830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Collection of Stem Cell Bank data, a data portal for standardized stem cell information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy Compensates for Lkb1 Loss to Maintain Adult Mice Homeostasis and Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) is the major energy sensor for cells to respond to metabolic stress. Autophagy degrades and recycles proteins, macromolecules, and organelles for cells to survive starvation. To access the role and cross-talk between autophagy and Lkb1 in normal tissue homeostasis, we generated genetically engineered mouse models where we can conditionally delete Lkb1 and autophagy essential gene, Atg7, respectively or simultaneously, throughout the adult mice. We found that Lkb1 was essential for the survival of adult mice, and autophagy activation could temporarily compensate for the acute loss of Lkb1 and extend mouse life span. We further found that acute deletion of Lkb1 in adult mice led to impaired intestinal barrier function, hypoglycemia, and abnormal serum metabolism, which was partly rescued by the Lkb1 loss-induced autophagy upregulation via inhibiting p53 induction. Taken together, we demonstrated that autophagy and Lkb1 work synergistically to maintain adult mouse homeostasis and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahumy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy Compensates for Lkb1 Loss to Maintain Adult Mice Homeostasis and Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Branching and extinction in evolutionary public goods games 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Public goods games (PGGs) describe situations in which individuals contribute to a good at a private cost, but others can free-ride by receiving their share of the public benefit at no cost. PGGs can be nonlinear, as often observed in nature, whereby either benefit, cost, or both are nonlinear functions of the available public good (PG): at low levels of PG there can be synergy whereas at high levels, the added benefit of additional PG diminishes. PGGs can be local such that the benefits and costs are relevant only in a local neighborhood or subset of the larger population in which producers (cooperators) and free-riders (defectors) co-evolve. Cooperation and defection can be seen as two extremes of a continuous spectrum of traits. The level of public good production, and similarly, the neighborhood size can vary across individuals. To better understand how distinct strategies in the nonlinear public goods game emerge and persist, we study the adaptive dynamics of production rate and neighborhood size. We explain how an initially monomorphic population, in which individuals have the same trait values, could evolve into a dimorphic population by evolutionary branching, in which we see distinct cooperators and defectors emerge, respectively characterized by high production and low neighborhood sizes, and low production and high neighborhood sizes. We find that population size plays a crucial role in determining the final state of the population, as smaller populations may not branch, or may observe extinction of a subpopulation after branching. Our work elucidates the evolutionary origins of cooperation and defection in nonlinear local public goods games, and highlights the importance of small population size effects on the process and outcome of evolutionary branching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altrock, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Branching and extinction in evolutionary public goods games]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal CD4T Cell Priming in Lymph Nodes Requires Repertoire Scanning by CD301b+ Migratory cDC2 Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of CD4T cells by conventional dendritic cells (cDC) is pivotal in adaptive immunity. However, while the activation mechanism of antigen-specific CD4T cells has been extensively studied, the cellular mechanism that leads to the selection of cognate CD4T cell clones out of the polyclonal pool is incompletely understood. Here, we show that, in the reactive lymph nodes, newly homed naive polyclonal CD4T cells are temporarily retained before leaving the lymph node. This stop-and-go traffic of CD4T cells provides an adequate time window for efficient scanning and timely priming of antigen-specific clones. Mechanistically, upon immunization, CD301b+ DCs, a major subset of migratory cDC2 cells, quickly migrate to the draining lymph node and settle in the areas near the high endothelial venules, where they retain incoming polyclonal CD4T cells through MHCII-dependent but antigen-independent mechanisms while concurrently providing cognate stimuli to prime antigen-specific CD4T cells. These results indicate that CD301b+ DCs function as an immunological "display window" for CD4T cells to efficiently scan their antigen specificity.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/276410v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@118d9b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7daf2eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17808c0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@186780e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LINewly homed polyclonal CD4T cells are temporarily retained in the reactive lymph nodes.
C_LIO_LIDepletion of CD301b+ DCs results in shorter dwell time of CD4T cells in the draining lymph node and delayed priming of antigen-specific clones.
C_LIO_LIThe transient retention of polyclonal CD4T cells in the draining lymph node requires MHCII expression on CD301b+ DCs but not cognate antigen.
C_LIO_LICD301b+ DCs are required for robust expansion of rare antigen-specific CD4T cell clones and their skewing toward Th2 cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatsumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codrington, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal CD4T Cell Priming in Lymph Nodes Requires Repertoire Scanning by CD301b+ Migratory cDC2 Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disulfiram inhibits M. tuberculosis growth by altering methionine pool, redox status and host-immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine biosynthetic pathway, essential for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the host, represents an attractive target for the development of novel anti-tuberculars. Here, we have biochemically characterized homoserine acetyl transferase (HSAT viz. MetA) of Mtb, which catalyses the first committed step of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis. High-throughput screening of a 2300 compound library resulted in identification of thiram, an anti-fungal organosulfur compound, as the most potent MetA inhibitor. Further analysis of thiram analogs led to the identification of orally bioavailable disulfiram (DIS, an anti-alcoholism FDA approved drug) as a novel inhibitor of MetA. Both thiram and DIS restricted the growth of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mtb strains in a bactericidal manner. ThermoFlour assay demonstrated direct binding of DIS with MetA. Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies showed DIS mediated perturbation of methionine and redox homeostasis, respectively, in Mtb. In concordance, the effect of DIS on Mtb growth was partially rescued by supplementation with either L-methionine as well as N-acetyl cysteine, suggesting a multi-target killing mechanism. In Mtb-infected mice, DIS administration restricted bacterial growth, increased efficacy of isoniazid, ameliorated lung pathology, modulated lung immune cell landscape and protective immune response. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DIS can be repurposed for designing an effective anti-tubercular therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzeyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosain, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidwai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsotetsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shihui, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsenova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disulfiram inhibits M. tuberculosis growth by altering methionine pool, redox status and host-immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatiotemporal Molecular Switch Governs Plant Asymmetric Cell Division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) often requires protein polarization in the mother cell to produce daughter cells with distinct identities ("cell-fate asymmetry"). Here, we define a previously undocumented mechanism for establishing cell-fate asymmetry in Arabidopsis stomatal stem cells. In particular, we show that polarization of BSL protein phosphatases promotes stomatal ACD by establishing a "kinase-based signaling asymmetry" in the two daughter cells. BSL polarization in the stomatal ACD mother cell is triggered upon commitment to cell division. Polarized BSL is inherited by the differentiating daughter cell where it suppresses cell division and promotes cell-fate determination. Plants lacking BSL exhibit stomatal over-proliferation, demonstrating BSL plays an essential role in stomatal development. Our findings establish that BSL polarization provides a spatiotemporal molecular switch that enables cell-fate asymmetry in stomatal ACD daughter cells. We propose BSL polarization is triggered by an ACD "checkpoint" in the mother cell that monitors establishment of division-plane asymmetry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickels, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatiotemporal Molecular Switch Governs Plant Asymmetric Cell Division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a method for revertable CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis in cell culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis is a revolutionary tool for genetics in organismal and cell culture systems. One notable caveat with this system is the potential for phenotype-inducing off-target/background mutations. There has been considerable success in modifying the methodology to minimize these potential confounds. Here we have developed a tool to functionally demonstrate that a targeted mutation of interest is responsible for the phenotype observed. This approach creates revertable mutations in cell culture systems using CRISPR/Cas9-induced homology-directed repair (HDR) to insert a LoxP-flanked transcriptional stop sequence into an early intron of a target gene. This method has the potential to be used in multiplexed and inducible scenarios to restore gene function within a given experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggenschwiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a method for revertable CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis in cell culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in vivo induces hypersynchronous and low voltage fast seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence supports the idea that the CA1 of the hippocampus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). There is however a lack of proof that the over-excitation of CA1 alone is sufficient in inducing seizures in vivo. Furthermore, the relevance of the seizures induced from the over-excitation of CA1 to the pathophysiology of TLE is undetermined. Here, we employed optogenetics to activate pyramidal neurons (PNs) in CA1, which reliably induced generalized seizures in freely moving non-epileptic mice. We showed that repeated photostimulations had a kindling effect. In addition, seizures induced by over-active CA1 PNs were dominated by two distinctive onset patterns, i.e. hypersynchronous (HYP) and low voltage fast (LVF) activities, which are widely recorded in patients with and animal models of TLE. In our study, HYP seizures were predominantly associated with the first photostimulation and were entirely replaced by the LVF type afterwards. This phenomenon suggests that the activation of CA1 PNs, when occurring after the first seizure, could lead to the recruitment of GABAergic interneurons to participate in the seizure generation. These findings suggest that seizures induced from the over-excitation of CA1 PNs likely involved the same hippocampal networks and cellular mechanisms underlying TLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larmeu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepheson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in vivo induces hypersynchronous and low voltage fast seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xpert MTB/XDR: A ten-color reflex assay suitable for point of care settings to detect isoniazid-, fluoroquinolone-, and second line injectable drug-resistance directly from Mycobacterium tuberculosis positive sputum. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the design, development, analytical performance and a limited clinical evaluation of the 10-color Xpert MTB/XDR assay (CE-IVD only, not for sale in the US). This assay is intended as a reflex test to detect resistance to Isoniazid (INH), Fluoroquinolones (FLQ), Ethionamide (ETH) and Second Line Injectable Drugs Drugs (SLID) on unprocessed sputum samples and concentrated sputum sediments which are positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Xpert MTB/XDR assay simultaneously amplifies eight genes and promoter regions in M. tuberculosis and analyzes melting temperatures (Tms) using sloppy molecular beacon probes (SMB) to identify mutations associated with INH, FLQ, ETH and SLID resistance. Results can be obtained under 90 minutes and requires 10-color GeneXpert modules. The assay can differentiate low versus high-level resistance to INH and FLQ as well as cross-resistance versus individual resistance to SLIDs by identifying mutation-specific Tms or Tm patterns generated by the SMB probes. The assay has a Limit of Detection comparable to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay and succesfully detected 16 clinically significant mutations in a challenge set of clinical isolate DNA. In a clinical study performed at two sites with 100 sputum and 214 clinical isolates, the assay showed a sensitivity of 94-100% and a specificity of 100% for all drugs except for ETH when compared to sequencing. The sensitivity and specificity when compared to phenotypic drug susceptibility testing were in the same range. Used in combination with a primary tuberculosis diagnostic test, this assay is expected to expand the capacity for detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Via, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battagalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirillo, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denkinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georghiou, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiatkowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravorty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xpert MTB/XDR: A ten-color reflex assay suitable for point of care settings to detect isoniazid-, fluoroquinolone-, and second line injectable drug-resistance directly from Mycobacterium tuberculosis positive sputum.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time structural motif searching in proteins using an inverted index strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical and biological functions of proteins are the product of both the overall fold of the polypeptide chain, and, typically, structural motifs made up of smaller numbers of amino acids constituting a catalytic center or a binding site. Detection of such structural motifs can provide valuable insights into the function(s) of previously uncharacterized proteins. Technically, this remains an extremely challenging problem because of the size of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive. Existing methods depend on a clustering by sequence similarity and can be computationally slow. We have developed a new approach that uses an inverted index strategy capable of analyzing >160,000 PDB structures with unmatched speed. The efficiency of the inverted index method depends critically on identifying the small number of structures containing the query motif and ignoring most of the structures that are irrelevant. Our approach (implemented at motif.rcsb.org) enables real-time retrieval and superposition of structural motifs, either extracted from a reference structure or uploaded by the user. Herein, we describe the method and present five case studies that exemplify its efficacy and speed for analyzing 3D structures of both proteins and nucleic acids.

Author summaryThe Protein Data Bank (PDB) provides open access to more than 160,000 three-dimensional structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and biological complexes. Similarities between PDB structures give valuable functional and evolutionary insights but such resemblance may not be evident at sequence or global structure level. Throughout the database, there are recurring structural motifs - groups of modest numbers of residues in proximity that, for example, support catalytic activity. Identification of common structural motifs can unveil subtle similarities between proteins and serve as fingerprints for configurations such as the His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad found in serine proteases or the zinc coordination site found in Zinc Finger DNA-binding domains. We present a highly efficient yet flexible strategy that allows users for the first time to search for arbitrary structural motifs across the entire PDB archive in real-time. Our approach scales favorably with the increasing number and complexity of deposited structures, and, also, has the potential to be adapted for other applications in a macromolecular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.293977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time structural motif searching in proteins using an inverted index strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scLink: Inferring Sparse Gene Co-expression Networks from Single-cell Expression Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A system-level understanding of the regulation and coordination mechanisms of gene expression is essential to understanding the complexity of biological processes in health and disease. With the rapid development of single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, it is now possible to investigate gene interactions in a cell-type-specific manner. Here we propose the scLink method, which uses statistical network modeling to understand the co-expression relationships among genes and to construct sparse gene co-expression networks from single-cell gene expression data. We use both simulation and real data studies to demonstrate the advantages of scLink and its ability to improve single-cell gene network analysis. The source code used in this article is available at https://github.com/Vivianstats/scLink.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.304956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scLink: Inferring Sparse Gene Co-expression Networks from Single-cell Expression Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common binding motif in the ET domain of BRD3 forms polymorphic structural interfaces with host and viral proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extra-terminal (ET) domain of BRD3 is conserved among BET proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4), interacting with multiple host and viral protein-protein networks. Solution NMR structures of complexes formed between BRD3-ET domain with either the 79-residue murine leukemia virus integrase (IN) C-terminal domain (IN329-408), or its 22-residue IN tail peptide (TP) (IN386-407) alone, reveal similar intermolecular three-stranded {beta}-sheet formation. 15N relaxation studies reveal a 10-residue linker region (IN379-388) tethering the SH3 domain (IN329-378) to the ET-binding motif (IN389-405)-ET complex. This linker has restricted flexibility, impacting its potential range of orientations in the IN - nucleosome complex. The complex of the ET-binding peptide of host NSD3 protein (NSD3148-184) and BRD3-ET domain includes a similar three-stranded {beta}-sheet interaction, but the orientation of the {beta}-hairpin is flipped compared to the two IN : ET complexes. These studies expand our understanding of molecular recognition polymorphism in complexes of ET-binding motifs with viral and host proteins.

HighlightsO_LIThe BRD3 ET domain binds to key peptide motifs of diverse host and viral proteins.
C_LIO_LIThese complexes reveal conformational plasticity in molecular recognition.
C_LIO_LINMR studies demonstrate restricted interdomain motion in the IN CTD / ET complex.
C_LIO_LIA cost-effective approach is described for producing isotopically-labeled peptides.
C_LI

Etoc BlurbWe address structurally how the MLV Integrase (IN) usurps the host function of the BET protein through comparative studies of the IN : Brd3 ET complex with that of the host NSD3. MLV integration and thus its pathogenesis is driven through protein interactions of the IN : BET family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapna, G. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalmers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common binding motif in the ET domain of BRD3 forms polymorphic structural interfaces with host and viral proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.322388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages mediate resistance to migrating helminths through depletion of arginine availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.322388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are known to mediate anti-helminth responses, but it remains uncertain which subsets are involved or how macrophages actually kill helminths. Here we show rapid monocyte recruitment to the lung after infection with the nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this inflamed tissue microenvironment these monocytes differentiate into an alveolar-like macrophage (AM) phenotype, expressing both Siglec-F and CD11c, surround invading parasitic larvae and preferentially kill parasites in vitro. Monocyte-derived AMs (Mo-AMs) express type 2-associated markers and show distinct remodeling of the chromatin landscape relative to tissue-derived AMs. In particular, they express high amounts of Arg1 (arginase-1), which we demonstrate mediates helminth killing through L-arginine depletion. These studies indicate that recruited monocytes are selectively programmed in the pulmonary environment to express AM markers and an anti-helminth phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Naccache, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponessa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lothstein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siracusa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gause, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.322388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages mediate resistance to migrating helminths through depletion of arginine availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic signatures of sex-specific nicotine sensitization and imprinting of self-administration in rats inform GWAS findings on human addiction phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodents are frequently used to model drug addiction, yet their genetic relevance to human addictive behaviors especially the mounting genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings is poorly understood. Considering a possible gateway drug role of nicotine (NIC), we modeled NIC addiction, specifically NIC sensitization (SST) and self-administration (SA), in F1 progeny of inbred Envigo rats (F344/BN) and conducted integrative genomics analyses. We unexpectedly observed male-specific NIC SST and a parental effect of SA only present in paternal F344 crosses. Transcriptional profiling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell further revealed sex and brain region-specific transcriptomic signatures of SST and SA. We found that genes associated with SST and SA were enriched for those related to synaptic processes, myelin sheath, and tobacco use disorder or chemdependency. Interestingly, SST-associated genes were often downregulated in male VTA but upregulated in female VTA, and strongly enriched for smoking GWAS risk variants, possibly explaining the male-specific SST. For SA, we found widespread region-specific allelic imbalance of expression (AIE), of which genes showing AIE bias towards paternal F344 alleles in NAc core were strongly enriched for SA-associated genes and for GWAS risk variants of smoking initiation, likely contributing to the parental effect of SA. The transcriptional signatures of sex-specific nicotine SST and SA suggest a mechanistic link between genes underlying these processes and human nicotine addiction, providing a resource for understanding the biology underlying the GWAS findings on human smoking and other addictive phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ujas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic signatures of sex-specific nicotine sensitization and imprinting of self-administration in rats inform GWAS findings on human addiction phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase clamp conformational dynamics: long-lived states and modulation by crowding, cations, and nonspecific DNA binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA polymerase (RNAP) clamp, a mobile structural element conserved in RNAP from all domains of life, has been proposed to play critical roles at different stages of transcription. In previous work, we demonstrated using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) that RNAP clamp interconvert between three short-lived conformational states (lifetimes [~] 0.3-0.6 s), that the clamp can be locked into any one of these states by small molecules, and that the clamp stays closed during initial transcription and elongation. Here, we extend these studies to obtain a comprehensive understanding of clamp dynamics under conditions RNAP may encounter in living cells. We find that the RNAP clamp can populate long-lived conformational states (lifetimes >1.0 s) and can switch between these long-lived states and the previously observed short-lived states. In addition, we find that clamp motions are increased in the presence of molecular crowding, are unchanged in the presence of elevated monovalent-cation concentrations, and are reduced in the presence of elevated divalent-cation concentrations. Finally, we find that RNAP bound to non-specific DNA predominantly exhibits a closed clamp conformation. Our results raise the possibility of additional regulatory checkpoints that could affect clamp dynamics and consequently could affect transcription and transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapanidis, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase clamp conformational dynamics: long-lived states and modulation by crowding, cations, and nonspecific DNA binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acyclovir Improves the Efficacy of Chemoradiation in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Containing the Epstein Barr Virus Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.343236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy endemic to East Asia and is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-mediated cancerous transformation of epithelial cells. The standard of care treatment for NPC involves radiation and chemotherapy. While treatment outcomes continue to improve, up to 50% of patients can be expected to recur by five years, and additional innovative treatment options are needed. We posit that a potential way to do this is by targeting the underlying cause of malignant transformation, namely EBV. One method by which EBV escapes immune surveillance is by undergoing latent phase replication, during which EBV expression of immunogenic proteins is reduced. However, chemoradiation is known to drive conversion of EBV from a latent to a lytic phase. This creates an opportunity for the targeting of EBV-infected cells utilizing anti-viral drugs. Indeed, we found that combining acyclovir with cisplatin and radiation significantly decreases the viability of the EBV-infected C666-1 cell line. Western blot quantification revealed a resultant increase of thymidine kinase (TK) and apoptosis-inducing mediators, cleaved PARP (cPARP) and phosphorylated ERK (pERK). These studies suggest that the addition of anti-viral drugs to frontline chemoradiation may improve outcomes in patients treated for EBV-related NPC and future in vivo and clinical studies are needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thandoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zloza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, K.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffty, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhawar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.343236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acyclovir Improves the Efficacy of Chemoradiation in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Containing the Epstein Barr Virus Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.353631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila clock cells use multiple mechanisms to transmit time-of-day signals in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.353631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of circadian behavior and physiology by the Drosophila brain clock requires communication from central clock neurons to downstream output regions, but the mechanism by which clock cells regulate downstream targets is not known. We show here that the pars intercerebralis (PI), previously identified as a target of the morning cells in the clock network, also receives input from evening cells. We determined that morning and evening clock neurons have time of day dependent connectivity to the PI, which is regulated by specific peptides as well as by fast neurotransmitters. Interestingly, PI cells that secrete the peptide DH44, and control rest:activity rhythms, are inhibited by clock inputs while insulin-producing cells are activated, indicating that the same clock cells can use different mechanisms to drive cycling in output neurons. Inputs of morning cells to the DILP2+ neurons are relevant for the circadian rhythm of feeding, reinforcing the role of the PI as a circadian relay that controls multiple behavioral outputs. Our findings provide mechanisms by which clock neurons signal to non-clock cells to drive rhythms of behavior.

Significance StatementDespite our growing understanding of how the fly clock network maintains free-running rhythms of behavior and physiology, little is known about how information is communicated from the clock network to the rest of the brain to regulate behavior. We identify glutamate and acetylcholine as key neurotransmitters signaling from clock neurons to the pars interecerebralis (PI), a clock output region regulating circadian rhythms of sleep and metabolism. We report a novel link between Drosophila evening clock neurons and the PI, and find that the effect of clock neurons on output neuron physiology varies, suggesting that the same clock cells use multiple mechanisms simultaneously to drive cycling in output neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barber, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetchko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.353631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila clock cells use multiple mechanisms to transmit time-of-day signals in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Platform Validation of Neurotransmitter Release Impairments in Schizophrenia Patient-Derived NRXN1-Mutant Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.366617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous NRXN1 deletions constitute the most prevalent currently known single-gene mutation predisposing to schizophrenia. Previous studies showed that engineered heterozygous NRXN1 deletions impaired neurotransmitter release in human neurons, suggesting a synaptic pathophysiological mechanism. Utilizing this observation for drug discovery, however, requires confidence in its robustness and validity. Here, we describe a multi-center effort to test the generality of this pivotal observation, using independent analyses at two laboratories of patient-derived and newly engineered human neurons with heterozygous NRXN1 deletions. We show that in neurons that were trans-differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from three NRXN1-deletion patients, the same impairment in neurotransmitter release was observed as in engineered NRXN1-deficient neurons. This impairment manifested as a decrease in spontaneous synaptic events and in evoked synaptic responses, and an alteration in synaptic paired-pulse depression. Nrxn1-deficient mouse neurons generated from embryonic stem cells by the same method as human neurons did not exhibit impaired neurotransmitter release, suggesting a human-specific phenotype. NRXN1 deletions produced a reproducible increase in the levels of CASK, an intracellular NRXN1-binding protein, and were associated with characteristic gene expression changes. Thus, heterozygous NRXN1 deletions robustly impair synaptic function in human neurons regardless of genetic background, enabling future drug discovery efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabella, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangipuram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dexheimer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitelpunkt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLachlan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dage, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.366617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Platform Validation of Neurotransmitter Release Impairments in Schizophrenia Patient-Derived NRXN1-Mutant Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human brain organoids reveal accelerated development of cortical neuron classes as a shared feature of autism risk genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with hundreds of genes spanning a wide range of biological functions. The phenotypic alterations in the human brain resulting from mutations in ASD risk genes remain unclear, and the level at which these alterations converge on shared disease pathology is poorly understood. Here, we leveraged reproducible organoid models of the human cerebral cortex to identify cell type-specific developmental abnormalities associated with haploinsufficiency in three ASD risk genes, SUV420H1 (KMT5B), PTEN, and CHD8. We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of over 400,000 cells, and proteomic analysis on individual organoids sampled at different developmental stages to investigate phenotypic convergence among these genes. We find that within a defined period of early cortical development, each of the three mutations demonstrates accelerated development of cortical neurons. Notably, they do so by affecting different neuronal populations: excitatory deep layer (SUV420H1) and callosal (PTEN) neurons, and inhibitory interneurons (CHD8). This work shows that haploinsufficiency in ASD risk genes converge on early developmental defects in the generation of neurons of the cortical microcircuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedaigle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadrato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiconis, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzquiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsafou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlotta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.376509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human brain organoids reveal accelerated development of cortical neuron classes as a shared feature of autism risk genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spaceflight Affects Neuronal Morphology and Alters Transcellular Degradation of Neuronal Debris in Adult Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.377143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extended space travel, such as crewed missions to Mars and beyond, is a goal for both government space agencies and private companies. Research over the past decades, however, has shown that spaceflight poses risks to human health, including negative effects on musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Details regarding effects on the nervous system have been less well described. The use of animal models holds great potential to identify and dissect conserved mechanisms of neuronal response to spaceflight. Here, we exploited the unique experimental advantages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to explore how spaceflight affects adult neurons in vivo, at the single-cell level. We found that animals that lived 5 days of their adult life on the International Space Station exhibited considerable dendritic remodeling of the highly branched PVD neuron and modest morphological changes in touch receptor neurons when compared to ground control animals. Our results indicate hyperbranching as a common response of adult neurons to spaceflight. We also found that, in the presence of a neuronal proteotoxic stress, spaceflight promotes a remarkable accumulation of neuronal-derived waste in the surrounding tissues (especially hypodermis), suggesting an impaired transcellular degradation of debris that is released from neurons. Overall, our data reveal that spaceflight can significantly affect adult neuronal morphology and clearance of neuronal trash, highlighting the need to carefully assess the risks of long-duration spaceflight on the nervous system and to develop countermeasures to protect human health during space exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laranjeiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harinath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deane, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanapalli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etheridge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szewczyk, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.377143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spaceflight Affects Neuronal Morphology and Alters Transcellular Degradation of Neuronal Debris in Adult Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of CDC50A function drives Aβ/p3 production via increased β/α-secretase processing of APP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.379636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) undergoes extensive proteolytic processing to produce several biologically active metabolites which affect Alzheimers disease (AD) pathogenesis. Sequential cleavage of APP by {beta}- and {gamma}-secretases results in A{beta}, while cleavage by - and {gamma}-secretases produces the smaller p3 peptide. Here we report that in cells in which the P4-ATPase flippase subunit CDC50A has been knocked out, large increases in the products of {beta}- and -secretase cleavage of APP (sAPP{beta}/{beta}CTF and sAPP/CTF, respectively) and the downstream metabolites A{beta} and p3 are seen. These data indicate that APP cleavage by {beta}/-secretase are increased and suggest that phospholipid asymmetry plays an important role in APP metabolism and A{beta} production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.379636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of CDC50A function drives Aβ/p3 production via increased β/α-secretase processing of APP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.383802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of frontal bone development in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.383802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe molecular mechanisms initiating vertebrate cranial dermal bone formation is a conundrum in evolutionary and developmental biology. Decades of studies have determined the developmental processes of cranial dermal bones in various vertebrate species, finding possible inducers of dermal bone. However, the evolutionarily derived characters of current experimental model organisms hinder investigations of the ancestral and conserved mechanisms of vertebrate cranial dermal bone induction. Thus, investigating such mechanisms with animals diverging at evolutionarily crucial phylogenetic nodes is imperative.

ResultsWe investigated the cellular and molecular foundations of skull frontal bone formation in the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus, a basally branching actinopterygian. Whole-mount bone and cartilage stainings and hematoxylin-eosin section stainings revealed that mesenchymal cell condensations in the frontal bone of spotted gar develop in close association with the underlying cartilage. We also identified novel aspects of frontal bone formation: Upregulation of F-actin and plasma membrane in condensing cells, and extension of podia from osteoblasts to the frontal bone, which may be responsible for bone mineral transport.

ConclusionThis study highlights the process of frontal bone formation with dynamic architectural changes of mesenchymal cells in spotted gar, illuminating supposedly ancestral and likely conserved developmental mechanisms of skull bone formation among vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racicot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braasch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.383802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and molecular mechanisms of frontal bone development in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ChiS family DNA-binding domain contains a cryptic helix-turn-helix variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence specific DNA-binding domains (DBDs) are conserved in all domains of life. These proteins carry out a variety of cellular functions, and there are a number of distinct structural domains already described that allow for sequence-specific DNA binding, including the ubiquitous helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain. In the facultative pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the chitin sensor ChiS is a transcriptional regulator that is critical for the survival of this organism in its marine reservoir. We have recently shown that ChiS contains a cryptic DBD in its C-terminus. This domain is not homologous to any known DBD, but it is a conserved domain present in other bacterial proteins. Here, we present the crystal structure of the ChiS DBD at a resolution of 1.28 [A]. We find that the ChiS DBD contains an HTH domain that is structurally similar to those found in other DNA binding proteins, like the LacI repressor. However, one striking difference observed in the ChiS DBD is that the canonical tight "turn" of the HTH is replaced with an insertion containing a {beta}-sheet, a variant which we term the "helix-sheet-helix". Through systematic mutagenesis of all positively charged residues within the ChiS DBD, we show that residues within and proximal to the ChiS helix-sheet-helix are critical for DNA binding. Finally, through phylogenetic analyses we show that the ChiS DBD is found in diverse Proteobacterial proteins that exhibit distinct domain architectures. Together, these results suggest that the structure described here represents the prototypical member of the ChiS-family of DBDs.

ImportanceRegulating gene expression is essential in all domains of life. This process is commonly facilitated by the activity of DNA-binding transcription factors. There are diverse structural domains that allow proteins to bind to specific DNA sequences. The structural basis underlying how some proteins bind to DNA, however, remains unclear. Previously, we showed that in the major human pathogen Vibrio cholerae the transcription factor ChiS directly regulates gene expression through a cryptic DNA binding domain. This domain lacked homology to any known DNA-binding protein. In the current study, we determined the structure of the ChiS DNA binding domain (DBD) and find that the ChiS-family DBD is a cryptic variant of the ubiquitous helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain. We further demonstrate that this domain is conserved in diverse proteins that may represent a novel group of transcriptional regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klancher, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minasov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podicheti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusch, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalia, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satchell, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalia, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ChiS family DNA-binding domain contains a cryptic helix-turn-helix variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The polypyrimidine tract binding protein, PTBP1, regulates selenium homeostasis via the Selenoprotein P 3' untranslated region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selenoproteins contain the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec), which is incorporated at select UGA codons when a specialized hairpin sequence, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, is present in the 3 UTR. Aside from the SECIS, selenoprotein mRNA 3 UTRs are not conserved between different selenoproteins within a species. In contrast, the 3-UTR of a given selenoprotein is often conserved across species, which supports the hypothesis that cis-acting elements in the 3-UTR other than the SECIS exert post-transcriptional control on selenoprotein expression. In order to determine the function of one such SECIS context, we chose to focus on the plasma selenoprotein, SELENOP, which is required to maintain selenium homeostasis as a selenium transport protein that contains 10 Sec residues. It is unique in that its mRNA contains two SECIS elements in the context of a highly conserved 843-nucleotide 3 UTR. Here we have used RNA affinity chromatography and identified PTBP1 as the major RNA binding protein that specifically interacts with the sequence between the two SECIS elements. We then used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to delete two regions surrounding the first SECIS element. We found that these sequences are involved in regulating SELENOP mRNA and protein levels, which are inversely altered as a function of selenium concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shetty, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The polypyrimidine tract binding protein, PTBP1, regulates selenium homeostasis via the Selenoprotein P 3' untranslated region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep immune profiling reveals targetable mechanisms of immune evasion in checkpoint blockade-refractory glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is refractory to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CPI). We sought to determine to what extent this immune evasion is due to intrinsic properties of the tumor cells versus the specialized immune context of the brain, and if it can be reversed.

MethodsWe used CyTOF mass cytometry to compare the tumor immune microenvironments (TIME) of human tumors that are generally CPI-refractory (GBM and sarcoma) or CPI-responsive (renal cell carcinoma), as well as mouse models of GBM that are CPI-responsive (GL261) or CPI-refractory (SB28). We further compared SB28 tumors grown intracerebrally versus subcutaneously to determine how tumor site affects TIME and responsiveness to dual CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade. Informed by these data, we explored rational immunotherapeutic combinations.

ResultsCPI-sensitivity in human and mouse tumors was associated with increased T cells and dendritic cells, and fewer myeloid cells, in particular PD-L1+ tumor associated macrophages. The SB28 mouse model of GBM responded to CPI when grown subcutaneously but not intracerebrally, providing a system to explore mechanisms underlying CPI resistance in GBM. The response to CPI in the subcutaneous SB28 model required CD4 T cells and NK cells, but not CD8 T cells. Recombinant FLT3L expanded dendritic cells, improved antigen-specific T cell priming, and prolonged survival of mice with intracerebral SB28 tumors, but at the cost of increased Tregs. Targeting PD-L1 also prolonged survival, especially when combined with stereotactic radiation.

ConclusionsOur data suggest that a major obstacle for effective immunotherapy of GBM is the low antigenicity of the tumor cells coupled with poor antigen presentation in the brain, rather than intrinsic immunosuppressive properties of GBM tumor cells. Deep immune profiling identified dendritic cells and PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages as promising targetable cell populations, which was confirmed using therapeutic interventions in vivo.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/404939v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bdd0e4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dd335forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@157bfa6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e76151_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG In BriefIn mice and humans, tumors that were sensitive to checkpoint blockade had consistent immunological features. A mouse model of glioma that is refractory to checkpoint blockade was sensitized by increasing antigen presentation through a variety of approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonds, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rancan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stultz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHenry, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasholm, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuntova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genoud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>brown, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartling, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellstrom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.404939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep immune profiling reveals targetable mechanisms of immune evasion in checkpoint blockade-refractory glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.405720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are complex bridges that connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. However, they must remain dynamic in order to adapt to changing inputs. Here, we report that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key molecules in focal adhesion signaling at the synapse. In challenging mice with a battery of neurocognitive tasks, we first discover that BVR null (BVR-/-) mice exhibit profound deficits in learning and memory. We uncover that these deficits may be explained by a loss of focal adhesion signaling that is both transcriptionally and biochemically disrupted in BVR-/- hippocampi. We learn that BVR mediates focal adhesion signaling by physically bridging the initiatory kinases FAK/Pyk2 to the effector kinase Src. Activated Src normally promotes synaptic plasticity by phosphorylating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but FAK/Pyk2 are unable to bind and stimulate Src without BVR. Src itself is a molecular hub upon which many signaling pathways converge in order to stimulate NMDA neurotransmission, positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasavda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokhunts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snowman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacarys, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.405720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.410670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PipeMaster: inferring population divergence and demographic history with approximate Bayesian computation and supervised machine-learning in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.410670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding population divergence involves testing diversification scenarios and estimating historical parameters, such as divergence time, population size and migration rate. There is, however, an immense space of possible highly parameterized scenarios that are difsficult or impossible to solve analytically. To overcome this problem researchers have used alternative simulation-based approaches, such as approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and supervised machine learning (SML), to approximate posterior probabilities of hypotheses. In this study we demonstrate the utility of our newly developed R-package to simulate summary statistics to perform ABC and SML inferences. We compare the power of both ABC and SML methods and the influence of the number of loci in the accuracy of inferences; and we show three empirical examples: (i) the Mullers termite frog genomic data from Southamerica; (ii) the cottonmouth and (iii) and the copperhead snakes sanger data from Northamerica. We found that SML is more efficient than ABC. It is generally more accurate and needs fewer simulations to perform an inference. We found support for a divergence model without migration, with a recent bottleneck for one of the populations of the southamerican frog. For the cottonmouth we found support for divergence with migration and recent expansion and for the copperhead we found support for a model of divergence with migration and recent bottleneck. Interestingly, by using an SML method it was possible to achieve high accuracy in model selection even when several models were compared in a single inference. We also found a higher accuracy when inferring parameters with SML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gehara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzochinni, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbrink, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.410670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PipeMaster: inferring population divergence and demographic history with approximate Bayesian computation and supervised machine-learning in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Liver-Specific PGC1a Increases Susceptibility for Short-Term Diet-induced Weight Gain in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central integration of peripheral neural signals is one mechanism by which systemic energy homeostasis is regulated. Previous work described increased acute food intake following chemical reduction of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ATP levels, which was prevented by common hepatic branch vagotomy (HBV). However, possible offsite actions of the chemical compounds confound the precise role of liver energy metabolism. Herein, we used a liver-specific PGC1a heterozygous (LPGC1a) mouse model, with associated reductions in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and respiratory capacity, to assess the role of liver energy metabolism in systemic energy homeostasis. LPGC1a male mice have 70% greater high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced weight gain and 35% greater positive energy balance compared to wildtype (WT) (p<0.05). The greater energy balance was associated with altered feeding behavior and lower activity energy expenditure during HFHS in LPGC1a males. Importantly, no differences in HFHS-induced weight gain or energy metabolism was observed between female WT and LPGC1a mice. WT and LPGC1a mice underwent sham or HBV to assess whether vagal signaling was involved in HFHS-induced weight gain of male LPGC1a mice. HBV increased HFHS-induced weight gain (85%, p<0.05) in male WT, but not LPGC1a mice. As above, sham LPGC1a males gain 70% more weight during short-term HFHS feeding than sham WT (p<0.05). These data demonstrate a sexspecific role of reduced liver energy metabolism in acute diet-induced weight gain, and the need of more nuanced assessment of the role of vagal signaling in short-term diet-induced weight gain.

Key Points SummaryO_LIReduced liver PGC1a expression results in reduced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and respiratory capacity in male mice.
C_LIO_LIMale mice with reduced liver PGC1a expression (LPGC1a) demonstrate greater short-term high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced weight gain compared to wildtype.
C_LIO_LIGreater positive energy balance during HFHS feeding in male LPGC1a mice is associated with altered food intake patterns and reduced activity energy expenditure.
C_LIO_LIFemale LPGC1a mice do not have differences in short-term HFHS-induced body weight gain or energy metabolism compared to wildtype.
C_LIO_LIDisruption of vagal signaling through common hepatic branch vagotomy increases short-term HFHS-induced weight gain in male wildtype mice, but does not alter male LPGC1a weight gain.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noland, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponte, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montonye, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christianson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyfault, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Liver-Specific PGC1a Increases Susceptibility for Short-Term Diet-induced Weight Gain in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.409821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amilorides inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro by targeting RNA structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.409821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the likelihood of future coronavirus pandemics, has rendered our understanding of coronavirus biology more essential than ever. Small molecule chemical probes offer to both reveal novel aspects of virus replication and to serve as leads for antiviral therapeutic development. The RNA-biased amiloride scaffold was recently tuned to target a viral RNA structure critical for translation in enterovirus 71, ultimately uncovering a novel mechanism to modulate positive-sense RNA viral translation and replication. Analysis of CoV RNA genomes reveal many conserved RNA structures in the 5-UTR and proximal region critical for viral translation and replication, including several containing bulge-like secondary structures suitable for small molecule targeting. Following phylogenetic conservation analysis of this region, we screened an amiloride-based small molecule library against a less virulent human coronavirus, OC43, to identify lead ligands. Amilorides inhibited OC43 replication as seen in viral plaque assays. Select amilorides also potently inhibited replication competent SARS-CoV-2 as evident in the decreased levels of cell free virions in cell culture supernatants of treated cells. Reporter screens confirmed the importance of RNA structures in the 5-end of the viral genome for small molecule activity. Finally, NMR chemical shift perturbation studies of the first six stem loops of the 5-end revealed specific amiloride interactions with stem loops 4, 5a, and 6, all of which contain bulge like structures and were predicted to be strongly bound by the lead amilorides in retrospective docking studies. Taken together, the use of multiple orthogonal approaches allowed us to identify the first small molecules aimed at targeting RNA structures within the 5-UTR and proximal region of the CoV genome. These molecules will serve as chemical probes to further understand CoV RNA biology and can pave the way for the development of specific CoV RNA-targeted antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zafferani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Calderon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan-Chiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shema Mugisha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesselman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutluay, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargrove, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.409821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amilorides inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro by targeting RNA structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of Human BCCIP and Implications for Binding and Modification of Partner Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BCCIP was isolated based on its interactions with tumor suppressors BRCA2 and p21. Knockdown or knockout of BCCIP causes embryonic lethality in mice. BCCIP deficient cells exhibit impaired cell proliferation and chromosome instability. BCCIP also plays a key role in biogenesis of ribosome 60S subunits. BCCIP is conserved from yeast to humans, but it has no discernible sequence similarity to proteins of known structures. Here we report two crystal structures of an N-terminal truncated human BCCIP{beta}, consisting of residues 61-314. Structurally BCCIP is similar to GCN5-related acetyltransferases (GNATs) but contains different sequence motifs. Moreover, both acetyl-CoA and substrate-binding grooves are altered in BCCIP. A large 19-residue flap over the putative CoA binding site adopts either an open or closed conformation in BCCIP. The substrate binding groove is significantly reduced in size and is positively charged despite the acidic isoelectric point of BCCIP. BCCIP has potential binding sites for partner proteins and may have enzymatic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of Human BCCIP and Implications for Binding and Modification of Partner Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moderately Inducing Autophagy Reduces Tertiary Brain Injury After Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) have highlighted slowly progressive neurodegeneration whose mechanisms remain elusive, but if blocked, could considerably improve long-term neurological function. We previously established that the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF){beta}1 is highly elevated following HI and that delivering an antagonist for TGF{beta} receptor activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) - SB505124 - 3 days after injury in a rat model of moderate pre-term HI significantly preserved the structural integrity of the thalamus and hippocampus as well as neurological functions associated with those brain structures. To elucidate the mechanism whereby ALK5 inhibition reduces cell death, we assessed levels of autophagy markers in neurons and found that SB505124 increased numbers of autophagosomes and levels of lipidated LC3 (light chain 3), a key protein known to mediate autophagy. However, those studies did not determine whether 1) SB was acting directly on the CNS and 2) whether directly inducing autophagy could decrease cell death and improve outcome. Here we show that administering an ALK5 antagonist 3 days after HI reduced actively apoptotic cells by [~]90% when assessed one week after injury. Ex vivo studies using the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine confirmed that SB505124 enhanced autophagy flux in the injured hemisphere, with a significant accumulation of the autophagic proteins LC3 and p62 in SB505124 + chloroquine treated brain slices. We independently activated autophagy using the stimulatory peptide Tat-Beclin1 to determine if enhanced autophagy is directly responsible for improved outcomes. Administering Tat-Beclin1 starting 3 days after injury preserved the structural integrity of the hippocampus and thalamus with improved sensorimotor function. These data support the conclusion that intervening at this phase of injury represents a window of opportunity where stimulating autophagy is beneficial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeziorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrowolkski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moderately Inducing Autophagy Reduces Tertiary Brain Injury After Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation is disinhibited following traumatic brain injury in LIF heterozygous mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant problem that affects [~]500,000 children each year. As cell proliferation is disturbed by injury and is required for normal brain development, we investigated how a pediatric closed head injury (CHI) would affect the progenitors of the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we evaluated the contribution of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) using LIF-heterozygous mice (LIF Het), as LIF is an injury-induced cytokine, known to influence neurogenesis and gliogenesis. CHIs were performed on P20 LIF Het and WT mice. Ki-67 staining and stereology revealed that cell proliferation increased [~]250% in injured LIF Het mice compared to the 30% increase observed in injured WT mice at 48 h post CHI. Furthermore, Olig2+ cell proliferation increased in the SVZ and white matter of LIF Het injured mice at 48 h recovery. Using an 8-color flow cytometry panel, the proliferation of three distinct multipotential progenitors were greater in LIF Het injured mice compared to WT injured mice. Early oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation was 6-fold higher in LIF Het injured mice compared to WT injured mice. In vitro, addition of LIF decreased overall cell proliferation and OPC proliferation compared to controls. Addition of LIF to OPC cultures induced an increase of phospho-Akt after 20 minutes and an increase of phospho-S6RP at 20 and 40 minutes of exposure, suggesting that LIF stimulates the mammalian target of Rapamycin pathway. Altogether, our data provide new insights into the regulatory role of LIF in suppressing neural progenitor cell proliferation after a mild TBI.

Main PointsO_LIOPC proliferation is dis-inhibited in LIF haplodeficient mice.
C_LIO_LILIF directly inhibits glial progenitor cell proliferation.
C_LIO_LILIF stimulates the mTOR pathway.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frondelli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation is disinhibited following traumatic brain injury in LIF heterozygous mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient target cleavage by Type V Cas12a effector programmed with split CRISPR RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) directing target DNA cleavage by type V-A Cas12a nucleases consist of repeat-derived 5-scaffold moiety and 3-spacer moiety. We demonstrate that removal of most of the 20-nucleotide scaffold has only a slight effect on in vitro target DNA cleavage by Cas12a ortholog from Acidaminococcus sp (AsCas12a). In fact, residual cleavage was observed even in the presence of a 20-nucleotide crRNA spacer part only, while crRNAs split into two individual moieties (scaffold and spacer RNAs) catalyzed highly specific and efficient cleavage of target DNA. Our data also indicate that AsCas12a combined with split crRNA forms a stable complex with the target. These observations were also confirmed in lysates of human cells expressing AsCas12a. The ability of the AsCas12a nuclease to be programmed with split crRNAs opens new lines of inquiry into the mechanisms of target recognition and cleavage and will further facilitate genome editing techniques based on Cas12a nucleases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tkach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitchina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shebanov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekler, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulashchik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmanai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarassov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entelis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazunin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient target cleavage by Type V Cas12a effector programmed with split CRISPR RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three neurotransmitters regulate diverse inhibitory and excitatory Parvalbumin interneuron circuits in the dorsal horn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVINs) in the spinal dorsal horn are found primarily in laminae II inner and III. Inhibitory PVINs (iPVINs) play an important in segregating innocuous tactile input from pain-processing circuits, achieved through presynaptic inhibition of myelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors and postsynaptic inhibition of distinct spinal circuits. By comparison, relatively little is known of the role of excitatory PVINs (ePVINs) in sensory processing. Here we use neuroanatomical and optogenetic approaches to show that ePVINs comprise a larger proportion of the PVIN population than previously reported, and that both ePVIN and iPVIN populations form synaptic connections amongst (and between) themselves. We find that these cells contribute to neuronal networks that influence activity within several functionally distinct circuits, and that aberrant activity of ePVINs under pathological conditions contributes to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta Reyes, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callister, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three neurotransmitters regulate diverse inhibitory and excitatory Parvalbumin interneuron circuits in the dorsal horn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digging behavior discrimination test to probe burrowing and exploratory digging in male and female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digging behavior is often used to test motor function and repetitive behaviors in mice. Different digging paradigms have been developed for behaviors related to anxiety and compulsion in mouse lines generated to recapitulate genetic mutations leading to psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, the interpretation of these tests has been confounded by the difficulty of determining the motivation behind digging in mice. Digging is a naturalistic mouse behavior, that can be focused toward different goals, i.e. foraging for food, burrowing for shelter, burying objects, or even for recreation as has been shown for dogs, ferrets, and human children. However, the interpretation of results from current testing protocols assumes the motivation behind the behavior often concluding that increased digging is a repetitive or compulsive behavior. We asked whether providing a choice between different types of digging activities would increase sensitivity to assess digging motivation. Here, we present a test to distinguish between burrowing and exploratory digging in mice. We found that mice prefer burrowing when the option is available. When food restriction was used to promote a switch from burrowing to exploration, males readily switched from burrowing to digging outside, while females did not. In addition, when we tested a model of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder that had shown inconsistent results in the marble burying test, the Cc2d1a conditional knock-out mouse, we found greatly reduced burrowing only in males. Our findings indicate that digging is a nuanced motivated behavior and suggest that male and female rodents may perform it differently.

Significance StatementDigging behavior is commonly assessed in mice to study features of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological disorder. However, existing digging assays fail to discriminate between types of digging complicating data interpretation. Here we present a modified digging behavior discrimination task that can produce sensitive results in 30 minutes with easy to gather measures, making it accessible to wide variety of labs and experimental paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pond, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gural, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKissick, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digging behavior discrimination test to probe burrowing and exploratory digging in male and female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous thought and microstate activity modulation by social imitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social imitation increases well-being and closeness by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We propose that imitation impacts behavioural states in part by modulating post-imitation mind-wandering. The human mind wanders spontaneously and frequently, revisiting the past and imagining the future of self and of others. External and internal factors can influence wandering spontaneous thoughts, whose content predicts subsequent emotional states. In 43 young subjects, we find that imitating the arm movements of an actor alters the dynamics and the content of subsequent resting-state spontaneous thoughts. Imitation-sensitive features of spontaneous thoughts correlate with both behavioural states and salivary oxytocin levels. EEG microstate analysis reveals that global patterns of correlated neuronal activity predict imitation-induced changes in spontaneous thoughts. Thus, imitation can modulate ongoing activity in specific neural networks to change spontaneous thought patterns as a function of oxytocin levels, and to ultimately orchestrate behavioural states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomescu, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papasteri, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofonea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldasu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebets, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poalelungi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podina, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedelcea, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berceanu, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous thought and microstate activity modulation by social imitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.426852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOBEC3A drives acquired resistance to targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.426852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquired drug resistance to even the most effective anti-cancer targeted therapies remains an unsolved clinical problem. Although many drivers of acquired drug resistance have been identified1-6, the underlying molecular mechanisms shaping tumor evolution during treatment are incompletely understood. The extent to which therapy actively drives tumor evolution by promoting mutagenic processes7 or simply provides the selective pressure necessary for the outgrowth of drug-resistant clones8 remains an open question. Here, we report that lung cancer targeted therapies commonly used in the clinic induce the expression of cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A (A3A), leading to sustained mutagenesis in drug-tolerant cancer cells persisting during therapy. Induction of A3A facilitated the formation of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in cycling drug-treated cells, and fully resistant clones that evolved from drug-tolerant intermediates exhibited an elevated burden of chromosomal aberrations such as copy number alterations and structural variations. Preventing therapy-induced A3A mutagenesis either by gene deletion or RNAi-mediated suppression delayed the emergence of drug resistance. Finally, we observed accumulation of A3A mutations in lung cancer patients who developed drug resistance after treatment with sequential targeted therapies. These data suggest that induction of A3A mutagenesis in response to targeted therapy treatment may facilitate the development of acquired resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer. Thus, suppressing expression or enzymatic activity of A3A may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay acquired resistance to lung cancer targeted therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isozaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langenbucher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanzione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisco-Cabanos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalili, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timonina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Caraballo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archibald, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nangia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banwait, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequist, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowska, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruvka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hata, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.426852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOBEC3A drives acquired resistance to targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperoxia Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Forebrain Oligodendrocyte Progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) reside throughout the brain. They divide asymmetrically and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood. OPCs have been successfully isolated from rodents using several techniques including magnetic beads, immunopanning and exploiting differential centripetal adhesion. Whereas rat OPCs are relatively simple to propagate in vitro, it has been difficult to expand mouse OPCs. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of oxygen levels, growth factors and extracellular matrix components to produce a simple and reproducible method to prepare large numbers of nearly homogenous cultures of primary mouse OPCs from postnatal day 0-2 mouse telencephala. Using the McCarthy and de Vellis mechanical separation method OPCs were separated from mixed culture of glial cells. When the OPCs were plated onto fibronectin coated tissue culture plates in a biochemically defined medium that contained fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGFAA), and they were maintained in a standard tissue culture incubator, they proliferated very slowly. By contrast, mouse OPCs doubled approximately every 7 days when maintained in a 2% oxygen, nitrogen buffered environment. After 3 passages, greater than 99% of these OPCs were NG2+/PDGFR+. In medium containing only FGF-2, mouse OPCs progressed to late stage OPCs whereupon A2B5 expression decreased and O4 expression increased. When these cells were differentiated between passages 1 and 3, the majority of the OPCs differentiated into MBP+ mature oligodendrocytes However, cells that were repeatedly passaged beyond 4 passages progressed to a late O4+ OPC (even with mitogens present) and when differentiated by mitogen removal a minority of the OPCs differentiated into MBP+ cells. These studies reveal significant differences between mouse and rat OPCs and an inhibitory role for oxygen in mouse OPC proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLane, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperoxia Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Forebrain Oligodendrocyte Progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.428000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A2BAR signaling on intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.428000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular intestinal nematode parasites can cross the epithelial barrier potentially causing tissue damage and release of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may promote type 2 responses and host protective immunity. We investigated whether adenosine specifically binding the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) on epithelial cells played an important role in driving intestinal immunity. Specific blockade of epithelial cell A2BAR inhibited the host protective memory response to the enteric helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, including disruption of granuloma development at the host:parasite interface during the transient tissue dwelling larval stage. Memory T cell development was blocked during the primary response and transcriptional analyses revealed profound impairment of A2BAR signaling in epithelial cells and reduced type 2 markers by 24 hours after inoculation. Extracellular ATP was visualized by 24 hours after inoculation and shown in CD39 deficient mice to be critical for the adenosine production mediating initiation of type 2 immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Naccache, d. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>palma, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lemenze, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mishra, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eltzshig, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>robson, s. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Virgilio, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gause, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.428000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A2BAR signaling on intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGES: An auxin-inducible, GAL4-compatible, gene expression system for Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to control transgene expression, both spatially and temporally, is essential for studying model organisms. In Drosophila, spatial control is primarily provided by the GAL4/UAS system, whilst temporal control relies on a temperature-sensitive GAL80 (which inhibits GAL4) and drug-inducible systems. However, these are not ideal. Shifting temperature can impact on many physiological and behavioural traits, and the current drug-inducible systems are either leaky, toxic, incompatible with existing GAL4-driver lines, or do not generate effective levels of expression. Here we describe the Auxin-inducible Gene Expression System (AGES). AGES relies on the auxin-dependent degradation of a ubiquitously expressed GAL80, and therefore, is compatible with existing GAL4-driver lines. Water-soluble auxin is added to fly food at a low, non-lethal, concentration, which induces expression comparable to uninhibited GAL4 expression. The system works in both larvae and adults, providing a stringent, non-lethal, cost-effective, and convenient method for temporally controlling GAL4 activity in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClure, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying Sia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southall, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGES: An auxin-inducible, GAL4-compatible, gene expression system for Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glioblastoma remodeling of neural circuits in the human brain decreases survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas synaptically integrate into neural circuits. Prior work has demonstrated bidirectional interactions between neurons and glioma cells, with neuronal activity driving glioma growth and gliomas increasing neuronal excitability. In this study we wanted to know how glioma induced neuronal changes influence neural circuits underlying cognition and whether these interactions influence patient survival. We use intracranial brain recordings during lexical retrieval language tasks in awake humans in addition to site specific tumor tissue biopsies and cell biology experiments. We find that gliomas remodel functional neural circuitry such that task-relevant neural responses activate tumor-infiltrated cortex, beyond cortical excitation normally recruited in the healthy brain. Site-directed biopsies from functionally connected regions within the tumor are enriched for a glioblastoma subpopulation that exhibits a distinct synaptogenic and neuronotrophic phenotype. Tumor cells from functionally connected regions secrete the synaptogenic factor thrombospondin-1, which contributes to the differential neuron-glioma interactions observed in functionally connected tumor regions compared to tumor regions with less functional connectivity. The degree of functional connectivity between glioblastoma and the normal brain negatively impacts both patient survival and language task performance. These data demonstrate that high-grade gliomas functionally remodel neural circuits in the human brain, which both promotes tumor proliferation and impairs cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakaizada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aabedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudharshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egladyous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raleigh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervey-Jumper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glioblastoma remodeling of neural circuits in the human brain decreases survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Cell-Based and Cell-Cultured as Appropriate Common or Usual Names to Label Products Made from the Cells of Fish. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using an online experiment with a nationally representative sample of 1200 adult American consumers, two "common or usual names," "Cell-Based Seafood" and "Cell-Cultured Seafood," were assessed using five criteria. Displayed on packages of frozen Atlantic Salmon, the names were evaluated on their ability to differentiate the novel products from conventionally-produced fish, to identify their potential allergenicity, and after learning its meaning, to be seen by participants as an appropriate term for describing the process for creating the product. In addition, the names were evaluated as to whether they would be interpreted as disparaging of new or existing products, and whether they elicited reactions contrary to the assertion that the products are nutritious, healthy and safe. The results confirmed earlier research showing that "Cell-Based Seafood" slightly outperformed "Cell-Cultured Seafood" as a common or usual name. Labeling products with the term "Cell-Based Seafood" meets important regulatory criteria by enabling consumers to distinguish such products from conventional seafood products, and by indicating the presence of allergens. From a marketing perspective, "Cell-Based" is also viewed as an appropriate term for describing the process for producing the products, meeting the criteria for transparency. Consumers also had more positive reactions to "Cell-Based Seafood" and were slightly more inclined to want to taste and purchase "Cell-Based" products both before and after learning the meaning of "Cell-Based" and "Cell-Cultured." Therefore, "Cell-Based Seafood" should be adopted as the best common or usual name to label cell-based seafood products.

Practical ApplicationWidespread adoption and consistent use of a single "common or usual name" for "Cell-Based" seafood, meat, poultry and other products by the food industry, regulators, journalists, marketers, environmental, consumer, and animal rights advocates, and other key stakeholders would help shape public perceptions and understanding of this rapidly advancing technology and its products. This study confirms that "Cell-Based Seafood" is the best performing term to label seafood products made from the cells of fish. It meets relevant FDA regulatory requirements and slightly outperforms "Cell-Cultured Seafood" with regard to positive consumer perceptions, interest in tasting and likelihood of purchasing these novel products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallman, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallman, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Cell-Based and Cell-Cultured as Appropriate Common or Usual Names to Label Products Made from the Cells of Fish.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of transforming DNA uptake to the periplasm of Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We demonstrate here that the acquisition of DNAase resistance by transforming DNA, often assumed to indicate transport to the cytoplasm, actually reflects uptake to the periplasm, requiring a re-evaluation of conclusions about the roles of several proteins in transformation. The new evidence suggests that the transformation pilus is needed for DNA binding to the cell surface near the cell poles and for the initiation of uptake. The cellular distribution of the membrane-anchored ComEA of B. subtilis does not noticeably change during DNA uptake as does the unanchored ComEA of Vibrio and Neisseria. Instead, our evidence suggests that ComEA stabilizes the attachment of transforming DNA at localized regions in the periplasm and then mediates uptake, probably by a Brownian ratchet mechanism. Following that, the DNA is transferred to periplasmic portions of the channel protein ComEC, which plays a previously unsuspected role in uptake to the periplasm. We show that the transformation endonuclease NucA also facilitates uptake to the periplasm and that the previously demonstrated role of ComFA in the acquisition of DNAase resistance actually derives from the instability of ComGA when ComFA is deleted. These results prompt a new understanding of the early stages of DNA uptake for transformation.

IMPORTANCETransformation is a widely distributed mechanism of bacterial horizontal gene transfer that plays a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes and more generally in evolution. Although transformation was discovered nearly a century ago and most, if not all of the proteins required have been identified in several bacterial species, much remains poorly understood about the molecular mechanism of DNA uptake. This study uses epifluorescence microscopy to investigate the passage of labeled DNA into the compartment between the cell wall and the cell membrane of Bacillus subtilis, a necessary early step in transformation. The roles of individual proteins in this process are identified, and their modes of action are clarified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Santis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of transforming DNA uptake to the periplasm of Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3'-Sulfated Lewis A is a Biomarker for Metaplastic and Oncogenic Transformation of Several Gastrointestinal Epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionMultiple previous studies have shown the monoclonal antibody Das-1 (formerly called 7E12H12) specifically recognizes metaplastic and carcinomatous lesions in multiple organs of the gastrointestinal system (e.g. Barretts esophagus, intestinal-type metaplasia of the stomach, gastric adenocarcinoma, high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) as well as in other organs (bladder and lung carcinomas). Beyond being a useful biomarker in tissue, mAb Das-1 has recently proven to be more accurate than current paradigms for identifying cysts harboring advanced neoplasia. Though this antibody has been used extensively for clinical, basic science, and translational applications for decades, its epitope has remained elusive.

MethodsIn this study, we chemically deglycosylated a standard source of antigen, which resulted in near complete loss of the signal as measured by western blot analysis. The epitope recognized by mAb Das-1 was determined by affinity to a comprehensive glycan array and validated by inhibition of a direct ELISA.

ResultsThe epitope recognized by mAb Das-1 is 3-Sulfo-Lewis A (3-Sulfo-LeA). 3-Sulfo-LeA is broadly reexpressed across numerous GI epithelia and elsewhere only after metaplastic and carcinomatous transformation.

Discussion3-Sulfo-LeA is a clinically important antigen that can be detected both intracellularly in tissue using immunohistochemistry and extracellularly in cyst fluid and serum by ELISA. The results open new avenues for tumorigenic risk stratification of various gastrointestinal lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3'-Sulfated Lewis A is a Biomarker for Metaplastic and Oncogenic Transformation of Several Gastrointestinal Epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAAPER: model-based analysis of alternative polyadenylation using 3' end-linked reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.436343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotic genes harbor multiple cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs), leading to expression of alternative polyadenylation (APA) isoforms. APA regulation has been implicated in a diverse array of physiological and pathological conditions. While RNA sequencing tools that generate reads containing the PAS, named onSite reads, have been instrumental in identifying PASs, they have not been widely used. By contrast, a growing number of methods generate reads that are close to the PAS, named nearSite reads, including the 3 end counting strategy commonly used in single cell analysis. How these nearSite reads can be used for APA analysis, however, is poorly studied. Here, we present a computational method, named model-based analysis of alternative polyadenylation using 3 end-linked reads (MAAPER), to examine APA using nearSite reads. MAAPER uses a probabilistic model to predict PASs for nearSite reads with high accuracy and sensitivity, and examines different types of APA events, including those in 3UTRs and introns, with robust statistics. We show MAAPERs accuracy with data from both bulk and single cell RNA samples and its applicability in unpaired or paired experimental designs. Our result also highlights the importance of using well annotated PASs for nearSite read analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.21.436343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAAPER: model-based analysis of alternative polyadenylation using 3' end-linked reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF-1 in CD8 T cells separates GVHD from GVL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T Cell Factor-1, encoded by TCF-7, is a transcription factor that plays an essential role during T cell development and differentiation. In this manuscript we utilized a pre-clinical model provided evidence that TCF-7 is dispensable for the anti-tumor response, and that TCF-7 suppresses key transcriptional factors Eomes and T-bet and molecules responsible for peripheral CD8 T cell cytolytic function. We discovered that TCF-7 regulates NKG2D expression on naive and activated mouse CD8 T cells, and that peripheral CD8 T cells from TCF-7 cKO utilize NKG2D to clear tumor cells.

We also provide evidence that TCF-7 regulates key signaling molecules, including LCK, LAT, ITK, PLC-{gamma}1, P65, ERKI/II, and JAK/STATs required for peripheral CD8 T cell persistent function. Our data transcriptomic and protein data uncovered the mechanism of how TCF-7 impacting peripheral CD8 T cell inflammatory cytokine production, CD8 T cell activation, and apoptosis. Our pre-clinical model showed that CD8 T cells from TCF-7 cKO mice did not cause GVHD, but effectively cleared primary tumor cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mammadli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, I. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF-1 in CD8 T cells separates GVHD from GVL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for HCMV Pentamer recognition by antibodies and neuropilin 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.436804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes for multiple surface glycoproteins and glycoprotein complexes1, 2. One of these complexes, the HCMV Pentamer (gH, gL, UL128, UL130 and UL131), mediates tropism to both epithelial and endothelial cells by interacting with the cell surface receptor neuropilin 2 (NRP2)3, 4. Despite the critical nature of this interaction, the molecular determinants that govern NRP2 recognition remain unclear. Here we describe the cryo-EM structure of NRP2 bound to the HCMV Pentamer. The high-affinity interaction between these proteins is calcium-dependent and differs from the canonical C-terminal arginine (CendR) binding that NRP2 typically utilizes5, 6. The interaction is primarily mediated by NRP2 domains a2 and b2, which interact with UL128 and UL131. We also determine the structures of four human-derived neutralizing antibodies in complex with the HCMV Pentamer to define susceptible epitopes. The two most potent antibodies recognize a novel epitope yet do not compete with NRP2 binding. Collectively, these findings provide a structural basis for HCMV tropism and antibody-mediated neutralization, and serve as a guide for the development of HCMV treatments and vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaijyan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for HCMV Pentamer recognition by antibodies and neuropilin 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of prehistoric stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ~12,000 years before present (BP). Subsistence shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture are hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a simultaneous decline in physiological health as inferred from paleopathological analyses and stature reconstructions of skeletal remains. A key component of the health decline inference is that relatively shorter statures observed for early farmers may (at least partly) reflect higher childhood disease burdens and poorer nutrition. However, while such stresses can indeed result in growth stunting, height is also highly heritable, and substantial inter-individual variation in the height genetic component within a population is typical. Moreover, extensive migration and gene flow were characteristics of multiple agricultural transitions worldwide. Here, we consider both osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to comprehensively study the trajectory of human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared  predicted genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and  achieved adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements on a per-individual basis for n=160 ancient Europeans from sites spanning the Upper Paleolithic to the Iron Age (~38,000-2,400 BP). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of -4.47 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.016). The average osteological vs. expected stature then increased relative to the Neolithic over the Copper (+2.67 cm, P=0.052), Bronze (+3.33 cm, P=0.032), and Iron Ages (+3.95 cm, P=0.094). These results were partly attenuated when we accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation in our sample (which we note is partly duplicative with the individual polygenic score information). For example, in this secondary analysis Neolithic individuals were -3.48 cm shorter than expected on average relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.056). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of non-specific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hałuszko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furmanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselka, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veleminsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vercellotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Pena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero-Corral, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simalcsik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miliauskiene, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moiseyev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köhler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeverenyi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeniczey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoffmann, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domboroczki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virag, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Cramon-Taubadel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of prehistoric stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory specific to temporal features of sound is formed by cue-selective enhancements in temporal coding enabled by inhibition of an epigenetic regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent investigation of memory-related functions in the auditory system have capitalized on the use of memory-modulating molecules to probe the relationship between memory and its substrates in auditory system coding. For example, epigenetic mechanisms, which regulate gene expression necessary for memory consolidation, are powerful modulators of learning-induced neuroplasticity and long-term memory formation (LTM). Inhibition of the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) promotes LTM that is highly specific for spectral features of sound. The present work demonstrates for the first time that HDAC3 inhibition also enables memory for temporal features of sound. Rats trained in an amplitude modulation (AM) rate discrimination task and treated with a selective inhibitor of HDAC3 formed memory that was unusually specific to the AM rate paired with reward. Unusually sound-specific memory revealed behaviorally was associated with a signal-specific enhancement in temporal coding in the auditory system: stronger phase-locking that was specific to the rewarded AM rate was revealed in both the surface-recorded frequency following response (FFR) and auditory cortical multiunit activity in rats treated with the HDAC3-inhibitor. Furthermore, HDAC3inhibition increased trial-to-trial cortical response consistency (relative to naive and trained vehicle-treated rats) that generalized across different AM rates. Stronger signal-specific phase-locking correlated with individual behavioral differences in memory specificity for the AM signal. Together, these findings support that epigenetic mechanisms regulate activity-dependent processes that enhance discriminability of sensory cues encoded into LTM in both spectral and temporal domains, which may be important for remembering spectrotemporal features of sounds, e.g., as in human voices and speech.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEpigenetic mechanisms have recently been implicated in memory and information processing. Here, we use a pharmacological inhibitor of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in a sensory model of learning to reveal, for the first time, its ability to enable unusually precise memory for amplitude modulated sound cues. In so doing, we uncover neural substrates for memorys "specificity" for temporal sound cues. Memory specificity was supported by auditory cortical changes in temporal coding, including greater response consistency and stronger phase-locking. HDAC3 appears to regulate effects across domains that determine specific cue saliency for behavior. Thus, epigenetic players may gate how sensory information is stored in long-term memory and can be leveraged to reveal the neural substrates of sensory details stored in memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotondo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory specific to temporal features of sound is formed by cue-selective enhancements in temporal coding enabled by inhibition of an epigenetic regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-Term Persistence of Plasmids Targeted by CRISPR Interference in Bacterial Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems provide prokaryotes with an RNA-guided defense against foreign mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids and viruses. A common mechanism by which MGEs avoid interference by CRISPR consists of acquisition of escape mutations in regions targeted by CRISPR. Here, using microbiological, live microscopy, and microfluidics analyses we demonstrated that plasmids can persist in Escherichia coli cells at conditions of continuous targeting by the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system without acquiring any genetic alterations. We used mathematical modeling to show how plasmid persistence in a subpopulation of cells mounting CRISPR interference is achieved due to the stochastic nature of CRISPR interference and plasmid replication events. We hypothesize that the observed complex dynamics provides bacterial populations with long-term benefits due to the presence of mobile genetic elements in some cells, leading to diversification of phenotypes in the entire community and allowing rapid changes in the population structure to meet the demands of a changing environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mamontov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukatin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staroverov, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukyanov, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ispolatov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-Term Persistence of Plasmids Targeted by CRISPR Interference in Bacterial Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein RBP42 regulates cellular energy metabolism in mammalian-infective Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins are key players in coordinated post-transcriptional regulation of functionally related genes, defined as RNA regulons. RNA regulons play particularly critical roles in parasitic trypanosomes, which exhibit unregulated co-transcription of long arrays of unrelated genes. In this report, we present a systematic analysis of an essential RNA-binding protein, RBP42, in the mammalian-infective slender bloodstream form of African trypanosome, and we show that RBP42 is a key regulator of parasites central carbon and energy metabolism. Using individual-nucleotide resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) to identify genome-wide RBP42-RNA interactions, we show that RBP42 preferentially binds within the coding region of mRNAs encoding core metabolic enzymes. Using global quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we also show that loss of RBP42 reduces the abundance of target mRNA-encoded proteins, but not target mRNA, suggesting a plausible role of RBP42 as a positive regulator of target mRNA translation. Analysis reveals significant changes in central carbon metabolic intermediates following loss of RBP42, further supporting its critical role in cellular energy metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-binding protein RBP42 regulates cellular energy metabolism in mammalian-infective Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative molecular and clinical profiling of acral melanoma identifies LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acral melanoma, the most common melanoma subtype among non-Caucasian individuals, is associated with poor prognosis. However, its key molecular drivers remain obscure. Here, we performed integrative genomic and clinical profiling of acral melanomas from a cohort of 104 patients treated in North America or China. We found that recurrent, late-arising amplifications of cytoband chr22q11.21 are a leading determinant of inferior survival, strongly associated with metastasis, and linked to downregulation of immunomodulatory genes associated with response to immune checkpoint blockade. Unexpectedly, LZTR1 - a known tumor suppressor in other cancers - is a key candidate oncogene in this cytoband. Silencing of LZTR1 in melanoma cell lines caused apoptotic cell death independent of major hotspot mutations or melanoma subtypes. Conversely, overexpression of LZTR1 in normal human melanocytes initiated processes associated with metastasis, including anchorage-independent growth, formation of spheroids, and increased levels of MAPK and SRC activities. Our results provide new insights into the etiology of acral melanoma and implicate LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farshidfar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levovitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchiocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhrissorrakrai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sznol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halaban, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative molecular and clinical profiling of acral melanoma identifies LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust IgM responses following vaccination are associated with prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine has suffered from an incomplete understanding of the correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, recent work has shown that compared to standard intradermal Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, intravenous (IV) BCG vaccination provides nearly complete protection against TB in rhesus macaques. While studies have focused on cellular immunity in this setting, the antibody response elicited by IV BCG vaccination remains incompletely defined. Using an agnostic antibody profiling approach, here we show that IV BCG drives superior antibody responses in the plasma and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). While IV BCG immunization resulted in the expansion of a robust IgM, IgG, IgA, Fc-receptor binding antibodies, and antibody effector functions in the BAL, IgM titers were among the strongest markers of reduced bacterial burden in the plasma and BAL of BCG immunized animals. Moreover, IgM immunity was also enriched among animals receiving protective vaccination with an attenuated Mtb strain. Finally, a LAM-specific IgM monoclonal antibody reduced Mtb survival in vitro. Collectively, these data highlight the potential importance of IgM responses as a marker and as a functional mediator of protection against TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrah, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honnen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gideon, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust IgM responses following vaccination are associated with prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-specific epigenetic marks in Trypanosoma brucei transcription termination, antigenic variation, and proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Trypanosoma brucei, genes assemble into polycistronic transcription units (PTUs). Transcription termination sites (TTSs) hold deposition sites for three non-essential chromatin factors, histone variants (H3v and H4v) and a DNA modification (base J, a hydroxyl-glucosyl dT). Here, I found that H4v is a major sign for transcription termination at TTSs and readthrough transcription machineries progress until they encounter the next bidirectional transcription start site. While having a secondary function at TTSs, H3v is important for monoallelic transcription of telomeric antigen genes. The simultaneous absence of both histone variants leads to proliferation and replication defects, which are exacerbated by the J deficiency, accompanied by accumulation of sub-G1 population. Base J likely contributes to DNA replication and cell-cycle control. I propose that the coordinated actions of H3v, H4v and J function in concert for cellular fate determination and provide compensatory mechanisms for each other in chromatin organization, transcription, and replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-specific epigenetic marks in Trypanosoma brucei transcription termination, antigenic variation, and proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Activity-Dependent Scaling of Synaptic Inhibition and Parvalbumin Interneuron Recruitment in Dentate Projection Neuron Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strong inhibitory synaptic gating of dentate gyrus granule cells (GCs), attributed largely to fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs), is essential to maintain sparse network activity needed for dentate dependent behaviors. However, the contribution of PV-INs to basal and input driven sustained synaptic inhibition in GCs and semilunar granule cells (SGCs), a sparse morphologically distinct dentate projection neuron subtype are currently unknown. In studies conducted in hippocampal slices from mice, we find that although basal inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) are more frequent in SGCs and optical activation of PV-INs elicited IPSCs in both GCs and SGCs, optical suppression of PV-INs failed to reduce IPSC frequency in either cell type. Amplitude and kinetics of IPSCs evoked by perforant path activation were not different between GCs and SGCs. However, the robust increase in sustained polysynaptic IPSCs elicited by paired afferent stimulation was lower in SGCs than in simultaneously recorded GCs. Optical suppression of PV-IN selectively reduced sustained IPSCs in SGCs but not in GCs. These results demonstrate that PV-INs, while contributing minimally to basal synaptic inhibition in both GCs and SGCs in slices, mediate sustained feedback inhibition selectively in SGCs. The temporally selective blunting of activity-driven sustained inhibitory gating of SGCs could support their preferential and persistent recruitment during behavioral tasks.

Significance StatementOur study identifies that feedback inhibitory regulation of dentate semilunar granule cells, a sparse and functionally distinct class of projection neurons, differs from that of the classical projection neurons, granule cells. Notably, we demonstrate relatively lower activity dependent increase in sustained feedback inhibitory synaptic inputs to semilunar granule cells when compared to granule cells which would facilitate their persistent activity and preferential recruitment as part of memory ensembles. Since dentate granule cell activity levels during memory processing are heavily shaped by basal and feedback inhibition, the fundamental differences in basal and evoked sustained inhibition between semilunar granule cells and granule cells characterized here provide a framework to reorganize current understanding of the dentate circuit processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afrasiabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUPTA, A. -</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swietek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Activity-Dependent Scaling of Synaptic Inhibition and Parvalbumin Interneuron Recruitment in Dentate Projection Neuron Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Preoptic Area Neurons Signal Cocaine Self-Administration Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral preoptic area is implicated in numerous aspects of substance use disorder. In particular, the lateral preoptic area is highly sensitive to the pharmacological properties of psychomotor stimulants, and its activity promotes drug-seeking in the face of punishment and reinstatement during abstinence. Despite the lateral preoptic areas complicity in substance use disorder, how precisely lateral preoptic area neurons encode the individual components of drug self-administration has not been ascertained. To bridge this gap, we examined how the firing of single lateral preoptic area neurons correlates with three discrete elements of cocaine self-administration: 1) drug-seeking (pre-response), 2) drug-taking (response), and 3) receipt of the cocaine infusion. A significant subset of lateral preoptic area neurons responded to each component with a mix of increases and decreases in firing-rate. A majority of these neurons encoded the operant response with increases in spiking, though responses during the drug-seeking, taking, and reciept windows were highly correlated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coffey, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Preoptic Area Neurons Signal Cocaine Self-Administration Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential delay and probability discounting tasks in mice reveal anchoring effects partially attributable to decision noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delay discounting and probability discounting decision making tasks in rodent models have high translational potential. However, it is unclear whether the discounted value of the large reward option is the main contributor to variability in animals choices in either task, which may limit translatability to human discounting data. Male and female mice underwent sessions of delay and probability discounting in sequence to assess how choice behavior adapts over experience with each task. To control for "anchoring" (persistent choices based on the initial delay or probability), mice experienced "Worsening" schedules where the large reward was offered under initially favorable delay or probability conditions that became less favorable during testing, followed by "Improving" schedules where the large reward was offered under initially unfavorable conditions that improved over a session. During delay discounting, both male and female mice showed elimination of anchoring effects over training. In probability discounting, both sexes of mice continued to show some anchoring even after months of training. One possibility is that noisy action selection could contribute to these anchoring effects, rather than persistent fluctuations in value discounting. We fit choice behavior in individual animals using models that included both a value-based discounting parameter and a decision noise parameter that captured variability in choices deviating from value maximization. Changes in anchoring behavior over time were tracked by changes in our decision noise parameter, not the value parameter. Thus, changes in discounting behavior in mice can result from changes in exploration of the environment rather than changes in reward valuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry-Pochy, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grissom, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential delay and probability discounting tasks in mice reveal anchoring effects partially attributable to decision noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)-based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of Tfh cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell-B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, non-canonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both Tfh-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 as well as influenza A virus. Tfh-independent responses were mediated by a population we call lymph node (LN)-Th1 cells, which remain in the LN and interact with B cells outside of GCs to promote high-affinity but broad-spectrum antibodies. Strikingly, antibodies generated in the presence and absence of Tfh cells displayed similar neutralization potency against homologous SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.351 variant of concern. These data support a new paradigm for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GCs and even compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.

One-Sentence SummaryComplementary pathways of antibody production mediate neutralizing responses to SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozekowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowthaman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species metabolomic analysis of DDT and Alzheimer's disease-associated tau toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe formation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein tangles in neurons is a pathological marker of Alzheimers disease (AD). Exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been associated with increased risk of AD.

ObjectivesTo determine if there was a connection between DDT exposure and tau toxicity we investigated whether exposure to DDT can exacerbate tau protein toxicity in C. elegans. In addition, we examined the association between p-tau protein and metabolism in a human population study and in a transgenic C. elegans strain neuronally expressing a mutant tau protein fragment that is prone to aggregation.

MethodsIn the human population study, we used a metabolome-wide association framework to determine the association between p-tau measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and metabolomic features measured in both plasma (n = 142) and CSF (n = 78) using high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). Using the same HRM method, we determined changes in metabolomic features in the transgenic C. elegans strain compared to its control strain. Metabolites associated with p-tau in both species were analyzed for overlap. We also examined the effect of DDT and aggregating tau protein on growth, swim behavior, mitochondrial function, metabolism, learning, and lifespan in C. elegans.

ResultsPlasma and CSF-derived features associated with p-tau level were related to drug, amino acid, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism pathways. Five metabolites overlapped between plasma and C. elegans, and 4 between CSF and C. elegans. DDT exacerbated the inhibitory effect of aggregating tau protein on growth and basal respiration. In the presence of aggregating tau protein, DDT induced more curling and was associated with reduced levels of amino acids but increased levels of uric acid and adenosylselenohomocysteine. Developmental exposure to DDT blunted the lifespan reduction caused by aggregating tau protein.

ConclusionThe model organism C. elegans can complement human studies by providing a means to study mechanisms of environmental toxicants. Specifically, our C. elegans data show that DDT exposure and tau protein aggregation both inhibit mitochondrial function and DDT exposure can exacerbate the mitochondrial inhibitory effects of tau protein aggregation providing a plausible explanation for the observed human associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedzwiecki, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates Fuentes, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species metabolomic analysis of DDT and Alzheimer's disease-associated tau toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of novel competitive inhibitors of P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is an enticing anti-malarial drug target. Structurally novel isoxazole-based compounds were shown to be ATP competitive inhibitors of PfPKG. Isoxazoles 3 and 5 had Ki values of 0.7 {+/-} 0.2 and 2.3 {+/-} 0.9 nM, respectively, that are comparable to a known standard, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine (1.4 {+/-} 0.5 nM). They also exhibited excellent selectivity for PfPKG over the human ortholog and the gatekeeper mutant T618Q PfPKG, which mimics the less accessible binding site of the human ortholog. The human orthologs larger binding site volume was predicted to explain the selectivity of the inhibitors for the P. falciparum enzyme. Analogs 4 and 6 were at least 20-fold less potent compared to 3 and 5, suggesting that removing the carbonyl group in 3 or altering the diethylamino moiety in 5 reduced affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laureano de Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bheemanoboina, R. R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrasali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siekierka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotella, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodey, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of novel competitive inhibitors of P. falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting a reference cranberry genome to a crop wild relative provides insights into adaptation, domestication, and breeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a member of the Heath family (Ericaceae) and is a temperate low-growing woody perennial native to North America that is both economically important and has significant health benefits. While some native varieties are still grown today, breeding programs over the past 50 years have made significant contributions to improving disease resistance, fruit quality and yield. An initial genome sequence of an inbred line of the wild selection  Ben Lear, which is parent to multiple breeding programs, provided insight into the gene repertoire as well as a platform for molecular breeding. Recent breeding efforts have focused on leveraging the circumboreal V. oxycoccos, which forms interspecific hybrids with V. macrocarpon, offering to bring in novel fruit chemistry and other desirable traits. Here we present an updated, chromosome-resolved V. macrocarpon reference genome, and compare it to a high-quality draft genome of V. oxycoccos. Leveraging the chromosome resolved cranberry reference genome, we confirmed that the Ericaceae has undergone two whole genome duplications that are shared with blueberry and rhododendron. Leveraging resequencing data for  Ben Lear inbred lines, as well as several wild and elite selections, we identified common regions that are targets of improvement. These same syntenic regions in V. oxycoccos, were identified and represent environmental response and plant architecture genes. These data provide insight into early genomic selection in the domestication of a native North American berry crop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawash, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorsa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>polashock, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting a reference cranberry genome to a crop wild relative provides insights into adaptation, domestication, and breeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyp26b1 restrains murine heart valve growth during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells (ECs) are critical to proper heart valve development, directly contributing to the mesenchyme of the cardiac cushions, which progressively transform into mature valves. To date, investigators have lacked useful markers of valve ECs to fully evaluate their contributions during valve morphogenesis. As a result, it has been unclear whether the well-characterized regional differentiation of valves correlates with any endothelial domains in the heart. Furthermore, it has been difficult to ascertain whether endothelial heterogeneity in the heart influences underlying mesenchymal zones in an angiocrine manner. To identify regionally expressed EC genes in the heart valves, we screened publicly available databases and assembled a toolkit of endothelial-enriched genes. We identified Cyp26b1 as one of many endothelial enriched genes found to be expressed in the endocardium of the developing cushions and valves. Here, we show that Cyp26b1 is required for normal heart valve development. Genetic ablation of Cyp26b1 in mouse embryos leads to abnormally thickened aortic valve leaflets, which is due in part to increased endothelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation in the remodeling valves. In addition, Cyp26b1 mutant hearts display ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in a portion of null embryos. We show that loss of Cyp26b1 results in upregulation of retinoic acid (RA) target genes, supporting the observation that Cyp26b1 has RA-dependent roles. Together, this work identifies a novel role for Cyp26b1 in heart valve morphogenesis. Understanding the spatiotemporal expression dynamics of cardiac EC genes will likely prove useful to the investigation of both normal as well as dysfunctional heart valve development.

HIGHLIGHTS{middle dot} A mouse heart valve gene expression atlas can be generated with publicly available online tools, such as Genepaint and other gene expression databases.
{middle dot} Endothelium of developing mouse heart valves is regionally heterogeneous.
{middle dot} Cyp26b1 is expressed in the endocardial/endothelial lining of developing heart valves.
{middle dot} Loss of Cyp26b1 leads to significant enlargement of aortic valves and to ventricular septal defects.
{middle dot} Cyp26b1 represses cell proliferation in valve mesenchyme.
{middle dot} Retinoic acid targets are upregulated in Cyp26b1-/- heart valves, indicating dysregulation of RA metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltabildle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajasekhar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleaver, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.450958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyp26b1 restrains murine heart valve growth during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to its predecessors, the Telomere-to-Telomere CHM13 genome adds nearly 200 Mbp of sequence, corrects thousands of structural errors, and unlocks the most complex regions of the human genome to clinical and functional study. Here we demonstrate how the new reference universally improves read mapping and variant calling for 3,202 and 17 globally diverse samples sequenced with short and long reads, respectively. We identify hundreds of thousands of novel variants per sample--a new frontier for evolutionary and biomedical discovery. Simultaneously, the new reference eliminates tens of thousands of spurious variants per sample, including up to 12-fold reduction of false positives in 269 medically relevant genes. The vast improvement in variant discovery coupled with population and functional genomic resources position T2T-CHM13 to replace GRCh38 as the prevailing reference for human genetics.

One Sentence SummaryThe T2T-CHM13 reference genome universally improves the analysis of human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdeyev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonists targeting eEF2 kinase rescue multiple aspects of pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease model mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is imperative to develop novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimers disease (AD) and related dementia syndromes based on solid mechanistic studies. Maintenance of memory and synaptic plasticity relies on de novo protein synthesis, which is partially regulated by phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) via its kinase eEF2K. Abnormally increased eEF2 phosphorylation and impaired mRNA translation have been linked to AD. We recently reported that prenatal genetic suppression of eEF2K is able to prevent aging-related cognitive deficits in AD model mice, suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting eEF2K/eEF2 signaling in AD. Here, we tested two structurally distinct small-molecule eEF2K inhibitors in two different lines of AD model mice after onset of cognitive impairments. Our data revealed that treatment with eEF2K inhibitors improved AD-associated synaptic plasticity impairments and cognitive dysfunction, without altering brain amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) and tau pathology. Furthermore, eEF2K inhibition alleviated AD-associated defects in dendritic spine morphology, postsynaptic density formation, protein synthesis, and dendritic polyribosome assembly. Our results may offer critical therapeutic implications for AD, and the proof-of-principle study indicates translational implication of inhibiting eEF2K for AD and related dementia syndromes.

One Sentence SummaryTreatment with eEF2K inhibitors and genetic eEF2K knockout improved cognitive deficits in Alzheimers disease model mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasica, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscielniak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryazanov, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furdui, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonists targeting eEF2 kinase rescue multiple aspects of pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease model mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transmissible γδ intraepithelial lymphocyte hyperproliferative phenotype is associated with the intestinal microbiota and confers protection against acute infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the {gamma}{delta} T cell receptor ({gamma}{delta} IELs) serve as a first line of defense against luminal microbes. Although the presence of an intact microbiota is dispensable for {gamma}{delta} IEL development, several microbial factors contribute to the maintenance of this sentinel population. However, whether specific commensals influence population of the {gamma}{delta} IEL compartment under homeostatic conditions has yet to be determined. We identified a novel {gamma}{delta} IEL hyperproliferative phenotype that arises early in life and is characterized by expansion of multiple V{gamma} subsets. Horizontal transfer of this hyperproliferative phenotype to mice harboring a phenotypically normal {gamma}{delta} IEL compartment was prevented following antibiotic treatment, thus demonstrating that the microbiota is both necessary and sufficient for the observed increase in {gamma}{delta} IELs. Further, we identified a group of unique gut bacteria represented by 5 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) which are strongly associated with {gamma}{delta} IEL expansion. Using intravital microscopy, we find that hyperproliferative {gamma}{delta} IELs also exhibit increased migratory behavior leading to enhanced protection against bacterial infection. These findings reveal that transfer of a specific group of commensals can regulate {gamma}{delta} IEL homeostasis and immune surveillance, which may provide a novel means to reinforce the epithelial barrier.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelblum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transmissible γδ intraepithelial lymphocyte hyperproliferative phenotype is associated with the intestinal microbiota and confers protection against acute infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Data-Dependent Acquisition Ladder for Ultrasensitive (Neuro)Proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measurement of broad types of proteins from a small number of cells to single cells would help to better understand the nervous system but requires significant leaps in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) sensitivity. Microanalytical capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) offers a path to ultrasensitive proteomics by integrating scalability with sensitivity. We report here a data acquisition strategy that expands the detectable and quantifiable proteome in trace amounts of digests using CE-ESI-HRMS. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) was programmed to progressively exclude high-intensity peptide signals during repeated measurements. These nested experiments formed rungs of our "DDA ladder." The method was tested for replicates analyzing ~500 pg of protein digest from cultured hippocampal (primary) neurons (mouse), which estimates to the total amount of protein from a single neuron. Analysis of net amounts approximating to ~10 neurons identified 428 nonredundant proteins (415 quantified), an ~35% increase over traditional DDA. The identified proteins were enriched in neuronal marker genes and molecular pathways of neurobiological importance. The DDA ladder deepens the detectable proteome from trace amounts of proteins, expanding the analytical toolbox of neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-LLancao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Data-Dependent Acquisition Ladder for Ultrasensitive (Neuro)Proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mebipred: identifying metal-binding potential in protein sequences. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metal-binding proteins have a central role in maintaining life processes. Nearly one-third of known protein structures contain metal ions that are used for a variety of needs, such as catalysis, DNA/RNA binding, protein structure stability, etc. Identifying metal-binding proteins is thus crucial for understanding the mechanisms of cellular activity. However, experimental annotation of protein metal-binding potential is severely lacking, while computational techniques are often imprecise and of limited applicability.

We developed a novel machine learning-based method, mebipred, for identifying metal-binding proteins from sequence-derived features. This method is nearly 90% accurate in recognizing proteins that bind metal ions and ion containing ligands. Moreover, the identity of ten ubiquitously present metal ions and ion-containing ligands can be annotated. mebipred is reference-free, i.e. no sequence alignments are involved, and outperforms other prediction methods, both in speed and accuracy. mebipred can also identify protein metal-binding capabilities from short sequence stretches and, thus, may be useful for the annotation of metagenomic samples metal requirements inferred from translated sequencing reads. We performed an analysis of microbiome data and found that ocean, hot spring sediments and soil microbiomes use a more diverse set of metals than human host-related ones. For human-hosted microbiomes, physiological conditions explain the observed metal preferences. Similarly, subtle changes in ocean sample ion concentration affect the abundance of relevant metal-binding proteins. These results are highlight mebipreds utility in analyzing microbiome metal requirements.

mebipred is available as a web server at services.bromberglab.org/mebipred and as a standalone package at https://pypi.org/project/mymetal/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aptekmann, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buongiorno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glamoclija, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreiro, D. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mebipred: identifying metal-binding potential in protein sequences.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term effects of moderate concussive brain injury during adolescence on synaptic and tonic GABA currents in dentate projection neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progressive physiological changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus circuits following traumatic brain injury contribute to temporal evolution of neurological sequelae. Although early posttraumatic changes in dentate synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA currents have been reported, whether they evolve over time and remain distinct between the two projection neuron classes, granule cells and semilunar granule cells, has not been evaluated. We examined changes in tonic GABA currents and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and in dentate projection neurons one and three month after moderate concussive fluid percussion injury (FPI) in adolescent rats. Granule cell tonic GABA current amplitude remained elevated up to one month after FPI, but decreased to levels comparable to age-matched controls by three months postinjury. Granule cell sIPSC frequency, which we previously reported to be increased one week after FPI, remained higher than in age-matched controls at one month and was significantly reduced three months after FPI. In contrast to the early decrease, tonic GABA current amplitude and sIPSC frequency in semilunar granule cell was not different from controls three months after FPI. The switch in granule cell inhibitory inputs from early increase to subsequent decrease could contribute to the delayed emergence of cognitive deficits and seizure susceptibility after brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GUPTA, A. -</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proddutur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgammal, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term effects of moderate concussive brain injury during adolescence on synaptic and tonic GABA currents in dentate projection neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Erg11 amino acid substitutions identified in Candida auris clade III isolates on triazole drug susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ERG11 sequencing of 28 Candida auris clade III isolates revealed the presence of concomitant V125A and F126L substitutions. Heterologous expression of Erg11-V125A/F126L in Saccharomyces cerevisiae led to reduced fluconazole and voriconazole susceptibilities. Generation of single substitution gene variants through site-directed mutagenesis uncovered that F126L primarily contributes to the elevated triazole MICs. A similar, yet diminished pattern of reduced susceptibility was observed with long-tailed triazoles posaconazole and itraconazole for V125A/F126L, F126L, Y132F, and K143R alleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikulski, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cancino-Prado, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govender, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlin, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordalewska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healey, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Erg11 amino acid substitutions identified in Candida auris clade III isolates on triazole drug susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal Inflammation Disturbs Secondary Germinal Zone Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis Producing Deficits in Sociability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that infections during pregnancy increase the risk of offspring developing Schizophrenia, Autism, Depression and Bipolar Disorder and have implicated interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a causal agent. However, other cytokines have been associated with psychiatric disorders; therefore, it remains to be established whether elevating IL-6 is sufficient to alter the trajectory of neural development. Furthermore, most rodent studies have manipulated the maternal immune system at mid-gestation, which affects the stem cells and progenitors in both the primary and secondary germinal matrices. Therefore, a question that remains to be addressed is whether elevating IL-6 when the secondary germinal matrices are most active will affect brain development. Here, we have increased IL-6 from postnatal days 3-6, when the secondary germinal matrices are rapidly expanding. Using Nestin-CreERT2 fate mapping we show that this transient increase in IL-6 decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, reduced astrogliogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala and decreased oligodendrogenesis in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum all by [~]50%. Moreover, the IL-6 treatment elicited behavioral changes classically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. As adults, IL-6 injected male mice lost social preference in the social approach test, spent [~]30% less time socially engaging with sexually receptive females and produced [~]50% fewer ultrasonic vocalizations during mating. They also engaged [~]50% more time in self-grooming behavior and had an increase in inhibitory avoidance. Altogether, these data provide new insights into the biological mechanisms linking perinatal immune activation to complex neurodevelopmental brain disorders.

Significance statementIn these studies, we doubled circulating IL-6 levels in mice from postnatal days 3-6 to test the hypothesis that this would be sufficient to disturb neural development. More specifically, we hypothesized that IL-6 would affect postnatal neural stem cell and progenitor expansion and specification. We show that this transient increase in IL-6 decreases the numbers of granule neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala and oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Importantly, this transient increase in IL-6 changes the sociability, communication and repetitive behaviors of the treated mice as adults, which are core symptoms pertinent to several neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velloso, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunal, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levison, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal Inflammation Disturbs Secondary Germinal Zone Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis Producing Deficits in Sociability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 causes centrosomal deficits via phosphorylated Rab10 and RILPL1 at centriolar subdistal appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Parkinsons disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that various LRRK2 risk variants and all currently described regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway converge upon causing centrosomal cohesion deficits. The cohesion deficits do not require the presence of RILPL2 or of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab protein to cause the centrosomal defects. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which alterations in the LRRK2 kinase activity impact upon centrosome-related events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanca Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 causes centrosomal deficits via phosphorylated Rab10 and RILPL1 at centriolar subdistal appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated drift of receptive fields during noisy representation learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term memories and learned behavior are conventionally associated with stable neuronal representations. However, recent experiments showed that neural population codes in many brain areas continuously change even when animals have fully learned and stably perform their tasks. This representational "drift" naturally leads to questions about its causes, dynamics, and functions. Here, we explore the hypothesis that neural representations optimize a representational objective with a degenerate solution space, and noisy synaptic updates drive the network to explore this (near-)optimal space causing representational drift. We illustrate this idea in simple, biologically plausible Hebbian/anti-Hebbian network models of representation learning, which optimize similarity matching objectives, and, when neural outputs are constrained to be nonnegative, learn localized receptive fields (RFs) that tile the stimulus manifold. We find that the drifting RFs of individual neurons can be characterized by a coordinated random walk, with the effective diffusion constants depending on various parameters such as learning rate, noise amplitude, and input statistics. Despite such drift, the representational similarity of population codes is stable over time. Our model recapitulates recent experimental observations in hippocampus and posterior parietal cortex, and makes testable predictions that can be probed in future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farashahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chklovskii, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehlevan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated drift of receptive fields during noisy representation learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template strand deoxyuridine promoter recognition by a viral RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage AR9 employs two strategies for efficient host takeover control and host antiviral defense evasion - it encodes two unique DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RNAPs) that function at different stages of virus morphogenesis in the cell, and its double stranded (ds) DNA genome contains uracils instead of thymines throughout1,2. Unlike any known RNAP, the AR9 non-virion RNAP (nvRNAP), which transcribes late phage genes, recognizes promoters in the template strand of dsDNA and efficiently differentiates obligatory uracils from thymines in its promoters3. Here, using structural data obtained by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography on the AR9 nvRNAP core, holoenzyme, and a promoter complex, and a variety of in vitro transcription assays, we elucidate a unique mode of uracil-specific, template strand-dependent promoter recognition. It is achieved by a tripartite interaction between the promoter specificity subunit, the core enzyme, and DNA adopting a unique conformation. We also show that interaction with the non-template strand plays a critical role in the process of AR9 nvRNAP promoter recognition in dsDNA, and that the AR9 nvRNAP core and a part of its promoter specificity subunit that interacts with the core are structurally similar to their bacterial RNAP counterparts. Our work demonstrates the extent to which viruses can evolve new functional mechanisms to control acquired multisubunit cellular enzymes and make these enzymes serve their needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolova, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobysheva, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordeeva, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artamonova, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlphaFold team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiman, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template strand deoxyuridine promoter recognition by a viral RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine biases sensitivity to personal goals and social influence in self-control over everyday desires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People regularly give in to daily temptations in spite of conflict with personal goals. To test hypotheses about neuropharmacological influences on self-control, we used positron emission tomography to measure dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R) and experience sampling surveys to naturalistically track daily desires outside the laboratory in everyday life in a sample of 103 adults. Higher D2R availability in the ventral striatum was associated with increased sensitivity to personal goal conflict but not desire strength in deciding whether to attempt to resist a desire. The influence of D2Rs on sensitivity to personal goal conflict depended on whether desires were experienced in a social context. D2R availability in the midbrain (but not the ventral striatum) influenced whether desires were enacted. These findings provide unique evidence that the dopamine system influences decision making and regulatory behavior and provides new insights into how these mechanisms interact with personal goals and social contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine biases sensitivity to personal goals and social influence in self-control over everyday desires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and cellular adaptations in hippocampal parvalbumin neurons mediate behavioral responses to chronic social stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV neurons) maintain inhibitory control of local circuits implicated in behavioral responses to environmental stressors. However, the roles of molecular and cellular adaptations in PV neurons in stress susceptibility or resilience have not been clearly established. Here, we show behavioral outcomes of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) are mediated by differential neuronal activity and gene expression in hippocampal PV neurons in mice. Using in vivo electrophysiology and chemogenetics, we find increased PV neuronal activity in the ventral dentate gyrus is required and sufficient for behavioral susceptibility to CSDS. PV neuron-selective translational profiling indicates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the most significantly altered pathway in stress-susceptible versus resilient mice. Among differentially expressed genes associated with stress-susceptibility and resilience, we find Ahnak, an endogenous regulator of L-type calcium channels which are implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial function and gene expression. Notably, Ahnak deletion in PV neurons impedes behavioral susceptibility to CSDS. Altogether, these findings indicate behavioral effects of chronic stress can be controlled by selective modulation of PV neuronal activity or a regulator of L-type calcium signaling in PV neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrihan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.459024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and cellular adaptations in hippocampal parvalbumin neurons mediate behavioral responses to chronic social stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a novel, pan-variant aerosol intervention for COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To develop a universal strategy to block SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and infection represents a central aim for effective COVID-19 therapy. The growing impact of emerging variants of concern increases the urgency for development of effective interventions. Since ACE2 is the critical SARS-CoV-2 receptor and all tested variants bind to ACE2, some even at much increased affinity (see accompanying paper), we hypothesized that aerosol administration of clinical grade soluble human recombinant ACE2 (APN01) will neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in the airways, limit spread of infection in the lung and mitigate lung damage caused by deregulated signaling in the renin-angiotensin (RAS) and Kinin pathways. Here we show that intranasal administration of APN01 in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection dramatically reduced weight loss and prevented animal death. As a prerequisite to a clinical trial, we evaluated both virus binding activity and enzymatic activity for cleavage of Ang II following aerosolization. We report successful aerosolization for APN01, retaining viral binding as well as catalytic RAS activity. Dose range-finding and IND-enabling repeat-dose aerosol toxicology testing were conducted in dogs. Twice daily aerosol administration for two weeks at the maximum feasible concentration revealed no notable toxicities. Based on these results, a Phase I clinical trial in healthy volunteers can now be initiated, with subsequent Phase II testing in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This strategy could be used to develop a viable and rapidly actionable therapy to prevent and treat COVID-19, against all current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.

One Sentence SummaryPreclinical development and evaluation of aerosolized soluble recombinant human ACE2 (APN01) administered as a COVID-19 intervention is reported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panettieri, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libutti, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochster, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingfield, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starkl, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawish, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hladik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boring, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cholewa, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richig, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gugensberger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirnsberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.459961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a novel, pan-variant aerosol intervention for COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circumscribing laser cuts attenuate seizure propagation in a mouse model of focal epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In partial onset epilepsy, seizures arise focally in the brain and often propagate, causing acute behavior changes, chronic cognitive decline, and increased mortality. Patients frequently become refractory to medical management, leaving neurosurgical resection of the seizure focus as a primary treatment, which can cause neurologic deficits. In the cortex, focal seizures are thought to spread through horizontal connections in layers II/III, suggesting that selectively severing these connections could block seizure propagation while preserving normal columnar circuitry and function. We induced focal neocortical epilepsy in mice and used tightly-focused femtosecond-duration laser pulses to create a sub-surface, opencylinder cut surrounding the seizure focus and severing cortical layers II-IV. We monitored seizure propagation using electrophysiological recordings at the seizure focus and at distant electrodes for 3-8 months. With laser cuts, only 5% of seizures propagated to the distant electrodes, compared to 85% in control animals. Laser cuts also decreased the number of seizures that were initiated, so that the average number of propagated seizures per day decreased from 42 in control mice to 1.5 with laser cuts. Physiologically, these cuts produced a modest decrease in cortical blood flow that recovered within days and, at one month, left a ~20-m wide scar with increased gliosis and localized inflammatory cell infiltration but minimal collateral damage. When placed over motor cortex, cuts did not cause notable deficits in a skilled reaching task. Femtosecond laser produced sub-surface cuts hold promise as a novel neurosurgical approach for intractable focal cortical epilepsy, as might develop following traumatic brain injury.

Once sentence summaryIn a mouse model of focal epilepsy, sub-surface laser-produced cuts encircling the seizure focus attenuate propagation without behavioral impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reukauf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwanski, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circumscribing laser cuts attenuate seizure propagation in a mouse model of focal epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acoustic Force Spectroscopy Reveals Subtle Differences in Cellulose Unbinding Behavior of Carbohydrate-Binding Modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To rationally engineer more efficient cellulolytic enzymes for cellulosic biomass deconstruction into sugars for biofuels production, it is necessary to better understand the complex enzyme-substrate interfacial interactions. Carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) are often associated with microbial surface-tethered cellulosomal or freely secreted cellulase enzymes to increase substrate accessibility. However, it is not well known how CBM recognize, bind, and dissociate from polysaccharide surfaces to facilitate efficient cellulolytic activity due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of CBM-substrate interactions. Our work outlines a general approach to methodically study the unbinding behavior of CBMs from model polysaccharide surfaces using single-molecule force spectroscopy. Here, we apply acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS) to probe a Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal scaffoldin protein (CBM3a) and measure its dissociation from nanocellulose surfaces at physiologically relevant, low force loading rates. An automated microfluidic setup and methodology for uniform deposition of insoluble polysaccharides on the AFS chip surfaces is demonstrated. The rupture forces of wild-type CBM3a, and its Y67A mutant, unbinding from nanocellulose surface suggests distinct CBM binding conformations that can also explain the improved cellulolytic activity of cellulase tethered to CBM. Applying established dynamic force spectroscopy theory, the single-molecule unbinding rate at zero force is extrapolated and found to agree well with bulk equilibrium unbinding rates estimated independently using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. However, our results highlight the limitations of applying classical theory to explain the highly multivalent CBM-cellulose interactions seen at higher cellulose-CBM bond rupture forces (>15pN).

Significance StatementCellulases are multi-modular enzymes produced by numerous microbes that catalyze cellulose hydrolysis into glucose. These enzymes play an important role in global carbon cycling as well as cellulosic biofuels production. CBMs are essential components of cellulolytic enzymes involved in facilitating hydrolysis of polysaccharides by tethered catalytic domains (CD). The subtle interplay between CBM binding and CD activity is poorly understood particularly for heterogeneous reactions at solid-liquid interfaces. Here, we report a highly multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy method to study CBM dissociation from cellulose to infer the molecular mechanism governing substrate recognition and dissociation. This approach can be broadly applied to study multivalent protein-polysaccharide binding interactions relevant to other carbohydrates such as starch, chitin, or hyaluronan to engineer efficient biocatalysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contrada, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acoustic Force Spectroscopy Reveals Subtle Differences in Cellulose Unbinding Behavior of Carbohydrate-Binding Modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIG-I uses its intrinsically disordered CARDs-Helicase linker in RNA proofreading functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune receptor RIG-I provides the first line of defense against viral infections. Viral RNAs are recognized by the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RIG-I, but the RNA must engage the helicase domain to release the signaling domain CARDs from their autoinhibitory CARD2:Hel2i interactions. Because the helicase lacks RNA specificity, there must be mechanisms to proofread RNAs entering the helicase domain. Although such mechanisms are crucial in preventing aberrant immune responses by non-specific RNAs, they remain largely unknown. This study reveals a previously unknown proofreading mechanism that RIG-I uses to ensure the helicase engages RNAs chosen explicitly by the CTD. A crucial part of this mechanism involves the intrinsically disordered CARDs-Helicase Linker (CHL), which uses its negatively charged regions to electrostatically antagonize incoming RNAs. In addition to RNA gating, CHL is essential in stabilizing the CARD2:Hel2i interface. The CHL and CARD2:Hel2i interface work together, establishing a tunable gating mechanism that allows CTD-chosen RNAs to bind into the helicase while blocking non-specific RNAs. With its critical regulatory functions, CHL represents a novel target for RIG-I-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIG-I uses its intrinsically disordered CARDs-Helicase linker in RNA proofreading functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal glucose metabolism sets cholinergic tone and controls thermo-regulated signaling at the neuromuscular junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholinergic and sympathetic counter-regulatory networks control numerous physiologic functions including learning/memory/cognition, stress responsiveness, blood pressure, heart rate and energy balance. As neurons primarily utilize glucose as their primary metabolic energy source, we generated mice with increased glycolysis in cholinergic neurons by specific deletion of the fructose-2,6-phosphatase protein TIGAR. Steady-state and stable isotope flux analyses demonstrated increased rates of glycolysis, acetyl-CoA production, acetylcholine levels and density of neuromuscular synaptic junction clusters with enhanced acetylcholine release. The increase in cholinergic signaling reduced blood pressure and heart rate with a remarkable resistance to cold-induced hypothermia. These data directly demonstrate that increased cholinergic signaling through the modulation of glycolysis has several metabolic benefits particularly to increase energy expenditure and heat production upon cold exposure.

HighlightsO_LIDeficiency of a negative regulator of glycolysis (TIGAR) in cholinergic neurons increases the biosynthesis and content of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
C_LIO_LIIncreased cholinergic tone reduces blood pressure and heart rate while enhancing signaling at neuromuscular junction.
C_LIO_LIUpregulation of neuromuscular junction activation provides protection against the paralytic curare and cold-induced hypothermia.
C_LIO_LIModulation of cholinergic neuron glycolysis may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of diseases stemming from reduced acetylcholine signaling such as myasthenia gravis and sarcopenic pre-synaptic dysfunction.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buddo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boykov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufer, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurland, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal glucose metabolism sets cholinergic tone and controls thermo-regulated signaling at the neuromuscular junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The In Vivo Source of Type I and Type III IFNs is Pathogen Dependent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I (-, {beta}) and type III (-{lambda}) interferons (IFNs) are produced in response to virus infection and upregulate a largely overlapping set of IFN stimulated genes which mediate the protective effects of these antiviral cytokines. In vitro studies have demonstrated the redundancy of these two cytokine families which activate the same transcription factor, IFN stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), via distinct ligands and receptors. However, in vivo, these IFN types do have distinct functions based on receptor distribution, but also ligand availability. Using a newly generated IFN-{lambda} reporter mouse strain we have observed that both type I and type III IFNs are produced in response to respiratory tract infection by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and influenza A virus (IAV). In the case of NDV these IFNs are synthesized by different cell types. Type I IFNs are produced primarily by alveolar macrophages, type III IFNs are made only by epithelial cells, and production of either is dependent on MAVS. While epithelial cells of the respiratory tract represent the primary target of IAV infection, we found that they did not significantly contribute to IFN-{lambda} production, and IFN-{lambda} protein levels were largely unaffected in the absence of MAVS. Instead we found that pDCs, a cell type known for robust IFN- production via TLR/MyD88 signaling, were the major producers of IFN-{lambda} during IAV infection, with pDC depletion during influenza infection resulting in significantly reduced levels of both IFN- and IFN-{lambda}. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that pDCs rely on type I IFN for optimal IFN-{lambda} production. These studies therefore demonstrate that the in vivo producers of Type III IFNs in response to respiratory virus infection are pathogen dependent, a finding which may explain the varying levels of cytokine production induced by different viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risman, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotenko, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The In Vivo Source of Type I and Type III IFNs is Pathogen Dependent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered natural killer cells impede the immunometabolic CD73-adenosine axis in solid tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunometabolic reprogramming due to CD73-produced adenosine is a recognized immunosuppressive mechanism contributing to immune evasion in solid tumors. Adenosine is not only known to contribute to tumor progression, but it has specific roles in driving dysfunction of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we engineered NK cells to directly target the CD73-adenosine axis by blocking the enzymatic activity of CD73. In doing so, the engineered NK cells not only impaired adenosinergic metabolism driven by the hypoxic uptake of ATP by cancer cells, but also mediated killing of tumor cells due to the specific recognition of overexpressed CD73. This results in a "single agent" immunotherapy that combines antibody specificity, blockade of purinergic signaling, and killing of targets mediated by NK cells. We also showed that CD73-targeted NK cells are potent in vivo and result in tumor arrest, while promoting NK cell infiltration into CD73+ tumors and enhanced intratumoral activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chambers, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupo, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toregrosa-Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elzey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utturkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atallah Lanman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Crespo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered natural killer cells impede the immunometabolic CD73-adenosine axis in solid tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural networks implicated in autobiographical memory training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Training of autobiographical memory has been proposed as intervention to improve cognitive functions. The neural substrates for such improvements are poorly understood. Several brain networks have been previously linked to autobiographical recollections, including the default mode network (DMN) and the sensorimotor network. Here we tested the hypothesis that different neural networks support distinct aspects of memory improvement in response to training on a group of 59 subjects. We found that memory training increases DMN connectivity, and this associates with improved recollection of cue-specific memories. On the contrary, training decreased connectivity in the sensorimotor network, a decrease that correlated with improved ability for voluntary recall. Moreover, only decreased sensorimotor connectivity associated with training-induced decrease in the TNF immunological factor, which has been previously linked to improved cognitive performance. We identified functional and biochemical factors that associate with distinct memory processes improved by autobiographical training. Pathways which connect autobiographical memory to both high level cognition and somatic physiology are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cirneci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papasteri, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgescu, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poalelungi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofonea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puscasu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podina, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berceanu, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural networks implicated in autobiographical memory training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) but the mechanism of inhibition is not well understood. The PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), inhibits agonist responses of the pLGIC, ELIC, more effectively than palmitic acid, similar to the effects observed in the GABAA receptor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Using photo-affinity labeling and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we identified two fatty acid binding sites in the outer transmembrane domain (TMD) of ELIC. Fatty acid binding to the photolabeled sites is selective for DHA over palmitic acid, and specific for an agonist-bound state. Hexadecyl-methanethiosulfonate modification of one of the two fatty acid binding sites in the outer TMD recapitulates the inhibitory effect of PUFAs in ELIC. The results demonstrate that DHA selectively binds to multiple sites in the outer TMD of ELIC, but that state-dependent binding to a single intrasubunit site mediates DHA inhibition of ELIC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcario, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scINSIGHT for interpreting single-cell gene expression from biologically heterogeneous data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing number of scRNA-seq data emphasizes the need for integrative analysis to interpret similarities and differences between single-cell samples. Even though different batch effect removal methods have been developed, none of the existing methods is suitable for het-erogeneous single-cell samples coming from multiple biological conditions. To address this challenge, we propose a method named scINSIGHT to learn coordinated gene expression patterns that are common among or specific to different biological conditions, offering a unique chance to identify cellular identities and key biological processes across single-cell samples. We have evaluated scINSIGHT in comparison with state-of-the-art methods using simulated and real data, which consistently demonstrate its improved performance. In addition, our results show the applicability of scINSIGHT in diverse biomedical and clinical problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scINSIGHT for interpreting single-cell gene expression from biologically heterogeneous data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction Between Transcribing RNA Polymerase and Topoisomerase I Prevents R-loop Formation in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial topoisomerase I (TopoI) removes excessive negative supercoiling and is thought to relax DNA molecules during transcription, replication and other processes. Using ChIP-Seq, we show that TopoI of Escherichia coli (EcTopoI) is co-localized, genome-wide, with RNA polymerase (RNAP) in transcription units. Treatment with transcription elongation inhibitor rifampicin leads to EcTopoI relocation to promoter regions, where RNAP also accumulates. When a 14 kDa RNAP-binding EcTopoI C-terminal domain (CTD) is overexpressed, co-localization of EcTopoI and RNAP along the transcription units is reduced. Pull-down experiments directly show that the two enzymes interact in vivo. Using ChIP-Seq and Topo-Seq, we demonstrate that EcTopoI is enriched and in and upstream (within up to 12-15 Kbs) of highly-active transcription units, indicating that EcTopoI relaxes negative supercoiling generated by transcription. Uncoupling of the RNAP-EcTopoI interaction by either overexpression of EcTopoI CTD or deletion of EcTopoI domains involved in the interaction is toxic for cells and leads to excessive negative plasmid supercoiling. Moreover, the CTD overexpression leads to R-loops accumulation genome-wide, indicating that the RNAP-EcTopoI interaction is required for prevention of R-loops formation.

Article HighlightsO_LITopoI colocalizes genome-wide and interacts with RNAP in E. coli
C_LIO_LIDisruption of the interaction between TopoI and RNAP decreases cells viability, leads to hypernegative DNA supercoiling, and R-loops accumulation
C_LIO_LITopoI and DNA gyrase are enriched, respectively, upstream and downstream of transcription units in accordance with twin-domain model of Liu and Wang
C_LIO_LITopoI recognizes its cleavage sites through a specific motif and by sensing negative supercoiling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutormin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galivondzhyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travin, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obraztsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction Between Transcribing RNA Polymerase and Topoisomerase I Prevents R-loop Formation in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The expression of essential selenoproteins during zebrafish development requires SECIS binding protein 2-like 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dietary requirement for selenium is based on its incorporation into selenoproteins, which contain the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). The Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) is an RNA structure found in the 3 UTR of all selenoprotein mRNAs, and it is required to convert in-frame UGA codons from termination to Sec-incorporating codons. There are two proteins that bind to SECIS elements, but only one, SECIS binding protein 2 (Sbp2), has been shown to be required for Sec incorporation. The Sbp2 paralogue, SECIS binding protein 2-like (Secisbp2l) is conserved in all vertebrates and shares many features with Sbp2, but its function is unknown. Here we set out to determine the relative roles of Sbp2 and Secisbp2l by introducing CRISPR mutations in both genes in zebrafish. By monitoring selenoprotein synthesis with 75Se labeling during embryogenesis, we found that sbp2-/- embryos still make a select subset of selenoproteins but secisbp2l-/- embryos retain the full complement. Abrogation of both genes completely prevents selenoprotein synthesis and juveniles die at 14 days post fertilization. Embryos lacking Sbp2 are sensitive to oxidative stress and express the stress marker vtg1. We propose a model where Secisbp2l is required to promote essential selenoprotein synthesis during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetick, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The expression of essential selenoproteins during zebrafish development requires SECIS binding protein 2-like]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creatine utilization as a sole nitrogen source in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is transcriptionally regulated by CahR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutamine amidotransferase-1 domain-containing AraC-family transcriptional regulators (GATRs) are present in the genomes of many bacteria, including all Pseudomonas species. The involvement of several characterized GATRs in amine-containing compound metabolism has been determined, but the full scope of GATR ligands and regulatory networks are still unknown. Here, we characterize Pseudomonas putidas detection of the animal-derived amine compound, creatine, a compound particularly enriched in muscle and ciliated cells by a creatine-specific GATR, PP_3665, here named CahR (Creatine amidohydrolase Regulator). cahR is necessary for transcription of the gene encoding creatinase (PP_3667/creA) in the presence of creatine and is critical for P. putidas ability to utilize creatine as a sole source of nitrogen. The CahR/creatine regulon is small and electrophoretic mobility shift demonstrates strong and specific CahR binding only at the creA promoter, supporting the conclusion that much of the regulon is dependent on downstream metabolites. Phylogenetic analysis of creA orthologs associated with cahR orthologs highlights a strain distribution and organization supporting likely horizontal gene transfer, particularly evident within the genus Acinetobacter. This study identifies and characterizes the GATR that transcriptionally controls P. putida metabolism of creatine, broadening the scope of known GATR ligands and suggesting GATR diversification during evolution of metabolism for aliphatic nitrogen compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinkel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenahan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstrom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutz, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wargo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creatine utilization as a sole nitrogen source in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is transcriptionally regulated by CahR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-associated phages disperse across the extraterrestrial analogue Antarctica 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extreme Antarctic conditions provide one of the closest analogues of extraterrestrial environments. Since air and snow samples, especially from polar regions, yield DNA amounts in the lower picogram range, binning of prokaryotic genomes is challenging and renders studying the dispersal of biological entities across these environments difficult. Here, we hypothesized that dispersal of host-associated bacteriophages (adsorbed, replicating or prophages) across the Antarctic continent can be tracked via their genetic signatures aiding our understanding of virus and host dispersal across long distances. Phage genome fragments (PGFs) reconstructed from surface snow metagenomes of three Antarctic stations were assigned to four host genomes, mainly Betaproteobacteria including Ralstonia spp. We reconstructed the complete genome of a temperate phage with near-complete alignment to a prophage in the reference genome of Ralstonia pickettii 12D. PGFs from different stations were related to each other at the genus level and matched similar hosts. Metagenomic read mapping and nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed a wide dispersal of highly identical PGFs, 13 of which were detected in seawater from the Western Antarctic Peninsula in distance of 5538 km to the snow sampling stations. Our results suggest that host-associated phages, especially of Ralstonia sp., disperse over long distances despite harsh conditions of the Antarctic continent. Given that 14 phages associated with two R. pickettii draft genomes isolated from space equipment were identified, we conclude that Ralstonia phages are ideal mobile genetic elements to track dispersal and contamination in ecosystems relevant for Astrobiology.

ImportanceHost-associated phages of the bacterium Ralstonia identified in snow samples can be used to track microbial dispersal over thousands of kilometers across the Antarctic continent, which functions as an extraterrestrial analogue because of its harsh environmental conditions. Due to presence of these bacteria carrying genome-integrated prophages on space-related equipment, and the here demonstrated potential for dispersal of host-associated phages, our work has implications for Planetary Protection, a discipline in Astrobiology interested in preventing contamination of celestial bodies with alien biomolecules or forms of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahlff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornemann, T. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-associated phages disperse across the extraterrestrial analogue Antarctica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tRNA anticodon cleavage by target-activated CRISPR-Cas13a effector 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type VI CRISPR-Cas systems are the only CRISPR variety that cleaves exclusively RNA1,2. In addition to the CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-guided, sequence-specific binding and cleavage of target RNAs, such as phage transcripts, the type VI effector, Cas13, causes collateral RNA cleavage, which induces bacterial cell dormancy, thus protecting the host population from phage spread3,4. We show here that the principal form of collateral RNA degradation elicited by Cas13a protein from Leptotrichia shahii upon target RNA recognition is the cleavage of anticodons of multiple tRNA species, primarily those with anticodons containing uridines. This tRNA cleavage is necessary and sufficient for bacterial dormancy induction by Cas13a. In addition, Cas13a activates the RNases of bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules, thus indirectly causing mRNA and rRNA cleavage, which could provide a back-up defense mechanism. The identified mode of action of Cas13a resembles that of bacterial anticodon nucleases involved in antiphage defense5, which is compatible with the hypothesis that type VI effectors evolved from an abortive infection module6,7 encompassing an anticodon nuclease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minakhin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiriaeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirillov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznedelov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarova, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tRNA anticodon cleavage by target-activated CRISPR-Cas13a effector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.14.468439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrated Process Analytical Platform for Automated Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-linked Glycosylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.14.468439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning towards adoption of continuous biomanufacturing practices that are often more flexible and efficient than traditional batch processes. Regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are further urging use of advanced PAT to analyze the design space to increase process knowledge and enable high quality biologics production. Post-translational modification of proteins, such as N-linked glycosylation are often critical quality attributes known to affect biologics safety and efficacy hence requiring close monitoring during manufacturing. Here, we developed an online sequential-injection based PAT system, called N-GLYcanyzer, that can rapidly monitor mAb glycosylation during upstream biomanufacturing. The key innovation includes design of an integrated mAb sampling and derivation system for antibody titer and glycoform analysis in under 2 hours. The N-GLYcanyzer process includes mAb capture, deglycosylation, fluorescent glycan labeling, and glycan enrichment for direct injection and analysis on an integrated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Different fluorescent tags and reductants were tested to maximize glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions, while porous graphitized carbon (PGC) was studied for optimum glycan recovery and enrichment. We find that 2-AB labeling of glycans with 2-picoline borane as a reducing agent, using the N-GLYcanyzer workflow, gives higher glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions leading to upwards of a 5-fold increase in fluorescent products intensity. Finally, we showcase how the N-GLYcanyzer platform can be implemented at/on-line to an upstream bioreactor for automated and near real-time glycosylation monitoring of a Trastuzumab biosimilar produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/468439v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fbb698org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@90da13org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dd45e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17fadd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG N-GLYcanyzer is an automated PAT toolkit for rapid sample processing for mAb N-linked glycans analysis to enable advanced biologics manufacturing

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyorgypal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.14.468439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrated Process Analytical Platform for Automated Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-linked Glycosylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes alternative gasdermin D-mediated inflammatory cell death and susceptibility to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mutations in mitochondrial-associated genes are associated with inflammatory diseases and susceptibility to infection. However, their mechanistic contributions to immune outcomes remain ill-defined. We discovered that the disease-associated gain-of-function allele Lrrk2G2019S (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) promotes mitochondrial hyper-fission, depolarization, and oxidative stress in macrophages. In the presence of Lrrk2G2019S-dependent mitochondrial perturbations, AIM2 inflammasome activation promotes more cell death but not more pyroptotic IL-1b release. Instead, inflammasome activation in Lrrk2G2019S macrophages triggers gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated mitochondrial pores, driving up ROS-mediated RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL dependent necroptosis. Consequently, infection of Lrrk2G2019S mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis elicits hyperinflammation and immunopathology via enhanced neutrophil infiltration. By uncovering that GSDMD promotes non-pyroptotic cell death in Lrrk2G2019S macrophages, our findings demonstrate that altered mitochondrial function can reprogram cell death modalities to elicit distinct immune outcomes. This provides mechanistic insights into why mutations in LRRK2 are associated with susceptibility to chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAltered mitochondrial homeostasis reprograms cell death modalities
C_LIO_LIGSDMD associates with and depolarizes mitochondrial membranes following AIM2 activation
C_LIO_LIGSDMD initiates a shift from pyroptotic to necroptotic cell death in Lrrk2G2019S macrophages
C_LIO_LILrrk2G2019S elicits hyperinflammation and susceptibility to infection in flies and mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weindel, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vail, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanPortfliet, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpac, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes alternative gasdermin D-mediated inflammatory cell death and susceptibility to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposon Extermination Reveals Their Adaptive Fitness Contribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable Elements are molecular parasites that persist in their host genome by generating new copies to outpace natural selection. Here we measure the parameters governing the copy number dynamics of the fission yeast Tf2 retrotransposons, using experimental and natural populations and a strain where all Tf2 copies are removed. Natural population genomes display active and persistent Tf2 colonies, but in the absence of selection mitotic recombination deletes Tf2 elements at rates that far exceed transposition. We show that Tf2 elements provide a fitness contribution to their host by dynamically rewiring the transcriptional response to metabolic stress. Therefore, Tf2 elements exhibit a mutualistic rather than parasitic behavior toward their host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cranz-Mileva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalhoub, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atanassova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaratiegui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposon Extermination Reveals Their Adaptive Fitness Contribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third generation Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PIs), glecaprevir and voxilaprevir, are highly effective across genotypes and against many resistant variants. Unlike earlier PIs, these compounds have fluorine substitutions on the P2-P4 macrocycle and P1 moieties. Fluorination has long been used in medicinal chemistry as a strategy to improve physicochemical properties and potency. However, the molecular basis by which fluorination improves potency and resistance profile of HCV NS3/4A PIs is not well understood. To systematically analyze the contribution of fluorine substitutions to inhibitor potency and resistance profile, we used a multi-disciplinary approach involving inhibitor design and synthesis, enzyme inhibition assays, co-crystallography, and structural analysis. A panel of inhibitors in matched pairs were designed with and without P4 cap fluorination, tested against WT protease and the D168A resistant variant, and a total of 22 high-resolution co-crystal structures were determined. While fluorination did not significantly improve potency against the WT protease, PIs with fluorinated P4 caps retained much better potency against the D168A protease variant. Detailed analysis of the co-crystal structures revealed that PIs with fluorinated P4 caps can sample alternate binding conformations that enable adapting to structural changes induced by the D168A substitution. Our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of fluorine-specific inhibitor interactions that can be leveraged in avoiding drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zephyr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosovrasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedger, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human KIR+CD8+ T cells target pathogenic T cells in Celiac disease and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous reports show that Ly49+CD8+ T cells can suppress autoimmunity in mouse models of autoimmune diseases. Here we find a markedly increased frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing inhibitory Killer cell Immunoglobulin like Receptors (KIR), the human equivalent of the Ly49 family, in the blood and inflamed tissues of various autoimmune diseases. Moreover, KIR+CD8+ T cells can efficiently eliminate pathogenic gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells from Celiac disease (CeD) patients leukocytes in vitro. Furthermore, we observe elevated levels of KIR+CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ regulatory T cells, in COVID-19 and influenza-infected patients, and this correlates with disease severity and vasculitis in COVID-19. Expanded KIR+CD8+ T cells from these different diseases display shared phenotypes and similar T cell receptor sequences. These results characterize a regulatory CD8+ T cell subset in humans, broadly active in both autoimmune and infectious diseases, which we hypothesize functions to control self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic T cells.

One-Sentence SummaryHere we identified KIR+CD8+ T cells as a regulatory CD8+ T cell subset in humans that suppresses self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Unen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christophersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelmy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSween, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallajosyula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhondalay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamidipati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollid, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Becker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saligrama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.473930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human KIR+CD8+ T cells target pathogenic T cells in Celiac disease and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure determination of protein-peptide complexes from NMR chemical shift data using MELD. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions of proteins often mediate important protein-protein interactions. However, the folding upon binding nature of many polypeptide-protein interactions limits the ability of modeling tools to predict structures of such complexes. To address this problem, we have taken a tandem approach combining NMR chemical shift data and molecular simulations to determine structures of peptide-protein complexes. Here, we demonstrate this approach for polypeptide complexes formed with the extraterminal (ET) domain of bromo and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, which exhibit a high degree of binding plasticity. This system is particularly challenging as the binding process includes allosteric changes across the ET receptor upon binding, and the polypeptide binding partners can form different conformations (e.g., helices and hairpins) in the complex. In a blind study, the new approach successfully modeled bound-state conformations and binding poses, using only backbone chemical shift data, in excellent agreement with experimentally-determined structures. The approach also predicts relative binding affinities of different peptides. This hybrid MELD-NMR approach provides a powerful new tool for structural analysis of protein-polypeptide complexes in the low NMR information content regime, which can be used successfully for flexible systems where one polypeptide binding partner folds upon complex formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapna, G. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure determination of protein-peptide complexes from NMR chemical shift data using MELD.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTORC2 loss in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells results in regional hypomyelination in the central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes to generate myelin, which is essential for normal nervous system function. OPC differentiation is driven by signaling pathways such as mTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin), which functions in two distinct complexes: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), containing Raptor or Rictor respectively. In the current studies, mTORC2 signaling was selectively deleted from OPCs in PDGFR-Cre X Rictorfl/fl mice. This study examined developmental myelination in male and female mice, comparing the impact of mTORC2 deletion in the corpus callosum and spinal cord. In both corpus callosum and spinal cord, Rictor loss in OPCs resulted in early reduction in myelin RNAs and some myelin proteins. However, these deficits rapidly recovered in spinal cord, where normal myelin abundance and thickness was noted at post-natal day 21 and 1.5 months. By contrast, the losses in corpus callosum resulted in severe hypomyelination, and increased unmyelinated axons. The current studies focus on uniquely altered signaling pathways following mTORC2 loss in developing oligodendrocytes. A major mTORC2 substrate is phospho-Akt-S473, which was significantly reduced throughout development in both corpus callosum and spinal cord at all ages measured, yet this had little impact in spinal cord. Loss of mTORC2 signaling resulted in decreased expression of actin regulators such as gelsolin in corpus callosum, but only minimal loss in spinal cord. The current study establishes a regionally-specific role for mTORC2 signaling in OPCs, particularly in the corpus callosum.

Significance StatementmTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling have differential impact on myelination in the central nervous system. Numerous studies identify a role for mTORC1, but deletion of Rictor (mTORC2 signaling) in late-stage oligodendrocytes had little impact on myelination in the CNS. However, the current studies establish that deletion of mTORC2 signaling from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells results in reduced myelination of brain axons. These studies also establish a regional impact of mTORC2, with little change in spinal cord in these conditional Rictor deletion mice. Importantly, in both, brain and spinal cord, mTORC2 downstream signaling targets were impacted by Rictor deletion. Yet, these signaling changes had little impact on myelination in spinal cord, while they resulted in long term alterations in myelination in brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahl, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finseth, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTORC2 loss in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells results in regional hypomyelination in the central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.474241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine 1283 in extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin is crucial for Reelin's function in brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.474241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficiency in the extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin severely affects migration of neurons during development. The function of serine at position 1283 in Reelin has remained uncertain. To explore its relevance we generated rlnA/A mice that carry alanine instead of serine at position 1283, thereby disrupting the putative casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation site S1283DGD. Mutated mice displayed reeler-like locomotor behavior, abnormal brain anatomy and decrease of Reelin RNA and protein levels during development and in adulthood. Since serine 1283 was previously proposed to mediate proteolysis of adhesion molecules, we investigated proteolysis of cell adhesion molecule L1 and found it normal in rlnA/A mice. Neuronal migration in the embryonic rlnA/A cerebral cortex was impaired, but rescued by in utero electroporation of the Reelin fragment N-R6 containing the putative CK2 phosphorylation site. In rlnA/A mice migration of cerebellar granule cells in vitro was promoted by application of wild-type but not by mutated Reelin. In cerebellar neuron cultures, Reelin expression was decreased upon inhibition of ecto-phosphorylation by CK2. Biochemically purified wild-type, but not mutated Reelin was found phosphorylated. Altogether, the results indicate that ecto-phosphorylation at serine 1283 rather than proteolytic processing of adhesion molecules by Reelin plays an important role in Reelin functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleene, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataria, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstoetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermans-Borgmeyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schachner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.474241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine 1283 in extracellular matrix glycoprotein Reelin is crucial for Reelin's function in brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coupling between healthspan and lifespan in Caenorhabditis depends on complex interactions between compound intervention and genetic background 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is characterized by declining health that results in decreased neuromuscular function and cellular resilience. The relationship between lifespan and health, and the influence of genetic background on that relationship, has important implications in the development of anti-aging interventions. Here we combined survival under thermal and oxidative stress with swimming performance, to evaluate health effects across a nematode genetic diversity panel for three compounds previously studied in the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program - NP1, propyl gallate, and resveratrol. We show that oxidative stress resistance and thermotolerance vary with compound intervention, genetic background, and age. The effects of tested compounds on swimming locomotion, in contrast, are largely species-specific. Additionally, thermotolerance, but not oxidative stress or swimming ability, correlates with lifespan. Our results demonstrate the importance of assessing health and lifespan across genetic backgrounds in the effort to identify reproducible aging interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banse, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedore, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Hulbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harinath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshead, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.15.476462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coupling between healthspan and lifespan in Caenorhabditis depends on complex interactions between compound intervention and genetic background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rethinking Statistical Learning as a Dynamic Stochastic Process, from The Motor Systems Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain integrates streams of sensory input and builds accurate predictions, while arriving at stable percepts under disparate time scales. This stochastic process bears different dynamics for different people, yet statistical learning (SL) currently averages out, as noise, individual fluctuations in data streams registered from the brain as the person learns. We here adopt the motor systems perspective to reframe SL. Specifically, we rethink this problem using the demands that the persons brain faces to predict, and control variations in biorhythmic activity akin to those present in bodily motions. This new approach harnesses gross data as the important signals, to reassess how individuals learn predictive information in stable and unstable environments. We find two types of learners: narrow-variance learners, who retain explicit knowledge of the regularity embedded in the stimuli -the goal. They seem to use an error-correction strategy steadily present in both stable and unstable cases. In contrast, broad-variance learners emerge only in the unstable environment. They undergo an initial period of memoryless learning characterized by a gamma process that starts out exponentially distributed but converges to Gaussian. We coin this mode exploratory, preceding the more general error-correction mode characterized by skewed-to-symmetric distributions and higher signal content from the start. Our work demonstrates that statistical learning is a highly dynamic and stochastic process, unfolding at different time scales, and evolving distinct learning strategies on demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaskevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rethinking Statistical Learning as a Dynamic Stochastic Process, from The Motor Systems Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initial assessment of the spatial learning, reversal, and sequencing task capabilities of knock-in rats with humanizing mutations in the Ass-coding region of App 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Model organisms mimicking the pathogenesis of human diseases are useful for identifying pathogenic mechanisms and testing therapeutic efficacy of compounds targeting them. Models of Alzheimers disease and related dementias aim to reproduce the brain pathology associated with these neurodegenerative disorders. Transgenic models, which involve random insertion of disease-causing genes under the control of artificial promoters, are efficient means of doing so. There are confounding factors associated with transgenic approaches, however, including target gene overexpression, dysregulation of endogenous gene expression at transgenes integration sites, and limitations in mimicking loss-of-function mechanisms. Furthermore, the choice of species is important, and there are anatomical, physiological, and cognitive reasons for favoring the rat over the mouse, which has been the standard for models of neurodegeneration and dementia. We report an initial assessment of the spatial learning, reversal, and sequencing task capabilities of knock-in Long-Evans rats with humanizing mutations in the A{beta}-coding region of App, which encodes amyloid precursor protein (Apph/h rats), using the IntelliCage, an automated operant social home cage system, at 6-8 weeks of age, then again at 4-5 months of age. These rats were previously generated as control organisms for studies on neurodegeneration involving other knock-in rat models from our lab. Apph/h rats of either sex can acquire place learning and reversal tasks. They can also acquire a diagonal sequencing task by 6-8 weeks of age, but not a more advanced serial reversal task involving alternating diagonals, even by 4-5 months of age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initial assessment of the spatial learning, reversal, and sequencing task capabilities of knock-in rats with humanizing mutations in the Ass-coding region of App]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Federated analysis in COINSTAC reveals functional network connectivity and spectral links to smoking and alcohol consumption in nearly 2,000 adolescent brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the growth of decentralized/federated analysis approaches in neuroimaging, the opportunities to study brain disorders using data from multiple sites has grown multi-fold. One such initiative is the Neuromark, a fully automated spatially constrained independent component analysis (ICA) that is used to link brain network abnormalities among different datasets, studies, and disorders while leveraging subject-specific networks. In this study, we implement the neuromark pipeline in COINSTAC, an open-source neuroimaging framework for collaborative/decentralized analysis. Decentralized analysis of nearly 2000 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets collected at different sites across two cohorts and co-located in different countries was performed to study the resting brain functional network connectivity changes in adolescents who smoke and consume alcohol. Results showed hypoconnectivity across the majority of networks including sensory, default mode, and subcortical domains, more for alcohol than smoking, and decreased low frequency power. These findings suggest that global reduced synchronization is associated with both tobacco and alcohol use. This work demonstrates the utility and incentives associated with large-scale decentralized collaborations spanning multiple sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagyalakshmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourembam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanaraman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghattu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurpad, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharath, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purushottam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfanos, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokde, A. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, M.-L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poustka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Federated analysis in COINSTAC reveals functional network connectivity and spectral links to smoking and alcohol consumption in nearly 2,000 adolescent brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salp blooms increase carbon export 5-fold in the Southern Ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Southern Ocean (SO) contributes substantially to the global biological carbon pump (BCP). Salps in the SO, in particular Salpa thompsoni, are keystone grazers that produce large, fast-sinking fecal pellets with high export potential. In a first study of this kind, we conducted Lagrangian experiments to quantify the salp bloom impacts on export pathways by contrasting locations differing in salp bloom presence/absence. We show that blooms increased particle export by ~5-fold, and exported up to 46% of net primary production out of the euphotic zone. BCP efficiency increased from 5% in non-salp areas to up to 28% in salp areas, which is among the highest recorded in the global ocean. Using SO salp abundances from KRILLBASE, we estimate they can consume ~ 13% of regional production, mediating 13-40% of the SO BCP. Consideration in models forecasting the SO BCP is recommended considering long-term increases in SO salp abundances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nodder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selph, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes dos Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latasa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkerton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salp blooms increase carbon export 5-fold in the Southern Ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The OncoLoop network-based precision oncology framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.11.479456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At present, prioritizing cancer treatments at the individual patient level remains challenging, and performing co-clinical studies using patient-derived models in real-time is often not feasible. To circumvent these challenges, we introduce OncoLoop, a precision medicine framework to predict and validate drug sensitivity in human tumors and their pre-existing high-fidelity (cognate) model(s) by leveraging perturbational profiles of clinically-relevant oncology drugs. As proof-of-concept, we applied OncoLoop to prostate cancer (PCa) using a series of genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that recapitulate a broad spectrum of disease states, including castration-resistant, metastatic, and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Interrogation of published cohorts using Master Regulator (MR) conservation analysis revealed that most patients were represented by at least one cognate GEMM-derived tumor (GEMM-DT). Drugs predicted to invert MR activity in patients and their cognate GEMM-DTs were successfully validated, including in two cognate allografts and one cognate patient-derived xenograft (PDX). OncoLoop is a highly generalizable framework that can be extended to other cancers and potentially other diseases.

Significance StatementOncoLoop is a transcriptomic-based experimental and computational framework that can support rapid-turnaround co-clinical studies to identify and validate drugs for individual patients, which can then be readily adapted to clinical practice. This framework should be applicable in many cancer contexts for which appropriate models and drug perturbation data are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasciaveo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldes de Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Calero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrofanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Realubit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate-Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.11.479456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The OncoLoop network-based precision oncology framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Neurodevelopmental Gene CASK Disrupts Neural Connectivity in Human Cortical Excitatory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in CASK cause severe developmental phenotypes, including microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked intellectual disability, and autism. Unraveling the pathogenesis of CASK-related disorders has been challenging due to limited human cellular models to study the dynamic roles of this molecule during neuronal and synapse development. Here, we generated CASK knockout (KO) isogenic cell lines from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 and examined gene expression, morphometrics, and synaptic function of induced neuronal cells during development. While young (immature) CASK KO neurons show robust neuronal outgrowth, mature CASK KO neurons displayed severe defects in synaptic transmission and synchronized burst activity without compromising neuronal morphology and synapse numbers. In developing human cortical neurons, CASK functioned to promote both structural integrity and establishment of cortical excitatory neuronal networks. These results lay the foundation for future studies to identify suppressors of such phenotypes relevant to human patients.

HighlightsO_LICASK LOF mutations increase neuronal complexity in immature developing neurons
C_LIO_LICASK LOF does not alter synapse formation and neurite complexity in mature neurons
C_LIO_LISynaptic transmission and network synchronicity are compromised in CASK KO neurons
C_LIO_LIDifferential gene expression analysis reveals enrichment of synaptic gene networks in mature CASK KO neurons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McSweeney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Neurodevelopmental Gene CASK Disrupts Neural Connectivity in Human Cortical Excitatory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Interrogation of Stochastic Transcriptome Trajectories Using Disease Associated Genes Reveals Distinct Origins of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.26.482124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The advent of open access to genomic data offers new opportunities to revisit old clinical debates while approaching them from a different angle. We examine anew the question of whether psychiatric and neurological disorders are different from each other by assessing the pool of genes associated with disorders that are understood as psychiatric or as neurological. We do so in the context of transcriptome data tracked as human embryonic stem cells differentiate and become neurons. Building upon probabilistic layers of increasing complexity, we describe the dynamics and stochastic trajectories of the full transcriptome and the embedded genes associated with psychiatric and/or neurological disorders. From marginal distributions of a genes expression across hundreds of cells, to joint interactions taken globally to determine degree of pairwise dependency, to networks derived from probabilistic graphs along maximal spanning trees, we have discovered two fundamentally different classes of genes underlying these disorders and differentiating them. One class of genes boasts higher variability in expression and lower dependencies ("active genes"); the other has lower variability and higher dependencies ("lazy genes"). They give rise to different network architectures and different transitional states. Active genes have large hubs and a fragile topology, whereas lazy genes show more distributed code during the maturation toward neuronal state. Lazy genes boost differentiation between psychiatric and neurological disorders also at the level of tissue across the brain, spinal cord, and glands. These genes, with their low variability and asynchronous ON/OFF states that have been treated as gross data and excluded from traditional analyses, are helping us settle this old argument at more than one level of inquiry.

2 Manuscript Contribution to the FieldThere is an ongoing debate on whether psychiatric disorders are fundamentally different from neurological disorders. We examine this question anew in the context of transcriptome data tracked as human embryonic stem cells differentiate and become neurons. Building upon probabilistic layers of increasing complexity, we describe the dynamics and stochastic trajectories of the full transcriptome and the embedded genes associated with psychiatric and/or neurological disorders. Two fundamentally different types of genes emerge: "lazy genes" with low, odd, and asynchronous variability patterns in expression that would have been, under traditional approaches, considered superfluous gross data, and "active genes" likely included under traditional computational techniques. They give rise to different network architectures and different transitional dynamic states. Active genes have large hubs and a fragile topology, whereas lazy genes show more distributed code during the maturation toward neuronal state. Under these new wholistic approach, the methods reveal that the lazy genes play a fundamental role in differentiating psychiatric from neurological disorders across more than one level of analysis. Including these genes in future interrogation of transcriptome data may open new lines of inquiry across brain genomics in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bermperidis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejnowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Interrogation of Stochastic Transcriptome Trajectories Using Disease Associated Genes Reveals Distinct Origins of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota-derived tryptamine impairs insulin sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut-microbiota plays a pivotal role in development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that tryptamine, a microbial metabolite of tryptophan, impairs glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Tryptamine presents a higher level in monkeys with spontaneous diabetes and human with T2D and positively correlated with the glucose tolerance. In parallel, tryptamine level was suppressed by dietary fibers intervention in T2D subjects and negatively correlated with improvement of glucose tolerance. The inhibitory effect of tryptamine on insulin signaling as shown was dependent on a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling axis. Monoassociation of T2D-associated tryptamine-producing bacteria Ruminococcus gnavus impairs insulin sensitivity in pseudo germ-free mice. Our findings indicate gut microbiota-derived tryptamine contributes to the development of insulin resistance in T2D and may serve as a new target for intervention.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Z.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota-derived tryptamine impairs insulin sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocalization categorization behavior explained by a feature-based auditory categorization model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal animals produce multiple categories of calls with high between- and within-subject variability, over which listeners must generalize to accomplish call categorization. The behavioral strategies and neural mechanisms that support this ability to generalize are largely unexplored. We previously proposed a theoretical model that accomplished call categorization by detecting features of intermediate complexity that best contrasted each call category from all other categories. We further demonstrated that some neural responses in the primary auditory cortex were consistent with such a model. Here, we asked whether a feature-based model could predict call categorization behavior. We trained both the model and guinea pigs on call categorization tasks using natural calls. We then tested categorization by the model and guinea pigs using temporally and spectrally altered calls. Both the model and guinea pigs were surprisingly resilient to temporal manipulations, but sensitive to moderate frequency shifts. Critically, model performance quantitatively matched guinea pig behavior to a remarkable degree. By adopting different model training strategies and examining features that contributed to solving specific tasks, we could gain insight into possible strategies used by animals to categorize calls. Our results validate a model that uses the detection of intermediate-complexity contrastive features to accomplish call categorization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAndrew, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocalization categorization behavior explained by a feature-based auditory categorization model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating spatial and network properties of NMDA-dependent neuronal connectivity in mixed cortical cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A technique combining fluorescence imaging with Ca2+ indicators and single-cell laser scanning photostimulation of caged glutamate (LSPS) allows identification of functional connections between individual neurons in mixed cultures of rat neocortical cells as well as observation of synchronous spontaneous activity among neurons. LSPS performed on large numbers of neurons yielded maps of functional connections between neurons and allowed calculation of neuronal network parameters. LSPS also provided an indirect measure of excitability of neurons targeted for photostimulation. By repeating LSPS sessions with the same neurons, stability of connections and change in the number and strength of connections were also determined. Experiments were conducted in the presence of bicuculline to study the properties of excitatory neurotransmission. The AMPA receptor inhibitor, 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), abolished synchronous neuronal activity but had no effect on connections mapped by LSPS. In contrast, the NMDA receptor inhibitor, 2-Amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (APV), dramatically decreased the number of functional connections between neurons while also affecting synchronous spontaneous activity. Functional connections were also decreased by increasing extracellular Mg2+ concentration. These data demonstrated that LSPS mapping interrogates NMDA receptor-dependent connectivity between neurons in the network. A GluN2A-specific inhibitor, NVP-AAM077, decreased the number and strength of connections between neurons as well as neuron excitability. Conversely, the GluN2A-specific positive modulator, GNE-0723, increased these same properties. These data showed that LSPS can be used to directly study perturbations in the properties of NMDA receptor-dependent connectivity in neuronal networks. This approach should be applicable in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojvirat, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating spatial and network properties of NMDA-dependent neuronal connectivity in mixed cortical cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of ONT-cappable-seq to unravel the transcriptional landscape of Pseudomonas phages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequencing has become the method of choice to study the transcriptional landscape of phage-infected bacteria. However, short-read RNA sequencing approaches generally fail to capture the primary 5 and 3 boundaries of transcripts, confounding the discovery of key transcription initiation and termination events as well as operon architectures. Yet, the elucidation of these elements is crucial for the understanding of the strategy of transcription regulation during the infection process, which is currently lacking beyond a handful of model phages. To this end, we developed ONT-cappable-seq, a specialized long-read RNA sequencing technique that allows end-to-end sequencing of primary prokaryotic transcripts using the Nanopore sequencing platform. We applied ONT-cappable-seq to study transcription of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage LUZ7, obtaining a comprehensive genome-wide map of viral transcription start sites, terminators, and complex operon structures that fine-regulate gene expression. Our work provides new insights in the RNA biology of a non-model phage, unveiling distinct promoter architectures, putative small non-coding viral RNAs, and the prominent regulatory role of terminators during infection. The robust workflow presented here offers a framework to obtain a global, yet fine-grained view of phage transcription and paves the way for standardized, in depth transcription studies for microbial viruses or bacteria in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammens, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznedelov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.484859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of ONT-cappable-seq to unravel the transcriptional landscape of Pseudomonas phages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skates are cartilaginous fish whose novel body plan features remarkably enlarged wing-like pectoral fins that allow them to thrive in benthic environments. The molecular underpinnings of this unique trait, however, remain elusive. Here we investigate the origin of this phenotypic innovation by developing the little skate Leucoraja erinacea as a genomically enabled model. Analysis of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome sequence for the little skate shows that it preserves many ancestral jawed vertebrate features compared with other sequenced genomes, including numerous ancient microchromosomes. Combining genome comparisons with extensive regulatory datasets in developing fins - gene expression, chromatin occupancy and three-dimensional (3D) conformation - we find skate-specific genomic rearrangements that alter the 3D regulatory landscape of genes involved in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Functional inhibition of PCP signaling resulted in marked reduction of anterior fin size, confirming this pathway as a major contributor of batoid fin morphology. We also identified a fin-specific enhancer that interacts with 3 HOX genes, consistent with the redeployment of Hox gene expression in anterior pectoral fins, and confirmed the potential of this element to activate transcription in the anterior fin using zebrafish reporter assays. Our findings underscore the central role of genome reorganizations and regulatory variation in the evolution of phenotypes, shedding light on the molecular origin of an enigmatic trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Calle-Mustienes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acemel, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paliou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cases, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleight, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrescavage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckett, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sospedra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbellay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupianez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cells with Stochastically Increased Methyltransferase to Restriction Endonuclease Ratio Provide an Entry for Bacteriophage into Protected Cell Population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The action of type II restriction-modification (RM) systems depends on restriction endonuclease (REase), which cleaves foreign DNA at specific sites, and methyltransferase (MTase), which protects host genome from restriction by methylating the same sites. We show that protection from phage infection increases as the copy number of plasmids carrying the Esp1396l RM system is increased. However, since increased plasmid copy number leads to both increased absolute intracellular REase and MTase levels and decreased MTase to REase ratio, it is impossible to determine which factor determines resistance/susceptibility to infection. By controlled expression of Esp1396I MTase or REase genes in cells carrying the Esp1396I system, we show that a shift in the MTase to REase ratio caused by overproduction of MTase or REase leads, respectively, to decreased or increased protection from infection. Consistently, due to stochastic variation of MTase and REase amount in individual cells, bacterial cells that are productively infected by bacteriophage have significantly higher MTase to REase ratios than cells that ward off the infection. Our results suggest that cells with transiently increased MTase to REase ratio at the time of infection serve as entry points for unmodified phage DNA into protected bacterial populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirillov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polinovaskaya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodorkovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ispolatov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cells with Stochastically Increased Methyltransferase to Restriction Endonuclease Ratio Provide an Entry for Bacteriophage into Protected Cell Population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pain as a Trigger for Epigenetic Modifications in Limbic Circuitry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain involves both central and peripheral neuronal plasticity that encompasses changes in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nociceptors. Within the forebrain, mesocorticolimbic regions associated with emotional regulation have recently been shown to exhibit enduring gene expression changes in models of chronic pain. To better understand how such enduring transcriptional changes might be regulated within brain structures associated with processing of pain or affect, we examined epigenetic modifications associated with active or permissive transcriptional states (histone H3 lysine 4 mono and trimethylation, and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation) in periaqueductal gray, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area five weeks after sciatic nerve injury to model chronic pain. For mice in chronic pain, we observed an overall trend for a reduction of these epigenetic markers in the periaqueductal gray, lateral hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens, but not the ventral tegmental area. Moreover, we discovered that some epigenetic modifications exhibited changes associated with pain history, while others were associated with individual differences in pain sensitivity. When taken together, these results suggest that chronic pain may lead to a suppression of transcription and gene expression in key limbic brain structures and circuits, which may ultimately result in maladaptive plasticity within these systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balouek-Thomert, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pain as a Trigger for Epigenetic Modifications in Limbic Circuitry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moxifloxacin-mediated killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involves respiratory downshift, reductive stress, and ROS accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moxifloxacin is central to treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Effects of moxifloxacin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis redox state were explored to identify strategies for increasing lethality and reducing the prevalence of extensively resistant tuberculosis. A non-invasive redox biosensor and an ROS-sensitive dye revealed that moxifloxacin induces oxidative stress correlated with M. tuberculosis death. Moxifloxacin lethality was mitigated by supplementing bacterial cultures with an ROS scavenger (thiourea), an iron chelator (bipyridyl), and, after drug removal, an antioxidant enzyme (catalase). Lethality was also reduced by hypoxia and nutrient starvation. Moxifloxacin increased the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and DNA repair. Surprisingly, and in contrast with Escherichia coli studies, moxifloxacin decreased expression of genes involved in respiration, suppressed oxygen consumption, increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and increased the labile iron pool in M. tuberculosis. Lowering the NADH/NAD+ ratio in M. tuberculosis revealed that NADH-reductive stress facilitates an iron-mediated ROS surge and moxifloxacin lethality. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) accelerated respiration and ROS production, increased moxifloxacin lethality, and lowered the mutant prevention concentration. Moxifloxacin induced redox stress in M. tuberculosis inside macrophages, and co-treatment with NAC potentiated the anti-mycobacterial efficacy of moxifloxacin during nutrient starvation, inside macrophages, and in mice where NAC restricted the emergence of resistance. Thus, oxidative stress, generated in a novel way, contributes to moxifloxacin-mediated killing of M. tuberculosis. The results open a way to make fluoroquinolones more effective anti-tuberculosis agents and provide a mechanistic basis for NAC-mediated enhancement of fluoroquinolone lethality in vitro and in vivo.

Author Summary

A new paradigm was revealed for stress-mediated bacterial death in which moxifloxacin treatment of M. tuberculosis decreases respiration rate (respiration increases in E. coli). Although moxifloxacin-induced, ROS-mediated bacterial death was observed, it derived from elevated levels of NADH and iron, a phenomenon not seen with antibiotic-treated E. coli. Nevertheless, stimulation of respiration and ROS by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) enhanced moxifloxacin-mediated killing of M. tuberculosis, thereby reinforcing involvement of ROS in killing. NAC stimulation of moxifloxacin-mediated killing of M. tuberculosis and restriction of the emergence of resistance in a murine model of infection emphasize the importance of lethal action against pathogens. The work, plus published benefits of NAC to TB patients, encourage studies of NAC-based enhancement of fluoroquinolones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajmani, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrapani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>drlica, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moxifloxacin-mediated killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involves respiratory downshift, reductive stress, and ROS accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-free mutant analysis combined with structure prediction of a lasso peptide biosynthetic protein B2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical and structural analyses of purified proteins are essential for the understanding of their properties. However, many proteins are unstable and difficult to purify, hindering their characterization. The B2 proteins of the lasso peptide biosynthetic pathways are cysteine proteases that cleave precursor peptides during the maturation process. The B2 proteins are poorly soluble and no experimentally-solved structures are available. Here, we performed a rabid semi-comprehensive mutational analysis of the B2 protein from the thermophilic actinobacterium, Thermobifida fusca (TfuB2) using a cell-free transcription/translation system, and compared the results with the structure prediction by AlphaFold2. Analysis of 34 TfuB2 mutants with substitutions of hydrophobic residues confirmed the accuracy of the predicted structure, and revealed a hydrophobic patch on the protein surface, which likely serves as the binding site of the partner protein, TfuB1. Our results suggest that the combination of rapid cell-free mutant analyses with precise structure predictions can greatly accelerate structure-function research of proteins for which no structures are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubiley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-free mutant analysis combined with structure prediction of a lasso peptide biosynthetic protein B2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing physical cell interaction networks from single-cell data using Neighbor-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell interactions are the fundamental building blocks of tissue organization and multicellular life. We developed Neighbor-seq, a method to identify and annotate the architecture of direct cell-cell interactions and relevant ligand-receptor signaling from the undissociated cell fractions in massively parallel single cell sequencing data. Neighbor-seq accurately identifies microanatomical features of diverse tissue types such as the small intestinal epithelium, terminal respiratory tract, and splenic white pulp. It also captures the differing topologies of cancer-immune-stromal cell communications in pancreatic and skin tumors, which are consistent with the patterns observed in spatial transcriptomic data. Neighbor-seq is fast and scalable. It draws inferences from routine single-cell data and does not require prior knowledge about sample cell-types or multiplets. Neighbor-seq provides a framework to study the organ-level cellular interactome in health and disease, bridging the gap between single-cell and spatial transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing physical cell interaction networks from single-cell data using Neighbor-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VcINDY, the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vibrio cholerae, is responsible for C4- and C5-carboxylate uptake into cells. The molecular mechanism of how VcINDY physically moves substrates across the membrane, and does so in an energetically efficient manner, is unclear. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments to directly observe the individual mechanistic steps that VcINDY takes to translocate substrates across a lipid bilayer, and then test key predictions of transport cycle mechanistic models. Our data provide the first direct evidence that VcINDY undergoes stochastic, elevator-type conformational motions that enable substrate translocation. Kinetic analysis suggests that the two protomers of the VcINDY homodimer undergo those motions in a non-cooperative manner, and thus catalyze two independent transport reactions. The relative substrate independence of those motions supports the notion that the VcINDY transport cycle maintains strict co-substrate coupling using a cooperative binding mechanism. Finally, thermodynamic modeling provides insight into how such a cooperative binding mechanism provides a generalized approach to optimizing transport for many secondary active transporters.

Significance StatementTransporter proteins use energy to move molecular materials into and out of cells. To be efficient, the transporter motions responsible for moving the molecules must be tightly choreographed to avoid wasting energy without transporting anything. By measuring the motions and kinetics of a prototypical transporter (VcINDY) at the single-molecule level, this study finds the first evidence that transporters like VcINDY achieve efficient transport by coordinating constantly dynamic, "elevator-type" motions while sitting in the cellular membrane. The efficiency of these surprisingly dynamic transporters is then revealed by thermodynamic modeling, which explains the molecular basis behind how highly cooperative, substrate binding reactions may have evolved as the optimal strategy for maximizing transporter efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Redondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marden, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mindell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevator mechanism dynamics in a sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial population dynamics decouple nutrient affinity from environmental concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the growth rate of a microbial population responds to the environmental availability of chemical nutrients and other resources is a fundamental question in microbiology. Models of this response, such as the widely-used Monod model, are generally characterized by a maximum growth rate and a half-saturation concentration of the resource. What values should we expect for these half-saturation concentrations, and how should they depend on the environmental concentration of the resource? We survey growth response data across a wide range of organisms and resources. We find that the half-saturation concentrations vary across orders of magnitude, even for the same organism and resource. To explain this variation, we develop an evolutionary model to show that demographic fluctuations (genetic drift) can constrain the adaptation of half-saturation concentrations. We find that this effect fundamentally differs depending on the type of population dynamics: populations undergoing periodic bottlenecks of fixed size will adapt their half-saturation concentration in proportion to the environmental resource concentration, but populations undergoing periodic dilutions of fixed size will evolve half-saturation concentrations that are largely decoupled from the environmental concentration. Our model not only provides testable predictions for laboratory evolution experiments, but it also reveals how an evolved half-saturation concentration may not reflect the organisms environment. In particular, this explains how organisms in resource-rich environments can still evolve fast growth at low resource concentrations. Altogether our results demonstrate the critical role of population dynamics in shaping fundamental ecological traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fink, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial population dynamics decouple nutrient affinity from environmental concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adsorption of Pulmonary and Exogeneous Surfactants on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 is transmitted by inhaling SARS-CoV-2 virions, which are enveloped by a lipid bilayer decorated by a "crown" of Spike protein protrusions. In the respiratory tract, virions interact with surfactant films composed of phospholipids and cholesterol that coat lung airways. Here, we explore by using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations the physico-chemical mechanisms of surfactant adsorption on Spike proteins. With examples of zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, we show that surfactants form micellar aggregates that selectively adhere to the specific regions of S1 domain of the Spike protein that are responsible for binding with ACE2 receptors and virus transmission into the cells. We find high cholesterol adsorption and preferential affinity of anionic surfactants to Arginine and Lysine residues within S1 receptor binding motif. These findings have important implications for informing the search for extraneous therapeutic surfactants for curing and preventing COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santo, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neimark, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adsorption of Pulmonary and Exogeneous Surfactants on SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nav1.1 in mammalian sensory neurons is required for normal motor behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV), NaV1.1, is well-studied in the central nervous system; conversely, its contribution to peripheral sensory neuron function is more enigmatic. Here, we identify a new role for NaV1.1 in mammalian proprioception. RNAscope analysis and in vitro patch clamp recordings in genetically identified mouse proprioceptors show ubiquitously channel expression and significant contributions to intrinsic excitability. Notably, genetic deletion of NaV1.1 in sensory neurons caused profound and visible motor coordination deficits in conditional knockout mice of both sexes, similar to conditional Piezo2-knockout animals, suggesting this channel is a major contributor to sensory proprioceptive transmission. Ex vivo muscle afferent recordings conditional knockout mice found that loss of NaV1.1 leads to inconsistent and unreliable proprioceptor firing characterized by action potential failures during static muscle stretch; conversely, afferent responses to dynamic vibrations were unaffected. This suggests that while a combination of Piezo2 and other NaV isoforms are sufficient to elicit activity in response to transient stimuli, NaV1.1 is required for transmission of receptor potentials generated during sustained muscle stretch. Impressively, recordings from afferents of heterozygous conditional knockout animals were similarly impaired, and heterozygous conditional knockout mice also exhibited motor behavioral deficits. Thus, NaV1.1 haploinsufficiency in sensory neurons impairs both proprioceptor function and motor behaviors. Importantly, human patients harboring NaV1.1 loss-of-function mutations often present with motor delays and ataxia; therefore, our data suggest sensory neuron dysfunction contributes to the clinical manifestations of neurological disorders in which NaV1.1 function is compromised. Collectively, we present the first evidence that NaV1.1 is essential for mammalian proprioceptive signaling and behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espino, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nav1.1 in mammalian sensory neurons is required for normal motor behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replicative Instability Drives Cancer Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past decade, defective DNA repair has been increasingly linked with cancer progression. Human tumors with markers of defective DNA repair and increased replication stress have been shown to exhibit genomic instability and poor survival rates across tumor types. Here we utilize-omics data from two independent consortia to identify the genetic underpinnings of replication stress, therapy resistance, and primary carcinoma to brain metastasis in BRCA wildtype tumors. In doing so, we have defined a new pan-cancer class of tumors characterized by replicative instability (RIN). RIN is defined by genomic evolution secondary to replicative challenge. Our data supports a model whereby defective single-strand break repair, translesion synthesis, and non-homologous end joining effectors drive RIN. Collectively, we find that RIN accelerates cancer progression by driving copy number alterations and transcriptional program rewiring that promote tumor evolution.

Statement of SignificanceDefining the genetic basis of genomic instability with wildtype BRCA repair effectors is a significant unmet need in cancer research. Here we identify and characterize a pan-cancer cohort of tumors driven by replicative instability (RIN). We find that RIN drives therapy resistance and distant metastases across multiple tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shain, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelbaum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerley, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentzler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nix, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stukenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replicative Instability Drives Cancer Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally determined intersectional genetic strategies to dissect adult somatosensory circuit function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in the speed and cost of expression profiling of neuronal tissues offer an unprecedented opportunity to define ever finer subgroups of neurons for functional studies. In the spinal cord, single cell RNA sequencing studies1,2 support decades of work on spinal cord lineage studies3-5, offering a unique opportunity to probe adult function based on developmental lineage. While Cre/Flp recombinase intersectional strategies remain a powerful tool to manipulate spinal neurons6-8, the field lacks genetic tools and strategies to restrict manipulations to the adult mouse spinal cord at the speed at which new tools develop. This study establishes a new workflow for intersectional mouse-viral strategies to dissect adult spinal function based on developmental lineages in a modular fashion. To restrict manipulations to the spinal cord, we generate a brain-sparing Hoxb8FlpO mouse line restricting Flp recombinase expression to caudal tissue. Recapitulating endogenous Hoxb8 gene expression9, Flp-dependent reporter expression is present in the caudal embryo starting day 9.5. This expression restricts Flp activity in the adult to the caudal brainstem and below. Hoxb8FlpO heterozygous and homozygous mice do not develop any of the sensory or locomotor phenotypes evident in Hoxb8 heterozygous or mutant animals10,11, suggesting normal developmental function of the Hoxb8 gene and protein in Hoxb8FlpO mice. Compared to the variability of brain recombination in available caudal Cre and Flp lines12,13 Hoxb8FlpO activity is not present in the brain above the caudal brainstem, independent of mouse genetic background. Lastly, we combine the Hoxb8FlpO mouse line with dorsal horn developmental lineage Cre mouse lines to express GFP in developmentally determined dorsal horn populations. Using GFP-dependent Cre recombinase viruses14 and Cre recombinase-dependent inhibitory chemogenetics, we target developmentally defined lineages in the adult. We show how developmental knock-out versus transient adult silencing of the same ROR{beta} lineage neurons affects adult sensorimotor behavior. In summary, this new mouse line and viral approach provides a blueprint to dissect adult somatosensory circuit function using Cre/Flp genetic tools to target spinal cord interneurons based on genetic lineage.

In briefWe describe the generation of a Hoxb8FlpO mouse line that targets Flp-recombinase expression to the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and caudal viscera. This line can be used in intersectional Cre/Flp strategies to restrict manipulations to the caudal nervous system. Additionally, we describe an intersectional genetics+viral strategy to convert developmental GFP expression into adult Cre expression, allowing for modular incorporation of viral tools into intersectional genetics. This approach allows for manipulation of a developmentally determined lineage in the adult. This strategy is also more accessible than traditional intersectional genetics, and can adapt to the constantly evolving available viral repertoire.

Highlights- A new Hoxb8FlpO mouse line allows Flp-dependent recombination in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and caudal viscera.
- We observed no ectopic brain expression across mouse genetic backgrounds with the Hoxb8FlpO mouse line.
- Combining this new mouse line for intersectional genetics and a viral approach, we provide a novel pipeline to target and manipulate developmentally defined adult spinal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briones, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadegan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanienko, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuber, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally determined intersectional genetic strategies to dissect adult somatosensory circuit function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt signalling, cell fate determination and anteroposterior polarity of the skate gill arch skeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gill skeleton of cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and holocephalans) exhibits a striking anterior-posterior polarity, with a series of fine appendages called branchial rays projecting from the posterior margin of the gill arch cartilages. We previously demonstrated in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that branchial rays derive from a posterior domain of pharyngeal arch mesenchyme that is responsive to Shh signalling from a distal gill arch epithelial ridge (GAER) signalling centre. However, how branchial ray progenitors are specified exclusively within posterior gill arch mesenchyme is not known. Here we show that genes encoding several Wnt ligands are expressed in the ectoderm immediately adjacent to the skate GAER, and that these Wnt signals are transduced largely in the anterior arch environment. Using pharmacological manipulation, we show that inhibition of Wnt signalling results in an anterior expansion of Shh signal transduction in developing skate gill arches, and in the formation of ectopic anterior branchial ray cartilages. Our findings demonstrate that ectodermal Wnt signalling contributes to gill arch skeletal polarity in skate by restricting Shh signal transduction and chondrogenesis to the posterior arch environment and highlights the importance of signalling interactions at embryonic tissue boundaries for cell fate determination in vertebrate pharyngeal arches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rees, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleight, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt signalling, cell fate determination and anteroposterior polarity of the skate gill arch skeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A therapeutically targetable NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 axis in T-cell Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) is a NOTCH1-driven disease in need of novel therapies. Here, we identify a NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 link as a therapeutic vulnerability in T-ALL, in which SIRT1 is overexpressed downstream of a novel NOTCH1-bound enhancer. SIRT1 loss impairs leukemia generation, while SIRT1 overexpression accelerates leukemia and confers resistance to NOTCH1 inhibition in a deacetylase-dependent manner. Moreover, secondary SIRT1 loss extends survival and synergizes with NOTCH1 inhibition. Global acetyl-proteomics upon SIRT1 loss uncovered hyperacetylation of KAT7 and BRD1, subunits of a histone acetyltransferase complex targeting H4K12. Metabolic and gene expression profiling revealed a metabolic crisis together with a transcriptional signature resembling KAT7 deletion. Consistently, SIRT1 loss resulted in reduced H4K12ac, and overexpression of a non-acetylatable KAT7 mutant partly rescued SIRT1 loss-induced proliferation defects. The newly unveiled NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 axis uncovers novel therapeutic targets in T-ALL and reveals a circular feedback mechanism balancing deacetylase/acetyltransferase activation with potentially broad relevance in cancer.

Statement of significanceWe identified a novel axis in T-ALL whereby NOTCH1 activates SIRT1 through an enhancer region, and SIRT1 deacetylates and activates KAT7. Targeting SIRT1 shows antileukemic effects, partly mediated by KAT7 inactivation. Our results identify novel therapeutic targets and uncover a rheostat mechanism between deacetylase/acetyltransferase activities with potentially broader cancer relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lancho, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva-Diz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renck Nunes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksandrova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A therapeutically targetable NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 axis in T-cell Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based discovery of selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3 and 4 inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important cancer drug targets. Existing FDA-approved drugs target the catalytic pocket of HDACs, which is conserved across subfamilies (classes) of HDAC. Here, we use molecular modeling approaches to identify and target potential novel pockets specific to Class IIA HDAC-HDAC4 at the interface between HDAC4 and the NCOR protein. These pockets were then targeted using an ensemble docking approach combined with consensus scoring to identify compounds with a different mechanism of binding than the currently known HDAC modulators. Using this approach, 18 compounds predicted in silico to bind to HDAC4s novel pockets were tested in vivo testing on two cancer cell lines. Of these, 5 compounds decreased cell viability to less than 60%. One inhibited the catalytic activity of HDAC4 but not HDAC3, which belongs to a different family of HDACs (Class I). The most potent compound has an IC50 comparable to the FDA-approved compound SAHA (Vorinostat). While there are currently no known inhibitors reported to bind highly selectively to HDAC4, the present result suggests potential mechanistic and chemical approaches for the development of selective HDAC4 modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattarawat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based discovery of selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3 and 4 inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathobionts from chemically disrupted gut microbiota induce insulin-dependent diabetes in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDysbiotic gut microbiome, genetically predisposed or chemically disrupted, has been linked with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) including autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and animal models. However, specific IDD-inducing gut bacteria remain to be identified and their casual role in disease development demonstrated via experiments that can fulfill Kochs postulates.

ResultsHere, we show that novel gut pathobionts in the Muribaculaceae family, enriched by a low-dose dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment, translocated to the pancreas and caused local inflammation, beta cell destruction and IDD in C57BL/6 mice. Antibiotic removal and transplantation of gut microbiota showed that this low DSS disrupted gut microbiota was both necessary and sufficient to induce IDD. Reduced butyrate content in the gut and decreased gene expression levels of an antimicrobial peptide in the pancreas allowed for the enrichment of members in the Muribaculaceae family in the gut and their translocation to the pancreas. Pure isolate of one such members induced IDD in wildtype germ-free mice on normal diet either alone or in combination with normal gut microbiome after gavaged into stomach and translocated to pancreas.

ConclusionThe pathobionts that are chemically enriched in dysbiotic gut microbiota are sufficient to induce insulin-dependent diabetes after translocation to the pancreas. This indicates that IDD can be mainly a microbiome-dependent disease, inspiring the need to search for novel pathobionts for IDD development in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathobionts from chemically disrupted gut microbiota induce insulin-dependent diabetes in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational and functional characterization of the PI(4,5)P2 binding site of the TRPM3 ion channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.05.494899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 (TRPM3) is a heat-activated ion channel expressed in peripheral sensory neurons and the central nervous system. TRPM3 activity depends on the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], but the molecular mechanism of activation by PI(4,5)P2 is not known. As no experimental structure of TRPM3 is available, we built a homology model of the channel in complex with PI(4,5)P2 via molecular modeling. We identified putative contact residues for PI(4,5)P2 in the pre-S1 segment, the S4-S5 linker, and the proximal C-terminal TRP-domain. Mutating these residues increased sensitivity to inhibition of TRPM3 by decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels by phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibition. Changes in ligand-binding affinities via MM/GBSA showed reduced PI(4,5)P2 affinity for the mutants. Mutating PI(4,5)P2 interacting residues also reduced sensitivity for activation by the endogenous ligand pregnenolone sulfate (PregS), pointing to an allosteric interaction between PI(4,5)P2 and PregS. Mutating residues in the PI(4,5)P2 binding site in TRPM8 had similar effects, increased sensitivity to PI(4,5)P2 depletion, and reduced sensitivity to menthol. Mutation of most PI(4,5)P2 interacting residues in TRPM3 also increased sensitivity to inhibition by G{beta}{gamma}, indicating allosteric interaction between G{beta}{gamma} and PI(4,5)P2. Disease-associated gain of function TRPM3 mutations on the other hand, resulted in no change of PI(4,5)P2 sensitivity, indicating that mutations did not increase channel activity via increasing PI(4,5)P2 interactions. Our data provide insight into the mechanism of regulation of TRPM3 by PI(4,5)P2, its relationship to endogenous activators and inhibitors of TRPM3, as well as identify similarities and differences between PI(4,5)P2 regulation of TRPM3 and TRPM8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.05.494899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational and functional characterization of the PI(4,5)P2 binding site of the TRPM3 ion channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Development-Inspired Niche for Homeostatic Human Mini-Intestines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial organoids derived from intestinal tissue, also referred to as mini-intestines or mini-guts, recapitulate many aspects of the organ in vitro and can be used for biological discovery, personalized medicine, and drug development. Murine intestinal organoids represent a homeostatic system that balances stem cell maintenance within a crypt-like compartment and differentiation within a villus-like compartment1-3. However, this homeostatic balance and spatial organization has not been achieved with human intestinal organoids4. Here, we leverage single cell RNA-seq data (scRNA-seq) and high-resolution imaging to interrogate the developing human intestinal stem cell niche. We identified an EGF-family member, EPIREGULIN (EREG), as uniquely expressed in the developing crypt, and found that EREG can take the place of EGF as an in vitro niche factor. Unlike EGF, which leads to growth of thin-walled cystic organoids, EREG-organoids are spatially resolved into budded and proliferative crypt domains and a differentiated villus-like central lumen. Transcriptomics and epigenomics showed that EREG-organoids are globally similar to the native intestine while EGF-organoids have an altered chromatin landscape, downregulate the master intestinal transcription factor CDX25,6, and ectopically express stomach genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Childs, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capeling, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palikuqi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trentesaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loebel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Development-Inspired Niche for Homeostatic Human Mini-Intestines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-Life Stress Impairs Perception and Neural Encoding of Rapid Signals in the Auditory Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In children, early ear infections are a risk factor for later speech perception deficits. This is likely because auditory deprivation during a developmental critical period (CP) induces long-lasting deficits in perception and ACx encoding of temporally-varying sounds. CPs also create susceptibility to early-life stress (ELS) in neural regions involved with cognition and anxiety. As CP mechanisms are shared by sensory cortices and higher neural regions, ACx and temporal encoding may also be susceptible to ELS. To examine the effects of ELS on temporal processing, we developed a model of ELS in the Mongolian gerbil, a well-established model for auditory processing. ELS induction impaired the behavioral detection of short gaps in sound, which are critical for speech perception. This was accompanied by reduced neural responses to gaps in ACx, the auditory periphery, and auditory brainstem. These ELS effects presumably degrade the fidelity of sensory representations available to higher regions, and could contribute to ELS-induced problems with cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunthimer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-Life Stress Impairs Perception and Neural Encoding of Rapid Signals in the Auditory Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine in the Dorsal Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis signals Pavlovian sign-tracking and reward violations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Midbrain and striatal dopamine signals have been extremely well characterized over the past several decades, yet novel dopamine signals and functions in reward learning and motivation continue to emerge. A similar characterization of real-time sub-second dopamine signals in areas outside of the striatum has been limited. Recent advances in fluorescent sensor technology and fiber photometry permit measurement of dopamine binding correlates, which can divulge basic functions of dopamine signaling in non-striatal dopamine terminal regions, like the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST). Here, we record GRABDA signals in the dBNST during a Pavlovian lever autoshaping task. We observe greater Pavlovian cue-evoked dBNST GRABDA signals in sign-tracking (ST) compared to goal-tracking/intermediate (GT/INT) rats and the magnitude of cue-evoked dBNST GRABDA signals decrease immediately following reinforcer-specific satiety. When we deliver unexpected reward or omit expected reward, we find that dBNST dopamine signals encode bidirectional reward prediction errors in GT/INT rats, but only positive prediction errors in ST rats. Since sign- and goal-tracking approach strategies are associated with distinct drug relapse vulnerabilities, we examined the effects of experimenter-administered fentanyl on dBNST dopamine associative encoding. Systemic fentanyl injections do not disrupt dBNST cue discrimination but generally potentiate dBNST dopamine signals. These results reveal multiple dBNST dopamine correlates of learning and motivation that depend on the Pavlovian approach strategy employed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyawali, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calu, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine in the Dorsal Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis signals Pavlovian sign-tracking and reward violations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aromatase Inhibitor Induced Musculoskeletal Inflammation is Observed Independent of Oophorectomy in a Novel Mouse Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAromatase Inhibitors (AIs) block physiological estrogen production in peripheral tissues and are used clinically to reduce disease recurrences and improve overall survival rates in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. However, half of patients taking these drugs develop aromatase inhibitor induced arthralgia (AIIA), which is characterized by severe pain and inflammation in various joints and the surrounding musculoskeletal tissue. While the pathophysiology is not currently understood, it has been proposed to be associated with systemic estrogen deficiency resulting from AI treatment. Since AIIA leads to suspension of therapy in 20-30% of patients, reducing AIIA incidence may provide sustained AI treatment and enhance long-term survival.

ObjectiveIn order to establish a better understanding of disease pathology and to create a platform that can be used to explore future interventional strategies, our objective in this study was to design a novel animal model of AIIA.

MethodsFemale BALB/C-Tg(NF{kappa}B-RE-luc)-Xen mice, which have a firefly luciferase cDNA reporter transgene under the regulation of NF{kappa}B binding sites, were oophorectomized and treated with AI (letrozole) by daily subcutaneous injections for 5 weeks. Control groups included oophorectomized mice receiving vehicle injections and non-oophorectomized mice treated with AI. Knee joints and surrounding muscle tissue were imaged on the BioSpec 94/30 micro-MRI. The primary weight-bearing joint (hind limb) was examined histopathologically and NF{kappa}B activity was measured by bioluminescent imaging. Serum was collected for cytokine analysis. Additionally, healthy human PBMCs were treated with letrozole, estrogen, or both, and RNA sequencing was performed at 36 hrs.

ResultsBioluminescent imaging showed significantly enhanced NF{kappa}B activation with AI treatment in the hind limbs compared to controls receiving vehicle treatment. Moreover, analysis of knee joints and legs by MRI showed enhanced signal detection in the joint space and surrounding tissue following daily AI injections. Surprisingly, the enhanced MRI detection and NF{kappa}B activation was observed with AI treatment independent of the oophorectomy procedure. This indicates that the induction of musculoskeletal-directed inflammation by AI is not mediated by changes in physiological estrogen levels, which is contrary to proposed mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Similarly, histopathological analysis showed tenosynovitis and musculoskeletal infiltrates in all mice receiving AI with or without oophorectomy. IHC analysis of the infiltrates demonstrated a predominantly macrophage-mediated inflammatory response with scattered CD4+ T cells. Additionally, serum cytokine levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and CXCL1 were significantly elevated in mice with AI treatment. RNA sequencing of human PBMCs after in vitro AI stimulation did not demonstrate an AI-specific gene expression pattern associated with immune system activation directly, suggesting that the pathogenesis of AIIA may be mediated through cells in other tissues in vivo.

ConclusionsCollectively, these data establish a novel mouse model of AIIA and identify an estrogen-independent stimulation of disease pathology via AI-mediated induction. This suggests that the pathogenesis of AIIA may not be mediated by estrogen deficiency, as previously hypothesized, and indicates that AI-induced inflammation may not be regulated directly through a pathogenic mechanism initially derived from circulating mononuclear cells. Future studies aim to characterize this inflammatory mechanism in vivo with a focus on other cells, including macrophages, synovial cells and chondrocytes, to provide insight into putative therapeutic strategies directed at mitigating disease pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVries, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratasz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinbolt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarjour, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aromatase Inhibitor Induced Musculoskeletal Inflammation is Observed Independent of Oophorectomy in a Novel Mouse Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life tolerance depends on a subset of specialized dendritic cells and is reinforced by the skin microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life establishment of tolerance to commensal bacteria at barrier surfaces carries enduring implications for immune health but remains poorly understood. Here we show that this process is controlled by microbial interaction with a specialized subset of antigen presenting cells. More particularly, we identify CD301b+ type 2 conventional dendritic cells (DC) as a subset in neonatal skin specifically capable of uptake, presentation and generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to commensal antigens. In early life, CD301b+ DC2 are enriched for programs of phagocytosis and maturation, while also expressing tolerogenic markers. In both human and murine skin, these signatures were reinforced by microbial uptake. In contrast to their adult counterparts or other early life DC subsets, neonatal CD301b+ DC2 highly expressed the retinoic acid-producing enzyme, RALDH2, deletion of which limited commensal-specific Tregs. Thus, synergistic interactions between bacteria and a specialized DC subset critically support early life tolerance at the cutaneous interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weckel, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhariwala, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojewumi, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggs, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoro, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacino, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>merana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandasabapathy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumamoto, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharschmidt, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life tolerance depends on a subset of specialized dendritic cells and is reinforced by the skin microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally occurring mutations of SARS-CoV-2 main protease confer drug resistance to nirmatrelvir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is the drug target of Pfizers oral drug Paxlovid. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in Mpro raised the alarm of potential drug resistance. In this study, we identified 100 naturally occurring Mpro mutations located at the nirmatrelvir binding site, among which 20 mutants, including S144M/F/A/G/Y, M165T, E166G, H172Q/F, and Q192T/S/L/A/I/P/H/V/W/C/F, showed comparable enzymatic activity to the wild-type (kcat/Km <10-fold change) and resistance to nirmatrelvir (Ki >10-fold increase). X-ray crystal structures were determined for seven representative mutants with and/or without GC-376/nirmatrelvir. Viral growth assay showed that Mpro mutants with reduced enzymatic activity led to attenuated viral replication. Overall, our study identified several drug resistant hot spots that warrant close monitoring for possible clinical evidence of Paxlovid resistance.

One Sentence SummaryPaxlovid resistant SARS-CoV-2 viruses with mutations in the main protease have been identified from clinical isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongora, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally occurring mutations of SARS-CoV-2 main protease confer drug resistance to nirmatrelvir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escape From Oncogene-Induced Senescence is Controlled by POU2F2 and Memorized by Chromatin Scars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.497942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a potent tumor-suppressor mechanism, recent studies revealed that cells can escape from OIS with features of transformed cells. However, the mechanisms that promote OIS escape remain unclear, and evidence of post-senescent cells in human cancers is missing. Here, we unravel the regulatory mechanisms underlying OIS escape using dynamic multidimensional profiling. We demonstrate a critical role for AP1 and POU2F2 transcription factors for escape from OIS and identify  senescence-associated chromatin scars (SACS) as an epigenetic memory of OIS, detectable during colorectal cancer progression. POU2F2 levels are elevated already in precancerous lesions and as cells escape from OIS, and its expression and binding activity to cis-regulatory elements are associated with decreased patient survival. Our results support a model in which POU2F2 exploits a precoded enhancer landscape to promote senescence escape and reveal POU2F2 gene signatures and SACS as valuable biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Zamudio, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabuco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chokshi, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.497942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escape From Oncogene-Induced Senescence is Controlled by POU2F2 and Memorized by Chromatin Scars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cystathionine β-synthase gene inactivation dysregulates major urinary protein biogenesis and impairs sexual signaling in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive success in mice depends on major urinary proteins (Mup) that facilitate sexual interactions between females and males. Deletion of cystathionine {beta}-synthase (Cbs) gene, a metabolic gene important for homeostasis of one-carbon metabolism, impairs reproduction by causing female infertility in mice. Here we examined Mup biogenesis and sexual signaling in Cbs-/- vs. Cbs+/- mice. We found that total urinary Mup protein was significantly reduced in male and female Cbs-/- vs. Cbs+/- mice. SDS-PAGE/Western blot, ESIMS, and RT-qPCR analyses of the liver, plasma, and urinary proteins identified a male-specific Mup20 in Cbs-/-, but not Cbs+/- females. As other Mups were significantly reduced, the 18,893 Da Mup20 became the most abundand in urine of Cbs-/- females and males. Effects of Cbs genotype on 18,645 Da, 18,693 Da, and 18,709 Da Mup species abundance were Mup and sex-specific. Cbs-dependent changes in hepatic Mups and Mup20 expression were similar at the protein and mRNA level. Changes in Mups, but not in Mup20, can be explained by downregulation of hepatic Zhx2 and Ghr receptors in Cbs-/- mice. Behavioral testing showed that Cbs+/- females were attracted to Cbs+/- but not to Cbs-/- male urine. Cbs+/- males did not countermark urine of Cbs-/- males but countermarked urine of other Cbs+/- males and were attracted to urines of Cbs-/- as well as Cbs+/- females. Cbs-/- males did not countermark urine of Cbs+/- males but were still attracted to urines of Cbs+/- females. Taken together, these findings show that Cbs, a metabolic gene, plays an important role in the regulation of Mup biogenesis and sexual signaling in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bretes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wroblewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyszczelska-Rokiel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cystathionine β-synthase gene inactivation dysregulates major urinary protein biogenesis and impairs sexual signaling in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakdown of cooperative architecture in dual species biofilms and the spatial ecology of predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherence to surfaces and secretion of extracellular matrix, or biofilm formation, is common in the microbial world, but we often do not know how interaction at the cellular spatial scale translates to higher-order biofilm community ecology. Here we explore an especially understudied element of biofilm ecology, namely predation by the bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. This predator can kill and consume many different Gram-negative bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. V. cholerae can protect itself from predation within highly packed biofilm structures that it creates, whereas E. coli biofilms are highly susceptible to B. bacteriovorus. Here we explore how predator-prey dynamics change when V. cholerae and E. coli are growing in biofilms together. We find that in dual species prey biofilms, E. coli survival under B. bacteriovorus predation increases, whereas V. cholerae survival decreases. E. coli benefits from predator protection when it becomes embedded within expanding groups of highly packed V. cholerae. But we also find that the ordered, highly packed, and clonal biofilm structure of V. cholerae can be disrupted if V. cholerae cells are directly adjacent to E. coli cells at the start of biofilm growth. When this occurs, the two species become entangled, and the resulting disordered cell groups do not block predator entry. Because biofilm cell group structure depends on initial cell distributions at the start of prey biofilm growth, the colonization dynamics have a dramatic impact on the eventual multispecies biofilm architecture, which in turn determines to what extent both species survive exposure to B. bacteriovorus.

Significance StatementBacteria live in multispecies, spatially structured communities ubiquitously in the natural world. These communities, or biofilms, have a strong impact on microbial ecology, but we often do not know how cellular scale interactions determine overall biofilm structure and community dynamics. Here we explore this problem in the context of predator-prey interaction, with two prey species - Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli - being attacked by the bacterial predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. We find that when V. cholerae and E. coli grow together in biofilms, the architectures that they both produce change in ways that cannot be predicted from looking at each prey species alone, and that these changes in cell group structure impact the community dynamics of predator-prey interaction in biofilms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wucher, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadouri, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakdown of cooperative architecture in dual species biofilms and the spatial ecology of predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacodynamic model of the dynamic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to drug treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic infection by gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients in whom overabundant mucus and the formation of bacterial biofilms pose barriers to drug delivery and effectiveness. Accurate pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models of biofilm treatment could be used to guide formulation and administration strategies to better control bacterial lung infections. To this end, we have developed a detailed pharmacodynamic model of P. aeruginosa treatment with the front-line antibiotics, tobramycin and colistin, and validated it on a detailed dataset of killing dynamics. A compartmental model structure was developed in which the key features are diffusion of drug through a boundary layer to the bacteria, concentration dependent interactions with bacteria, and passage of the bacteria through successive transit states before death. The number of transit states employed was greater for tobramycin, which is a ribosomal inhibitor, than for colistin, which disrupts bacterial membranes. For both drugs, the experimentally observed delay in killing of bacteria following drug exposure was replicated and was consistent with the diffusion time, though for tobramycin, there was an additional delay reflected in the model by passage through the transit states. For each drug, the PD model with a single set of parameters described data across a ten-fold range of concentrations and for both continuous and transient exposure protocols. Furthermore, the parameters fit for each drug individually were used to model the response of biofilms to combined treatment with tobramycin and colistin. The ability to predict drug response over a range of administration protocols allows this PD model to be integrated with PK descriptions to describe in vivo antibiotic response dynamics and to predict drug delivery strategies for improved control of bacterial lung infections.

Author SummaryBiofilms are self-assembling bacterial communities that adhere to a surface and encase themselves in a protective coating. Biofilm infections are notoriously difficult to treat with conventional antibiotic administrations. To understand better the dynamics of bacterial biofilm killing in response to antibiotic treatment, we developed a mathematical model that integrates several features: drug diffusion through a boundary layer that includes the biofilm casing, concentration dependent cell damage, and passage of the cell through damaged states to eventual death. We validated the model by comparison with an extensive published dataset of biofilm response to treatment with the antibiotics, tobramycin and colistin. The model fits to these datasets were able to capture the observed trends for several antibiotic administration protocols, with model parameters reflecting the differences in mechanism of action between the two drugs. This validated model can be integrated with pharmacokinetic descriptions of drug distribution in the body over time to predict dosing and administration protocols for preclinical and clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roychowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacodynamic model of the dynamic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to drug treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The efficiency of Grignard Pure™ to inactivate airborne SARS-CoV-2 surrogate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grignard Pure (GP) is a unique and proprietary blend of Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and inert ingredients designed for continuous antimicrobial treatment of air. GP received approval from the US EPA under its Section 18 Public Health Emergency Exemption program for use in seven states. This study characterizes the efficacy of GP for inactivating MS2 bacteriophage - a non-enveloped virus widely used as a surrogate for SARs-CoV-2. Experiments measured the decrease in the airborne viable MS2 concentration in the presence of different concentrations of GP from 60 to 90 minutes, accounting for both natural die-off and settling of MS2. Experiments were conducted both by introducing GP aerosol into air containing MS2 and by introducing airborne MS2 into air containing GP aerosol. GP is consistently able to rapidly reduce viable MS2 bacteriophage concentration by 2-3 logs at GP concentrations of 0.02 mg/m3 to 0.5 mg/m3 (corresponding to TEG concentrations of 0.012 mg/m3 to 0.287 mg/m3). Related GP efficacy experiments by the US EPA, as well as GP (TEG) safety and toxicology, are also discussed.

SynopsisLimited research on the germicidal properties of triethylene glycol against airborne pathogens was conducted during the 1940s and 50s. This paper investigates the inactivation rate of airborne bacteriophage MS2 by Grignard Pure product, containing a unique and proprietary blend of Triethylene Glycol (TEG) and inert ingredients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravanos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grignard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainelis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The efficiency of Grignard Pure™ to inactivate airborne SARS-CoV-2 surrogate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomic profiling of human brain organoids reveals developmental timing- and cell-type-specific vulnerabilities induced by NRXN1 CNVs in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations and copy number deletions in NRXN1 (2p16.3) pose a significant risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). It is unclear how NRXN1 deletions impact cortical development in a cell type-specific manner and disease background modulates these phenotypes. Here, we leveraged human pluripotent stem cell-derived forebrain organoid models carrying NRXN1 heterozygous deletions in isogenic and SCZ patient genetic backgrounds and conducted single-cell transcriptomic analysis over the course of brain organoid development from 3 weeks to 3.5 months. Intriguingly, while both deletions similarly impacted molecular pathways associated with ubiquitin-proteasome system, alternative splicing, and synaptic signaling in maturing glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, SCZ-NRXN1 deletions specifically perturbed developmental trajectories of early neural progenitors and accumulated disease-specific transcriptomic signatures. Using calcium imaging, we found that both deletions led to long-lasting changes in spontaneous and synchronous neuronal networks, implicating synaptic dysfunction. Our study reveals developmental-timing- and cell-type-dependent actions of NRXN1 deletions in unique genetic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomic profiling of human brain organoids reveals developmental timing- and cell-type-specific vulnerabilities induced by NRXN1 CNVs in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.504668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Special Nuclear Layer Contacts Among Starburst Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.504668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We observed novel classes of cell-cell contacts between retinal starburst amacrine neurons, from finely detailed morphological reconstructions of cells from an electron microscopic image volume of a mouse retina. These contacts have peculiar morphological patterns and traits, different among the respective On and Off starburst amacrine subpopulations, but both occur within the soma layers as opposed to their regular laminae of contact within the inner plexiform layer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Eyewirers,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.504668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Special Nuclear Layer Contacts Among Starburst Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duplicated zebrafish (Danio rerio) inositol phosphatases inpp5ka and inpp5kb diverged in expression pattern and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One hurdle in the development of zebrafish models of human disease is the presence of multiple zebrafish orthologs resulting from whole genome duplication in teleosts. Mutations in Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase K (INPP5K) lead to a syndrome characterized by variable presentation of intellectual disability, brain abnormalities, cataracts, muscle disease, and short stature. INPP5K is a phosphatase acting at position 5 of phosphoinositides to control their homeostasis and is involved in insulin signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, and protein trafficking. Previously, our group and others have replicated the human phenotypes in zebrafish knockdown models by targeting both INPP5K orthologs inpp5ka and inpp5kb. Here, we show that inpp5ka is the more closely related orthologue to human INPP5K. While both inpp5ka and inpp5kb mRNA expression levels follow a similar trend in the developing head, eyes, and tail, inpp5ka is much more abundantly expressed in these tissues than inpp5kb. In situ hybridization revealed a similar trend, also showing unique localization of inpp5kb in the pineal gland indicating different transcriptional regulation. We also found that inpp5kb has lost its catalytic activity against its preferred substrate, PtdIns(4,5)P2. Since most human mutations are missense changes disrupting phosphatase activity, we propose that loss of inpp5ka alone can be targeted to recapitulate the human presentation. In addition, we show that the function of inpp5kb has diverged from inpp5ka and may play a novel role in the zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gural, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karas, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkalj, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duplicated zebrafish (Danio rerio) inositol phosphatases inpp5ka and inpp5kb diverged in expression pattern and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariable Graphical User Interface for Simulation of Tethered Particle Motion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analysis of particles bound to a surface by flexible tethers can facilitate understanding of various biophysical phenomena (e.g., molecular dynamics of DNA-protein or protein-ligand binding interactions, DNA extensibility and polymer biophysics). Being able to model such systems theoretically can aid in understanding experimentally observed motions and furthermore the limitations of such models can provide insight into modeling complex systems that basic theory sometimes cannot account for. The simulation of tethered particle motion (TPM) allows for efficient analysis of complex behaviors exhibited by such systems, however this type of experiment is rarely taught in undergraduate science classes. We have developed a MATLAB simulation package intended to be used in academic contexts to concisely model and graphically represent the behavior of different tether-particle systems. We show how analysis of the simulation results can be used in biophysical research employing single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Here, our simulation package is capable of modeling any given particle-tether-substrate system and allows the user to generate a parameter space with static and dynamic model components. Our simulation was successfully able to recreate generally observed experimental trends using a recently developed SMFS technique called Acoustic Force Spectroscopy (AFS). Further, the simulation was validated through consideration of the conservation of energy of the tether-bead system, trend analyses, and comparison of particle positional data from actual TPM in silico experiments conducted to simulate data with a parameter space similar to the AFS experimental setup. Overall, our TPM simulator and graphical user interface is suitable for use in an academic context and serves as a template for researchers to set up TPM simulations to mimic their specific SMFS experimental setup.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramdin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariable Graphical User Interface for Simulation of Tethered Particle Motion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yeast mtDNA transcription initiation in single nucleotide addition steps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription initiation catalyzed by the RNA polymerase is a multistep process involving promoter binding, transcription bubble formation, abortive RNA synthesis, and transition into elongation following promoter escape. We report cryo-EM structures of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase initiation complexes (ICs) with transcription factor MTF1 catalyzing RNA synthesis from de novo initiation to 6-mer synthesis at single-nucleotide steps on fully-resolved transcription bubbles. The growing RNA:DNA hybrid is accommodated by continuous scrunching of the template strand while the non-template and MTF1 C-tail in the polymerase cleft are structurally reorganized. Each nucleotide addition accumulates stress energy, which drives abortive RNA synthesis during early transcription initiation steps and promoter release later. The non-template scrunches as loops in IC2/IC3, and unscrunching assists abortive synthesis of 2-/3-mer RNAs. Subsequently, in IC5 and IC6, the non-template strand assumes a stable structure by stacking its bases into a spiral staircase-like structure that supports processive synthesis. In IC6, the template scrunches to the maximum and places the -1 nucleotide in a pocket near the thumb domain. Subsequently, the -1 nucleotide acts as a pivot point for promoter escape ushering the IC into the elongation phase. The structural snapshots visualize the interplay between abortive and productive synthesis regulating transcription initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goovaerts, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Wijngaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yeast mtDNA transcription initiation in single nucleotide addition steps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating sickness-induced anxiety versus lethargy at the behavioral and neuronal activity level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, inflammatory responses to infections trigger adaptive behavioral changes collectively known as  sickness behavior. Among these, lethargy protects the sick individual by conserving energy, and increased anxiety is believed to prevent exposure to threats. However, the characterization of these conflicting behavioral states in sickness could be an artifact of behavioral assessment, particularly in rodents. We adjusted existing behavioral testing and designed a new paradigm to disambiguate between increased lethargy versus increased anxiety. Our data indicate that in mice sickness induces a significant increase in lethargy but not in anxiety. Further supporting our behavioral results, at the neuronal level we found evidence that sickness activates anxiolytic rather than anxiogenic regions of the amygdala, including oxytocin receptor expressing neurons. Putative mechanisms by which sickness could activate CeA-OTR+ neurons were investigated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanovoi, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating sickness-induced anxiety versus lethargy at the behavioral and neuronal activity level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 helicase at single-nucleotide resolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes for a helicase called nsp13 that is essential for viral replication and highly conserved across related viruses, making it an attractive antiviral target. Here we use nanopore tweezers, a high-resolution single-molecule technique, to gain detailed insight into how nsp13 turns ATP-hydrolysis into directed motion along nucleic acid strands. We measured nsp13 both as it translocates along single-stranded DNA or unwinds short DNA duplexes. Our data confirm that nsp13 uses the inchworm mechanism to move along the DNA in single-nucleotide steps, translocating at ~1000 nt/s or unwinding at ~100 bp/s. Nanopore tweezers high spatio-temporal resolution enables observation of the fundamental physical steps taken by nsp13 even as it translocates at speeds in excess of 1000 nucleotides per second enabling detailed kinetic analysis of nsp13 motion. As a proof-of-principle for inhibition studies, we observed nsp13s motion in the presence of the ATPase inhibitor ATP{gamma}S. Our data reveals that ATP{gamma}S interferes with nsp13s action by affecting several different kinetic processes. The dominant mechanism of inhibition differs depending on the application of assisting force. These advances demonstrate that nanopore tweezers are a powerful method for studying viral helicase mechanism and inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marx, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickolajczyk, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkerhoff, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laszlo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 helicase at single-nucleotide resolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The glyoxylate shunt protein ICL-1 protects from mitochondrial superoxide stress through activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eliminating mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) causes neonatal lethality in mice and death of flies within 24 hours after eclosion. Deletion of mitochondrial sod genes in C. elegans impairs fertility as well, but surprisingly is not detrimental to survival of progeny generated. The comparison of metabolic pathways among mouse, flies and nematodes reveals that mice and flies lack the glyoxylate shunt. Here we show that ICL-1, the only protein of the glyoxylate shunt, is critical for protection against embryonic lethality resulting from elevated levels of mitochondrial superoxide. In exploring the mechanism by which ICL-1 protects against ROS-mediated embryonic lethality, we find that ICL-1 is required for the efficient activation of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and that the UPRmt is essential to suppress embryonic/neonatal lethality in animals lacking mitochondrial SOD. In sum, we identified a biochemical pathway that highlights a molecular strategy for combating superoxide consequences in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laranjeiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeValley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Raamsdonk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The glyoxylate shunt protein ICL-1 protects from mitochondrial superoxide stress through activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Removal of pomt1 in zebrafish leads to loss of α-dystroglycan glycosylation and dystroglycanopathy phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic mutations in Protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1) are among the most common causes of a severe group of congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) known as dystroglycanopathies. POMT1 is a glycosyltransferase responsible for the attachment of a functional glycan mediating interactions between the transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan and its binding partners in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Disruptions in these cell-ECM interactions lead to multiple developmental defects causing brain and eye malformations in addition to CMD. Removing Pomt1 in the mouse leads to early embryonic death due to the essential role of dystroglycan during placental formation in rodents. Here, we characterized and validated a model of pomt1 loss of function in the zebrafish showing that developmental defects found in individuals affected by dystroglycanopathies can be recapitulated in the fish. We also discovered that pomt1 mRNA provided by the mother in the oocyte supports dystroglycan glycosylation during the first few weeks of development. Muscle disease, retinal synapse formation deficits, and axon guidance defects can only be uncovered during the first week post fertilization by generating knock-out embryos from knock-out mothers. Conversely, maternal pomt1 from heterozygous mothers was sufficient to sustain muscle, eye, and brain development only leading to loss of photoreceptor synapses at 30 days post fertilization. Our findings show that it is important to define the contribution of maternal mRNA while developing zebrafish models of dystroglycanopathies and that offspring generated from heterozygous and knock-out mothers can be used to differentiate the role of dystroglycan glycosylation in tissue formation and maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karas, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terez, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battula, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gural, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboussleman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Removal of pomt1 in zebrafish leads to loss of α-dystroglycan glycosylation and dystroglycanopathy phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Census: accurate, automated, deep, fast, and hierarchical scRNA-seq cell-type annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed Census, an automated, hierarchical cell-type identification method for scRNA-seq data that can deeply annotate normal cells in mammalian tissues and identify malignant cells and their likely cell of origin. When benchmarked on 44 atlas-scale normal and cancer, human and mouse tissues, Census significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods across multiple metrics. Census is a fast and fully automated method, although users can seamlessly train their own models for customized applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Census: accurate, automated, deep, fast, and hierarchical scRNA-seq cell-type annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BRCA1 isoform, BRCA1-IRIS, operates independently of the full-length BRCA1 in the Fanconi anemia pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor suppressor BRCA1 encodes multiple protein products including the canonical BRCA1-p220 (p220), which plays important roles in repair of diverse types of DNA damage. However, contributions of other BRCA1-encoded protein isoforms to DNA damage repair are less clear. Here, we report that the BRCA1-IRIS (IRIS) isoform has critical functions in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and in repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Loss of IRIS expression sensitizes cells to ICLs and impairs ICL repair. ICL formation stimulates association of IRIS with both FANCD2 and the FA core complex, which promotes FANCD2 recruitment to damage sites. The unique, BRCA1 intron 11-encoded C-terminal tail of IRIS is required for complex formation with FANCD2 and for ICL-inducible FANCD2 mono-ubiquitylation. Collectively, our findings reveal that IRIS plays an essential role, upstream of the p220-directed HR, in the FA pathway through a previously unrecognized mechanism that depends on the IRIS-FANCA-FANCD2 interaction.

HighlightsO_LIBRCA1 splicing isoform BRCA1-IRIS is required for interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair.
C_LIO_LIBRCA1-IRIS interacts with FANCD2 and promotes its recruitment to sites of ICL damage.
C_LIO_LIBRCA1-IRIS, but not BRCA1-p220, promotes ICL-inducible FANCD2 mono-ubiquitylation.
C_LIO_LIThe unique C-terminal tail of BRCA1-IRIS is essential for its function in ICL repair.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ors, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugge, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BRCA1 isoform, BRCA1-IRIS, operates independently of the full-length BRCA1 in the Fanconi anemia pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.514940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miRNA produced by estrogen-mediated upregulation of cellular processing suppresses target organ inflammation in a humanized model of systemic lupus erythematosus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.514940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/PurposeDistinct, disease-associated intracellular miRNA (miR) expression profiles have been identified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. We have previously demonstrated novel estrogenic responses in PBMCs from SLE patients and discovered that estrogen lowers the threshold of immune cell activation to a greater extent in females, including significant upregulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 expression. TLR7 and TLR8 bind viral-derived single-stranded RNA to stimulate innate inflammatory responses, but recent studies have shown that miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b can also bind and activate these receptors when packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs).

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to characterize the estrogen-mediated immunomodulatory effects of distinct EV-encapsulated miR profiles in SLE and evaluate the potential therapeutic approach of miR inhibition in a humanized mouse model.

MethodsSLE patients meeting revised ACR guidelines and age/sex-matched healthy controls provided informed consent to participate in this IRB-approved study. Plasma-derived EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and quantified. PBMCs were isolated from whole blood and cultured in hormone free conditions before stimulation with 17{beta}-estradiol (estrogen; E2). RNA was isolated following E2 stimulation or EV isolation and bulk RNA-sequencing (RNAseq) reads were analyzed. Additionally, PBMCs from active SLE patients were injected into immunodeficient mice to produce chimeras. Prior to transfer, the PBMCs were incubated with liposomal EVs containing complementary locked nucleic acid (LNA) antagonists to miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. After three weeks, blood was collected for both immunophenotyping and cytokine analysis and tissue was harvested for histopathological examination.

ResultsEVs were found to be increased in the plasma of SLE patients and differentially expressed EV-derived miR profiles were detected compared to healthy controls, including miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. E2 stimulation of PBMCs identified upregulated pathways involved in miR transcription/processing. Specifically, small RNA binding proteins and synthesis enzymes demonstrated significant signaling pathway association and upregulation with E2 treatment. Human immune cell subtypes were successfully recovered from whole blood of chimeric mice at similar levels with and without miR inhibition, but levels of human IL-6, IL-1{beta}, IL-4, and TNF- were significantly reduced by the LNA antagonists. Moreover, miR antagonists significantly reduced histopathological infiltrates in the small intestine, liver, and kidney, as demonstrated by H&E-stained tissue sections and immunohistochemistry measuring human CD3.

ConclusionThese data suggest E2-mediated regulation of miR synthesis and demonstrate distinct EV-derived small RNA signatures representing SLE-associated biomarkers. Targeting upregulated EV-encapsulated miR signaling by antagonizing miRs that may bind to TLR7 and TLR8 reveals a novel therapeutic opportunity to suppress autoimmune-mediated inflammation and pathogenesis in SLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesa, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, E. D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarjour, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.514940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miRNA produced by estrogen-mediated upregulation of cellular processing suppresses target organ inflammation in a humanized model of systemic lupus erythematosus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminal domain of the human mitochondrial helicase Twinkle has DNA binding activity crucial for supporting processive DNA synthesis by Polymerase γ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Twinkle is the ring-shaped replicative helicase within the human mitochondria with high homology to bacteriophage T7 gp4 helicase-primase. Unlike many orthologs of Twinkle, the N-terminal domain (NTD) of human Twinkle has lost its primase activity through evolutionarily acquired mutations. The NTD has demonstrated no observed activity thus far, hence its role has remained unclear. In this study, we have biochemically characterized the isolated NTD and C-terminal domain with linker (CTD) to decipher their contributions to the activities of the full-length (FL) Twinkle. This novel CTD construct hydrolyzes ATP, has weak DNA unwinding activity, and assists Pol{gamma}-catalyzed strand-displacement synthesis on short replication forks. However, CTD fails to promote multi-kilobase length product formation by Pol{gamma} in rolling-circle DNA synthesis. Thus, CTD retains all the motor functions but struggles to implement them for processive translocation. We show that NTD has DNA binding activity, and its presence stabilizes Twinkle oligomerization. The CTD oligomerizes on its own, but loss of NTD results in heterogeneously-sized oligomeric species. The CTD also exhibits weaker and salt-sensitive DNA binding compared to FL Twinkle. Based on these results, we propose that NTD directly contributes to DNA binding and holds the DNA in place behind the central channel of the CTD like a  doorstop, preventing helicase slippages and sustaining processive unwinding. Consistent with this model, mtSSB compensate for the NTD loss and partially restore kilobase length DNA synthesis by CTD and Pol{gamma}. The implications of our studies are foundational for understanding the mechanisms of disease-causing Twinkle mutants that lie in the NTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminal domain of the human mitochondrial helicase Twinkle has DNA binding activity crucial for supporting processive DNA synthesis by Polymerase γ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MSP1 encodes an essential RNA-binding PPR factor required for nad1 maturation and complex I biogenesis in Arabidopsis mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that serve as hubs for aerobic energy metabolism. The biogenesis of the respiratory (OXPHOS) system relies on nuclear-encoded factors, which regulate the transcription, processing and translation of mitochondrial (mt)RNAs. These include proteins of primordial origin, as well as eukaryotic-type RNA-binding families recruited from the host genomes to function in mitogenome expression. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins constitute a major gene-family in angiosperms that is pivotal in many aspects of mtRNA metabolism, such as editing, splicing or stability. Here, we report the analysis of MITOCHONDRIA STABILITY/PROCESSING PPR FACTOR1 (MSP1, At4g20090), a canonical mitochondria-localized PPR protein that is necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and embryo-development. Functional complementation confirmed that the phenotypes result from a disruption of the MSP1 gene. As a loss-of-function allele of Arabidopsis MSP1 leads to seed abortion, we employed an embryo-rescue method for the molecular characterization of msp1 mutants. Our data show that msp1 embryo-development fails to proceed beyond the heart-torpedo transition stage as a consequence of a severe nad1 pre-RNA processing-defect, resulting in the loss of respiratory complex I (CI) activity. The maturation of nad1 involves the processing of three RNA-fragments, nad1.1, nad1.2 and nad1.3. Based on biochemical analyses and the mtRNA profiles in wild-type and msp1 plants, we concluded that through its association with a specific site in nad1.1, MSP1 facilitates the generation of its 3-terminus and stabilizes it -a prerequisite for nad1 exons a-b splicing. Our data substantiate the importance of mtRNA metabolism for the biogenesis of the respiratory machinery during early-plant development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Best, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas des Francs-Small, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkel, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostersetzer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MSP1 encodes an essential RNA-binding PPR factor required for nad1 maturation and complex I biogenesis in Arabidopsis mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Alters Gene Expression and Upregulates Motility of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCyclic regeneration of the endometrium, and its repair after parturition or injury, are crucial for successful reproduction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (BM-MSC) and umbilical cord (UC-MSC) facilitate tissue repair via their secretome, which contains growth factors and cytokines that promote wound healing. Despite the implication of MSCs in endometrial regeneration and repair, the mechanisms remain unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that the secretome of MSCs from human BM and UC upregulates human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) proliferation, migration and invasion, and activates pathways to increase HESC motility.

MethodsMSCs were purchased from ATCC (BM-MSC-1) and cultured from the BM aspirate of three healthy female donors (BM-MSC-2-4), and from umbilical cords of two healthy male term infants (UC-MSC-1-2). Indirect co-culture of MSCs and hTERT-immortalized HESCs via a transwell system studied the effect of the BM-MSC and UC-MSC secretome on HESC proliferation, migration, and invasion. To study the effect of the MSC secretome on HESC gene expression, HESCs were exposed to the BM-MSC secretome via indirect co-culture for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from HESCs for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) and significantly altered pathways were identified. MSigDB was used to identify the top 15 enriched biological pathways (padj < 0.05). RT-qPCR was performed to validate changes in mRNA expression of DEG common to both BM-MSC exposures. Given robust upregulation of CCL2 mRNA expression in HESCs exposed to the BM- and UC-MSC secretomes, transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to determine the effect of recombinant CCL2 on HESC motility. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.

ResultsIndirect co-culture of HESCs with BM- or UC-MSCs resulted in significant increase in HESC migration and invasion regardless of the source of MSCs. However, effects on cellular proliferation varied among the MSC donors. Exposure of HESCs to the secretome of BM-MSCs changed the expression of 10,139 genes with FDR < 0.05. There was overlap among 4350 genes between HESCs exposed to BM-MSC-1 and BM-MSC-2. Within four biological pathways enriched in HESCs, 4 genes (CCL2, HGF, PLAU, and BDKRB2) were differentially expressed in HESCs that had been cocultured with BM-MSC-1 and BM-MSC-2. qRT-PCR showed significantly increased mRNA expression of CCL2 in HESCs exposed to BM-MSC-1 (5-fold) and BM-MSC-2 (7.7-fold). In contrast, the increase in HGF expression was significant after exposure to BM-MSC-2 (1.8-fold) but not BM-MSC-1. Exposure to the UC-MSC secretome had similar effects on HESC-derived CCL2 and HGF levels. CCL2 expression was significantly increased (6.5-fold) by UC-MSC-2 but not by UC-MSC-1; HGF expression was significantly increased (1.6-fold) by UC-MSC-2 but not by UC-MSC-1. Validation studies indicated that exposure to recombinant CCL2 for 48 hours significantly increased HESC migration (1.2-fold) and invasion (1.4-fold). These data suggest that CCL2 is a key factor in mediating MSC-induced HESC motility.

ConclusionIncreased HESC motility by the secretome of BM- and UC-MSC appears to be mediated by paracrine and autocrine mechanisms, in part by upregulated CCL2 expression in HESC. Together, our data support the potential for leveraging the MSC secretome as a novel cell-free therapy in the treatment of disorders of endometrial regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemerinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okereke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Alters Gene Expression and Upregulates Motility of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigations into hydrogen sulfide-induced suppression of neuronal activity in vivo and calcium dysregulation in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) leads to sudden death and, if survived, lingering neurological disorders. Clinical signs include seizures, loss of consciousness, and dyspnea. The proximate mechanisms underlying H2S-induced acute toxicity and death have not been clearly elucidated. We investigated electrocerebral, cardiac and respiratory activity during H2S exposure using EEG, EKG and plethysmography. H2S suppressed electrocerebral activity and disrupted breathing. Cardiac activity was comparatively less affected. To test whether Ca2+ dysregulation contributes to H2S-induced EEG suppression, we developed an in vitro real-time rapid throughput assay measuring patterns of spontaneous synchronized Ca2+ oscillations in cultured primary cortical neuronal (PCN) networks loaded with the indicator Fluo-4 using the fluorescent imaging plate reader (FLIPR-Tetra(R)). Sulfide >5 ppm dysregulated SCO patterns in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitors of NMDA and AMPA receptors magnified H2S-induced SCO suppression. Inhibitors of L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels prevented H2S-induced SCO suppression. Inhibitors of T-type VGCC, ryanodine receptors, and sodium channels had no measurable influence on H2S-induced SCO suppression. Exposures to >5 ppm sulfide also suppressed neuronal electrical activity in PCN measured by multi-electrode array (MEA), an effect alleviated by pretreatment with the nonselective TRP inhibitor 2-APB. The TRP inhibitor also reduced PCN cell death from sulfide exposure. These results improve our understanding of the role of different Ca2+ channels in acute H2S-induced neurotoxicity and identify TRP channel modulators as novel structures with potential therapeutic benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessah, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumbeiha, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigations into hydrogen sulfide-induced suppression of neuronal activity in vivo and calcium dysregulation in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effort Foraging Task reveals positive correlation between individual differences in the cost of cognitive and physical effort in humans and relationship to self-reported motivation and affect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effort-based decisions, in which people weigh potential future rewards against effort costs required to achieve those rewards, have largely been studied separately for cognitive or physical effort, yet most real-world actions incur both effort costs. What is the relationship between cognitive and physical effort costs? Here we attempt to formalize the mechanisms underlying effort-based decisions and address methodological challenges to isolate and measure these mechanisms. Patch foraging is an ecologically valid reward rate maximization problem with well-developed theoretical tools to understand choices. We developed the Effort Foraging Task, which embedded cognitive or physical effort into a patch foraging sequential decision task, to isolate and quantify the cost of both cognitive and physical effort using a computational model. Participants chose between harvesting a depleting patch, or traveling to a new patch that was costly in time and effort. Participants exit thresholds (reflecting the reward they expected to receive by harvesting when they chose to travel to a new patch) were sensitive to cognitive and physical effort demands, allowing us to quantify the perceived effort cost in monetary terms. Individual differences in cognitive and physical effort costs were positively correlated, suggesting that these are perceived and processed in common terms across different domains. We found patterns of correlation of both cognitive and physical effort costs with self-reported anxiety, cognitive function, behavioral activation, and self-efficacy. This suggests the task captures decision mechanisms associated with real-world motivation and can be used to study individual variation in effort-based decisions across domains of cost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshinowo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effort Foraging Task reveals positive correlation between individual differences in the cost of cognitive and physical effort in humans and relationship to self-reported motivation and affect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rethinking bacterial relationships in light of their molecular abilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the repertoire of a microbes molecular functions is a central question in microbial biology. Modern techniques achieve this goal by comparing microbial genetic material against reference databases of functionally annotated genes/proteins or known taxonomic markers such as 16S rRNA. Here we describe a novel approach to exploring bacterial functional repertoires without reference databases. Our Fusion scheme establishes functional relationships between bacteria and assigns organisms to Fusion-taxa that differ from otherwise defined taxonomic clades. Three key findings of our work stand out. First, bacterial functional comparisons outperform marker genes in assigning taxonomic clades. Fusion profiles are also better for this task than other functional annotation schemes. Second, Fusion-taxa are robust to addition of novel organisms and are, arguably, able to capture the environment-driven bacterial diversity. Finally, our alignment-free nucleic acid-based Siamese Neural Network model, created using Fusion functions, enables finding shared functionality of very distant, possibly structurally different, microbial homologs. Our work can thus help annotate functional repertoires of bacterial organisms and further guide our understanding of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahlich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velaga, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paolis Kaluza, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rethinking bacterial relationships in light of their molecular abilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning assisted ligand binding energy prediction for in silico generated glycosyl hydrolase enzyme combinatorial mutant library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular docking is a computational method used to predict the preferred binding orientation of one molecule to another when bound to each other to form an energetically stable complex. This approach has been widely used for early-stage small-molecule drug design as well as identifying suitable protein-based macromolecule residues for mutagenesis. Estimating binding free energy, based on docking interactions of protein to its ligand based on an appropriate scoring function is often critical for protein mutagenesis studies to improve the activity or alter the specificity of targeted enzymes. However, calculating docking free energy for a large number of protein mutants is computationally challenging and time-consuming. Here, we showcase an end-to-end computational workflow for predicting the binding energy of pNP-Xylose substrate docked within the substrate binding site for a large library of combinatorial mutants of an alpha-L-fucosidase (TmAfc, PDB ID-2ZWY) belonging to Thermotoga maritima glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 29. Briefly, in silico combinatorial mutagenesis was performed for the top conserved residues in TmAfc as determined by running multiple sequence alignment against all GH29 family enzyme sequences downloaded from an in-house developed Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database retriever program. The binding energy was calculated through Autodock Vina with pNP-Xylose ligand docking with energy minimized TmAfc mutants, and the data was then used to train a neural network model which was also validated for model predictions using data from Autodock Vina. The current workflow can be adopted for any family of CAZymes to rapidly identify the effect of different mutations within the active site on substrate binding free energy to identify suitable targets for mutagenesis. We anticipate that this workflow could also serve as the starting point for performing more sophisticated and computationally intensive binding free energy calculations to identify targets for mutagenesis and hence optimize use of wet lab resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guranovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning assisted ligand binding energy prediction for in silico generated glycosyl hydrolase enzyme combinatorial mutant library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tail-tape-fused virion and non-virion RNA polymerases of a thermophilic virus with an extremely long tail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermus thermophilus bacteriophage P23-45 encodes a giant 5,002-residue tail tape measure protein (TMP)1 that defines the length of its extraordinarily long 800 nm tail2,3. We found that the N-terminal portion of P23-45 TMP is an unusual RNA polymerase (RNAP) homologous to cellular and viral  two-barrel RNAPs. The TMP-fused virion RNAP transcribes pre-early phage genes, including a gene that encodes another, non-virion RNAP, that transcribes early and some middle phage genes. We determined the crystal structures of both P23-45 RNAPs. The non-virion RNAP has a crab claw-like architecture similar to previously reported two-barrel RNAPs. The virion RNAP adopts a unique flat structure without a clamp, which likely reflects the requirement for its extrusion through the narrow channel in the phage tail for delivery into the cell. Structure and sequence comparisons of the P23-45 RNAPs with other phage and cellular RNAPs suggest that, despite the extensive functional differences, the two P23-45 RNAPs originate from an ancient gene duplication in an ancestral phage. Our findings demonstrate remarkable adaptability of two-barrel RNAPs that can be attained within a single virus species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minakhin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldobina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarova, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolova, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tail-tape-fused virion and non-virion RNA polymerases of a thermophilic virus with an extremely long tail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endometrial adhesion G protein-coupled receptors are dynamically expressed across the menstrual cycle and expression is altered by ovarian stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.04.519044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian stimulation (OS), utilized for the development of multiple ovarian follicles for IVF, induces supraphysiologic levels of E2 and an early rise in P4 that disrupt endometrial differentiation and decreases implantation rates or result in placental insufficiency and pregnancy complications. To improve pregnancy rates and reduce the risk of pregnancy complications associated with IVF, it is crucial to advance our molecular understanding of the molecular regulation of endometrial differentiation. Previous studies from our laboratory suggest G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important regulators of endometrial differentiation. To investigate this further, using a retrospective dataset, we identified all GPCRs expressed across the proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and found that many members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) family are dynamically expressed. For each ADGR subfamily exhibiting differentially-expressed genes across the cycle, their expression was investigated by RT-PCR in the non-pregnant mouse uterus and decidua on E7.5 of pregnancy. For those genes expressed in the E7.5 decidua, their expression was further quantified by qPCR across early mouse pregnancy. The RT-PCR screen revealed expression of 13 ADGRs (4 of the 9 subfamilies) in E7.5 decidua and among these genes, many were differentially expressed between E0.5 and E5.5 or 6.5 and between E5.5 and E6.5. The dynamic expression of the ADGRs across the menstrual cycle and in early mouse pregnancy, suggests these ADGRs are E2- and/or P4-regulated genes. We therefore hypothesized that for these ADGR genes, mRNA expression would be disrupted in an OS cycle. This hypothesis was tested on endometrial biopsies collected in the secretory phase from prospective cohorts of women in natural and OS cycles. Consistent with the retrospective dataset, our data revealed that members of the ADGR gene family are expressed in the secretory phase of the natural menstrual cycle and for the first time, we show that their expression is altered by ovarian stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalakota, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babwah, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.04.519044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endometrial adhesion G protein-coupled receptors are dynamically expressed across the menstrual cycle and expression is altered by ovarian stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.518550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ModelCIF: An extension of PDBx/mmCIF data representation for computed structure models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.518550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ModelCIF (github.com/ihmwg/ModelCIF) is a data information framework developed for and by computational structural biologists to enable delivery of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data to users worldwide. It is an extension of the Protein Data Bank Exchange / macromolecular Crystallographic Information Framework (PDBx/mmCIF), which is the global data standard for representing experimentally-determined, three-dimensional (3D) structures of macromolecules and associated metadata. ModelCIF provides an extensible data representation for deposition, archiving, and public dissemination of predicted 3D models of proteins. The PDBx/mmCIF framework and its extensions (e.g., ModelCIF) are managed by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank partnership (wwPDB, wwpdb.org) in collaboration with relevant community stakeholders such as the wwPDB ModelCIF Working Group (wwpdb.org/task/modelcif). This semantically rich and extensible data framework for representing computed structure models (CSMs) accelerates the pace of scientific discovery. Herein, we describe the architecture, contents, and governance of ModelCIF, and tools and processes for maintaining and extending the data standard. Community tools and software libraries that support ModelCIF are also described.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauriello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peisach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehl, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchanka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillitoe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolchard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orengo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurisu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwede, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.518550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ModelCIF: An extension of PDBx/mmCIF data representation for computed structure models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of DNA extraction, DNA integrity, and laboratory on the precision of qPCR-based telomere length measurement - a multi-lab impartial study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring telomere length (TL) with high precision is challenging. Currently there is insufficient understanding of the causes of variation in measurement precision, particularly for qPCR-based measurement. To better understand how DNA extraction protocols and laboratory-specific analytical factors influence qPCR-based TL measurement precision, we conducted a multi-laboratory study involving four labs and six DNA extraction protocols assaying the same blinded human whole blood samples. DNA extraction protocols differed in underlying principles (magnetic beads, salting out, silica membrane) and commercial kits. A fifth lab performed Telomere Restriction Fragment (TRF) analysis using Southern Blot technique with one DNA extraction protocol. All labs performed TL measurement using their standard procedures on two sets of fifty double blinded samples. Data was sent to a central point for unblinding and statistical analyses. Precision was quantified using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Correlations with TRF measurements were also calculated. Repeated qPCR-based measurements of the same DNA extraction yielded ICC values ranging from 0.24 to 0.94. ICC values calculated over measurements of repeated DNA extractions were on average 0.23 lower and ranged from 0.02 to 0.83. The latter ICC estimates more strongly predicted the association between qPCR- and Southern blot-based measurements across the protocol / lab combinations (R2=0.56 vs. R2=0.93). We conclude that ICC calculated over measurements on repeated DNA extractions reliably indicates measurement precision, while ICC calculated over multiple measurements of the same DNA extraction overestimates measurement precision. Variation in ICC was driven by variation between laboratories, with few consistent DNA extraction protocol effects. Values of DNA integrity and purity generally characterized as reflecting high sample quality, (e.g. OD 260/280 of 1.8 and OD 260/230 of 2.0) were associated with qPCR-based measurement precision, but did not always predict higher ICCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhulst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Alonso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagnall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadalla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of DNA extraction, DNA integrity, and laboratory on the precision of qPCR-based telomere length measurement - a multi-lab impartial study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.517767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Radiogenomic and Spatiogenomic Landscapes of Glioblastoma, and Their Relationship to Oncogenic Drivers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.517767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is well-known for its molecular and spatial heterogeneity, which poses a challenge for precision therapies and clinical trial stratification. Here, in a comprehensive radiogenomics study of 358 GBMs, we investigated the associations between the imaging and spatial characteristics of the tumors with their cancer gene mutation status, as well as with the cross-sectionally inferred likely order of mutational events. We show that cross-validated machine learning analysis of multi-parametric MRI scans results in distinctive in vivo imaging signatures of several mutations, which are relatively more distinctive in homogeneous tumors which harbor only one of these mutations. These imaging signatures offer mechanistic insights into how various mutations influence the phenotype of the tumor and its surrounding infiltrated brain tissue via neovascularization and vascular leakage, increased cell density, invasion and migration, and other characteristics captured by respective imaging features. Furthermore, we found that spatial location and tumor distribution vary, depending on the GBMs molecular characteristics. Finally, distinct imaging and spatial characteristics were associated with cross-sectionally estimated evolutionary trajectories of the tumors. Collectively, our study establishes a panel of in vivo and clinically accessible imaging-AI biomarkers of GBM that reflect their molecular composition and oncogenic drivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fathi Kazerooni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bommineni, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriadis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toorens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sako, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verginadis, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahmane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koumenis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzigeorgiou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.517767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Radiogenomic and Spatiogenomic Landscapes of Glioblastoma, and Their Relationship to Oncogenic Drivers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome features differentiating unsupervised-stratification based clusters of patients with abnormal glycometabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alteration of gut microbiota structure plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of abnormal glycometabolism. However, the microbiome features identified in patient groups stratified solely based on glucose levels remain controversial among different studies.. In this study, we stratified 258 participants (discovery cohort) into three clusters according to an unsupervised method based on 16 clinical parameters involving the levels of blood glucose, insulin, and lipid. We found 67 cluster-specific microbiome features (i.e., amplicon sequence variants, ASVs) based on 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing. Specifically, ASVs belonging to Barnesville and Alistipes were enriched in Cluster 1, in which participants had the lowest blood glucose levels, high insulin sensitivity, and high-fecal short-chain fatty acid concentration. ASVs belonging to Prevotella copri and Ruminococcus gnavus were enriched in Cluster 2, which was characterized by a moderate level of blood glucose, serious insulin resistance, and high levels of cholesterol and triglyceride. Cluster 3 was characterized by a high level of blood glucose and insulin deficiency, enriched with ASVs in P. copri and Bacteroides vulgatus. In addition, machine learning classifiers using the 67 cluster-specific ASVs were used to distinguish individuals in one cluster from those in the other two clusters both in discovery and testing cohorts (N = 83). Therefore, microbiome features identified based on the unsupervised stratification of patients with more inclusive clinical parameters may better reflect microbiota alterations associated with the progression of abnormal glycometabolism.

IMPORTANCEThe gut microbiota is altered in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes. The association of particular bacteria with T2D, however, varied among studies, which has made it challenging to develop precision medicine approaches for the prevention and alleviation of T2D. Blood glucose level is the only parameter in clustering patients when identifying the T2D-related bacteria in previous studies. This stratification ignores the fact that patients within the same blood glucose range differ in their insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which also may be related to disordered gut microbiota. In addition to parameters of blood glucose levels, we also used additional parameters involving insulin and lipid levels to stratify participants into three clusters and further identified cluster-specific microbiome features. We further validated the association between these microbiome features and glycometabolism with an independent cohort. This work highlights the importance of stratification of patients with blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels when identifying the microbiome features associated with the progression of abnormal glycometabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome features differentiating unsupervised-stratification based clusters of patients with abnormal glycometabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.520936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient delivery of FMR1 across the blood brain barrier using 2 AAVphp construct in adult FMR1 KO mice demonstrates the 3 feasibility of gene therapy for fragile X syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.520936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism. Gene therapy may offer an efficient method to ameliorate symptoms of the disorder.

MethodsAn AAVphp.eb-hSyn-mFMR1IOS7 vector and an empty control were injected in the tail vein of Fmr1 knock out (KO) mouse and wildtype (WT) controls. KO mice were injected with 2 x 1013 vg/kg of the construct. Control KO and WT mice were injected with empty vector. After treatment the animals underwent a battery of tests: open field, marble burying, rotarod, and fear conditioning. Mouse brains were studied for levels of the Fmr1 product, FMRP.

ResultsSignificant levels of FMRP were not found outside the CNS in treated animals. The gene delivery was highly efficient, where it exceeded the control FMRP levels in all tested brain regions. There was also improved performance in the rotarod test and partial improvements on other tests in the treated KO animals.

ConclusionThese experiments demonstrate efficient, brain-specific delivery of Fmr1 via peripheral administration in adult mice. The gene delivery led to partial alleviation of the Fmr1 KO phenotypical behaviors. FMRP oversupply may explain why not all behaviors were significantly affected. Since AAV.php vectors are less efficient in humans than the mice used in the current experiment, studies to determine the optimal dose and using human suitable vectors will be necessary to further demonstrate feasibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adayev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhanskaya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.520936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient delivery of FMR1 across the blood brain barrier using 2 AAVphp construct in adult FMR1 KO mice demonstrates the 3 feasibility of gene therapy for fragile X syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obtaining Increased Functional Proteomics Insights from Thermal Proteome Profiling through Optimized Melt Shift Calculation and Statistical Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermal Proteome Profiling (TPP) is an invaluable tool for functional proteomics studies that has been shown to discover changes associated with protein-ligand, protein- protein, and protein-RNA interaction dynamics along with changes in protein stability resulting from cellular signaling. The increasing number of reports employing this assay has not been met concomitantly with advancements and improvements in the quality and sensitivity of the corresponding data analysis. The gap between data acquisition and data analysis tools is even more apparent as TPP findings have reported more subtle melt shift changes related to protein post-translational modifications. In this study, we have improved the Inflect data analysis pipeline (now referred to as InflectSSP, available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=InflectSSP) to increase the sensitivity of detection for both large and subtle changes in the proteome as measured by TPP. Specifically, InflectSSP now has integrated statistical and bioinformatic functions to improve objective functional proteomics findings from the quantitative results obtained from TPP studies through increasing both the sensitivity and specificity of the data analysis pipeline. To benchmark InflectSSP, we have reanalyzed two publicly available datasets to demonstrate the performance of this publicly available R based program for TPP data analysis. Additionally, we report new findings following temporal treatment of human cells with the small molecule Thapsigargin which induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). InflectSSP analysis of our UPR study revealed highly reproducible target engagement over time while simultaneously providing new insights into the dynamics of UPR induction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCracken, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnebohm, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staschke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obtaining Increased Functional Proteomics Insights from Thermal Proteome Profiling through Optimized Melt Shift Calculation and Statistical Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering and characterization of carbohydrate-binding modules to enable real-time imaging of cellulose fibrils biosynthesis in plant protoplasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LICarbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains associated with cell wall degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that are often present in nature tethered to distinct catalytic domains (CD). Fluorescently labeled CBMs have been also used to visualize the presence of specific polysaccharides present in the cell wall of plant cells and tissues.
C_LIO_LIPrevious studies have provided a qualitative analysis of CBM-polysaccharide interactions, with limited characterization of optimal CBM designs for recognizing specific plant cell wall glycans. Furthermore, CBMs also have not been used to study cell wall regeneration in plant protoplasts.
C_LIO_LIHere, we examine the dynamic interactions of engineered type-A CBMs (from families 3a and 64) with crystalline cellulose-I and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC). We generated tandem CBM designs to determine their binding parameters and reversibility towards cellulose-I using equilibrium binding assays. Kinetic parameters - adsorption (kon) and desorption (koff) rate constants-for CBMs towards nanocrystalline cellulose were determined using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Our results indicate that tandem CBM3a exhibits a five-fold increased adsorption rate to cellulose compared to single CBM3a, making tandem CBM3a suitable for live-cell imaging applications. We next used engineered CBMs to visualize Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts with regenerated cell walls using wide-field fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
C_LIO_LIIn summary, tandem CBMs offer a novel polysaccharide labeling probe for real-time visualization of growing cellulose chains in living Arabidopsis protoplasts.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayachandran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarborough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomble, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering and characterization of carbohydrate-binding modules to enable real-time imaging of cellulose fibrils biosynthesis in plant protoplasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.520627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of gene set scoring methods for reproducible evaluation of multiple tuberculosis gene signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.520627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleMany blood-based transcriptional gene signatures for tuberculosis (TB) have been developed with potential use to diagnose disease, predict risk of progression from infection to disease, and monitor TB treatment outcomes. However, an unresolved issue is whether gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the signature transcripts alone is sufficient for prediction and differentiation, or whether it is necessary to use the original statistical model created when the signature was derived. Intra-method comparison is complicated by the unavailability of original training data, missing details about the original trained model, and inadequate publicly-available software tools or source code implementing models. To facilitate these signatures replicability and appropriate utilization in TB research, comprehensive comparisons between gene set scoring methods with cross-data validation of original model implementations are needed.

ObjectivesWe compared the performance of 19 TB gene signatures across 24 transcriptomic datasets using both re-rebuilt original models and gene set scoring methods to evaluate whether gene set scoring is a reasonable proxy to the performance of the original trained model. We have provided an open-access software implementation of the original models for all 19 signatures for future use.

MethodsWe considered existing gene set scoring and machine learning methods, including ssGSEA, GSVA, PLAGE, Singscore, and Zscore, as alternative approaches to profile gene signature performance. The sample-size-weighted mean area under the curve (AUC) value was computed to measure each signatures performance across datasets. Correlation analysis and Wilcoxon paired tests were used to analyze the performance of enrichment methods with the original models.

Measurement and Main ResultsFor many signatures, the predictions from gene set scoring methods were highly correlated and statistically equivalent to the results given by the original diagnostic models. PLAGE outperformed all other gene scoring methods. In some cases, PLAGE outperformed the original models when considering signatures weighted mean AUC values and the AUC results within individual studies.

ConclusionGene set enrichment scoring of existing blood-based biomarker gene sets can distinguish patients with active TB disease from latent TB infection and other clinical conditions with equivalent or improved accuracy compared to the original methods and models. These data justify using gene set scoring methods of published TB gene signatures for predicting TB risk and treatment outcomes, especially when original models are difficult to apply or implement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanvalkenburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom-Mabey, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellner, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgame, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.520627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of gene set scoring methods for reproducible evaluation of multiple tuberculosis gene signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into regulation of TRPM7 divalent cation uptake by the small GTPase ARL15 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystathionine-{beta}-synthase (CBS)-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of magnesium transporters. They promote efflux of Mg2+ ions on their own or uptake of divalent cations when coupled to the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7). Recently, ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 15 (ARL15) has been identified as CNNM binding partner and an inhibitor of divalent cation influx by TRPM7. Here, we characterize ARL15 as a GTP-binding protein and demonstrate that it binds the CNNM CBS-pair domain with low micromolar affinity. The crystal structure of the complex between ARL15 GTPase domain and CNNM2 CBS-pair domain reveals the molecular determinants of the interaction and allowed the identification of mutations in ARL15 and CNNM2 mutations that abrogate binding. Loss of CNNM binding prevented ARL15 suppression of TRPM7 channel activity in support of previous reports that the proteins function as a ternary complex. Binding experiments with phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2 or PTP4A2) revealed that ARL15 and PRLs compete for binding CNNM, suggesting antagonistic regulation of divalent cation transport by the two proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetteh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nethramangalath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knorn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahsavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runnels, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into regulation of TRPM7 divalent cation uptake by the small GTPase ARL15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to combination BRAF/MEK inhibitor (BRAFi/MEKi) therapy arises in nearly every patient with BRAFV600E/K melanoma, despite promising initial responses. Achieving cures in this expanding BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cohort represents one of the greatest challenges to the field; few experience additional durable benefit from immunotherapy and no alternative therapies exist. To better personalize therapy in cancer patients to address therapy relapse, umbrella trials have been initiated whereby genomic sequencing of a panel of potentially actionable targets guide therapy selection for patients; however, the superior efficacy of such approaches remains to be seen. We here test the robustness of the umbrella trial rationale by analyzing relationships between genomic status of a gene and the downstream consequences at the protein level of related pathway, which find poor relationships between mutations, copy number amplification, and protein level. To profile candidate therapeutic strategies that may offer clinical benefit in the context of acquired BRAFi/MEKi resistance, we established a repository of patient-derived xenograft models from heavily pretreated patients with resistance to BRAFi/MEKi and/or immunotherapy (R-PDX). With these R-PDXs, we executed in vivo compound repurposing screens using 11 FDA-approved agents from an NCI-portfolio with pan-RTK, non-RTK and/or PI3K-mTOR specificity. We identify dasatinib as capable of restoring BRAFi/MEKi antitumor efficacy in [~]70% of R-PDX tested. A systems-biology analysis indicates elevated baseline protein expression of canonical drivers of therapy resistance (e.g., AXL, YAP, HSP70, phospho-AKT) as predictive of MAPKi/dasatinib sensitivity. We therefore propose that dasatinib-based MAPKi therapy may restore antitumor efficacy in patients that have relapsed to standard-of-care therapy by broadly targeting proteins critical in melanoma therapy escape. Further, we submit that this experimental PDX paradigm could potentially improve preclinical evaluation of therapeutic modalities and augment our ability to identify biomarker-defined patient subsets that may respond to a given clinical trial.

SINGLE SENTENCE SUMMARYBroad target inhibition effective as a salvage strategy in BRAF/MEK inhibitor-acquired resistance PDX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fane, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, Y. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daies, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dasatinib Resensitizes MAPK Inhibitor Efficacy in Standard-of-Care Relapsed Melanomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIPK3 promotes brain region-specific interferon signaling and restriction of tick-borne flavivirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits many remarkable specializations that vary across cell types and CNS regions. In the setting of neuroinvasive flavivirus infection, neurons employ the immunologic kinase receptor-interacting kinase 3 (RIPK3) to promote an antiviral transcriptional program, independently of the traditional function of this enzyme in promoting necroptotic cell death. However, while recent work has established roles for neuronal RIPK3 signaling in controlling mosquito-borne flavivirus infections, including West Nile virus and Zika virus, functions for RIPK3 signaling in the CNS during tick-borne flavivirus infection have not yet been explored. Here, we use a model of Langat virus (LGTV) encephalitis to show that RIPK3 signaling is specifically required in neurons of the cerebellum to control LGTV replication and restrict disease pathogenesis. This effect did not require the necroptotic executioner molecule mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL), a finding similar to previous observations in models of mosquito-borne flavivirus infection. However, control of LGTV infection required a unique, region-specific dependence on RIPK3 to promote expression of key antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) in the cerebellum. This RIPK3- mediated potentiation of ISG expression was associated with robust cell-intrinsic restriction of LGTV replication in cerebellar granule cell neurons. These findings further illuminate the complex roles of RIPK3 signaling in the coordination of neuroimmune responses to viral infection, as well as provide new insight into the mechanisms of region-specific innate immune signaling in the CNS.

ImportanceInteractions between the nervous and immune systems are very carefully orchestrated in order to protect the brain and spinal cord from immune-mediated damage, while still maintaining protective defenses against infection. These specialized neuro-immune interactions have been shown to vary significantly across regions of the brain, with innate antiviral signaling being particularly strong in the cerebellum, although the reasons for this are poorly understood. Here, we show a specialized adaptation of programmed cell death signaling that uniquely protects the cerebellum from tick-borne flavivirus infection. These findings provide important new insight into the molecular mechanisms that promote the uniquely robust antiviral immunity of the cerebellum. They also provide new clues into the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis, a zoonosis of significant global concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIPK3 promotes brain region-specific interferon signaling and restriction of tick-borne flavivirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating variant and expression of CVD genes associated phenotypes among high-risk Heart Failure patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of premature mortality in the US and the world. CVD comprises of several complex and mostly heritable conditions, which range from myocardial infarction to congenital heart disease. Here, we report our findings from an integrative analysis of gene expression, disease-causing gene variants, and associated phenotypes among CVD populations, with a focus on high-risk Heart Failure (HF) patients. We built a cohort using electronic health records (EHR) of consented patients with available samples, and then performed high-throughput whole-genome and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of key genes responsible for HF and other CVD pathologies. We also incorporated a translational aspect to our study by integrating genomics findings with patient medical records. This involved linking ICD-10 codes with our gene expression and variant data to identify associations with HF and other CVDs. Our in-depth gene expression analysis revealed differentially expressed genes associated with HF (41 genes) and other CVDs (23 genes). Furthermore, a variant analysis of whole-genome sequence data of CVD patients identified genes with altered gene expression (FLNA, CST3, LGALS3, and HBA1) with functional and nonfunctional mutations in these genes. Our study highlights the importance of an integrative approach that leverages gene expression, genetic mutations, and clinical data that will allow the prioritization of key driver genes for complex diseases to improve personalized healthcare.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeeshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persaud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating variant and expression of CVD genes associated phenotypes among high-risk Heart Failure patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oriented Display of Cello-Oligosaccharides for Pull-down Binding Assays to Distinguish Binding Preferences of Glycan Binding Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass using carbohydrate-active enzymes like cellulases is key to sustainable energy production. Understanding the adsorption mechanism of cellulases and associated binding domain proteins down to the molecular level details will help in the rational design of improved cellulases. In nature, carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) from families 17 and 28 often appear in tandem appended to the C-terminus of several endocellulases. Both CBMs are known to bind to the amorphous regions of cellulose non-competitively and show similar binding affinity towards soluble cello-oligosaccharides. Based on the available crystal structures, these CBMs may display a uni-directional binding preference towards cello-oligosaccharides (based on how the oligosaccharide was bound within the CBM binding cleft). However, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have indicated no such clear preference. Considering that most soluble oligosaccharides are not always an ideal substrate surrogate to study the binding of CBMs to the native cell wall or cell surface displayed glycans, it is critical to use alternative reagents or substrates. To experimentally assess any binding directionality of CBMs towards soluble cello-oligosaccharides, we have developed a simple solid-state depletion or pull-down binding assay. Here, we specifically orient azido-labeled carbohydrates from the reducing end to alkyne-labeled micron-sized bead surfaces, using click chemistry, to mimic insoluble cell wall surface-displayed glycans. Our results reveal that both family 17 and 28 CBMs displayed a similar binding affinity towards cellohexaose-modified beads, but not cellopentaose-modified beads, which helps rationalize previously reported crystal structure and MD data. This indicates a preferred uni-directional binding of specific CBMs and could explain their co-evolution as tandem constructs appended to endocellulases to increase amorphous cellulose substrate targeting efficiency. Overall, our proposed workflow can be easily translated to measure the affinity of glycan-binding proteins to click-chemistry based immobilized surface-displayed carbohydrates or antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oriented Display of Cello-Oligosaccharides for Pull-down Binding Assays to Distinguish Binding Preferences of Glycan Binding Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post-translational modification of cellulose synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellulose is an economically important source of food, paper, textiles, and biofuel. As an essential component of plant cell walls, cellulose is critical for plant cell growth. Despite its economic and biological significance, the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis is poorly understood. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellulose synthases (CESAs) were shown to impact the direction and velocity of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Despite a high prevalence of phosphorylation sites in CESAs, the protein kinases that phosphorylate CESAs are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 (CPK32) regulates cellulose biosynthesis via phosphorylation of CESA3. Phosphorylation of CESA3 is important for the motility and stability of CSCs. Hence, we uncovered a new function of CPKs that regulates cellulose biosynthesis and a novel mechanism by which phosphorylation regulates the stability of CSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post-translational modification of cellulose synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketogenic diet promotes tumor ferroptosis but induces relative corticosterone deficiency that accelerates cachexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dependency of cancer cells on glucose can be targeted with high-fat low- carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD). However, hepatic ketogenesis is suppressed in IL-6 producing cancers, which prevents the utilization of this nutrient source as energy for the organism. In two IL-6 associated murine models of cancer cachexia we describe delayed tumor growth but accelerated onset of cancer cachexia and shortened survival when mice are fed KD. Mechanistically, we find this uncoupling is a consequence of the biochemical interaction of two simultaneously occurring NADPH-dependent pathways. Within the tumor, increased production of lipid peroxidation products (LPPs) and, consequently, saturation of the glutathione (GSH) system leads to ferroptotic death of cancer cells. Systemically, redox imbalance and NADPH depletion impairs the biosynthesis of corticosterone, the main regulator of metabolic stress, in the adrenal glands. Administration of dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, improves food intake, normalizes glucose homeostasis and utilization of nutritional substrates, delays onset of cancer cachexia and extends survival of tumor-bearing mice fed KD, while preserving reduced tumor growth. Our study highlights that the outcome of systemic interventions cannot necessarily be extrapolated from the effect on the tumor alone, but that they have to be investigated for anti{-}cancer and host effects. These findings may be relevant to clinical research efforts that investigate nutritional interventions such as KD in patients with cancer.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=129 SRC="FIGDIR/small/528937v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@613bb6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19746a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9ef652org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3db934_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIKetogenic diet delays tumor growth but accelerates cancer cachexia and shortens survival
C_LIO_LIIn the tumor, accumulation of lipid peroxidation products results in saturation of the GSH detoxifying pathway and ferroptotic death of cancer cells
C_LIO_LIIn the host organism, systemic redox state imbalance causes NADPH depletion, GDF-15 elevations, and relative corticosterone deficiency
C_LIO_LIDexamethasone coadministration with ketogenic diet delays onset of cancer cachexia by improving food intake, glucose homeostasis and utilization of nutritional substrates
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourikis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleeman, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaccaria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coll, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkitaraman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketogenic diet promotes tumor ferroptosis but induces relative corticosterone deficiency that accelerates cachexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enterovirus Evolution Reveals the Mechanism of an RNA-Targeted Antiviral and Determinants of Viral Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective pressures on positive-strand RNA viruses provide opportunities to establish target site specificity and mechanisms of action of antivirals. Here, Enterovirus-A71 revertant viruses with resistant mutations in the SLII IRES domain (SLIIresist) were selected at low doses of the antiviral DMA-135. The EV-A71 revertant viruses were resistant to DMA-135 at concentrations that robustly inhibit replication of wild-type virus. EV-A71 IRES structures harboring the suppressor mutations induced efficient expression of reporter Luciferase mRNA in the presence of non-cytotoxic doses of DMA-135 whereas DMA-135 dose-dependently inhibited Luciferase expression from the wild-type IRES element. NMR studies indicate that the resistant mutations change the structure of SLII at the bulge loop binding site of DMA-135 and at part of an extended surface recognized by host RNA-binding protein AUF1. Comparisons of biophysical analysis of complexes formed between AUF1, DMA-135, or either SLII or SLIIresist show that DMA-135 stabilizes a ternary complex with AUF1-SLII but not AUF1-SLIIresist. Further studies demonstrate that the hnRNP A1 protein retains binding affinity for SLIIresist, illustrating that DMA-135 inhibition and viral resistance do not perturb the SLII-hnRNP A1 arm of the regulatory axis. Taken together, this work demonstrates how viral evolution under selective pressures of small molecules can elucidate RNA binding site specificity, mechanisms of action, and provide additional insights into the viral pathways inhibited by the antiviral DMA-135.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila-Calderon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penumutchu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcolm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargrove, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enterovirus Evolution Reveals the Mechanism of an RNA-Targeted Antiviral and Determinants of Viral Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemogenetic activation of corticotropin-releasing factor-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces effortful motivation behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (aBNST) is associated with chronic stress and avoidance behavior. However, CRF+ BNST neurons project to reward- and motivation-related brain regions, suggesting a potential role in motivated behavior. We used chemogenetics to selectively activate CRF+ aBNST neurons in male and female CRF-ires-Cre mice during an effort-related choice task and a concurrent choice task. In both tasks, mice were given the option either to exert effort for high value rewards or to choose freely available low value rewards. Acute chemogenetic activation of CRF+ aBNST neurons reduced barrier climbing for a high value reward in the effort-related choice task in both males and females. Furthermore, acute activation of CRF+ aBNST neurons also reduced effortful lever pressing in high-performing males in the concurrent choice task. These data suggest a novel role for CRF+ aBNST neurons in effort-based decision and motivated behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maita, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemogenetic activation of corticotropin-releasing factor-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces effortful motivation behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage T3 overcomes the BREX defence through SAM cleavage and inhibition of SAM synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage T3 encodes a SAMase that through cleavage of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) circumvents the SAM-dependent Type I Restriction-Modification defence of the host bacterium Escherichia coli. Here, we show that the SAMase also allows T3 to evade BREX defence. SAM degradation weakly affects BREX methylation of host DNA, but completely inhibits the defensive function of BREX, suggesting that SAM is required as a co-factor for BREX-mediated exclusion of phage DNA. The anti-BREX activity of the T3 SAMase is mediated by two independent mechanisms: enzymatic degradation of SAM and downregulation of SAM synthesis through direct inhibition of the host SAM synthase MetK. We determined a 2.8 [A] cryo-EM structure of the eight-subunit T3 SAMase-MetK complex. Structure guided mutagenesis of the SAMase-MetK interface revealed that the interaction with MetK stabilizes the T3 SAMase in vivo, thus further stimulating its anti-BREX activity. This work provides insights in the versatility and intricacy of bacteriophage counter-defence mechanisms and highlights the role of SAM as an important co-factor of diverse phage-defence systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andriianov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triguis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobiazko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage T3 overcomes the BREX defence through SAM cleavage and inhibition of SAM synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syndapin Regulates the RAP-1 GTPase to Control Endocytic Recycling via RHO-1 and Non-Muscle Myosin II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After endocytosis, many plasma membrane components are recycled via narrow-diameter membrane tubules that emerge from early endosomes to form recycling endosomes, eventually leading to their return to the plasma membrane. We previously showed that the F- BAR and SH3 domain Syndapin/PACSIN-family protein SDPN-1 is required in vivo for basolateral endocytic recycling in the C. elegans intestine. Here we sought to determine the significance of a predicted interaction between the SDPN-1 SH3 domain and a target sequence in PXF-1/PDZ- GEF1/RAPGEF2, a known exchange factor for Rap-GTPases. We found that endogenous mutations we engineered into the SDPN-1 SH3 domain, or its binding site in the PXF-1 protein, interfere with recycling in vivo, as does loss of the PXF-1 target RAP-1. Rap-GTPases have been shown in several contexts to negatively regulate RhoA activity. Our results show that RHO- 1/RhoA is enriched on SDPN-1 and RAP-1 positive endosomes in the C. elegans intestine, and loss of SDPN-1 or RAP-1 elevates RHO-1(GTP) levels on intestinal endosomes. Furthermore, we found that depletion of RHO-1 suppressed sdpn-1 mutant recycling defects, indicating that control of RHO-1 activity is a key mechanism by which SDPN-1 acts to promote endocytic recycling. RHO-1/RhoA is well-known for controlling actomyosin contraction cycles, although little is known of non-muscle myosin II on endosomes. Our analysis found that non-muscle myosin II is enriched on SDPN-1 positive endosomes, with two non-muscle myosin II heavy chain isoforms acting in apparent opposition. Depletion of nmy-2 inhibited recycling like sdpn-1 mutants, while depletion of nmy-1 suppressed sdpn-1 mutant recycling defects, indicating actomyosin contractility in controlling recycling endosome function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Polanco, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syndapin Regulates the RAP-1 GTPase to Control Endocytic Recycling via RHO-1 and Non-Muscle Myosin II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-Type Specific Connectivity of Whisker-Related Sensory and Motor Cortical Input to Dorsal Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is heavily innervated by convergent excitatory projections from the primary motor (M1) and sensory cortex (S1) and is considered an important site of sensorimotor integration. M1 and S1 corticostriatal synapses have functional differences in the strength of their connections with striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the DLS, and as a result exert an opposing influence on sensory-guided behaviors. In the present study, we tested whether M1 and S1 inputs exhibit differences in the subcellular anatomical distribution onto striatal neurons. We injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding spaghetti monster fluorescent proteins (sm.FPs) into M1 and S1, and used confocal microscopy to generate 3D reconstructions of corticostriatal inputs to single identified SPNs and FSIs obtained through ex-vivo patch-clamp electrophysiology. We found that SPNs are less innervated by S1 compared to M1, but FSIs receive a similar number of inputs from both M1 and S1. In addition, M1 and S1 inputs were distributed similarly across the proximal, medial, and distal regions of SPNs and FSIs. Notably, clusters of inputs were prevalent in SPNs but not FSIs. Our results suggest that SPNs have stronger functional connectivity to M1 compared to S1 due to a higher density of synaptic inputs. The clustering of M1 and S1 inputs onto SPNs but not FSIs suggest that cortical inputs are integrated through cell-type specific mechanisms and more generally have implications for how sensorimotor integration is performed in the striatum.

Significance StatementThe dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is a key brain area involved in sensorimotor integration due to its dense innervation by the primary motor (M1) and sensory cortex (S1). However, the quantity and anatomical distribution of these inputs to the striatal cell population has not been well characterized. In this study we demonstrate that corticostriatal projections from M1 and S1 differentially innervate spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the DLS. S1 inputs innervate SPNs less than M1 and are likely to form synaptic clusters in SPNs but not in FSIs. These findings suggest that sensorimotor integration is partly achieved by differences in the synaptic organization of corticostriatal inputs to local striatal microcircuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanabria, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-Type Specific Connectivity of Whisker-Related Sensory and Motor Cortical Input to Dorsal Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-regulation between hormone signaling pathways is indispensable for plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which multiple hormones interact and co-ordinate activity need to be understood. Here, we generated a cross-regulation network explaining how hormone signals are integrated from multiple pathways in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. To do so we comprehensively characterized transcription factor activity during plant hormone responses and reconstructed dynamic transcriptional regulatory models for six hormones; abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and strigolactone/karrikin. These models incorporated target data for hundreds of transcription factors and thousands of protein-protein interactions. Each hormone recruited different combinations of transcription factors, a subset of which were shared between hormones. Hub target genes existed within hormone transcriptional networks, exhibiting transcription factor activity themselves. In addition, a group of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (MPKs) were identified as potential key points of cross-regulation between multiple hormones. Accordingly, the loss of function of one of these (MPK6) disrupted the global proteome, phosphoproteome and transcriptome during hormone responses. Lastly, we determined that all hormones drive substantial alternative splicing that has distinct effects on the transcriptome compared with differential gene expression, acting in early hormone responses. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the common features of plant transcriptional regulatory pathways and how cross-regulation between hormones acts upon gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldierna Guzman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddoe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewsey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dynamic population of prophase CENP-C is required for meiotic chromosome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centromere is an epigenetic mark that is a loading site for the kinetochore during meiosis and mitosis. This mark is characterized by the H3 variant CENP-A, known as CID in Drosophila. In Drosophila, CENP-C is critical for maintaining CID at the centromeres and directly recruits outer kinetochore proteins after nuclear envelope break down. It is not known, however, if these two functions require the same CENP-C molecules. Furthermore, in Drosophila and many other metazoan oocytes, centromere maintenance and kinetochore assembly are separated by an extended prophase. Consistent with studies in mammals, CID is relatively stable and does not need to be expressed during prophase to remain at high levels in metaphase I of meiosis. Expression of CID during prophase can even be deleterious, causing ectopic localization to non-centromeric chromatin, abnormal meiosis and sterility. In contrast to CID, maintaining high levels of CENP-C requires expression during prophase. Confirming the importance of this loading, we found CENP-C prophase loading is required for multiple meiotic functions. In early meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required for sister centromere cohesion and centromere clustering. In late meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required to recruit kinetochore proteins. CENP-C is one of the few proteins identified in which expression during prophase is required for meiotic chromosome segregation. An implication of these results is that the failure to maintain recruitment of CENP-C during the extended prophase in oocytes would result in chromosome segregation errors in oocytes.

Author SummaryMeiosis in oocytes of diverse organisms, including humans and Drosophila, is characterized by a long prophase pause and a cell cycle arrest in meiosis I or meiosis II. These pauses could be a challenge for centromeres, whose components are replenished during G1, and then must remain with the chromosomes until the meiotic divisions. We have investigated the stability, prophase dynamics and function of centromere protein CENP-C. We show that CENP-C expression and loading onto centromeres during prophase is required for multiple meiotic functions. In contrast, the expression of other centromere partners CID/CENP-A and CAL1 is not required during meiotic prophase. Furthermore, expression of CID during prophase can be deleterious and result in ectopic kinetochore formation. CENP-C loading in prophase is required for sister centromere cohesion and kinetochore assembly. Our results provide the first description of CENP-C dynamics during meiosis and show that prophase expression is required for oocyte spindle assembly and function. CENP-C is among a small number of proteins that are required for the meiotic divisions but are loaded prior to prometaphase. Failure to maintain these proteins during the long prophase of oocyte meiosis may contribute to the increased aneuploidy associated with advanced maternal age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fellmeth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dynamic population of prophase CENP-C is required for meiotic chromosome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchy and networks in the transcriptional response of Mycobacterium abscessus to antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus causes acute and chronic pulmonary infection in patients with chronic lung damage. It is intrinsically resistance to antibiotics effective against other pathogenic mycobacteria largely due to the drug-induced expression of genes that confer resistance. Induction of genes upon exposure to ribosome targeting antibiotics proceeds via WhiB7-dependent and -independent pathways. WhiB7 controls the expression of >100 genes, a few of which are known determinants of drug resistance. The function of the vast majority of genes within the regulon is unknown, but some conceivably encode additional mechanisms of resistance. Furthermore, the hierarchy of gene expression within the regulon, if any, is poorly understood. In the present work we have identified 56 WhiB7 binding sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (CHIP-Seq) which accounts for the WhiB7-dependent upregulation of 70 genes, and find that M. abscessus WhiB7 functions exclusively as a transcriptional activator at promoters recognized by {sigma}A/{sigma}B We have investigated the role of 18 WhiB7 regulated genes in drug resistance and demonstrated the role of MAB_1409c and MAB_4324c in aminoglycoside resistance. Further, we identify a {sigma}H-dependent pathway in aminoglycoside and tigecycline resistance which is induced upon drug exposure and is further activated by WhiB7 demonstrating the existence of a crosstalk between components of the WhiB7-dependent and -independent circuits.

Abstract ImportanceThe induction of multiple genes that confer resistance to structurally diverse ribosome-targeting antibiotics is funneled through the induction of a single transcriptional activator, WhiB7, by antibiotic-stalled ribosomes. This poses a severe restriction in M. abscessus therapy as treatment with one ribosome-targeting antibiotic confers resistance to all other ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Here we uncover the intricacies of the WhiB7 regulatory circuit, identify three previously unknown determinants of aminoglycoside resistance and unveil a communication between WhiB7 dependent and independent components. This not only expands our understanding of the antibiotic resistance potential of M. abscessus but can also inform the development of much needed therapeutic options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurst-Hess, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManaman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchy and networks in the transcriptional response of Mycobacterium abscessus to antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized mechanosensory end organs within mammalian skin--hair follicle-associated lanceolate complexes, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles--enable our perception of light, dynamic touch1. In each of these end organs, fast-conducting mechanically sensitive neurons, called A{beta} low-threshold mechanoreceptors (A{beta} LTMRs), associate with resident glial cells, known as terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) or lamellar cells, to form complex axon ending structures. Lanceolate-forming and corpuscle-innervating A{beta} LTMRs share a low threshold for mechanical activation, a rapidly adapting (RA) response to force indentation, and high sensitivity to dynamic stimuli1-6. How mechanical stimuli lead to activation of the requisite mechanotransduction channel Piezo27-15 and A{beta} RA-LTMR excitation across the morphologically dissimilar mechanosensory end organ structures is not understood. Here, we report the precise subcellular distribution of Piezo2 and high-resolution, isotropic 3D reconstructions of all three end organs formed by A{beta} RA-LTMRs determined by large volume enhanced Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging. We found that within each end organ, Piezo2 is enriched along the sensory axon membrane and is minimally or not expressed in TSCs and lamellar cells. We also observed a large number of small cytoplasmic protrusions enriched along the A{beta} RA-LTMR axon terminals associated with hair follicles, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles. These axon protrusions reside within close proximity to axonal Piezo2, occasionally contain the channel, and often form adherens junctions with nearby non-neuronal cells. Our findings support a unified model for A{beta} RA-LTMR activation in which axon protrusions anchor A{beta} RA-LTMR axon terminals to specialized end organ cells, enabling mechanical stimuli to stretch the axon in hundreds to thousands of sites across an individual end organ and leading to activation of proximal Piezo2 channels and excitation of the neuron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan-Tamariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashjian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shotland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africawala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) downregulates histone demethylase Phf8, impairs mTOR signaling/autophagy, accelerates amyloid beta accumulation, and induces neurological deficits in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, is attenuated in brains of Alzheimers disease patients. In mice, Blmh depletion causes astrogliosis and behavioral changes. Depletion of histone demethylase PHF8, which controls mTOR signaling by demethylating H4K20me1, causes neuropathy in humans and mice. Here we examined how Blmh depletion affects the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR signaling/autophagy pathway and amyloid beta (A{beta}) accumulation and cognitive/neuromotor performance in mice. We found that Phf8 was significantly downregulated in brains of Blmh-/- mice vs. Blmh+/+ sibling controls. H4K20me1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and App were upregulated while autophagy markers Bcln1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated in Blmh-/- brains. Blmh depletion caused similar biochemical changes and significantly elevated A{beta} in Blmh-/-5xFAD vs. Blmh+/+5xFAD brains. Behavioral testing identified cognitive/neuromotor deficits in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. In Blmh-depleted N2a-APPswe cells, Phf8 was downregulated, while APP, total H4K20me1, and H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding were elevated. This led to mTOR upregulation, autophagy downregulation, and significantly increased APP and A{beta} levels. Phf8 depletion or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein, metabolites that are elevated in Blmh-depleted mice, induced similar biochemical changes in N2a-APPswe cells, akin to those in induced by Blmh depletion. Taken together, our findings indicate that Blmh interacts with APP and the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway and show that disruption of these interactions lead to A{beta} accumulation and cognitive and neuromotor deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witucki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowczyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suszynska-Zajczyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warzych, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) downregulates histone demethylase Phf8, impairs mTOR signaling/autophagy, accelerates amyloid beta accumulation, and induces neurological deficits in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homocysteine Metabolites Inhibit Autophagy and Elevate Amyloid Beta by Impairing Phf8/H4K20me1-dependent Epigenetic Regulation of mTOR in Cystathionine Beta-Synthase-Deficient Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loss of cystathionine {beta}-synthase (CBS), an important homocysteine (Hcy)-metabolizing enzyme or the loss of PHF8, an important histone demethylase participating in epigenetic regulation, causes severe mental retardation in humans. Similar neuropathies were also observed in Cbs-/- and Phf8-/- mice. How CBS or PHF8 depletion can cause neuropathy was unknown. To answer this question, we examined a possible interaction between PHF8 and CBS using Cbs-/- mouse and neuroblastoma cell models. We quantified gene expression by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, mTOR-bound H4K20me1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, and amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) by confocal fluorescence microscopy using anti-A{beta} antibody. We found significantly reduced expression of Phf8, increased H4K20me1, increased mTOR expression and phosphorylation, and increased App, both on protein and mRNA levels in brains of Cbs-/- mice vs. Cbs+/- sibling controls. Autophagy-related proteins Becn1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated while p62 was upregulated on protein and mRNA levels, suggesting impaired autophagy in Cbs-/- brains. In mouse neuroblastoma N2a or N2a-APPswe cells, treatments with Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein or Hcy, or Cbs gene silencing by RNA interference significantly reduced Phf8 expression and increased total H4K20me1 as well as mTOR promoter-bound H4K20me1. This led to transcriptional mTOR upregulation, autophagy downregulation, and significantly increased App and A{beta} levels. The Phf8 gene silencing increased A{beta}, but not App, levels. Taken together, our findings identify Phf8 as a regulator of A{beta} synthesis and suggest that neuropathy of Cbs deficiency is mediated by Hcy metabolites, which transcriptionally dysregulate the Phf8->H4K20me1->mTOR->autophagy pathway thereby increasing A{beta} accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witucki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homocysteine Metabolites Inhibit Autophagy and Elevate Amyloid Beta by Impairing Phf8/H4K20me1-dependent Epigenetic Regulation of mTOR in Cystathionine Beta-Synthase-Deficient Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-specific Effector Protein Functionalization to Create Bead-based Avidity Model Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cooperative effect of multiple affinity binding interactions creating a stable bond, known as avidity, is a universal biological phenomenon seen in diverse systems. For example, avidity based biomolecular interactions are particularly important in assessing the potency of potential drugs such as monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell, or Natural Killer, cells to treat cancer or engineering microbes with cell surface immobilized enzyme complexes for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. However, predicting or measuring avidity based on in vitro single affinity interactions with non-complexed protein-ligand binding model systems has limitations and often fails to describe the avidity effects observed in vivo with cell surface complexed proteins interacting with multivalent ligands at solid interfaces. Acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS) based assays have recently emerged as a reliable method for direct avidity measurements, expressed as adhesion or rupture forces, which positively correlate with in vivo avidity interactions. However, to better understand and model avidity, in particular for cell-cell interactions and to correlate it with classical binding affinity, a cell mimetic model system with controlled avidity-related properties is needed. Here, we present a method for producing such a cell mimetic model system using "effector beads" that can be used in AFS-based avidity assays or any other bead-based avidity assay. The protein of interest is heterologously expressed and biotinylated in vivo in E. coli, purified, and subsequently tethered with streptavidin coated micron-sized beads to create effector beads. Our experimental results, combined with simulations of the multivalent binding phenomena, demonstrate the dependency of bead rupture force on its receptor protein surface density and force loading rate as well as the intrinsic kinetic binding parameters of the protein-ligand system of interest. These insights provide valuable information for designing future effector bead assays and cell avidity measurements for screening and characterization purposes for diverse applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayachandran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-specific Effector Protein Functionalization to Create Bead-based Avidity Model Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant cellulose synthase membrane protein isolation directly from Pichia pastoris protoplasts, liposome reconstitution, and its enzymatic characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most abundant renewable biopolymer on earth, viz., cellulose, acts as carbon storage reserve in plant and microbial cell walls that could potentially be converted into biofuels or other valuable bioproducts. Cellulose is synthesized by a plant cell membrane-integrated processive glycosyltransferase (GT) called cellulose synthase (CesA). Since only a few of these plant CesAs have been purified and characterized to date, there are huge gaps in our mechanistic understanding of these enzymes. Furthermore, the coordination between different CesAs involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation is yet to be unveiled. The biochemistry and structural biology studies of CesAs are currently hampered by challenges associated with their expression and extraction at high yields. To aid in understanding CesA reaction mechanisms and to provide a more efficient CesA extraction method, two putative plant CesAs - PpCesA5 from Physcomitrella patens and PttCesA8 from Populus tremula x tremuloides that are involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation in plants were expressed using Pichia pastoris as an expression host. We developed a protoplast-based membrane protein extraction approach to directly isolate both these membrane-bound enzymes for purification, as detected by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry-based analyses. Our method results in a higher purified protein yield by 3-4-fold than the standard cell homogenization protocol. Our purified CesAs were reconstituted into liposomes to yield active enzymes that gave similar biochemical characteristics (e.g., substrate utilization and cofactor requirements, no primer needed to initiate polymerization reaction) as enzymes isolated using the standard protocol. This method resulted in reconstituted CesA5 and CesA8 with similar Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants, Km = 167 M, 108 M and Vmax = 7.88x10-5 mol/min, 4.31x10-5 mol/min, respectively, in concurrence with the previous studies. Taken together, these results suggest that CesAs involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation can be expressed and purified using a simple and more efficient extraction method. This could potentially help unravel the mechanism of native and engineered cellulose synthase complexes involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayachandran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant cellulose synthase membrane protein isolation directly from Pichia pastoris protoplasts, liposome reconstitution, and its enzymatic characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation of Actinomyces cricetomyis sp. nov from orocervicofacial abscesses of African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
African giant pouched rats are of interest for their unique sense of smell and can be trained for a variety of applications including detection of explosives and infectious diseases. A colony housed at a university animal care facility developed abscesses associated with the jaw and eye in multiple animals. The predominant bacterial species in each case was a catalase-positive Actinomyces-like Gram-positive bacillus. The isolates from different sites and animals matched each other genetically but had sequences and biochemical profiles inconsistent with previously described species of this group. Based on whole genome sequence, biochemical characterization, and fatty acid profile, a novel species of the genus Actinomyces is proposed, namely Actinomyces cricetomyis (type strain 186855T). The type strain is deposited at ATCC (TSD-310) and BCCM/LMG (LMG 32803).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin-Guild, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labitt, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueary, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llanos-Soto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallmadge, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophir, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thachil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation of Actinomyces cricetomyis sp. nov from orocervicofacial abscesses of African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon epsilon restricts Zika virus infection in the female reproductive tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon {varepsilon} (IFN{varepsilon}) is a unique type I IFN that has been implicated in host defense against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, can infect the female reproductive tract (FRT) and cause devastating diseases, particularly in pregnant women. How IFN{varepsilon} contributes to protection against ZIKV infection in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that IFN{varepsilon} plays a critical role in host protection against vaginal ZIKV infection in mice. We found that IFN{varepsilon} was expressed not only by epithelial cells in the FRT, but also by certain immune and other cells at baseline or after exposure to viruses or specific TLR agonists. IFN{varepsilon}-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in the epithelial border and underlying tissue in the cervicovaginal tract, and these defects were associated with increased susceptibility to vaginal, but not subcutaneous ZIKV infection. IFN{varepsilon}-deficiency resulted in an increase in magnitude, duration, and depth of ZIKV infection in the FRT. Critically, intravaginal administration of recombinant IFN{varepsilon} protected Ifn{varepsilon}-/- mice and highly susceptible Ifnar1-/-mice against vaginal ZIKV infection, indicating that IFN{varepsilon} was sufficient to provide protection even in the absence of signals from other type I IFNs and in an IFNAR1-independent manner. Our findings reveal a potentially critical role for IFN{varepsilon} in mediating protection against transmission of ZIKV in the context of sexual contact.

SignificanceInterferon {varepsilon} (IFN{varepsilon}), a unique Type I IFN that is highly expressed in the epithelium of the female reproductive tract (FRT), is thought to protect the host against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) but the mechanism of action is not defined. Zika virus (ZIKV), a causative agent for preterm birth and other severe diseases in pregnant women, can be spread through vaginal transmission. Here, we show that mice lacking the Ifn{varepsilon} gene have abnormal epithelial development and tissue architecture in the cervicovaginal tract. The role of IFN{varepsilon} in protecting host against ZIKV is FRT-specific and is independent of IFNAR1 signaling. Our findings suggest potential preventive strategies based on harnessing mucosal immunity against STIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebraham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizutelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couret, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon epsilon restricts Zika virus infection in the female reproductive tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsos disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they acumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.

One-sentence summaryPeripheral blood-derived cells can be employed to stratify Parkinsos disease patients most likely to respond to LRRK2-related therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leghay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulesnane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizeneux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taymans, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinagre Aragon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergareche Yarza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterton, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier-Harlin, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.535602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Effects of Galactose and Manganese Supplementation on Monoclonal Antibody N-Linked Glycosylation in Fed-Batch and Perfusion Bioreactor Operation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.535602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a majority of biotherapeutics on the market today. These glycoproteins undergo post-translational modifications, such as N-linked glycosylation, that influence the structural & functional characteristics of the antibody. Glycosylation is a heterogenous post-translational modification that may influence therapeutic glycoprotein stability and clinical efficacy, which is why it is often considered a critical quality attribute (CQA) of the mAb product. While much is known about the glycosylation pathways of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and how cell culture chemical modifiers may influence the N-glycosylation profile of the final product, this knowledge is often based on the final cumulative glycan profile at the end of the batch process. Building a temporal understanding of N-glycosylation and how mAb glycoform composition responds to real-time changes in the biomanufacturing process will help build integrated process models that may allow for glycosylation control to produce a more homogenous product. Here, we look at the effect of specific nutrient feed media additives (e.g., galactose, manganese) and feeding times on the N-glycosylation pathway to modulate N-glycosylation of a Herceptin biosimilar mAb (i.e., Trastuzumab). We deploy the N-GLYcanyzer process analytical technology (PAT) to monitor glycoforms in near real-time for bench-scale bioprocesses operated in both fed-batch and perfusion modes to build an understanding of how temporal changes in mAb N-glycosylation are dependent on specific media additives. We find that Trastuzumab terminal galactosylation is sensitive to media feeding times and intracellular nucleotide sugar pools. Temporal analysis reveals an increased desirable production of single and double galactose-occupied glycoforms over time under glucose-starved fed-batch cultures. Comparable galactosylation profiles were also observed between fed-batch (nutrient-limited) and perfusion (non-nutrient-limited) bioprocess conditions. In summary, our results demonstrate the utility of real-time monitoring of mAb glycoforms and feeding critical cell culture nutrients under fed-batch and perfusion bioprocessing conditions to produce higher-quality biologics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyorgypal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratz-Berilla, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohnhorst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.535602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Effects of Galactose and Manganese Supplementation on Monoclonal Antibody N-Linked Glycosylation in Fed-Batch and Perfusion Bioreactor Operation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning can induce neurophysiological plasticity in the auditory cortex at multiple timescales. Lasting changes to auditory cortical function that persist over days, weeks, or even a lifetime, require learning to induce de novo gene expression. Indeed, transcription is the molecular determinant for long-term memories to form with a lasting impact on sound-related behavior. However, auditory cortical genes that support auditory learning, memory, and acquired sound-specific behavior are largely unknown. This report is the first to identify in young adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) genome-wide changes in learning-induced gene expression within the auditory cortex that may underlie the formation of long-lasting discriminative memory for acoustic frequency cues. Auditory cortical samples were collected from animals in the initial learning phase of a two-tone discrimination sound-reward task known to induce sound-specific neurophysiological and behavioral effects (e.g., Shang et al., 2019). Bioinformatic analyses on gene enrichment profiles from bulk RNA sequencing identified cholinergic synapse (KEGG 04725), extra-cellular matrix receptor interaction (KEGG 04512), and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (KEGG 04080) as top biological pathways for auditory discrimination learning. The findings characterize key candidate effectors underlying changes in cortical function that support the initial formation of long-term discriminative auditory memory in the adult brain. The molecules and mechanisms identified are potential therapeutic targets to facilitate lasting changes to sound-specific auditory function in adulthood and prime for future gene-targeted investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, G.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudtson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenard, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Co, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.536914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning induces unique transcriptional landscapes in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gravity controls directional growth of plants, and the classical starch-statolith hypothesis proposed more than a century ago postulates that amyloplast sedimentation in specialized cells initiates gravity sensing, but the molecular mechanism remains mysterious. Here, we report that gravistimulation by reorientation triggers the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling-mediated phosphorylation of LAZY proteins, the key regulators of gravitropism accumulated more on the lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells in regular growth Arabidopsis. Phosphorylation of LAZY increases its interaction with several TOC proteins on the surface of amyloplasts, facilitating the translocation of LAZY proteins from the plasma membrane to the amyloplasts. Amyloplast sedimentation subsequently guides LAZY to relocate to the new lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells, where LAZY induces asymmetrical auxin distribution and differential growth. Together, this study provides a molecular interpretation for the starch-statolith hypothesis: the organelle movement-triggered molecular polarity formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.537252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway is inhibited to evade androgen deprivation-induced senescence and enable progression to castration resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.537252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is fatal and therapeutically under-served. We describe a novel CRPC-restraining role for the vasodilatory soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway. We discovered that sGC subunits are dysregulated during CRPC progression and its catalytic product, cyclic GMP (cGMP), is lowered in CRPC patients. Abrogating sGC heterodimer formation in castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) cells inhibited androgen deprivation (AD)-induced senescence, and promoted castration-resistant tumor growth. We found sGC is oxidatively inactivated in CRPC. Paradoxically, AD restored sGC activity in CRPC cells through redox-protective responses evoked to protect against AD-induced oxidative stress. sGC stimulation via its FDA-approved agonist, riociguat, inhibited castration-resistant growth, and the anti-tumor response correlated with elevated cGMP, indicating on-target sGC activity. Consistent with known sGC function, riociguat improved tumor oxygenation, decreasing the PC stem cell marker, CD44, and enhancing radiation-induced tumor suppression. Our studies thus provide the first evidence for therapeutically targeting sGC via riociguat to treat CRPC.

Statement of significanceProstate cancer is the second highest cancer-related cause of death for American men. Once patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, the incurable and fatal stage, there are few viable treatment options available. Here we identify and characterize a new and clinically actionable target, the soluble guanylyl cyclase complex, in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Notably we find that repurposing the FDA-approved and safely tolerated sGC agonist, riociguat, decreases castration-resistant tumor growth and re-sensitizes these tumors to radiation therapy. Thus our study provides both new biology regarding the origins of castration resistance as well as a new and viable treatment option.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troccoli, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo-Victoriano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misiara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plastini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilusic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.537252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway is inhibited to evade androgen deprivation-induced senescence and enable progression to castration resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Collaborative Neuroimaging Research: Introducing COINSTAC Vaults for Federated Analysis and Reproducibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collaborative neuroimaging research is often hindered by technological, policy, administrative, and methodological barriers, despite the abundance of available data. COINSTAC is a platform that successfully tackles these challenges through federated analysis, allowing researchers to analyze datasets without publicly sharing their data. This paper presents a significant enhancement to the COINSTAC platform: COINSTAC Vaults (CVs). CVs are designed to further reduce barriers by hosting standardized, persistent, and highly-available datasets, while seamlessly integrating with COINSTACs federated analysis capabilities. CVs offer a user-friendly interface for self-service analysis, streamlining collaboration and eliminating the need for manual coordination with data owners. Importantly, CVs can also be used in conjunction with open data as well, by simply creating a CV hosting the open data one would like to include in the analysis, thus filling an important gap in the data sharing ecosystem. We demonstrate the impact of CVs through several functional and structural neuroimaging studies utilizing federated analysis showcasing their potential to improve the reproducibility of research and increase sample sizes in neuroimaging studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prae, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T Baker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockholt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B Esper Franco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R Franco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Collaborative Neuroimaging Research: Introducing COINSTAC Vaults for Federated Analysis and Reproducibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Klf9 plays a critical role in GR dependent metabolic adaptations in cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucocorticoids (GCs) through activation of the Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) play an essential role in cellular homeostasis during physiological variations and in response to stress. GC-GR signaling has been involved in regulating several cellular processes including metabolism, circadian rhythm and inflammation for diurnal adaptations. Our genomic GR binding (ChIP) and transcriptome (RNAseq) data from Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment in cardiomyocytes show an early (1hr) differential regulation of mostly transcription factors, followed by sequential change in downstream signaling pathways (6-24hr). Here, we examine the role of an early direct target of GR, Kruppel-like factor 9 (Klf9) in cardiomyocyte metabolic homeostasis. Our Klf9-ChIPseq identified 2150 genes with increase in promoter Klf9 binding in response to Dex. Functional annotation of these genes lists metabolic pathway on the top of KEGG pathway, along with genes regulating transcription and survival. Further, our transcriptome analysis of Dex treated cardiomyocytes with or without knockdown of Klf9 reveal differential regulation of 1777 genes, of which a reversal in expression is seen in 1640 ([~]92%) genes with knockdown of Klf9 compared to Dex. Conversely, only 137 ([~]8%) genes show further dysregulation in expression with siKLf9 as Dex treated cardiomyocytes. Gene ontology of these 1640 genes show metabolic genes on the top, including genes involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Expectedly, knockdown of Klf9 in cardiomyocytes inhibits Dex induced increase in glycolysis and spare respiratory capacity, as measured by glycolysis and mito stress tests, respectively. Thus, we conclude that cyclic, diurnal GC mediated GR activation, through Klf9 -dependent feedforward signaling plays a central role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through metabolic adaptations in quiescent and stressed cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alikunju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Klf9 plays a critical role in GR dependent metabolic adaptations in cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selenoprotein synthesis is not induced by hepatotoxic drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsMany of the proteins that contain the amino acid selenocysteine are required for optimal defense against cellular stress. As such, one might expect selenoprotein synthesis to persist or be induced upon cellular insult. Because selenocysteine is incorporated by a complex post-transcriptional mechanism, monitoring the transcription of selenoprotein genes is not adequate to understand the regulation of selenoprotein synthesis. We aimed to determine whether selenoprotein synthesis is regulated by the induction of hepatotoxic stress.

MethodsWe used hepatotropic clinically relevant drugs to evaluate the regulation of selenoprotein synthesis in human hepatocarcinoma cells.

ResultsWe found that two drugs, benzbromarone and sorafenib, caused significant inhibition of selenoprotein synthesis. However, the loss of selenoprotein expression was not specific as total protein synthesis was similarly down-regulated only by benzbromarone and sorafenib.

ConclusionsThese results allow us to conclude that these hepatotoxins do not induce or preserve selenoprotein synthesis as a protective mechanism.

HighlightsO_LIThe treatment of liver cells with hepatotoxic and hepatotropic compounds does not result in increased synthesis of selenoproteins.
C_LIO_LICompounds that induced the canonical oxidative stress response that features NRF2 activation eliminated selenoprotein synthesis.
C_LIO_LIThe downregulation of selenoproteins was accompanied by general inhibition of protein synthesis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shetty, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selenoprotein synthesis is not induced by hepatotoxic drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of a stable RNase Y-RicT (YaaT) complex requires RicA (YmcA) and RicF (YlbF) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Bacillus subtilis, the RicT (YaaT), RicA (YmcA) and RicF (YlbF) proteins, which form a stable ternary complex, are needed together with RNase Y (Rny), to cleave and thereby stabilize several key transcripts encoding enzymes of intermediary metabolism. We show here that RicT, but not RicA or RicF, forms a stable complex with Rny, and that this association requires the presence of RicA and RicF. We propose that RicT is handed off from the ternary complex to Rny. We show further that the two iron-sulfur clusters carried by the ternary Ric complex are required for the formation of the stable RicT-Rny complex. We demonstrate that proteins of the degradosome-like network of B. subtilis, which also interact with Rny, are dispensable for processing of the gapA operon. Thus, Rny participates in distinct RNA-related processes, determined by its binding partners, and a RicT-Rny complex is likely the functional entity for gapA mRNA maturation.

IMPORTANCEThe action of nucleases on RNA is universal and essential for all forms of life and includes processing steps that lead to the mature and functional forms of certain transcripts. In B. subtilis it has been shown that key transcripts for energy producing steps of glycolysis, for nitrogen assimilation and for oxidative phosphorylation, all of them crucial processes of intermediary metabolism, are cleaved at specific locations, resulting in mRNA stabilization. The proteins required for these cleavages in B. subtilis (Rny (RNase Y), RicA (YmcA), RicF (YlbF) and RicT (YaaT)) are broadly conserved among the firmicutes, including in several important pathogens, hinting that regulatory mechanisms they control may also be conserved. Several aspects of these regulatory events have been explored: phenotypes associated with the absence of these proteins have been described, the impact of these absences on the transcriptome has been documented, and there has been significant exploration of the biochemistry and structural biology of Rny and the Ric proteins. The present study further advances our understanding of the association of Ric proteins and Rny and shows that a complex of Rny with RicT is probably the entity that carries out mRNA maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUBNAU, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of a stable RNase Y-RicT (YaaT) complex requires RicA (YmcA) and RicF (YlbF)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read genome assemblies for the study of chromosome expansion: Drosophila kikkawai Drosophila takahashii, Drosophila bipectinata, and Drosophila ananassae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flow cytometry estimates of genome sizes among species of Drosophila show a 3-fold variation, ranging from [~]127 Mb in Drosophila mercatorum to [~]400 Mb in Drosophila cyrtoloma. However, the assembled portion of the Muller F Element (orthologous to the fourth chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster) shows a nearly 14-fold variation in size, ranging from [~]1.3 Mb to > 18 Mb. Here, we present chromosome-level long read genome assemblies for four Drosophila species with expanded F Elements ranging in size from 2.3 Mb to 20.5 Mb. Each Muller Element is present as a single scaffold in each assembly. These assemblies will enable new insights into the evolutionary causes and consequences of chromosome size expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torosin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrigo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elgin, S. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read genome assemblies for the study of chromosome expansion: Drosophila kikkawai Drosophila takahashii, Drosophila bipectinata, and Drosophila ananassae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of an anti-CRISPR protein that inhibits the CRISPR-Cas type I-B system in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems provide their prokaryotic hosts with adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements. Many bacteriophages encode anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that inhibit host defense. The identification of Acr proteins is challenging due to their small size and high sequence diversity, and only a limited number has been characterized to date. In this study, we report the discovery of a novel Acr protein, AcrIB2, encoded by the {varphi}CD38-2 Clostridioides difficile phage that efficiently inhibits interference by the type I-B CRISPR-Cas system of the host and likely acts as a DNA mimic. Most C. difficile strains contain two cas operons, one encoding a full set of interference and adaptation proteins and another encoding interference proteins only. Unexpectedly, we show that only the partial operon is required for interference and is subject to inhibition by AcrIB2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muzyukina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkaruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maikova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SOUTOURINA, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of an anti-CRISPR protein that inhibits the CRISPR-Cas type I-B system in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bioinformatics tool for identifying intratumoral microbes from the ORIEN dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.541982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence supports significant interactions among microbes, immune cells, and tumor cells in at least 10-20% of human cancers, emphasizing the importance of further investigating these complex relationships. However, the implications and significance of tumor-related microbes remain largely unknown. Studies have demonstrated the critical roles of host microbes in cancer prevention and treatment responses. Understanding interactions between host microbes and cancer can drive cancer diagnosis and microbial therapeutics (bugs as drugs). Computational identification of cancer-specific microbes and their associations is still challenging due to the high dimensionality and high sparsity of intratumoral microbiome data, which requires large datasets containing sufficient event observations to identify relationships, and the interactions within microbial communities, the heterogeneity in microbial composition, and other confounding effects that can lead to spurious associations. To solve these issues, we present a bioinformatics tool, MEGA, to identify the microbes most strongly associated with 12 cancer types. We demonstrate its utility on a dataset from a consortium of 9 cancer centers in the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). This package has 3 unique features: species-sample relations are represented in a heterogeneous graph and learned by a graph attention network; it incorporates metabolic and phylogenetic information to reflect intricate relationships within microbial communities; and it provides multiple functionalities for association interpretations and visualizations. We analyzed 2704 tumor RNA-seq samples and MEGA interpreted the tissue-resident microbial signatures of each of 12 cancer types. MEGA can effectively identify cancer-associated microbial signatures and refine their interactions with tumors.

SIGNIFICANCEStudying the tumor microbiome in high-throughput sequencing data is challenging because of the extremely sparse data matrices, heterogeneity, and high likelihood of contamination. We present a new deep-learning tool, microbial graph attention (MEGA), to refine the organisms that interact with tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNutt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman,, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.541982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bioinformatics tool for identifying intratumoral microbes from the ORIEN dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosomal protein control of hematopoietic stem cell transformation through direct, non-canonical regulation of metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report here that expression of the ribosomal protein, RPL22, is frequently reduced in human myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); and, reduced RPL22 expression is associated with worse outcomes. Mice null for Rpl22 display characteristics of an MDS-like syndrome and develop leukemia at an accelerated rate. Rpl22-deficient mice also display enhanced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and obstructed differentiation potential, which arises not from reduced protein synthesis but from altered metabolism including increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and a striking induction of the stemness factor Lin28b in the resulting leukemia. Lin28b promotes a substantial increase in lipid content, upon which the survival of Rpl22-deficient leukemias depends. Altogether, these findings reveal that Rpl22 insufficiency enhances the leukemia potential of HSC through regulation of FAO and promotes leukemogenesis through Lin28b promotion of lipid synthesis.

HighlightsO_LIRPL22 insufficiency is observed in MDS/AML and is associated with reduced survival
C_LIO_LIRpl22-deficiency produces an MDS-like syndrome and facilitates leukemogenesis
C_LIO_LIRpl22-deficiency does not impair global protein synthesis by HSC
C_LIO_LIRpl22 controls leukemia survival through control of lipid synthesis
C_LI

eTOC: Rpl22 controls the function and transformation potential of hematopoietic stem cells through regulation of lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahl, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinkle, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrigoue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giricz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boultwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellagatti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montangna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holinstat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiest, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosomal protein control of hematopoietic stem cell transformation through direct, non-canonical regulation of metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calretinin-expressing islet cells: a source of pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of non-peptidergic nociceptor input to the mouse spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unmyelinated non-peptidergic nociceptors (NP afferents) arborise in lamina II of the spinal cord and receive GABAergic axoaxonic synapses, which mediate presynaptic inhibition. However, until now the source of this axoaxonic synaptic input was not known. Here we provide evidence that it originates from a population of inhibitory calretinin-expressing interneurons (iCRs), which correspond to lamina II islet cells. The NP afferents can be assigned to 3 functionally distinct classes (NP1-3). NP1 afferents have been implicated in pathological pain states, while NP2 and NP3 afferents also function as pruritoceptors. Our findings suggest that all 3 of these afferent types innervate iCRs and receive axoaxonic synapses from them, providing feedback inhibition of NP input. The iCRs also form axodendritic synapses, and their targets include cells that are themselves innervated by the NP afferents, thus allowing for feedforward inhibition. The iCRs are therefore ideally placed to control the input from non-peptidergic nociceptors and pruritoceptors to other dorsal horn neurons, and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain and itch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustapa, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polgar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeilhofer, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callister, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calretinin-expressing islet cells: a source of pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of non-peptidergic nociceptor input to the mouse spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.542125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule studies reveal the off-pathway elemental pause state as a target of streptolydigin inhibition of RNA polymerase and its dramatic enhancement by Gre factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.542125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic streptolydigin (Stl) inhibits bacterial transcription by blocking the trigger loop folding in the active center of RNA polymerase (RNAP), which is essential for catalysis. We use acoustic force spectroscopy to characterize the dynamics of transcription elongation in ternary elongation complexes of RNAP (ECs) in the presence of Stl at a single-molecule level. We found that Stl induces long-lived stochastic pauses while the instantaneous velocity of transcription between the pauses is unaffected. Stl enhances the short-lived pauses associated with an off-pathway elemental paused state of the RNAP nucleotide addition cycle. Unexpectedly, we found that transcript cleavage factors GreA and GreB, which were thought to be Stl competitors, do not alleviate the streptolydigin-induced pausing; instead, they synergistically increase transcription inhibition by Stl. This is the first known instance of a transcriptional factor enhancing antibiotic activity. We propose a structural model of the EC-Gre-Stl complex that explains the observed Stl activities and provides insight into possible cooperative action of secondary channel factors and other antibiotics binding at the Stl-pocket. These results offer a new strategy for high-throughput screening for prospective antibacterial agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arseniev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panfilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pobegalov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potyseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlinova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakunina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borukhov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodorkovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.542125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule studies reveal the off-pathway elemental pause state as a target of streptolydigin inhibition of RNA polymerase and its dramatic enhancement by Gre factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shu complex SWS1-SWSAP1 is required for mouse meiotic recombination in concert with the BRCA2 C terminus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homology recognition and DNA-strand invasion ensure faithful homolog pairing and segregation during the first meiotic division1. RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases catalyze these steps2, with BRCA2 promoting their assembly into nuclear foci3. The recently identified human SWS1-SWSAP1 complex, related to the Shu complex in yeast, promotes RAD51 focus formation in cell lines4,5. We show here that mouse SWS1-SWSAP1 is critical for meiotic homologous recombination (HR) by promoting the assembly of RAD51 and DMC1 on early recombination intermediates. Absence of the complex perturbs meiotic progression in males and females and both sexes are sterile, although a fraction of meiocytes form crossovers. Remarkably, loss of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase CHK2 rescues fertility specifically in females without rescuing crossover numbers. Unlike the Shu complex, the BRCA2 C terminus (known to be required for RAD51 stabilization6,7) is dispensible for RAD51 and DMC1 focus formation. However, concomitant loss of the BRCA2 C terminus aggravates the meiotic defects in Shu mutant spermatocytes. These results point to a complex interplay of factors that ensure recombinase function and hence meiotic progression in the mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abreu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanienko, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shu complex SWS1-SWSAP1 is required for mouse meiotic recombination in concert with the BRCA2 C terminus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tension-dependent regulation of mammalian Hippo signaling through LIMD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippo signaling is regulated by biochemical and biomechanical cues that influence the cytoskeleton, but the mechanisms that mediate this have remained unclear. We show that all three mammalian Ajuba family proteins - AJUBA, LIMD1, and WTIP - exhibit tension-dependent localization to adherens junctions, and that both Lats family proteins, LATS1 and LATS2, exhibit an overlapping tension-dependent junctional localization. This localization of Ajuba and Lats family proteins is also influenced by cell density, and by Rho activation. We establish that junctional localization of Lats kinases requires LIMD1, and that LIMD1 is also specifically required for the regulation of Lats kinases and YAP by Rho. Our results identify a biomechanical pathway that contributes to regulation of mammalian Hippo signaling, establish that this occurs through tension-dependent LIMD1-mediated recruitment and inhibition of Lats kinases in junctional complexes, and identify roles for this pathway in both Rho-mediated and density-dependent regulation of Hippo signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirichenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keepers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enners, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tension-dependent regulation of mammalian Hippo signaling through LIMD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
diploS/HIC: an updated approach to classifying selective sweeps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/267229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying selective sweeps in populations that have complex demographic histories remains a difficult problem in population genetics. We previously introduced a supervised machine learning approach, S/HIC, for finding both hard and soft selective sweeps in genomes on the basis of patterns of genetic variation surrounding a window of the genome. While S/HIC was shown to be both powerful and precise, the utility of S/HIC was limited by the use of phased genomic data as input. In this report we describe a deep learning variant of our method, diploS/HIC, that uses unphased genotypes to accurately classify genomic windows. diploS/HIC is shown to be quite powerful even at moderate to small sample sizes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[diploS/HIC: an updated approach to classifying selective sweeps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying reliable biomarkers of aging is a major goal in geroscience. While the first generation of epigenetic biomarkers of aging were developed using chronological age as a surrogate for biological age, we hypothesized that incorporation of composite clinical measures of phenotypic age that capture differences in lifespan and healthspan may identify novel CpGs and facilitate the development of a more powerful epigenetic biomarker of aging. Using a innovative two-step process, we develop a new epigenetic biomarker of aging, DNAm PhenoAge, that strongly outperforms previous measures in regards to predictions for a variety of aging outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cancers, healthspan, physical functioning, and Alzheimers disease. While this biomarker was developed using data from whole blood, it correlates strongly with age in every tissue and cell tested. Based on an in-depth transcriptional analysis in sorted cells, we find that increased epigenetic, relative to chronological age, is associated increased activation of pro-inflammatory and interferon pathways, and decreased activation of transcriptional/translational machinery, DNA damage response, and mitochondrial signatures. Overall, this single epigenetic biomarker of aging is able to capture risks for an array of diverse outcomes across multiple tissues and cells, and provide insight into important pathways in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baccarelli, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally regulated transcription and silencing cycle of nuclear RNAi-targeted LTR retrotransposons in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNA-guided chromatin silencing, also referred to as nuclear RNAi, plays an essential role in genome surveillance in eukaryotes and provides a unique paradigm to explore the complexity in RNA-mediated chromatin regulation and transgenerational epigenetics. A well-recognized paradox in this research area is that transcription of the target loci is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of the silencing at the same loci. How the two opposing activities (transcriptional activation and repression) are coordinated during animal development is poorly understood. To resolve this gap, we took single-molecule RNA imaging, deep-sequencing, and genetic approaches towards delineating the developmental regulation and subcellular localization of RNA transcripts of two exemplary endogenous germline nuclear RNAi targets in C. elegans, Cer3 and Cer8 LTR retrotransposons. By examining the wild type and a collection of mutant strains, we found that transcription and silencing cycle of Cer3 and Cer8 is tightly coupled with the early embryogenesis and germline mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. Strikingly, Cer3 and Cer8 transcripts are exclusively localized in the nuclei of germ cells in both wild type and germline nuclear RNAi-defective mutant animals. RNA-sequencing analysis found that this nuclear enrichment feature is a general feature for the endogenous targets of the germline nuclear RNAi pathway. In addition, the germline and somatic repressions of Cer3 have different genetic requirement for the three H3K9 histone methyltransferases, MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32, in conjunction with the nuclear Argonaute protein WAGO-9/HRDE-1. These results provide a first comprehensive cellular and developmental characterization of the nuclear RNAi-targeted endogenous targets throughout animal reproductive cycle. Altogether, these results support a model in which (1) both the transcriptional activation and repression steps of the germline nuclear RNAi pathway are tightly coupled with animal development, (2) the endogenous targets exhibit a hallmark of nuclear enrichment of their transcripts, and (3) different heterochromatin enzymes play distinct roles in somatic and germline silencing of the endogenous targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinava, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally regulated transcription and silencing cycle of nuclear RNAi-targeted LTR retrotransposons in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RhoGAP myosin 9/HUM-7 integrates membrane signals to modulate Rho/RHO-1 during embryonic morphogenesis in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryonic morphogenesis, cells and tissues undergo dramatic movements under the control of F-actin regulators. Our studies of epidermal cell migrations in developing C. elegans embryos have identified multiple plasma membrane signals that regulate the Rac GTPase, thus regulating WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes, to promote branched F-actin formation and polarized enrichment. We describe here a pathway that acts in parallel to Rac to transduce membrane signals to control epidermal F-actin through the GTPase Rho. Rho contributes to epidermal migrations through effects on underlying neuroblasts. Here we identify signals to regulate Rho in the epidermis. HUM-7, the C. elegans homolog of human Myo9A and Myo9B, regulates F-actin dynamics during epidermal migrations, by controlling Rho. Genetics and biochemistry support that HUM-7 behaves as GAP for the Rho GTPase, so that loss of HUM-7 enhances Rho-dependent epidermal cell behaviors. We identify SAX-3/ROBO as an upstream signal that contributes to attenuated Rho activation through its regulation of HUM-7/Myo9. These studies identify a new role for Rho during epidermal cell migrations, and suggest that Rho activity is regulated by SAX-3/ROBO acting on the RhoGAP HUM-7.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raduwan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RhoGAP myosin 9/HUM-7 integrates membrane signals to modulate Rho/RHO-1 during embryonic morphogenesis in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Grape polyphenols reduce gut-localized reactive oxygen species associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced leaky gut syndrome combined with low-grade inflammation increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestine and may contribute to dysbiosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Poorly bioavailable and only partially metabolizable dietary polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins (PACs), may exert their beneficial effects on metabolic health by scavenging intestinal ROS. To test this hypothesis, we developed and validated a novel, noninvasive, in situ method for visualizing intestinal ROS using orally administered ROS-sensitive indocyanine green (ICG) dye. C57BL/6J mice fed HFD for 10 weeks accumulated high levels of intestinal ROS compared to mice fed low-fat diet (LFD). Oral administration of poorly bioavailable grape polyphenol extract (GPE) and {beta}-carotene decreased HFD-induced ROS in the gut to levels comparable to LFD-fed mice, while administration of more bioavailable dietary antioxidants (- lipoic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E) did not. Forty percent of administered GPE antioxidant activity was measured in feces collected over 24 h, confirming poor bioavailability and persistence in the gut. The bloom of beneficial anaerobic gut bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, associated with improved metabolic status in rodents and humans may be directly linked to protective antioxidant activity of some dietary components. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic explanation for the beneficial effects of poorly bioavailable polyphenols on metabolic health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalariya, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribnicky, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaja-Chimedza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roopchand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raskin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Grape polyphenols reduce gut-localized reactive oxygen species associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enterobacter cloacae complex ST171 Isolates Expressing KPC-4 Carbapenemase Recovered from Canine Patients in Ohio, USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as a critical public health threat. Organisms expressing the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) were first recognized in the US in the late 1990s and continue to be the predominant CRE genotype reported in clinical isolates. Strains harboring blaKPC alleles have been observed in multiple species of Enterobacteriaceae, including the Enterobacter cloacae complex. A major E. cloacae clone, Enterobacter xiangfangensis ST171, has emerged as an important cause of hospital associated infections (HAI) and has been shown to carry different alleles of KPC in the context of Tn4401, residing on plasmids of multiple incompatibility groups. While CRE are commonly isolated from infected humans, their recovery from animals has been rare, particularly from companion animals. In the US, only six CRE have been reported from companion animals, and one from livestock, none of which were blaKPC. This report describes two E. xiangfangensis sequence type ST171 isolates each with a large IncHI2 plasmid bearing blaKPC-4 recovered from dogs with infections at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center. Our phylogenetic comparison of these canine isolates with available sequences from clinical human isolates of KPC-4 identified in ST171 suggest an epidemiologically significant clonal strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittum, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grooters, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathys, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollenkopf, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enterobacter cloacae complex ST171 Isolates Expressing KPC-4 Carbapenemase Recovered from Canine Patients in Ohio, USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased number and activity of a lateral subpopulation of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons underlies the expression of an addicted state in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe orexin system is important for reward-driven motivation but has not been implicated in the expression of a multi-phenotype addicted state.nnMethodsRats were assessed for economic demand for cocaine prior to and following 14d of short- (ShA), long- (LgA) or intermittent-access (IntA) to cocaine. Rats were also assessed for a number of other DSM- V-relevant addiction criteria following differential access conditions. Orexin system function was assessed by i) quantification of numbers and activity of orexin cells, ii) pharmacological blockade of the orexin-1 receptor, and iii) subregion-specific knockdown of orexin cell populations.nnResultsIntA produced a cluster of addiction-like behaviors that closely recapitulate key diagnostic criteria for addiction to a greater extent than LgA or ShA. IntA was associated with plasticity in orexin cell function, including increased number and activity of orexin-expressing neurons within the lateral hypothalamic (LH) subregion. This plasticity persisted during protracted withdrawal from cocaine for at least 6 months and was associated with enhanced incubation of craving. Selective knockdown of LH orexin neurons reversed the addicted state, and orexin-1 receptor signaling played a larger role in drug seeking after IntA.nnConclusionsThese data provide the first evidence that LH orexin system function extends beyond general reward seeking to play a critical role in the expression of a multi-phenotype addicted-like state. Thus, the orexin/hypocretin system is a potential novel target for pharmacotherapies designed to treat cocaine addiction. In addition, these data point to the IntA model as a preferred approach to modeling addictionlike behavior in rats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopper, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koll, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowrey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased number and activity of a lateral subpopulation of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons underlies the expression of an addicted state in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demand elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin/hypocretin-1 receptor antagonist in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long (LgA) or intermittent (IntA) access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug seeking. Moreover, because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we asked whether demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand elasticity () measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration ( baseline ) was positively correlated with  assessed after 2w of LgA or IntA. Baseline  also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug seeking in initial abstinence, and cued reinstatement following LgA, IntA or standard short access (ShA). When demand was measured after LgA, IntA or ShA,  predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline , as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. Post-LgA/IntA/ShA  also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB (10 and 30mg/kg) compared to low demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that  might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowrey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stopper, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demand elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin/hypocretin-1 receptor antagonist in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of lateral hypothalamic group III mGluRs suppresses drug-seeking following abstinence and cocaine-associated increases in excitatory drive to orexin/hypocretin cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) orexin (hypocretin) system is involved in drug-seeking behavior elicited by drug-associated stimuli. Cocaine exposure is associated with presynaptic plasticity at LHA orexin cells such that excitatory input to orexin cells is enhanced, both acutely and into withdrawal. These changes may augment orexin cell reactivity to drug-related cues during abstinence and contribute to relapse-like behavior. Studies in hypothalamic slices from drug-naive animals indicate that agonism of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) reduces presynaptic glutamate release onto orexin cells. Therefore, we examined the group III mGluR system as a potential target to reduce orexin cell excitability in-vivo, and tested whether activating these receptors could normalize orexin cell activity following cocaine and reduce cocaine-seeking elicited by drug-associated stimuli during abstinence. First, we verified that group III mGluRs regulate orexin cell activity in vivo by showing that intra-LHA infusions of the selective agonist L-(+)-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) reduces Fos expression in orexin cells following 24h food deprivation. Next, we extended these findings to show that intra-LHA L-AP4 infusions reduced discriminative stimulus-driven cocaine-seeking following withdrawal. L-AP4 had no effect on general motor activity of sucrose self-administration. Finally, using whole-cell patch clamp recordings from identified orexin cells in orexin-GFP transgenic mice, we show that enhanced presynaptic drive to orexin cells persists for up to 14d into withdrawal and that this plasticity is normalized by L-AP4. L-AP4 had no effect on measures of postsynaptic plasticity in cocaine-exposed animals. Together, these data indicate that agonism of LHA group III mGluRs reduces orexin cell activity in-vivo and is an effective strategy to suppress cocaine-seeking behavior following withdrawal. These effects are likely mediated, at least in part, by normalization of presynaptic plasticity at orexin cells that occurs as a result of cocaine exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeoh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bains, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston-Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of lateral hypothalamic group III mGluRs suppresses drug-seeking following abstinence and cocaine-associated increases in excitatory drive to orexin/hypocretin cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated Measures Regression In Laboratory, Clincal And Enviromental Research - Different Between/Within Subject Slopes And Common Misconceptions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/374124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When using repeated measures linear regression models to make causal inference in laboratory, clinical and environmental research, it is often assumed that the Within Subject association of differences (or changes) in predictor value across replicates is the same as the Between Subject association of differences in those predictor values. But this is often false, for example with body weight as the predictor and blood cholesterol the outcome i) a 10 pound weight increase in the same adult more greatly a higher increase in cholesterol in that adult than does ii) one adult weighing 10 pounds more than a second reflect increased cholesterol levels in the first adult as the weigh difference in i) more closely tracks higher body fat while that in ii) is also influenced by heavier adults being taller. Hence to make causal inferences, different Within and Between subject slopes should be separately modeled. A related misconception commonly made using generalized estimation equations (GEE) and mixed models (MM) on repeated measures (i.e. for fitting Cross Sectional Regression) is that the working correlation structure used only influences variance of model parameter estimates. But only independence working correlation guarantees the modeled parameters have any interpretability. We illustrate this with an example where changing working correlation from independence to equicorrelation qualitatively biases parameters of GEE models and show this happens because Between and Within Subject slopes for the predictor variables differ. We then describe several common mechanisms that cause Within and Between Subject slopes to differ as; change effects, lag/reverse lag and spillover causality, shared within subject measurement bias or confounding, and predictor variable measurement error. The misconceptions noted here should be better publicized in laboratory, clinical and environmental research. Repeated measures analyses should compare Within and Between subject slopes of predictors and when they differ, investigate the reasons this has happened.nnHIGHLIGHTSWhen using repeated measures with time varying predictors variables in laboratory, clinical and environmental research: O_LICross sectional regressions with any working correlation structure other than independence often give non-meaningful resultsnC_LIO_LIBetween/Within subject decomposition of slopes should be undertaken when making causal inferencesnC_LIO_LIInvestigators should investigate the reasons Between and Within Subject slopes differ if this occursnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated Measures Regression In Laboratory, Clincal And Enviromental Research - Different Between/Within Subject Slopes And Common Misconceptions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Did a novel virus contribute to late blight epidemics? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight. In this study, we characterized a novel RNA virus, Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2 (PiRV-2). The PiRV-2 genome is 11,170 nt and lacks a polyA tail. It contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) with short 5- and 3-untranslated regions. The ORF is predicted to encode a polyprotein of 3710 aa (calculated molecular weight 410.94 kDa). This virus lacks significant similarity to any other known viruses, even in the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region. Comparing isogenic strains with or without the virus demonstrated that the virus stimulated sporangia production in P. infestans and appeared to enhance its virulence. Transcriptome analysis revealed that it achieved sporulation stimulation likely through down-regulation of ammonium and amino acid intake in P. infestans. This virus was faithfully transmitted through asexual reproduction. Survey of PiRV-2 presence in a P. infestans collection found it in most strains in the US-8 lineage, a very successful clonal lineage of P. infestans in North America. We suggest that PiRV-2 may have contributed to its success, raising the intriguing possibility that a potentially hypervirulent virus may contribute to late blight epidemics.nnAuthor SummaryPotato late blight, the notorious plant disease behind the Irish Potato Famine, continues to pose a serious threat to potato and tomato production worldwide. While most studies on late blight epidemics focuses on pathogen virulence, host resistance, environmental factors and fungicide resistance, we present evidence in this study that a virus infecting the causal agent, Phytophthora infestans, may have played a role. We characterized a novel RNA virus, Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2 (PiRV-2) and examined its effects on its host. By comparing identical P. infestans strains except with or without the virus, we found that PiRV-2 stimulated sporulation of P. infestans (a critical factor in late blight epidemics) and increased its virulence. We also profiled gene expression in these strains and identified potential molecular mechanisms through which PiRV-2 asserted its sporulation stimulation effect. In a survey of PiRV-2 presence in a P. infestans collection, we found PiRV-2 in most isolates of the US-8 clonal lineage, a very successfull ineage that dominated potato fields in North America for several decades. We suggest that PiRV-2 may have contributed to its success. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that a potentially hypervirulent virus may contribute to late blight epidemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Did a novel virus contribute to late blight epidemics?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Existing host range mutations constrain further emergence of RNA viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses are capable of rapid host shifting, typically due to a point mutation that confers expanded host range. As additional point mutations are necessary for further expansions, epistasis among host range mutations can potentially affect the mutational neighborhood and frequency of niche expansion. We mapped the mutational neighborhood of host range expansion using three genotypes of the dsRNA bacteriophage phi6 (wildtype and two isogenic host range mutants) on the novel host Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens (PA). Sanger sequencing of fifty PA mutant clones for each genotype and population Illumina sequencing both revealed the same high frequency mutations allowing infection of PA. Wildtype phi6 had at least nine different ways of mutating to enter the novel host, eight of which are in p3 (host attachment protein gene), and 13/50 clones had unchanged p3 genes. However, the two isogenic mutants had dramatically restricted neighborhoods: only one or two mutations, all in p3. Deep sequencing revealed that wildtype clones without mutations in p3 likely had changes in p12 (morphogenic protein), a region that was not polymorphic for the two isogenic host range mutants. Sanger sequencing confirmed that 10/13 of the wildtype phi6 clones had nonsynonymous mutations in p12 and two others had point mutations in p9 and p5 - none of these genes had previously been associated with host range expansion in phi6. We demonstrate, for the first time, epistatic constraint in an RNA virus due to host range mutations themselves, which has implications for models of serial host range expansion.nnImportanceRNA viruses mutate rapidly and frequently expand their host ranges to infect novel hosts, leading to serial host shifts. Using an RNA bacteriophage model system (Pseudomonas phage phi6), we studied the impact of pre-existing host range mutations on another host range expansion. Results from both clonal Sanger and Illumina sequencing show extant host range mutations dramatically narrow the neighborhood of potential host range mutations compared to wildtype phi6. This research suggests that serial host shifting viruses may follow a small number of molecular paths to enter additional novel hosts. We also identified new genes involved in phi6 host range expansion, expanding our knowledge of this important model system in experimental evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth Pasricha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Bellido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/394080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Existing host range mutations constrain further emergence of RNA viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gαq sensitizes TRPM8 to inhibition by PI(4,5)P2 depletion upon receptor activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) was proposed to inhibit the cold and menthol sensitive Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels via direct binding of Gq to the channel. It is well documented that TRPM8 requires the plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2] for activity. It was claimed however that a decrease in cellular levels of this lipid does not contribute to channel inhibition upon receptor activation. Here we show that supplementing the whole cell patch pipette with PI(4,5)P2 reduced inhibition of TRPM8 by activation of Gq-coupled receptors in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Activation of the same receptors induced Phospholipase C (PLC) activation and decreased plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 levels in these neurons. PI(4,5)P2 also reduced inhibition of TRPM8 by activation of heterologously expressed Gq-coupled muscarinic M1 receptors. Co-expression of a constitutively active Gq protein that does not couple to PLC inhibited TRPM8 activity, and in cells expressing this protein decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels using a voltage sensitive 5-phosphatase induced a stronger inhibition of TRPM8 activity than in control cells. Our data indicate that PI(4,5)P2 depletion plays an important role in TRPM8 inhibition upon GPCR activation, and Gq inhibits the channel by reducing its apparent affinity for PI(4,5)P2 and thus sensitizes the channel to inhibition by decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gαq sensitizes TRPM8 to inhibition by PI(4,5)P2 depletion upon receptor activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIX1 cooperates with RUNX1 and SMAD4 in cell fate commitment of Müllerian duct epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During female mammal reproductive tract development, epithelial cells of the lower Mullerian duct are committed to become stratified squamous epithelium of vagina and ectocervix, when the expression of {Delta}Np63 transcription factor is induced by mesenchymal cells. The absence of {Delta}Np63 expression leads to adenosis, the putative precursor of vaginal adenocarcinoma. Our previous studies with genetically engineered mouse models have established that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/SMAD, and activin A/runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) signaling pathways are independently required for {Delta}Np63 expression in Mullerian duct epithelium (MDE). Here we report that sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) plays a critical role in the activation of {Delta}Np63 locus in MDE as a downstream transcription factor of mesenchymal signals. In mouse developing reproductive tract, SIX1 expression was restricted to MDE of the future cervix and vagina. SIX1 expression was totally absent in SMAD4 null MDE and was reduced in RUNX1 null and FGFR2 null MDE, indicating that SIX1 is under the control of vaginal mesenchymal factors, BMP4, activin A and FGF7/10. Furthermore, Six1, Runx1 and Smad4 gene-dose-dependently activated {Delta}Np63 expression in MDE within vaginal fornix. Using a mouse model of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-associated vaginal adenosis, we found DES action through epithelial estrogen receptor  (ESR1) down-regulates SIX1 and RUNX1 in MDE within the vaginal fornix. This study establishes that the vaginal/ectocervical cell fate of MDE is regulated by a collaboration of multiple transcription factors including SMAD4, SIX1 and RUNX1, and the down-regulation of these key transcription factors leads to vaginal adenosis.nnAuthor SummaryIn embryogenesis, differentiation fate of cells is specified through constant communication between neighboring cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of epithelial cell fate commitment in the lower female reproductive organs utilizing mouse genetic models. The cell fate of epithelial cells in the uterus, cervix and vagina is directed by signaling from mesenchymal cells. We demonstrated that within the epithelial cells of the developing vagina, signals from mesenchymal cells are integrated into activities of transcription factors including SMAD4, RUNX1 and SIX1, which dose-dependently co-operate in the determination of vaginal epithelial cell fate. Disruption of these processes alters the cell fate from vaginal to uterine epithelium, resulting in a condition called vaginal adenosis, a putative precursor of vaginal adenocarcinoma. Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the womb have about 40 times the risk of developing vaginal adenocarcinoma. We determined that developmental exposure to DES induces vaginal adenosis by repressing SIX1 and RUNX1 through ESR1 in the epithelial cells. This discovery enhances the understanding of how early-life events, such as exposure to endocrine disruptors, causes vaginal adenosis, and thus may contribute to the prevention and therapeutic treatment of idiopathic vaginal adenocarcinoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Terakawa, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serna, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radovick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIX1 cooperates with RUNX1 and SMAD4 in cell fate commitment of Müllerian duct epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The G protein-biased PZM21 and TRV130 act as partial agonists of μ-opioid receptors signaling to ion channel targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioids exert many of their acute effects through modulating ion channels via G{beta}{gamma} subunits. Some of their side effects are attributed to {beta}-arrestin recruitment, and several biased agonists that do not activate this pathway have been developed recently. Here we tested the effects of TRV130, PZM21 and herkinorin, three G-protein biased agonists of -opioid receptors (OR), on ion channel targets. Compared to the full OR agonist DAMGO, all three biased agonists induced smaller activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK2), and smaller inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin (TRPM3) channels. Furthermore, co-application of TRV130 or PZM21, but not herkinorin reduced the effects of DAMGO on both ion channels. CaV2.2 was also inhibited less by PZM21 and TRV130 than by DAMGO. TRV130, PZM21 and herkinorin were also less effective than DAMGO in inducing dissociation of the Gi /G{beta}{gamma} complex. We conclude that TRV130, PZM21 are partial agonists of OR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The G protein-biased PZM21 and TRV130 act as partial agonists of μ-opioid receptors signaling to ion channel targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing Influence of Sensory and Motor Cortex on Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia and is a key site of sensorimotor integration. While the striatum receives extensive excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex, the influence of different cortical areas on striatal circuitry and behavior is unknown. Here we find that corticostriatal inputs from whisker-related primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex differentially innervate projection neurons and interneurons in the dorsal striatum, and exert opposing effects on sensory-guided behavior. Optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents in ex vivo recordings produced larger postsynaptic potentials in striatal parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons than D1- or D2-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs), an effect not observed for M1-corticostriatal afferents. Critically, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents produced task-specific behavioral inhibition, which was bidirectionally modulated by striatal PV interneurons. Optogenetic stimulation of M1 afferents produced the opposite behavioral effect. Thus, our results suggest opposing roles for sensory and motor cortex in behavioral choice via distinct influences on striatal circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiskerke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradiso, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepper, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing Influence of Sensory and Motor Cortex on Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic and transcriptomic interrogation of enhanced muscle function in the paralyzed mouse whisker pad 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional state of denervated muscle is a critical factor in the ability to restore movement after injury- or disease-related paralysis. Here we used peripheral optogenetic stimulation and transcriptome profiling in the mouse whisker system to investigate the time course of changes in neuromuscular function following complete unilateral facial nerve transection. While most skeletal muscles rapidly lose functionality after lower motor neuron denervation, optogenetic muscle stimulation of the paralyzed whisker pad revealed sustained increases in the sensitivity, velocity, and amplitude of whisker movements, and reduced fatigability, starting 48 h after denervation. RNA-seq analysis showed distinct regulation of multiple gene families in denervated whisker pad muscles compared to the atrophy-prone soleus, including prominent changes in ion channels and contractile fibers. Together, our results define the unique functional and transcriptomic landscape of denervated facial muscles, and have general implications for restoring movement after neuromuscular injury or disease.

New & NoteworthyOptogenetic activation of muscle can be used to non-invasively induce movements and probe muscle function. We used this technique in mice to investigate changes in whisker movements following facial nerve transection. We found unexpectedly enhanced functional properties of whisker pad muscle following denervation, accompanied by unique transcriptomic changes. Our findings highlight the utility of the mouse whisker pad for investigating the restoration of movement after paralysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vajtay, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic and transcriptomic interrogation of enhanced muscle function in the paralyzed mouse whisker pad]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans models of Marfan and Marfan-like Syndromes reveal trafficking defects of the type II TGFβ receptor as a potential novel disease mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF{beta}) family plays an important role in many developmental processes and when mutated often contributes to various diseases. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disease with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 5,000. The disease is caused by mutations in fibrillin, which lead to an increase in TGF{beta} ligand activity, resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues which can be life-threatening. Mutations in other components of TGF{beta} signaling (receptors, Smads, Schnurri) lead to similar diseases with attenuated phenotypes relative to Marfan syndrome. In particular, mutations in TGF{beta} receptors, most of which are clustered at the C-terminal end, result in Marfan-like (MFS-like) syndromes. Even though it was assumed that many of these receptor mutations would reduce or eliminate signaling, in many cases signaling is active. From our trafficking work in C. elegans, we noticed that many of these receptor mutations that lead to Marfan-like syndromes overlap with mutations that cause mis-trafficking of the receptor, suggesting a link between Marfan-like syndromes and TGF{beta} receptor trafficking. To test this hypothesis, we introduced some of these key MFS and MFS-like mutations into the C. elegans TGF{beta} receptor and asked if receptor trafficking is altered. We find that some of the mutated receptors localize to the apical surface rather than basolateral surface of the polarized intestinal cells. Further, we find that these mutations result in longer animals, a phenotype due to over-stimulation of the pathway and, importantly, indicating that function of the receptor is not abrogated in these mutants. Our nematode models of Marfan syndrome suggest that MFS and MFS-like mutations in the type II receptor lead to mis-trafficking of the receptor and possibly provides an explanation for the disease, a phenomenon which might also occur in some cancers that possess the same mutations within the type II receptor (e.g. colon cancer).

Author SummaryThe transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF{beta}) family plays an important role in many basic biological processes and when mutated often contributes to various diseases. Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disease with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 5,000. The disease is caused by mutations in fibrillin, which lead to an increase in TGF{beta} ligand activity, resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues which can be life-threatening. However, some patients with normal fibrillin genes also show symptoms and pathologies associated with Marfan syndrome, known collectively as Marfan-like Syndromes (MFS-like). When these patients were assessed for mutations in other components of the TGF{beta} pathway, several mutations clustered in a small region of the receptors, primarily in the type II TGF{beta} receptor were found.

We find that mimicking these mutations in the nematode type II TGF{beta} receptor causes the mutant receptor to move to regions of the cell where it is not normally found. Importantly, these mutations do not abrogate the function of the receptor, suggesting that mis-localization of the receptor might be previously unknown cause of disease etiology. We hypothesize that receptor mutations present at the LTA lead to disruptions in interactions with trafficking regulators leading to symptoms of MFS/MFS-like syndromes - a novel disease mechanism of MFS/MFS-like syndromes that might also extend to other cancers bearing similar mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padgett, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans models of Marfan and Marfan-like Syndromes reveal trafficking defects of the type II TGFβ receptor as a potential novel disease mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex infections uncovers high frequency of non-carbapenemase-producers in five tertiary care hospitals from Colombia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInfections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae (CR-Ecl) have been increasingly reported in the clinical setting; here we describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of CR-Ecl infections in a KPC endemic region.nnMethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in five tertiary-care hospitals in Medellin-Colombia. All patients infected by CR-Ecl from June-2012 to June-2014 were included. Sociodemographics and clinical information was retrieved from medical records. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phenotypic and molecular carbapenemase detection were performed. Analysis of hsp60 and PFGE was done in a subset of isolates.nnResultsOf 109 patients enrolled, 60.55% (66/109) were infected with non-carbapenemase-producing-Ecl (non-CP-Ecl). CP-Ecl patients were frequently hospitalized in the ICU (37.21% vs 12.12%) and had exposure to carbapenems (39.53% vs 15.15%) compared to non-CP-Ecl infected patients. All-cause 30-day mortality was higher in CP-Ecl than non-CP-Ecl infected patients (27.91% vs 19.70%). CP-Ecl harbored KPC-2 (83.72%) and KPC-3 (6.97%). Analysis of hsp60 showed that CP-Ecl belonged primarily to cluster-VI of Enterobacter xiangfangensis (12/34) and cluster-XI (12/34) corresponding to E. cloacae subsp. cloacae. Non-CP-Ecl isolates belonged to cluster-VII/VIII (45/54), of E. hormaechi subsp. steigerwaltii. PFGE revealed isolates in cluster VII/VIII and XI were closely related within their own clusters.nnConclusionsThe results revealed a high frequency of non-CP-Ecl among the CR-Ecl infections in a KPC endemic region, displaying distinct clinical and molecular characteristics in comparison to CP-Ecl. The study highlights a significant contribution of non-CP-Ecl to the prevalence of CR-Ecl. Infection control measures to curtail dissemination of CR-Ecl should not only focus on CP-Ecl but should also include non-CP-Ecl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cienfuegos-Gallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae complex infections uncovers high frequency of non-carbapenemase-producers in five tertiary care hospitals from Colombia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro activity of the new β-lactamase inhibitors relebactam and vaborbactam in combination with β-lactams against Mycobacterium abscessus complex clinical isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary disease due to infection with Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is notoriously difficult to treat, in large part due to MABCs intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics, including {beta}-lactams. MABC organisms express a broad-spectrum {beta}-lactamase that is resistant to traditional {beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors but inhibited by a newer non-{beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitor, avibactam. Consequently, the susceptibility of MABC to some {beta}-lactams is increased in the presence of avibactam. Therefore, we hypothesized that two new non-{beta}-lactam-based {beta}-lactamase inhibitors, relebactam and vaborbactam, would also increase susceptibility of MABC to {beta}-lactams. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of various marketed {beta}-lactams alone and in combination with either relebactam or vaborbactam against multidrug-resistant MABC clinical isolates. Our data demonstrate that both {beta}-lactamase inhibitors significantly improved the anti-MABC activity of many carbapenems (including imipenem and meropenem) and cephalosporins (including cefepime, ceftaroline, and cefuroxime). As a meropenem/vaborbactam combination is now marketed and an imipenem/relebactam combination is currently in phase III trials, these fixed combinations may become the {beta}-lactams of choice for the treatment of MABC infections. Furthermore, given the evolving interest in dual {beta}-lactam regimens, our results identify select cephalosporins, such as cefuroxime, with superior activity in the presence of a {beta}-lactamase inhibitor, deserving of further evaluation in combination with these carbapenem/{beta}-lactamase inhibitor products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammerman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro activity of the new β-lactamase inhibitors relebactam and vaborbactam in combination with β-lactams against Mycobacterium abscessus complex clinical isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antiparasitic drug atovaquone inhibits arbovirus replication through the depletion of intracellular nucleotides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthropod-borne viruses represent a significant public health threat worldwide yet there are few antiviral therapies or prophylaxis targeting these pathogens. In particular, the development of novel antivirals for high-risk populations such as pregnant women is essential to prevent devastating disease such as that which was experienced with the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas. One potential avenue to identify new and pregnancy friendly antiviral compounds is to repurpose well-known and widely used FDA approved drugs. In this study, we addressed the antiviral role of atovaquone, a FDA Pregnancy Category C drug and pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitor used for the prevention and treatment of parasitic infections. We found that atovaquone was able to inhibit ZIKV and chikungunya virus virion production in human cells and that this antiviral effect occurred early during infection at the initial steps of viral RNA replication. Moreover, we were able to complement viral replication and virion production with the addition of exogenous pyrimidine nucleosides indicating that atovaquone is functioning through the inhibition of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway to inhibit viral replication. Finally, using an ex vivo human placental tissue model, we found that atovaquone could limit ZIKV infection in a dose-dependent manner providing evidence that atovaquone may function as an antiviral in humans. Taken together, these studies suggest that atovaquone could be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug and a potential attractive candidate for the prophylaxis or treatment of arbovirus infection in vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women.nnAuthor SummaryThe ability to protect vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children from Zika virus and other arbovirus infections is essential to preventing the devastating complications induced by these viruses. One class of antiviral therapies may lie in known pregnancy-friendly drugs that have the potential to mitigate arbovirus infections and disease yet this has not been explored in detail. In this study, we show that the common antiparasitic drug, atovaquone, inhibits arbovirus replication through intracellular nucleotide depletion and can impair ZIKV infection in an ex vivo human placental explant model. Our study provides a novel function for atovaquone and highlights that the rediscovery of pregnancy-acceptable drugs with potential antiviral effects can be the key to better addressing the immediate need for treating viral infections and preventing potential birth complications and future disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cifuentes Kottkamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antiparasitic drug atovaquone inhibits arbovirus replication through the depletion of intracellular nucleotides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MHC class-II HLA-DR receptor mediates bat influenza A-like H17N10 virus entry into mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are notorious reservoirs of diverse, potentially zoonotic viruses, exemplified by the evolutionarily distinct, influenza A-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11 (BatIVs). The surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)] of BatIVs neither bind nor cleave sialic acid receptors, which suggests that these viruses employ cell attachment and entry mechanisms that differ from those of classical influenza A viruses (IAVs). Identifying the cellular factors that mediate entry and determine susceptibility to infection will help assess the host range of BatIVs. Here, we investigated a range of cell lines from different species for their susceptibility to infection by pseudotyped viruses (PV) bearing bat H17 and/or N10 envelope glycoproteins. We show that a number of human haematopoietic cancer cell lines and the canine kidney MDCK II (but not MDCK I) cells are susceptible to H17-pseudotypes (H17-PV). We observed with microarrays and qRT-PCR that the dog leukocyte antigen DLA-DRA mRNA is over expressed in late passaged parental MDCK and commercial MDCK II cells, compared to early passaged parental MDCK and MDCK I cells, respectively. The human orthologue HLA-DRA encodes the alpha subunit of the MHC class II HLA-DR antigen-binding heterodimer. Small interfering RNA- or neutralizing antibody-targeting HLA-DRA, drastically reduced the susceptibility of Raji B cells to H17-PV. Conversely, over expression of HLA-DRA and its paralogue HLA-DRB1 on the surface of the unsusceptible HEK293T/17 cells conferred susceptibility to H17-PV. The identification of HLA-DR as an H17N10 entry mediator will contribute to a better understanding of the tropism of the virus and will elucidate its zoonotic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giotis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soteropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temperton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MHC class-II HLA-DR receptor mediates bat influenza A-like H17N10 virus entry into mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphoinositides regulate the TRPV1 channel via two functionally distinct binding sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/558874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of the heat- and capsaicin-activated Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel by phosphoinositides is controversial. In a recent cryoEM structure, an endogenous phosphoinositide was detected in the vanilloid binding site, and phosphoinositides were proposed to act as competitive vanilloid antagonists. This model is difficult to reconcile with phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] being a well established positive regulator of TRPV1. To resolve this controversy, we propose that phosphoinositides regulate TRPV1 via two functionally distinct binding sites. Our molecular dynamics simulations show that phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is more stable in the vanilloid binding site, whereas a distinct site responsible for activation is preferentially occupied by PtdIns(4,5)P2. Consistently, we show that in the presence of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in excised patches PtdIns partially inhibited TRPV1 activity induced by low, but not high capsaicin concentrations. In the absence of PtdIns(4,5)P2 on the other hand, PtdIns partially stimulated TRPV1 activity presumably by binding to the activating site. Overall, our data resolve a major controversy in the regulation of TRPV1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yazici, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasimova, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphoinositides regulate the TRPV1 channel via two functionally distinct binding sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In treating patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), enzalutamide, the second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is an accepted standard of care. However, clinical benefits are limited to a median time of 4.8 months because resistance inevitably emerges. To determine the mechanism of treatment resistance, we carried out a RNA sequence analysis and found increased expression levels of neuroendocrine markers in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP human prostate cancer (CaP) cell line when compared to the parental cell line. Subsequent studies demonstrated that TCF4, a transcription factor implicated in Wnt signaling, mediated neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in response to enzalutamide treatment and was elevated in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP. In addition, we observed that PTHrP mediated enzalutamide resistance in tissue culture and inducible TCF4 overexpression resulted in enzalutamide-resistance in a mouse xenograft model. Finally, small molecule inhibitors of TCF4 or PTHrP partially reversed enzalutamide resistance in CaP cells. When tissues obtained from men who died of metastatic CaP were examined, a positive correlation was found between the expression levels of TCF4 and PTHrP. Taken together, the current results indicate that TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via NED in CaP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>lee, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palapattu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin and microtubule dependent mechanisms regulate sister centromere fusion during meiosis I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sister centromere fusion is a process unique to meiosis that promotes co-orientation of the sister kinetochores, ensuring they attach to microtubules from the same pole. We have found that the kinetochore protein SPC105R/KNL1 and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1-87B) are required for this process. The analysis of these two proteins, however, has shown that two independent mechanisms maintain sister centromere fusion during meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes. Double depletion experiments demonstrated that the precocious separation of centromeres in Spc105R RNAi oocytes is Separase-dependent, suggesting cohesin proteins must be maintained at the core centromeres. In contrast, precocious sister centromere separation in Pp1-87B RNAi oocytes does not depend on Separase or Wapl. Further analysis with microtubule destabilizing drugs showed that PP1-87B maintains sister centromeres fusion by regulating microtubule dynamics. Additional double depletion experiments demonstrated that PP1-87B has this function by antagonizing Polo kinase and BubR1, two proteins known to promote kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments. These results suggest that PP1-87B maintains sister centromere fusion by inhibiting stable KT-MT attachments. Surprisingly, we found that loss of C(3)G, the transverse element of the synaptonemal complex (SC), suppresses centromere separation in Pp1-87B RNAi oocytes. This is evidence for a functional role of centromeric SC in the meiotic divisions. We propose two mechanisms maintain co-orientation in Drosophila oocytes: one involves SPC105R to protect cohesins at sister centromeres and another involves PP1-87B to regulate spindle forces at end-on attachments.nnAuthor SummaryMeiosis involves two cell divisions. In the first division, pairs of homologous chromosomes segregate, in the second division, the sister chromatids segregate. These patterns of division are mediated by regulating microtubule attachments to the kinetochores and stepwise release of cohesion between the sister chromatids. During meiosis I, cohesion fusing sister centromeres must be intact so they attach to microtubules from the same pole. At the same time, arm cohesion must be released for anaphase I. Upon entry into meiosis II, the sister centromeres must separate to allow attachment to opposite poles, while cohesion surrounding the centromeres must remain intact until anaphase II. How these different populations of cohesion are regulated is not understood. We identified two genes required for maintaining sister centromere cohesion, and surprisingly found they define two distinct mechanisms. The first is a kinetochore protein that maintains sister centromere fusion by recruiting proteins that protect cohesion. The second is a phosphatase that antagonizes proteins that stabilize microtubule attachments. We propose that entry into meiosis II coincides with stabilization of microtubule attachments, resulting in the separation of sister centromeres without disrupting cohesion in other regions, facilitating attachment of sister chromatids to opposite poles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin and microtubule dependent mechanisms regulate sister centromere fusion during meiosis I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethanolamine regulates CqsR quorum-sensing signaling in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogen that causes cholera, Vibrio cholerae, uses the cell-cell communication process known as quorum sensing (QS) to regulate virulence factor production and biofilm formation in response to changes in population density and complexity. QS is mediated through the detection of extracellular chemical signals called autoinducers. Four histidine kinases, LuxPQ, CqsS, CqsR and VpsS, have been identified as receptors to activate the key QS regulator LuxO at low cell density. At high cell density, detection of autoinducers by these receptors leads to deactivation of LuxO, resulting in population-wide gene expression changes. While the cognate autoinducers that regulate the activity of CqsS and LuxQ are known, the signals that regulate CqsR have not been determined. Here we show that the common metabolite ethanolamine specifically interacts with the ligand-binding CACHE domain of CqsR in vitro and induces the high cell-density QS response through CqsR kinase inhibition in V. cholerae cells. We also identified residues in the CqsR CACHE domain important for ethanolamine detection and signal transduction. Moreover, mutations disrupting endogenous ethanolamine production in V. cholerae delay the onset of, but do not abolish, the high cell-density QS gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that modulation of CqsR QS response by ethanolamine occurs inside animal hosts. Our findings suggest that V. cholerae uses CqsR as a dual-function receptor to integrate information from the self-made signals as well as exogenous ethanolamine as an environmental cue to modulate QS response.nnIMPORTANCEMany bacteria use quorum sensing to regulate cellular processes that are important for their survival and adaptation to different environments. Quorum sensing usually depends on the detection on chemical signals called autoinducers made endogenously by the bacteria. We show here ethanolamine, a common metabolite made by various bacteria and eukaryotes, can modulate the activity of one of the quorum-sensing receptors in Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the disease cholera. Our results raise the possibility that V. cholerae or other quorum-sensing bacteria can combine environmental sensing and quorum sensing to control group behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrasso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawver, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khataokar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaganas, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/589390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethanolamine regulates CqsR quorum-sensing signaling in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of pathogen genomic differences that impact human immune response and disease during Cryptococcus neoformans infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/592212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient outcomes during infection are due to a complex interplay between the quality of medical care, host immunity factors, and the infecting pathogens characteristics. To probe the influence of pathogen genotype on human immune response and disease, we examined Cryptococcus neoformans isolates collected during the Cryptococcal Optimal ART Timing (COAT) trial in Uganda. We measured human participants immunologic phenotypes, meningitis disease parameters, and survival. We compared this clinical data to whole genome sequences from 38 C. neoformans isolates of the most frequently observed sequence type (ST) ST93 in our Ugandan participant population, and an additional 18 strains from 9 other sequence types representing the known genetic diversity within the Ugandan Cryptococcus clinical isolates. We focused our analyses on 652 polymorphisms that: were variable among the ST93 genomes, were not in centromeres or extreme telomeres, and were predicted to have a fitness effect. Logistic regression and principal component analyses identified 40 candidate Cryptococcus genes and 3 hypothetical RNAs associated with human immunologic response or clinical parameters. We infected mice with 17 available KN99 gene deletion strains for these candidate genes and found that 35% (6/17) directly influenced murine survival. Four of the six gene deletions that impacted murine survival were novel. Such bedside-to-bench translational research provides important candidate genes for future studies on virulence-associated traits in human Cryptococcus infections.nnAuthor SummaryEven with the best available care, mortality rates in cryptococcal meningitis range from 20-60%. Disease is often due to infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and involves a complex interaction between the human host and the fungal pathogen. Although previous studies have suggested genetic differences in the pathogen impact human disease, it has proven quite difficult to identify the specific C. neoformans genes that impact the outcome of the human infection. Here, we take advantage of a Ugandan patient cohort infected with closely related C. neoformans strains to examine to role of pathogen genetic variants on several human disease characteristics. Using a pathogen whole genome sequencing approach, we showed that 40 C. neoformans genes are associated with human disease. Surprisingly, many of these genes are specific to Cryptococcus and have unknown functions. We also show deletion of these genes alters disease in a mouse model of infection, confirming their role in disease. These findings are particularly important because they are the first to identify C. neoformans genes associated with human cryptococcal meningitis and lay the foundation for future studies that may lead to new treatment strategies aimed at reducing patient mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lueck, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohjanen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akampurira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meya, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulware, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of pathogen genomic differences that impact human immune response and disease during Cryptococcus neoformans infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Function and clinical relevance of RHAMM isoforms in pancreatic tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) is upregulated in various cancers. We previously screened genes upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinomas for their metastatic function in a mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) and identified that human RHAMMB promoted liver metastasis. It was unknown whether RHAMMB is upregulated in pancreatic cancer or contributes to its progression. In this study, we found that RHAMM protein was frequently upregulated in human PNETs. We investigated alternative splicing isoforms, RHAMMA and RHAMMB, by RNA-Seq analysis of primary PNETs and liver metastases. RHAMMB, but not RHAMMA, was significantly upregulated in liver metastases. RHAMMB was crucial for in vivo metastatic capacity of mouse and human PNETs. RHAMMA, carrying an extra 15-amino acid-stretch, did not promote metastasis in spontaneous and experimental metastasis mouse models. Moreover, RHAMMB was substantially higher than RHAMMA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). RHAMMB, but not RHAMMA, correlated with both higher EGFR expression and poorer survival of PDAC patients. Knockdown of EGFR abolished RHAMMB-driven PNET metastasis. Altogether, our findings suggest a clinically relevant function of RHAMMB, but not RHAMMA, in promoting PNET metastasis in part through EGFR signaling. RHAMMB can thus serve as a prognostic factor for pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selesner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robzyk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.-C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Function and clinical relevance of RHAMM isoforms in pancreatic tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise memory is predicted by learning-induced sensory system neurophysiological plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/600866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite identical learning experiences, individuals differ in the memory formed of those experiences. Memory formed with sensory specificity determines its utility for selectively cueing subsequent behavior, even in novel situations. If an individual forms generalized memory, then there is potential for novel sensory cues to interfere with accurate behavioral performance. Here, a rodent model of auditory learning capitalized on individual differences in learning-induced auditory neuroplasticity to identify and characterize neural substrates for sound-specific (vs. general) memory of the training signals acoustic frequency. Animals with naturally or pharmacologically induced signal-"specific" memory revealed behaviorally, exhibited long-lasting signal-specific neurophysiological plasticity in auditory cortical and subcortical evoked responses, while learning-induced changes were not detected in animals with "general" memories. Individual differences validated this brain-behavior relationship, such that the degree of change in neurophysiological responses could be used to determine the precision of memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotondo, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise memory is predicted by learning-induced sensory system neurophysiological plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatiotemporal ventricular myocyte model incorporating mitochondrial calcium cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) cycling dynamics in cardiac myocytes are spatiotemporally generated by stochastic events arising from a spatially distributed network of coupled Ca2+ release units (CRUs) that interact with an intertwined mitochondrial network. In this study, we developed a spatiotemporal ventricular myocyte model that integrates mitochondria-related Ca2+ cycling components into our previously developed ventricular myocyte model consisting of a 3-dimensional CRU network. Mathematical formulations of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) stochastic opening and closing, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and oxidized Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling were incorporated into the model. We then used the model to simulate the effects of mitochondrial depolarization on mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling, Ca2+ spark frequency and amplitude, which agree well with experimental data. We also simulated the effects of the strength of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporters and their spatial localization on intracellular Ca2+ cycling properties, which substantially affected diastolic and systolic Ca2+ levels in the mitochondria but exhibited only a small effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum and cytosolic Ca2+ levels under normal conditions. We show that mitochondrial depolarization can cause Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ alternans, which agrees with previous experimental observations. We propose that this new spatiotemporal ventricular myocyte model, incorporating properties of mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling and ROS-dependent signaling, will be useful for investigating the effects of mitochondria on intracellular Ca2+ cycling and action potential dynamics in ventricular myocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatiotemporal ventricular myocyte model incorporating mitochondrial calcium cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP-1 Imprints a Reversible Transcriptional Program of Senescent Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent cells play important physiological- and pathophysiological roles in tumor suppression, tissue regeneration, and aging. While select genetic and epigenetic elements crucial for senescence induction were identified, the dynamics, underlying epigenetic mechanisms, and regulatory networks defining senescence competence, induction and maintenance remain poorly understood, precluding a deliberate therapeutic manipulation of these dynamic processes. Here, we show, using dynamic analyses of transcriptome and epigenome profiles, that the epigenetic state of enhancers predetermines their sequential activation during senescence. We demonstrate that activator protein 1 (AP-1)  imprints the senescence enhancer landscape effectively regulating transcriptional activities pertinent to the timely execution of the senescence program. We define and validate a hierarchical transcription factor (TF) network model and demonstrate its effectiveness for the design of senescence reprogramming experiments. Together, our findings define the dynamic nature and organizational principles of gene-regulatory elements driving the senescence program and reveal promising inroads for therapeutic manipulation of senescent cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Zamudio, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP-1 Imprints a Reversible Transcriptional Program of Senescent Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swim exercise in C. elegans extends neuromuscular and intestinal healthspan, enhances learning ability, and protects against neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/633776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise can protect against cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cancer, and age-associated declines in muscle, immune, and cognitive function. In fact, regular physical exercise is the most powerful intervention known to enhance robustness of health and aging. Still, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate system-wide exercise benefits remain poorly understood, especially as applies to "off target" tissues that do not participate directly in training activity. Elaborating molecular mechanisms of whole-animal exercise benefits is therefore of considerable importance to human health. The development of exercise protocols for short-lived genetic models holds great potential for deciphering fundamental mechanisms of exercise trans-tissue signaling during the entire aging process. Here, we report on the optimization of a long-term swim exercise protocol for C. elegans and we demonstrate its benefits to diverse aging tissues, even if exercise occurs only during a restricted phase during early adulthood. We found that multiple daily swim sessions are essential for exercise adaptation in C. elegans, leading to body wall muscle improvements in structural gene expression, locomotory performance, and mitochondrial morphology. Swim exercise training enhances whole-animal health parameters such as mitochondrial respiration and mid-life survival and increases the functional healthspan of pharynx and intestine. Importantly, we show that swim exercise also enhances nervous system health: exercise increases learning ability of adult animals and protects against neurodegeneration in C. elegans models of tauopathy, Alzheimers disease, and Huntingtons disease. An important point is that swim training only during C. elegans early adulthood induces long-lasting systemic benefits that in several cases are still detectable well into mid-life. Overall, our data reveal the broad impact of swim exercise in promoting extended healthspan of multiple C. elegans tissues, underscore the potency of early exercise experience to influence long-term health (even after cessation of exercise), and establish the foundation for exploiting the powerful advantages of this genetic model to dissect the exercise-dependent molecular circuitry that confers long-lasting system-wide health benefits to aging or diseased adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laranjeiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harinath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanapalli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swim exercise in C. elegans extends neuromuscular and intestinal healthspan, enhances learning ability, and protects against neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insertional oncogenesis by HPV70 revealed by multiple genomic analyses in a clinically HPV-negative cervical cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/634857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cervical carcinogenesis, the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, is caused by multiple types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). To investigate a possible role for HPV in a cervical carcinoma that was HPV-negative by PCR testing, we performed HPV DNA hybridization capture plus massively parallel sequencing. This detected a subgenomic, URR- E6-E7-E1 segment of HPV70 DNA, a type not generally associated with cervical cancer, inserted in an intron of the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B (BCL11B) gene in the human genome. Long range DNA sequencing confirmed the virus and flanking BCL11B DNA structures including both insertion junctions. Global transcriptomic analysis detected multiple, alternatively spliced, HPV70-BCL11B, fusion transcripts with fused open reading frames. The insertion and fusion transcripts were present in an intraepithelial precursor phase of tumorigenesis. These results suggest oncogenicity of HPV70, identify novel BCL11B variants with potential oncogenic implications, and underscore the advantages of thorough genomic analyses to elucidate insights into HPV-associated tumorigenesis.nnStatement of SignificanceMultiple HPV types have been defined as high risk for cancer causation. However, genomic analyses applied here detected a non-high risk HPV in a carcinoma that was HPV negative, and elucidated virally-associated tumorigenic genetic events. This stresses the importance of thorough genomic analyses for elucidating genetic processes in HPV-associated tumorigenesis.nnAuthor SummaryCervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Most cervical cancers are caused by one of 15 high risk types of human papilloma viruses (HPVs), although hundreds of types of HPVs exist. We used a series of contemporary genomics analyses to examine a cervical cancer that was clinically determined to be HPV-negative. These detected DNA of HPV70, an HPV type not considered to be high risk, in the tumor. Approximately half of the HPV70 DNA genome was present including the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. Moreover, the viral DNA was inserted into the BCL11B gene in the human genome. BCL11B is known to be mutated in certain human cancers. The HPV70 DNA interacted with the human BCL11B gene to produce altered forms of RNA encoding unusual, truncated forms of the BCL11B protein. These results strongly implicate HPV70 as being oncogenic, suggest that this tumor was caused by a combination of viral oncogenes plus the virally-activated human BCL11B gene, demonstrate novel truncated BCL11B variants with oncogenic implications, and underscore the advantages of thorough genomic analyses to elucidate HPV tumorigenesis insights
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Arsdale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggi, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doorslaer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevadunsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, D. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/634857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insertional oncogenesis by HPV70 revealed by multiple genomic analyses in a clinically HPV-negative cervical cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the Mechanism of Olfactory Recognition at the Initial Stage by Modeling the Emission Spectrum of Electron Transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfactory sense remains elusive regarding the primary reception mechanism. Some studies suggest that olfaction is a spectral sense, the olfactory event is triggered by electron transfer (ET) across the odorants at the active sites of odorant receptors (ORs). Herein we present a Donor-Bridge-Acceptor model, proposing that the ET process can be viewed as an electron hopping from the donor molecule to the odorant molecule (Bridge), then hopping off to the acceptor molecule, making the electronic state of the odorant molecule change along with vibrations (vibronic transition). The odorant specific parameter, Huang-Rhys factor can be derived from ab initio calculations, which make the simulation of ET spectra achievable. In this study, we revealed that the emission spectra (after Gaussian convolution) can be acted as odor characteristic spectra. Using the emission spectrum of ET, we were able to reasonably interpret the similar bitter-almond odors among hydrogen cyanide, benzaldehyde and nitrobenzene. In terms of isotope effects, we succeeded in explaining why subjects can easily distinguish cyclopentadecanone from its fully deuterated analogue cyclopentadecanone-d28 but not distinguishing acetophenone from acetophenone-d8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the Mechanism of Olfactory Recognition at the Initial Stage by Modeling the Emission Spectrum of Electron Transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appendage patterning and evolution have been active areas of inquiry for the past two centuries. While most work has centered on the skeleton, particularly that of amniotes, the evolutionary origins and molecular underpinnings of the neuromuscular diversity of fish appendages have remained enigmatic. The fundamental pattern of segmentation in amniotes, for example, is that all muscle precursors and spinal nerves enter either the paired appendages or body wall at the same spinal level. The condition in finned vertebrates is not understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the development of muscles and nerves in unpaired and paired fins of skates and compared them to those of chain catsharks. During skate and shark embryogenesis, cell populations of muscle precursors and associated spinal nerves at the same axial level contribute to both appendages and body wall, perhaps representing an ancestral condition of gnathostome appendicular neuromuscular systems. Remarkably in skates, this neuromuscular bifurcation as well as colinear Hox expression extend posteriorly to pattern a broad paired fin domain. In addition, we identified migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), which are known to develop into paired appendage muscles with Pax3 and Lbx1 gene expression, in the dorsal fins of skates. Our results suggest that muscles of paired fins have evolved via redeployment of the genetic program of MMPs that were already involved in dorsal fin development. Appendicular neuromuscular systems most likely have emerged as side branches of body wall neuromusculature and have been modified to adapt to distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikalauskaite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senevirathne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust benchmark for germline structural variant detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/664623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New technologies and analysis methods are enabling genomic structural variants (SVs) to be detected with ever-increasing accuracy, resolution, and comprehensiveness. Translating these methods to routine research and clinical practice requires robust benchmark sets. We developed the first benchmark set for identification of both false negative and false positive germline SVs, which complements recent efforts emphasizing increasingly comprehensive characterization of SVs. To create this benchmark for a broadly consented son in a Personal Genome Project trio with broadly available cells and DNA, the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium integrated 19 sequence-resolved variant calling methods, both alignment- and de novo assembly-based, from short-, linked-, and long-read sequencing, as well as optical and electronic mapping. The final benchmark set contains 12745 isolated, sequence-resolved insertion and deletion calls [&ge;]50 base pairs (bp) discovered by at least 2 technologies or 5 callsets, genotyped as heterozygous or homozygous variants by long reads. The Tier 1 benchmark regions, for which any extra calls are putative false positives, cover 2.66 Gbp and 9641 SVs supported by at least one diploid assembly. Support for SVs was assessed using svviz with short-, linked-, and long-read sequence data. In general, there was strong support from multiple technologies for the benchmark SVs, with 90 % of the Tier 1 SVs having support in reads from more than one technology. The Mendelian genotype error rate was 0.3 %, and genotype concordance with manual curation was >98.7 %. We demonstrate the utility of the benchmark set by showing it reliably identifies both false negatives and false positives in high-quality SV callsets from short-, linked-, and long-read sequencing and optical mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullikin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajirasouliha, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tearle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soylev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/664623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust benchmark for germline structural variant detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule mechanics resolves the earliest events in force generation by cardiac myosin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key steps of cardiac mechanochemistry, including the force-generating working stroke and the release of phosphate (Pi), occur rapidly after myosin-actin attachment. An ultra-high-speed optical trap enabled direct observation of the timing and amplitude of the working stroke, which can occur within <200 s of actin binding by {beta}-cardiac myosin. The initial actomyosin state can sustain loads of at least 4.5 pN and proceeds directly to the stroke or detaches before releasing ATP hydrolysis products. The rates of these processes depend on the force. The time between binding and stroke is unaffected by 10 mM Pi which, along with other findings, indicates the stroke precedes phosphate release. After Pi release, Pi can rebind enabling reversal of the working stroke. Detecting these rapid events under physiological loads provides definitive indication of the dynamics by which actomyosin converts biochemical energy into mechanical work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woody, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitanio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule mechanics resolves the earliest events in force generation by cardiac myosin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive genealogy of the replication associated protein of CRESS DNA viruses reveals a single origin of intron-containing Rep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abundant novel circular Rep-encoding ssDNA viruses (CRESS DNA viruses) have been discovered in the past decade, prompting a new appreciation for the ubiquity and genomic diversity of this group of viruses. Although highly divergent in the hosts they infect or are associated with, CRESS DNA viruses are united by the homologous replication-associated protein (Rep). An accurate genealogy of Rep can therefore provide insights into how these diverse families are related to each other. We used a dataset of eukaryote-associated CRESS DNA RefSeq genomes (n=926), which included representatives from all six established families and unclassified species. To assure an optimal Rep genealogy, we derived and tested a bespoke amino acid substitution model (named CRESS), which outperformed existing protein matrices in describing the evolution of Rep. The CRESS model-estimated Rep genealogy resolved the monophyly of Bacilladnaviridae and the reciprocal monophyly of Nanoviridae and the alpha-satellites when trees estimated with general matrices like LG did not. The most intriguing, previously unobserved result is a likely single origin of intron-containing Reps, which causes several geminivirus genera to group with Genomoviridae (bootstrap support 55%, aLRT SH-like support 0.997, 0.91-0.997 in trees estimated with established matrices). This grouping, which eliminates the monophyly of Geminiviridae, is supported by both domains of Rep, and appears to be related to our use of all RefSeq Reps instead of subsampling to get a smaller dataset. In addition to producing a trustworthy Rep genealogy, the derived CRESS matrix is proving useful for other analyses; it best fit alignments of capsid protein sequences from several CRESS DNA families and parvovirus NS1/Rep sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavington, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive genealogy of the replication associated protein of CRESS DNA viruses reveals a single origin of intron-containing Rep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity is a major predictor of phenotypic heterogeneity and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in lung tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impacts of genetic and non-genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) on tumor phenotypes and evolvability remain debated. We analyzed ITH in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) at the levels of genome, transcriptome, tumor-immune interactions, and histopathological characteristics by multi-region profiling and using single-cell sequencing data. Overall, in LUSC genomic heterogeneity alone was a weak indicator of intra-tumor non-genetic heterogeneity at immune and transcriptomic levels that impacted multiple cancer-related pathways including those related to proliferation and inflammation, which in turn contributed to intra-tumor regional differences in histopathology and subtype classification. Genome, transcriptome, and immune-level heterogeneity influenced different aspects of tumor evolution. Tumor subclones had substantial differences in proliferation score, suggestive of non-neutral clonal dynamics. Scores for proliferation and other cancer-related pathways also showed intra-tumor regional differences, sometimes even within the same subclones. Neo-epitope burden negatively correlated with immune infiltration, indicating potential immune-mediated purifying selection on acquired mutations in these tumors. Taken together, our observations suggest that non-genetic heterogeneity is a major determinant of heterogeneity in histopathological characteristics and impacts evolutionary dynamics in lung cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkodie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/698845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity is a major predictor of phenotypic heterogeneity and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in lung tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a rapidly expanding and largely untapped class of natural products with various biological activities. Linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (LAPs) comprise a subclass of RiPPs that display an outstanding diversity of mechanisms of action while sharing common structural features. Here, we report the discovery of a new LAP biosynthetic gene cluster in the genome of Rhizobium sp. Pop5, which encodes the precursor peptide and modification machinery of phazolicin (PHZ) - an extensively modified peptide exhibiting narrow-spectrum antibacterial activity against some symbiotic bacteria of leguminous plants belonging to the Rhizobiales. PHZ inhibits prokaryotic translation through the obstruction of the passage of the nascent peptide through the ribosome exit channel. The cryo-EM structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome with bound PHZ revealed that the drug interacts with the 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins uL4 and uL22 and obstructs the exit tunnel in a way that is distinct from other compounds blocking the exit channel. We show that the sequence of uL4 ribosomal protein loop involved in PHZ binding determines the species-specificity of antibiotic interaction with its target. PHZ and its predicted homologs from other bacterial species expand the known diversity of LAPs and may be used in the future as biocontrol agents for the needs of agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travin, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metelev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khven, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabibullina, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serebryakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mergaert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polikanov, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phazolicin - a Novel Thiazole/Oxazole-Modified Peptide Inhibiting the Bacterial Ribosome in a Species-Specific Way.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Reorganization of the Frontal Parietal Network During Cognitive Control and Episodic Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher cognitive functioning is supported by adaptive reconfiguration of large-scale functional brain networks. Cognitive control (CC), which plays a vital role in flexibly guiding cognition and behavior in accordance with our goals, supports a range of executive functions via distributed brain networks. These networks process information dynamically and can be represented as functional connectivity changes between network elements.nnUsing graph theory, we explored context-dependent network reorganization in 56 healthy adults performing fMRI tasks from two cognitive domains that varied in CC and episodic-memory demands. We examined whole-brain modular structure during the DPX task, which engages proactive CC in the frontal-parietal cognitive control network (FPN), and the RiSE task, which manipulates CC demands at encoding and retrieval during episodic-memory processing, and engages FPN, the medial-temporal lobe and other memory related networks in a context dependent manner.nnAnalyses revealed different levels of network integration and segregation. High CC conditions exhibited greater integration across tasks. Moreover, nodes associated with higher cognitive functioning displayed the greatest amount of dynamic module reorganization across tasks. Specifically, the FPN displayed a high level of segregation in the DPX task, where only demands for proactive control varied, and more complex network integration with default mode and salience networks in the RiSE task, where CC is differentially integrated during memory encoding and retrieval. These findings provide insight into how brain networks reorganize to support differing task contexts, suggesting that the FPN flexibly segregates during focused proactive control and integrates to support control in other domains such as episodic-memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragland, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Reorganization of the Frontal Parietal Network During Cognitive Control and Episodic Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gi-Coupled Receptor Activation Potentiates Piezo2 Currents via Gβγ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYDysregulation of mechanosensitive Piezo2 channels is a hallmark of mechanical allodynia, yet the cellular mechanisms that sensitize mechanoreceptors are still poorly understood. Activation of Gi-coupled receptors sensitizes Piezo2 currents, but whether Gi-coupled receptors regulate the activity of Piezo2 channels is not known. Here, we found that activation of Gi-coupled receptors potentiates Piezo2 currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in heterologous systems, but inhibits Piezo1 currents in heterologous systems. The potentiation, or inhibition of Piezo currents is abolished when blocking G{beta}{gamma} with the c-terminal domain of the beta-adrenergic kinase ({beta}ARKct). Pharmacological inhibition of kinases downstream of G{beta}{gamma}, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), also abolished the potentiation of Piezo2 currents. Hence, our studies illustrate an indirect mechanism of action of G{beta}{gamma} to sensitize Piezo2 currents after activation of Gi-coupled receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Rosario, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gi-Coupled Receptor Activation Potentiates Piezo2 Currents via Gβγ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting EZH2 Increases Therapeutic Efficacy of Check-Point Blockade in Models of Prostate Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancers are considered immunologically  cold tumors given the very few patients who respond to checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CPI). Recently, enrichment of interferon (IFN) response genes predicts a favorable response to CPI across various disease sites. The enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2) is over-expressed in prostate cancer and is known to negatively regulate IFN response genes. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of EZH2 catalytic activity in prostate cancer models derepresses expression of double-strand RNA (dsRNA), associated with upregulation of genes involved in antigen presentation, Th-1 chemokine signaling, and interferon (IFN) response, including PD-L1. Similarly, application of a novel EZH2 derived gene signature to human prostate sample analysis indicated an inverse correlation between tumor EZH2 activity/expression with T-cell inflamed and IFN gene signatures and PD-L1 expression. EZH2 inhibition combined with PD-1 CPI significantly enhances antitumor response that is dependent on up-regulation of tumor PD-L1 expression. Further, combination therapy significantly increases intratumoral trafficking of activated CD8+ T-cells and M1 tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) with concurrent loss of M2 TAMs. Our study identifies EZH2 as a potent inhibitor of antitumor immunity and responsiveness to CPI. This data suggests EZH2 inhibition as a novel therapeutic direction to enhance prostate cancer response to PD-1 CPI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhart, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baca, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calagua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrofanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomerantz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowalsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting EZH2 Increases Therapeutic Efficacy of Check-Point Blockade in Models of Prostate Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct and shared contributions of diagnosis and symptom domains to cognitive performance in severe mental illness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/731265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSevere mental illness (SMI) diagnoses display overlapping symptomatology and shared genetic risk, motivating trans-diagnostic investigations of disease-relevant quantitative measures. We analyzed relationships between neurocognitive performance, symptom domains, and diagnoses, in a large sample of SMI cases (ascertained agnostic to diagnosis) and healthy controls from a single, homogeneous population.

Methods2,406 participants (1,689 cases, 717 controls; mean age 39 years, 64% female) were assessed for speed and accuracy using the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB). Cases carried structured-interview based diagnoses of schizophrenia (SCZ, n=160), bipolar-I (BP-I, n=519), bipolar-II (BP-II, n=204) and major depressive disorder (MDD, n=806). Linear mixed models, using CNB tests as repeated measures, modeled neurocognition as a function of diagnosis, sex, and all interactions. Follow-up analyses, in cases, included symptom factor scores obtained from exploratory factor analysis of symptom data, as main effects.

FindingsBP-I and SCZ displayed nearly identical impairments in accuracy and speed, across cognitive domains. BP-II and MDD performed similarly to controls, with subtle deficits in executive and social cognition. A three-factor model (psychosis, mania, and depression) best represented symptom data. Controlling for diagnosis, premorbid IQ, and disease severity, high lifetime psychosis scores were associated with reduced accuracy and speed across cognitive domains, while high depression scores were associated with increased social cognition accuracy.

InterpretationTrans-diagnostic investigations demonstrated that neurocognitive function in SMI is characterized by two distinct profiles (BP-I/SCZ and BP-II/MDD), and is associated with specific symptom domains. These results suggest the utility of this design for elucidating SMI causes and trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Service, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Umanes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas Upegui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo Arango, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Zuluaga, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo Esepjo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacio, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teshiba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olde Loohuis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Port, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reus, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Jaramillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/731265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct and shared contributions of diagnosis and symptom domains to cognitive performance in severe mental illness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation of aortic calcification in KLOTHO deficient mice: impact of miR-145 and miR-378 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our goal was to elucidate microRNAs (miRNAs) that may repress the excess bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling observed during pathological calcification in the Klotho mouse model of kidney disease. We hypothesized that restoring healthy levels of miRNAs that post-transcriptionally repress osteogenic calcific factors may decrease aortic calcification. Our relative abundance profiles of miRNAs in healthy aorta differ greatly from those in calcified mouse aorta. Many of these miRNAs are predicted to regulate proteins involved in BMP signaling and may control osteogenesis. Two differentially regulated miRNAs, miR-145 and miR-378, were selected based on three criteria: reduced levels in calcified aorta, the ability to target more than one protein in the BMP signaling pathway, and conservation of targeted sequences between humans and mice. Forced expression using a lentiviral vector demonstrated that restoring normal levels repressed the synthesis of BMP2 and other pro-osteogenic proteins and inhibited pathological aortic calcification in Klotho mice with renal insufficiency. This study identified miRNAs that may impact BMP signaling in both sexes and demonstrated the efficacy of selected miRNAs in reducing aortic calcification in vivo. Calcification of the aorta and the aortic valve resulting from abnormal osteogenesis is common in those with kidney disease, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Such vascular osteogenesis is a clinically significant feature. The calcification modulating miRNAs described here are candidates for biomarkers and "miRNA replacement therapies" in the context of chronic kidney disease and other pro-calcific conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garsetti, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional regulation of aortic calcification in KLOTHO deficient mice: impact of miR-145 and miR-378]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct cellular mediators drive the Janus Faces of Toll-like Receptor 4 regulation of network excitability which impacts working memory performance after brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/750869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which the neurophysiological and inflammatory responses to brain injury contribute to memory impairments are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that the innate immune receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) enhances AMPA receptor (AMPAR) currents and excitability in the dentate gyrus after fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) while limiting excitability in controls. Here we examine the cellular mediators underlying TLR4 regulation of dentate excitability and its impact on memory performance. In ex vivo slices, astrocytic and microglial metabolic inhibitors selectively abolished TLR4 antagonist modulation of excitability in controls, without impacting FPI rats, demonstrating that glial signaling contributes to TLR4 regulation of excitability in controls. In glia-depleted neuronal cultures from naive mice, TLR4 ligands bidirectionally modulated AMPAR charge transfer demonstrating the ability of neuronal TLR4 to regulate excitability, as observed after brain injury. In vivo TLR4 antagonism reduced early post-injury increases in mediators of MyD88-dependent and independent TLR4 signaling without altering expression in controls. Blocking TNF, a downstream effector of TLT4, mimicked effects of TLR4 antagonist and occluded TLR4 agonist modulation of excitability in slices from both control and FPI rats. Functionally, transiently blocking TLR4 in vivo improved impairments in working memory observed one week and one month after FPI, while the same treatment impaired memory function in uninjured controls. Together these data identify that distinct cellular signaling mechanisms converge on TNF to mediate TLR4 modulation of network excitability in the uninjured and injured brain and demonstrate a role for TLR4 in regulation of working memory function.

HighlightsO_LITLR4 suppresses dentate excitability in controls through signaling involving glia
C_LIO_LINeuronal TLR4 signaling underlies enhanced dentate excitability after brain injury
C_LIO_LITNF contributes to TLR4 regulation of excitability in the injured brain
C_LIO_LIAltering TLR4 signaling impacts working memory performance
C_LIO_LITLR4 signaling is a potential target to improve working memory after brain trauma
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct cellular mediators drive the Janus Faces of Toll-like Receptor 4 regulation of network excitability which impacts working memory performance after brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Lifespan Determination Across Caenorhabditis Strains and Species Reveals Assay-Specific Effects of Chemical Interventions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program is to identify robust and reproducible pro-longevity interventions that are efficacious across genetically diverse cohorts in the Caenorhabditis genus. The project design features multiple experimental replicates collected by three different laboratories. Our initial effort employed fully manual survival assays. With an interest in increasing throughput, we explored automation with flatbed scanner-based Automated Lifespan Machines (ALMs). We used ALMs to measure survivorship of 22 Caenorhabditis strains spanning three species. Additionally, we tested five chemicals that we previously found extended lifespan in manual assays. Overall, we found similar sources of variation among trials for the ALM and our previous manual assays, verifying reproducibility of outcome. Survival assessment was generally consistent between the manual and the ALM assays, although we did observe radically contrasting results for certain compound interventions. We found that particular lifespan outcome differences could be attributed to protocol elements such as enhanced light exposure of specific compounds in the ALM, underscoring that differences in technical details can influence outcomes and therefore interpretation. Overall, we demonstrate that the ALMs effectively reproduce a large, conventionally scored dataset from a diverse test set, independently validating ALMs as a robust and reproducible approach towards aging-intervention screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banse, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedore, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Hulbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kish, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melentijevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harinath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Lifespan Determination Across Caenorhabditis Strains and Species Reveals Assay-Specific Effects of Chemical Interventions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of IL-1 blockade as a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis in mice and macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/792390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2017 over 550,000 estimated new cases of multi-drug/rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) occurred, emphasizing a need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is a potent antibiotic for drug-resistant Gram-positive infections and is an effective treatment for TB. However, extended LZD use can lead to LZD-associated host toxicities, most commonly bone marrow suppression. LZD toxicities may be mediated by IL-1, an inflammatory pathway important for early immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. However, IL-1 can contribute to pathology and disease severity late in TB progression. Since IL-1 may contribute to LZD toxicity and does influence TB pathology, we targeted this pathway with a potential host-directed therapy (HDT). We hypothesized LZD efficacy could be enhanced by modulation of IL-1 pathway to reduce bone marrow toxicity and TB associated-inflammation. We used two animal models of TB to test our hypothesis, a TB-susceptible mouse model and clinically relevant cynomolgus macaques. Antagonizing IL-1 in mice with established infection reduced lung neutrophil numbers and partially restored the erythroid progenitor populations that are depleted by LZD. In macaques, we found no conclusive evidence of bone marrow suppression associated with LZD, indicating our treatment time may have been short enough to avoid the toxicities observed in humans. Though treatment was only 4 weeks (the FDA approved regimen at the time of study), we observed sterilization of the majority of granulomas regardless of co-administration of the FDA-approved IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Rn), also known as Anakinra. However total lung inflammation was significantly reduced in macaques treated with IL-1Rn and LZD compared to LZD alone. Importantly, IL-1Rn administration did not impair the host response against Mtb or LZD efficacy in either animal model. Together, our data support that inhibition of IL-1 in combination with LZD has potential to be an effective HDT for TB and the need for further research in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winchell, C. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuah, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Causgrove, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borish, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartois, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of IL-1 blockade as a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis in mice and macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping and distinct roles of CDPK family members in the pre-erythrocytic cycle of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasion of, development within, and exit from hepatocytes by Plasmodium is essential for the parasite to establish the malaria-causing erythrocytic cycle. Identification of signaling pathways that operate during the pre-erythrocytic cycle provides insights into a critical stage of infection and potential targets for chemoprevention of disease. Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK) represent a kinase family that is present in Plasmodium but absent in mammals. We demonstrate that P. berghei homologs of CDPK1, CDPK4 and CDPK5 play overlapping but distinct roles in sporozoite invasion and parasite egress from hepatocytes. All three kinases are expressed in sporozoites. All three are required for optimal motility of sporozoites and consequently their invasion of hepatocytes. Increased cGMP compensates for the functional loss of CDPK1 and CDPK5 during sporozoite invasion but cannot overcome CDPK4s loss. CDPK1 and CDPK5 expression is downregulated after sporozoite invasion. CDPK5 reappears in a subset of late stage liver stages and is present in all merosomes. Chemical inhibition of CDPK4 and depletion of CDPK5 in liver stages suggests that these kinases play a role in the formation and/or release of merosomes from mature liver stages. Furthermore, depletion of CDPK5 in merosomes significantly delays a merosome-initiated erythrocytic cycle without affecting the infectivity of hepatic merozoites. These data suggest that CDPK5 is required for the release of hepatic merozoites from merosomes. Our work provides the first evidence that sporozoite invasion requires CDPK1 and CDPK5 and that the release of hepatic merozoites is a regulated process.nnSignificanceThe malaria-parasite Plasmodium begins its mammalian cycle by infecting hepatocytes in the liver. A single parasite differentiates into tens of thousands of hepatic merozoites which exit the host cell in vesicles called merosomes. Hepatic merozoites initiate the first round of erythrocytic infection that leads to disease symptoms. We show that optimal invasion of liver cells by Plasmodium requires the action of three closely-related parasite kinases, CDPK1, 4 and 5. Loss of any of the three enzymes in the parasite significantly reduces infection of liver cells. CDPK5 is also required for the release of hepatic merozoites from merosomes and therefore for initiating the erythrocytic cycle. A better understanding of how these kinases function could lead to drugs that prevent malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindasamy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping and distinct roles of CDPK family members in the pre-erythrocytic cycle of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer motif controls temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How time is measured by neural stem cells during temporal neurogenesis has remained unresolved. By combining experiments and computational modelling, we here define a Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer underlying the sequential generation of motor neurons (MNs) and serotonergic neurons in the brainstem. The timer is founded on temporal decline of Gli-activator and Gli-repressor activities established through downregulation of Gli transcription. The circuitry conforms an incoherent feedforward loop, whereby Gli proteins promote expression of Phox2b and thereby MN-fate, but also account for a delayed activation of a self-promoting Tgf{beta}-node triggering a fate switch by repressing Phox2b. Hysteresis and spatial averaging by diffusion of Tgf{beta} counteracts noise and increases temporal accuracy at the population level. Our study defines how time is reliably encoded during the sequential specification of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dias, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseenko, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeggari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boareto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozhevnikova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexeyenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer motif controls temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-wavelength violet light (420nm) stimulates melanopsin-dependent acute alertness responses in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sunlight throughout the day and seasons strongly influences our biological rhythms and activity. In recent years, it has become evident that night-time overexposure to bright light in urban environments can profoundly affect physiology and behaviour in humans and animals. In particular, the artificial emission of short-wavelength light has been shown to stimulate alertness in humans, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Utilising a diurnal larval zebrafish model, we identified instant, non-image-forming (NIF) responses to short-wavelength violet light (~420nm), which are activated only during light exposure, and are reminiscent of alertness, including increased heart rate, enhanced locomotor activity, and pectoral fin beating (for increased oxygen supply). We further determined that these responses are driven by sympathetic neuronal circuits and depend on the zebrafish melanopsin homologue Opn4a. We also found that these responses can be modulated by the sleep-regulatory hormone melatonin, but that melatonin is not essential. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for violet light-dependent acute alertness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisse, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzidi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matynia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-wavelength violet light (420nm) stimulates melanopsin-dependent acute alertness responses in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dSNE: a visualization approach for use with decentralized data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Privacy concerns for rare disease data, institutional or IRB policies, access to local computational or storage resources or download capabilities are among the reasons that may preclude analyses that pool data to a single site. A growing number of multi-site projects and consortia were formed to function in the federated environment to conduct productive research under constraints of this kind. In this scenario, a quality control tool that visualizes decentralized data in its entirety via global aggregation of local computations is especially important, as it would allow the screening of samples that cannot be jointly evaluated otherwise. To solve this issue, we present two algorithms: decentralized data stochastic neighbor embedding, dSNE, and its differentially private counterpart, DP-dSNE. We leverage publicly available datasets to simultaneously map data samples located at different sites according to their similarities. Even though the data never leaves the individual sites, dSNE does not provide any formal privacy guarantees. To overcome that, we rely on differential privacy: a formal mathematical guarantee that protects individuals from being identified as contributors to a dataset. We implement DP-dSNE with AdaCliP, a method recently proposed to add less noise to the gradients per iteration. We introduce metrics for measuring the embedding quality and validate our algorithms on these metrics against their centralized counterpart on two toy datasets. Our validation on six multi-site neuroimaging datasets shows promising results for the quality control tasks of visualization and outlier detection, highlighting the potential of our private, decentralized visualization approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DU, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FU, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dSNE: a visualization approach for use with decentralized data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific open chromatin in human iPSC neurons elucidates functional non-coding disease variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional interpretation of noncoding disease variants, which likely regulate gene expression, has been challenging. Chromatin accessibility strongly influences gene expression during neurodevelopment; however, to what extent genetic variants can alter chromatin accessibility in the context of brain disorders/traits is unknown. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons as a neurodevelopmental model, we identified abundant open-chromatin regions absent in adult brain samples and thousands of genetic variants exhibiting allele-specific open-chromatin (ASoC). ASoC variants are overrepresented in brain enhancers, transcription-factor-binding sites, and quantitative-trait-loci associated with gene expression, histone modification, and DNA methylation. Notably, compared to open chromatin regions and other commonly used functional annotations, neuronal ASoC variants showed much stronger enrichments of risk variants for various brain disorders/traits. Our study provides the first snapshot of the neuronal ASoC landscape and a powerful framework for prioritizing functional disease variants.nnOne Sentence SummaryAllele-specific open chromatin informs functional disease variants
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific open chromatin in human iPSC neurons elucidates functional non-coding disease variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Manifold Actions of Signaling Peptides on Subcellular Dynamics of a Receptor Specify Stomatal Cell Fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor endocytosis is important for signal activation and transduction. However, how a receptor interprets conflicting signals to adjust cellular output is not clearly understood. During plant development, the family of EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides fine-tunes stomatal patterning through ERECTA-family receptor kinases. Using genetic, cell biological, and pharmacological approaches, we report here that ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), the major receptor restricting stomatal differentiation, undergoes dynamic subcellular behaviors in response to different signal inputs. ERL1 is constitutively recycled, whereas its activation by EPF1 peptide induces rapid internalization to multivesicular bodies (MVB). In contrast, the dominant-negative ERL1 resides predominantly in plasma membrane. The co-receptor, TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), is essential for EPF1-induced ERL1 internalization but dispensable for EPFL6-induced ERL1 internalization. The peptide antagonist of EPF1, Stomagen/EPFL9, triggers retention of ERL1 in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our study elucidates that multiple related yet unique peptides specify cell fate by deploying the differential subcellular dynamics of a single receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Manifold Actions of Signaling Peptides on Subcellular Dynamics of a Receptor Specify Stomatal Cell Fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing and Assembly of the Asian Honey Bee Apis dorsata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Asian honey bee (Apis dorsata) is distinct from its more widely distributed cousin A. mellifera by a few key characteristics. Most prominently, A. dorsata, nest in the open by forming a colony clustered around the honeycomb, while A. mellifera nest in concealed cavities. Additionally, the worker and reproductive castes are all of the same size in A. dorsata. In order to investigate these differences, we performed whole genome sequencing of A. dorsata using a hybrid Oxford Nanopore and Illumina approach. The 223MB genome has an N50 of 35kb with the largest scaffold of 302kb. We have found that there are many genes in the dorsata genome that are distinct from other hymenoptera and also large amounts of transposable elements, and we suggest some candidate genes for A. dorsatas exceptional level of defensive aggression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oppenheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueppel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantawannakul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krongdang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phokasem, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSalle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing and Assembly of the Asian Honey Bee Apis dorsata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Family permutation profiling identifies a dynamic protein domain as functionally tolerant to increased conformational entropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate whether adenylate kinase (AK) homologs differ in their functional tolerance to mutational lesions that alter dynamics, we subjected three homologs having a range of thermostabilities to random circular permutation and evaluated where new protein termini were non-disruptive to activity using a cellular selection and deep mutational scanning. Analysis of the positional tolerance to new termini, which increase local conformational entropy by breaking peptide bonds, showed that bonds were either functionally sensitive to cleavage across all three homologs, differentially sensitive, or uniformly tolerant. The mobile AMP binding domain, which displays the highest calculated contact energies (frustration), presented the greatest tolerance to new termini across all AKs. In contrast, retention of function in the lid and core domains was more dependent upon AK melting temperature. Thus, regions of high energetic frustration tolerated increases in conformational entropy in a manner that was less dependent on thermostability than regions of lower frustration. Our results suggest that family permutation profiling identifies primary structure that has been selected by evolution for high frustration that is critical to enzymatic activity. They also illustrate how deep mutational scanning can be applied to protein homologs in parallel to learn how topology and function govern mutational tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Family permutation profiling identifies a dynamic protein domain as functionally tolerant to increased conformational entropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveLong-term weight gain can result from cumulative small weight increases due to short-term excess caloric intake during weekends and holidays. Increased physical activity may mediate weight gain through increases in energy expenditure (EE) and reductions in energy balance. Current methods for modulating mouse EE (e.g. - exercise, chemical uncouplers, etc.) have confounding effects. However, it is known that mouse EE linearly increases as housing temperature decreases below the thermoneutral zone.

MethodsTo determine how robust differences in baseline EE impact 7-day changes in weight and body composition on low-fat and high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets, we performed indirect calorimetry measurements in male and female mice housed at divergent temperatures (20{degrees}C vs. 30{degrees}C).

ResultsAs expected, mice housed at 30{degrees}C have [~]40% lower total EE and energy intake compared to 20{degrees}C mice regardless of diet or sex. Energy balance was increased with HFHS in all groups, with [~]30% greater increases observed in 30{degrees}C versus 20{degrees}C mice. HFHS increased weight gain regardless of temperature or sex. Interestingly, no HFHS-induced weight gain differences were observed between females at different temperatures. In contrast, 30{degrees}C male mice on HFHS gained [~]50% more weight than 20{degrees}C males, and [~]80% more weight compared to 30{degrees}C females. HFHS increased fat mass across all groups but 2-fold higher gains occurred in 30{degrees}C mice compared to 20{degrees}C mice. Females gained [~]35% less fat mass than males at both temperatures.

ConclusionsTogether, these data reveal an interaction between divergent ambient temperature-induced EE and sex that impacted diet-induced patterns of short-term weight gain and body composition.

HighlightsO_LIUtilized ambient temperature differences as an experimental tool to study the impact of divergent baseline energy expenditure on metabolic adaptation to high-fat, high-sucrose diet.
C_LIO_LIBaseline energy expenditure and sex interact to impact diet-induced changes in body composition and weight gain.
C_LIO_LIThe energy expenditure and sex interaction is a result of an inverse relationship between fat mass gain and weight-adjusted total energy expenditure, as well as, diet-induced non-shivering thermogenesis.
C_LIO_LIThese data support that the hypothesis that higher energy expenditure amplifies the coupling of energy intake to energy expenditure during energy dense feeding, resulting in reduced positive energy balance and reduced gains in weight and adiposity.
C_LIO_LIFirst evidence that energy expenditure level plays a role in the composition of weight gained by female mice during acute HFHS feeding.
C_LIO_LIThis study further highlights issues with obesity/energy metabolism research performed in mice at sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures, particularly with sex comparisons.
C_LI

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/840702v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@39eb69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e564forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c46714org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b5898_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Legend: Male and female mice housed at 30{degrees}C had lower energy expenditure (EE) & energy intake (EI), while having greater energy balance (EB), during 7-day high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding compared to male and female mice, respectively, housed at 20{degrees}C. However, female mice had lower EB compared to males at both housing temperature. Female mice housed at 30{degrees}C gained less weight than 30{degrees}C males but gained the same relative amount of fat mass during acute HFHS feeding. Interestingly, 20{degrees}C females gained the same amount of weight as 20{degrees}C males but gained primarily fat-free mass, while the males gained the same proportion of fat as 30{degrees}C males and females.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, E. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noland, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoin, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shook, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lighton, J. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christianson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyfault, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Fitness Phenotype of Cancer Target Genes in Repurposing Cancer Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To define the growing significance of cellular targets of cancer drugs, we examined the fitness dependency of cellular targets or effectors of cancer drug targets across human cancer cells from 19 cancer types. We observed that the deletion of 35 out of 47 cellular mediators or targets of oncology drugs did not result in the expected loss of cell fitness in appropriate cancer types for which drugs targeting or utilizing these molecules were approved. Additionally, our analysis recognized 43 cellular targets as fitness genes in several cancer types in which these drugs were not approved, and thus, providing clues repurposing approved oncology drugs in cancer types. For example, we found the widespread upregulation and fitness dependency of the components of the mevalonate and purine biosynthesis pathways (currently targeted by bisphosphonates, statins, and pemetrexed in certain cancers) and an association between the overexpression of these targets and reduction in the overall survival duration of patients with breast and other hard-to-treat cancers, for which such drugs are not approved. In brief, the present analysis raised cautions about off-target and undesirable effects of certain oncology drugs in a subset of cancers where the in-tended cellular effectors of drug might not be fitness genes and offers a potential rationale for repurposing certain approved oncology drugs for targeted therapeutics in additional cancer types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukundan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitzel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandiford, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hortobagyi, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Fitness Phenotype of Cancer Target Genes in Repurposing Cancer Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Trypanosoma brucei ORFeome-based Gain-of-Function Library reveals novel genes associated with melarsoprol resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is an early branching protozoan that causes Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis. Forward genetics approaches are powerful tools for uncovering novel aspects of Trypanosomatid biology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches against trypanosomiasis. Here we have generated a T. brucei ORFeome consisting of over 90% of the targeted genome and used it to make an inducible Gain-of-Function library for broadly applicable forward genetic screening. Using a critical drug of last resort, melarsoprol, we conducted a proof of principle genetic screen. Hits arising from this screen support the significance of trypanothione, a key player in redox metabolism, as a target of melarsoprol and implicate novel proteins of the flagellum and mitochondria in drug resistance. This study has produced two powerful new genetic tools for kinetoplastida research, which are expected to promote major advances in kinetoplastida biology and therapeutic development in the years to come.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovel-Miner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/849042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Trypanosoma brucei ORFeome-based Gain-of-Function Library reveals novel genes associated with melarsoprol resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRI2-mediated regulation of TREM2 processing in microglia and its potential implications for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ITM2B/BRI2 mutations cause familial forms of Alzheimers disease (AD)-related dementias by disrupting BRI2s protein function and leading to the accumulation of amyloidogenic peptides. Although typically studied in neurons, our findings show that BRI2 is highly expressed in microglia, which are crucial in AD pathogenesis due to the association of variants in the microglial gene TREM2 with increased AD risk. Our single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) analysis revealed a microglia cluster that depends on a Trem2 activity that is inhibited by Bri2, pointing to a functional interaction between Itm2b/Bri2 and Trem2. Given that the AD-related Amyloid-{beta} Precursor protein (APP) and TREM2 undergo similar proteolytic processing, and that BRI2 inhibits APP processing, we hypothesized that BRI2 may also regulate TREM2 processing. We found that BRI2 interacts with Trem2 and inhibits its processing by -secretase in transfected cells. In mice lacking Bri2 expression, we observed increased central nervous system (CNS) levels of Trem2-CTF and sTrem2, which are the products of -secretase processing of Trem2, indicating increased Trem2 processing by -secretase in vivo. Reducing Bri2 expression only in microglia resulted in increased sTrem2 levels, suggesting a cell-autonomous effect of Bri2 on -secretase processing of Trem2. Our study reveals a previously unknow role of BRI2 in regulating TREM2-related neurodegenerative mechanisms. The ability of BRI2 to regulate the processing of both APP and TREM2, combined with its cell-autonomous role in neurons and microglia, makes it a promising candidate for the development of AD and AD-related dementias therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRI2-mediated regulation of TREM2 processing in microglia and its potential implications for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An aptamer-mediated base editing platform for simultaneous knock-in and multiple gene knockout for allogeneic CAR-T cells generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene editing technologies hold promise for enabling the next generation of adoptive cellular therapies. Conventional gene editing platforms that rely on nuclease activity, such as Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), allow efficient introduction of genetic modifications; however, these modifications occur via the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and can lead to unwanted genomic alterations and genotoxicity. Here, we apply the novel modular RNA aptamer-mediated Pin-point base editing platform to simultaneously introduce multiple gene knockouts and site-specific integration of a transgene in human primary T cells. We demonstrate high editing efficiency and purity at all target sites and significantly reduced frequency of chromosomal translocations compared to the conventional CRISPR-Cas9 system. Site-specific knock-in of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and multiplex gene knockout are achieved within a single intervention and without the requirement for additional sequence-targeting components. The ability to perform complex genome editing efficiently and precisely highlights the potential of the Pin-point platform for application in a range of advanced cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porreca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blassberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbottle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mielczarek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stombaugh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazeraitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesatto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collantes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strezoska, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Brabant Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambourne, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An aptamer-mediated base editing platform for simultaneous knock-in and multiple gene knockout for allogeneic CAR-T cells generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the impact of rare variants on RNA splicing in CAGI6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVariants which disrupt splicing are a frequent cause of rare disease that have been under-ascertained clinically. Accurate and efficient methods to predict a variants impact on splicing are needed to interpret the growing number of variants of unknown significance (VUS) identified by exome and genome sequencing. Here we present the results of the CAGI6 Splicing VUS challenge, which invited predictions of the splicing impact of 56 variants ascertained clinically and functionally validated to determine splicing impact.

ResultsThe performance of 12 prediction methods, along with SpliceAI and CADD, was compared on the 56 functionally validated variants. The maximum overall accuracy achieved was 82% from two different approaches, one weighting SpliceAI scores by minor allele frequency, and one applying the recently published Splicing Prediction Pipeline (SPiP). SPiP performed optimally in terms of sensitivity, while an ensemble method combining multiple prediction tools and information from databases exceeded all others for specificity.

ConclusionsSeveral challenge methods equalled or exceeded the performance of SpliceAI, with ultimate choice of prediction method likely to depend on experimental or clinical aims. One quarter of the variants were incorrectly predicted by at least 50% of the methods, highlighting the need for further improvements to splicing prediction methods for successful clinical application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lord, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo Oquendo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunyan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsonis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtarge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnall, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mount, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthiasardottir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Overeem Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakolitsa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamandula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radivojac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baralle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the impact of rare variants on RNA splicing in CAGI6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo whole-cortex estimation of excitation-inhibition ratio indexes cortical maturation and cognitive ability in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A balanced excitation-inhibition ratio (E/I ratio) is critical for healthy brain function. Normative development of cortex-wide E/I ratio remains unknown. Here we non-invasively estimate a putative marker of whole-cortex E/I ratio by fitting a large-scale biophysically-plausible circuit model to resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data. We first confirm that our model generates realistic brain dynamics in the Human Connectome Project. Next, we show that the estimated E/I ratio marker is sensitive to the GABA-agonist benzodiazepine alprazolam during fMRI. Alprazolam-induced E/I changes are spatially consistent with positron emission tomography measurement of benzodiazepine receptor density. We then investigate the relationship between the E/I ratio marker and neurodevelopment. We find that the E/I ratio marker declines heterogeneously across the cerebral cortex during youth, with the greatest reduction occurring in sensorimotor systems relative to association systems. Importantly, among children with the same chronological age, a lower E/I ratio marker (especially in association cortex) is linked to better cognitive performance. This result is replicated across North American (8.2 to 23.0 years old) and Asian (7.2 to 7.9 years old) cohorts, suggesting that a more mature E/I ratio indexes improved cognition during normative development. Overall, our findings open the door to studying how disrupted E/I trajectories may lead to cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology that emerges during youth.

SignificanceHealthy brain function requires a delicate balance of neural excitation (E) and inhibition (I). In animals, this balance - the E/I ratio - is known to decrease with the maturation of inhibitory circuitry during healthy development. However, in humans, the normative development of cortex-wide E/I ratio remains unclear. Here, we use a biophysical model and non-invasive brain scans to estimate a marker of E/I ratio. Spatial changes in our E/I ratio marker are consistent with a drug that decreases E/I ratio. We also find that our cortex-wide E/I ratio marker decreases during development. Furthermore, North American and Asian children with lower E/I ratio, especially in higher-order cortex, have better cognitive performance. Overall, E/I ratio is a potential index of healthy neurocognitive development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydnor, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluckman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo whole-cortex estimation of excitation-inhibition ratio indexes cortical maturation and cognitive ability in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental exposure to the Parkinson's disease-associated organochlorine pesticide dieldrin alters dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)-injected mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and one of the fastest-growing neurological diseases worldwide. This increase outpaces the rate of aging and is most rapid in recently industrialized areas, suggesting the role of environmental factors. Consistent with this, epidemiological studies show an association between exposure to persistent organic pollutants and an increased risk of PD. When combined with post-mortem analysis and mechanistic studies, a role for specific compounds, including the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin, emerges. In mouse models, developmental dieldrin exposure causes male-specific exacerbation of neuronal susceptibility to MPTP and synucleinopathy. Specifically, our novel two-hit model combining developmental dieldrin exposure with the -synuclein (-syn) pre-formed fibril (PFF) model showed a male-specific exacerbation of PFF-induced increases in striatal dopamine (DA) turnover and motor deficits on the challenging beam 6 months post-PFF injection in male offspring developmentally exposed to dieldrin. Here, we hypothesized that alterations in DA handling contribute to the observed changes and assessed vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) function and DA release in this dieldrin/PFF two-hit model. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.3 mg/kg dieldrin or vehicle every 3 days, starting at 8 weeks of age by feeding and continuing throughout breeding, gestation, and lactation. Male offspring from independent litters underwent unilateral, intrastriatal injections of -syn PFFs via stereotaxic surgery at 12 weeks of age and DA handling was assessed 4 months post-PFF injection via vesicular 3H-DA uptake assay and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We observed no dieldrin-associated change in VMAT2 activity, but a dieldrin-induced increase in DA release in striatal slices in PFF-injected animals. These results suggest that developmental dieldrin exposure alters the dopaminergic response to synucleinopathy-triggered toxicity and supports our hypothesis that alterations in DA handling may underly the observed exacerbation of PFF-induced deficits in motor behavior and DA turnover.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=67 SRC="FIGDIR/small/545967v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoll, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanowski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neubecker, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sortwell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental exposure to the Parkinson's disease-associated organochlorine pesticide dieldrin alters dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)-injected mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.543988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life on the edge: a new toolbox for population-level climate change vulnerability assessments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.543988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIGlobal change is impacting biodiversity across all habitats on earth. New selection pressures from changing climatic conditions and other anthropogenic activities are creating heterogeneous ecological and evolutionary responses across many species geographic ranges. Yet we currently lack standardised and reproducible tools to effectively predict the resulting patterns in species vulnerability to declines or range changes.
C_LIO_LIWe developed an informatic toolbox that integrates ecological, environmental and genomic data and analyses (environmental dissimilarity, species distribution models, landscape connectivity, neutral and adaptive genetic diversity and genotype-environment associations) to estimate population vulnerability. In our toolbox, functions and data structures are coded in a standardised way so that it is applicable to any species or geographic region where appropriate data are available, for example individual or population sampling and genomic datasets (e.g. RAD-seq, ddRAD-seq, whole genome sequencing data) representing environmental variation across the species geographic range.
C_LIO_LIWe apply our toolbox to a georeferenced genomic dataset for the East African spiny reed frog (Afrixalus fornasini) to predict population vulnerability, as well as demonstrating that range loss projections based on adaptive variation can be accurately reproduced using data for two European bat species (Myotis escalerai, and M. crypticus).
C_LIO_LIOur framework sets the stage for large scale, multi-species genomic datasets to be leveraged in a novel climate change vulnerability framework to quantify intraspecific differences in genetic diversity, local adaptation, range shifts and population vulnerability based on exposure, sensitivity, and range shift potential.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barratt, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinfartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehl, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forester, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razgour, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.543988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life on the edge: a new toolbox for population-level climate change vulnerability assessments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Deficits in Dentate Circuit and Behavioral Pattern Separation after Concussive Brain Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury leads to cellular and circuit changes in the dentate gyrus, a gateway to hippocampal information processing. Intrinsic granule cell firing properties and strong feedback inhibition in the dentate are proposed as critical to its ability to generate unique representation of similar inputs by a process known as pattern separation. Here we evaluate the impact of brain injury on cellular decorrelation of temporally patterned inputs in slices and behavioral discrimination of spatial locations in vivo one week after concussive lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) in mice. Despite posttraumatic increases in perforant path evoked excitatory drive to granule cells and enhanced {Delta}FosB labeling, indicating sustained increase in excitability, the reliability of granule cell spiking was not compromised after FPI. Although granule cells continued to effectively decorrelate output spike trains recorded in response to similar temporally patterned input sets after FPI, their ability to decorrelate highly similar input patterns was reduced. In parallel, encoding of similar spatial locations in a novel object location task that involves the dentate inhibitory circuits was impaired one week after FPI. Injury induced changes in pattern separation were accompanied by loss of somatostatin expressing inhibitory neurons in the hilus. Together, these data suggest that the early posttraumatic changes in the dentate circuit undermine dentate circuit decorrelation of temporal input patterns as well as behavioral discrimination of similar spatial locations, both of which could contribute to deficits in episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrubia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiflett, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhakumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Deficits in Dentate Circuit and Behavioral Pattern Separation after Concussive Brain Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics unveiled that early life BDE-99 exposure reprogrammed the gut-liver axis to promote a pro-inflammatory metabolic signature in male mice at late adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of legacy flame retardants that bioaccumulate in the environment, raising global health concerns. The gut microbiome is an important regulator of liver including xenobiotic biotransformation, nutrient homeostasis, and immune regulation. Using bulk RNA-Seq, we recently showed that neonatal exposure to BDE-99, a human breast milk-enriched PBDE congener, up-regulated pro-inflammation- and down-regulated drug metabolism-related genes predominantly in males in young adulthood. However, it remains unknown whether such dysregulation persists into late adulthood, how various cell types in the liver contribute to the hepatotoxicity, and to what extent gut microbiome is involved in BDE-99 mediated developmental reprogramming of the liver. To address these knowledge gaps, male C57BL/6 mouse pups were orally exposed to corn oil (10 ml/kg) or BDE-99 (57 mg/kg) once daily from postnatal days 2-4. At 15 months of age, single cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) in liver showed that neonatal BDE-99 exposure down-regulated key xenobiotic- and fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and up-regulated genes involved in microbial influx in hepatocytes. Neonatal BDE-99 exposure also led to a persistent increase in the hepatic proportion of neutrophils, a predicted increase of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) signaling, which activates macrophage populations, as well as histopathological abnormalities of the liver in 15 months of age. The BDE-99 mediated hepatic reprogramming is associated with decreased intestinal tight junction protein (Tjp) transcripts, persistent dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and dysregulation of inflammation-related fatty acid metabolites. ScRNA-seq in germ-free (GF) mice demonstrated the necessity of a normal gut microbiome in maintaining hepatic immunotolerance. Fecal microbiome transplant to GF mice using large intestinal microbiome from adults that were neonatally exposed to BDE-99 down-regulated Tjp transcripts and up-regulated several cytokines in the large intestine. In conclusion, neonatal BDE-99 exposure reprogrammed the cell type-specific gene expression and cell-cell communication networks in liver towards a pro-inflammation with compromised metabolic functions at late adulthood. Importantly, gut microbiome is necessary in promoting immunotolerance in the liver, and BDE-99-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling may be partly due to the dysregulated gut environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomics unveiled that early life BDE-99 exposure reprogrammed the gut-liver axis to promote a pro-inflammatory metabolic signature in male mice at late adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homocysteine Metabolites Impair the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/Autophagy Pathway by Upregulating the Expression of PHF8-targeting miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inability to efficiently metabolize homocysteine (Hcy) due to nutritional and genetic deficiencies, leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis which underpins cardiovascular disease (CVD). PHF8 is a histone demethylase that demethylates H4K20me1, which affects the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and autophagy, processes that play important roles in CVD. PHF8 is regulated by microRNA (miR) such as miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p. Biochemically, HHcy is characterized by elevated levels of Hcy, Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. Here, we examined effects of these metabolites on miR-22-3p, miR-1229-3p, and their target PHF8, as well as on the downstream consequences of these effects on H4K20me1, mTOR-, and autophagy-related proteins and mRNAs expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that treatments with N-Hcy-protein, Hcy-thiolactone, or Hcy upregulated miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p, attenuated PHF8 expression, upregulated H4K20me1, mTOR, and phospho-mTOR. Autophagy-related proteins (BECN1, ATG5, ATG7, lipidated LC3-II, and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) were significantly downregulated by at least one of these metabolites. We also found similar changes in the expression of miR-22-3p, Phf8, mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins/mRNAs in vivo in hearts of Cbs-/- mice, which show severe HHcy and endothelial dysfunction. Treatments with inhibitors of miR-22-3p or miR-1229-3p abrogated the effects of Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy on miR expression and on PHF8, H4K20me1, mTOR-, and autophagy-related proteins/mRNAs in HUVEC. Taken together, these findings show that Hcy metabolites upregulate miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p expression, which then dysregulate the PHF8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, important for vascular homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witucki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homocysteine Metabolites Impair the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/Autophagy Pathway by Upregulating the Expression of PHF8-targeting miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Piroplasm parasites (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) in northeastern populations of the invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae), in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piroplasms, which include the agents of cattle fever and human and dog babesiosis, are a diverse group of blood parasites of significant veterinary and medical importance. The invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is a known vector of piroplasms in its native range in east Asia and invasive range in Australasia. In the US state of Virginia, H. longicornis has been associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda outbreaks that caused cattle mortality. We examined 667 H. longicornis collected in 2021 from three sites in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the US state where established populations of this species were first detected in 2017. We used primers targeting the 18S small subunit rRNA and the cytochrome b oxidase loci and unveiled the presence of DNA from an unidentified Theileria species (in 1 nymph) and Theileria cervi type F (1 adult, 5 nymphs). In addition, we sequenced a 130 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase b locus from Odocoileus virginianus, the white-tailed deer, in a partially engorged questing H. longicornis, supporting the association of this tick species with deer. We also detected DNA from an undescribed Babesia sensu stricto ( true Babesia, 2 adults, 2 nymphs) as well as Babesia sp. Coco (1 adult, 1 nymph). Finally, we detected DNA from Babesia microti S837 (1 adult, 4 nymphs). Babesia microti S837 has been sequenced from striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, and is closely related to the human pathogen B. microti US-type. The five parasites we are associating with H. longicornis represent a diverse assemblage spanning three clades in the piroplasm phylogeny, two undescribed, raising concerns of transmission amplification of veterinary pathogens as well as spillover of pathogens from wildlife to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herb, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Piroplasm parasites (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) in northeastern populations of the invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Ixodida: Ixodidae), in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals the diversity and function of long non-coding RNAs in dinoflagellates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of phytoplankton, ranging from harmful bloom-forming microalgae to photosymbionts that are critical for sustaining coral reefs. Genome and transcriptome data from dinoflagellates are revealing extensive genomic divergence and lineage-specific innovation of gene functions. However, most studies thus far have focused on protein-coding genes; long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), known to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes, are largely unexplored. Here, using both genome and transcriptome data, we identified a combined total of 48,039 polyadenylated lncRNAs in the genomes of three dinoflagellate species: the coral symbionts of Cladocopium proliferum and Durusdinium trenchii, and the bloom-forming Prorocentrum cordatum. These putative lncRNAs are shorter, and have fewer introns and lower G+C-content when compared to protein-coding sequences. Although 37,768 (78.6%) lncRNAs shared no significant similarity with one another, we classified all lncRNAs based on conserved sequence motifs (k-mers) into distinct clusters following properties of potential protein-binding and/or subcellular localisation. Interestingly, 3708 (7.7%) lncRNAs were differentially expressed in response to heat stress, lifestyle, and/or growth phases, and they shared co-expression patterns with protein-coding genes. Based on inferred triplex interactions between lncRNA and upstream (putative promoter) regions of protein-coding genes, we identified a combined 19,460 putative gene targets for 3,721 lncRNAs; 907 genes exhibit differential expression under heat stress. These results reveal for the first time the functional diversity of lncRNAs in dinoflagellates, and demonstrate how lncRNAs, often overlooked in transcriptome data, could regulate gene expression as a molecular response to heat stress in these ecologically important organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals the diversity and function of long non-coding RNAs in dinoflagellates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representation dynamics reveal computational principles of cognitive task learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cognitive task learning, neural representations must be rapidly constructed for novel task performance, then optimized for robust practiced task performance. How the geometry of neural representations changes to enable this transition from novel to practiced performance remains unknown. We hypothesized that practice involves a shift from compositional representations (task-general activity patterns that can be flexibly reused across tasks) to conjunctive representations (task-specific activity patterns specialized for the current task). Functional MRI during learning of multiple complex tasks substantiated this dynamic shift from compositional to conjunctive representations, which was associated with reduced cross-task interference (via pattern separation) and behavioral improvement. Further, we found that conjunctions originated in subcortex (hippocampus and cerebellum) and slowly spread to cortex, extending multiple memory systems theories to encompass cognitive task learning. The strengthening of conjunctive representations hence serves as a computational signature of learning, reflecting cortical-subcortical dynamics that optimize task representations in the human brain.

HighlightsO_LILearning shifts multi-task representations from compositional to conjunctive formats
C_LIO_LICortical conjunctions uniquely associate with improved behavior and pattern separation
C_LIO_LIThese conjunctions strengthen over separated learning events and index switch costs
C_LIO_LISubcortical regions are critical for cross-region binding of task rule information
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representation dynamics reveal computational principles of cognitive task learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiology of human iPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells and cell autonomous consequences of Cantu Syndrome mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveCantu Syndrome (CS), a multisystem disease with a complex cardiovascular phenotype, is caused by GoF variants in the Kir6.1/SUR2 subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, and is characterized by low systemic vascular resistance, as well as tortuous, dilated vessels, and decreased pulse-wave velocity. Thus, CS vascular dysfunction is multifactorial, with distinct hypomyotonic and hyperelastic components. To dissect whether such complexities arise cell-autonomously within vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), or as secondary responses to the pathophysiological milieu, we assessed electrical properties and gene expression in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived VSMCs (hiPSC-VSMCs), differentiated from control and CS patient-derived hiPSCs, and in native mouse control and CS VSMCs.

Approach and ResultsWhole-cell voltage-clamp of isolated aortic and mesenteric VSMCs isolated from wild type (WT) and Kir6.1[V65M] (CS) mice revealed no difference in voltage-gated K+ (Kv) or Ca2+ currents. Kv and Ca2+ currents were also not different between validated hiPSC-VSMCs differentiated from control and CS patient-derived hiPSCs. Pinacidil-sensitive KATP currents in control hiPSC-VSMCs were consistent with those in WT mouse VSMCs, and were considerably larger in CS hiPSC-VSMCs. Consistent with lack of any compensatory modulation of other currents, this resulted in membrane hyperpolarization, explaining the hypomyotonic basis of CS vasculopathy. Increased compliance and dilation in isolated CS mouse aortae, was associated with increased elastin mRNA expression. This was consistent with higher levels of elastin mRNA in CS hiPSC-VSMCs, suggesting that the hyperelastic component of CS vasculopathy is a cell-autonomous consequence of vascular KATP GoF.

ConclusionsThe results show that hiPSC-VSMCs reiterate expression of the same major ion currents as primary VSMCs, validating the use of these cells to study vascular disease. The results further indicate that both the hypomyotonic and hyperelastic components of CS vasculopathy are cell-autonomous phenomena driven by KATP overactivity within VSMCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClenaghan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colijn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grange, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiology of human iPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells and cell autonomous consequences of Cantu Syndrome mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postsynaptic frequency filters shaped by the interplay of synaptic short-term plasticity and cellular time scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal frequency filters can be thought of as constituent building blocks underlying the ability of neuronal systems to process information, generate rhythms and perform computations. How neuronal filters are generated by the concerted activity of a multiplicity of processes (e.g., electric circuit, history-dependent) and interacting time scales within and across levels of neuronal network organization is poorly understood. In this paper, we use mathematical modeling, numerical simulations and analytical calculations of the postsynaptic response to presynaptic spike trains to address this issue in a basic feedforward network motif in the presence of synaptic short-term plasticity (STP, depression and facilitation). The network motif consists of a presynaptic spike-train, a postsynaptic passive cell, and an excitatory (AMPA) chemical synapse. The dynamics of each network component are controlled by one or more time scales. We explain the mechanisms by which the participating time scales shape the neuronal filters at the (i) synaptic update level (the target of the synaptic variable in response to presynaptic spikes), which is shaped by STP, (ii) the synaptic level, and (iii) the postsynaptic membrane potential (PSP) level. We focus on three metrics that gives rise to three types of profiles (curves of the corresponding metrics as a function of the spike-train input frequency or firing rate): (i) peak profiles, (ii) peak-to-trough amplitude profiles, and (iii) phase profiles. The effects of STP are present at the synaptic update level and are communicated to the synaptic level where they interact with the synaptic time scales. The PSP filters result from the interaction between these variables and time scales and the biophysical properties and time scales of the postsynaptic cell. Band-pass filters (BPFs) result from a combination of low-pass filters (LPFs) and high-pass filters (HPFs) operating at the same or different levels of organization. PSP BPFs can be inherited from the synaptic level (STP-mediated BPFs) or they can be generated across levels of organization due to the interaction between (i) a synaptic LPF and the PSP summation-mediated HPF (PSP peaks), and (ii) a synaptic HPF and the PSP summation-mediated LPF (PSP amplitude). These types of BPFs persist in response to more realistic presynaptic spike trains: jittered (randomly perturbed) periodic spike trains and Poisson-distributed spike trains. The response variability is frequency-dependent and is controlled by STP in a non-monotonic frequency manner. The results and and lessons learned from the investigation of this basic network motif are a necessary step for the construction of a framework to analyze the mechanisms of generation of neuronal filters in networks with more complex architectures and a variety of interacting cellular, synaptic and plasticity time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva Benito, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postsynaptic frequency filters shaped by the interplay of synaptic short-term plasticity and cellular time scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASD mutation of Katnal2 impairs ependymal ciliary motion and causes hydrocephalus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Katanin catalytic subunit A1 like 2 (KATNAL2) is a high-risk gene associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), however its impact on brain development and disease remains unclear. The present study revealed an unexpected role of KATNAL2 in regulating ependymal ciliary motion and cerebrospinal fluid flow during brain development, an important contributing factor for ASD. We discovered a distinct expression pattern of KATNAL2 in multiciliated ependymal cells of both human and mouse brains. Notably, an ASD-associated mutation of Katnal2 disrupted its molecular function and resulted in ASD-related behavioral deficits in mice. Additionally, this mutation affected the polarized organization and beating of ependymal cilia, leading to delayed cerebrospinal fluid flow and sustained ventricular enlargement from the early postnatal stage. Conditional ablation of Katnal2 specifically in the ependymal cells of neonatal mice is sufficient to cause ventricular dilation, whereas no such effect was observed in adult mice. Our findings highlight the importance of ependymal motile cilia and hydrocephalus in ASD, offering insights into its pathogenesis and potential intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASD mutation of Katnal2 impairs ependymal ciliary motion and causes hydrocephalus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cellular Underpinnings of the Human Cortical Connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional properties of the human brain arise, in part, from the vast assortment of cell types that pattern the cortex. The cortical sheet can be broadly divided into distinct networks, which are further embedded into processing streams, or gradients, that extend from unimodal systems through higher-order association territories. Here, using transcriptional data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas, we demonstrate that imputed cell type distributions are spatially coupled to the functional organization of cortex, as estimated through fMRI. Cortical cellular profiles follow the macro-scale organization of the functional gradients as well as the associated large-scale networks. Distinct cellular fingerprints were evident across networks, and a classifier trained on post-mortem cell-type distributions was able to predict the functional network allegiance of cortical tissue samples. These data indicate that the in vivo organization of the cortical sheet is reflected in the spatial variability of its cellular composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cellular Underpinnings of the Human Cortical Connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Correlates of Perceptual Similarity Masking in Primate V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual detection is a fundamental natural task. Detection becomes more challenging as the similarity between the target and the background in which it is embedded increases, a phenomenon termed "similarity masking". To test the hypothesis that V1 contributes to similarity masking, we used voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) to measure V1 population responses while macaque monkeys performed a detection task under varying levels of target-background similarity. Paradoxically, we find that during an initial transient phase, V1 responses to the target are enhanced, rather than suppressed, by target-background similarity. This effect reverses in the second phase of the response, so that in this phase V1 signals are positively correlated with the behavioral effect of similarity. Finally, we show that a simple model with delayed divisive normalization can qualitatively account for our findings. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that a nonlinear gain control mechanism in V1 contributes to perceptual similarity masking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidemann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Correlates of Perceptual Similarity Masking in Primate V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple embryonic sources converge to form the pectoral girdle skeleton in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphological transformation of the pectoral/shoulder girdle is fundamental to the water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution. Although previous studies have resolved the embryonic origins of the tetrapod shoulder girdle, those of the fish pectoral girdle remain uncharacterized, creating a gap in the understanding of girdle transformation mechanisms from fish to modern tetrapods. Here, we identified the embryonic origins of the pectoral girdle of zebrafish (Danio rerio), including the cleithrum as an ancestral pectoral girdle element lost in extant tetrapods. Our combinatorial approach of photoconversion and genetic cell lineage tracing mapped that cleithrum development combines three adjoining embryonic populations: cranial neural crest cells and lateral plate mesoderm-derivatives (trunk lateral plate mesoderm and cardiopharyngeal mesoderm-associated cells). The topographical position of the cleithrum at the head/trunk interface is a shared characteristic among cleithrum-bearing fish, thus its multiple embryonic origins are likely a conserved feature. Moreover, a comparison of the pectoral girdle progenitors between aquatic fish and extant amniotes suggests that cleithrum loss is associated with the disappearance of its unique developmental environment by the insertion of the neck lateral plate mesoderm into the head/trunk interface. Overall, our study establishes an embryological framework for pectoral/shoulder girdle formation and their evolutionary trajectories from their origin in water to diversification on land.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansour, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosimann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple embryonic sources converge to form the pectoral girdle skeleton in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ebola Virus VP35 Interacts Non-Covalently with Ubiquitin Chains to Promote Viral Replication Creating New Therapeutic Opportunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebolavirus (EBOV) belongs to a family of highly pathogenic viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. EBOV replication requires the activity of the viral polymerase complex, which includes the co-factor and Interferon antagonist VP35. We previously showed that the covalent ubiquitination of VP35 promotes virus replication by regulating interactions with the polymerase complex. In addition, VP35 can also interact non-covalently with ubiquitin (Ub); however, the function of this interaction is unknown. Here, we report that VP35 interacts with free (unanchored) K63-linked polyUb chains. Ectopic expression of Isopeptidase T (USP5), which is known to degrade unanchored polyUb chains, reduced VP35 association with Ub and correlated with diminished polymerase activity in a minigenome assay. Using computational methods, we modeled the VP35-Ub non-covalent interacting complex, identified the VP35-Ub interacting surface and tested mutations to validate the interface. Docking simulations identified chemical compounds that can block VP35-Ub interactions leading to reduced viral polymerase activity that correlated with reduced replication of infectious EBOV. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of unanchored polyUb in regulating Ebola virus polymerase function and discovered compounds that have promising anti-Ebola virus activity.

Significance StatementEbola virus infection can result in high mortality rates with extreme risk of person-to-person transmission. Sporadic outbreaks in Africa have resulted in thousands of fatal cases, highlighting that there is still insufficient knowledge to develop effective antiviral therapies. Like other viruses, Ebola utilizes the host machinery to replicate. Understanding how viral and host proteins interact can help identifying targets for the rational design of antiviral drugs. Here, we identified interactions between the cellular ubiquitin machinery and the Ebola virus polymerase cofactor protein VP35, which are important for efficient virus replication. We developed an approach to identify and block these virus-host interactions using small chemical compounds, which provides a useful tool to study functional molecular mechanisms and at the same time a potential approach to antiviral therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Salazar, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Tol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galdino, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges Teruel, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Orozco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiberg, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najmanovich, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajsbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ebola Virus VP35 Interacts Non-Covalently with Ubiquitin Chains to Promote Viral Replication Creating New Therapeutic Opportunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.547998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct ossification trade-offs illuminate the shoulder girdle reconfiguration at the water-to-land transition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.547998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms of the pectoral girdle transformation at the origin of terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates remains an outstanding problem in evolutionary biology1. The loss of dermal bones and the enlargement of endochondral bones resulted in the disarticulation of the pectoral girdle from the skull and the formation of the neck during the fish-to-tetrapod transition2-5. Despite the functional implications of this skeletal shift in the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the underlying genetic-developmental alterations have remained enigmatic. Here, we discovered that in zebrafish pectoral girdle mesodermal cells expressing gli3, a transcription factor in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, contribute to both dermal and endochondral bones. We show that Gli3 regulates expression of activin A receptor type 1-like, a BMP type 1 receptor lost in tetrapod lineages, and thereby determines endochondral and dermal ossification. Intriguingly, Gli and Hedgehog compound knockout fish exhibited an unexpected combination of actinopterygian fish and stem-tetrapod pectoral girdle characteristics. These ontogenetic and anatomical data suggest that a trade-off between the two distinct ossification pathways is a deeply embedded developmental program in bony fishes, with potential for tuning of this trade-off to generate novel pectoral girdle forms akin to stem-tetrapods at the dawn of vertebrate terrestrialization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrescavage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanabag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braasch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.547998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct ossification trade-offs illuminate the shoulder girdle reconfiguration at the water-to-land transition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.547572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethanol Drives Evolution of Hsp90-Dependent Robustness by Redundancy in Yeast Domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.547572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein folding promotes and constrains adaptive evolution. We uncover this surprising duality in the role the protein-folding chaperone Hsp90 plays in mediating the interplay between proteome and the genome which acts to maintain the integrity of yeast metabolism in the face of proteotoxic stressors in anthropic niches. Of great industrial relevance, ethanol concentrations generated by fermentation in the making of beer and bread disrupt critical Hsp90-dependent nodes of metabolism and exert strong selective pressure for increased copy number of key genes encoding components of these nodes, yielding the classical genetic signatures of beer and bread domestication. This work establishes a mechanism of adaptive canalization in an ecology of major economic significance and highlights Hsp90-contingent variation as an important source of phantom heritability in complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozirmak Lermi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karras, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.547572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethanol Drives Evolution of Hsp90-Dependent Robustness by Redundancy in Yeast Domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for higher-level cognitive behaviors and is a key target for neuroadaptations in alcohol use disorders. Preclinical models of ethanol consumption are instrumental for understanding how acute and repeated drinking affects PFC structure and function. Recent advances in genetically encoded sensors of neuronal activity and neuromodulator release combined with functional microscopy (multiphoton and one-photon widefield imaging) allow multimodal in-vivo PFC recordings at subcellular and cellular scales. While these methods could enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between alcohol and PFC function/dysfunction, they require animals to be head-fixed. Here, we present a method in mice for binge-like ethanol consumption during head-fixation. Male and female mice were first acclimated to ethanol by providing home cage access to 20% ethanol (v/v) for 4 or 8 days. After home cage drinking, mice consumed ethanol from a lick spout during head-fixation. We used two-photon calcium imaging during the head-fixed drinking paradigm to record from a large population of PFC neurons (>1000) to explore how acute ethanol affects their activity. Drinking modulated activity rates in a subset of neurons on slow (minutes) and fast (seconds) time scales but the majority of neurons were unaffected. Moreover, ethanol intake did not significantly affect network level interactions in the PFC as assessed through inter-neuronal pairwise correlations. By establishing a method for binge-like drinking in head-fixed mice, we lay the groundwork for leveraging advanced microscopy technologies to study alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in PFC and other brain circuits.

HighlightsO_LIC57BL/6J mice voluntarily consume ethanol to binge-like levels during head-fixation, with females consuming more ethanol than males.
C_LIO_LIMice show differences in frontloading and licking behavior for head-fixed ethanol and sucrose consumption.
C_LIO_LIHead-fixed paradigm enables two-photon calcium imaging in the anterior cingulate cortex subdivision of the prefrontal cortex.
C_LIO_LIAcute ethanol increases and decreases single neuron activity at fast (seconds) and slow (minutes) time scales but does not alter pairwise correlations between neurons.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalelkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipe, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro E Costa, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal DAMPs exacerbate neurodegeneration via astrocytic RIPK3 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocyte activation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the ways in which dying neurons influence the activity of astrocytes is poorly understood. RIPK3 signaling has recently been described as a key regulator of neuroinflammation, but whether this kinase mediates astrocytic responsiveness to neuronal death has not yet been studied. Here, we used the MPTP model of Parkinsons disease to show that activation of astrocytic RIPK3 drives dopaminergic cell death and axon damage. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that astrocytic RIPK3 promoted gene expression associated with neuroinflammation and movement disorders, and this coincided with significant engagement of DAMP signaling. Using human cell culture systems, we show that factors released from dying neurons signal through RAGE to induce RIPK3-dependent astrocyte activation. These findings highlight a mechanism of neuron-glia crosstalk in which neuronal death perpetuates further neurodegeneration by engaging inflammatory astrocyte activation via RIPK3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaPrano, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissenbaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzate, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusnecov, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal DAMPs exacerbate neurodegeneration via astrocytic RIPK3 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit B modulates PIK3CA-regulated immune-surveillance in a pancreatic cancer mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not infiltrated with cytotoxic T cells and are highly resistant to immunotherapy. Over 90% of PDAC have oncogenic KRAS mutations, and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are direct effectors of KRAS. Our previous study demonstrated that ablation of Pik3ca in KPC (KrasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx1-Cre) pancreatic cancer cells induced host T cells to infiltrate and completely eliminate the tumors in a syngeneic orthotopic implantation mouse model. Now, we show that implantation of Pik3ca-/- KPC (named KO) cancer cells induces clonal expansion of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating the pancreatic tumors. To identify potential molecules that can regulate the activity of these anti-tumor T cells, we conducted an in vivo genome-wide gene-deletion screen using KO cells implanted in the mouse pancreas. The result shows that deletion of propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit B gene (Pccb) in KO cells (named p-KO) leads to immune evasion, tumor progression and death of host mice. Surprisingly, p-KO tumors are still infiltrated with clonally expanded CD8+ T cells but they are inactive against tumor cells. However, blockade of PD-L1/PD1 interaction reactivated these clonally expanded T cells infiltrating p-KO tumors, leading to slower tumor progression and improve survival of host mice. These results indicate that Pccb can modulate the activity of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating some pancreatic cancers and this understanding may lead to improvement in immunotherapy for this difficult-to-treat cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosati, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimouni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propionyl-CoA carboxylase subunit B modulates PIK3CA-regulated immune-surveillance in a pancreatic cancer mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking DNA Isolation Methods for Marine Metagenomics Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomics is a powerful tool to study marine microbial communities. However, obtaining high-quality environmental DNA suitable for downstream sequencing applications is a challenging task. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA heavily depend on the choice of purification procedure and the type of sample. Selection of an appropriate DNA isolation method for a new type of material often entails a lengthy trial and error process. Further, each DNA purification approach introduces biases and thus affects the composition of the studied community. To account for these problems and biases, we systematically investigated efficiency of DNA purification from three types of samples (water, sea sediment, and digestive tract of a model invertebrate Magallana gigas) with eight commercially available microbial DNA isolation kits. For each kit-sample combination we measured the quantity of purified DNA, extent of DNA fragmentation, the presence of PCR-inhibiting contaminants, admixture of eukaryotic DNA, alpha-diversity, and reproducibility of the resulting community composition based on 16S rRNA amplicons sequencing. Additionally, we determined a "kitome", e.g., a set of contaminating taxa inherent for each type of purification kit used. The resulting matrix of evaluated parameters allows one to select the best DNA purification procedure for a given type of sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slonova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamontov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konovalova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurikova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogozhin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutormin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking DNA Isolation Methods for Marine Metagenomics Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the fancy rosette mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients thousands of cells with respect to a body axis to direct cellular behaviors that are essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment along the entire skin surface. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that embryonic hair follicles of rosette mutants emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6, which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation and inhibits its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, this defect in Fzd6 trafficking, observed across the entire dorsal epidermis, does not interfere with the ability of other core PCP proteins to localize asymmetrically. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry is disrupted and rotated in the posterior region such that polarity is reflected on either side of a transition zone. The result is a reversal of polarized cell movements that orient nascent follicles, specifically in the posterior of the embryo. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce the unique posterior whorls of the fancy rosette mouse.

SummaryRegion-specific rotation of the Planar Cell Polarity axis reverses posterior hair follicles in the fancy rosette mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cetera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward-Lara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vonHoldt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the fancy rosette mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USING SMALL MOLECULES TO TURN AN RNA APTAMER INTO SENSORS FOR INORGANIC TARGETS WITHOUT IN VITRO SELECTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent light-up aptamer (FLAP) systems are promising biosensing platforms that can be genetically encoded. Here, we describe how a single FLAP that works with specific organic ligands can detect multiple, structurally unique, non-fluorogenic, and reactive inorganic targets. We developed 4-O-functionalized benzylidene imidazolinones as pre-ligands with suppressed fluorescent binding interactions with the RNA aptamer Baby Spinach. Inorganic targets, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can specifically convert these pre-ligands into the native benzylidene imidazolinones, and thus be detected with Baby Spinach. Adaptation of this approach to live cells opened a new opportunity for top-down construction of whole-cell sensors: Escherichia coli transformed with a Baby Spinach-encoding plasmid and incubated with pre-ligands generated fluorescence in response to exogenous H2S or H2O2. Our approach eliminates the requirement of in vitro selection of a new aptamer sequence for molecular target detection, allows for the detection of short-lived targets, thereby advancing FLAP systems beyond their current capabilities. Leveraging the functional group reactivity of small molecules can lead to cell-based sensors for inorganic molecular targets, exploiting a new synergism between synthetic organic chemistry and synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erguven, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guven, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USING SMALL MOLECULES TO TURN AN RNA APTAMER INTO SENSORS FOR INORGANIC TARGETS WITHOUT IN VITRO SELECTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Irregularity of instantaneous gamma frequency in the motor control network characterize visuomotor and proprioceptive information processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGoal-directed movements involve integrating proprioceptive and visuo-motor information. Although the neural correlates of such information processing are known, the details of how sensory-motor integration occurs are still largely unknown.

ObjectiveThe study aims to characterize movements with different sensory goals, by contrasting the neural activity involved in processing proprioceptive and visuo-motor information. To accomplish this, we have developed a new methodology that utilizes the irregularity of the instantaneous gamma frequency parameter for characterization.

ApproachIn this study, 8 essential tremor patients undergoing an awake deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation surgery repetitively touched the clinicians finger (forward visually-guided/FV movement) and then ones own chin (backward proprioceptively-guided/BP movement). Neural electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings from the motor (M1), somatosensory (S1), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were obtained and band-pass filtered in the gamma range (30-80Hz). The irregularity of the inter-event intervals (IEI; inverse of instantaneous gamma frequency) were examined as: 1) correlation between the amplitude and its proceeding IEI, and 2) auto-information of the IEI time series. We further explored the network connectivity after segmenting the FV and BP movements by periods of accelerating and decelerating forces, and applying the IEI parameter to transfer entropy methods.

ResultsConceptualizing that the irregularity in IEI reflects active new information processing, we found the highest irregularity in M1 during BP movement, highest in PPC during FV movement, and the lowest during rest at all sites. Also, connectivity was the strongest from S1 to M1 and from S1 to PPC during FV movement with accelerating force and weakest during rest.

SignificanceWe introduce a novel methodology that utilize the instantaneous gamma frequency (i.e., IEI) parameter in characterizing goal-oriented movements with different sensory goals, and demonstrate its use to inform the directional connectivity within the motor cortical network. This method successfully characterizes different movement types, while providing interpretations to the sensory-motor integration processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niketeghad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouratian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Irregularity of instantaneous gamma frequency in the motor control network characterize visuomotor and proprioceptive information processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blueberry and cranberry pangenomes as a resource for future genetic studies and breeding efforts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domestication of cranberry and blueberry began in the United States in the early 1800s and 1900s, respectively, and in part owing to their flavors and health-promoting benefits are now cultivated and consumed worldwide. The industry continues to face a wide variety of production challenges (e.g. disease pressures) as well as a demand for higher-yielding cultivars with improved fruit quality characteristics. Unfortunately, molecular tools to help guide breeding efforts for these species have been relatively limited compared with those for other high-value crops. Here, we describe the construction and analysis of the first pangenome for both blueberry and cranberry. Our analysis of these pangenomes revealed both crops exhibit great genetic diversity, including the presence-absence variation of 48.4% genes in highbush blueberry and 47.0% genes in cranberry. Auxiliary genes, those not shared by all cultivars, are significantly enriched with molecular functions associated with disease resistance and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, including compounds previously associated with improving fruit quality traits. The discovery of thousands of genes, not present in the previous reference genomes for blueberry and cranberry, will serve as the basis of future research and as potential targets for future breeding efforts. The pangenome, as a multiple-sequence alignment, as well as individual annotated genomes, are publicly available for analysis on the Genome Database for Vaccinium - a curated and integrated web-based relational database. Lastly, the core-gene predictions from the pangenomes will serve useful to develop a community genotyping platform to guide future molecular breeding efforts across the family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yocca, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teresi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengist, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benevenuto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe V. Ferrao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magallanes-Lundback, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humann, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Main, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espley, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montanari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorsa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polashock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalapa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassil, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorizzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edger, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blueberry and cranberry pangenomes as a resource for future genetic studies and breeding efforts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Requirement of GrgA for Chlamydia infectious progeny production, optimal growth, and efficient plasmid maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, has a unique developmental cycle involving the differentiation of invading elementary bodies (EBs) to noninfectious reticulate bodies (RBs), replication of RBs, and redifferentiation of RBs into progeny EBs. Progression of this cycle is regulated by three sigma factors, which direct the RNA polymerase to their respective target gene promoters. We hypothesized that the Chlamydia-specific transcriptional regulator GrgA, previously shown to activate {sigma}66 and {sigma}28, plays an essential role in chlamydial development and growth. To test this hypothesis, we applied a novel genetic tool known as dependence on plasmid-mediated expression (DOPE) to create Chlamydia trachomatis with conditional GrgA-deficiency. We show that GrgA-deficient C. trachomatis RBs have a growth rate that is approximately half of the normal rate and fail to transition into progeny EBs. In addition, GrgA-deficient C. trachomatis fail to maintain its virulence plasmid. Results of RNA-seq analysis indicate that GrgA promotes RB growth by optimizing tRNA synthesis and expression of nutrient-acquisition genes, while it enables RB-to-EB conversion by facilitating the expression of a histone and outer membrane proteins required for EB morphogenesis. GrgA also regulates numerous other late genes required for host cell exit and subsequent EB invasion into host cells. Importantly, GrgA stimulates the expression of {sigma}54, the third and last sigma factor, and its activator AtoC, and thereby indirectly upregulating the expression of {sigma}54-dependent genes. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that GrgA is a master transcriptional regulator in Chlamydia and plays multiple essential roles in chlamydial pathogenicity.

IMPORTANCEHallmarks of the developmental cycle of the obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium Chlamydia are the primary differentiation of the infectious elementary body (EB) into the proliferative reticulate body (RB) and the secondary differentiation of RBs back into EBs. The mechanisms regulating these transitions remain unclear. In this report, we developed an effective novel strategy termed DOPE that allows for the knockdown of essential genes in Chlamydia. We demonstrate that GrgA, a Chlamydia-specific transcription factor, is essential for the secondary differentiation and optimal growth of RBs. We also show that GrgA, a chromosome-encoded regulatory protein, controls the maintenance of the chlamydial virulence plasmid. Transcriptomic analysis further indicates that GrgA functions as a critical regulator of all three sigma factors that recognize different promoter sets at developmental stages. The DOPE strategy outlined here should provide a valuable tool for future studies examining chlamydial growth, development, and pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurihan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wu, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Requirement of GrgA for Chlamydia infectious progeny production, optimal growth, and efficient plasmid maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle-restricted Nox4 knockout partially corrects muscle contractility following spinal cord injury in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in severe atrophy of skeletal muscle in paralyzed regions, and a decrease in the force generated by muscle per unit of cross-sectional area. Oxidation of skeletal muscle ryanodine 1 receptors (RyR1) reduces contractile force due to reduced binding of calstabin 1 to RyR1 together with altered gating of RyR1. One cause of RyR1 oxidation is NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). We have previously shown that in rats, RyR1 was oxidized and bound less calstabin 1 at 56 days after spinal cord injury (SCI) by transection. Here, we used a conditional knock-out mouse model of Nox4 in muscle to investigate the role of Nox4 in reduced muscle specific force after SCI. Peak twitch force in control mice after SCI was reduced by 42% compared to sham-operated controls but was increased by approximately 43% in SCI Nox4 conditional KO mice compared to SCI controls although it remained less than that for sham-operated controls. Unlike what observed in rats, after SCI the expression of Nox4 was not increased in gastrocnemius muscle and binding of calstabin 1 to RyR1 was not reduced in this muscle. The results suggest a link between Nox4 expression in muscle tissue and reduction in muscle twitch force, however further studies are needed to understand the mechanistic basis for this linkage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toro, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Gasperi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiq, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harlow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadoshima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle-restricted Nox4 knockout partially corrects muscle contractility following spinal cord injury in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomes and epigenomes of aquatic plants (Lemnaceae) promote triploid hybridization and clonal reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Lemnaceae (duckweeds) are the worlds smallest but fastest growing flowering plants. Prolific clonal propagation facilitates continuous micro-cropping for plant-based protein and starch production, and holds tremendous promise for sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Here, we present chromosomal assemblies, annotations, and phylogenomic analysis of Lemna genomes that uncover candidate genes responsible for the metabolic and developmental traits of the family, such as anatomical reduction, adaxial stomata, lack of stomatal closure, and carbon sequestration via crystalline calcium oxalate. Lemnaceae have selectively lost genes required for RNA interference, including Argonaute genes required for reproductive isolation (the triploid block) and haploid gamete formation. Triploid hybrids arise commonly among Lemna, and we have found mutations in highly-conserved meiotic crossover genes that could support polyploid meiosis. Syntenic comparisons with Wolffia and Spirodela reveal that diversification of these genera coincided with the "Azolla event" in the mid-Eocene, during which aquatic macrophytes reduced high atmospheric CO2 levels to those of the current ice age.

Facile regeneration of transgenic fronds from tissue culture, aided by reduced epigenetic silencing, makes Lemna a powerful biotechnological platform, as exemplified by recent engineering of high-oil Lemna that outperforms oil seed crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo-Elizalde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaribu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birchler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomes and epigenomes of aquatic plants (Lemnaceae) promote triploid hybridization and clonal reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of archaeal FttA-dependent transcription termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ribonuclease FttA mediates factor-dependent transcription termination in archaea1-3. Here, we report the structure of a Thermococcus kodakarensis transcription pre-termination complex comprising FttA, Spt4, Spt5, and a transcription elongation complex (TEC). The structure shows that FttA interacts with the TEC in a manner that enables RNA to proceed directly from the TEC RNA-exit channel to the FttA catalytic center and that enables endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA by FttA, followed by 5[-&gt;]3 exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA by FttA and concomitant 5[-&gt;]3 translocation of FttA on RNA, to apply mechanical force to the TEC and trigger termination. The structure further reveals that Spt5 bridges FttA and the TEC, explaining how Spt5 stimulates FttA-dependent termination. The results reveal functional analogy between bacterial and archaeal factor-dependent termination, reveal functional homology between archaeal and eukaryotic factor-dependent termination, and reveal fundamental mechanistic similarities in factor-dependent termination in the three domains of life: bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic.

One sentence summaryCryo-EM reveals the structure of the archaeal FttA pre-termination complex
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firlar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of archaeal FttA-dependent transcription termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Domains Associated with Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a framework for substance use concerning trauma, Hien and colleagues suggested three domains: reward salience, executive function, and negative emotionality. In this PRISMA-guided systematic review, we explored the neural correlates of these domains in individuals who use substances with or without trauma exposure. We included 45 studies utilizing tasks of interest in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use groups.

Greater reward, lesser regulation of inhibitory processes, and mixed findings of negative emotionality processes in individuals who use substances versus controls were found. Specifically, greater orbitofrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, striatum, amygdala, and hippocampal activation was found in response to reward-related tasks, and reduced activation was found in the inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus in response to inhibition-related tasks. No studies in trauma-exposed individuals met our review criteria.

Future studies examining the role of trauma-related factors are needed and should explore inhibition- and negative-emotionality domains in individuals who use substances to uncover alterations in these domains that place an individual at greater risk for developing SUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinojosa, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitar, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hien, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Domains Associated with Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing the accuracy of single-molecule data analysis using tMAVEN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-dependent single-molecule experiments contain rich kinetic information about the functional dynamics of biomolecules. A key step in extracting this information is the application of kinetic models, such as hidden Markov models (HMMs), which characterize the molecular mechanism governing the experimental system. Unfortunately, researchers rarely know the physico-chemical details of this molecular mechanism a priori, which raises questions about how to select the most appropriate kinetic model for a given single-molecule dataset and what consequences arise if the wrong model is chosen. To address these questions, we have developed and used time-series Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization ENvironment (tMAVEN), a comprehensive, open-source, and extensible software platform. tMAVEN can perform each step of the single-molecule analysis pipeline, from pre-processing to kinetic modeling to plotting, and has been designed to enable the analysis of a single-molecule dataset with multiple types of kinetic models. Using tMAVEN, we have systematically investigated mismatches between kinetic models and molecular mechanisms by analyzing simulated examples of prototypical single-molecule datasets exhibiting common experimental complications, such as molecular heterogeneity, with a series of different types of HMMs. Our results show that no single kinetic modeling strategy is mathematically appropriate for all experimental contexts. Indeed, HMMs only correctly capture the underlying molecular mechanism in the simplest of cases. As such, researchers must modify HMMs using physico-chemical principles to avoid the risk of missing the significant biological and biophysical insights into molecular heterogeneity that their experiments provide. By enabling the facile, side-by-side application of multiple types of kinetic models to individual single-molecule datasets, tMAVEN allows researchers to carefully tailor their modeling approach to match the complexity of the underlying biomolecular dynamics and increase the accuracy of their single-molecule data analyses.

Statement of SignificanceThe power of time-dependent single-molecule biophysical experiments lies in their ability to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing experimental systems by computationally applying kinetic models to the data. While many software solutions have been developed to estimate the optimal parameters of such models, the results reported here show that the models themselves are often inherently mismatched with the molecular mechanisms they are being used to analyze. To investigate these mismatches and demonstrate how to best model the kinetics of a molecular mechanism, we have used time-series Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization ENvironment (tMAVEN), an open-source software platform we have developed that, among other features, enables the analysis of single-molecule datasets using different kinetic models within a single, extensible, and customizable pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing the accuracy of single-molecule data analysis using tMAVEN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using network control theory to study the dynamics of the structural connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network control theory (NCT) is a simple and powerful tool for studying how network topology informs and constrains dynamics. Compared to other structure-function coupling approaches, the strength of NCT lies in its capacity to predict the patterns of external control signals that may alter dynamics in a desired way. We have extensively developed and validated the application of NCT to the human structural connectome. Through these efforts, we have studied (i) how different aspects of connectome topology affect neural dynamics, (ii) whether NCT outputs cohere with empirical data on brain function and stimulation, and (iii) how NCT outputs vary across development and correlate with behavior and mental health symptoms. In this protocol, we introduce a framework for applying NCT to structural connectomes following two main pathways. Our primary pathway focuses on computing the control energy associated with transitioning between specific neural activity states. Our second pathway focuses on computing average controllability, which indexes nodes general capacity to control dynamics. We also provide recommendations for comparing NCT outputs against null network models. Finally, we support this protocol with a Python-based software package called network control theory for python (nctpy).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brynildsen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using network control theory to study the dynamics of the structural connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term breast cancer response to CDK4/6 inhibition defined by TP53-mediated geroconversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibition of CDK4/6 kinases has led to improved outcomes in breast cancer. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients experience long-term disease control. Using a clinically-annotated cohort of patients with metastatic HR+ breast cancer, we identified TP53 loss (28.8%) and MDM2 amplification (6.7%) to be associated with lack of long-term disease control. Human breast cancer models revealed that p53 loss did not affect CDK4/6 activity or G1-blockade, but instead promoted drug-insensitive p130 phosphorylation by CDK2. Persistence of phospho-p130 prevented DREAM complex assembly, enabling cell cycle reentry and tumor progression. Inhibitors of CDK2 could overcome p53 loss, leading to geroconversion and manifestation of senescence phenotypes. Complete inhibition of both CDK4/6 and CDK2 kinases appears to be necessary to facilitate long-term response across genomically-diverse HR+ breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fushimi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakshatri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis-Filho, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigelt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandarlapaty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term breast cancer response to CDK4/6 inhibition defined by TP53-mediated geroconversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the polarity protein Par3 promotes dendritic spine neoteny and enhances learning and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Par3 polarity protein is critical for subcellular compartmentalization in different developmental processes. Variants of PARD3, which encodes PAR3, are associated with intelligence and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the role of Par3 in glutamatergic synapse formation and cognitive functions in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show that forebrain conditional knockout of Par3 leads to an increase in long, thin dendritic spines without significantly impacting mushroom spines in vivo. In addition, we observed a decrease in the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. Surprisingly, loss of Par3 in vivo enhances hippocampal- dependent spatial learning. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed proteins regulating cytoskeletal dynamics are significantly dysregulated downstream of Par3. Mechanistically, we found Par3 deletion causes increased activation of the Rac1 pathway. Together, our data reveal an unexpected role for Par3 as a molecular gatekeeper in regulating the pool of immature dendritic spines, a rate-limiting step of learning and memory, through modulating Rac1 activation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voglewede, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozsen, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the polarity protein Par3 promotes dendritic spine neoteny and enhances learning and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Histone Promotes Calcium Phosphate-Dependent Calcification in Mouse Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular calcification, a major risk factor for cardiovascular events, is associated with a poor prognosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This process is often associated with the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as extracellular histones released from damaged or dying cells, are suspected to accumulate at calcification sites. To investigate the potential involvement of DAMPs in vascular calcification, we assessed the impact of externally added histones (extracellular histones) on calcium and inorganic phosphate-induced calcification in mouse VSMCs. Our study found that extracellular histones intensified calcification. We also observed that the histones decreased the expression of VSMC marker genes, while simultaneously increasing the expression of osteoblast marker genes. Additionally, histones treated with DNase I, which degrades dsDNA, attenuated this calcification, compared with the non-treated histones, suggesting a potential involvement of dsDNA in this process. Elevated levels of dsDNA were also detected in the serum of CKD model mice, underlining its potential role in vascular calcification in CKD. Our findings suggest that extracellular histones could play a pivotal role in the vascular calcification observed in CKD.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/555403v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoshino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharaghani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Histone Promotes Calcium Phosphate-Dependent Calcification in Mouse Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes precedes Crohn's disease-like ileitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the {gamma}{delta} T cell receptor ({gamma}{delta} IELs) provide immunosurveillance of the intestinal barrier. Interestingly, {gamma}{delta} IEL number is reduced in patients with active Crohns disease (CD). Here, we report an underappreciated role for {gamma}{delta} IELs in maintaining mucosal tolerance during the onset and progression of CD-like ileitis using the TNF{Delta}ARE/+ mouse model. Decreased epithelial HNF4G/BTNL expression is followed by a loss of ileal {gamma}{delta} IELs and impaired barrier surveillance prior to the histological onset of disease. A reduction of immunoregulatory CD39+ {gamma}{delta} IELs coincides with the influx of immature, peripheral CD39- {gamma}{delta} T cells into the epithelium leading to an expansion of induced IELs, while an earlier depletion of {gamma}{delta} IELs correlates with accelerated onset of ileal inflammation. Our findings identify multiple layers of {gamma}{delta} IEL dysregulation prior to ileitis development indicating that the loss of tissue-resident immunoregulatory {gamma}{delta} IELs may contribute to the initiation of ileal CD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovchenko, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucar, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidmar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollias, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelblum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes precedes Crohn's disease-like ileitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recording neural reward signals in the real-world using mobile-EEG and augmented reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrophysiological response to rewards recorded during laboratory-based tasks has been well documented over the past two decades, yet little is known about the neural response patterns in  real-world settings. To address this issue, we combined a mobile-EEG system with an augmented reality headset (which blends high definition "holograms" within the real-world) to record event-related brain potentials (ERP) while participants navigated an operant chamber to find rewards. 25 participants (age = 18-43, Male=6, Female=19) were asked to choose between two floating holograms marking a west or east goal-location in a large room, and once participants reached the goal location, the hologram would turn into a reward (5 cents) or no-reward (0 cents) cue. Following the feedback cue, participants were required to return to a hologram marking the start location, and once standing in it, a 3 second counter hologram would initiate the next trial. This sequence was repeated until participants completed 200 trials. Consistent with previous research, reward feedback evoked the reward positivity, an ERP component believed to index the sensitivity of the anterior cingulate cortex to reward prediction error signals. The reward positivity peaked around 235ms post-feedback with a maximal at channel FCz (M=-2.60V, SD=1.73V) and was significantly different than zero (p < 0.01). At a behavioral level, participants took approximately 3.38 seconds to reach the goal-location and exhibited a general lose-shift (68.3% {+/-} 3.5) response strategy and were slightly slower to return to the start location following negative feedback (2.43 sec) compared to positive feedback (2.38 sec), evidence of post-error slowing. Overall, these findings provide the first evidence that combining mobile-EEG with augmented reality technology is a feasible solution to enhance the ecological validity of human electrophysiological studies of goal-directed behavior and a step towards a new era of human cognitive neuroscience research that blurs the line between laboratory and reality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringfellow, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liran, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recording neural reward signals in the real-world using mobile-EEG and augmented reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interference Requirements of Type III CRISPR-Cas Systems from Thermus thermophilus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the diverse prokaryotic adaptive immunity mechanisms, the Type III CRISPR-Cas systems are the most complex. The multisubunit Type III effectors recognize RNA targets complementary to CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Target recognition causes synthesis of cyclic oligoadenylates that activate downstream auxiliary effectors, which affect cell physiology in complex and poorly understood ways. Here, we studied the ability of III-A and III-B CRISPR-Cas subtypes from Thermus thermophilus to interfere with plasmid transformation. We find that for both systems, requirements for crRNA-target complementarity sufficient for interference depend on the target transcript abundance, with more abundant targets requiring shorter complementarity segments. This result and thermodynamic calculations indicate that Type III effectors bind their targets in a simple bimolecular reaction with more extensive crRNA-target base pairing compensating for lower target abundance. Since the targeted RNA used in our work is non-essential for either the host or the plasmid, the results also establish that a certain number of target-bound effector complexes must be present in the cell to interfere with plasmid establishment. For the more active III-A system, we determine the minimal length of RNA-duplex sufficient for interference and show that the position of this minimal duplex can vary within the effector. Finally, we show that the III-A immunity is dependent on the HD nuclease domain of the Cas10 subunit. Since this domain is absent from the III-B system the result implies that the T. thermophilus III-B system must elicit a more efficient cyclic oligoadenylate dependent response to provide the immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karneyeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livenskyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zgoda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artamonova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ispolatov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interference Requirements of Type III CRISPR-Cas Systems from Thermus thermophilus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KAT2 paralogs prevent dsRNA accumulation and interferon signaling to maintain intestinal stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone acetyltransferases KAT2A and KAT2B are paralogs highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, but their functions are not well understood. In this study, double knockout of murine Kat2 genes in the intestinal epithelium was lethal, resulting in robust activation of interferon signaling and interferon-associated phenotypes including the loss of intestinal stem cells. Use of pharmacological agents and sterile organoid cultures indicated a cell-intrinsic double-stranded RNA trigger for interferon signaling. Acetyl-proteomics and dsRIP-seq were employed to interrogate the mechanism behind this response, which identified mitochondria-encoded double-stranded RNA as the source of intrinsic interferon signaling. Kat2a and Kat2b therefore play an essential role in regulating mitochondrial functions as well as maintaining intestinal health.

Highlights of the workO_LIKat2a and Kat2b double knockout in the murine intestinal epithelium triggers activation of the interferon signaling pathway
C_LIO_LIKat2a/Kat2b knockout leads to intestinal stem cell loss and other mucosal phenotypes consistent with interferon activation
C_LIO_LIHistone PTM mass spec profiling reveals the first in vivo study showing H3K9ac-specific loss with Kat2a and Kat2b double knockout, yet without correlation to interferon signaling pathway genes
C_LIO_LIComprehensive proteomic analysis identifies non-histone acetyl-lysine targets of KAT2 in the mouse intestine in vivo, including mitochondrial proteins
C_LIO_LIMitochondrial function is compromised upon Kat2 loss
C_LIO_LIdsRIP-seq identifies double-stranded RNA from the mitochondria as a trigger for the intrinsic immune response upon Kat2 double knockout
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potgieter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halstead, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dent, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KAT2 paralogs prevent dsRNA accumulation and interferon signaling to maintain intestinal stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor hypoxia has been shown to predict poor patient outcomes in several cancer types, partially because it reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We investigated whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to its impact on the tumor microbiome. We examined the RNA-seq data from the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) database of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated with radiotherapy. For each tumor, we identified microbial RNAs and related them to the hypoxic gene expression scores calculated from host mRNA. Our analysis showed that the hypoxia expression score predicted poor patient outcomes and identified tumors enriched with certain microbes such as Fusobacterium nucleatum. The presence of other microbes, such as Fusobacterium canifelinum, predicted poor patient outcomes, suggesting a potential interaction between hypoxia, the microbiome, and radiation response. To investigate this concept experimentally, we implanted CT26 CRC cells into both immune-competent BALB/c and immune-deficient athymic nude mice. After growth, where tumors passively acquired microbes from the gastrointestinal tract, we harvested tumors, extracted nucleic acids, and sequenced host and microbial RNAs. We stratified tumors based on their hypoxia score and performed metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial gene expression. In addition to hypoxia-trophic and -phobic microbial populations, analysis of microbial gene expression at the strain level showed expression differences based on the hypoxia score. Hypoxia appears to not only associate with different microbial populations but also elicit an adaptive transcriptional response in intratumoral microbes.

SIGNIFICANCETumor hypoxia reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We explored whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to interaction with the tumor microbiome. Hypoxic expression scores associated with certain microbes and elicited an adaptive transcriptional response in others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benej, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreamer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grencewicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeguchi, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eljilany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benejova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papandreou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning for Protein Peptide bindingPrediction: Incorporating Sequence, Structural andLanguage Model Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-peptide interactions play a crucial role in various cellular processes and are implicated in abnormal cellular behaviors leading to diseases such as cancer. Therefore, understanding these interactions is vital for both functional genomics and drug discovery efforts. Despite a significant increase in the availability of protein-peptide complexes, experimental methods for studying these interactions remain laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. Computational methods offer a complementary approach but often fall short in terms of prediction accuracy. To address these challenges, we introduce PepCNN, a deep learning-based prediction model that incorporates structural and sequence-based information from primary protein sequences. By utilizing a combination of half-sphere exposure, position specific scoring matrices, and pre-trained transformer language model, PepCNN outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of specificity, precision, and AUC. The PepCNN software and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/abelavit/PepCNN.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehzangi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsunoda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning for Protein Peptide bindingPrediction: Incorporating Sequence, Structural andLanguage Model Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary Pyruvate Targets Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 to Mitigate Inflammation and Obesity in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity has a multifactorial etiology and is known to be a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, known as meta-inflammation. This state is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pyruvate is a glycolytic metabolite and a crucial node in various metabolic pathways. However, its role and molecular mechanism in obesity and associated complications are obscure. In this study, we reported that pyruvate substantially inhibited adipogenic differentiation in vitro and its administration significantly prevented HFD-induced weight gain, white adipose tissue inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation. To identify the target proteins of pyruvate, drug affinity responsive target stability was employed with proteomics, cellular thermal shift assay, and isothermal drug response to detect the interactions between pyruvate and its molecular targets. Consequently, we identified cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) as a novel molecular target of pyruvate and demonstrated that pyruvate restrained diet-induced obesity, white adipose tissue inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in a cPLA2-dependent manner. Studies with global ablation of cPLA2 in mice showed that the protective effects of pyruvate were largely abrogated, confirming the importance of pyruvate/cPLA2 interaction in pyruvate attenuation of inflammation and obesity. Overall, our study not only establishes pyruvate as an antagonist of cPLA2 signaling and a potential therapeutic option for obesity, but it also sheds light on the mechanism of its action. Pyruvates prior clinical use indicates that it can be considered a safe and viable alternative for obesity, whether consumed as a dietary supplement or as part of a regular diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrona, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary Pyruvate Targets Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 to Mitigate Inflammation and Obesity in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.553995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering biomarkers associated and predicting cardiovascular disease with high accuracy using a novel nexus of machine learning techniques for precision medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.553995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Personalized interventions are deemed vital given the intricate characteristics, advancement, inherent genetic composition, and diversity of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The appropriate utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodologies can yield novel understandings of CVDs, enabling improved personalized treatments through predictive analysis and deep phenotyping. In this study, we proposed and employed a novel approach combining traditional statistics and a nexus of cutting-edge AI/ML techniques to identify significant biomarkers for our predictive engine by analyzing the complete transcriptome of CVD patients. After robust gene expression data pre-processing, we utilized three statistical tests (Pearson correlation, Chi-square test, and ANOVA) to assess the differences in transcriptomic expression and clinical characteristics between healthy individuals and CVD patients. Next, the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) classifier assigned rankings to transcriptomic features based on their relation to the case-control variable. The top ten percent of commonly observed significant biomarkers were evaluated using four unique ML classifiers (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Xtreme Gradient Boosting Decision Trees, and k-Nearest Neighbors). After optimizing hyperparameters, the ensembled models, which were implemented using a soft voting classifier, accurately differentiated between patients and healthy individuals. We have uncovered 18 transcriptomic biomarkers that are highly significant in the CVD population that were used to predict disease with up to 96% accuracy. Additionally, we cross-validated our results with clinical records collected from patients in our cohort. The identified biomarkers served as potential indicators for early detection of CVDs. With its successful implementation, our newly developed predictive engine provides a valuable framework for identifying patients with CVDs based on their biomarker profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Degroat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelhalim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeeshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.553995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering biomarkers associated and predicting cardiovascular disease with high accuracy using a novel nexus of machine learning techniques for precision medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supercharging carbohydrate-binding module alone enhances endocellulase thermostability, binding, and activity on cellulosic biomass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation necessitates high enzyme loadings incurring large processing costs for industrial-scale biofuels or biochemicals production. Manipulating surface charge interactions to minimize non-productive interactions between cellulolytic enzymes and plant cell wall components (e.g., lignin or cellulose) via protein supercharging has been hypothesized to improve biomass biodegradability, but with limited demonstrated success to date. Here we characterize the effect of introducing non-natural enzyme surface mutations and net charge on cellulosic biomass hydrolysis activity by designing a library of supercharged family-5 endoglucanase Cel5A and its native family-2a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) originally belonging to an industrially relevant thermophilic microbe Thermobifida fusca. A combinatorial library of 33 mutant constructs containing different CBM and Cel5A designs spanning a net charge range of -52 to 37 was computationally designed using Rosetta macromolecular modelling software. Activity for all mutants was rapidly characterized as soluble cell lysates and promising mutants (containing mutations either on the CBM, Cel5A catalytic domain, or both CBM and Cel5A domains) were then purified and systematically characterized. Surprisingly, often endocellulases with mutations on the CBM domain alone resulted in improved activity on cellulosic biomass, with three top-performing supercharged CBM mutants exhibiting between 2-5-fold increase in activity, compared to native enzyme, on both pretreated biomass enriched in lignin (i.e., corn stover) and isolated crystalline/amorphous cellulose. Furthermore, we were able to clearly demonstrate that endocellulase net charge can be selectively fine-tuned using protein supercharging protocol for targeting distinct substrates and maximizing biocatalytic activity. Additionally, several supercharged CBM containing endocellulases exhibited a 5-10 {degrees}C increase in optimal hydrolysis temperature, compared to native enzyme, which enabled further increase in hydrolytic yield at higher operational reaction temperatures. This study demonstrates the first successful implementation of enzyme supercharging of cellulolytic enzymes to increase hydrolytic activity towards complex lignocellulosic biomass derived substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeChellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reste, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.557007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supercharging carbohydrate-binding module alone enhances endocellulase thermostability, binding, and activity on cellulosic biomass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter signaling specifies sweat gland stem cell fate through SLN-mediated intracellular calcium regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sympathetic nerves co-develop with their target organs and release neurotransmitters to stimulate their functions after maturation. Here, we provide the molecular mechanism that during sweat gland morphogenesis, neurotransmitters released from sympathetic nerves act first to promote sweat duct elongation via norepinephrine and followed by acetylcholine to specify sweat gland stem cell fate, which matches the sequence of neurotransmitter switch. Without neuronal signals during development, the basal cells switch to exhibit suprabasal (luminal) cell features. Sarcolipin (SLN), a key regulator of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), expression is significantly down-regulated in the sweat gland myoepithelial cells upon denervation. Loss of SLN in sweat gland myoepithelial cells leads to decreased intracellular Ca2+ over time in response to ACh stimulation, as well as upregulation of luminal cell features. In cell culture experiments, we showed that contrary to the paradigm that elevation of Ca2+ promote epidermal differentiation, specification of the glandular myoepithelial (basal) cells requires high Ca2+ while lowering Ca2+ level promotes luminal (suprabasal) cell fate. Our work highlights that neuronal signals not only act transiently for mature sweat glands to function, but also exert long-term impact on glandular stem cell specification through regulating intracellular Ca2+ dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mareedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. P.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurotransmitter signaling specifies sweat gland stem cell fate through SLN-mediated intracellular calcium regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOX4-SMARCA4 complex promotes glycolysis-dependent TNBC cell growth through transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor cells rely on increased glycolytic capacity to promote cell growth and progression. While glycolysis is known to be upregulated in the majority of triple negative (TNBC) or basal-like subtype breast cancers, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used integrative genomic analyses to identify a subset of basal-like tumors characterized by increased expression of the oncogenic transcription factor SOX4 and its co-factor the SWI/SNF ATPase SMARCA4. These tumors are defined by unique gene expression programs that correspond with increased tumor proliferation and activation of key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the SOX4-SMARCA4 complex mediates glycolysis through direct transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and that aberrant HK2 expression and altered glycolytic capacity are required to mediate SOX4-SMARCA4-dependent cell growth. Collectively, we have defined the SOX4-SMARCA4-HK2 signaling axis in basal-like breast tumors and established that this axis promotes metabolic reprogramming which is required to maintain tumor cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khanna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatza, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOX4-SMARCA4 complex promotes glycolysis-dependent TNBC cell growth through transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dynamics of Synthesis and Localization of Jumbo Phage RNA Polymerases inside Infected Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A nucleus-like structure composed of phage-encoded proteins and containing replicating viral DNA is formed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells infected by jumbo bacteriophage phiKZ. The PhiKZ genes are transcribed independently from host RNA polymerase (RNAP) by two RNAPs encoded by the phage. The virion RNAP (vRNAP) transcribes early viral genes and must be injected into the cell with phage DNA. The non-virion RNAP (nvRNAP) is composed of early genes products and transcribes late viral genes. In this work, the dynamics of phage RNAPs localization during phage phiKZ infection was studied. We provide direct evidence of PhiKZ vRNAP injection in infected cells and show that it is excluded from the phage nucleus. The nvRNAP is synthesized shortly after the onset of infection and localizes in the nucleus. We propose that spatial separation of two phage RNAPs allows coordinated expression of phage genes belonging to different temporal classes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antonova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousova, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhivkoplias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artamonova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnyakov, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurdyumova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseniev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodorkovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakunina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dynamics of Synthesis and Localization of Jumbo Phage RNA Polymerases inside Infected Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regularized partial correlation provides reliable functional connectivity estimates while correcting for widespread confounding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.16.558065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) has been invaluable for understanding the brains communication network, with strong potential for enhanced FC approaches to yield additional insights. Unlike with the fMRI field-standard method of pairwise correlation, theory suggests that partial correlation can estimate FC without confounded and indirect connections. However, partial correlation FC can also display low repeat reliability, impairing the accuracy of individual estimates. We hypothesized that reliability would be increased by adding regularization, which can reduce overfitting to noise in regression-based approaches like partial correlation. We therefore tested several regularized alternatives - graphical lasso, graphical ridge, and principal component regression - against unregularized partial and pairwise correlation, applying them to empirical resting-state fMRI and simulated data. As hypothesized, regularization vastly improved reliability, quantified using between-session similarity and intraclass correlation. This enhanced reliability then granted substantially more accurate individual FC estimates when validated against structural connectivity (empirical data) and ground truth networks (simulations). Graphical lasso showed especially high accuracy among regularized approaches, seemingly by maintaining more valid underlying network structures. We additionally found graphical lasso to be robust to noise levels, data quantity, and subject motion - common fMRI error sources. Lastly, we demonstrated that resting-state graphical lasso FC can effectively predict fMRI task activations and individual differences in behavior, further establishing its reliability, external validity, and ability to characterize task-related functionality. We recommend graphical lasso or similar regularized methods for calculating FC, as they can yield more valid estimates of unconfounded connectivity than field-standard pairwise correlation, while overcoming the poor reliability of unregularized partial correlation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regularized partial correlation provides reliable functional connectivity estimates while correcting for widespread confounding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intra-ocular Predation of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens by the Predatory Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria is an intra-ocular infection that can rapidly progress to irreversible loss of vision. While most endophthalmitis isolates are susceptible to antibiotic therapy, the emergence of resistant bacteria necessitates alternative approaches to combat intraocular bacterial proliferation. In this study the ability of predatory bacteria to limit intraocular growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated in a New Zealand White rabbit endophthalmitis prevention model. Predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus were able to reduce proliferation of keratitis isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens. However, it was not able to significantly reduce S. aureus, which is not a productive prey for these predatory bacteria, suggesting that the inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa requires active predation rather than an antimicrobial immune response. Similarly, UV-inactivated B. bacteriovorus were unable to prevent proliferation of P. aeruginosa. Together, these data suggest in vivo predation of Gram-negative bacteria within the intra-ocular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romanowski, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brothers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvario, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadouri, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanks, R. M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intra-ocular Predation of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens by the Predatory Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillatory correlates of threat imminence during virtual navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Predator Imminence Theory proposes that defensive behaviors depend on the proximity of a threat. While the neural mechanisms underlying this proposal have been well studied in animal models, it remains poorly understood in humans. To address this issue, we recorded EEG from twenty-four (15 female) young adults engaged in a first-person virtual reality Risk-Reward Interaction task. On each trial, participants were placed in a virtual room and then presented with either a threat or reward conditioned stimulus (CS) in the same room location (proximal) or different room location (distal). At a behavioral level, all participants learned to avoid the threat-CS, with most using the optimal behavior to actively avoid the proximal threat-CS (88% accuracy) and passively avoid the distal threat-CS (69% accuracy). By contrast, participants learned to actively approach the distal reward-CS (82% accuracy) and to remain still (passive) to the proximal reward-CS (72% accuracy). At an electrophysiological level, we observed a general increase in theta power (4-8 Hz) over right posterior channel P8 across all CS conditions, with the proximal threat-CS evoking the largest theta response. By contrast, distal CS cues induced two bursts of gamma (30-60 Hz) power over midline-parietal channel Pz (approx. 200 msec post-cue) and right frontal channel Fp2 (approx. 300 msec post-cue). Interestingly, while both bursts were sensitive to distal-CS cues, the first burst of gamma power was sensitive to the distal threat-CS requiring a passive response, and the second burst at channel Fp2 was sensitive to the distal reward-CS requiring an active response. Together, these findings demonstrate that oscillatory processes differentiate between the spatial proximity information during threat and reward encoding, likely optimizing the selection of the appropriate behavioral response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karpov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillatory correlates of threat imminence during virtual navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered transcription-associated Cas9 targeting in eukaryotic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA targeting Class 2 CRISPR-Cas effector nucleases, including the well-studied Cas9 proteins, evolved protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) and guide RNA interactions that sequentially license their binding and cleavage activities at protospacer target sites. Both interactions are nucleic acid sequence specific but function constitutively; thus, they provide intrinsic spatial control over DNA targeting activities but naturally lack temporal control. Here we show that engineered Cas9 fusion proteins which bind to nascent RNAs near a protospacer can facilitate spatiotemporal coupling between transcription and DNA targeting at that protospacer: Transcription-associated Cas9 Targeting (TraCT). Engineered TraCT is enabled in eukaryotic yeast or human cells when suboptimal PAM interactions limit basal activity and when one or more nascent RNA substrates are still tethered to the actively transcribed target DNA in cis. Using yeast, we further show that this phenomenon can be applied for selective editing at one of two identical targets in distinct gene loci, or, in diploid allelic loci that are differentially transcribed. Our work demonstrates that temporal control over Cas9s targeting activity at specific DNA sites may be engineered without modifying Cas9s core domains and guide RNA components or their expression levels. More broadly, it establishes co-transcriptional RNA binding as a cis-acting mechanism that can conditionally stimulate CRISPR-Cas DNA targeting in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogenaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagermazova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyebeke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered transcription-associated Cas9 targeting in eukaryotic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The NS1 protein of influenza B virus binds 5'-triphosphorylated dsRNA to suppress RIG-I activation and the antiviral innate immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A and B viruses overcome the host antiviral response to cause a contagious and often severe human respiratory disease. Here, integrative structural biology and biochemistry studies on non- structural protein 1 of influenza B virus (NS1B) reveal a previously unrecognized viral mechanism for innate immune evasion. Conserved basic groups of its C-terminal domain (NS1B-CTD) bind 5- triphosphorylated double-stranded RNA (5ppp-dsRNA), the primary pathogen-associated feature that activates the host retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) to initiate interferon synthesis and the cellular antiviral response. Like RIG-I, NS1B-CTD preferentially binds blunt-end 5ppp-dsRNA. NS1B-CTD also competes with RIG-I for binding 5ppp-dsRNA, and thus suppresses activation of RIG-Is ATPase activity. Although the NS1B N-terminal domain also binds dsRNA, it utilizes a different binding mode and lacks 5ppp-dsRNA end preferences. In cells infected with wild-type influenza B virus, RIG-I activation is inhibited. In contrast, RIG-I activation and the resulting phosphorylation of transcription factor IRF-3 are not inhibited in cells infected with a mutant virus encoding NS1B with a R208A substitution it its CTD that eliminates its 5ppp-dsRNA binding activity. These results reveal a novel mechanism in which NS1B binds 5ppp-dsRNA to inhibit the RIG-I antiviral response during influenza B virus infection, and open the door to new avenues for antiviral drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woltz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweibenz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutakawa, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hura, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solotchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tainer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The NS1 protein of influenza B virus binds 5'-triphosphorylated dsRNA to suppress RIG-I activation and the antiviral innate immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying nutrient colimitation of microbial growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resource availability dictates how fast and how much microbial populations grow. Quantifying the relationship between microbial growth and resource concentrations makes it possible to promote, inhibit, and predict microbial activity. Microbes require many resources, including macronutrients (e.g., carbon and nitrogen), micronutrients (e.g., metals), and complex nutrients like vitamins and amino acids. When multiple resources are scarce, as occurs in nature, microbes may experience resource colimitation in which more than one resource limits growth simultaneously. Despite growing evidence for colimitation, the data is difficult to interpret and compare due to a lack of quantitative measures of colimitation and systematic tests of resource conditions. We hypothesize that microbes experience a continuum of nutrient limitation states and that nutrient colimitation is common in the laboratory and in nature. To address this, we develop a quantitative theory of resource colimitation that captures the range of possible limitation states and describes how they can change dynamically with resource conditions. We apply this approach to clonal populations of Escherichia coli to show that colimitation occurs in common laboratory conditions. We also show that growth rate and growth yield are colimited differently, reflecting their different underlying biology. Finally, we analyze environmental data to provide intuition for the continuum of limitation and colimitation conditions in nature. Altogether our results provide a quantitative framework for understanding and quantifying colimitation of microbes in biogeochemical, biotechnology, and human health contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Held, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crippa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying nutrient colimitation of microbial growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Piezo1 agonist restores meningeal lymphatic vessels, drainage, and brain-CSF perfusion in craniosynostosis and aged mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skull development coincides with the onset of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, brain-CSF perfusion, and meningeal lymphangiogenesis, processes essential for brain waste clearance. How these processes are affected by craniofacial disorders such as craniosynostosis are poorly understood. We report that raised intracranial pressure and diminished CSF flow in craniosynostosis mouse models associates with pathological changes to meningeal lymphatic vessels that affect their sprouting, expansion, and long-term maintenance. We also show that craniosynostosis affects CSF circulatory pathways and perfusion into the brain. Further, craniosynostosis exacerbates amyloid pathology and plaque buildup in Twist1+/-:5xFAD transgenic Alzheimers disease models. Treating craniosynostosis mice with Yoda1, a small molecule agonist for Piezo1, reduces intracranial pressure and improves CSF flow, in addition to restoring meningeal lymphangiogenesis, drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, and brain-CSF perfusion. Leveraging these findings, we show Yoda1 treatments in aged mice with reduced CSF flow and turnover improve lymphatic networks, drainage, and brain-CSF perfusion. Our results suggest CSF provides mechanical force to facilitate meningeal lymphatic growth and maintenance. Additionally, applying Yoda1 agonist in conditions with raised intracranial pressure and/or diminished CSF flow, as seen in craniosynostosis or with ageing, is a possible therapeutic option to help restore meningeal lymphatic networks and brain-CSF perfusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matrongolo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Piezo1 agonist restores meningeal lymphatic vessels, drainage, and brain-CSF perfusion in craniosynostosis and aged mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the effects of temperature on the evolution of bacterial tRNA pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic code consists of 61 codon coding for 20 amino acids. These codons are recognized by transfer RNAs (tRNA) that bind to specific codons during protein synthesis. Most organisms utilize less than all 61 possible anticodons due to base pair wobble: the ability to have a mismatch with a codon at its third nucleotide. Previous studies observed a correlation between the tRNA pool of bacteria and the temperature of their respective environments. However, it is unclear if these patterns represent biological adaptations to maintain the efficiency and accuracy of protein synthesis in different environments. A mechanistic mathematical model of mRNA translation is used to quantify the expected elongation rates and error rate for each codon based on an organisms tRNA pool. A comparative analysis across a range of bacteria that accounts for covariance due to shared ancestry is performed to quantify the impact of environmental temperature on the evolution of the tRNA pool. We find that thermophiles generally have more anticodons represented in their tRNA pool than mesophiles or psychrophiles. Based on our model, this increased diversity is expected to lead to increased missense errors. The implications of this for protein evolution in thermophiles are discussed.

SignificanceProtein synthesis is a vital biological process; however, our understanding of the impact of environmental factors, such as temperature, on the evolution of the molecular mechanisms involved in protein synthesis is limited. In this study, we investigated the impact of environmental temperature on the evolution of the tRNA pool. Our analyses revealed that heat-loving bacteria (thermophiles) generally have more anticodons represented in their tRNA pool. Based on a simple model of ribosome elongation, this observed increase in tRNA diversity in thermophiles is expected to also increase the frequency of translation errors. We speculate that the increased diversity of the tRNA pool could be due to the decreased efficiency of wobble base pairing at higher temperatures, necessitating more tRNA with exact codon-anticodon pairings. Our findings provide key insights into the role of the environment in shaping the tRNA pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the effects of temperature on the evolution of bacterial tRNA pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of nasopharyngeal microbiome patterns in Zambian infants with fatal acute febrile illness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAssociative connections have previously been identified between nasopharyngeal infections and infant mortality. The nasopharyngeal microbiome may potentially influence the severity of these infections.

MethodsWe conducted an analysis of a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 1,981 infants who underwent nasopharyngeal sampling from 1 week through 14 weeks of age at 2-3-week intervals. In all, 27 microbiome samples from 9 of the infants in the cohort who developed fatal acute febrile illness (fAFI) were analyzed in pooled comparisons with 69 samples from 10 healthy comparator infants. We completed 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing all infant NP samples and characterized the maturation of the infant NP microbiome among the fAFI(+) and fAFI(-) infant cohorts.

ResultsBeta diversity measures of fAFI(-) infants were markedly higher than those of fAFI(+) infants. The fAFI(+) infant NP microbiome was marked by higher abundances of Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Leuconostoc, and Weissella, with low relative presence of Alkalibacterium, Dolosigranulum, Moraxella, and Streptococcus.

ConclusionsOur results suggest that nasopharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis precedes fAFI in young infants. Early dysbiosis, involving microbes such as Escherichia, may play a role in the causal pathway leading to fAFI or could be a marker of other pathogenic forces that directly lead to fAFI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Odom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClintock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieciak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of nasopharyngeal microbiome patterns in Zambian infants with fatal acute febrile illness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of the perturbation-based massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) technique has enabled delineating of the roles of non-coding regulatory elements in orchestrating gene expression. However, computational efforts remain scant to evaluate and establish guidelines for sequence design strategies for perturbation MPRAs. Here, we propose a framework for evaluating and comparing various perturbation strategies for MPRA experiments. Under this framework, we benchmark three different perturbation approaches from the perspectives of alteration in motif-based profiles, consistency of MPRA outputs, and robustness of models that predict the activities of putative regulatory motifs. Although our analyses show similar while significant results in multiple metrics, the method of randomly shuffling nucleotides outperform the other two methods. Thus, we still recommend designing sequences by randomly shuffling the nucleotides of the perturbed site in perturbation-MPRA. The evaluation framework, together with the benchmarking findings in our work, creates a resource of computational pipelines and illustrates the promise of perturbation-MPRA for predicting non-coding regulatory activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Best practices for perturbation MPRA--a computational evaluation framework of sequence design strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulating Interclonal Interactions in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most common types of cancers, accounting for 37% of B-cell tumors globally. DLBCL is known to be a heterogeneous disease, resulting in variable clinical presentations and the development of drug resistance. One underexplored aspect of drug resistance is the evolving dynamics between parental and drug-resistant clones with the same microenvironment. In this work, the effects of interclonal interactions between two cell populations - one sensitive to treatment and another resistant to treatment - on tumor growth behaviors were explored through a mathematical model. In vitro cultures of mixed DLBCL populations demonstrated cooperative interactions and revealed the need for modifying the model to account for complex interactions. Multiple best-fit models derived from in vitro data indicated a difference in steady-state behaviors based on therapy administrations in simulations. The model and methods may serve as a tool in understanding the behaviors of heterogeneous tumors and in identifying the optimal therapeutic regimen to eliminate cancer cell populations using computer-guided simulations.

ImportanceThe cellular makeup of tumors can play a vital role in its growth and cancer development. In this work, two different types of cell populations of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were studied together to understand how they interact with each other in cultures. In mixed cultures, both types of cells cooperated with each other and increased their growth in complex manners. A mathematical model was created to simulate the growth behavior of mixed cultures. The model can potentially be used to predict future cell behavior and help in identifying more effective therapy regimens to maximize tumor cell reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulating Interclonal Interactions in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct functions of EHMT1 and EHMT2 in cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EHTM1 (GLP) and EHMT2 (G9a) are closely related protein lysine methyltransferases often thought to function together as a heterodimer to methylate histone H3 and non-histone substrates in diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, genome methylation, and DNA repair. Here we show that EHMT1/2 inhibitors cause ATM-mediated slowdown of replication fork progression, accumulation of single-stranded replication gaps, emergence of cytosolic DNA, and increased expression of STING. EHMT1/2 inhibition strongly potentiates the efficacy of alkylating chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mouse models of tripe negative breast cancer. The effects on DNA replication and alkylating agent sensitivity are largely caused by the loss of EHMT1-mediated methylation of LIG1, whereas the elevated STING expression and remarkable response to immunotherapy appear mainly elicited by the loss of EHMT2 activity. Depletion of UHRF1, a protein known to be associated with EHMT1/2 and LIG1, also induces STING expression, and depletion of either EHMT2 or UHRF1 leads to demethylation of specific CpG sites in the STING1 promoter, suggestive of a distinct EHMT2-UHRF1 axis that regulates DNA methylation and gene transcription. These results highlight distinct functions of the two EHMT paralogs and provide enlightening paradigms and corresponding molecular basis for combination therapies involving alkylating agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginjala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanienko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct functions of EHMT1 and EHMT2 in cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YlaN is an iron(II) binding protein that functions to relieve Fur-mediated repression of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron (Fe) is a trace nutrient required by nearly all organisms. As a result of the demand for Fe and the toxicity of non-chelated cytosolic ionic Fe, regulatory systems have evolved to tightly balance Fe acquisition and usage while limiting overload. In most bacteria, including the mammalian pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is the primary transcriptional regulator that controls the transcription of genes that code for Fe uptake and utilization proteins. YlaN was demonstrated to be essential in Bacillus subtilis unless excess Fe is added to the growth medium, suggesting a role in Fe homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that YlaN is expendable in S. aureus; however, YlaN became essential upon Fe deprivation. A null fur allele bypassed the essentiality of YlaN. The transcriptional response of Fur derepression resulted in a reprogramming of metabolism to prioritize fermentative growth over respiratory growth. The absence of YlaN diminished the derepression of Fur-dependent transcription during Fe limitation. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that ylaN was recruited to Gram positive bacteria and once acquired was maintained in the genome as it co-evolved with Fur. Consistent with a role for YlaN in influencing Fur-dependent regulation, YlaN and Fur interacted in vivo. YlaN bound Fe(II) in vitro using oxygen or nitrogen ligands with an association constant that is consistent with a physiological role in Fe sensing and/or buffering. These findings have led to a model wherein YlaN is an Fe(II) binding protein that influences Fur-dependent regulation through direct interaction.

ImportanceIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for nearly all organisms. If Fe homeostasis is not maintained, Fe can accumulate in the cytosol where it is toxic. Questions remain about how cells efficiently balance Fe uptake and usage to prevent imbalance. Iron uptake and proper metalation of proteins are essential processes in the mammalian bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Understanding the gene products involved in Fe ion regulation, uptake, and usage, as well as the physiological adaptations that S. aureus uses to survive in Fe-depleted conditions, will provide insight into the role that Fe has in pathogenesis. These data will also provide insight into the selective pressures imparted by the mammalian host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>esquilin-lebron, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan Kaler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norambuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mereddy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovermann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulczyk, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carabetta, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmler, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YlaN is an iron(II) binding protein that functions to relieve Fur-mediated repression of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CED-5/CED-12 (DOCK/ELMO) can promote and inhibit F-actin formation via distinct motifs that target different GTPases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated activation and inhibition of F-actin supports the movements of morphogenesis. Understanding the proteins that regulate F-actin is important, since these proteins are mis-regulated in diseases like cancer. Our studies of C. elegans embryonic epidermal morphogenesis identified the GTPase CED-10/Rac1 as an essential activator of F-actin. However, we need to identify the GEF, or Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor, that activates CED-10/Rac1 during embryonic cell migrations. The two-component GEF, CED-5/CED-12, is known to activate CED-10/Rac1 to promote cell movements that result in the engulfment of dying cells during embryogenesis, and a later cell migration of the larval Distal Tip Cell. It is believed that CED-5/CED-12 powers cellular movements of corpse engulfment and DTC migration by promoting F-actin formation. Therefore, we tested if CED-5/CED-12 was involved in embryonic migrations, and got a contradictory result. CED-5/CED-12 definitely support embryonic migrations, since their loss led to embryos that died due to failed epidermal cell migrations. However, CED-5/CED-12 inhibited F-actin in the migrating epidermis, the opposite of what was expected for a CED-10 GEF. To address how CED-12/CED-5 could have two opposing effects on F-actin, during corpse engulfment and cell migration, we investigated if CED-12 harbors GAP (GTPase Activating Protein) functions. A candidate GAP region in CED-12 faces away from the CED-5 GEF catalytic region. Mutating a candidate catalytic Arginine in the CED-12 GAP region (R537A) altered the epidermal cell migration function, and not the corpse engulfment function. A candidate GEF region on CED-5 faces towards Rac1/CED-10. Mutating Serine-Arginine in CED-5/DOCK predicted to bind and stabilize Rac1 for catalysis, resulted in loss of both ventral enclosure and corpse engulfment. Genetic and expression studies showed the GEF and GAP functions act on different GTPases. Thus, we propose CED-5/CED-12 support the cycling of multiple GTPases, by using distinct domains, to both promote and inhibit F-actin nucleation.

Author SummaryGTPases in their active state promote actin nucleation that drives cellular events, from cell migrations, to cell shape changes, to cell-cell interactions. To function correctly, GTPases need to cycle from the active, GTP-bound state, to the inactive, GDP-bound state. This cycle is supported by Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factors, or GEFs, that support activation as GDP is switched for GTP, and GTPase-Activating Proteins, or GAPs that support hydrolysis back to the GDP bound state. The Rac1/CED-10 GTPase has a well-studied GEF, CED-5/CED-12, that promotes Rac1 activation during cell engulfment of dying cells. Here we tested if CED-5/CED-12 also functioned as the activator, or GEF for Rac1 during embryonic cell migrations. Surprisingly, CED-5/CED-12 behaved completely opposite to what was expected during this cell migration. Therefore, we investigated if CED-5/CED-12 could harbor a GAP function. Comparing models of human and C. elegans protein structures suggested a putative GAP region, which we mutated to show that CED-12 likely functions as a GAP. Genetic and gene expression tests identify other GTPases, CDC-42 and RHO-1, regulated by this newly uncovered CED-12 GAP function. This places CED-5/CED-12 at a central position, where it can support the cycling of multiple GTPases, and both promote and inhibit F-actin nucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannimala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CED-5/CED-12 (DOCK/ELMO) can promote and inhibit F-actin formation via distinct motifs that target different GTPases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential processing of delay versus uncertainty in male but not female 16p11.2 hemideletion mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with differences in learning and motivation that can influence executive function, including behavioral flexibility and decision making. 16p11.2 hemideletion is a chromosomal copy number variant that is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. 16p11.2 hemideletion in mice has been previously found to produce male-biased changes in reward learning, but the link between this and altered flexible decision making is poorly understood. We challenged 16p11.2 hemideletion mice with two reward-guided decision making tasks assessing flexible decision making under cost, delay and probability discounting. Both tasks elicited long-term changes in flexible decision making that separated 16p11.2 hemideletion males from wildtype males. In delay discounting,16p11.2 hemideletion males had a stronger, less flexible preference for the large reward at long delays, and this effect was reduced as wildtype males adjusted their preference to match that of the hemideletion males. In probability discounting, 16p11.2 hemideletion males initially had a similar preference for seeking improbable large rewards as did wildtype males, but over time began to prefer certainty to a greater extent than did wildtype males. Female mice discounted similarly for delayed or risky rewards regardless of the presence of the copy number variant. We have previously seen that male 16p11.2 hemideletion mice commit fewer nonreinforced responses than male wildtype mice in an operant setting, which we replicate here in delay discounting, while the introduction of risky rewards eliminates genotype differences in nonreinforced responses. Overall these data suggest that 16p11.2 hemideletion in males leads to differential processing of costs of delay versus inconsistency, with greater aversion to uncertainty than delays, and greater behavioral control by cues that consistently predict an outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grissom, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential processing of delay versus uncertainty in male but not female 16p11.2 hemideletion mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G6PD Maintains Redox Homeostasis and Biosynthesis in LKB1-Deficient KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to combat oxidative stress and support reductive biosynthesis. One major NAPDH production route is the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (committed step: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD). Alternatives exist and can compensate in some tumors. Here, using genetically-engineered lung cancer model, we show that ablation of G6PD significantly suppresses KrasG12D/+;Lkb1-/-(KL) but not KrasG12D/+;p53-/- (KP) lung tumorigenesis. In vivo isotope tracing and metabolomics revealed that G6PD ablation significantly impaired NADPH generation, redox balance and de novo lipogenesis in KL but not KP lung tumors. Mechanistically, in KL tumors, G6PD ablation caused p53 activation that suppressed tumor growth. As tumor progressed, G6PD-deficient KL tumors increased an alternative NADPH source, serine-driven one carbon metabolism, rendering associated tumor-derived cell lines sensitive to serine/glycine depletion. Thus, oncogenic driver mutations determine lung cancer dependence on G6PD, whose targeting is a potential therapeutic strategy for tumors harboring KRAS and LKB1 co-mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arastu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghergurovich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G6PD Maintains Redox Homeostasis and Biosynthesis in LKB1-Deficient KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifts in attention drive context-dependent subspace encoding in anterior cingulate cortex during decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention is a cognitive faculty that selects part of a larger set of percepts, driven by cues such as stimulus saliency, internal goals or priors. The enhancement of the attended representation and inhibition of distractors have been proposed as potential neural mechanisms driving this selection process. Yet, how attention operates when the cue has to be internally constructed from conflicting stimuli, decision rules, and reward contingencies, is less understood. Here we recorded from populations of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), an area implicated in ongoing error monitoring and correction during decision conflicts, in a challenging attention-shifting task. In this task, mice had to attend to the rewarded modality when presented identical auditory and visual stimuli in two contexts without direct external cues. In the ACC, the irrelevant stimulus continuously became less decodable than the relevant stimulus as the trial progressed to the decision point. This contrasted strongly with our previous findings in V1 where both relevant and irrelevant stimuli were equally decodable throughout the trial. Using analytical tools and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model, we found that the linearly independent representation of stimulus modalities in ACC was well suited to context-gated suppression of a stimulus modality. We demonstrated that the feedback structure of lateral connections in the RNN consisted of excitatory interactions between cell ensembles representing the same modality and mutual inhibition between cell ensembles representing distinct stimulus modalities. Using this RNN model showing signatures of context-gated suppression, we predicted that the level of contextual modulation of individual neurons should be correlated with their relative responsiveness to the two stimulus modalities used in the task. We verified this prediction in recordings from ACC neurons but not from recordings from V1 neurons. Therefore, ACC effectively operates on low-dimensional neuronal subspaces to combine stimulus related information with internal cues to drive actions under conflict.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hajnal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safaryan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golshani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifts in attention drive context-dependent subspace encoding in anterior cingulate cortex during decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hard Sphere Model for Single File Water Transport Across Biological Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We use Gurseys statistical mechanics of a one-dimensional fluid to find a formula for the Pf /Pd ratio in the transport of hard spheres across a membrane through a narrow channel that can accommodate only single file movement. Pf is the membrane permeability for osmotic flow, and Pd the permeability for exchange across the membrane in the absence of osmotic flow. The deviation of the ratio from unity indicates the degree of cooperative transport relative to ordinary diffusion of independent isolated molecules. In contrast to an early idea that Pf /Pd must be equal to the number of molecules in the channel, regardless of the physical nature of the interactions among the molecules, we find a functional dependence on the fractional occupancy of the length of the channel by the hard spheres. We also attempt a random walk calculation for Pd individually, which gives a result for Pf as well when combined with the ratio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hard Sphere Model for Single File Water Transport Across Biological Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arrayed in vivo barcoding for multiplexed sequence verification of plasmid DNA and demultiplexing of pooled libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence verification of plasmid DNA is critical for many cloning and molecular biology workflows. To leverage high-throughput sequencing, several methods have been developed that add a unique DNA barcode to individual samples prior to pooling and sequencing. However, these methods require an individual plasmid extraction and/or in vitro barcoding reaction for each sample processed, limiting throughput and adding cost. Here, we develop an arrayed in vivo plasmid barcoding platform that enables pooled plasmid extraction and library preparation for Oxford Nanopore sequencing. This method has a high accuracy and recovery rate, and greatly increases throughput and reduces cost relative to other plasmid barcoding methods or Sanger sequencing. We use in vivo barcoding to sequence verify >45,000 plasmids and show that the method can be used to transform error-containing dispersed plasmid pools into sequence-perfect arrays or well-balanced pools. In vivo barcoding does not require any specialized equipment beyond a low-overhead Oxford Nanopore sequencer, enabling most labs to flexibly process hundreds to thousands of plasmids in parallel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chkaiban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arrayed in vivo barcoding for multiplexed sequence verification of plasmid DNA and demultiplexing of pooled libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KatG catalase deficiency confers bedaquiline hyper-susceptibility to isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a growing source of global mortality and threatens global control of tuberculosis (TB) disease. The diarylquinoline bedaquiline (BDQ) recently emerged as a highly efficacious drug against MDR-TB, defined as resistance to the first-line drugs isoniazid (INH) and rifampin. INH resistance is primarily caused by loss-of-function mutations in the catalase KatG, but mechanisms underlying BDQs efficacy against MDR-TB remain unknown. Here we employ a systems biology approach to investigate BDQ hyper-susceptibility in INH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We found hyper-susceptibility to BDQ in INH-resistant cells is due to several physiological changes induced by KatG deficiency, including increased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, remodeling of transcriptional programs, and metabolic repression of folate biosynthesis. We demonstrate BDQ hyper-susceptibility is common in INH-resistant clinical isolates. Collectively, these results highlight how altered bacterial physiology can impact drug efficacy in drug-resistant bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofori-Anyinam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamblin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coldren, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mereddy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KatG catalase deficiency confers bedaquiline hyper-susceptibility to isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-dependent hierarchical resolution: applications to atomic resolution and model validation in cryoEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent cryoEM resolution revolution has had a tremendous impact on our ability to investigate biomolecular structure and function. However, outstanding questions about the reliability of using a cryoEM-derived molecular model for interpreting experiments and building further hypotheses limit its full impact. Significant amounts of research have been focused on developing metrics to assess cryoEM model quality, yet no consensus exists. This is in part because the meaning of cryoEM model quality is not well defined. In this work, we formalize cryoEM model quality in terms of whether a cryoEM map is better described by a model with localized atomic coordinates or by a lower-resolution model that lacks atomic-level information. This approach emerges from a novel, quantitative definition of image resolution based upon the hierarchical structure of biomolecules, which enables computational selection of the length scale to which a biomolecule is resolved based upon the available evidence embedded in the experimental data. In the context of cryoEM, we develop a machine learning-based implementation of this framework, called hierarchical atomic resolution perception (HARP), for assessing local atomic resolution in a cryoEM map and thus evaluating cryoEM model quality in a theoretically and statistically well-defined manner. Finally, using HARP, we perform a meta-analysis of the cryoEM-derived structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to assess the state of atomic resolution in the field and quantify factors that affect it.

Significance StatementInformation about biomolecular structure is very useful to researchers investigating the mechanistic basis of biomolecular function. To enable researchers to assess the reliability of biomolecular structural information that is derived from experimental data, a new theoretical definition of atomic resolution has been developed. This definition forms the basis of a machine learning-based tool called HARP that can be used to measure the local atomic resolution of cryoEM maps, as well as the quality of the biomolecular structural models derived from such cryoEM maps. To demonstrate the power and utility of these conceptually novel approaches, this work demonstrates how they may be used to investigate the scientific and social factors that have historically affected the quality of cryoEM experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-dependent hierarchical resolution: applications to atomic resolution and model validation in cryoEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yes1-mediated Cul9 phosphorylation promotes the metabolic reprogramming in gastric cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Cul9 has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, its upstream regulators and roles remain unknown. Herein, we indicate that the Cul9 promoter is hypermethylated in GCs. Bioinformatics, mass spectrometry, and unbiased-kinase screen identify the tyrosine kinase Yes1 as a key regulator of Cul9. Yes1 phosphorylates Cul9 at Y1505, promoting its selective autophagy. Patient-associated mutation of Yes1 or helicobacter pylori infection induces Cul9-Y1505 phosphorylation which switches Cul9 from a tumor-suppressor to an oncogene, as evidenced by the fact that Cul9-Y1505D knockin mice are more susceptible to gastric tumorigenesis than wild-type counterparts. Metabolic profiling and ATAC sequencing reveal that Cul9-Y1505D mutant promotes pyrimidine and purine synthesis pathways in GC. DNA-demethylating drug decitabine or HG78 compound upregulates Cul9 expression and limits GC cell proliferation in a Yes1-dependent manner. The Yes1 inhibitor CH6953755 or Leflunomide and Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) also impair the malignancy of GC with Cul9 dysregulation. Cul9 in turn binds Yes1 and disrupts Yes1 stability, establishing a feedback circuit. Collectively, our project reveals an unrecognized role of the Yes1-Cul9 loop in GC, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yes1-mediated Cul9 phosphorylation promotes the metabolic reprogramming in gastric cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.563009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the Cellulose Binding Interactions of Type-A Carbohydrate-Binding Modules using Acoustic Force Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.563009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical understanding of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) is vital for the manipulation of a variety of biological functions they support, including biomass deconstruction, polysaccharide biosynthesis, pathogen defence, and plant development. The unbinding characteristics of CBMs from a polysaccharide substrate surface can be studied using rupture force measurements since it enables a quantitative inference of binding properties through the application of dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) theory. With the increase in usage of CBMs for diverse applications, it is important to engineer and characterize CBMs that have desired sets of interactions with various carbohydrate substrates. However, though the effect of mutations in the binding motif residues is known to influence CBM binding affinity, its effect on the rupture forces is still not well quantified. This is primarily due to the low experimental throughput of most single-molecule DFS techniques available to characterize the force-induced dissociation of protein-ligand interactions. Here, we have determined the rupture forces of microscopic beads functionalized with various wild-type and mutant CBMs using a highly multiplexed DFS technique called Acoustic Force Spectroscopy (AFS). We have characterized the acoustic force-induced dissociation of specifically two type A CBMs (i.e., CBM3a and CBM64) and relevant seven binding motif targeting CBM mutants unbinding from a nanocellulose surface, over a broad range of DFS loading rates (i.e., 0.1 pN/s to 100 pN/s). Our analysis of the rupture force DFS data yields apparent CBM-cellulose bond interaction parameters, which enables a quantitative comparison of the effect of corresponding mutations on cellulose-CBM binding interactions that compares favorably with results from classical bulk ensemble based binding assays. In summary, detailed insights into the rupturing mechanism of multi-CBM fused domains provides motivation for usage of specific constructs for industrial biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.563009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the Cellulose Binding Interactions of Type-A Carbohydrate-Binding Modules using Acoustic Force Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNF91 is an endogenous repressor of the molecular phenotype associated with X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundX-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the insertion of an intronic SINE-Alu-VNTR (SVA) retrotransposon in the TAF1 gene. Recent research has revealed that the pathogenic XDP-SVA insertion leads to dysregulation of TAF1 transcription, including increased intron retention and decreased expression of exons surrounding the insertion. The Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) zinc finger protein, ZNF91, is a critical repressor of SVA retrotransposons. However, it remains unclear whether ZNF91 is able to repress the XDP-SVA insertion and how this influences the XDP-associated molecular phenotype. In this study, we investigate the role of ZNF91 in repressing the XDP-SVA insertion and its impact on the molecular phenotype associated with XDP.

MethodsHere, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to genetically delete ZNF91 in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from XDP patients, as well as isogenic control iPSC lines that lack the XDP-SVA insertion. Total RNA sequencing and capture RNA-sequencing were used to confirm ZNF91 deletion and to assess TAF1 transcriptional changes between conditions. Furthermore, publicly available transcriptomic data from whole blood and different brain regions were used to assess ZNF91 expression levels across ages.

ResultsWe found that genetic deletion of ZNF91 exacerbates the molecular phenotype associated with the XDP-SVA insertion in patient cells, while no difference was observed when ZNF91 was deleted from isogenic control cells. Additionally, we observed a significant age-related reduction in ZNF91 expression in whole blood and brain, indicating a potential role of ZNF91 in the age-dependent onset of XDP.

ConclusionsThese findings indicate that ZNF91 plays a crucial role in controlling the molecular phenotype associated with XDP. Since ZNF91 is a critical epigenetic repressor of SVAs, this suggests that epigenetic silencing of the XDP-SVA minimizes the severity of the molecular phenotype. Our results showing that ZNF91 expression levels significantly decrease with age provide a potential explanation for the age-related progressive neurodegenerative character of XDP. Collectively, our study provides important insights into the protective role of ZNF91 in XDP pathogenesis and suggests that modulating ZNF91 levels or targeted repression of the XDP-SVA could be novel therapeutic strategies worth exploring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenkrantz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghib, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandorff, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapadia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaine, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmiloe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNF91 is an endogenous repressor of the molecular phenotype associated with X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurocognitive Dynamics of Preparatory and Adaptive Cognitive Control: Insights from Mass-Univariate and Multivariate Pattern Analysis of EEG data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control encompasses a set of basic perceptual and reasoning processes that help us align thoughts and actions with goals. While a growing body of research indicates that these processes can be independently engaged and tuned to fit different tasks (e.g., behavioural preparation vs behavioural adaptation), the dynamic interplay of these processes and their functional timing within the information stream, remains elusive. In this study, we used a combination of mass-univariate and multivariate pattern analysis to examine electroencephalography data from 52 participants, recorded during performance of the Dot Pattern Expectancy Task (DPX), a task designed to assess both preparatory and adaptive cognitive control. Contrary to the notion of isolated neural signatures for either cognitive control mode, our data indicates that cognitive control engages a sequence of distinct yet partially overlapping brain activation patterns. Preparatory cue-stimuli evoked early transient occipital-parietal amplitude responses that were followed by enhanced sustained central-parietal and fronto-central amplitude responses. Similarly, adaptive probe-stimuli evoked enhanced early transient occipital-parietal amplitude responses, but these were followed by enhanced transient, fronto-central and central parietal amplitude responses. Moreover, we found significant relationships between the magnitude of the central-parietal and fronto-central amplitude response pattern and behavioural performance in the DPX. This research not only extends prior work but also offers valuable insights into the functional timing and organisation of the neurocognitive processes underpinning both preparatory and adaptive cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia Alanis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavanon, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurocognitive Dynamics of Preparatory and Adaptive Cognitive Control: Insights from Mass-Univariate and Multivariate Pattern Analysis of EEG data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelet proteo-transcriptomic profiling validates mediators of thrombosis and proteostasis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) including polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) exhibit unique clinical features, such as a tendency toward thrombosis and hemorrhage, and risk of disease progression to secondary bone marrow fibrosis and/or acute leukemia. Although an increase in blood cell lineage counts (quantitative features) contribute to these morbid sequelae, the significant qualitative abnormalities of myeloid cells that contribute to vascular risk are not well understood. Here, we address this critical knowledge gap via a comprehensive and untargeted profiling of the platelet proteome in a large (n= 140) cohort of patients (from two independent sites) with an established diagnosis of PV and ET (and complement prior work on the MPN platelet transcriptome from a third site). We discover distinct MPN platelet protein expression and confirm key molecular impairments associated with proteostasis and thrombosis mechanisms of potential relevance to MPN pathology. Specifically, we validate expression of high-priority candidate markers from the platelet transcriptome at the platelet proteome (e.g., calreticulin (CALR), Fc gamma receptor (Fc{gamma}RIIA) and galectin-1 (LGALS1) pointing to their likely significance in the proinflammatory, prothrombotic and profibrotic phenotypes in patients with MPN. Together, our proteo-transcriptomic study identifies the peripherally-derived platelet molecular profile as a potential window into MPN pathophysiology and demonstrates the value of integrative multi-omic approaches in gaining a better understanding of the complex molecular dynamics of disease.

HighlightsMPN patient platelet proteome identifies key pathobiological mediators of thrombosis and proteostasis. The MPN platelet proteomic profile validates our prior findings from the platelet transcriptome.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/563619v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (20K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cb6290org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3ec3eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15b0c8eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9575b2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schieppati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaife, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni Ainle, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falanga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelet proteo-transcriptomic profiling validates mediators of thrombosis and proteostasis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated neuroimmune interactions and sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects up to half of HIV-1 positive patients with long term neurological consequences, including dementia. There are no effective therapeutics for HAND because the pathophysiology of HIV-1 induced glial and neuronal functional deficits in humans remains enigmatic. To bridge this knowledge gap, we established a model simulating HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived microglia combined with sliced neocortical organoids. Upon incubation with two replication-competent macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains (JRFL and YU2), we observed that microglia not only became productively infected but also exhibited inflammatory activation. RNA sequencing revealed a significant and sustained activation of type I interferon signaling pathways. Incorporating microglia into sliced neocortical organoids extended the effects of aberrant type I interferon signaling in a human neural context. Collectively, our results illuminate the role of persistent type I interferon signaling in HIV-1 infected microglial in a human neural model, suggesting its potential significance in the pathogenesis of HAND.

Highlights of the workO_LIHIV-1 productively infects iPSC-derived microglia and triggers inflammatory activation.
C_LIO_LIHIV-1 infection of microglia results in sustained type I interferon signaling.
C_LIO_LIMicroglia infected by HIV-1 incorporate into sliced neocortical organoids with persistent type I interferon signaling and disease risk gene expression.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boreland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillitano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated neuroimmune interactions and sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDB NextGen Archive: Centralising Access to Integrated Annotations and Enriched Structural Information by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive is the global repository for public-domain 3D biomolecular structural information. The archival nature of the PDB presents certain challenges pertaining to updating or adding associated annotations from trusted external biodata resources. While each Worldwide PDB (wwPDB) partner has made best efforts to provide up-to-date external annotations, accessing and integrating information from disparate wwPDB data centers can be an involved process. To address this issue, the wwPDB has established the PDB Next Generation or NextGen Archive, developed to centralize and streamline access to enriched structural annotations from wwPDB partners and trusted external sources. At present, the archive provides mappings between experimentally determined 3D structures of proteins and UniProt amino acid sequences, together with domain annotations from Pfam, SCOP2, and CATH databases, and intra-molecular connectivity information. Since launch, the PDB NextGen Archive has seen substantial user engagement with over 3.5 million data file downloads, ensuring researchers have access to accurate, up-to-date, and easily accessible structural annotations.

Database URLhttp://www.wwpdb.org/ftp/pdb-nextgen-archive-site
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrisford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peisach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehl, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanweer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwardhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurisu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDB NextGen Archive: Centralising Access to Integrated Annotations and Enriched Structural Information by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plexin-B1 and Plexin-B2 play non-redundant roles in GABAergic synapse formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse formation in the mammalian brain is a complex and dynamic process requiring coordinated function of dozens of molecular families such as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and ligand-receptor pairs (Ephs/Ephrins, Neuroligins/Neurexins, Semaphorins/Plexins). Due to the large number of molecular players and possible functional redundancies within gene families, it is challenging to determine the precise synaptogenic roles of individual molecules, which is key to understanding the consequences of mutations in these genes for brain function. Furthermore, few molecules are known to exclusively regulate either GABAergic or glutamatergic synapses, and cell and molecular mechanisms underlying GABAergic synapse formation in particular are not thoroughly understood. However, we previously demonstrated that Semaphorin-4D (Sema4D) regulates GABAergic synapse development in the mammalian hippocampus while having no effect on glutamatergic synapse development, and this effect occurs through binding to its high affinity receptor, Plexin-B1. Furthermore, Plexin-B2 contributes to GABAergic synapse formation as well but is not required for GABAergic synapse formation induced by binding to Sema4D. Here, we perform a structure-function study of the Plexin-B1 and Plexin-B2 receptors to identify the protein domains in each receptor that are required for its synaptogenic function. We also provide evidence that Plexin-B2 expression in presynaptic parvalbumin-positive interneurons is required for formation of GABAergic synapses onto excitatory pyramidal neurons in CA1. Our data reveal that Plexin-B1 and Plexin-B2 function non-redundantly to regulate GABAergic synapse formation and suggest that the transmembrane domain may underlie these functional distinctions. These findings lay the groundwork for future investigations into the precise signaling pathways required for synapse formation downstream of Plexin-B receptor signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pranske, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanzler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plexin-B1 and Plexin-B2 play non-redundant roles in GABAergic synapse formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fatty acid metabolism in neutrophils promotes lung damage and bacterial replication during tuberculosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection triggers a significant influx of neutrophils to the lungs, which is linked to tuberculosis (TB) severity. The mechanism by which Mtb infection induces neutrophillic inflammation remains unclear. Using a clinically relevant and hypervirulent Mtb strain from the W-Beijing family, HN878, we found that genes related to both glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism are upregulated in the lung neutrophils of susceptible mice. Similar effects in gene expression were observed in rabbits, and humans with pulmonary TB compared to healthy controls. Inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxy D-glucose (2-DG) exacerbated disease pathology, while fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibitor Etomoxir (ETO) improved outcomes by reducing weight loss, immunopathology, and bacterial replication within neutrophils in genetically susceptible mice. Notably, ETO reduced neutrophil production in the bone marrow and their recruitment to the lungs. ETO specifically restrained the recruitment of Ly6Glow/dim immature neutrophil population, which is elevated during disease progression and harbors the bulk of bacilli. In a transwell setup, we demonstrated that ETO dose-dependently inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis towards infected macrophages. In summary, our research highlights the crucial role of fatty acid metabolism in regulating neutrophilic inflammation during TB and provides a rationale for targeting immunometabolism of neutrophils for potential TB treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saqib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafiz, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargavi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fatty acid metabolism in neutrophils promotes lung damage and bacterial replication during tuberculosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveCombining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of Cre recombinase with genetically modified floxed animals is a powerful approach for assaying the functional role of genes in regulating behavior and metabolism. Extensive research in diverse cell types and tissues using AAV-Cre has shown it can save time and avoid developmental compensation as compared to using Cre driver mouse line crossings. We initially sought to study the impact of ablation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) using intracranial AAV-Cre injection in adult animals.

MethodsIn this study, we stereotactically injected AAV8-hSyn-Cre or a control AAV8-hSyn-GFP both Crh-floxed and wild-type mouse PVN to assess behavioral and metabolic impacts. We then used immunohistochemical markers to systematically evaluate the density of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons and glial cells.

ResultsWe found that delivery of one specific preparation of AAV8-hSyn-Cre in the PVN led to the development of obesity, hyperphagia, and anxiety-like behaviors. This effect occurred independent of sex and in both floxed and wild-type mice. We subsequently found that AAV8-hSyn-Cre led to neuronal cell death and gliosis at the site of viral vector injections. These behavioral and metabolic deficits were dependent on injection into the PVN. An alternatively sourced AAV-Cre did not reproduce the same results.

ConclusionsOur findings reveal that delivery of a specific batch of AAV-Cre could lead to cellular toxicity and lesions in the PVN that cause robust metabolic and behavioral impacts. These alterations can complicate the interpretation of Cre-mediated gene knockout and highlight the need for rigorous controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busannagari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with viral vector-mediated toxicity in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid activation of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD301b+DC-derived IL-2 dictates the outcome of helper T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effector T helper (Th) cell differentiation is fundamental to functional adaptive immunity. Different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) preferentially induce different types of Th cells, but the fate instruction mechanism for Th type 2 (Th2) differentiation remains enigmatic, as the critical DC-derived cue has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that CD301b+ DCs, a major Th2-inducing DC subset, drive Th2 differentiation through cognate interaction by  kick-starting IL-2 receptor signaling in CD4T cells. Mechanistically, CD40 engagement induces IL-2 production selectively from CD301b+ DCs to maximize CD25 expression in CD4 T cells, which is required specifically for the Th2 fate decision. On the other hand, CD25 in CD301b+ DCs facilitates directed action of IL-2 toward cognate CD4T cells. Furthermore, CD301b+ DC-derived IL-2 skews CD4T cells away from the T follicular helper fate. These results highlight the critical role of DC-intrinsic CD40-IL-2 axis in bifurcation of Th cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatsumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Fenej, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Pagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid activation of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD301b+DC-derived IL-2 dictates the outcome of helper T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Queuosine biosynthetic enzyme, QueE moonlights as a cell division regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.565030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many organisms, stress responses to adverse environments can trigger secondary functions of certain proteins by altering protein levels, localization, activity, or interaction partners. Escherichia coli cells respond to the presence of specific cationic antimicrobial peptides by strongly activating the PhoQ/PhoP two-component signaling system, which regulates genes important for growth under this stress. As part of this pathway, a biosynthetic enzyme called QueE, which catalyzes a step in the formation of queuosine (Q) tRNA modification is upregulated. When cellular QueE levels are high, it co-localizes with the central cell division protein FtsZ at the septal site, blocking division and resulting in filamentous growth. Here we show that QueE affects cell size in a dose-dependent manner. Using alanine scanning mutagenesis of amino acids in the catalytic active site, we pinpoint particular residues in QueE that contribute distinctly to each of its functions - Q biosynthesis or regulation of cell division, establishing QueE as a moonlighting protein. We further show that QueE orthologs from enterobacteria like Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae also cause filamentation in these organisms, but the more distant counterparts from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis lack this ability. By comparative analysis of E. coli QueE with distant orthologs, we elucidate a unique region in this protein that is responsible for QueEs secondary function as a cell division regulator. A dual-function protein like QueE is an exception to the conventional model of "one gene, one enzyme, one function", which has divergent roles across a range of fundamental cellular processes including RNA modification and translation to cell division and stress response.

Author SummaryIn stressful environments, proteins in many organisms can take on extra roles. When Escherichia coli bacteria are exposed to antimicrobial compounds, the cell activates the PhoQ/PhoP signaling system, increasing the production of an enzyme called QueE. QueE is usually involved in the formation of queuosine (Q) tRNA modification. When cells make abundant QueE, it interacts with a vital division protein, FtsZ, disrupting division and causing elongation - a "moonlighting" function. Detailed study of QueE reveals specific regions involved in Q biosynthesis or cell division. QueE in organisms closely related to E. coli also has dual roles, while distant relatives are unifunctional. Comparative analysis identifies a unique E. coli QueE region regulating cell division. This study shows QueEs versatility in linking and impacting distinct cellular processes such as RNA metabolism, protein translation, cell division, and stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeleye, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.565030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Queuosine biosynthetic enzyme, QueE moonlights as a cell division regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using behavioral biomarkers to redefine epochs of spontaneous recovery following spinal cord injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain-spinal cord axis generates movement by assembling motor primitives into coordinated sequences. Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts this neuroaxis, impairing not only locomotion, but the full repertoire of behavior. Traditional scales for quantifying recovery collapse this complexity into predefined locomotor-focused criteria that obscure heterogeneity in recovery. To quantify the full behavioral repertoire following SCI, we adapted motion sequencing (MoSeq) to identify sub-second behavioral "syllables" and capture their usage and sequential organization without predefined features. We identified biomechanically distinct variants within syllable classes that are shared across injury severities and found that recovery is jointly structured by injury severity and individual mouse identity. Changes in sequences, however, unfold along a conserved temporal trajectory. By compressing behavior into a single metric, we uncovered clusters of coevolving locomotor and non-locomotor behaviors. These results frame SCI recovery with repertoire-level changes, where adaptive strategies emerge from constrained access to motor primitives and their sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivinetto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oputa, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nacht, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusuloori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmoyro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira Lab Computational Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McTigue, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tysseling, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using behavioral biomarkers to redefine epochs of spontaneous recovery following spinal cord injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ciliary intrinsic mechanisms regulate dynamic ciliary extracellular vesicle release from sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.565151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain signaling proteins and act in intercellular communication. Polycystin-2 (PKD-2), a transient receptor potential channel, is a conserved ciliary EVs cargo. Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a model for studying ciliary EV biogenesis and function. C. elegans males release EVs in a mechanically-induced manner and deposit PKD-2-labeled EVs onto the hermaphrodite vulva during mating, suggesting an active release process. Here, we study the dynamics of ciliary EV release using time-lapse imaging and find that cilia can sustain the release of PKD-2-labeled EVs for a two-hour duration. Intriguingly, this extended release doesnt require neuronal synaptic transmission. Instead, ciliary intrinsic mechanisms regulate PKD-2 ciliary membrane replenishment and dynamic EV release. The ciliary kinesin-3 motor KLP-6 is necessary for both initial and extended ciliary EV release, while the transition zone protein NPHP-4 is required only for sustained EV release. The dihydroceramide desaturase DEGS1/2 ortholog TTM-5 is highly expressed in the EV-releasing sensory neurons, localizes to cilia, and is required for sustained but not initial ciliary EV release, implicating ceramide in ciliary ectocytosis. The study offers a comprehensive portrait of real-time ciliary EV release, and mechanisms supporting cilia as proficient EV release platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ciliary intrinsic mechanisms regulate dynamic ciliary extracellular vesicle release from sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of RfaH-mediated transcription-translation coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NusG paralog RfaH mediates bacterial transcription-translation coupling on genes that contain a DNA sequence element, termed an ops site, required for pausing RNA polymerase (RNAP) and for loading RfaH onto the paused RNAP. Here we report cryo-EM structures of transcription-translation complexes (TTCs) containing RfaH. The results show that RfaH bridges RNAP and the ribosome, with the RfaH N-terminal domain interacting with RNAP, and with the RfaH C-terminal domain interacting with the ribosome. The results show that the distribution of translational and orientational positions of RNAP relative to the ribosome in RfaH-coupled TTCs is more restricted than in NusG-coupled TTCs, due to the more restricted flexibility of the RfaH interdomain linker. The results further show that the structural organization of RfaH-coupled TTCs in the "loading state," in which RNAP and RfaH are located at the ops site during formation of the TTC, is the same as the structural organization of RfaH-coupled TTCs in the "loaded state," in which RNAP and RfaH are located at positions downstream of the ops site during function of the TTC. The results define the structural organization of RfaH-containing TTCs and set the stage for analysis of functions of RfaH during translation initiation and transcription-translation coupling.

One sentence summaryCryo-EM reveals the structural basis of transcription-translation coupling by RfaH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of RfaH-mediated transcription-translation coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting phosphoRab-RILPL Interactions as a Strategy to Downregulate Pathogenic LRRK2 in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial Parkinsons disease (PD) is frequently linked to multiple disease-causing mutations within Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2), leading to aberrant kinase activity. Multiple pathogenic effects of enhanced LRRK2 activity have been identified including loss of cilia and centrosomal cohesion defects. When phosphorylated by LRRK2, Rab8a and Rab10 bind to phospho-specific RILPL effector proteins. RILPL-mediated accumulation of pRabs proximal to the mother centriole is critical for initiating deficits in ciliogenesis and centrosome cohesion mediated by LRRK2. We hypothesized that Rab-derived phospho-mimics may serve to block phosphorylated Rab proteins from docking with RILPL in the context of hyperactive LRRK2 mutants. This would serve as an alternative strategy to downregulate pathogenic signaling mediated by LRRK2, rather than targeting LRRK2 kinase activity itself. To test this theory, we designed a series of constrained peptides mimicking phosphorylated Switch II derived from Rab8. These RILPL interacting peptides, termed RIP, were further shown to permeate cells. Further, several peptides were found to bind RILPL2 and restore ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in cells expressing PD-associated mutant LRRK2. This research demonstrates the utility of constrained peptides as downstream inhibitors to target pathogenic LRRK2 activity and may provide an alternative approach to target specific pathways activated by LRRK2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting phosphoRab-RILPL Interactions as a Strategy to Downregulate Pathogenic LRRK2 in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial organization of bacterial sphingolipid synthesis enzymes 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingolipids are produced by nearly all eukaryotes where they play significant roles in cellular processes such as cell growth, division, programmed cell death, angiogenesis, and inflammation. While it was previously believed that sphingolipids were quite rare among bacteria, bioinformatic analysis of the recently identified bacterial sphingolipid synthesis genes suggests that these lipids are likely to be produced by a wide range of microbial species. The sphingolipid synthesis pathway consists of three critical enzymes. Serine palmitoyltransferase catalyzes the condensation of serine with palmitoyl-CoA (or palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein), ceramide synthase adds the second acyl chain, and a reductase reduces the ketone present on the long-chain base. While there is general agreement regarding the identity of these bacterial enzymes, the precise mechanism and order of chemical reactions for microbial sphingolipid synthesis is more ambiguous. Two mechanisms have been proposed. First, the synthesis pathway may follow the well characterized eukaryotic pathway in which the long-chain base is reduced prior to the addition of the second acyl chain. Alternatively, our previous work suggests that addition of the second acyl chain precedes the reduction of the long-chain base. To distinguish between these two models, we investigated the subcellular localization of these three key enzymes. We found that serine palmitoyltransferase and ceramide synthase are localized to the cytoplasm whereas the ceramide reductase is in the periplasmic space. This is consistent with our previously proposed model wherein the second acyl chain is added in the cytoplasm prior to export to the periplasm where the lipid molecule is reduced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uchendu, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial organization of bacterial sphingolipid synthesis enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.565637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeographic analysis of Begomovirus coat and replication-associated proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.565637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Begomoviruses are globally distributed plant pathogens that significantly limit crop production. These viruses are traditionally described according to phylogeographic distribution and categorized into two groups: begomoviruses from the Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania (AAEO) region and begomoviruses from the Americas. Monopartite begomoviruses are more common in the AAEO region while bipartite viruses predominate in the Americas, where the begomoviruses lack the V2/AV2 gene involved in inter-cellular movement and RNA silencing suppression found in AAEO begomoviruses. While these features are generally accepted as lineage-defining, the number of known species has doubled due to sequence-based discovery since 2010. To reevaluate the geographic groupings after the rapid expansion of the genus, we conducted phylogenetic analyses for begomovirus species representatives of the two longest and most conserved begomovirus proteins: the coat and replication-associated proteins. Both proteins still largely support the broad AAEO and Americas begomovirus groupings, except for sweetpotato-infecting begomoviruses that form an independent, well-supported clade for their coat protein regardless of the region they were isolated from. Our analyses do not support more fine-scaled phylogeographic groupings. Monopartite and bipartite genome organizations are broadly interchanged throughout the phylogenies and the absence of the V2/AV2 gene is highly reflective of the split between Americas and AAEO begomoviruses. We observe significant evidence of recombination within the Americas and within the AAEO region, but rarely between the regions. We speculate that increased globalization of agricultural trade, the invasion of polyphagous whitefly vector biotypes and recombination will blur begomovirus phylogeographic delineations in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Bellido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos-Amengual, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.565637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeographic analysis of Begomovirus coat and replication-associated proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic RNA Polymerase II Recruitment Drives Differentiation of the Intestine under the direction of HNF4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal differentiation requires a massive restructuring of the transcriptome. During intestinal differentiation, the expression patterns of nearly 4000 genes are altered as cells transition from progenitor cells in crypts to differentiated cells in villi. We identified dynamic recruitment of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) to gene promoters as the primary driver of transcriptomic shifts during intestinal differentiation in vivo. Changes in enhancer-promoter looping interactions accompany dynamic Pol II recruitment and are dependent upon HNF4, a pro-differentiation transcription factor. Using genetic loss-of-function, ChIP-seq and IP mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that HNF4 collaborates with chromatin remodelers and loop-stabilizing proteins and facilitates Pol II recruitment at hundreds of genes pivotal to differentiation. We also explore alternate mechanisms which drive differentiation gene expression and find pause-release of Pol II and post-transcriptional mRNA stability regulate smaller subsets of differentially expressed genes. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms of differentiation in a renewing adult tissue.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIDynamic recruitment of Pol II largely drives the vast transcriptomic changes seen during differentiation of mouse intestinal epithelium.
C_LIO_LISmaller groups of differentiated genes are subject to regulation through Pol II pause-release and post-transcriptional mechanisms such as differences in mRNA stability.
C_LIO_LIIP-mass spectrometry analysis identifies the first interactome of HNF4 in the differentiated small intestine, finding interactions with chromatin looping and chromatin remodeling proteins.
C_LIO_LIHNF4 transcription factors play a critical role in recruiting Pol II to the promoters of essential intestinal differentiation genes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vemuri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic RNA Polymerase II Recruitment Drives Differentiation of the Intestine under the direction of HNF4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, transcriptomic, histological, and biochemical analysis of progressive supranuclear palsy implicates glial activation and novel risk genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.565552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare Parkinsonian disorder characterized by problems with movement, balance, cognition, and other symptoms. PSP differs from Alzheimers disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases displaying abnormal forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau ("tauopathies") by the presence of pathology not only in neurons, but also in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Genetic contributors may mediate these differences, however much of PSP genetics remains unexplained. Here we conducted the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PSP to date including 2,779 cases (2,595 neuropathologically-confirmed) and 5,584 controls and identified six independent PSP susceptibility loci with genome-wide significant (p < 5x10-8) associations including five known (MAPT, MOBP, STX6, RUNX2, SLCO1A2) and one novel locus (C4A). Integration with cell type-specific epigenomic annotations revealed a unique oligodendrocytic signature that distinguishes PSP from AD and Parkinsons disease. Candidate PSP risk gene prioritization using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) identified oligodendrocyte-specific effects on gene expression in half of the genome-wide significant loci, as well as an association with elevated C4A expression in bulk brain tissue which may be driven by increased C4A copy number in PSP cases. Finally, histological studies demonstrated abnormal tau aggregates in oligodendrocytes that colocalize with C4 (complement) deposition. Integrating GWAS with functional studies including epigenomic and eQTL analyses, we identified potential causal roles for variation in MOBP, STX6, RUNX2, SLCO1A2, and C4A in the pathogenesis of PSP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuksa, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantwell, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sanctis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krassner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangoor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirenberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babrowicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglinger, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golbe, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revesz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademakers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.565552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, transcriptomic, histological, and biochemical analysis of progressive supranuclear palsy implicates glial activation and novel risk genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex and gender are associated with human behavior throughout the lifespan and across health and disease, but whether they are associated with similar or distinct neural phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in children, sex and gender are uniquely reflected in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain. Unimodal networks are more strongly associated with sex while heteromodal networks are more strongly associated with gender. These results suggest sex and gender are irreducible to one another not only in society but also in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of mRNA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During translation initiation, messenger RNA molecules must be identified and activated for loading into a ribosome. In this rate-limiting step, the heterotrimeric protein eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F must recognize and productively interact with the 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5 end of the messenger RNA and subsequently activate the message. Despite its fundamental, regulatory role in gene expression, the molecular events underlying cap recognition and messenger RNA activation remain mysterious. Here, we generate a unique, single-molecule fluorescence imaging system to interrogate the dynamics with which eIF4F discriminates productive and non-productive locations on full-length, native messenger RNA molecules. At the single-molecule level, we observe stochastic sampling of eIF4F along the length of the messenger RNA and identify allosteric communication between the eIF4F subunits which ultimately drive cap-recognition and subsequent activation of the message. Our experiments uncover novel functions for each subunit of eIF4F and we conclude by presenting a model for messenger RNA activation which precisely defines the composition of the activated message. This model provides a general framework for understanding how messenger RNA molecules may be discriminated from one another, and how other RNA-binding proteins may control the efficiency of translation initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gentry, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ide, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comunale, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of mRNA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.565361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical force of uterine occupation enables large vesicle extrusion from proteostressed maternal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.565361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large vesicle extrusion from neurons may contribute to spreading pathogenic protein aggregates and promoting inflammatory responses, two mechanisms leading to neurodegenerative disease. Factors that regulate extrusion of large vesicles, such as exophers produced by proteostressed C. elegans touch neurons, are poorly understood. Here we document that mechanical force can significantly potentiate exopher extrusion from proteostressed neurons. Exopher production from the C. elegans ALMR neuron peaks at adult day 2 or 3, coinciding with the C. elegans reproductive peak. Genetic disruption of C. elegans germline, sperm, oocytes, or egg/early embryo production can strongly suppress exopher extrusion from the ALMR neurons during the peak period. Conversely, restoring egg production at the late reproductive phase through mating with males or inducing egg retention via genetic interventions that block egg-laying can strongly increase ALMR exopher production. Overall, genetic interventions that promote ALMR exopher production are associated with expanded uterus lengths and genetic interventions that suppress ALMR exopher production are associated with shorter uterus lengths. In addition to the impact of fertilized eggs, ALMR exopher production can be enhanced by filling the uterus with oocytes, dead eggs, or even fluid, supporting that distention consequences, rather than the presence of fertilized eggs, constitute the exopher-inducing stimulus. We conclude that the mechanical force of uterine occupation potentiates exopher extrusion from proximal proteostressed maternal neurons. Our observations draw attention to the potential importance of mechanical signaling in extracellular vesicle production and in aggregate spreading mechanisms, making a case for enhanced attention to mechanobiology in neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melentijevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.565361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical force of uterine occupation enables large vesicle extrusion from proteostressed maternal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision data-driven modeling of cortical dynamics reveals idiosyncratic mechanisms of canonical oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-free brain activity affords unique insight into the functional structure of brain network dynamics and is a strong marker of individual differences. In this work, we present an algorithmic optimization framework that makes it possible to directly invert and parameterize brain-wide dynamical-systems models involving hundreds of interacting brain areas, from single-subject time-series recordings. This technique provides a powerful neurocomputational tool for interrogating mechanisms underlying individual brain dynamics ("precision brain models") and making quantitative predictions. We extensively validate the models performance in forecasting future brain activity and predicting individual variability in key M/EEG markers. Lastly, we demonstrate the power of our technique in resolving individual differences in the generation of alpha and beta-frequency oscillations. We characterize subjects based upon model attractor topology and a dynamical-systems mechanism by which these topologies generate individual variation in the expression of alpha vs. beta rhythms. We trace these phenomena back to global variation in excitation-inhibition balance, highlighting the explanatory power of our framework in generating mechanistic insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braver, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision data-driven modeling of cortical dynamics reveals idiosyncratic mechanisms of canonical oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hot springs viruses at Yellowstone National Park have ancient origins and are adapted to their thermophilic hosts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geothermal springs in areas such as Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA house unicellular red algae that dominate the microbial biomass. Little is known about the viruses that infect the biota. Here we used metagenomics to characterize the multi-kingdom infecting virus community associated with red algal mats in three neighboring habitats (creek, endolithic, soil) at Lemonade Creek, YNP to determine their taxonomic composition, predicted gene functions, extent of horizontal gene transfer, and potential links to hosts. We find that despite proximity, each habitat houses a unique collection of viruses, with the giant viruses, Megaviricetes, dominant in all three. The early branching phylogenetic position of genes encoded on metagenome assembled virus genomes (vMAGs) suggests that the YNP lineages are of ancient origins and not the result of multiple invasions from mesophilic habitats. The existence of genomic footprints of adaptation to thermophily in the vMAGs is consistent with this idea. Our study is the first analysis of viruses associated with polyextremophilic red algae that form extensive microbial mats in YNP and are common worldwide at geothermal sites. Although more recent than the earliest forms of prokaryotic life, these eukaryotic algal mats originated ca. 1.5 Bya, and therefore span a significant period of the planets history. Our data are therefore relevant to understanding biotic interactions on the early Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benites, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Etten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hot springs viruses at Yellowstone National Park have ancient origins and are adapted to their thermophilic hosts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific alpha-tubulin TBA-6 and pan-ciliary IFT cargo RAB-28 generate a non-canonical transition zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition zone (TZ) regulates cilia composition and function. Canonical TZs with 9 doublet microtubules (MTs) are common but non-canonical TZs that vary from 9 MT symmetry also occur and arise through unknown mechanisms. Cilia on the quadrant inner labial type 2 (IL2Q) neurons of C. elegans have a specialized non-canonical TZ with fewer than 9 doublet MTs. We previously showed that non-canonical TZs in IL2Q cilia arise via MT loss and reorganization of canonical TZs. Here, we identify structural events and mechanisms that generate non-canonical TZs. Cell-specific -tubulin TBA-6 and pan-ciliary IFT cargo RAB-28 regulate IL2QTZ MT loss without affecting ciliary assembly. Our results reveal a role for the tubulin code in generating non-canonical TZs and contribute towards understanding ciliary functional specialization.

Author summaryCiliary microtubules are exquisitely diverse in arrangements and composition. Studies on how ciliary ultrastructural diversity is generated are essential to our understanding of cilia function in diverse healthy and pathological contexts. Despite its clinical relevance, the ultrastructural diversity of the transition zone and its microtubules remains understudied. Here, we uncover mechanisms contributing to generating ultrastructural diversity in the transition zone and in cilia. A subset of sensory cilia in C. elegans contain a non-canonical transition zone with 7 and fewer doublet microtubules. We previously showed that this distinct transition zone is generated through microtubule loss in a canonical transition zone with 9 doublet microtubules, a process that occurs asynchronously during animal development. Here, we identify roles for the tubulin code and for an IFT cargo in generating a distinct transition zone. Sculpting of the distinct transition zone occurs in fully assembled cilia and transition zones and is independent of general ciliogenesis mechanisms. Our results demonstrate how specialized transition zones can be generated from canonical transition zones and provide insight into mechanisms of ciliary ultrastructural diversity and post-ciliogenesis restructuring. Such mechanisms hold the key to understanding ciliary function and to restoration of function in ciliopathies with ciliary ultrastructural defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akella, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific alpha-tubulin TBA-6 and pan-ciliary IFT cargo RAB-28 generate a non-canonical transition zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared spatial topography links the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine D2/3 receptor densities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe biological mechanisms that contribute to cocaine and other substance use disorders involve an array of cortical and subcortical systems. Prior work on the development and maintenance of substance use has largely focused on cortico-striatal circuits, with relatively less attention on alterations within and across large-scale functional brain networks, and associated aspects of the dopamine system. The brain-wide pattern of temporal co-activation between distinct brain regions, referred to as the functional connectome, underpins individual differences in behavior. Critically, the functional connectome correlates of substance use and their specificity to dopamine receptor densities relative to other metabotropic receptors classes remains to be established.

MethodsWe comprehensively characterized brain-wide differences in functional connectivity across multiple scales, including individual connections, regions, and networks in participants with cocaine use disorder (CUD; n=69) and healthy matched controls (n=62), Further, we studied the relationship between the observed functional connectivity signatures of CUD and the spatial distribution of a broad range of normative neurotransmitter receptor and transporter bindings as assessed through 18 different normative positron emission tomography (PET) maps.

ResultsOur analyses identified a widespread profile of functional connectivity differences between individuals with CUD and matched healthy comparison participants (8.8% of total edges; 8,185 edges; pFWE=0.025). We largely find lower connectivity preferentially linking default network and subcortical regions, and higher within-network connectivity in the default network in participants with CUD. Furthermore, we find consistent and replicable associations between signatures of CUD and normative spatial density of dopamine D2/3 receptors.

ConclusionsOur analyses revealed a widespread profile of altered connectivity in individuals with CUD that extends across the functional connectome and implicates multiple circuits. This profile is robustly coupled with normative dopamine D2/3 receptors densities. Underscoring the translational potential of connectomic approaches for the study of in vivo brain functions, CUD- linked aspects of brain function were spatially coupled to disorder relevant neurotransmitter systems.

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSAre there group differences in whole brain functional connectivity between individuals with and without cocaine use disorder, and to what extent do these connectivity patterns relate to the spatial distribution of dopamine (D2/3) receptor densities?

FindingsThe presence of cocaine use disorder is associated with brain-wide functional connectivity alterations that are spatially coupled to the density of dopamine (D2/3) receptors.

MeaningA preferential and replicable link exists between the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine receptor densities across the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared spatial topography links the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine D2/3 receptor densities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fusion peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is functionally important for membrane fusion during virus entry and is part of a broadly neutralizing epitope. However, sequence determinants at the fusion peptide and its adjacent regions for pathogenicity and antigenicity remain elusive. In this study, we performed a series of deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments on an S2 region spanning the fusion peptide of authentic SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines and in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. We identified mutations at residue 813 of the spike protein that reduced TMPRSS2-mediated entry with decreased virulence. In addition, we showed that an F823Y mutation, present in bat betacoronavirus HKU9 spike protein, confers resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and also highlight a potential challenge in developing broadly protective S2-based coronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L. Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the Cross-Study Replicability of Tuberculosis Gene Signatures Using 49 Curated Transcriptomic Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide. Numerous blood-based gene expression signatures have been proposed in the literature as alternative tools for diagnosing TB infection. Ongoing efforts are actively focused on developing additional signatures in other TB-related contexts. However, the generalizability of these signatures to different patient contexts is not well-characterized. There is a pressing need for a well-curated database of TB gene expression studies for the systematic assessment of existing and newly developed TB gene signatures.

ResultsWe built the curatedTBData, a manually-curated database of 49 TB transcriptomic studies. This data resource is freely available through GitHub and as an R Bioconductor package that allows users to validate new and existing biomarkers without the challenges of harmonizing heterogeneous studies. We also demonstrate the use of this data resource with cross-study comparisons for 72 TB gene signatures. For the comparison of subjects with active TB from healthy controls, 19 gene signatures had weighted mean AUC of 0.90 or greater, with the highest result of 0.94. In active TB disease versus latent TB infection, 7 gene signatures had weighted mean AUC of 0.90 or greater, with a maximum of 0.93. We also explore ensembling methods for averaging predictions from multiple gene signatures to significantly improve diagnostic ability beyond any single signature.

ConclusionsThe curatedTBData data package offers a comprehensive resource of curated gene expression and clinically annotated data. It could be used to identify robust new TB gene signatures, to perform comparative analysis of existing TB gene signatures, and to develop alternative gene set scoring or ensembling methods, among other things. This resource will also facilitate the development of new signatures that are generalizable across cohorts or more applicable to specific subsets of patients (e.g. with rare comorbid conditions, etc.). We demonstrated that these blood-based gene signatures could distinguish patients with distinct TB outcomes; moreover, the combination of multiple gene signatures could improve the overall predictive accuracy in differentiating these subtypes, which point out an important aspect for the translation of genomics to clinical implementation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the Cross-Study Replicability of Tuberculosis Gene Signatures Using 49 Curated Transcriptomic Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Disease Progressive Stages in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Using Weakly-Supervised Deep Learning Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundApplication of single-cell/nucleus genomic sequencing to patient-derived tissues offers potential solutions to delineate disease mechanisms in human. However, individual cells in patient-derived tissues are in different pathological stages, and hence such cellular variability impedes subsequent differential gene expression analyses.

ResultTo overcome such heterogeneity issue, we present a novel deep learning approach, scIDST, that infers disease progressive levels of individual cells with weak supervision framework. The inferred disease progressive cells displayed significant differential expression of disease-relevant genes, which could not be detected by comparative analysis between patients and healthy donors. In addition, we demonstrated that pre-trained models by scIDST are applicable to multiple independent data resources, and advantageous to infer cells related to certain disease risks and comorbidities.

ConclusionTaken together, scIDST offers a new strategy of single-cell sequencing analysis to identify bona fide disease-associated molecular features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Disease Progressive Stages in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Using Weakly-Supervised Deep Learning Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitor with antiviral efficacy in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and drug-resistant mutants calls for additional oral antivirals. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) is a promising but challenging drug target. In this study, we designed and synthesized 85 noncovalent PLpro inhibitors that bind to the newly discovered Val70Ub site and the known BL2 groove pocket. Potent compounds inhibited PLpro with inhibitory constant Ki values from 13.2 to 88.2 nM. The co-crystal structures of PLpro with eight leads revealed their interaction modes. The in vivo lead Jun12682 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including nirmatrelvir-resistant strains with EC50 from 0.44 to 2.02 {micro}M. Oral treatment with Jun12682 significantly improved survival and reduced lung viral loads and lesions in a SARS-CoV-2 infection mouse model, suggesting PLpro inhibitors are promising oral SARS-CoV-2 antiviral candidates.

One-Sentence SummaryStructure-guided design of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors with in vivo antiviral efficacy in a mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueras, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitor with antiviral efficacy in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MARK1 regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis and cognitive functions in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines play a pivotal role in synaptic communication and are crucial for learning and memory processes. Abnormalities in spine morphology and plasticity are observed in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, yet the underlying signaling mechanisms remain poorly understood. The microtubule affinity regulating kinase 1 (MARK1) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, and the MARK1 gene shows accelerated evolution in the human lineage suggesting a role in cognition. However, the in vivo role of MARK1 in synaptogenesis and cognitive functions remains unknown. Here we show that forebrain-specific conditional knockout (cKO) of Mark1 causes defects in dendritic spine morphogenesis in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons with a significant reduction in spine density. In addition, we found that MARK1 cKO mice show defects in spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze and reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the Elevated Plus Maze. Furthermore, we found loss of MARK1 causes synaptic accumulation of GKAP and GluR2. Taken together, our data show a novel role for MARK1 in regulating dendritic spine morphogenesis and cognitive functions in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly-Castro, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dindigal, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MARK1 regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis and cognitive functions in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Pseudoknot Base Pairing on Cotranscriptional Structural Switching of the Fluoride Riboswitch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central question in biology is how RNA sequence changes influence dynamic conformational changes during cotranscriptional folding. Here we investigated this question through the study of transcriptional fluoride riboswitches, non-coding RNAs that sense the fluoride anion through the coordinated folding and rearrangement of a pseudoknotted aptamer domain and a downstream intrinsic terminator expression platform. Using a combination of E. coli RNA polymerase in vitro transcription and cellular gene expression assays, we characterized the function of mesophilic and thermophilic fluoride riboswitch variants. We showed that only variants containing the mesophilic pseudoknot function at 37 {degrees}C. We next systematically varied the pseudoknot sequence and found that a single wobble base pair is critical for function. Characterizing thermophilic variants at 65 {degrees}C through Thermus aquaticus RNA polymerase in vitro transcription showed the importance of this wobble pair for function even at elevated temperatures. Finally, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations which supported the experimental findings, visualized the RNA structure switching process, and provided insight into the important role of magnesium ions. Together these studies provide deeper insights into the role of riboswitch sequence in influencing folding and function that will be important for understanding of RNA-based gene regulation and for synthetic biology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hertz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznedelov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakkaramadam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucks, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Pseudoknot Base Pairing on Cotranscriptional Structural Switching of the Fluoride Riboswitch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyper-specialized bamboo lemurs possess a reduced suite of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subfamilies of cytochrome P450 proteins have been strongly linked to the metabolism of physiologically disruptive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and other xenobiotics. Consistent with this function, these genes have adaptively evolved in response to environmental pressures exerted on animals, such as herbivores, that consume elevated amounts of toxic xenobiotics or plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). Theory on evolutionary tradeoffs predicts that highly specialized herbivores should exhibit a relatively narrow toolkit of adaptations to accommodate the concomitantly narrow arrays of PSMs in their diets. The bamboo lemurs of Madagascar (genera Prolemur and Hapalemur) represent an interesting test case for this theory because of their dietary hyper-specialization, as these lemurs consume bamboo and grasses at rates otherwise unseen in the order Primates. To test whether the hyper-specialized folivory of these primates is reflected in a similarly specialized and narrow P450 gene suite, we assembled a dataset of confidently assembled CYP1-3 genes for two species of bamboo lemur as well as additional lemur species. We tested the predictions that bamboo lemurs would exhibit, first, greater rates of gene loss for xenobiotic-metabolizing P450s and, second, relaxed selection on xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 subfamilies relative to lemurs without such dietary hyper-specialization. We found support for the first prediction, related to gene loss, in the CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2J, and CYP3A subfamilies, all of which encode xenobiotic metabolizers. We additionally inferred relaxation of selection for the CYP2F and CYP2J subfamilies. The evolution of the P450 genes in bamboo lemurs provides support for the evolutionary tradeoff hypothesis, and we further hypothesize that, rather than adapting to a general array of PSMs, bamboo lemurs have instead adapted to the primary toxin in their diet, the highly potent poison cyanide.

HighlightsO_LISome of the most specialized diets among primates are those of bamboo lemurs.
C_LIO_LIBamboo lemurs have fewer xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 genes than other lemurs.
C_LIO_LINatural selection has relaxed on the CYP2F and CYP2J subfamilies in bamboo lemurs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaney, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyper-specialized bamboo lemurs possess a reduced suite of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Cas9 (SuCas9) - a Type II-A Ortholog Functional in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.571105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type II CRISPR-Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases are commonly used for genome engineering. To date, all characterized Cas9-based genome editors, including the widely used SpCas9, have limitations such as their relatively large size and restriction of targets flanked by a specific PAM sequence. Here, we biochemically characterized more compact SpCas9 ortholog, SuCas9, from Streptococcus uberis, a bacterium inhabiting the mammary glands of dairy cattle. SuCas9 recognizes a novel 5'-NNAAA-3' PAM, efficiently cleaves DNA in vitro, and is active in human cells. The study of SuCas9 has the potential to expand the range of applications of CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes in medicine and biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selkova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasileva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arseniev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malysheva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodorkovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Streptococcus uberis Cas9 (SuCas9) - a Type II-A Ortholog Functional in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chewing Through Challenges: Exploring the Evolutionary Pathways to Wood-Feeding in Insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decaying wood, while an abundant and stable resource, presents considerable nutritional challenges due to its structural rigidity, chemical recalcitrance, and low nitrogen content. Despite these challenges, certain insect lineages have successfully evolved saproxylophagy (consuming and deriving sustenance from decaying wood), impacting nutrient recycling in ecosystems and carbon sequestration dynamics. This study explores the uneven phylogenetic distribution of saproxylophagy across insects and delves into the evolutionary origins of this trait in disparate insect orders. Employing a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiome data, encompassing both previously published datasets and newly generated data, from both saproxylophagous insects and their non-saproxylophagous relatives, this Hypothesis paper discusses the broader phylogenetic context and potential morphological, physiological, and symbiotic adaptations necessary for this dietary specialization. The study proposes the "Detritivore-First Hypothesis," suggesting an evolutionary pathway to saproxylophagy through detritivory, and highlights the critical role of symbiotic gut microbiomes in the digestion of decaying wood. The article aims to provide a deeper understanding of the macroevolutionary landscape and mechanisms underpinning the multiple origins and distribution of saproxylophagy in insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beza-Beza, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegmann, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikaelyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chewing Through Challenges: Exploring the Evolutionary Pathways to Wood-Feeding in Insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.573662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming neuroblastoma by diet-enhanced polyamine depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.573662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma is a highly lethal childhood tumor derived from differentiation-arrested neural crest cells1,2. Like all cancers, its growth is fueled by metabolites obtained from either circulation or local biosynthesis3,4. Neuroblastomas depend on local polyamine biosynthesis, with the inhibitor difluoromethylornithine showing clinical activity5. Here we show that such inhibition can be augmented by dietary restriction of upstream amino acid substrates, leading to disruption of oncogenic protein translation, tumor differentiation, and profound survival gains in the TH-MYCN mouse model. Specifically, an arginine/proline-free diet decreases the polyamine precursor ornithine and augments tumor polyamine depletion by difluoromethylornithine. This polyamine depletion causes ribosome stalling, unexpectedly specifically at adenosine-ending codons. Such codons are selectively enriched in cell cycle genes and low in neuronal differentiation genes. Thus, impaired translation of these codons, induced by the diet-drug combination, favors a pro-differentiation proteome. These results suggest that the genes of specific cellular programs have evolved hallmark codon usage preferences that enable coherent translational rewiring in response to metabolic stresses, and that this process can be targeted to activate differentiation of pediatric cancers.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=192 SRC="FIGDIR/small/573662v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fdbaecorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fb03f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c0afa7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14c384f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights- Extra-tumoral conversion of arginine feeds tumor ornithine via uptake from circulation in MYCN-neuroblastoma.
- A proline and arginine free diet enhances pharmacological polyamine depletion via reduced ornithine substrate availability.
- Polyamine depletion disrupts oncogenic translation to induce a pro-differentiation proteome causing neuroblast differentiation and prolonged survival in the TH-MYCN mouse model.
- Genes of specific cellular programs have evolved codon usage preferences that enable coherent translational rewiring in response to metabolic stress, such as polyamine depletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherkaoui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eigenmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panasenko, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surrey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogarty, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morscher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.573662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming neuroblastoma by diet-enhanced polyamine depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of candidate genes controlling red seed coat color in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata  Walp) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seed coat color is an important consumer-related train in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) and has been a subject of study for over a century. Utilizing newly available resources, including mapping populations, a high-density genotyping platform, and several genome assemblies, red seed coat color has been mapped to two loci, Red-1 (R-1) and Red-2 (R-2), on Vu03 and Vu07, respectively. A gene model (Vigun03g118700) encoding a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, a homolog of anthocyanidin reductase 1, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of epicatechin from cyanidin, has been identified as a candidate gene for R-1. Possible causative variants have been also identified for Vigun03g118700. A gene model on Vu07 (Vigun07g118500), with predicted nucleolar function and high relative expression in the developing seed, has been identified as a candidate for R-2. The observed red color is believed to be the result of a buildup of cyanidins in the seed coat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herniter, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Amatriain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.08.574663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of candidate genes controlling red seed coat color in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata  Walp)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAFE-OPT: A Bayesian optimization algorithm for learning optimal deep brain stimulation parameters with safety constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To treat neurological and psychiatric diseases with deep brain stimulation, a trained clinician must select parameters for each patient by monitoring their symptoms and side-effects in a months-long trial-and-error process, delaying optimal clinical outcomes. Bayesian optimization has been proposed as an efficient method to quickly and automatically search for optimal parameters. However, conventional Bayesian optimization does not account for patient safety and could trigger unwanted or dangerous side-effects. In this study we develop SAFE-OPT, a Bayesian optimization algorithm designed to learn subject-specific safety constraints to avoid potentially harmful stimulation settings during optimization. We prototype and validate SAFE-OPT using a rodent multielectrode stimulation paradigm which causes subject-specific performance deficits in a spatial memory task. We first use data from an initial cohort of subjects to build a simulation where we design the best SAFE-OPT configuration for safe and accurate searching in silico. We then deploy both SAFE-OPT and conventional Bayesian optimization in new subjects in vivo, showing that SAFE-OPT can find an optimally high stimulation amplitude that does not harm task performance with comparable sample efficiency to Bayesian optimization and without selecting amplitude values that exceed the subjects safety threshold. The incorporation of safety constraints will provide a key step for adopting Bayesian optimization in real-world applications of deep brain stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAFE-OPT: A Bayesian optimization algorithm for learning optimal deep brain stimulation parameters with safety constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.577400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing nanoscale structure and interfaces of protein and polymer condensates via cryo-electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.577400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a ubiquitous demixing phenomenon observed in various molecular solutions, including in polymer and protein solutions. Demixing of solutions results in condensed, phase separated droplets which exhibit a range of liquid-like properties driven by transient intermolecular interactions. Understanding the organization within these condensates is crucial for deciphering their material properties and functions. This study explores the distinct nanoscale networks and interfaces in the condensate samples using a modified cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) method. The method involves initiating condensate formation on electron microscopy grids to control droplet size and stage in the phase separation process. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by imaging three different classes of condensates. We further investigate the condensate structures using cryo-electron tomography which provides 3D reconstructions, uncovering porous internal structures, unique core-shell morphologies, and inhomogeneities within the nanoscale organization of protein condensates. Comparison with dry-state transmission electron microscopy emphasizes the importance of preserving the hydrated structure of condensates for accurate structural analysis. We correlate the internal structure of protein condensates with their amino acid sequences and material properties by performing viscosity measurements that support that more viscous condensates exhibit denser internal assemblies. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of nanoscale condensate structure and its material properties. Our approach here provides a versatile tool for exploring various phase-separated systems and their nanoscale structures for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>RIZVI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.577400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing nanoscale structure and interfaces of protein and polymer condensates via cryo-electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Tension and Strain as Indicators of Suction-mediated Cutaneous DNA Transfection: A Parametric Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cutaneous suction-based transfection is a recently developed technique that is painless and simple-to-use for the delivery of DNA for nucleic-acid-based vaccines. The technique promises high efficiency for both antigen expression and immunogenicity as demonstrated in both animal studies and human clinical trials. To realize this promise, a parametric study and systematic evaluation on the efficacy of cutaneous suction as a transfection method was performed. Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) plasmid expression as a transfection reporter in a rat model, the expression level as a function of both suction nozzle size and suction pressure was quantified. A numerical model was employed to compute skin deformation in terms of strain, which was used to correlate with GFP expression. Based on these results, two quantities, total integrated strain and tissue tension, are proposed as indicators of expression level that can be used to guide protocol development and optimization. These indicators are also discussed in relation to possible cellular uptake mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhumur, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallow, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachtigal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreiber, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslow, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Tension and Strain as Indicators of Suction-mediated Cutaneous DNA Transfection: A Parametric Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal Dopamine Can Enhance Learning, Both Fast and Slow, and Also Make it Cheaper 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associations can be learned incrementally, via reinforcement learning (RL), or stored instantly in working memory (WM). While WM is fast, it is also capacity-limited and effortful. Striatal dopamine may promote RL plasticity, and WM, by facilitating updating and effort exertion. Yet, prior studies have failed to distinguish between dopamines effects on RL versus WM. N = 100 participants completed a paradigm isolating these systems in a double-blind study measuring dopamine synthesis with [18F]-FDOPA imaging and manipulating dopamine with methylphenidate and sulpiride. Learning is enhanced among high synthesis capacity individuals and by methylphenidate, but impaired by sulpiride. Methylphenidate also blunts effort cost learning. Computational modeling reveals that individuals with high dopamine synthesis rely more on WM, while methylphenidate boosts their RL rates. The D2 antagonist sulpiride reduces accuracy due to diminished WM involvement and faster WM decay. We conclude that dopamine enhances both slow RL, and fast WM, by promoting plasticity and reducing effort sensitivity. These results also highlight the need to control for dopamines effects on WM when testing its effects on RL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopetraki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maatta, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cools, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal Dopamine Can Enhance Learning, Both Fast and Slow, and Also Make it Cheaper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Delivery of Soluble Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Peptide Restore Ribbon Synapses After Noise-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficacy of chemokine fractalkine isoforms was evaluated for restoration of loss of inner hair cell ribbon synapses and hearing after noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy (NICS). Previously, we have demonstrated a critical role for fractalkine signaling axis (CX3CL1-CX3CR1) in synaptic repair where in the presence of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) expressed by cochlear macrophages, the damaged synapses are spontaneously repaired. Here, we examined whether overexpression of fractalkine ligand (CX3CL1 or FKN) in the form of a peptide is effective in restoring the lost synapses and hearing after NICS. Remarkably, single transtympanic (TT) injection of soluble isoform of FKN (sFKN) peptide at 1 day after synaptopathic noise trauma showed significant recovery of ABR thresholds, ABR peak I amplitudes and ribbon synapses in both FKN-wildtype and knockout mice when compared to mice injected with full length membrane-bound FKN peptide (mFKN). Mechanistically, sFKN peptide treatment increased macrophage numbers in the cochlea and in the absence of those macrophages, sFKN failed to restore loss of synapses and hearing after NICS. Furthermore, sFKN treatment attenuated cochlear inflammation after noise overexposure without altering the expression of CX3CR1. Finally, sFKN peptide was detectable inside the cochlea localized to the sensory epithelium for 24 hours after TT injection. These data provide a robust proof-of-principle that local delivery of an immune factor, sFKN is effective in restoring lost ribbon synapses and hearing after NICS in a macrophage-dependent manner and highlights the potential of sFKN as an immunotherapy for cochlear synaptopathy due to noise or aging.

SummaryTranstympanic delivery of soluble FKN peptide is effective in restoring lost inner hair cell ribbon synapses and hearing after noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in a macrophage-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manickam, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawande, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stothert, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalkina, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Delivery of Soluble Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Peptide Restore Ribbon Synapses After Noise-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tactile perception relies on reliable transmission and modulation of low-threshold information as it travels from the periphery to the brain. During pathological conditions, tactile stimuli can aberrantly engage nociceptive pathways leading to the perception of touch as pain, known as mechanical allodynia. Two main drivers of peripheral tactile information, low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and postsynaptic dorsal column neurons (PSDCs), terminate in the brainstem dorsal column nuclei (DCN). Activity within the DRG, spinal cord, and DCN have all been implicated in mediating allodynia, yet the DCN remains understudied at the cellular, circuit, and functional levels compared to the other two. Here, we show that the gracile nucleus (Gr) of the DCN mediates tactile sensitivity for low-threshold stimuli and contributes to mechanical allodynia during neuropathic pain in mice. We found that the Gr contains local inhibitory interneurons in addition to thalamus-projecting neurons, which are differentially innervated by primary afferents and spinal inputs. Functional manipulations of these distinct Gr neuronal populations resulted in bidirectional changes to tactile sensitivity, but did not affect noxious mechanical or thermal sensitivity. During neuropathic pain, silencing Gr projection neurons or activating Gr inhibitory neurons was able to reduce tactile hypersensitivity, and enhancing inhibition was able to ameliorate paw withdrawal signatures of neuropathic pain, like shaking. Collectively, these results suggest that the Gr plays a specific role in mediating hypersensitivity to low-threshold, innocuous mechanical stimuli during neuropathic pain, and that Gr activity contributes to affective, pain-associated phenotypes of mechanical allodynia. Therefore, these brainstem circuits work in tandem with traditional spinal circuits underlying allodynia, resulting in enhanced signaling of tactile stimuli in the brain during neuropathic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajtay, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadegan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic polymorphisms of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3) gene in African American kidney transplant recipients are associated with post-transplant graft failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAfrican American (AA) kidney transplant recipients exhibit a higher rate of graft loss compared to other racial and ethnic populations, highlighting the need to identify causative factors underlying this disparity.

MethodWe analyzed RNA sequences of pretransplant whole blood from subjects followed in three kidney transplant cohorts to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with death censored graft loss (DCGL). We employed a meta-analysis to uncover key transcriptional signatures and pathways associated with the identified SNPs and used single cell RNA to define cellular specificity. We characterized SNP functions using in vitro immunological and survival assays and tested for associations between the identified SNPs and other immune-related diseases using a [~]30,100 subject, electronic health record (EHR)-linked database.

ResultsWe uncovered a cluster of four consecutive missense SNPs in the Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3, a negative immune response regulator) gene that strongly associated with DCGL. This LILRB3-4SNPs cluster encodes missense mutations at amino acids 617-618 proximal to a SHP-1/2 phosphatase-binding ITIM motif. LILRB3-4SNPs is specifically enriched within subjects of AA ancestry (8.6% prevalence vs 2.3% in Hispanic and 0.1% in European populations), is not linked to APOL1 G1/G2 alleles, and exhibited a strong association with DCGL. Analysis of PBMC and transplant biopsies from recipients with LILRB3-4SNPs showed evidence of enhanced adaptive immune responsiveness and ferroptosis-associated death in monocytes. Overexpression of the variant allele in THP-1 cells (macrophage line) induced augmented inflammation and ferroptosis, which were attenuated by a ferroptosis inhibitor, verifying a causal link. The LILRB3-4SNPs also associated with multiple systemic and organ-specific immune-related diseases in AAs, consistent with conferring a broadly relevant immune function.

Conclusionthe LILRB3-4SNPs represent a functionally important, distinct genetic risk factor for kidney transplant outcome and development/severity of other immune-related diseases in patients of AA ancestry. Pharmacological targeting of ferroptosis should be tested to prevent or treat these disease processes in AA recipients carrying LILRB3-4SNPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeloglu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vy, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosoyan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farouk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochando, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic polymorphisms of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3) gene in African American kidney transplant recipients are associated with post-transplant graft failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIPK3 coordinates RHIM domain-dependent inflammatory transcription in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons are post-mitotic, non-regenerative cells that have evolved fine-tuned immunological responses to maintain life-long cellular integrity; this includes resistance to common programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. We have previously demonstrated a necroptosis-independent role for the key necroptotic kinase RIPK3 in host defense against neurotropic flavivirus infection. While this work showed that neuronal RIPK3 expression is essential for chemokine production and recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the infected CNS, the full RIPK3-dependent transcriptional signature, and the molecular mechanism underlying RIPK3-dependent transcription in neurons are incompletely understood. It also remains unclear what factors govern differential RIPK3 effector functions in different cell types. Here, we show that RIPK3 activation has distinct outcomes in primary cortical neurons when compared to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) during Zika virus (ZIKV) infection or following sterile activation. We found that RIPK3 activation does not induce death in neurons; in these cells, RIPK3 is the dominant driver of antiviral gene transcription following ZIKV infection. While RIPK3 activation in MEF cells induces cell death, ablation of downstream cell death effectors unveils a RIPK3-dependent transcriptional program which largely overlaps with that observed in ZIKV-infected neurons. Using death resistant MEFs as a model to study RIPK3 signaling revealed that RIPK3 transcription relied on interactions with the RHIM domain-containing proteins RIPK1 and TRIF, effects mirrored in the RIPK3-dependent antiviral transcriptional signature observed in ZIKV-infected neurons. These findings suggest the pleotropic functions of RIPK3 are largely context dependent and that in cells that are resistant to cell death, RIPK3 acts as a mediator of inflammatory transcription.

One Sentence SummaryRHIM-domain containing proteins form a conserved signaling network capable of mediating inflammatory transcription and cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kofman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichauco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIPK3 coordinates RHIM domain-dependent inflammatory transcription in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidic acid is an endogenous negative regulator of PIEZO2 channels and mechanical sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive PIEZO2 ion channels play roles in touch, proprioception, and inflammatory pain. Currently, there are no small molecule inhibitors that selectively inhibit PIEZO2 over PIEZO1. The TMEM120A protein was shown to inhibit PIEZO2 while leaving PIEZO1 unaffected. Here we find that TMEM120A expression elevates cellular levels of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), aligning with its structural resemblance to lipid-modifying enzymes. Intracellular application of phosphatidic acid or LPA inhibited PIEZO2, but not PIEZO1 activity. Extended extracellular exposure to the non-hydrolyzable phosphatidic acid and LPA analogue carbocyclic phosphatidic acid (ccPA) also inhibited PIEZO2. Optogenetic activation of phospholipase D (PLD), a signaling enzyme that generates phosphatidic acid, inhibited PIEZO2, but not PIEZO1. Conversely, inhibiting PLD led to increased PIEZO2 activity and increased mechanical sensitivity in mice in behavioral experiments. These findings unveil lipid regulators that selectively target PIEZO2 over PIEZO1, and identify the PLD pathway as a regulator of PIEZO2 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabrielle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidic acid is an endogenous negative regulator of PIEZO2 channels and mechanical sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale single-cell profiling of stem cells uncovers redundant regulators of shoot development and yield trait variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells in plant shoots are a rare population of cells that produce leaves, fruits and seeds, vital sources for food and bioethanol. Uncovering regulators expressed in these stem cells will inform crop engineering to boost productivity. Single-cell analysis is a powerful tool for identifying regulators expressed in specific groups of cells. However, accessing plant shoot stem cells is challenging. Recent single-cell analyses of plant shoots have not captured these cells, and failed to detect stem cell regulators like CLAVATA3 and WUSCHEL. In this study, we finely dissected stem cell-enriched shoot tissues from both maize and arabidopsis for single-cell RNA-seq profiling. We optimized protocols to efficiently recover thousands of CLAVATA3 and WUSCHEL expressed cells. A cross-species comparison identified conserved stem cell regulators between maize and arabidopsis. We also performed single-cell RNA-seq on maize stem cell overproliferation mutants to find additional candidate regulators. Expression of candidate stem cell genes was validated using spatial transcriptomics, and we functionally confirmed roles in shoot development. These candidates include a family of ribosome-associated RNA-binding proteins, and two families of sugar kinase genes related to hypoxia signaling and cytokinin hormone homeostasis. These large-scale single-cell profiling of stem cells provide a resource for mining stem cell regulators, which show significant association with yield traits. Overall, our discoveries advance the understanding of shoot development and open avenues for manipulating diverse crops to enhance food and energy security.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demesa-Arevalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takebayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakakibara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale single-cell profiling of stem cells uncovers redundant regulators of shoot development and yield trait variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.582974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Off-target depletion of plasma tryptophan by allosteric inhibitors of BCKDK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.582974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activation of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic approach to improve insulin sensitivity, enhance recovery from heart failure, and blunt tumor growth. Evidence for this interest relies in part on BT2, a small molecule that promotes BCAA oxidation and is protective in mouse models of these pathologies. BT2 and other analogs allosterically inhibit branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) to promote BCAA oxidation, which is presumed to underlie the salutary effects of BT2. Potential "off-target" effects of BT2 have not been considered, however. We therefore tested for metabolic off-target effects of BT2 in Bckdk-/- animals. As expected, BT2 failed to activate BCAA oxidation in these animals. Surprisingly, however, BT2 strongly reduced plasma tryptophan levels and promoted catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine in both control and Bckdk-/- mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that none of the principal tryptophan catabolic or kynurenine-producing/consuming enzymes (TDO, IDO1, IDO2, or KATs) were required for BT2-mediated lowering of plasma tryptophan. Instead, using equilibrium dialysis assays and mice lacking albumin, we show that BT2 avidly binds plasma albumin and displaces tryptophan, releasing it for catabolism. These data confirm that BT2 activates BCAA oxidation via inhibition of BCKDK but also reveal a robust off-target effect on tryptophan metabolism via displacement from serum albumin. The data highlight a potential confounding effect for pharmaceutical compounds that compete for binding with albumin-bound tryptophan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neinast, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirek, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandik-Nayak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arany, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.582974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Off-target depletion of plasma tryptophan by allosteric inhibitors of BCKDK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological inhibition of macrophage triglyceride biosynthesis pathways does not improve Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in infected mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triglyceride rich macrophages (foam cells) are a hallmark of necrotic granulomas in tuberculosis, and multiple antimicrobial functions are down-regulated in these cells. In this study, we assessed the ability of two different compounds to reduce triglyceride content and intracellular burden in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages: A-922500 (DGATi), an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, an enzyme involved in triglyceride synthesis; and LY2584702 (p70S6Ki), an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase, a serine/threonine kinase involved in mTORC-1dependent lipid biogenesis. Additionally, we evaluated the adjunctive activity of these inhibitors as host-directed therapies against chronic Mtb infection in C3HeB/FeJ mice. DGATi and p70S6Ki significantly reduced the lipid content and bacillary burden in Mtb-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages. In Mtb-infected mice, each inhibitor reduced the triglyceride content (P[&le;] 0.0001) in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Adjunctive treatment of DGATi with isoniazid and p70S6Ki monotherapy reduced the lipid droplet content (P[&le;] 0.05) within lung macrophages of Mtb-infected mice. However, neither inhibitor reduced the lung bacterial burden in Mtb-infected mice alone or in combination with isoniazid, and they did not alter lung inflammation. These findings provide further insights into the role of foam cells in tuberculosis pathogenesis and the utility of interventions targeting these cell populations as adjunctive host-directed therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanika, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakousis, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological inhibition of macrophage triglyceride biosynthesis pathways does not improve Mycobacterium tuberculosis control in infected mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.578000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smad4 Loss in the Mouse Intestinal Epithelium Alleviates the Pathological Fibrotic Response to Injury in the Colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.578000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal healing is associated with better clinical outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Unresolved injury and inflammation, on the other hand, increases pathological fibrosis and the predisposition to cancer. Loss of Smad4, a tumor suppressor, is known to increase colitis-associated cancer in mouse models of chronic IBD. Since common biological processes are involved in both injury repair and tumor growth, we sought to investigate the effect of Smad4 loss on the response to epithelial injury. To this end, Smad4 was knocked out specifically in the intestinal epithelium and transcriptomic and morphological changes compared between wild type mice and Smad4 knock out mice after DSS-induced injury. We find that Smad4 loss alleviates pathological fibrosis and enhances mucosal repair. The transcriptomic changes specific to epithelium indicate molecular changes that affect epithelial extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote enhanced mucosal repair. These findings suggest that the biological processes that promote wound healing alleviate the pathological fibrotic response to DSS. Therefore, these mucosal repair processes could be exploited to develop therapies that promote normal wound healing and prevent fibrosis.

NEW AND NOTEWORTHYWe show that transcriptomic changes due to Smad4 loss in the colonic epithelium alleviates the pathological fibrotic response to DSS in an IBD mouse model of acute inflammation. Most notably, we find that collagen deposition in the epithelial ECM, as opposed to that in the lamina propria, correlates with epithelial changes that enhance wound healing. This is the first report on a mouse model providing alleviated fibrotic response in a DSS-IBD mouse model in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matouba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zokowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzzese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seabold, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perekatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.578000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smad4 Loss in the Mouse Intestinal Epithelium Alleviates the Pathological Fibrotic Response to Injury in the Colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro and in vivo validation of cwlM and pbpB essentiality for viability and resistance to imipenem in Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection is notoriously difficult to treat due, in part, to the intrinsic resistance of this pathogen to most marketed antibiotics. {beta}-Lactams, namely imipenem and cefoxitin, are first-line drugs in combination regimens used to treat this infection; and there is growing interest in dual-{beta}-lactam-based regimens. Better understanding of the molecular basis of {beta}-lactam activity through study of the genetic determinants of {beta}-lactam susceptibility and tolerance would enable more rational drug combinations and guide discovery of novel drug targets to complement {beta}-lactams. We recently used an inducible CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system to silence cwlM and pbpB and confirm their essentiality for in vitro growth and resistance to sub-MIC concentrations of imipenem. Here, we extend those findings to show that silencing either gene alone is bactericidal and augments the bactericidal activity of imipenem in vitro. Furthermore, using CRISPRi in a mouse model of M. abscessus lung infection for the first time, we confirm the essentiality of each gene for in vivo survival. These results validate cwlM and pbpB as essential genes and promising drug targets in this pathogen, including for potentiation of carbapenem activity. The results further establish CRISPRi as a powerful method for validating drug targets and studying gene-gene and gene-drug interactions in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nuermberger, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurepina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswirth, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro and in vivo validation of cwlM and pbpB essentiality for viability and resistance to imipenem in Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Trisomy 21-linked Hematopoietic Gene Variant in Microglia Confers Resilience in Human iPSC Models of Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYWhile challenging, identifying individuals displaying resilience to Alzheimers disease (AD) and understanding the underlying mechanism holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic interventions to effectively treat AD. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of AD. Interestingly, some people with DS, despite developing AD neuropathology, show resilience to cognitive decline. Furthermore, DS individuals are at an increased risk of myeloid leukemia due to somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells. Recent studies indicate that somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells may lead to resilience to neurodegeneration. Microglia, derived from hematopoietic lineages, play a central role in AD etiology. We therefore hypothesize that microglia carrying the somatic mutations associated with DS myeloid leukemia may impart resilience to AD. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we introduce a trisomy 21-linked hotspot CSF2RB A455D mutation into human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines derived from both DS and healthy individuals. Employing hPSC-based in vitro microglia culture and in vivo human microglia chimeric mouse brain models, we show that in response to pathological tau, the CSF2RB A455D mutation suppresses microglial type-1 interferon signaling, independent of trisomy 21 genetic background. This mutation reduces neuroinflammation and enhances phagocytic and autophagic functions, thereby ameliorating senescent and dystrophic phenotypes in human microglia. Moreover, the CSF2RB A455D mutation promotes the development of a unique microglia subcluster with tissue repair properties. Importantly, human microglia carrying CSF2RB A455D provide protection to neuronal function, such as neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in chimeric mouse brains where human microglia largely repopulate the hippocampus. When co-transplanted into the same mouse brains, human microglia with CSF2RB A455D mutation phagocytize and replace human microglia carrying the wildtype CSF2RB gene following pathological tau treatment. Our findings suggest that hPSC-derived CSF2RB A455D microglia could be employed to develop effective microglial replacement therapy for AD and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, even without the need to deplete endogenous diseased microglia prior to cell transplantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Trisomy 21-linked Hematopoietic Gene Variant in Microglia Confers Resilience in Human iPSC Models of Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem rot affects the structure of rhizosphere microbiome in Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhizosphere microbiome plays an essential role in maintaining plant health and productivity. Fungal and bacterial diseases may affect the rhizosphere-associated microbial communities and overall structure of plant microbiome. Here, we studied the effect of stem rot of berseem clover on the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the rhizosphere. We analyzed the rhizosphere-associated bacterial and fungal microbiome from healthy and infected berseem clover collected from three sampling sites by using 16S rRNA and ITS based Illumina sequencing metabarcoding approach. Microbiome analysis showed that healthy plants had higher bacterial and fungal diversity as compared to stem rot infected plants. At the genus level, bacterial genera Rhizobium and Comamonas were more abundant in healthy plants while Pantoea was more abundant in infected plants and fungal genera Sclerotinia, Fusarium and Cladorrhinum were more abundant in infected plants while Microdochium and Cladosporium were distinctively abundant in healthy Berseem. Functional characterization of bacterial and fungal microbiomes revealed that bacterial communities from infected plants showed more abundance of bacteria with functions replication and repair, enzyme families and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites as compared to healthy plant microbiome and decreased in fungal groups including arbuscular mycorrhiza and soil saprotrophs and an increase in plant saprotrophs and fungal parasite-plant pathogens. This study provides comprehensive information about the structure and composition of bacterial and fungal communities associated with the berseem clover rhizosphere that could be utilized for future research on the control of stem rot of berseem clover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukhtar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiysha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem rot affects the structure of rhizosphere microbiome in Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of transcription-translation coupling complexes at each stage of the translation cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial transcription and translation are frequently linked through a transcribing RNA polymerase following the leading ribosome, a process termed transcription-translation coupling (TTC). Three distinct TTC structures, the "collided expressome" (TTC-A), the "coupled expressome" (TTC-B) and the "long-range coupled expressome" (TTC-LC) have been reported, but the biological significance of all complexes is still subject to uncertainty. Furthermore, all of the ribosomes in the structures are determined in a static state. The underlying translation dynamics within these TTCs remain elusive. Here, we reconstitute the complete active transcription-translation system, using antibiotics and a series of different lengths of mRNAs to trap intermediate coupling states, and determine Cryo-EM structures showing the snapshots for the dynamic reaction trajectory. The results show five states of TTC-B representing the whole stages of the translation elongation cycle. TTC-B is compatible with ribosome conformational changes during translation elongation and coordinates transcription elongation with translation elongation. The results show two distinct TTC-A in translational pre-translocation and translocation intermediate states in which the RNAP becomes unstable as the translation progresses. The results further show that TTC-A is the crucial state where the ribosomes could exert mechanical force on RNAP, leading to the potential transition between TTC-A and TTC-B within mRNA spacer ranging from 7 to 9 codons and suggesting a ribosome-dependent transcription termination within mRNA spacer shorter than 7 codons. The results further show TTC-LC is also compatible with ribosome conformational changes during translation elongation cycle but with less stability compared with TTC-B and shows the potential transition with TTC-B within mRNA spacer of 13 codons. Our results provide a comprehensive blueprint detailing the dynamic interplay of transcription-translation coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of transcription-translation coupling complexes at each stage of the translation cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiosis-specific functions of kinetochore protein SPC105R required for chromosome segregation in Drosophila oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reductional division of meiosis I requires the separation of chromosome pairs towards opposite poles. We have previously implicated the outer kinetochore protein SPC105R/KNL1 in driving meiosis I chromosome segregation through lateral attachments to microtubules and co-orientation of sister centromeres. To identify the domains of SPC105R that are critical for meiotic chromosome segregation, an RNAi-resistant gene expression system was developed. We found that SPC105Rs C-terminal domain (aa 1284-1960) is necessary and sufficient for recruiting NDC80 to the kinetochore and building the outer kinetochore. Furthermore, the C-terminal domain recruits BUBR1, which in turn recruits the cohesion protection proteins MEI-S332 and PP2A. Of the remaining 1283 amino acids, we found the first 473 are most important for meiosis. The first 123 amino acids of the N-terminal half of SPC105R contain the conserved SLRK and RISF motifs that are targets of PP1 and Aurora B kinase and are most important for regulating the stability of microtubule attachments and maintaining metaphase I arrest. The region between amino acids 124 and 473 are required for two activities that are critical for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis I, lateral microtubule attachments and bi-orientation of homologs.

Significance StatementO_LIKinetochore proteins regulate meiosis specific functions. SPC105R is a central regulator of kinetochore function but its role in meiosis is not well understood.
C_LIO_LIWe identified regions of SPC105R that regulate key meiosis I functions, including fusing sister centromeres and the way the kinetochore interacts with the microtubules.
C_LIO_LISPC105R is a hub that recruits several proteins to regulate kinetochore activity. Future work will involve identifying the proteins recruited by SPC105R that mediate these functions in meiosis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defosse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiosis-specific functions of kinetochore protein SPC105R required for chromosome segregation in Drosophila oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaled and Efficient Derivation of Loss of Function Alleles in Risk Genes for Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in Human iPSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating genetic findings for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPD) into actionable disease biology would benefit from large-scale and unbiased functional studies of NPD genes. Leveraging the cytosine base editing (CBE) system, here we developed a pipeline for clonal loss-of-function (LoF) allele mutagenesis in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by introducing premature stop-codons (iSTOP) that lead to mRNA nonsense-mediated-decay (NMD) or protein truncation. We tested the pipeline for 23 NPD genes on 3 hiPSC lines and achieved highly reproducible, efficient iSTOP editing in 22 NPD genes. Using RNAseq, we confirmed their pluripotency, absence of chromosomal abnormalities, and NMD. Interestingly, for three schizophrenia risk genes (SETD1A, TRIO, CUL1), despite the high efficiency of base editing, we only obtained heterozygous LoF alleles, suggesting their essential roles for cell growth. We replicated the reported neural phenotypes of SHANK3-haploinsufficiency and found CUL1-LoF reduced neurite branches and synaptic puncta density. This iSTOP pipeline enables a scaled and efficient LoF mutagenesis of NPD genes, yielding an invaluable shareable resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrerro, S. D. d. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkin, D. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Achwah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaled and Efficient Derivation of Loss of Function Alleles in Risk Genes for Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in Human iPSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Posterior Medial Thalamus in the Modulation of Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The posterior medial (POm) thalamus is heavily interconnected with sensory and motor circuitry and is likely involved in behavioral modulation and sensorimotor integration. POm provides axonal projections to the dorsal striatum, a hotspot of sensorimotor processing, yet the role of POm-striatal projections has remained undetermined. Using optogenetics with slice electrophysiology, we found that POm provides robust synaptic input to direct and indirect pathway striatal spiny projection neurons (D1- and D2-SPNs, respectively) and parvalbumin-expressing fast spiking interneurons (PVs). During the performance of a whisker-based tactile discrimination task, POm-striatal projections displayed learning-related activation correlating with anticipatory, but not reward-related, pupil dilation. Inhibition of POm-striatal axons across learning caused slower reaction times and an increase in the number of training sessions for expert performance. Our data indicate that POm-striatal inputs provide a behaviorally relevant arousal-related signal, which may prime striatal circuitry for efficient integration of subsequent choice-related inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yonk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasternak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliani, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Posterior Medial Thalamus in the Modulation of Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EVOLUTIONARY CO-OPTION OF AN ANCESTRAL CLOACAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE DURING THE EMERGENCE OF DIGITS AND GENITALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from fins to limbs has been a rich source of discussion for more than a century. One open and important issue is understanding how the mechanisms that pattern digits arose during vertebrate evolution. In this context, the analysis of Hox gene expression and functions to infer evolutionary scenarios has been a productive approach to explain the changes in organ formation, particularly in limbs. In tetrapods, the transcription of Hoxd genes in developing digits depends on a well-characterized set of enhancers forming a large regulatory landscape1,2. This control system has a syntenic counterpart in zebrafish, even though they lack bona fide digits, suggestive of deep homology3 between distal fin and limb developmental mechanisms. We tested the global function of this landscape to assess ancestry and source of limb and fin variation. In contrast to results in mice, we show here that the deletion of the homologous control region in zebrafish has a limited effect on the transcription of hoxd genes during fin development. However, it fully abrogates hoxd expression within the developing cloaca, an ancestral structure related to the mammalian urogenital sinus. We show that similar to the limb, Hoxd gene function in the urogenital sinus of the mouse also depends on enhancers located in this same genomic domain. Thus, we conclude that the current regulation underlying Hoxd gene expression in distal limbs was co-opted in tetrapods from a preexisting cloacal program. The orthologous chromatin domain in fishes may illustrate a rudimentary or partial step in this evolutionary co-option.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hintermann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Delisle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansour, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duboule, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EVOLUTIONARY CO-OPTION OF AN ANCESTRAL CLOACAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE DURING THE EMERGENCE OF DIGITS AND GENITALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsolateral septum GLP-1R neurons regulate feeding via lateral hypothalamic projections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveAlthough glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is known to regulate feeding, the central mechanisms contributing to this function remain enigmatic. Here, we aim to test the role of neurons expressing GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in the dorsolateral septum (dLS; dLSGLP-1R) and their downstream projections on food intake and determine the relationship with feeding regulation.

MethodsUsing chemogenetic manipulations, we assessed how activation or inhibition of dLSGLP-1R neurons affected food intake in Glp1r-ires-Cre mice. Then, we used channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, chemogenetics, and electrophysiological recordings to identify and assess the role of the pathway from dLSGLP-1R neurons to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in regulating food intake.

ResultsChemogenetic inhibition of dLSGLP-1R neurons increases food intake. LHA is a major downstream target of dLSGLP-1R neurons. The dLSGLP-1R[-&gt;]LHA projections are GABAergic, and chemogenetic inhibition of this pathway also promotes food intake. While chemogenetic activation of dLSGLP-1R[-&gt;]LHA projections modestly decreases food intake, optogenetic stimulation of the dLSGLP-1R[-&gt;]LHA projection terminals in the LHA rapidly suppressed feeding behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that the GLP-1R agonist, Exendin 4 enhances dLSGLP-1R [-&gt;]LHA GABA release.

ConclusionsTogether, these results demonstrate that dLS-GLP-1R neurons and the inhibitory pathway to LHA can regulate feeding behavior, which might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of eating disorders or obesity.

HighlightsO_LIChemogenetic inhibition of dLSGLP-1R neurons boosts food intake in mice
C_LIO_LIdLSGLP-1R neuron activation does not alter feeding, likely by collateral inhibition
C_LIO_LIdLSGLP-1R neurons project to LHA and release GABA
C_LIO_LIActivation of dLSGLP-1R [-&gt;]LHA axonal terminals suppresses food intake
C_LIO_LIGLP-1R agonism enhances dLSGLP-1R [-&gt;]LHA GABA release via a presynaptic mechanism
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsolateral septum GLP-1R neurons regulate feeding via lateral hypothalamic projections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal requirements of Aurora kinase A in mouse oocytes meiotic spindle building 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic spindles are critical to ensure proper chromosome segregation during gamete formation. Oocytes lack centrosomes and use alternative microtubule nucleation pathways for spindle building. However, how these mechanisms are regulated is still unknown. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is necessary and sufficient for oocyte meiosis in mouse because Aurka KO oocytes arrest in meiosis I [1] and AURKA compensates for loss of Aurkb/Aurkc [2]. AURKA is required early in pro-metaphase I to trigger microtubule organizing center fragmentation, a step necessary to effectively build a bipolar spindle. Moreover, in double Aurkb/Aurkc knockouts, AURKA localizes to spindles and chromatin to support meiosis. Although these mouse models were useful for foundational studies, we were unable to resolve AURKA spatial and temporal functions. Here we provide high-resolution analyses of AURKA requirements during multiple steps of meiotic spindle building and identify the subcellular populations that carry out these functions. By combining mouse genetics and pharmacological approaches we show that AURKA is specifically required in early spindle building and later for spindle stability, whereas AURKC is specifically required in late pro-metaphase. Through expression of targeted AURKA constructs expressed in triple Aurora kinase knockout oocytes and high-resolution live imaging, we demonstrate that the spindle pole population of AURKA is the predominate pool that controls meiotic spindle building and stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaskovicova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drutovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal requirements of Aurora kinase A in mouse oocytes meiotic spindle building]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distal Protein-Protein Interactions Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Substrate Binding and Nirmatrelvir Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 main protease, Mpro, is responsible for the processing of the viral polyproteins into individual proteins, including the protease itself. Mpro is a key target of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics such as nirmatrelvir (the active component of Paxlovid). Resistance mutants identified clinically and in viral passage assays contain a combination of active site mutations (e.g. E166V, E166A, L167F), which reduce inhibitor binding and enzymatic activity, and non-active site mutations (e.g. P252L, T21I, L50F), which restore the fitness of viral replication. Although the mechanism of resistance for the active site mutations is apparent, the role of the non-active site mutations in fitness rescue remains elusive. In this study, we use the model system of a Mpro triple mutant (L50F/E166A/L167F) that confers not only nirmatrelvir drug resistance but also a similar fitness of replication compared to the wild-type both in vitro and in vivo. By comparing peptide and full-length Mpro protein as substrates, we demonstrate that the binding of Mpro substrate involves more than residues in the active site. In particular, L50F and other non-active site mutations can enhance the Mpro dimer-dimer interactions and help place the nsp5-6 substrate at the enzyme catalytic center. The structural and enzymatic activity data of Mpro L50F, L50F/E166A/L167F, and others underscore the importance of considering the whole substrate protein in studying Mpro and substrate interactions, and offers important insights into Mpro function, resistance development, and inhibitor design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaskolka-Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohaal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, L. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distal Protein-Protein Interactions Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Substrate Binding and Nirmatrelvir Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.585967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevating levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol blunts opioid reward but not analgesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.585967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converging findings have established that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system serves as a possible target for the development of new treatments for pain as a complement to opioid-based treatments. Here we show in male and female mice that enhancing levels of the eCB, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), through pharmacological inhibition of its catabolic enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), either systemically or in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) with JZL184, leads to a substantial attenuation of the rewarding effects of opioids in male and female mice using conditioned place preference and self-administration paradigms, without altering their analgesic properties. These effects are driven by CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) within the VTA as VTA CB1R conditional knockout, counteracts JZL184s effects. Conversely, pharmacologically enhancing the levels of the other eCB, anandamide (AEA), by inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has no effect on opioid reward or analgesia. Using fiber photometry with fluorescent sensors for calcium and dopamine (DA), we find that enhancing 2-AG levels diminishes opioid reward-related nucleus accumbens (NAc) activity and DA neurotransmission. Together these findings reveal that 2-AG counteracts the rewarding properties of opioids and provides a potential adjunctive therapeutic strategy for opioid-related analgesic treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetcho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birmingham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiu, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foord, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scala-Chavez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekawy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleil, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickel, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liston, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castorena, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briand, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.585967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevating levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol blunts opioid reward but not analgesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional activation of dorsal striatum astrocytes improves movement deficits in hemi-parkinsonian mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal inputs, which causes striatal network dysfunction and leads to pronounced motor deficits. Recent evidence highlights astrocytes as a potential local source of striatal network modulation. However, it remains unknown how dopamine loss affects striatal astrocyte activity and whether astrocyte activity regulates behavioral deficits in PD. We addressed these questions by performing astrocyte-specific calcium recordings and manipulations using in vivo fiber photometry and chemogenetics. We find that locomotion elicits astrocyte calcium activity over a slower timescale than neurons. Unilateral dopamine depletion reduced locomotion-related astrocyte responses. Chemogenetic activation facilitated astrocyte activity, and improved asymmetrical motor deficits and open field exploratory behavior in dopamine lesioned mice. Together, our results establish a novel role for functional striatal astrocyte signaling in modulating motor function in PD and highlight non-neuronal targets for potential PD therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro E Costa, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravoori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arigbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional activation of dorsal striatum astrocytes improves movement deficits in hemi-parkinsonian mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal high-gamma reflects spike-dissociable value and decision mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a crucial role in value-based decision-making. While previous research has focused on spiking activity in OFC neurons, the role of OFC local field potentials (LFPs) in decision-making remains unclear. LFPs are important because they can reflect synaptic and subthreshold activity not directly coupled to spiking, and because they are potential targets for less invasive forms of brain-machine interface (BMI). We recorded LFPs and spiking activity using multi-channel vertical probes while monkeys performed a two-option value-based decision-making task. We compared the value- and decision-coding properties of high-gamma range LFPs (HG, 50-150 Hz) to the coding properties of spiking multi-unit activity (MUA) recorded concurrently on the same electrodes. Results show that HG and MUA both represent the values of decision targets, and that their representations have similar temporal profiles in a trial. However, we also identified value-coding properties of HG that were dissociable from the concurrently-measured MUA. On average across channels, HG amplitude increased monotonically with value, whereas the average value encoding in MUA was net neutral. HG also encoded a signal consistent with a comparison between the values of the two targets, a signal which was much weaker in MUA. In individual channels, HG was better able to predict choice outcomes than MUA; however, when simultaneously recorded channels were combined in population-based decoder, MUA provided more accurate predictions than HG. Interestingly, HG value representations were accentuated in channels in or near shallow cortical layers, suggesting a dissociation between neuronal sources of HG and MUA. In summary, we find that HG signals are dissociable from MUA with respect to cognitive variables encoded in prefrontal cortex, evident in the monotonic encoding of value, stronger encoding of value comparisons, and more accurate predictions about behavior. High-frequency LFPs may therefore be a viable - or even preferable - target for BMIs to assist cognitive function, opening the possibility for less invasive access to mental contents that would otherwise be observable only with spike-based measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinty, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orbitofrontal high-gamma reflects spike-dissociable value and decision mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of the Dachsous intracellular domain to Dachsous-Fat signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protocadherins Fat and Dachsous regulate organ growth, shape, patterning, and planar cell polarity. Although Dachsous and Fat have been described as ligand and receptor, respectively, in a signal transduction pathway, there is also evidence for bidirectional signaling. Here we assess signaling downstream of Dachsous through analysis of its intracellular domain. Genomic deletions of conserved sequences within dachsous identified regions of the intracellular domain required for normal development. Deletion of the A motif increased Dachsous protein levels and decreased wing size. Deletion of the D motif decreased Dachsous levels at cell membranes, increased wing size, and disrupted wing, leg and hindgut patterning and planar cell polarity. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments established that the D motif is necessary and sufficient for association of Dachsous with four key partners: Lowfat, Dachs, Spiny-legs, and MyoID. Subdivision of the D motif identified distinct regions that are preferentially responsible for association with Lft versus Dachs. Our results identify motifs that are essential for Dachsous function and are consistent with the hypothesis that the key function of Dachsous is regulation of Fat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of the Dachsous intracellular domain to Dachsous-Fat signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonic motor neuron programming factors reactivate immature gene expression and suppress ALS pathologies in postnatal motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Whereas young neurons are capable of buffering disease-causing stresses, mature neurons lose this ability and degenerate over time. We hypothesized that the resilience of young motor neurons could be restored by re-expression of the embryonic motor neuron selector transcription factors ISL1 and LHX3. We found that viral re-expression of ISL1 and LHX3 reactivates aspects of the youthful gene expression program in mature motor neurons and alleviates key disease-relevant phenotypes in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Our results suggest that redeployment of lineage-specific neuronal selector transcription factors can be an effective strategy to attenuate age-dependent phenotypes in neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowry, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermentzaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichterle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonic motor neuron programming factors reactivate immature gene expression and suppress ALS pathologies in postnatal motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAK6 rescues pathogenic LRRK2-mediated ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in a mutation-specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P21 activated kinase 6 (PAK6) is a serine-threonine kinase with physiological expression enriched in the brain and overexpressed in a number of human tumors. While the role of PAK6 in cancer cells has been extensively investigated, the physiological function of the kinase in the context of brain cells is poorly understood. Our previous work uncovered a link between PAK6 and the Parkinsons disease (PD)-associated kinase LRRK2, with PAK6 controlling LRRK2 activity and subcellular localization via phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins.

Here, to gain more insights into PAK6 physiological function, we performed protein-protein interaction arrays and identified a subgroup of PAK6 binders related to ciliogenesis. We confirmed that endogenous PAK6 localizes at both the centrosome and the cilium, and positively regulates ciliogenesis not only in tumor cells but also in neurons and astrocytes. Strikingly, PAK6 rescues ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects associated with the G2019S but not the R1441C LRRK2 PD mutation. Since PAK6 binds LRRK2 via its GTPase/Roc-COR domain and the R1441C mutation is located in the Roc domain, we used microscale thermophoresis and AlphaFold2-based computational analysis to demonstrate that PD mutations in LRRK2 affecting the Roc-COR structure substantially decrease PAK6 affinity, providing a rationale for the differential protective effect of PAK6 toward the distinct forms of mutant LRRK2.

Altogether, our study discloses a novel role of PAK6 in ciliogenesis and points to PAK6 as the first LRRK2 modifier with PD mutation-specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iannotta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favetta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Ara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciriani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubacco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taymans, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortholt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAK6 rescues pathogenic LRRK2-mediated ciliogenesis and centrosomal cohesion defects in a mutation-specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.588768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The longitudinal behavioral effects of acute exposure to galactic cosmic radiation in female C57BL/6J mice: implications for deep space missions, female crews, and potential antioxidant countermeasures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.588768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is an unavoidable risk to astronauts that may affect mission success. Male rodents exposed to 33-beam-GCR (33-GCR) show short-term cognitive deficits but reports on female rodents and long-term assessment is lacking. Here we asked: What are the longitudinal behavioral effects of 33-GCR on female mice? Also, can an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound mitigate the impact of 33-GCR? Mature (6-month-old) C57BL/6J female mice received the antioxidant CDDO-EA (400 {micro}g/g of food) or a control diet (vehicle, Veh) for 5 days and either Sham-irradiation (IRR) or whole-body 33-GCR (0.75Gy) on the 4th day. Three-months post-IRR, mice underwent two touchscreen-platform tests: 1) location discrimination reversal (which tests behavior pattern separation and cognitive flexibility, two abilities reliant on the dentate gyrus) and 2) stimulus-response learning/extinction. Mice then underwent arena-based behavior tests (e.g. open field, 3-chamber social interaction). At the experiment end (14.25-month post-IRR), neurogenesis was assessed (doublecortin-immunoreactive [DCX+] dentate gyrus neurons). Female mice exposed to Veh/Sham vs. Veh/33-GCR had similar pattern separation (% correct to 1st reversal). There were two effects of diet: CDDO-EA/Sham and CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice had better pattern separation vs. their respective control groups (Veh/Sham, Veh/33-GCR), and CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice had better cognitive flexibility (reversal number) vs. Veh/33-GCR mice. Notably, one radiation effect/CDDO-EA countereffect also emerged: Veh/33-GCR mice had worse stimulus-response learning (days to completion) vs. all other groups, including CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice. In general, all mice show normal anxiety-like behavior, exploration, and habituation to novel environments. There was also a change in neurogenesis: Veh/33-GCR mice had fewer DCX+ dentate gyrus immature neurons vs. Veh/Sham mice. Our study implies space radiation is a risk to a female crews longitudinal mission-relevant cognitive processes and CDDO-EA is a potential dietary countermeasure for space-radiation CNS risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiffer, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bancroft, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Jimenez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luitel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.588768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The longitudinal behavioral effects of acute exposure to galactic cosmic radiation in female C57BL/6J mice: implications for deep space missions, female crews, and potential antioxidant countermeasures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affective Symptoms in Pregnancy are Associated with the Vaginal Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Composition of the vaginal microbiome in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal, obstetric, and child health outcomes. Identifying the sources of individual differences in the vaginal microbiome is therefore of considerable clinical and public health interest. The current study tested the hypothesis that vaginal microbiome composition during pregnancy is associated with an individuals experience of affective symptoms and stress exposure. Data were based on a prospective longitudinal study of a diverse and medically healthy community sample of 275 mother-infant pairs. Affective symptoms and stress exposure and select measures of associated biomarkers (diurnal salivary cortisol, serum measures of sex hormones) were collected at each trimester; self-report, clinical, and medical records were used to collect detailed data on socio-demographic factors and health behavior, including diet and sleep. Vaginal microbiome samples were collected in the third trimester (34-40 weeks) and characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing. Identified taxa were clustered into three community state types (CST1-3) based on dissimilarity of vaginal microbiota composition. Results indicate that depressive symptoms during pregnancy were reliably associated with individual taxa and CST3 in the third trimester. Prediction of functional potential from 16S taxonomy revealed a differential abundance of metabolic pathways in CST1-3 and individual taxa, including biosynthetic pathways for the neuroactive metabolites, serotonin and dopamine. With the exception of bioavailable testosterone, no significant associations were found between symptoms- and stress-related biomarkers and CSTs. Our results provide further evidence of how prenatal psychological distress during pregnancy alters the maternal-fetal microbiome ecosystem that may be important for understanding maternal and child health outcomes.

ImportancePrenatal affective symptoms and stress are associated with maternal, obstetric, and child health outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying these links and their application to intervention remain unclear. The findings from this investigation extend prior microbiome-oriented research by demonstrating that the maternal vaginal microbiome composition has a biologically plausible mechanistic link with affective symptoms that also suggest additional clinical applications for assessment and intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheible, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beblavy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvaez miranda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affective Symptoms in Pregnancy are Associated with the Vaginal Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of foreign DNA recognition by BREX anti-phage immunity system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-phage systems of the BREX (BacteRiophage EXclusion) superfamily rely on epigenetic DNA methylation to discriminate between the host and invading DNA, but their mechanism of protection remains enigmatic. We demonstrate that in Type I BREX systems, both defense and methylation are based on site-specific DNA recognition by the BrxX (PglX) methyltransferase and require the S-adenosyl methionine cofactor. We present a 2.2-[A] cryoEM structure of Escherichia coli BrxX bound to target dsDNA, which reveals the molecular details of DNA recognition by BREX and paves the way for rational engineering of BREX specificity. We show that BrxX alone does not support methylation, and BREX activity requires an assembly of a supramolecular BrxBCXZ immune complex. Finally, we present a cryoEM structure of BrxX bound to a phage-encoded inhibitor Ocr that sequesters an inactive dimeric form of BrxX. Together, these results allow us to propose a model of BREX-mediated DNA sensing and anti-phage defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drobiazko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skutel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlashov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blower, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghilarov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of foreign DNA recognition by BREX anti-phage immunity system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atp1a2 and Kcnj9 are candidate genes underlying oxycodone behavioral sensitivity and withdrawal in C57BL/6 substrains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder is heritable, yet its genetic etiology is largely unknown. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ mouse substrains exhibit phenotypic diversity in the context of limited genetic diversity which together can facilitate genetic discovery. Here, we found C57BL/6NJ mice were less sensitive to oxycodone (OXY)-induced locomotor activation versus C57BL/6J mice in a conditioned place preference paradigm. Narrow-sense heritability was estimated at 0.22-0.31, implicating suitability for genetic analysis. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in an F2 cross identified a chromosome 1 QTL explaining 7-12% of the variance in OXY locomotion and anxiety-like withdrawal in the elevated plus maze. A second QTL for EPM withdrawal behavior on chromosome 5 near Gabra2 (alpha-2 subunit of GABA-A receptor) explained 9% of the variance. To narrow the chromosome 1 locus, we generated recombinant lines spanning 163-181 Mb, captured the QTL for OXY locomotor traits and withdrawal, and fine-mapped a 2.45-Mb region (170.16-172.61 Mb). Transcriptome analysis identified five, localized striatal cis-eQTL transcripts and two were confirmed at the protein level (KCNJ9, ATP1A2). Kcnj9 codes for a potassium channel (GIRK3) that is a major effector of mu opioid receptor signaling. Atp1a2 codes for a subunit of a Na+/K+ ATPase enzyme that regulates neuronal excitability and shows functional adaptations following chronic opioid administration. To summarize, we identified two candidate genes underlying the physiological and behavioral properties of opioids, with direct preclinical relevance to investigators employing these widely used substrains and clinical relevance to human genetic studies of opioid use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adla, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scotellaro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, M. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atp1a2 and Kcnj9 are candidate genes underlying oxycodone behavioral sensitivity and withdrawal in C57BL/6 substrains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional diversities within neurons and astrocytes in the adult rat auditory cortex revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex is composed of a rich diversity of cell types. Cortical cells are organized into networks that rely on their functional diversity to ultimately carry out a variety of sophisticated cognitive functions. To investigate the breadth of transcriptional diverse cell types in the sensory cortex, we have used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the auditory cortex of the adult rat. A variety of unique excitatory and inhibitory neuron types were identified. In addition, we report for the first time a diversity of astrocytes in the auditory cortex that may represent functionally unique subtypes. Together, these results pave the way for building models of how neurons in the sensory cortex work in concert with astrocytes at synapses to fulfill high-cognitive functions like learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional diversities within neurons and astrocytes in the adult rat auditory cortex revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.588758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polycystins recruit cargo to distinct ciliary extracellular vesicle subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.588758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic use of tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) requires understanding cargo loading mechanisms. Here, we used a modular proximity label approach to identify EV cargo associated with the transient potential channel (TRP) polycystin PKD-2 of C. elegans. Polycystins are conserved receptor-TRP channel proteins affecting cilium function; dysfunction causes polycystic kidney disease in humans and mating deficits in C. elegans. Polycystin-2 EV localization is conserved from algae to humans, hinting at an ancient and unknown function. We discovered that polycystins associate with and direct specific cargo to EVs: channel-like PACL-1, dorsal and ventral membrane C-type lectins PAMLs, and conserved tumor necrosis-associated factor (TRAF) signaling adaptors TRF-1 and TRF-2. Loading of these components relied on polycystin-1 LOV-1. Our modular EV-TurboID approach can be applied in both cell- and tissue-specific manners to define the composition of distinct EV subtypes, addressing a major challenge of the EV field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>desRanleau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.588758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polycystins recruit cargo to distinct ciliary extracellular vesicle subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophage-encoded methyltransferase drives adaptation of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described the evolution of a community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) USA300 variant responsible for an outbreak of skin and soft tissue infections. Acquisition of a mosaic version of the {Phi}11 prophage (m{Phi}11) that increases skin abscess size was an early step in CA-MRSA adaptation that primed the successful spread of the clone. The present report shows how prophage m{Phi}11 exerts its effect on virulence for skin infection without encoding a known toxin or fitness genes. Abscess size and skin inflammation were associated with DNA methylase activity of an m{Phi}11-encoded adenine methyltransferase (designated pamA). pamA increased expression of fibronectin-binding protein A (fnbA; FnBPA), and inactivation of fnbA eliminated the effect of pamA on abscess virulence without affecting strains lacking pamA. Thus, fnbA is a pamA-specific virulence factor. Mechanistically, pamA was shown to promote biofilm formation in vivo in skin abscesses, a phenotype linked to FnBPAs role in biofilm formation. Collectively, these data reveal a novel mechanism--epigenetic regulation of staphylococcal gene expression--by which phage can regulate virulence to drive adaptive leaps by S. aureus.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/589803v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b97d6forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1da30f1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c34311org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6834df_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podkowik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samhadaneh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagounis, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwack, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drlica, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bakel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shopsin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophage-encoded methyltransferase drives adaptation of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved germline-specific Dsn1 alternative splice isoform supports oocyte and embryo development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative mRNA splicing can generate distinct protein isoforms to allow for the differential control of cell processes across cell types. However, alternative splice isoforms that differentially modulate distinct cell division programs have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mammalian germ cells express an alternate mRNA splice isoform for the kinetochore component, DSN1, a subunit of the MIS12 complex that links the centromeres to spindle microtubules during chromosome segregation. This germline DSN1 isoform bypasses the requirement for Aurora kinase phosphorylation for its centromere localization due to the absence of a key regulatory region allowing DSN1 to display persistent centromere localization. Expression of the germline DSN1 isoform in somatic cells results in constitutive kinetochore localization, chromosome segregation errors, and growth defects, providing an explanation for its tight cell type-specific expression. Reciprocally, precisely eliminating expression of the germline DSN1 splice isoform in mouse models disrupts oocyte maturation and early embryonic divisions coupled with a reduction in fertility. Together, this work identifies a germline-specific splice isoform for a chromosome segregation component and implicates its role in mammalian fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheeseman, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved germline-specific Dsn1 alternative splice isoform supports oocyte and embryo development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProLLM: Protein Chain-of-Thoughts Enhanced LLM for Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prediction of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is crucial for understanding biological functions and diseases. Previous machine learning approaches to PPI prediction mainly focus on direct physical interactions, ignoring the broader context of nonphysical connections through intermediate proteins, thus limiting their effectiveness. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) provides a new opportunity for addressing this complex biological challenge. By transforming structured data into natural language prompts, we can map the relationships between proteins into texts. This approach allows LLMs to identify indirect connections between proteins, tracing the path from upstream to downstream. Therefore, we propose a novel framework ProLLM that employs an LLM tailored for PPI for the first time. Specifically, we propose Protein Chain of Thought (ProCoT), which replicates the biological mechanism of signaling pathways as natural language prompts. ProCoT considers a signaling pathway as a protein reasoning process, which starts from upstream proteins and passes through several intermediate proteins to transmit biological signals to downstream proteins. Thus, we can use ProCoT to predict the interaction between upstream proteins and downstream proteins. The training of ProLLM employs the ProCoT format, which enhances the models understanding of complex biological problems. In addition to ProCoT, this paper also contributes to the exploration of embedding replacement of protein sites in natural language prompts, and instruction fine-tuning in protein knowledge datasets. We demonstrate the efficacy of ProLLM through rigorous validation against benchmark datasets, showing significant improvement over existing methods in terms of prediction accuracy and generalizability. Our results highlight the potential of LLMs to transform the field of PPI, serving as a robust potential tool for various categories of biological and medical research. The code is available at: https://github.com/MingyuJ666/ProLLM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haochen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProLLM: Protein Chain-of-Thoughts Enhanced LLM for Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific oncogene activation of the cell of origin in mucosal melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a deadly cancer derived from mucosal melanocytes. To test the consequences of MM genetics, we developed a zebrafish model in which all melanocytes experienced CCND1 expression and loss of PTEN and TP53. Surprisingly, melanoma only developed from melanocytes lining internal organs, analogous to the location of patient MM. We found that zebrafish MMs had a unique chromatin landscape from cutaneous melanoma. Internal melanocytes could be labeled using a MM-specific transcriptional enhancer. Normal zebrafish internal melanocytes shared a gene expression signature with MMs. Patient and zebrafish MMs have increased migratory neural crest gene and decreased antigen presentation gene expression, consistent with the increased metastatic behavior and decreased immunotherapy sensitivity of MM. Our work suggests the cell state of the originating melanocyte influences the behavior of derived melanomas. Our animal model phenotypically and transcriptionally mimics patient tumors, allowing this model to be used for MM therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitschek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedeilia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modhurima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchbinder, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific oncogene activation of the cell of origin in mucosal melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) include a range of sub-threshold symptoms that resemble aspects of psychosis but do not necessarily indicate the presence of psychiatric illness. These experiences are highly prevalent in youth and are associated with developmental disruptions across social, academic, and emotional domains. While not all youth who report PLEs develop psychosis, many develop other psychiatric illnesses during adolescence and adulthood. As such, PLEs are theorized to represent early markers of poor mental health. Here, we characterized the similarities and differences in the neurobiological underpinnings of childhood PLEs across the sexes using a large sample from the ABCD Study (n=5,260), revealing sex-specific associations between functional networks connectivity and PLEs. We find that although the networks associated with PLEs overlap to some extent across the sexes, there are also crucial differences. In females, PLEs are associated with dispersed cortical and non-cortical connections, whereas in males, they are primarily associated with functional connections within limbic, temporal parietal, somato/motor, and visual networks. These results suggest that early transdiagnostic markers of psychopathology may be distinct across the sexes, further emphasizing the need to consider sex in psychiatric research as well as clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the large-scale and cellular cortical response to focal traumatic brain injury in mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects neural function at the local injury site and also at distant, connected brain areas. However, the real-time neural dynamics in response to injury and subsequent effects on sensory processing and behavior are not fully resolved, especially across a range of spatial scales. We used in vivo calcium imaging in awake, head-restrained male and female mice to measure large-scale and cellular resolution neuronal activation, respectively, in response to a mild/moderate TBI induced by focal controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury of the motor cortex (M1). Widefield imaging revealed an immediate CCI-induced activation at the injury site, followed by a massive slow wave of calcium signal activation that traveled across the majority of the dorsal cortex within approximately 30 s. Correspondingly, two-photon calcium imaging in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) found strong activation of neuropil and neuronal populations during the CCI-induced traveling wave. A depression of calcium signals followed the wave, during which we observed atypical activity of a sparse population of S1 neurons. Longitudinal imaging in the hours and days after CCI revealed increases in the area of whisker-evoked sensory maps at early time points, in parallel to decreases in cortical functional connectivity and behavioral measures. Neural and behavioral changes mostly recovered over hours to days in our M1-TBI model, with a more lasting decrease in the number of active S1 neurons. Our results in unanesthetized mice describe novel spatial and temporal neural adaptations that occur at cortical sites remote to a focal brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bibineyshvili, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajtay, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salsabilian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fliss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvarnakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafizadeh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the large-scale and cellular cortical response to focal traumatic brain injury in mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.581977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic compositional equilibrium governs mRNA recognition by eIF3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.581977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 3 is a multi-subunit protein complex that binds both ribosomes and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to drive a diverse set of mechanistic steps during translation of an mRNA into the protein it encodes. And yet, a unifying framework explaining how eIF3 performs these numerous activities is lacking. Using single-molecule light scattering microscopy, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF3 is in dynamic exchange between the full complex, subcomplexes, and subunits. By extending our microscopy approach to an in vitro reconstituted eIF3 and complementing it with biochemical assays, we define the subspecies comprising this dynamic compositional equilibrium and show that mRNA binding by eIF3 is not driven by the full complex but instead by the eIF3a subunit within eIF3a-containing subcomplexes. Our findings provide a mechanistic model for the role of eIF3 in mRNA recruitment and establish a mechanistic framework for explaining and investigating the other activities of eIF3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ide, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Communale, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.581977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic compositional equilibrium governs mRNA recognition by eIF3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOE3-R136S mutation confers resilience against tau pathology via cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Christchurch mutation (R136S) on the APOE3 (E3S/S) gene is associated with attenuation of tau load and cognitive decline despite the presence of a causal PSEN1 mutation and high levels of amyloid beta pathology in the carrier1. However, the specific molecular mechanisms enabling the E3S/S mutation to mitigate tau-induced neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we replaced mouse ApoE with wild-type human E3 or E3S/S on a tauopathy background. The R136S mutation markedly decreased tau load and protected against tau-induced synaptic loss, myelin loss, and reduction in theta and gamma powers. Additionally, the R136S mutation reduced interferon response to tau pathology in both mouse and human microglia, suppressing cGAS-STING activation. Treating tauopathy mice carrying wild-type E3 with a cGAS inhibitor protected against tau-induced synaptic loss and induced similar transcriptomic alterations to those induced by the R136S mutation across brain cell types. Thus, suppression of microglial cGAS-STING-IFN pathway plays a central role in mediating the protective effects of R136S against tauopathy.

One-sentence summaryThe R136S mutation on APOE3 enhances resistance to tau-related pathology and toxicity by downregulating the cGAS-STING-IFN signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naguib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOE3-R136S mutation confers resilience against tau pathology via cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conserved Inhibitory Interdomain Interaction Regulates DNA-binding Activities of Hybrid Two-component Systems in Bacteroides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrid two-component systems (HTCSs) comprise a major class of transcription regulators of polysaccharide utilization genes in Bacteroides. Distinct from classical two-component systems in which signal transduction is carried out by intermolecular phosphotransfer between a histidine kinase (HK) and a cognate response regulator (RR), HTCSs contain the membrane sensor HK and the RR transcriptional regulator within a single polypeptide chain. Tethering the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the RR with the dimeric HK domain in an HTCS could potentially promote dimerization of the DBDs and would thus require a mechanism to suppress DNA-binding activity in the absence of stimulus. Analysis of phosphorylation and DNA-binding activities of several HTCSs from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron revealed a DBD-suppression mechanism in which an inhibitory interaction between the DBD and the phosphoryl group-accepting receiver domain (REC) decreases autophosphorylation rates of HTCS-RECs as well as represses DNA-binding activities in the absence of phosphorylation. Sequence analyses and structure predictions identified a highly conserved sequence motif correlated with a conserved inhibitory domain arrangement of REC and DBD. Presence of the motif, as in most HTCSs, or its absence, in a small subset of HTCSs, is likely predictive of two distinct regulatory mechanisms evolved for different glycans. Substitutions within the conserved motif relieve the inhibitory interaction and result in elevated DNA-binding activities in the absence of phosphorylation. Our data suggest a fundamental regulatory mechanism shared by most HTCSs to suppress DBD activities using a conserved inhibitory interdomain arrangement to overcome the challenge of the fused HK and RR components.

ImportanceDifferent dietary and host-derived complex carbohydrates shape the gut microbial community and impact human health. In Bacteroides, the prevalent gut bacteria genus, utilization of these diverse carbohydrates relies on different gene clusters that are under sophisticated control by various signaling systems, including the hybrid two-component systems (HTCSs). We have uncovered a highly conserved regulatory mechanism in which the output DNA-binding activity of HTCSs is suppressed by interdomain interactions in the absence of stimulating phosphorylation. A consensus amino acid motif is found to correlate with the inhibitory interaction surface while deviations from the consensus can lead to constitutive activation. Understanding of such conserved HTCS features will be important to make regulatory predictions for individual systems as well as to engineer novel systems with substitutions in the consensus to explore the glycan regulation landscape in Bacteroides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conserved Inhibitory Interdomain Interaction Regulates DNA-binding Activities of Hybrid Two-component Systems in Bacteroides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.590998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental origins of Parkinson's disease risk: perinatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin leads to sex-specific DNA modifications in critical neurodevelopmental pathways in the mouse midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.590998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological studies show that exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin is associated with increased risk of Parkinsons disease (PD). Animal studies support a link between developmental dieldrin exposure and increased neuronal susceptibility in the -synuclein preformed fibril (-syn PFF) and MPTP models in adult male C57BL/6 mice. In a previous study, we showed that developmental dieldrin exposure was associated with sex-specific changes in DNA modifications within genes related to dopaminergic neuron development and maintenance at 12 weeks of age. Here, we used capture hybridization-sequencing with custom baits to interrogate DNA modifications across the entire genetic loci of the previously identified genes at multiple time points - birth, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 36 weeks old. We identified largely sex-specific dieldrin-induced changes in DNA modifications at each time point that annotated to pathways important for neurodevelopment, potentially related to critical steps in early neurodevelopment, dopaminergic neuron differentiation, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and glial-neuron interactions. Despite large numbers of age-specific DNA modifications, longitudinal analysis identified a small number of DMCs with dieldrin-induced deflection of epigenetic aging. The sex-specificity of these results adds to evidence that sex-specific responses to PD-related exposures may underly sex-specific differences in disease. Overall, these data support the idea that developmental dieldrin exposure leads to changes in epigenetic patterns that persist after the exposure period and disrupt critical neurodevelopmental pathways, thereby impacting risk of late life diseases, including PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kochmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.590998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental origins of Parkinson's disease risk: perinatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin leads to sex-specific DNA modifications in critical neurodevelopmental pathways in the mouse midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIPK3 promotes neuronal survival by suppressing excitatory neurotransmission during CNS viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While recent work has identified roles for immune mediators in the regulation of neural activity, the capacity for cell intrinsic innate immune signaling within neurons to influence neurotransmission remains poorly understood. However, the existing evidence linking immune signaling with neuronal function suggests that modulation of neurotransmission may serve previously undefined roles in host protection during infection of the central nervous system. Here, we identify a specialized function for RIPK3, a kinase traditionally associated with necroptotic cell death, in preserving neuronal survival during neurotropic flavivirus infection through the suppression of excitatory neurotransmission. We show that RIPK3 coordinates transcriptomic changes in neurons that suppress neuronal glutamate signaling, thereby desensitizing neurons to excitotoxic cell death. These effects occur independently of the traditional functions of RIPK3 in promoting necroptosis and inflammatory transcription. Instead, RIPK3 promotes phosphorylation of the key neuronal regulatory kinase CaMKII, which in turn activates the transcription factor CREB to drive a neuroprotective transcriptional program and suppress deleterious glutamatergic signaling. These findings identify an unexpected function for a canonical cell death protein in promoting neuronal survival during viral infection through the modulation of neuronal activity, highlighting new mechanisms of neuroimmune crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estevez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaglio, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestein, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIPK3 promotes neuronal survival by suppressing excitatory neurotransmission during CNS viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms Of Meristem Maintenance By Maize Transcriptional Corepressors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of the plant body proceeds in a sequential post-embryonic manner through the action of meristems. Tightly coordinated meristem regulation is required for development and reproductive success, eventually determining yield in crop species. In maize, the REL2 family of transcriptional corepressors includes four members, REL2, RELK1 (REL2-LIKE1), RELK2, and RELK3. In a screen for rel2 enhancers, we identified shorter double mutants with enlarged female inflorescence meristems (IMs) carrying mutations in RELK1. Expression and genetic analysis indicate that REL2 and RELK1 cooperatively regulate female IM development by controlling genes involved in redox balance, hormone homeostasis, and differentiation, ultimately tipping the meristem toward an environment favorable to expanded expression of the ZmWUSCHEL1 gene, a key stem-cell promoting transcription factor. We further demonstrate that RELK genes have partially redundant yet diverse functions in the maintenance of various meristem types during development. By exploiting subtle increases in ear IM size in rel2 heterozygous plants, we also show that extra rows of kernels are formed across a diverse set of F1 hybrids. Our findings reveal that the REL2 family maintains development from embryonic initiation to reproductive growth and can potentially be harnessed for increasing seed yield in a major crop species.

One sentence summaryREL2-RELKs fine tune hormone and chemical cues to prevent expanded expression of ZmWUSCHEL1 in maize inflorescence meristems, and can potentially be harnessed for increasing seed yield in hybrids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punskovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslow, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms Of Meristem Maintenance By Maize Transcriptional Corepressors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles to tailor Hsp104 therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.26.591398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hexameric AAA+ disaggregase, Hsp104, collaborates with Hsp70 and Hsp40 via its autoregulatory middle domain (MD) to solubilize aggregated protein conformers. However, how ATP- or ADP-specific MD configurations regulate Hsp104 hexamers remains poorly understood. Here, we define an ATP-specific network of interprotomer contacts between nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) and MD helix L1, which tunes Hsp70 collaboration. Manipulating this network can: (a) reduce Hsp70 collaboration without enhancing activity; (b) generate Hsp104 hypomorphs that collaborate selectively with class B Hsp40s; (c) produce Hsp70-independent potentiated variants; or (d) create species barriers between Hsp104 and Hsp70. Conversely, ADP-specific intraprotomer contacts between MD helix L2 and NBD1 restrict activity, and their perturbation frequently potentiates Hsp104. Importantly, adjusting the NBD1:MD helix L1 rheostat via rational design enables finely tuned collaboration with Hsp70 to safely potentiate Hsp104, minimize off- target toxicity, and counteract FUS proteinopathy in human cells. Thus, we establish important design principles to tailor Hsp104 therapeutics.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/591398v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1520616org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@db3f5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a1ae5eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1beab7e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambogi, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendsersky, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizo, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles to tailor Hsp104 therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modification of the shikimate pathway to reduce lignin content in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) significantly impacts plant microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered a sustainable biofuel feedstock, given its fast-growth, low input requirements, and high biomass yields. Improvements in bioenergy conversion efficiency of switchgrass could be made by reducing its lignin content. Engineered switchgrass that expresses a bacterial 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB) has reduced lignin content and improved biomass saccharification due to the rerouting of the shikimate pathway towards the simple aromatic protocatechuate at the expense of lignin biosynthesis. However, the impacts of this QsuB trait on switchgrass microbiome structure and function remains unclear. To address this, wildtype and QsuB engineered switchgrass were grown in switchgrass field soils and samples were collected from inflorescences, leaves, roots, rhizospheres, and bulk soils for microbiome analysis. We investigated how QsuB expression influenced switchgrass-associated fungal and bacterial communities using high-throughput Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of ITS and 16S rDNA. Compared to wildtype, QsuB engineered switchgrass hosted different microbial communities in roots, rhizosphere, and leaves. Specifically, QsuB engineered plants had a lower abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Additionally, QsuB engineered plants had fewer Actinobacteriota in root and rhizosphere samples. These findings may indicate that changes in the plant metabolism impact both organismal groups similarly, or potential interactions between AMF and the bacterial community. This study enhances understanding of plant-microbiome interactions by providing baseline microbial data for developing beneficial bioengineering strategies and by assessing non-target impacts of engineered plant traits on the plant microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benucci, G. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eudes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonito, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modification of the shikimate pathway to reduce lignin content in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) significantly impacts plant microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective role of parenthood on age-related brain function in mid- to late-life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The experience of parenthood can profoundly alter ones body, mind, and environment, yet we know little about the long-term associations between parenthood and brain function and aging in adulthood. Here, we investigate the link between number of children parented (parity) and age on brain function in 19,964 females and 17,607 males from the UK Biobank. In both females and males, increased parity was positively associated with functional connectivity, particularly within the somato/motor network. Critically, the spatial topography of parity-linked effects was inversely correlated with the impact of age on functional connectivity across the brain for both females and males, suggesting that a higher number of children is associated with patterns of brain function in the opposite direction to age-related alterations. These results indicate that the changes accompanying parenthood may confer benefits to brain health across the lifespan, highlighting the importance of future work to understand the associated mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orchard, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamadar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, H. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective role of parenthood on age-related brain function in mid- to late-life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-specific dynamics of neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines in response to La Crosse virus infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.07.592956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, particularly affecting children aged 16 years or younger. This age-related susceptibility extends to murine models, where weanling mice (3 weeks old) succumb to LACV infection, while adults ([&ge;]6 weeks old) demonstrate resistance. Despite its clinical relevance, the host immune response to LACV is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), cytokines, and chemokines in weanling and adult mice following infection with 5x105 plaque forming units (PFU) of LACV. We observed significant age-related differences in viral titers and survival. Weanling mice demonstrated early disease onset with elevated peripheral viremia, but passive transfer of adult serum, confirmed to have nAbs, to naive weanlings prior to infection completely rescued them from death. Cytokine and chemokine profiling revealed distinct kinetics and age-specific immune responses. Adult mice had increased Th1 cytokines, Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cytokines, and many chemokines. In contrast, weanlings had higher Th2 cytokines, correlating with symptoms onset. Flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining further demonstrated that weanling mice produced higher levels of IL-4 by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to adults, regardless of infection status. Conversely, LACV-infected adult mice had increased IFN-{gamma} production by CD8+ T cells compared to uninfected adults. Finally, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from immune adult mice to naive weanlings delayed neurological symptoms and improved survival, highlighting the protective role of immune adult cells against LACV. In conclusion, this study links nAbs and cytokine and chemokine responses to protective immunity in adult mice, contrasting with the pathogenesis seen in weanlings. These findings underscore the importance of further research into innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in LACV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alatrash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-specific dynamics of neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines in response to La Crosse virus infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.591673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo genome assembly for an endangered lemur using portable nanopore sequencing in rural Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.591673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As one of the most threatened mammalian taxa, lemurs of Madagascar are facing unprecedented anthropogenic pressures. To address conservation imperatives such as this, researchers have increasingly relied on conservation genomics to identify populations of particular concern. However, many of these genomic approaches necessitate high-quality genomes. While the advent of next generation sequencing technologies and the resulting reduction of associated costs have led to the proliferation of genomic data and high-quality reference genomes, global discrepancies in genomic sequencing capabilities often result in biological samples from biodiverse host countries being exported to facilities in the Global North, creating inequalities in access and training within genomic research. Here, we present the first reference genome for the endangered red-fronted brown lemur (Eulemur rufifrons) from sequencing efforts conducted entirely within the host country using portable Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Using an archived E. rufifrons specimen, we conducted long-read, nanopore sequencing at the Centre ValBio Research Station near Ranomafana National Park, in rural Madagascar, generating over 750 Gb of sequencing data from 10 MinION flow cells. Exclusively using this long-read data, we assembled 2.21 gigabase, 20,330-contig nuclear assembly with an N50 of 98.9 Mb and a 17,108 bp mitogenome. The nuclear assembly had 31x average coverage and was comparable in completeness to other primate reference genomes, with a 95.47% BUSCO completeness score for primate-specific genes. As the first reference genome for E. rufifrons and the only annotated genome available for the speciose Eulemur genus, this resource will prove vital for conservation genomic studies while our efforts exhibit the potential of this protocol to address research inequalities and build genomic capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauff, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoanaivo, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razafindrakoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelonjanahary, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotoarivony, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.591673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo genome assembly for an endangered lemur using portable nanopore sequencing in rural Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasome regulation of petite-negativity in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria carry out essential functions in eukaryotic cells. The mitochondrial genome encodes factors critical to support oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein import necessary for these functions. However, organisms like budding yeast can readily lose their mitochondrial genome, yielding respiration-deficient petite mutants. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is petite-negative, but some nuclear mutations enable the loss of its mitochondrial genome. Here, we characterize the classical petite-positive mutation ptp1-1 as a loss of function allele of the proteasome 19S regulatory subunit component mts4/rpn1, involved in the Ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. The mutation results in an altered oxidative stress response, with increased levels of oxidized glutathione, and increased levels of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic chaperones. We propose that Ubiquitin-proteasome regulation of chaperones involved in the Unfolded Protein Response and mitochondrial protein import underlies petite-negativity in fission yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amberg, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranz-Mileva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaratiegui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasome regulation of petite-negativity in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Unfolded Protein Response pathways cooperate to link cytosolic dsDNA release to Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor STING has been increasingly implicated in responses to "sterile" endogenous threats and pathogens without nominal DNA or cyclic di-nucleotide stimuli. Previous work showed an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), activates STING. Herein, we sought to determine if ER stress generated a STING ligand, and to identify the UPR pathways involved. Induction of IFN-{beta} expression following stimulation with the UPR inducer thapsigargin (TPG) or oxygen glucose deprivation required both STING and the dsDNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Furthermore, TPG increased cytosolic mitochondrial DNA, and immunofluorescence visualized dsDNA punctae in murine and human cells, providing a cGAS stimulus. N-acetylcysteine decreased IFN-{beta} induction by TPG, implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial oxidative stress inhibitor did not impact TPG-induced IFN. On the other hand, inhibiting the inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ER stress sensor and its target transcription factor XBP1 decreased the generation of cytosolic dsDNA. iNOS upregulation was XBP1-dependent, and an iNOS inhibitor decreased cytosolic dsDNA and IFN-{beta}, implicating ROS downstream of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway. Inhibition of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway also attenuated cytoplasmic dsDNA release. The PERK-regulated apoptotic factor Bim was required for both dsDNA release and IFN-{beta} mRNA induction. Finally, XBP1 and PERK pathways contributed to cytosolic dsDNA release and IFN-induction by the RNA virus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). Together, our findings suggest that ER stressors, including viral pathogens without nominal STING or cGAS ligands such as RNA viruses, trigger multiple canonical UPR pathways that cooperate to activate STING and downstream IFN-{beta} via mitochondrial dsDNA release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Unfolded Protein Response pathways cooperate to link cytosolic dsDNA release to Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of clock transcript mediates the response of circadian clocks to temperature changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks respond to temperature changes over the calendar year, allowing organisms to adjust their daily biological rhythms to optimize health and fitness. In Drosophila, seasonal adaptations and temperature compensation are regulated by temperature-sensitive alternative splicing (AS) of period (per) and timeless (tim) genes that encode key transcriptional repressors of clock gene expression. Although clock (clk) gene encodes the critical activator of clock gene expression, AS of its transcripts and its potential role in temperature regulation of clock function have not been explored. We therefore sought to investigate whether clk exhibits AS in response to temperature and the functional changes of the differentially spliced transcripts. We observed that clk transcripts indeed undergo temperature-sensitive AS. Specifically, cold temperature leads to the production of an alternative clk transcript, hereinafter termed clk-cold, which encodes a CLK isoform with an in-frame deletion of four amino acids proximal to the DNA binding domain. Notably, serine 13 (S13), which we found to be a CK1-dependent phosphorylation site, is among the four amino acids deleted in CLK-cold protein. Using a combination of transgenic fly, tissue culture, and in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that upon phosphorylation at CLK(S13), CLK-DNA interaction is reduced, thus decreasing CLK occupancy at clock gene promoters. This is in agreement with our findings that CLK occupancy at clock genes and transcriptional output are elevated at cold temperature, which can be explained by the higher amounts of CLK-cold isoforms that lack S13 residue. This study provides new insights into the complex collaboration between AS and phospho-regulation in shaping temperature responses of the circadian clock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabuloc, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing of clock transcript mediates the response of circadian clocks to temperature changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.592987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two retrotransposon-derived capsid genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 maintain reproductive capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.592987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome contains 24 gag-like capsid genes derived from deactivated retrotransposons conserved among eutherians. Although some of their encoded proteins retain the ability to form capsids and even transfer cargo, their fitness benefit has remained elusive. Here we show that the gag-like genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 support reproductive capacity. Six-week-old mice lacking either Pnma1 or Pnma4 are indistinguishable from wild-type littermates, but by six months the mutant mice become prematurely subfertile, with precipitous drops in sex hormone levels, gonadal atrophy, and abdominal obesity; overall they produce markedly fewer offspring than controls. Analysis of donated human ovaries shows that expression of both genes declines normally with aging, while several PNMA1 and PNMA4 variants identified in genome-wide association studies are causally associated with low testosterone, altered puberty onset, or obesity. These findings expand our understanding of factors that maintain human reproductive health and lend insight into the domestication of retrotransposon-derived genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blengini, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemiakine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khondker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isola, J. V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennarino, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogessie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedenheft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchowitz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.592987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two retrotransposon-derived capsid genes PNMA1 and PNMA4 maintain reproductive capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota and metabolic adaptation shape Staphylococcus aureus virulence and antimicrobial resistance during intestinal colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depletion of microbiota increases susceptibility to gastrointestinal colonization and subsequent infection by opportunistic pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). How the absence of gut microbiota impacts the evolution of MRSA is unknown. The present report used germ-free mice to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of MRSA in the absence of gut microbiota. Through genomic analyses and competition assays, we found that MRSA adapts to the microbiota-free gut through sequential genetic mutations and structural changes that enhance fitness. Initially, these adaptations increase carbohydrate transport; subsequently, evolutionary pathways largely diverge to enhance either arginine metabolism or cell wall biosynthesis. Increased fitness in arginine pathway mutants depended on arginine catabolic genes, especially nos and arcC, which promote microaerobic respiration and ATP generation, respectively. Thus, arginine adaptation likely improves redox balance and energy production in the oxygen-limited gut environment. Findings were supported by human gut metagenomic analyses, which suggest the influence of arginine metabolism on colonization. Surprisingly, these adaptive genetic changes often reduced MRSAs antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Furthermore, resistance mutation, typically associated with decreased virulence, also reduced colonization fitness, indicating evolutionary trade-offs among these traits. The presence of normal microbiota inhibited these adaptations, preserving MRSAs wild-type characteristics that effectively balance virulence, resistance, and colonization fitness. The results highlight the protective role of gut microbiota in preserving a balance of key MRSA traits for long-term ecological success in commensal populations, underscoring the potential consequences on MRSAs survival and fitness during and after host hospitalization and antimicrobial treatment.

ImportanceThe fitness of MRSA depends on its ability to colonize. A key, underappreciated observation is that gut colonization frequently serves as the site for MRSA infections, especially among vulnerable groups such as children and hospitalized adults. By evolving MRSA strains in germ-free mice, we identify molecular mechanisms underlying how MRSA exploits a depletion in host microbiota to enhance gut colonization fitness. This work points to bacterial colonization factors that may be targetable. Our findings indicate that adaptive changes in MRSA often reduce its antimicrobial resistance and virulence, and are suppressed by the presence of native commensal bacteria. This work helps explain the ecology of pathoadaptive variants that thrive in hospital settings but falter under colonization conditions in healthy hosts. Additionally, it illustrates the potential adverse effects of prolonged, broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobial therapy and adds a new type of weight to calls for microbiota transplantation to reduce colonization by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawline, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perault, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podkowik, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejeune, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuMont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbe, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fey, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drlica, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shopsin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.593044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota and metabolic adaptation shape Staphylococcus aureus virulence and antimicrobial resistance during intestinal colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic regulatory T cell-derived enkephalin imparts pregnancy-induced analgesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells have emerged as sex-dependent orchestrators of pain chronification but the sexually dimorphic mechanisms by which T cells control pain sensitivity is not resolved. Here, we demonstrate an influence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on pain processing that is distinct from their canonical functions of immune regulation and tissue repair. Specifically, meningeal Tregs (mTregs) express the endogenous opioid, enkephalin, and mTreg-derived enkephalin exerts an antinociceptive action through a presynaptic opioid receptor signaling mechanism that is dispensable for immunosuppression. We demonstrate that mTregs are both necessary and sufficient to suppress mechanical pain sensitivity in female, but not male, mice, with this modulation reliant on sex hormones. These results uncover a fundamental sex-specific, and immunologically- derived endogenous opioid circuit for nociceptive regulation with critical implications for pain biology.

Highlights1. Gating of allodynia by meningeal Tregs is sex hormone-dependent

3. Treg-derived enkephalin modulates mechanical pain sensitivity, not inflammation

4. Delta opioid receptor on MrgprD+ sensory neuron mediates pain processing by mTregs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Midavaine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochhar, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basbaum, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashem, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.593442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic regulatory T cell-derived enkephalin imparts pregnancy-induced analgesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WUSCHEL-dependent chromatin regulation in maize inflorescence development at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WUSCHEL (WUS) is transcription factor vital for stem cell proliferation in plant meristems. In maize, ZmWUS1 is expressed in the inflorescence meristem, including the central zone, the reservoir of stem cells. ZmWUS1 overexpression in the Barren inflorescence3 mutant leads to defects in inflorescence development. Here, single-cell ATAC-seq analysis shows that ZmWUS1 overexpression alters chromatin accessibility throughout the central zone. The CAATAATGC motif, a known homeodomain recognition site, is predominantly observed in the regions with increased chromatin accessibility suggesting ZmWUS1 is an activator in the central zone. Regions with decreased chromatin accessibility feature various motifs and are adjacent to AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR genes, revealing negative regulation of auxin signaling in the central zone. DAP-seq of ZmWUS1 identified the TGAATGAA motif, abundant in epidermal accessible chromatin compared to the central zone. These findings highlight ZmWUS1s context-dependent mechanisms for stem cell maintenance in the inflorescence meristem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WUSCHEL-dependent chromatin regulation in maize inflorescence development at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of RT-RPA-based point-of-care tests for epidemic arthritogenic alphaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.594209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya (CHIKV), onyong-nyong (ONNV), and Mayaro (MAYV) viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes and known to cause a debilitating arthritogenic syndrome. These alphaviruses have emerged and re-emerged, leading to outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, South America, and Africa. Despite their prevalence, there persists a critical gap in the availability of sensitive and virus-specific point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Traditional immunoglobulin-based tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) often yield cross-reactive results due to the close genetic relationship between these viruses. Molecular diagnostics such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) offer high sensitivity but are limited by the need for specialized laboratory equipment. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification method, is a promising alternative to qPCR, providing rapid results with minimal equipment requirements. Here, we report the development and validation of three virus-specific RPA-based POC tests for CHIKV, ONNV, and MAYV. These tests demonstrated both speed and sensitivity, capable of detecting 10 viral copies within 20 minutes of amplification, without exhibiting cross-reactivity. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical potential of these tests using serum and tissue samples from CHIKV, ONNV, and MAYV-infected mice, as well as CHIKV-infected human patients. We demonstrate that the RPA amplicons derived from the patient samples can be sequenced, enabling cost-effective molecular epidemiological studies. Our findings highlight the significance of these rapid and specific POC diagnostics in improving the early detection and management of these arboviral infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonto, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LUMKONG, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of RT-RPA-based point-of-care tests for epidemic arthritogenic alphaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) increases body weight and blood glucose levels while decreasing physical activity in female mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depend on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for activation in low glucose. The Lopez laboratory has shown that the effects of estrogen on brown fat thermogenesis and white fat browning require inhibition of VMH AMPK. This effect of estrogen was mediated by downstream lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin neurons1,2. We previously showed that estrogen inhibits activation of GI neurons in low glucose by inhibiting AMPK3. Thus, we hypothesized that VMH AMPK- and nNOS-dependent GI neurons project to and inhibit orexin neurons. Estrogen inhibition of AMPK in GI neurons would then disinhibit orexin neurons and stimulate brown fat thermogenesis and white fat browning, leading to decreased body weight. To test this hypothesis, we reduced VMH nNOS expression using nNOS shRNA in female mice and measured body weight, adiposity, body temperature, white and brown fat uncoupling protein (UCP1; an index of thermogenesis and browning), locomotor activity, and blood glucose levels. Surprisingly, we saw no effect of reduced VMH nNOS expression on body temperature or UCP1. Instead, body weight and adiposity increased by 30% over 2 weeks post injection of nNOS shRNA. This was associated with increased blood glucose levels and decreased locomotor activity. We also found that VMH nNOS-GI neurons project to the LH. However, stimulation of VMH-LH projections increased excitatory glutamate input onto orexin neurons. Thus, our data do not support our original hypothesis. Excitation of orexin neurons has previously been shown to increase physical activity, leading to decreased blood glucose and body weight4. We now hypothesize that VMH nNOS-GI neurons play a role in this latter function of orexin neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirschberg, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) increases body weight and blood glucose levels while decreasing physical activity in female mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing RNA-Seq Data from Chlamydia with Super Broad Transcriptomic Activation: Challenges, Solutions, and Implications for Other Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) offers profound insights into the complex transcriptomes of diverse biological systems. However, standard differential expression analysis pipelines based on DESeq2 and edgeR encounter challenges when applied to the immediate early transcriptomes of Chlamydia spp., obligate intracellular bacteria. These challenges arise from their reliance on assumptions that do not hold in scenarios characterized by extensive transcriptomic activation and limited repression. Standard analyses using unique chlamydial RNA-Seq reads alone identify nearly 300 upregulated and about 300 downregulated genes, significantly deviating from actual RNA-Seq read trends.

ResultsBy incorporating both chlamydial and host reads or adjusting for total sequencing depth, the revised normalization methods each detected over 700 upregulated genes and 30 or fewer downregulated genes, closely aligned with observed RNA-Seq data. Further validation through qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the effectiveness of these adjusted approaches in capturing the true extent of transcriptomic activation during the immediate early phase of chlamydial infection. While the strategies employed are developed in the context of Chlamydia, the principles of flexible and context-aware normalization may inform adjustments in other systems with unbalanced gene expression dynamics, such as bacterial spore germination.

Availability and implementationThe code for reproducing the presented bioinformatic analysis is available at https://zenodo.org/records/11201379.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing RNA-Seq Data from Chlamydia with Super Broad Transcriptomic Activation: Challenges, Solutions, and Implications for Other Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging of porphyrin-specific fluorescence in pathogenic bacteria in vitro using a wearable, hands-free system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HighlightsO_LIFluorescence imaging detects porphyrins in bacteria via natural fluorescence.
C_LIO_LIA lightweight, hands-free device enables rapid, non-invasive clinical assessments.
C_LIO_LIThe study tested 15 bacterial and 2 fungal strains for porphyrin-based autofluorescence.
C_LIO_LI14 bacteria fluoresced on Porphyrin Test Agar, 9 on blood agar plates.
C_LIO_LIThe REVEAL system aids in diagnosing infections and guiding real-time treatments.
C_LI

Fluorescence imaging is an effective method for detecting porphyrin production in bacteria, leveraging the natural fluorescence properties of porphyrins. Here we use a simple, lightweight, hands-free device for rapid, non-invasive assessments in clinical settings, microbial research, and diagnostic applications. Specifically in this study, we examined 15 bacterial and 2 fungal strains commonly associated with skin, oral, and/or multi-site infections at wound sites for their ability to autofluoresce based on their porphyrin production. We utilized Remel Porphyrin Test Agar and blood agar plates to monitor red fluorescence over several days of growth under aerobic or anaerobic conditions using the wearable REVEAL FC imaging system with a 405 nm violet excitation headlight paired with eyewear carrying 430 nm emission lenses. Fourteen of the fifteen bacteria produced red fluorescence when grown on Porphyrin Test Agar and nine of the fifteen bacteria also displayed red fluorescence on blood agar plates, consistent with their ability to synthesize porphyrins. Taken together, our results elucidate the sensitivity, effectiveness, and convenience of using wearable technology to detect pathogens that produce porphyrin-specific fluorescence. Consequently, the REVEAL system has immense potential to help diagnose wound infections, direct clinical procedures, and guide treatment options in real-time using fluorescence imaging all while minimizing the risk of contamination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellappan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akdemir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinbloom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.595019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging of porphyrin-specific fluorescence in pathogenic bacteria in vitro using a wearable, hands-free system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic RIPK3 exerts protective anti-inflammatory activity during viral encephalitis via induction of serpin protease inhibitors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaviviruses pose a significant threat to public health due to their ability to infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe neurologic disease. Astrocytes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis through their maintenance of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and their modulation of immune cell recruitment and activation within the CNS. We have previously shown that receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) is a central coordinator of neuroinflammation during CNS viral infection, a function that occurs independently of its canonical function in inducing necroptotic cell death. To date, however, roles for necroptosis-independent RIPK3 signaling in astrocytes are poorly understood. Here, we use mouse genetic tools to induce astrocyte-specific deletion, overexpression, and chemogenetic activation of RIPK3 to demonstrate an unexpected anti-inflammatory function for astrocytic RIPK3. RIPK3 activation in astrocytes was required for host survival in multiple models of flavivirus encephalitis, where it restricted neuropathogenesis by limiting immune cell recruitment to the CNS. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that, despite inducing a traditional pro-inflammatory transcriptional program, astrocytic RIPK3 paradoxically promoted neuroprotection through the upregulation of serpins, endogenous protease inhibitors with broad immunomodulatory activity. Notably, intracerebroventricular administration of SerpinA3N in infected mice preserved BBB integrity, reduced leukocyte infiltration, and improved survival outcomes in mice lacking astrocytic RIPK3. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for astrocytic RIPK3 in suppressing pathologic neuroinflammation and suggests new therapeutic targets for the treatment of flavivirus encephalitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaPrano, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic RIPK3 exerts protective anti-inflammatory activity during viral encephalitis via induction of serpin protease inhibitors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson's disease-associated shifts between DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic mechanisms are mediators of interactions between aging, genetics, and environmental factors in sporadic Parkinsons disease (PD). Multiple studies have explored the DNA modifications in PD, but few focus on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), which is important in the central nervous system and sensitive to environmental exposures. To date, studies have not differentiated between 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hmC or have analyzed them separately. In this study, we modeled paired 5-mC and 5-hmC data simultaneously. We identified 108 cytosines with significant PD-associated shifts between these marks in an enriched neuronal population from PD postmortem parietal cortex, within 83 genes and 34 enhancers associated with 67 genes. These data potentially link epigenetic regulation of genes related to LRRK2 and endolysosomal sort (RAB32 and AGAP1), and genes involved in neuroinflammation, the inflammasome, and neurodevelopment with early changes in PD and suggest that there are significant shifts between 5mC and 5hmC associated with PD in genes not captured by standard methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choza, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochmanski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson's disease-associated shifts between DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of disease-associated mutations occur in enhancers, regions of non-coding DNA essential to gene regulation. Understanding the structures and mechanisms of regulatory programs this variation affects can shed light on the apparatuses of human diseases.

ResultsWe collected epigenetic and gene expression datasets from seven early time points during neural differentiation. Focusing on this model system, we constructed networks of enhancer-promoter interactions, each at an individual stage of neural induction. These networks served as the base for a rich series of analyses, through which we demonstrated their temporal dynamics and enrichment for various disease-associated variants. We applied the Girvan-Newman clustering algorithm to these networks to reveal biologically relevant substructures of regulation. Additionally, we demonstrated methods to validate predicted enhancer-promoter interactions using transcription factor overexpression and massively parallel reporter assays.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest a generalizable framework for exploring gene regulatory programs and their dynamics across developmental processes. This includes a comprehensive approach to studying the effects of disease-associated variation on transcriptional networks. The techniques applied to our networks have been published alongside our findings as a computational tool, E-P-INAnalyzer. Our procedure can be utilized across different cellular contexts and disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGroat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive network modeling approaches unravel dynamic enhancer-promoter interactions across neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cortical locus for modulation of arousal states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuations in global arousal are key determinants of spontaneous cortical activity and function. Several subcortical structures, including neuromodulatory nuclei like the locus coeruleus (LC), are involved in the regulation of arousal. However, much less is known about the role of cortical circuits that provide top-down inputs to arousal-related subcortical structures. Here, we investigated the role of a major subdivision of the prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), in arousal modulation. Pupil size, facial movements, heart rate, and locomotion were used as non-invasive measures of arousal and behavioral state. We designed a closed loop optogenetic system based on machine vision and found that real time inhibition of ACC activity during pupil dilations suppresses ongoing arousal events. In contrast, inhibiting activity in a control cortical region had no effect on arousal. Fiber photometry recordings showed that ACC activity scales with the magnitude of spontaneously occurring pupil dilations/face movements independently of locomotion. Moreover, optogenetic ACC activation increases arousal independently of locomotion. In addition to modulating global arousal, ACC responses to salient sensory stimuli scaled with the size of evoked pupil dilations. Consistent with a role in sustaining saliency-linked arousal events, pupil responses to sensory stimuli were suppressed with ACC inactivation. Finally, our results comparing arousal-related ACC and norepinephrinergic LC neuron activity support a role for the LC in initiation of arousal events which are modulated in real time by the ACC. Collectively, our experiments identify the ACC as a key cortical site for sustaining momentary increases in arousal and provide the foundation for understanding cortical-subcortical dynamics underlying the modulation of arousal states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chintalacheruvu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalelkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton-Provencher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cortical locus for modulation of arousal states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.26.595978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of autophagy induces senescence in the heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.26.595978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a critical risk factor for heart disease, including ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Cellular senescence, characterized by DNA damage, resistance to apoptosis and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), occurs in many cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Senescence precipitates the aging process in surrounding cells and the organ through paracrine mechanisms. Generalized autophagy, which degrades cytosolic materials in a non-selective manner, is decreased during aging in the heart. This decrease causes deterioration of cellular quality control mechanisms, facilitates aging and negatively affects lifespan in animals, including mice. Although suppression of generalized autophagy could promote senescence, it remains unclear whether the suppression of autophagy directly stimulates senescence in cardiomyocytes, which, in turn, promotes myocardial dysfunction in the heart. We addressed this question using mouse models with a loss of autophagy function.

Suppression of general autophagy in cardiac-specific Atg7 knockout (Atg7cKO) mice caused accumulation of senescent cardiomyocytes. Induction of senescence via downregulation of Atg7 was also observed in chimeric Atg7 cardiac-specific KO mice and cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting that the effect of autophagy suppression upon induction of senescence is cell autonomous. ABT-263, a senolytic agent, reduced the number of senescent myocytes and improved cardiac function in Atg7cKO mice. Suppression of autophagy and induction of senescence were also observed in doxorubicin-treated hearts, where activation of autophagy alleviated senescence in cardiomyocytes and cardiac dysfunction. These results suggest that suppression of general autophagy directly induces senescence in cardiomyocytes, which in turn promotes cardiac dysfunction.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, E.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiheido-Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadoshima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.26.595978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of autophagy induces senescence in the heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and Biophysical Dynamics of Fungal Plasma Membrane Proteins and Implications for Echinocandin Action in Candida glabrata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal plasma membrane proteins represent key therapeutic targets for antifungal agents, yet their structure and spatial distribution in the native context remain poorly characterized. Herein, we employ an integrative multimodal approach to elucidate the structural and functional organization of plasma membrane protein complexes in Candida glabrata, focusing on prominent and essential membrane proteins, the polysaccharide synthase {beta}-(1,3)-glucan synthase (GS) and the proton pump Pma1. Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and live cell imaging reveal that GS and Pma1 are heterogeneously distributed into distinct plasma membrane microdomains. Treatment with caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal that targets GS, alters the plasma membrane and disrupts the native distribution of GS and Pma1. Based on these findings, we propose a model for echinocandin action that considers how drug interactions with the plasma membrane environment lead to inhibition of GS. Our work underscores the importance of interrogating the structural and dynamic characteristics of fungal plasma membrane proteins in situ to understand function and facilitate precisely targeted development of novel antifungal therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keniya, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassoun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlin, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and Biophysical Dynamics of Fungal Plasma Membrane Proteins and Implications for Echinocandin Action in Candida glabrata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benzylic Trifluoromethyl Accelerates 1,6-Elimination Toward Rapid Probe Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.30.596105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-based detection of hydrogen sulfide in live cells can expand our understanding of its reactivity and complex physiological effects. We have discovered a highly efficient method for fluorescent probe activation, which is driven by H2S-triggered 1,6-elimination of an -CF3-benzyl to release resorufin. In detecting intracellular H2S, 4-azido-(-CF3)-benzyl resorufin offers significantly faster signal generation and improved sensitivity compared to 4-azidobenzyl resorufin. Computed free energy profiles for the 1,6-elimination process support the hypothesis that a benzylic CF3 group can reduce the activation energy barrier toward probe activation. This novel probe design allows for near-real-time detection of H2S in HeLa cells under stimulation conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izgu, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benzylic Trifluoromethyl Accelerates 1,6-Elimination Toward Rapid Probe Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RESPIRATION DEFECTS LIMIT SERINE SYNTHESIS REQUIRED FOR LUNG CANCER GROWTH AND SURVIVAL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function is important for both energetic and anabolic metabolism. Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations directly impact these functions, resulting in the detrimental consequences seen in human mitochondrial diseases. The role of pathogenic mtDNA mutations in human cancers is less clear; while pathogenic mtDNA mutations are observed in some cancer types, they are almost absent in others. We report here that the proofreading mutant DNA polymerase gamma (PolGD256A) induced a high mtDNA mutation burden in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and promoted the accumulation of defective mitochondria, which is responsible for decreased tumor cell proliferation and viability and increased cancer survival. In NSCLC cells, pathogenic mtDNA mutations increased glycolysis and caused dependence on glucose. The glucose dependency sustained mitochondrial energetics but at the cost of a decreased NAD+/NADH ratio that inhibited de novo serine synthesis. Insufficient serine synthesis, in turn, impaired the downstream synthesis of GSH and nucleotides, leading to impaired tumor growth that increased cancer survival. Unlike tumors with intact mitochondrial function, NSCLC with pathogenic mtDNA mutations were sensitive to dietary serine and glycine deprivation. Thus, mitochondrial function in NSCLC is required specifically to sustain sufficient serine synthesis for nucleotide production and redox homeostasis to support tumor growth, explaining why these cancers preserve functional mtDNA.

In briefHigh mtDNA mutation burden in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads to the accumulation of respiration-defective mitochondria and dependency on glucose and glycolytic metabolism. Defective respiratory metabolism causes a massive accumulation of cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen (NADH), which impedes serine synthesis and, thereby, glutathione (GSH) and nucleotide synthesis, leading to impaired tumor growth and increased survival.

HighlightsO_LIProofreading mutations in Polymerase gamma led to a high burden of mitochondrial DNA mutations, promoting the accumulation of mitochondria with respiratory defects in NSCLC.
C_LIO_LIDefective respiration led to reduced proliferation and viability of NSCLC cells increasing survival to cancer.
C_LIO_LIDefective respiration caused glucose dependency to fuel elevated glycolysis.
C_LIO_LIAltered glucose metabolism is associated with high NADH that limits serine synthesis, leading to impaired GSH and nucleotide production.
C_LIO_LIMitochondrial respiration defects sensitize NSCLC to dietary serine/glycine starvation, further increasing survival.
C_LI



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cararo Lopes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchiraju, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S. Hinrichs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. Wallace, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. Lattime, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RESPIRATION DEFECTS LIMIT SERINE SYNTHESIS REQUIRED FOR LUNG CANCER GROWTH AND SURVIVAL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor binding site divergence across maize inbred lines drives transcriptional and phenotypic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory elements are important constituents of plant genomes that have shaped ancient and modern crops. Their identification, function, and diversity in crop genomes however are poorly characterized, thus limiting our ability to harness their power for further agricultural advances using induced or natural variation. Here, we use DNA affinity purification-sequencing (DAP-seq) to map transcription factor (TF) binding events for 200 maize TFs belonging to 30 distinct families and heterodimer pairs in two distinct inbred lines historically used for maize hybrid plant production, providing empirical binding site annotation for 5.3% of the maize genome. TF binding site comparison in B73 and Mo17 inbreds reveals widespread differences, driven largely by structural variation, that correlate with gene expression changes. TF binding site presence-absence variation helps clarify complex QTL such as vgt1, an important determinant of maize flowering time, and DICE, a distal enhancer involved in herbivore resistance. Modification of TF binding regions via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing alters target gene expression and phenotype. Our functional catalog of maize TF binding events enables collective and comparative TF binding analysis, and highlights its value for agricultural improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandour, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whipple, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeppler, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor binding site divergence across maize inbred lines drives transcriptional and phenotypic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 mediates haloperidol-induced changes in indirect pathway striatal projection neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Haloperidol is used to manage psychotic symptoms in several neurological disorders through mechanisms that involve antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the striatum. Significant side effects of haloperidol, known as extrapyramidal symptoms, lead to motor deficits similar to those seen in Parkinsons disease and present a major challenge in clinical settings. The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these side effects remain poorly understood. Parkinsons disease-associated LRRK2 kinase has an important role in striatal physiology and a known link to dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Here, we systematically explore convergent signaling of haloperidol and LRRK2 through pharmacological or genetic inhibition of LRRK2 kinase, as well as knock-in mouse models expressing pathogenic mutant LRRK2 with increased kinase activity. Behavioral assays show that LRRK2 kinase inhibition ameliorates haloperidol-induced motor changes in mice. A combination of electrophysiological and anatomical approaches reveals that LRRK2 kinase inhibition interferes with haloperidol-induced changes, specifically in striatal neurons of the indirect pathway. Proteomic studies and targeted intracellular pathway analyses demonstrate that haloperidol induces a similar pattern of intracellular signaling as increased LRRK2 kinase activity. Our study suggests that LRRK2 kinase plays a key role in striatal dopamine D2 receptor signaling underlying the undesirable motor side effects of haloperidol. This work opens up new therapeutic avenues for dopamine-related disorders, such as psychosis, also furthering our understanding of Parkinsons disease pathophysiology.

SummaryChen et al. demonstrate that haloperidol mediated changes in the striatal indirect pathway neurons and circuits are linked to Parkinsons disease associated LRRK2. Inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity ameliorates the motoric side effects of haloperidol, suggesting a potential approach to alleviating the unwanted side effects of antipsychotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tombesi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozorovitskiy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisiadou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 mediates haloperidol-induced changes in indirect pathway striatal projection neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Core Stress Granule Protein Aggregates Promotes CNS Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depletion or inhibition of core stress granule proteins, G3BP1 in mammals and TIAR-2 in C. elegans, increases axon regeneration in injured neurons, showing spontaneous regeneration. Inhibition of G3BP1 by expression of its acidic or  B-domain accelerates axon regeneration after nerve injury, bringing a potential therapeutic intervention to promote neural repair in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we asked if G3BP1 inhibition is a viable strategy to promote regeneration in injured mammalian central nervous system where axons do not regenerate spontaneously. G3BP1 B-domain expression was found to promote axon regeneration in the transected spinal cord provided with a permissive peripheral nerve graft (PNG) as well as in crushed optic nerve. Moreover, a cell-permeable peptide (CPP) to a subregion of B-domain (rodent G3BP1 amino acids 190-208) accelerated axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and promoted regrowth of reticulospinal axons into the distal transected spinal cord through a bridging PNG. G3BP1 CPP promoted axon growth from rodent and human neurons cultured on permissive substrates, and this function required alternating Glu/Asp-Pro repeats that impart a unique predicted tertiary structure. The G3BP1 CPP disassembles axonal G3BP1, G3BP2, and FMRP, but not FXR1, granules and selectively increases axonal protein synthesis in cortical neurons. These studies identify G3BP1 granules as a key regulator of axon growth in CNS neurons and demonstrate that disassembly of these granules promotes retinal axon regeneration in injured optic nerve and reticulospinal axon elongation into permissive environments after CNS injury. This work highlights G3BP1 granule disassembly as a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing axon growth and neural repair.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe central nervous system (CNS) axon does not have the capacity for spontaneous axon regeneration, as seen in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We previously showed that stress granule-like aggregates of G3BP1 are present in uninjured PNS axons, and these slow nerve regeneration. We now report that CNS axons contain G3BP1 granules, and G3BP1 granule disassembling strategies promote axon regeneration in the injured sciatic nerve, transected spinal cord with a peripheral nerve graft, and injured optic nerve. Thus, G3BP1 granules are a barrier to axon regeneration and can be targeted for stimulating neural repair following traumatic injury, including in the regeneration refractory CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanovice, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SiMa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuszynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welshhans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benowitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houle, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Core Stress Granule Protein Aggregates Promotes CNS Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Leader of the Capsid protein from Feline calicivirus must be palmitoylated and form oligomers through disulfide bonds for efficient viral replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the Vesivirus genus and a model for studying of the members of the Caliciviridae, has been used to understand the biology and viral replication of etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance. The leader of the capsid (LC) protein is exclusive to the Vesivirus genus members whose importance for a successful viral replication has been demonstrated; however, its cell localization, post-translational modifications, and specific functions throughout the viral replication cycle are poorly understood. We have determined that the expression of the LC protein from FCV in a virus-free system is located at the mitochondria and induces apoptosis; furthermore, the in vitro characterization of a purified LC protein showed that it has viroporin characteristics. Here, using an LC-reactive serum, the LC protein expression kinetics, cellular localization, post-translational modifications, and association with cellular PDI proteins in FCV infected cells was determined. We found that the LC protein is present on the membrane of infected cells and in the supernatants, independently of cell lysis, which suggests that it is actively secreted. Moreover, we found that LC protein is palmitoylated during infection and that palmitoylation inhibition alters its levels and subcellular localization. Finally, we determined that the LC protein forms oligomers dependent on disulfide bonds mediated by PDI activity. In addition, it interacts with PDIA3, a disulfide isomerase known as an important factor in the replication of several viruses. The results indicate that the LC protein from FCV might have multiple roles during FCV replication.

IMPORTANCEFeline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly transmissible virus that represents a significant cause of upper respiratory infection in domestic and wild cats worldwide. FCV also serves as one of the most valuable models for studying calicivirus biology, as unlike most members of the family, known to cause diseases in animals and humans, it can be easily grown in cell culture. Since there are no efficacious vaccines or antivirals against most caliciviruses, studying their molecular biology and the relationship between viral and cellular components is essential for developing strategies for their prevention and control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penaflor Tellez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez de la Madrid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge Celestino, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Ibanez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel Rodriguez, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Escolano, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Leader of the Capsid protein from Feline calicivirus must be palmitoylated and form oligomers through disulfide bonds for efficient viral replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of GLOD4 with Alzheimers Disease in Humans and Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGlyoxalase domain containing protein 4 (GLOD4), a protein of an unknown function, is associated with Alzheimers disease (AD). Three GLOD4 isoforms are known. The mechanism underlying GLOD4s association with AD was unknown.

ObjectiveTo assess GLOD4s role in the central nervous system by studying GLOD4 isoforms expression in human frontal cerebral cortical tissues from AD patients and in brains of Blmh-/-5xFAD mouse AD model of AD.

MethodsGLOD4 protein and mRNA were quantified in human and mouse brains by western blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. Mouse brain amyloid {beta} (A{beta}) was quantified by western blotting. Behavioral assessments of mice were performed by cognitive/neuromotor testing. Glod4 gene in mouse neuroblastoma N2a-APPswe cells was silenced by RNA interference and Glod4 protein/mRNA, A{beta} precursor protein (A{beta}pp)/mRNA, Atg5, p62, and Lc3 mRNAs were quantified.

ResultsGLOD4 mRNA and protein isoforms were downregulated in cortical tissues from AD patients compared to non-AD controls. Glod4 mRNA was downregulated in brains of Blmh-/-5xFAD mice compared to Blmh+/+5xFAD sibling controls, but not in Blmh-/- mice without the 5xFAD transgene compared to Blmh+/+ sibling controls. The 5xFAD transgene downregulated Glod4 mRNA in Blmh-/- mice of both sexes and in Blmh+/+ males but not females. Attenuated Glod4 was associated with elevated A{beta} and worsened memory/sensorimotor performance in Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. Glod4 depletion in N2a-APPswe cells upregulated A{beta}PP and downregulated autophagy-related Atg5, p62, and Lc3 genes.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that GLOD4 interacts with A{beta}PP and the autophagy pathway, and that disruption of these interactions leads to A{beta} accumulation and cognitive/neurosensory deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utyro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wloczkowska-Lapinska, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of GLOD4 with Alzheimers Disease in Humans and Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coral larvae employ nitrogen sequestration mechanisms to stabilize carbon provisioning from algal symbionts under increased temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising sea surface temperatures are increasingly causing breakdown in the nutritional relationship between corals and algal endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae), threatening the basis of coral reef ecosystems and highlighting the critical role of coral reproduction in reef maintenance. The effects of thermal stress on metabolic exchange (i.e., transfer of fixed carbon photosynthates from symbiont to host) during sensitive early life stages, however, remains understudied. We exposed symbiotic Montipora capitata coral larvae in Hawaii to high temperature (+2.5{degrees}C for 3 days), assessed rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and used stable isotope tracing (4mM 13C sodium bicarbonate; 4.5 h) to quantify metabolite exchange. While larvae did not show any signs of bleaching and did not experience declines in survival and settlement, metabolic depression was significant under high temperature, indicated by a 19% reduction in respiration rates, but with no change in photosynthesis. Larvae exposed to high temperature showed evidence for maintained translocation of a major photosynthate, glucose, from the symbiont, but there was reduced metabolism of glucose through central carbon metabolism (i.e., glycolysis). The larval host invested in nitrogen cycling by increasing ammonium assimilation, urea metabolism, and sequestration of nitrogen into dipeptides, a mechanism that may support the maintenance of glucose translocation under thermal stress. Host nitrogen assimilation via dipeptide synthesis appears to be used for nitrogen limitation to the Symbiodiniaceae, with the outcome of reduced symbiont population growth and retention of fixed carbon, effectively simulating photosynthate translocation to the host. Collectively, our findings indicate that although these larvae are susceptible to metabolic stress under high temperature, they can combat bleaching by diverting energy to nitrogen assimilation to maintain symbiont population density, photosynthesis, and carbon translocation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huffmyer, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coral larvae employ nitrogen sequestration mechanisms to stabilize carbon provisioning from algal symbionts under increased temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment of multiple protein sequences without using amino acid frequencies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current algorithms for aligning protein sequences use substitutability scores that combine the probability to find an amino acid in a specific pair of amino acids and marginal probability to find this amino acid in any pair. However, the positional probability of finding the amino acid at a place in alignment is also conditional on the amino acids at the sequence itself. Content-dependent corrections overparameterize protein alignment models. Here, we propose an approach that is based on (dis)similarily measures, which do not use the marginal probability, and score only probabilities of finding amino acids in pairs. The dissimilarity scoring matrix endows a metric space on the set of aligned sequences. This allowed us to develop new heuristics. Our aligner does not use guide trees and treats all sequences uniformly. We suggest that such alignments that are done without explicit evolution-based modeling assumptions should be used for testing hypotheses about evolution of proteins (e.g., molecular phylogenetics).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirokov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelyekhova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment of multiple protein sequences without using amino acid frequencies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Checkpoint Blockade Delays Cancer and Extends Survival in Murine DNA Polymerase Mutator Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.597960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in polymerases Pold1 and Pole exonuclease domains in humans are associated with increased cancer incidence, elevated tumor mutation burden (TMB) and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Although ICB is approved for treatment of several cancers, not all tumors with elevated TMB respond. Here we generated Pold1 and Pole proofreading mutator mice and show that ICB treatment of mice with high TMB tumors did not improve survival as only a subset of tumors responded. Similarly, introducing the mutator alleles into mice with Kras/p53 lung cancer did not improve survival, however, passaging mutator tumor cells in vitro without immune editing caused rejection in immune-competent hosts, demonstrating the efficiency by which cells with antigenic mutations are eliminated. Finally, ICB treatment of mutator mice earlier, before observable tumors delayed cancer onset, improved survival, and selected for tumors without aneuploidy, suggesting the use of ICB in individuals at high risk for cancer prevention.

HighlightsO_LIGermline somatic and conditional Pold1 and Pole exonuclease domain mutations in mice produce a mutator phenotype.
C_LIO_LISpontaneous cancers arise in mutator mice that have genomic features comparable to human tumors with these mutations.
C_LIO_LIICB treatment of mutator mice with tumors did not improve survival as only a subset of tumors respond.
C_LIO_LIIntroduction of the mutator alleles into an autochthonous mouse lung cancer model also did not produce immunogenic tumors, whereas passaging mutator tumor cells in vitro caused immune rejection indicating efficient selection against antigenic mutations in vivo.
C_LIO_LIProphylactic ICB treatment delayed cancer onset, improved survival, and selected for tumors with no aneuploidy.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=116 SRC="FIGDIR/small/597960v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6cd159org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@243fd1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9da6borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@192be51_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lattime, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.597960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Checkpoint Blockade Delays Cancer and Extends Survival in Murine DNA Polymerase Mutator Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mealtime alters daily rhythm in nuclear O-GlcNAcome to regulate hepatic gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver circadian clock and hepatic transcriptome are highly responsive to metabolic signals generated from feeding-fasting rhythm. Previous studies have identified a number of nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways that could interpret metabolic input to regulate rhythmic hepatic biology. Here, we investigated the role of O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-sensitive post-translational modification (PTM) in mediating metabolic regulation of rhythmic biology in the liver. We observe daily oscillation of global nuclear protein O-GlcNAcylation in the liver of mice subjected to night-restricted feeding (NRF) using label-free global O-GlcNAc proteomics. Additional site-specific O-GlcNAc analysis by tandem mass tag mass spectrometry further supports temporal differences in O-GlcNAcylation by revealing day-night differences. Proteins involved in gene expression are enriched among rhythmically O-GlcNAcylated proteins, suggesting rhythmic O-GlcNAcylation may directly regulate the daily rhythmicity of the hepatic transcriptome. We show that rhythmic O-GlcNAcylation can also indirectly modulate the hepatic transcriptome by interacting with phosphorylation. Several proteins harboring O-GlcNAcylation-phosphorylation interplay motif exhibit rhythmic O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. Specifically, we show that O-GlcNAcylation occurs at a phospho-degron of a key circadian transcriptional activator, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), thus regulating its stability and transcriptional output. Finally, we report that day-restricted feeding (DRF) in the nocturnal mouse significantly alters O-GlcNAcylation rhythm. Whereas global O-GlcNAcylation analysis indicates dampening of global O-GlcNAcylation rhythm in mice fed under DRF, site-specific analysis reveals differential responses of O-GlcNAc sites when timing of food intake is altered. Notably, a substantial number of O-GlcNAcylation sites exhibit inverted day-night profiles when mice are subjected to DRF. This suggests the dysregulation of daily nuclear protein O-GlcNAcylation rhythm may contribute to the disruption in liver transcriptomic rhythm previously observed in DRF condition. In summary, our results provide new mechanistic insights into metabolic regulation of daily hepatic transcriptomic rhythm via interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation and shed light on the deleterious effects of improper mealtimes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendiola, A. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mealtime alters daily rhythm in nuclear O-GlcNAcome to regulate hepatic gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.598025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Wheel Exercise for Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.19.598025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise is widely studied as a therapy in mouse models of neurological disease. However, the established techniques for exercise in mice are not ideally suited toward motor deficient disease models, nor do they facilitate active measurement of neurophysiology with tethered assays. To address this, we developed an apparatus and technique for inducing exercise in mice without aversive stimuli, using a motorized wheel with closed-loop acceleration that tracks subject performance. We demonstrated the efficacy of this approach in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of PD, including with single-unit electrophysiology. This approach should allow for exercise to be better studied as a dynamic, physiological intervention in neurological disease models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skelton, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.19.598025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Wheel Exercise for Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.601420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mammalian KU70 C-terminus SAP Domain Is Required to Repair Exogenous DNA Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.30.601420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is required for V(D)J recombination as well as coping with exogenously induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Initiated by the binding of KU70/KU80 (KU) dimer to DNA ends and the subsequent recruitment of the DNA- dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), NHEJ plays a key role in DNA repair. While there has been significant structural understandings of how KU70 participates in NHEJ, the specific function of its highly conserved C-terminal SAP domain remains elusive. In this study, we developed a novel mouse model by deleting the SAP domain but preserving the KU70 nuclear localization and its dimerization ability with KU80. We found that the KU70 SAP deletion did not affect the V(D)J recombination or animal development but significantly impaired the animals and cells in repairing exogenously induced DSBs. We further showed an inability of KU70-{Delta}SAP cells to retain the DNA Ligase IV (LIG4) and other NHEJ co-factors on chromatin, and a spreading pattern of DSB marker {gamma}H2AX in KU70-{Delta}SAP cells after DNA damage. Our findings suggest that a specific inhibition of the SAP function may offer an opportunity to modulate cell sensitivity to therapeutic DSB-inducing agents without interfering with the developmental function of KU70.

KeyPointsO_LIGeneration of a novel transgenic mouse line lacking the C-terminal conserved KU70-SAP domain
C_LIO_LIKU70-SAP defends against exogenous DSBs, but unessential for development and V(D)J recombination
C_LIO_LIKU70-SAP aids in recruiting and retaining NHEJ components, such as LIG4, to DSB sites
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanienko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.601420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mammalian KU70 C-terminus SAP Domain Is Required to Repair Exogenous DNA Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.599821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SID-2 localises to extracellular vesicles in parasitic nematodes and does not function in environmental RNAi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.03.599821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the transmembrane protein SID-2 imports double-stranded RNA into intestinal cells to trigger systemic RNA interference (RNAi), allowing organisms to sense and respond to environmental cues such as the presence of pathogens. This process, known as environmental RNAi, has not been observed in the most closely related parasites that are also within clade V. Previous sequence-based searches failed to identify sid-2 orthologs in available clade V parasite genomes. In this study we identified sid-2 orthologues in these parasites using genome synteny and protein structure-based comparison, following identification of a SID-2 orthologue in extracellular vesicles from the murine intestinal parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri. Expression of GFP-tagged H. bakeri SID-2 in C. elegans showed comparable localisation to the intestinal apical membrane as seen for GFP-tagged C. elegans SID-2 and further showed mobility in intestinal cells in vesicle-like structures. We tested the capacity of H. bakeri SID-2 to functionally complement environmental RNAi in a C. elegans SID-2 null mutant and show that H. bakeri SID-2 does not rescue the phenotype in this context. Therefore, our work identifies SID-2 as a highly abundant nematode EV protein whose ancestral function may be unrelated to environmental RNA and rather highlights an association with extracellular vesicle-mediated communication in free-living and parasitic nematodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang-Ngai Chow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonorova, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheerambathur, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.599821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SID-2 localises to extracellular vesicles in parasitic nematodes and does not function in environmental RNAi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic analysis reveals how selection and mutation shape the coevolution of mRNA and protein abundances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulatory mechanisms that shape mRNA and protein abundances are intensely studied. Much less is known about the evolutionary processes that shape the relationship between these two levels of gene expression. To disentangle the contributions of mutational and selective processes, we derive a novel phylogenetic model and fit it to multi-species data from mammalian skin tissue. We find that over macroevolutionary time: 1) there has been strong stabilizing selection on protein abundances; 2) mutations impacting mRNA abundances have minimal influence on protein abundances; 3) mRNA abundances are under selection to track protein abundances, and 4) mRNA abundances adapt more quickly than protein abundances due to increased mutational opportunity. We find additional support for these findings by comparing gene-specific parameter estimates from our model to human functional genomic data. More broadly, our new phylogenetic approach provides a foundation for testing hypotheses about the processes that led to divergence in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraiber, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic analysis reveals how selection and mutation shape the coevolution of mRNA and protein abundances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet-induced obesity mediated through Estrogen-Related Receptor α is independent of intestinal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity has become an epidemic, prompting advances in therapies targeting this condition. Estrogen-related receptor  (ESRRA), a transcription factor, plays pivotal roles in energy metabolism across diverse tissues. Studies have demonstrated that loss of Esrra leads to fat malabsorption and resistance to diet-induced obesity. However, the reliance of these studies on germline Esrra mutants overlooks the tissue-specific implications of ESRRA in diet-induced obesity. Notably, Esrra exhibits high expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract relative to other tissues. Given the critical role of the GI tract in dietary lipid metabolism, this study employs mouse genetics and genomics approaches to dissect the specific impact of intestinal ESRRA along with investigating its role in diet-induced obesity.

Data TransparencyChIP-seq and RNA-seq data from this publication have been deposited to GEO accession numbers GSE269824 and GSE269825, respectively. Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the corresponding author upon request.

Grant SupportThis research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to M.P.V. (R01DK121915 and R01DK126446). K.V. was supported by an American Heart Association pre-doctoral fellowship (906006). S.K. was supported by a Rutgers DLS Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship. A.L. was supported by grants from the NIH grant F31DK137596 and the NIH T32 Biotechnology Training Program (GM135141). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

DisclosuresThe authors declare no competing interests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vemuri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logerfo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet-induced obesity mediated through Estrogen-Related Receptor α is independent of intestinal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled and orthogonal partitioning of large particles into biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates arising from liquid-liquid phase separation contribute to diverse cellular processes, such as gene expression. Partitioning of client molecules into condensates is critical to regulating the composition and function of condensates. Previous studies suggest that client size limits partitioning, with dextrans >5 nm excluded from condensates. Here, we asked whether larger particles, such as macromolecular complexes, can partition into condensates based on particle-condensate interactions. We sought to discover the biophysical principles that govern particle inclusion in or exclusion from condensates using polymer nanoparticles with tailored surface chemistries as models of macromolecular complexes. Particles coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) did not partition into condensates. We next leveraged the PEGylated particles as an inert platform to which we conjugated specific adhesive moieties. Particles functionalized with biotin partitioned into condensates containing streptavidin, driven by high-affinity biotin-streptavidin binding. Oligonucleotide-decorated particles exhibited varying degrees of partitioning into condensates, depending on condensate composition. Partitioning of oligonucleotide-coated particles was tuned by altering salt concentration, oligonucleotide length, and oligonucleotide surface density. Remarkably, beads with distinct surface chemistries partitioned orthogonally into immiscible condensates. Based on our experiments, we conclude that arbitrarily large particles can controllably partition into biomolecular condensates given sufficiently strong condensate-particle interactions, a conclusion also supported by our coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and theory. These findings may provide insights into how various cellular processes are achieved based on partitioning of large clients into biomolecular condensates, as well as offer design principles for the development of drug delivery systems that selectively target disease-related biomolecular condensates.

Significance StatementBiomolecular condensates are subcellular compartments that selectively recruit or exclude client molecules, even though condensates lack an enclosing membrane. Many biochemical reconstitution experiments have investigated mechanisms by which membraneless organelles control partitioning, modeling how cells spatiotemporally recruit components into condensates to regulate cellular functions. One outstanding question is whether partitioning is strictly limited by client size. In this work, we engineered nanoparticles with various sizes and surface functionalities and measured how these variables determine partitioning. We observed controlled and orthogonal partitioning of large particles into several condensate types, driven by strong particle-condensate interactions. Molecular simulations recapitulated key results. Our work advances understanding of how condensate composition is regulated, and our nanoparticle toolbox may also inspire a platform for drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinlac, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linders, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dignon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.11.603072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled and orthogonal partitioning of large particles into biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.602927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the Spatial Distribution of Dendritic RNA at Single Molecule Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.602927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons possess highly polarized morphology that require intricate molecular organization, partly facilitated by RNA localization. By localizing specific mRNA, neurons can modulate synaptic features through local translation and subsequent modification of protein concentrations in response to stimuli. The resulting activity-dependent modifications are essential for synaptic plasticity, and consequently, fundamental for learning and memory. Consequently, high-resolution characterization of the spatial distribution of dendritic transcripts and the spatial relationship across transcripts is critical for understanding the pathways and mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. In this study, we characterize the spatial distribution of six previously uncharacterized genes (Adap2, Colec12, Dtx3L, Kif5c, Nsmf, Pde2a) within the dendrites at a sub-micrometer scale, using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). We found that spatial distributions of dendritically localized mRNA depended on both dendrite morphology and gene identity that cannot be recreated by diffusion alone, suggesting involvement of active mechanisms. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that dendritically localized mRNAs are likely co-transported and organized into clusters at larger spatial scales, indicating a more complex organization of mRNA within dendrites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosario, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.602927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the Spatial Distribution of Dendritic RNA at Single Molecule Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of long-range transcription-translation coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structures recently have been reported of molecular assemblies that mediate transcription-translation coupling in Escherichia coli. In these molecular assemblies, termed "coupled transcription-translation complexes" or "TTC-B", RNA polymerase (RNAP) directly interacts with the ribosome, the transcription elongation factor NusG or its paralog RfaH forms a bridge between RNAP and ribosome, and the transcription elongation factor NusA optionally forms a second bridge between RNAP and ribosome. Here, we report structures of coupled transcription-translation complexes having mRNA spacers between RNAP and ribosome longer than the maximum-length mRNA spacer compatible with formation of TTC-B. The results define a new class of coupled transcription-translation complex, termed "TTC-LC," where "LC" denotes "long-range coupling." TTC-LC differs from TTC-B by a [~]60{degrees} rotation and [~]70 [A] translation of RNAP relative to ribosome, resulting in loss of direct interactions between RNAP and ribosome and creation of a [~]70 [A] gap between RNAP and ribosome. TTC-LC accommodates long mRNA spacers by looping out mRNA from the gap between RNAP and ribosome. We present evidence that TTC-LC is an intermediate in assembling and disassembling TTC-B, mediating pre-TTC-B transcription-translation coupling before a ribosome catches up to RNAP, and mediating post-TTC-B transcription-translation coupling after a ribosome stops moving and RNAP continues moving. We show that TTC-B, but not TTC-LC, is severely defective in intrinsic, RNA-hairpin-dependent termination, and that both TTC-B and TTC-LC are severely defective in Rho-dependent termination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodtsov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of long-range transcription-translation coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Physical Basis of Osmosis in a Donnan Ionic System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impermeant molecules inside a cell would lead to an inward osmotic flow of water, causing swelling, were it not for the pumping of permeant sodium ions out of the cell as soon as they leak in. The energy barrier model for a semipermeable membrane, first introduced by Debye to provide a molecular-level explanation of the vant Hoff equation for osmotic pressure, can be used to advantage in this situation, since the pump can be conceptualized as increasing the energy barrier for the sodium ion. The Debye model has previously been extended to include osmosis induced by electrostatically neutral solutes. Discussion of the effect of ion pumping on water transport requires an understanding of osmosis in systems containing permeant ions, that is, Donnan systems. We have obtained an equation for Donnan osmosis across a Debye energy barrier that separates an aqueous solution of permeant sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from a solution containing these permeant ions and additionally an impermeant anion, the latter representing intra-cellular impermeant charged species. Donnan osmosis occurs even if osmolarities on the two sides of the membrane are equal. Numerical representation shows that the Donnan-Debye model provides a quantitative theoretical framework for the action of the sodium/potassium/ATPase ion pump as effectively rendering the extracellular sodium ions impermeant, thus balancing the impermeant molecules inside the cell. Another application of Donnan osmosis shows that ion charge effects, missing from lists of Starling forces, are nonetheless expected to be a major contributor to transport across capillary walls.

SummaryOsmosis as driven by Starling forces is applicable only if the solute is electrostatically neutral. For ions, Donnan charge effects dominate. An equation for Donnan osmosis is presented and applied to ion pumps and to transport across capillary walls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Physical Basis of Osmosis in a Donnan Ionic System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC45A4 encodes a mitochondrial putrescine transporter that promotes GABA de novo synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solute carriers (SLC) are membrane proteins that facilitate the transportation of ions and metabolites across either the plasma membrane or the membrane of intracellular organelles. With more than 450 human genes annotated as SLCs, many of them are still orphan transporters without known biochemical functions. We developed a metabolomic-transcriptomic association analysis, and we found that the expression of SLC45A4 has a strong positive correlation with the cellular level of {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Using mass spectrometry and the stable isotope tracing approach, we demonstrated that SLC45A4 promotes GABA de novo synthesis through the Arginine/Ornithine/Putrescine (AOP) pathway. SLC45A4 functions as a putrescine transporter localized to the peroxisome membrane to facilitate GABA production. Taken together, our results revealed a new biochemical mechanism where SLC45A4 controls GABA production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atherton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC45A4 encodes a mitochondrial putrescine transporter that promotes GABA de novo synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.604930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial TRPV4/Cx43 Signaling Complex Regulates Vasomotor Tone in Resistance Arteries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.604930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
S-nitrosylation of Cx43 gap junction channels critically regulates communication between smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. This posttranslational modification also induces the opening of undocked Cx43 hemichannels. However, its specific impact on vasomotor regulation remains unclear. Considering the role of endothelial TRPV4 channel activation in promoting vasodilation through nitric oxide (NO) production, we investigated the direct modulation of endothelial Cx43 hemichannels by TRPV4 channel activation. Using the proximity ligation assay, we identify that Cx43 and TRPV4 are found in close proximity in the endothelium of resistance arteries. In primary endothelial cell cultures from resistance arteries (ECs), GSK-induced TRPV4 activation enhances eNOS activity, increases NO production, and opens Cx43 hemichannels via direct S-nitrosylation. Notably, the elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels caused by TRPV4 activation were reduced by blocking Cx43 hemichannels. In ex vivo mesenteric arteries, inhibiting Cx43 hemichannels reduced endothelial hyperpolarization without affecting NO production in ECs, underscoring a critical role of TRPV4/Cx43 signaling in endothelial electrical behavior. We perturbed the proximity of Cx43/TRPV4 by disrupting lipid rafts in ECs using {beta}-cyclodextrin. Under these conditions, hemichannel activity, Ca2+ influx, and endothelial hyperpolarization were blunted upon GSK stimulation. Intravital microscopy of mesenteric arterioles in vivo further demonstrated that inhibiting Cx43 hemichannels activity, NO production and disrupting endothelial integrity reduce TRPV4-induced relaxation. These findings underscore a new pivotal role of Cx43 hemichannel associated with TRPV4 signaling pathway in modulating endothelial electrical behavior and vasomotor tone regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burboa, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaete, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo Gallardo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.604930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial TRPV4/Cx43 Signaling Complex Regulates Vasomotor Tone in Resistance Arteries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EFMouse: a Matlab toolbox to model electric fields in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.25.605227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research into the mechanisms underlying neuromodulation by tES using in-vivo animal models is key to overcoming experimental limitations in humans and essential to building a detailed understanding of the in-vivo consequences of tES. Insights from such animal models are needed to develop targeted and effective therapeutic applications of non-invasive brain stimulation in humans. The sheer difference in scale and geometry between animal models and the human brain contributes to the complexity of designing and interpreting animal studies. Here, we introduce EFMouse, a toolbox that extends previous approaches to model intracranial electric fields and generate predictions that can be tested with in-vivo recordings in mice. Novel functionality includes the ability to capture typical surgical approaches in the mouse (e.g., cranial recording windows), the placement of stimulation electrodes anywhere in or on the animal, and novel ways to report field predictions, including some refined measures of focality and direction homogeneity, and quantification based on regions defined in the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas. Although the EFMouse toolbox is generally applicable to planning and designing tES studies in mice, we illustrate its use by posing questions about transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) experiments with the goal of targeting the left visual cortex of the mouse. The EFMouse toolbox is publicly available at https://github.com/klabhub/EFMouse.

Author summaryTranscranial electrical stimulation offers opportunities for studying brain activity and developing neuromodulation therapies. Even though this technique is used extensively in humans, understanding its neural consequences is still limited. Mouse models offer an opportunity to bridge this gap. However, major differences between human and mouse brains, such as brain size and cortical folding, pose a challenge to the design of appropriate stimulation protocols in mice. To address this, we developed EFMouse, an open-source computational toolbox that predicts intracranial electrical fields in the mouse brain during stimulation. This toolbox allows researchers to design experiments by simulating electrode arrangements and quantifying properties of the predicted electric field in specific brain regions. By doing so, EFMouse can guide the optimization of stimulation techniques to achieve targeted and reproducible effects. We illustrate its use by comparing a series of electrode arrangements, in terms of the strength, focality, and direction of their induced electric field. By making EFMouse publicly available, we hope to advance fundamental neuroscience research and the development of future clinical applications.

HighlightsEFMouse is a novel, open-source, Matlab-based electric field simulator for the mouse brain.
EFMouse quantifies induced field focality and homogeneity in regions of the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas.
Montages with a return on the mouses back generate homogeneous fields perpendicular to the cortical surface.
Montages with a small distance between stimulation and return electrodes on the mouses head can generate focal, but relatively weak fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akyuz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EFMouse: a Matlab toolbox to model electric fields in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using DeepLabCut-Live to probe state dependent neural circuits of behavior with closed-loop optogenetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundClosed-loop behavior paradigms enable us to dissect the state-dependent neural circuits underlying behavior in real-time. However, studying context-dependent locomotor perturbations has been challenging due to limitations in molecular tools and techniques for real-time manipulation of spinal cord circuits.

New MethodWe developed a novel closed-loop optogenetic stimulation paradigm that utilizes DeepLabCut-Live pose estimation to manipulate primary sensory afferent activity at specific phases of the locomotor cycle in mice. A compact DeepLabCut model was trained to track hindlimb kinematics in real-time and integrated into the Bonsai visual programming framework. This allowed an LED to be triggered to photo-stimulate sensory neurons expressing channelrhodopsin at user-defined pose-based criteria, such as during the stance or swing phase.

ResultsOptogenetic activation of nociceptive TRPV1+ sensory neurons during treadmill locomotion reliably evoked paw withdrawal responses. Photoactivation during stance generated a brief withdrawal, while stimulation during swing elicited a prolonged response likely engaging stumbling corrective reflexes.

Comparison with Existing Methods: This new method allows for high spatiotemporal precision in manipulating spinal circuits based on the phase of the locomotor cycle. Unlike previous approaches, this closed-loop system can control for the state-dependent nature of sensorimotor responses during locomotion.

ConclusionsIntegrating DeepLabCut-Live with optogenetics provides a powerful new approach to dissect the context-dependent role of sensory feedback and spinal interneurons in modulating locomotion. This technique opens new avenues for uncovering the neural substrates of state-dependent behaviors and has broad applicability for studies of real-time closed-loop manipulation based on pose estimation.

ManuscriptO_ST_ABSHighlightsC_ST_ABSO_LIClosed-loop system probes state-dependent behaviors at pose-modulated instances
C_LIO_LIBonsai integrates DeepLabCut models for real-time pose estimation during locomotion
C_LIO_LIPhase-dependent TRPV1+ sensory afferent photostimulation elicits context-specific withdrawal responses
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temkar, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using DeepLabCut-Live to probe state dependent neural circuits of behavior with closed-loop optogenetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct quantification of condensate material properties in live cells reveals the regulation of synapsin condensates viscoelasticity by alpha-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapsin and -synuclein represent a growing list of condensate-forming proteins where the material states of condensates are directly linked to cellular functions (e.g., neurotransmission) and pathology (e.g., neurodegeneration). However, quantifying condensate material properties in living systems has been a significant challenge. To address this, we develop MAPAC (micropipette aspiration and whole-cell patch clamp), a platform that allows direct material quantification of condensates in live cells. We find 10,000-fold variations in the viscoelasticity of synapsin condensates, regulated by the partitioning of -synuclein, a marker for synucleinopathies. Through in vitro reconstitutions, we identify 4 molecular factors that distinctly regulate the viscosity and interfacial tension of synapsin condensates, verifying the cellular effects of -synuclein. Overall, our study provides unprecedented quantitative insights into the material properties of neuronal condensates and reveals a crucial role of -synuclein in regulating condensate viscoelasticity. Furthermore, we envision MAPAC applicable to study a broad range of condensates in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tromm, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milovanovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct quantification of condensate material properties in live cells reveals the regulation of synapsin condensates viscoelasticity by alpha-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved tracking of cellulose biosynthesis and microfibril network assembly during cell wall regeneration in live Arabidopsis protoplasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significance StatementCellulose is a major extracellular matrix component of cells that is critical for plant development and has applications to bioenergy, agricultural food/feed, textile, and wood production. Cellulose is thought to be assembled by the closely coordinated motion of plasma membrane-embedded cellulose synthase enzyme complexes. To date, however, it has not been possible to visualize de novo plant cell wall synthesis at the single cell level with the necessary spatiotemporal resolution to derive a data-driven model of how plant cells can resynthesize and assemble cell wall after its removal. Based on our time-resolved data, we propose a new model for cellulose biosynthesis after successfully performing live protoplast time-lapse imaging to visualize for the first time the complex dynamics of de novo cellulose biosynthesis and assembly into an intertwined microfibril network.

Plant cell walls are composed of polysaccharides among which cellulose is the most abundant component. Cellulose is processively synthesized as bundles of linear {beta}-1,4-glucan homopolymer chains via the coordinated action of multiple enzymes in cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) embedded within the plasma cell membrane. Plant cell walls are composed of multiple layers of cellulose fibrils that form highly intertwined extracellular matrix networks. However, it is not yet clear as to how cellulose fibrils synthesized by multiple CSCs are assembled into the intricate cellulose network deposited on plant cell surfaces. Herein, we have established an in vivo time-resolved imaging platform for visualizing cellulose during its biosynthesis and assembly into a complex fibrillar network on the surface of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts as the primary cell wall regenerates. We performed total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) with fluorophore-conjugated tandem carbohydrate binding modules (tdCBMs) that were engineered to specifically bind to nascent cellulose fibrils. Together with a well-controlled environment, it was possible to monitor in vivo cellulose fibril synthesis dynamics in a time-resolved manner for nearly one day of continuous cell wall regeneration on protoplast cell surfaces. Our observations provide the basis for a novel model of cellulose fibril network development in protoplasts driven by complex interplay of multi-scale dynamics that include: rapid diffusion and coalescence of short nascently synthesized cellulose fibrils; processive elongation of single fibrils; and cellulose fibrillar network rearrangement during cell wall maturation. This platform is valuable for exploring mechanistic aspects of cell wall synthesis while visualizing cellulose microfibrils assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayachandran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved tracking of cellulose biosynthesis and microfibril network assembly during cell wall regeneration in live Arabidopsis protoplasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling cysteine deficiency-associated rapid weight loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forty percent of the US population and 1 in 6 individuals worldwide are obese, and the incidence of this disease is surging globally1,2. Various dietary interventions, including carbohydrate and fat restriction, and more recently amino acid restriction, have been explored to combat this epidemic3-6. We sought to investigate the impact of removing individual amino acids on the weight profiles of mice. Compared to essential amino acid restriction, induction of conditional cysteine restriction resulted in the most dramatic weight loss, amounting to 20% within 3 days and 30% within one week, which was readily reversed. This weight loss occurred despite the presence of substantial cysteine reserves stored in glutathione (GSH) across various tissues7. Further analysis demonstrated that the weight reduction primarily stemmed from an increase in the utilization of fat mass, while locomotion, circadian rhythm and histological appearance of multiple other tissues remained largely unaffected. Cysteine deficiency activated the integrated stress response (ISR) and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response (OSR), which amplify each other, leading to the induction of GDF15 and FGF21, hormones associated with increased lipolysis, energy homeostasis and food aversion8-10. We additionally observed rapid tissue coenzyme A (CoA) depletion, resulting in energetically inefficient anaerobic glycolysis and TCA cycle, with sustained urinary excretion of pyruvate, orotate, citrate, -ketoglutarate, nitrogen rich compounds and amino acids. In summary, our investigation highlights that cysteine restriction, by depleting GSH and CoA, exerts a maximal impact on weight loss, metabolism, and stress signaling compared to other amino acid restrictions. These findings may pave the way for innovative strategies for addressing a range of metabolic diseases and the growing obesity crisis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varghese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusarov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamallo-Lana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgonos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamovsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacold, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling cysteine deficiency-associated rapid weight loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 activation promotes sociability and regulates the expression of genes associated with anxiolytic-like behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) prevents stress-mediated reductions in sociability. S1PR3 is a ubiquitously expressed G-protein coupled receptor that regulates immune system function, although its regulation of other biological processes is not well understood. Pharmacological activators of S1PR3 might provide important insights for understanding the neural substrates underlying sociability and/or serve as novel, preclinical treatments for social anxiety. Here we show that in mice, systemic injections of an S1PR3-specific agonist, CYM5541, promotes sociability in males and females whereas an S1PR3-specific antagonist, CAY10444, increases amygdala activation and promotes social anxiety-like behavior in females. S1PR3 expression is increased in the mPFC and dentate gyrus of females compared to males. RNA sequencing in the mPFC reveals that S1PR3 activation alters the expression of transcripts related to immune function, neurotransmission, transmembrane ion transport, and intracellular signaling. This work provides evidence that S1PR3 agonists, which have classically been used as immune modulators, might also be used as novel anxiolytics. S1PR3 might be an important hub gene for anxiolytic effects as it reduces inflammatory processes caused by stress and increases transcripts linked to anxiolytic neurotransmission.

HighlightsO_LIThe Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) agonist CYM5541 promotes sociability
C_LIO_LIThe S1PR3 antagonist CAY10444 reduces sociability and promotes anxiety-like behavior in females
C_LIO_LICAY10444 increases neuronal activity markers in the amygdala
C_LIO_LIPharmacological activation of S1PR3 regulates the expression of genes in the prefrontal cortex that control a wide range of biological processes, including increasing GABAergic neurotransmission and reducing inflammatory processes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro-Vildosola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajamal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonnalagadda, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 activation promotes sociability and regulates the expression of genes associated with anxiolytic-like behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying microbial fitness in high-throughput experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Few concepts are as central to evolution as is fitness, and yet the quantification of fitness is often ambiguous. In particular, high-throughput experiments to measure mutant fitness in microbes are increasingly common but vary widely in their definitions of fitness, which makes their results difficult to compare. What are the consequences of these different fitness statistics, and is there a best way to quantify fitness in a given context? Here we systematize the set of possible fitness statistics according to the following three choices: 1) the encoding of relative abundance (e.g., transforming by a log or logit function), 2) the time scale over which to measure the change in relative abundance, and 3) the choice of a reference subpopulation for calculating fitness in bulk competition experiments, such as those using DNA-barcoded mutants. We show that these different choices can lead to significantly different interpretations of mutant fitness, affecting the magnitude of fitness effects, the presence of epistasis, and even the fitness ranking across mutants. This can confound predictions for evolutionary dynamics and gene functions. Altogether our results demonstrate the importance of consistent fitness definitions for reproducible results across experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fink, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying microbial fitness in high-throughput experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct checkpoint and homolog biorientation pathways regulate meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitosis and meiosis have two mechanisms for regulating the accuracy of chromosome segregation: error correction and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We have investigated the function of several checkpoint proteins in meiosis I of Drosophila oocytes. Evidence of a SAC response by several of these proteins is found upon depolymerization of microtubules by colchicine. However, unattached kinetochores or errors in biorientation of homologous chromosomes does not induce a SAC response. Furthermore, the metaphase I arrest does not depend on SAC genes, suggesting the APC is inhibited even if the SAC is silenced. Two SAC proteins, ROD of the ROD-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex and MPS1, are also required for the biorientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, suggesting an error correction function. Both proteins aid in preventing or correcting erroneous attachments and depend on SPC105R for localization to the kinetochore. We have defined a region of SPC105R, amino acids 123-473, that is required for ROD localization and biorientation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis I. Surprisingly, ROD removal, or "streaming", is independent of the dynein adaptor Spindly and is not linked to the stabilization of end-on attachments. Instead, meiotic RZZ streaming appears to depend on cell cycle stage and may be regulated independently of kinetochore attachment or biorientation status. We also show that dynein adaptor Spindly is also required for biorientation at meiosis I, and surprisingly, the direction of RZZ streaming.

Author SummaryThe Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) is known to delay cell cycle progression until chromosomes are properly attached to microtubules. Meiotic cells often have modified cell cycle phases, and natural arrest points such as metaphase I in Drosophila. We show that in Drosophila oocytes, the SAC is sensitive to loss of microtubules, but not sensitive to a variety of kinetochore attachment errors. Thus, the function of the SAC appears to be limited to monitoring oocyte spindle assembly, and not required for accurate chromosome segregation. However, two of the SAC genes, rod and Mps1, are required for the biorientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, suggesting an error correction function. Rod is part of the RZZ complex and is notable for its property of streaming off the kinetochores. However, our results show that streaming off the kinetochore may not contribute to RZZ regulation of microtubule attachments, and only be associated with SAC function. Instead, the establishment of stable end-on attachments may occur while RZZ is still present at kinetochore. We suggest that RZZ interacts with multiple motors to promote bidirectional movement of kinetochores along microtubules, which allows chromosomes to find and attach to the correct pole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct checkpoint and homolog biorientation pathways regulate meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an optimized machine learning approach to enhance brain metastatic burden assessment in preclinical models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastases (BrM) occur when malignant cells spread from a primary tumor located in other parts of the body to the brain. BrM is a deadly complication for cancer patients and currently lacks effective therapies. Due to the limited access to patient samples, preclinical models remain a valuable tool for studying metastasis development, progression, and response to therapy. Thus, reliable methods for quantifying metastatic burden in these models are crucial. Here, we describe step by step a new semi-automatic machine-learning approach to quantify metastatic burden on mouse whole-brain stereomicroscope images while preserving tissue integrity. This protocol utilizes the open-source, user-friendly image analysis software QuPath. The method is fast, reproducible, unbiased, and provides access to data points not always obtainable with other existing strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty-Lopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldszmid, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an optimized machine learning approach to enhance brain metastatic burden assessment in preclinical models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.26.609785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRAIN-METASTATIC MELANOMA MODELS UNCOVER IMMUNE AND MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF RESPONSE TO IMMUNOTHERAPY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.26.609785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the promising results of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, outcomes for patients with brain metastasis (BrM) remain poor. Identifying resistance mechanisms has been hindered by limited access to patient samples and relevant preclinical models. Here, we developed two mouse melanoma BrM models that recapitulate the disparate responses to ICB seen in patients. We demonstrate that these models capture the cellular and molecular complexity of human disease and reveal key factors shaping the tumor microenvironment and influencing ICB response. BR1-responsive tumor cells express inflammatory programs that polarize microglia into reactive states, eliciting robust T cell recruitment. In contrast, BR3-resistant melanoma cells are enriched in neurological programs and exploit tolerance mechanisms to maintain microglia homeostasis and limit T cell infiltration. In humans, BR1 and BR3 expression signatures correlate positively or negatively with T cell infiltration and BrM patient outcomes, respectively. Our study provides clinically relevant models and uncovers mechanistic insights into BrM ICB responses, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve therapy efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daugherty-Lopes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Guijarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebersole, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needle, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriakopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araya, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorkelsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldszmid, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.26.609785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRAIN-METASTATIC MELANOMA MODELS UNCOVER IMMUNE AND MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF RESPONSE TO IMMUNOTHERAPY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired S-nitrosylation of Cx43 prevents arrhythmogenicity and myocardial injury upon cardiac stress in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin-43 (Cx43) plays a critical role in the propagation of action potentials and cardiac contractility. In healthy cardiomyocytes, Cx43 is mainly located at the intercalated disk; however, Cx43 remodeling is observed in cardiac pathologies and is linked with arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. Using a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we previously demonstrated that Cx43 localizes to the lateral side of dystrophic cardiomyocytes, forming undocked hemichannels. {beta}-adrenergic signaling-induced cardiac stress promotes S-nitrosylation and the opening of undocked Cx43 hemichannels leading to disrupted cardiac membrane excitability and deadly arrhythmogenic behaviors. To establish the direct role of S-nitrosylated Cx43 in DMD cardiomyopathy, we generated knockin DMDmdx mice with reduced levels of S-nitrosylated Cx43, by replacing cysteine 271 with a serine in one Cx43 of the unique site for S-nitrosylation of Cx43 (DMDmdx:C271S+/-). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that cardiac Cx43 lateralization in DMDmdx:C271S+/- mice was similar to DMDmdx mice, indicating that the genetic modification did not prevent Cx43 remodeling. Upon isoproterenol treatment, DMDmdx mice displayed a higher incidence of arrhythmogenic events when compared to DMDmdx:C271S+/- mice, which more closely resemble wild-type mice. Optical mapping imaging in isolated hearts showed that DMDmdx mice displayed aberrant Ca2+ signaling and prolonged action potentials, which is restored in DMDmdx:C271S+/- mice. Isoproterenol treatment evoked severe myocardial injury in DMDmdx mice, which was significantly attenuated in DMDmdx:C271S+/- mice. Notably, DMDmdx mice treated with Gap19, a Cx43 hemichannel blocker, exhibited cardioprotection against myocardial injury. We concluded that S-nitrosylation of Cx43 proteins is a fundamental NO-mediated mechanism involved in arrhythmias and myocardial injury in DMDmdx, occurring through the opening of hemichannels following {beta}-adrenergic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burboa, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaete, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired S-nitrosylation of Cx43 prevents arrhythmogenicity and myocardial injury upon cardiac stress in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining Brain Stimulation Therapies: An Active Learning Approach to Personalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain stimulation holds promise for treating brain disorders, but personalizing therapy remains challenging. Effective treatment requires establishing a functional link between stimulation parameters and brain response, yet traditional methods like random sampling (RS) are inefficient and costly. To overcome this, we developed an active learning (AL) framework that identifies optimal relationships between stimulation parameters and brain response with fewer experiments. We validated this framework through three experiments: (1) in silico modeling with synthetic data from a Parkinsons disease model, (2) in silico modeling with real data from a non-human primate, and (3) in vivo modeling with a real-time rat optogenetic stimulation experiment. In each experiment, we compared AL models to RS models, using various query strategies and stimulation parameters (amplitude, frequency, pulse width). AL models consistently outperformed RS models, achieving lower error on unseen test data in silico (p<0.0056, N=1,000) and in vivo (p=0.0036, N=20). This approach represents a significant advancement in brain stimulation, potentially improving both research and clinical applications by making them more efficient and effective. Our findings suggest that AL can substantially reduce the cost and time required for developing personalized brain stimulation therapies, paving the way for more effective and accessible treatments for brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piallat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laxpati, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devergnas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayberg, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining Brain Stimulation Therapies: An Active Learning Approach to Personalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The partitioning of fatty acids between membrane and storage lipids controls ER membrane expansion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biogenesis of membrane-bound organelles involves the synthesis, remodelling and degradation of their constituent phospholipids. How these pathways regulate organelle size, remains still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that a lipid degradation pathway inhibits the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Phospholipid diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDATs) use endogenous phospholipids as fatty acyl donors to generate triglyceride stored in lipid droplets. The significance of this non-canonical triglyceride biosynthetic pathway has remained elusive. We find that the activity of the yeast PDAT Lro1 is regulated by a membrane- proximal domain facing the luminal side of the ER bilayer. To reveal the biological roles of PDATs, we engineered an Lro1 variant with derepressed activity. We show that active Lro1 mediates the retraction of ER membrane expansion driven by phospholipid synthesis. Furthermore, the subcellular distribution and membrane turnover activity of Lro1 are controlled by diacylglycerol, produced by the activity of Pah1, a conserved member of the lipin family. Collectively, our findings reveal a lipid metabolic network that regulates endoplasmic reticulum biogenesis by converting phospholipids into storage lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lysyganicz, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khondker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dymond, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siniossoglou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The partitioning of fatty acids between membrane and storage lipids controls ER membrane expansion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-wide interactions sustain life in geothermal spring habitats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.611078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated an alga-dominated geothermal spring community in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Our goal was to determine how cells cope with abiotic stressors during diurnal sampling that spanned over two orders of magnitude in solar irradiance. We report a community level response to toxic metal resistance and energy cycling that spans the three domains of life. Arsenic detoxification is accomplished via complementary gene expression by different lineages. Photosynthesis is dominated by Cyanidioschyzon, with the mixotroph, Galdieria, relegated to nighttime heterotrophy. Many key functions, including the cell cycle, are strongly regulated by diurnal light fluctuations. These results demonstrate that biotic interactions are highly structured in extreme habitats. We suggest this was also the case on the early Earth when geothermal springs were cradles of microbial life, prior to the origin of eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Etten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaverra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chovancek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westhoff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagishima, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-wide interactions sustain life in geothermal spring habitats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interference with Systemic Negative Feedback Regulation as a Potential Mechanism for Nonmonotonic Dose-Responses of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) often exhibit nonmonotonic doseresponse (NMDR) relationships, posing significant challenges to health risk assessment and regulations. Several molecular mechanisms operating locally in cells have been proposed, including opposing actions via different receptors, mixed-ligand heterodimer formation, and receptor downregulation. Systemic negative feedback regulation of hormone homeostasis, which is a common feature of many endocrine systems, has also been invoked as a mechanism; however, whether and how exactly such global feedback structure may underpin NMDRs is poorly understood.

ObjectivesWe hypothesize that an EDC may compete with the endogenous hormone for receptors (i) at the central site to interfere with the feedback regulation thus altering the physiological hormone level, and (ii) at the peripheral site to disrupt the hormone action; this dual-action may oppose each other, producing nonmonotonic endocrine effects. The objective here is to explore - through computational modeling - how NMDRs may arise through this potential mechanism and the relevant biological variabilities that enable susceptibility to nonmonotonic effects.

MethodsWe constructed a dynamical model of a generic hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine (HPE) axis with negative feedback regulation between a pituitary hormone and a terminal effector hormone (EH). The effects of model parameters, including receptor binding affinities and efficacies, on NMDR were examined for EDC agonists and antagonists. Monte Carlo human population simulations were then conducted to systemically explore biological parameter conditions that engender NMDR.

ResultsWhen an EDC interferes sufficiently with the central feedback action of EH, the net endocrine effect at the peripheral target site can be opposite to what is expected of an agonist or antagonist at low concentrations. J/U or Bell-shaped NMDRs arise when the EDC has differential binding affinities and/or efficacies, relative to EH, for the peripheral and central receptors. Quantitative relationships between these biological variabilities and associated distributions were discovered, which can distinguish J/U and Bell-shaped NMDRs from monotonic responses.

ConclusionsThe ubiquitous negative feedback regulation in endocrine systems can act as a universal mechanism for counterintuitive and nonmonotonic effects of EDCs. Depending on key receptor kinetic and signaling properties of EDCs and endogenous hormones, some individuals may be more susceptible to these complex endocrine effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interference with Systemic Negative Feedback Regulation as a Potential Mechanism for Nonmonotonic Dose-Responses of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A blended genome and exome sequencing method captures genetic variation in an unbiased, high-quality, and cost-effective manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We deployed the Blended Genome Exome (BGE), a DNA library blending approach that generates low pass whole genome (1-4x mean depth) and deep whole exome (30-40x mean depth) data in a single sequencing run. This technology is cost-effective, empowers most genomic discoveries possible with deep whole genome sequencing, and provides an unbiased method to capture the diversity of common SNP variation across the globe. To evaluate this new technology at scale, we applied BGE to sequence >53,000 samples from the Populations Underrepresented in Mental Illness Associations Studies (PUMAS) Project, which included participants across African, African American, and Latin American populations. We evaluated the accuracy of BGE imputed genotypes against raw genotype calls from the Illumina Global Screening Array. All PUMAS cohorts had R2 concordance [&ge;]95% among SNPs with MAF[&ge;]1%, and never fell below [&ge;]90% R2 for SNPs with MAF<1%. Furthermore, concordance rates among local ancestries within two recently admixed cohorts were consistent among SNPs with MAF[&ge;]1%, with only minor deviations in SNPs with MAF<1%. We also benchmarked the discovery capacity of BGE to access protein-coding copy number variants (CNVs) against deep whole genome data, finding that deletions and duplications spanning at least 3 exons had a positive predicted value of [~]90%. Our results demonstrate BGE scalability and efficacy in capturing SNPs, indels, and CNVs in the human genome at 28% of the cost of deep whole-genome sequencing. BGE is poised to enhance access to genomic testing and empower genomic discoveries, particularly in underrepresented populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boltz, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Service, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinacci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFelice, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimsby, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemayehu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashaba, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradway, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibnik, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fekadu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelaye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gichuru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gildea, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Injera, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joloba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachulis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamulegeya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kigen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwobah, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyebuzibwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopera-Maya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A blended genome and exome sequencing method captures genetic variation in an unbiased, high-quality, and cost-effective manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ablation of LRP6 in alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells abrogates lung inflammation and fibrosis upon bleomycin-induced lung injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a receptor for Wnt ligands. Tissue fibrosis is a progressive pathological process with excessive extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) deposition. Myofibroblasts, identified by alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, play an important role in tissue fibrosis by producing ECM production. Here we found that Wnt antagonist Dickkopf1 (DKK1) induced gene expressions associated with inflammation and fibrosis in lung fibroblasts. We demonstrated that genetic deletion of LRP6 in SMA-expressing cells using Acta2-cre Lrp6fl/fl (Lrp6AKO) mice abrogated bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis phenotype, suggesting an important role of LRP6 in modulating inflammation and fibrotic processes in the lung. Our results highlight the crucial role of LRP6 in fibroblasts in regulating inflammation and fibrosis upon BLM-induced lung injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sung, E.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozmorov, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sime, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ablation of LRP6 in alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells abrogates lung inflammation and fibrosis upon bleomycin-induced lung injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Importance of Nonsense Errors: Estimating the Rate and Implications of Drop-Off Errors during Protein Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of mRNA translation is both energetically costly and relatively error-prone compared to transcription and replication. Nonsense errors during mRNA translation occur when a ribosome drops off a transcript before reaching a stop codon, resulting in energetic investment in an incomplete and likely non-functional protein. Nonsense errors impose a potentially significant energy burden on the cell, making it critical to quantify their frequency and energetic cost. Here, we present a model of ribosome movement for estimating protein production, elongation, and nonsense error rates from high-throughput ribosome profiling data. Applying this model to an exemplary ribosome profiling dataset in S. cerevisiae, we find that nonsense error rates vary between codons, in conflict with the general assumption of uniform rates across sense codons. Using our parameter estimates, we find multiple lines of evidence that selection against nonsense errors is a prominent force shaping coding-sequence evolution, including that nonsense errors place an energetic burden on cells comparable to ribosome pausing. Our results indicate greater consideration should be given to the impact of nonsense errors in shaping coding-sequence evolution.

Author SummaryThe process of mRNA translation is both energetically expensive and relatively error-prone. As such, natural selection is thought to shape the evolution of CDSs to reduce the cost of these errors when they occur. Nonsense errors (NSEs) occur when a ribosome stops translation prior to completing a functional protein, resulting in wasted energy on non-functional product. Despite their functional consequences, NSEs and their effects on sequence evolution are generally understudied compared to other types of translation errors. This is in part due to the challenge of quantifying these errors from omics-scale data. We present a model for quantifying codon-specific estimates of elongation and NSE rates from ribosome profiling data, which gives a snapshot of the actively translating ribosomes in a cell. Although it is well-established that sense codons vary in their elongation rates, we find evidence that codons also vary in their NSE rates. Using our parameter estimates, we find multiple lines of evidence for selection against NSEs shaping patterns of codon usage bias. Our results suggest the cost of NSEs are comparable to the cost of ribosome pausing, and thus may play a greater role in coding-sequence evolution than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Importance of Nonsense Errors: Estimating the Rate and Implications of Drop-Off Errors during Protein Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bioengineered model of human placental exposure to environmental metals during pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure of pregnant women to toxic metals is an environmental health issue associated with various pregnancy complications. Efforts to advance our biological understanding of this problem and mitigate its adverse effects, however, have been challenged by ethical concerns of human subject research during pregnancy. Here, we present an alternative approach that leverages the design flexibility, controllability, and scalability of bioengineered human reproductive tissues to enable experimental simulation and in-depth investigation of placental exposure to environmental metals in maternal circulation. Central to this method is an in vitro analog of the maternal-fetal interface and its dynamic tissue-specific environment constructed using primary human placental cells grown in a micro-engineered device. Using cadmium as a representative toxicant, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept of emulating the human placental barrier subjected to the flow of cadmium-containing maternal blood to show how this model can be used to examine adverse biological responses and impaired tissue function on both the maternal and fetal sides. Moreover, we present a mechanistic study of maternal-to-fetal cadmium transport in this system to reveal that efflux membrane transporters expressed by trophoblasts may play an important protective role against cadmium-induced toxicity. Finally, we describe metabolomic analysis of our microphysiological system to demonstrate the feasibility of discovering metabolic biomarkers that may potentially be useful for detection and monitoring of cadmium-induced placental dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fattahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younesi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksunes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bioengineered model of human placental exposure to environmental metals during pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochasticity in dietary restriction-mediated lifespan outcomes in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.06.611756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary restriction (DR) is widely considered to be one of the most potent approaches to extend healthy lifespan across various species, yet it has become increasingly apparent that DR-mediated longevity is influenced by biological and non-biological factors. We propose that current priorities in the field should include understanding the relative contributions of these factors to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DR. Our work conducted in two laboratories, represents an attempt to unify DR protocols in Drosophila and to investigate the stochastic effects of DR. Across 64 pairs of survival data (DR/ad libitum, or AL), we find that DR does not universally extend lifespan. Specifically, we observed that DR conferred a significant lifespan extension in only 26.7% (17/64) of pairs. Our pooled data show that the overall lifespan difference between DR and AL groups is statistically significant, but the median lifespan increase under DR (7.1%) is small. The effects of DR were overshadowed by stochastic factors and genotype. Future research efforts directed toward gaining a comprehensive understanding of DR-dependent mechanisms should focus on unraveling the interactions between genetic and environmental factors. This is essential for developing personalized healthspan-extending interventions and optimizing dietary recommendations for individual genetic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mosley, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalakkannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochasticity in dietary restriction-mediated lifespan outcomes in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification and conservation of DNA binding specificities of SPL family of transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=89 SRC="FIGDIR/small/612952v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1154c42org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1419f5borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1454a7aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cbd5f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTC_FLOATNO C_FIG SQUAMOSA Promoter-Binding Protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors are key regulators of plant development and stress responses. Here, we present a comprehensive DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis of 14 of the 16 SPL members in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing two major classes based on distinct DNA-binding motifs. Gene Ontology enrichment of target genes indicated both shared and specialized functions among AtSPLs, including roles in hormone signaling, metal ion homeostasis, and developmental transitions. Comparative analysis of closely related paralogs, AtSPL9 and AtSPL15, uncovered divergence in their genomic binding locations and target gene regulation, particularly in auxin and abscisic acid pathways. These differences were supported by motif analysis and protoplast reporter assays. Extending our study across species, we analyzed DAP-seq data from maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) SPL homologs, identifying conserved target genes but species-specific DNA motifs. Notably, wheat SPLs preferentially bind to longer, palindromic motifs distinct from the GTAC core motif in Arabidopsis. Using AlphaFold3 structure modeling, we show that these motif differences may arise from enhanced protein-protein interactions that stabilize dimeric binding. Our results highlight how SPL family members diversify through DNA-binding evolution and suggest that transcription factor dimerization contributes to motif complexity and regulatory specialization across plant genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallavotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification and conservation of DNA binding specificities of SPL family of transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YAP/TAZ signaling in allantois-derived cells is required for placental vascularization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normal placental development and angiogenesis are crucial for fetal growth and maternal health during pregnancy. However, molecular regulation of placental angiogenesis has been difficult to study due to a lack of specific genetic tools that isolate the placenta from the embryo and yolk sac. To address this gap in knowledge we recently developed Hoxa13Cre mice in which Cre is expressed in allantois-derived cells, including placental endothelial and stromal cells. Mice lacking the transcriptional regulators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in allantois-derived cells exhibit embryonic lethality at midgestation with compromised placental vasculature. snRNA-seq analysis revealed transcriptional changes in placental stromal cells and endothelial cells. YAP/TAZ mutants exhibited significantly reduced placental stromal cells prior to the endothelial architectural change, highlighting the role of these cells in placental vascular growth. These results reveal a central role for YAP/TAZ signaling during placental vascular growth and implicate Hoxa13-derived placental stromal cells as a critical component of placental vascularization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thillaikumaran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jathan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankfurter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mericko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YAP/TAZ signaling in allantois-derived cells is required for placental vascularization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise Evokes Retained Motor Performance without Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise has been extensively studied in Parkinsons Disease, with a particular focus on the potential for neuroprotection that has been demonstrated in animal models. While this preclinical work has provided insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms, it has not addressed the neurophysiological changes during exercise. Here, first, we tested for neuroprotective effects of adaptive wheel running exercise in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease, assessing for dopaminergic cell preservation. Finding none, despite running performance that equaled the pre-parkinsonian state, we probed the neurophysiology of running exercise as a transient state of high motor function amidst an unameliorated Parkinsonian lesion. Exercise was associated with characteristic, excitatory changes in the dopamine-depleted substantia nigra, which could be suppressed along with running itself by dopamine receptor blockade. Going forward, the functional state evoked by exercise merits further study, as it has parallels in human disease and may represent an optimal physiologic target for neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skelton, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise Evokes Retained Motor Performance without Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential representations for affective and informative components of reward in the striatum and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receipt of a reward is composed of affective and informative components, which are often intertwined in most reward-processing and decision-making tasks. Our previous work allowed us to identify regions that were more strongly engaged for the affective and informative components of reward upon receipt (Smith et al., 2016) and showed that the ventral striatum responds to both affective and informative components of reward processing. However, the limited spatial resolution and coarse analytical approaches made it hard to understand how these different components of reward were represented in the brain, wherein similar engagement may not necessitate similar representations. In our current study, we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (voxel size: 1.75 mm3) and representational similarity analysis to investigate the representation of affective and informative components of reward receipt in the striatum and the hippocampus, another region that is sensitive to reward information. We found a differential representation of affective and informative components of reward receipt in the striatum and the hippocampus, with no difference in representation between the two structures. However, in the dorsal striatum, we found that representations were stronger for affective rather than the informative components of reward receipt. Finally, we observed that the ventral striatum was sensitive to the predictiveness of information, such that across-run pattern similarity in the ventral striatum increased with the predictiveness of information. In sum, our results provide evidence of how affective and informative components of rewards are represented in the striatum and the hippocampus, potentially indicating a differential coding schema for the dorsal and the ventral striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murty, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential representations for affective and informative components of reward in the striatum and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin-mediated chromatin remodeling controls the differentiation and function of conventional dendritic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cohesin protein complex extrudes chromatin loops, stopping at CTCF-bound sites, to organize chromosomes into topologically associated domains, yet the biological implications of this process are poorly understood. We show that cohesin is required for the post-mitotic differentiation and function of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), particularly for antigen cross-presentation and IL-12 secretion by type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) in vivo. The chromatin organization of DCs was shaped by cohesin and the DC-specifying transcription factor IRF8, which controlled chromatin looping and chromosome compartmentalization, respectively. Notably, optimal expression of IRF8 itself required CTCF/cohesin-binding sites demarcating the Irf8 gene. During DC activation, cohesin was required for the induction of a subset of genes with distal enhancers. Accordingly, the deletion of CTCF sites flanking the Il12b gene reduced IL-12 production by cDC1s. Our data reveal an essential role of cohesin-mediated chromatin regulation in cell differentiation and function in vivo, and its bi-directional crosstalk with lineage-specifying transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galitsyna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiniakou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkolikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodadadi-Jamayran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin-mediated chromatin remodeling controls the differentiation and function of conventional dendritic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organellular imaging in vivo reveals a depletion of endoplasmic reticular calcium during post-ictal cortical spreading depolarization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDuring cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), neurons exhibit a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium, which may be integral to CSD-mediated seizure termination. This calcium increase greatly exceeds that during seizures, suggesting the calcium source may not be solely extracellular. Thus, we sought to determine if the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the largest intracellular calcium store, is involved. We developed a two-photon calcium imaging paradigm to simultaneously record the cytosol and ER during seizures in awake mice. Paired with direct current recording, we reveal that CSD can manifest as a slow post-ictal cytosolic calcium wave with a concomitant depletion of ER calcium that is spatiotemporally consistent with a calcium-induced calcium release. Importantly, we observed both naturally occurring and electrically induced CSD suppressed post-ictal epileptiform activity. Collectively, this work links ER dynamics to CSD, which serves as an innate process for seizure suppression and a potential mechanism underlying therapeutic electrical stimulation for epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutekunst, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.614252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organellular imaging in vivo reveals a depletion of endoplasmic reticular calcium during post-ictal cortical spreading depolarization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Framework for Martini-based Coarse-grained Model of Enzymes: Model Development and Experimental Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experiments have shown that enzyme activity can preserved in harsh environments by complexing enzyme with polymer into a Protein-Polymer Hybrid (PPH). In a successful PPH, heteropolymer strands bind to the enzyme surface and restrain the folded protein without adversely affecting the binding and active sites. It is believed that hybridization is driven by non-covalent interactions at the enzyme surface including hydrophobicity and electrostatics. Molecular modeling of these interactions is not practical at the all-atom scale due to the long timescales and large particle counts needed to characterize binding. Protein structure at the scale of amino acid residues is parsimoniously represented by a coarse-grained model in which one particle represents several atoms, significantly reducing the cost of simulation. In this study we present two coarse-grained enzyme models - lipase and dehalogenase - prepared using a top-down modeling strategy. We simulate each enzyme in aqueous solution and calculate statistics of protein surface features and shape descriptors. The values from the coarse-grained data are compared with the same calculations performed on all-atom reference systems, revealing key similarities of surface chemistry at the two scales. Structural measures are calculated from the all-atom reference systems and compared with estimates from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, with good agreement between the two. The described procedures of modeling and analysis comprise a framework for the development of coarse-grained models of protein surfaces with validation to experiment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Framework for Martini-based Coarse-grained Model of Enzymes: Model Development and Experimental Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory decision-making deficits after permanent noise-induced hearing loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loud noise exposure is one of the leading causes of permanent hearing loss. Individuals with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) suffer from speech comprehension deficits and experience impairments to cognitive functions such as attention and decision-making. Here, we tested whether a specific sensory deficit, NIHL, can directly impair auditory cognitive function. Gerbils were trained to perform an auditory decision-making task that involves discriminating between slow and fast presentation rates of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise. Decision-making task performance was assessed across pre-versus post-NIHL sessions within the same gerbils. A single exposure session (2 hours) to loud broadband noise (120 dB SPL) produced permanent NIHL with elevated threshold shifts in auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). Following NIHL, decision-making task performance was tested at sensation levels comparable to those prior to noise exposure in all animals. Our findings demonstrate NIHL diminished perceptual acuity, reduced attentional focus, altered choice bias, and slowed down evidence accumulation speed. Finally, video-tracking analysis of motor behavior during task performance demonstrates that NIHL can impact sensory-guided decision-based motor execution. Together, these results suggest that NIHL impairs the sensory, cognitive, and motor factors that support auditory decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berns, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemlianova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory decision-making deficits after permanent noise-induced hearing loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fate of pyruvate dictates cell growth by modulating cellular redox potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyruvate occupies a central node in carbohydrate metabolism such that how it is produced and consumed can optimize a cell for energy production or biosynthetic capacity. This has been primarily studied in proliferating cells, but observations from the post-mitotic Drosophila fat body led us to hypothesize that pyruvate fate might dictate the rapid cell growth observed in this organ during development. Indeed, we demonstrate that augmented mitochondrial pyruvate import prevented cell growth in fat body cells in vivo as well as in cultured mammalian hepatocytes and human hepatocyte-derived cells in vitro. We hypothesize that this effect on cell size was caused by an increase in the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which rewired metabolism toward gluconeogenesis and suppressed the biomass-supporting glycolytic pathway. Amino acid synthesis was decreased, and the resulting loss of protein synthesis prevented cell growth. Surprisingly, this all occurred in the face of activated pro-growth signaling pathways, including mTORC1, Myc, and PI3K/Akt. These observations highlight the evolutionarily conserved role of pyruvate metabolism in setting the balance between energy extraction and biomass production in specialized post-mitotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toshniwal, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluntun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skabelund, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisidagama, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummel, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fate of pyruvate dictates cell growth by modulating cellular redox potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting bacterial fitness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with transcriptional regulatory network-informed interpretable machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis disease, the greatest source of global mortality by a bacterial pathogen. Mtb adapts and responds to diverse stresses such as antibiotics by inducing transcriptional stress-response regulatory programs. Understanding how and when these mycobacterial regulatory programs are activated could enable novel treatment strategies for potentiating the efficacy of new and existing drugs. Here we sought to define and analyze Mtb regulatory programs that modulate bacterial fitness. We assembled a large Mtb RNA expression compendium and applied these to infer a comprehensive Mtb transcriptional regulatory network and compute condition-specific transcription factor activity profiles. We utilized transcriptomic and functional genomics data to train an interpretable machine learning model that can predict Mtb fitness from transcription factor activity profiles. We demonstrated that this transcription factor activity-based model can successfully predict Mtb growth arrest and growth resumption under hypoxia and reaeration using only RNA-seq expression data as a starting point. These integrative network modeling and machine learning analyses thus enable the prediction of mycobacterial fitness under different environmental and genetic contexts. We envision these models can potentially inform the future design of prognostic assays and therapeutic intervention that can cripple Mtb growth and survival to cure tuberculosis disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bustad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griebel, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustad, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting bacterial fitness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with transcriptional regulatory network-informed interpretable machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.613909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of alternative polyadenylation isoforms of Timp2 is an effector event of RAS signaling in cell transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.613909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates mRNA isoforms with different lengths of the 3 untranslated region (3 UTR). The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) plays a key role in extracellular matrix remodeling under various developmental and disease conditions. Both human and mouse genes encoding TIMP2 contain two highly conserved 3UTR APA sites, leading to mRNA isoforms that differ substantially in 3UTR size. APA of Timp2 is one of the most significantly regulated events in multiple cell differentiation lineages. Here we show that Timp2 APA is highly regulated in transformation of NIH3T3 cells by the oncogene HRASG12V. Perturbations of isoform expression with long 3UTR isoform-specific knockdown or genomic removal of the alternative UTR (aUTR) region indicate that the long 3UTR isoform contributes to the secreted Timp2 protein much more than the short 3UTR isoform. The short and long 3UTR isoforms differ in subcellular localization to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Strikingly, Timp2 aUTR enhances secreted protein expression but no effect on intracellular proteins in reporter assays. Furthermore, downregulation of Timp2 long isoform mitigates gene expression changes elicited by HRASG12V. Together, our data indicate that regulation of Timp2 protein expression through APA isoform changes is an integral part of RAS-mediated cell transformation and 3UTR isoforms of Timp2 can have distinct impacts on expression of secreted vs. intracellular proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indeglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.613909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of alternative polyadenylation isoforms of Timp2 is an effector event of RAS signaling in cell transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of tRNA pool shapes variation in selection on codon usage across the Saccharomycotina subphylu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across taxonomical domains, synonymous codons of an amino acid are found to be used at unequal frequencies within genes. This codon usage bias (CUB) is highly variable across species. Genome-wide CUB reflects a balance between adaptive and non-adaptive microevolutionary processes within a species. Variation in microevolutionary processes results in across-species variation in CUB. As CUB is tightly linked to important molecular and biophysical processes, it is critical to understand how changes to these processes are linked to changes in microevolutionary processes. We employed a population genetics model to quantify natural selection and mutation biases on a per-codon basis across the Saccharomycotina budding yeast subphylum. We found that the strength of natural selection and mutation biases varied significantly between closely related yeasts. Across-species variation in natural selection reflected the evolution of tRNA gene copy number. Additionally, we found evidence that changes to tRNA modification expression can contribute to changes in natural selection across species independent of changes to tGCN. Both lines of evidence support the link between the evolution of the tRNA pool and natural selection in codon usage through changes in the translation efficiency of a codon. Furthermore, we found that changes to tGCN often reflected changes to genome-wide GC%, suggesting changes to the tRNA pool reflect changes to mutation bias. Our work establishes how changes in microevolutionary processes impact changes in molecular mechanisms, ultimately shaping the macroevolutionary variation of a trait.

Significance statementCodon usage bias (CUB) - the non-uniform usage of synonymous codons - is a feature of all genomes and varies across closely related species. Differences in CUB imply differences in the underlying microevolutionary processes (natural selection, mutation bias) driving CUB. CUB is hypothesized to be tightly linked to key molecular processes, particularly mRNA translation. We used a population genetics model to quantify natural selection and mutation bias on a per-codon basis across 327 budding yeasts. We found high variability in the microevolution of CUB and showed that changes in natural selection were correlated with the evolution of the tRNA pool. Our work establishes how variation in molecular mechanisms relates to variation in microevolution, shaping variation in a trait across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of tRNA pool shapes variation in selection on codon usage across the Saccharomycotina subphylu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrafish glial-vascular interactions progressively expand over the course of brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial-vascular interactions are critical for the formation and maintenance of brain blood vessels and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mammals, but their role in zebrafish is not well understood. Our previous work has detailed the timeline of BBB functional maturation in zebrafish, revealing a conserved mechanism of BBB induction through the suppression of endothelial transcytosis. Yet, as opposed to extensive research on glial-vascular interactions in rodents, such interactions remain largely overlooked in the zebrafish model system. Here, we focus on glial-vascular development in the zebrafish brain, leveraging three glial gene promoters: gfap (glial fibrillary acidic protein), glast (an astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter), and glastini (a new, shortened, equally effective version of the Glast promoter). Using these glial promoters, sparse labeling revealed fewer glial-vascular interactions during early larval stages, with both glial coverage and contact area increasing as the zebrafish brain matured. We then generated stable transgenic lines for both the Glast and Glastini promoters and observed similar increases in glial coverage during larval development, starting at [~]30% coverage at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) and peaking at [~]60% at 10 dpf. Ultrastructural assessment of glial-vascular interactions using electron microscopy (EM) confirmed a progressive increase in glial coverage over larval development, with maximal coverage reaching [~]70% in adult zebrafish, significantly lower than the nearly 100% coverage observed in mammals. Finally, immunogold-EM labeling confirmed that cells identified as glia in aforementioned morphological analyses were indeed Glast-positive. Taken together, our results identify the temporal profile of glial-vascular maturation in the zebrafish brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gall, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stains, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas-Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrafish glial-vascular interactions progressively expand over the course of brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes sleep by relaying GABAergic signals within a locus of motor and sensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotor inactivity and reduced sensory responsiveness are defining attributes of sleep, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In particular, the molecular and circuit mechanisms by which sleep-regulatory signals from the brain restrict movement and sensation remain largely ill-defined. Here we identify a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that promotes sleep in Drosophila through its expression in GABAergic neurons of the ventral nerve cord (VNC), a center for motor and sensory systems. Biochemical, genetic, and pharmacological manipulations indicate that a heteromeric nAChR containing the 1 and {beta}1 subunits promotes sleep by coupling cholinergic input to GABA release in the VNC and the likely inhibition of motor neurons, sensory afferents, or both. The functional parallels of the VNC and the mammalian spinal cord suggest that disruptions of analogous inhibitory circuits in humans may impair suppression of behavioral activity and sensory inputs during sleep and contribute to sleep disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yumita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahamed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossentino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor promotes sleep by relaying GABAergic signals within a locus of motor and sensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbial Impact on Colitis and Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis in a Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-IBD Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsPrimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) associated inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) increase colorectal dysplasia and malignancy risk. Current mouse models do not adequately replicate human PSC-IBD, limiting mechanistic understanding and therapeutic development. This study uses Mdr2/Il10 double knockout (DKO) mice to examine microbiota roles in mediating colitis, colitis-associated colorectal dysplasia and hepatobiliary inflammation/fibrosis.

GoalDevelop and phenotype a chronic spontaneous PSC-IBD mouse model, emphasizing colitis, colonic dysplasia, hepatobiliary inflammation/ fibrosis and the functional roles of resident microbiota.

MethodsWe utilized germ-free (GF) and specific-pathogen-free Mdr2/Il10 DKO, Il10-/- and Mdr2-/- mice to model PSC-IBD. We monitored colonic dysplasia progression, colitis kinetics and severity by lipocalin-2, cytokine measurement, and tissue evaluations of colon and liver. We manipulated the microbiome to assess its functional effects.

ResultsDKO mice exhibited age- and region-specific accelerated colitis and spontaneous colonic dysplasia progressing to high-grade invasive adenocarcinomas. Despite aggressive colonic inflammation, DKO mice showed reduced hepatic fibrosis, increased hepatic reparative macrophages, and matrix metalloproteinase activity compared to Mdr2-/- mice. GF DKO had heightened liver inflammation and mortality with absent colitis and colonic dysplasia, reversed with microbial reconstitution from DKO mice. Changes in DKO primary/secondary bile acid profiles mirrored those in PSC-IBD.

ConclusionThe Mdr2/Il10 DKO model mirrors key factors in PSC-IBD patients in terms of inflammation and carcinogenesis. We found an important role for the dysbiotic microbiota in DKO mice for disease onset and progression. Targeting microbiota and bile acid metabolism may provide promising strategies for developing effective PSC-IBD therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awoniyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conskuner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stappenbeck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbial Impact on Colitis and Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis in a Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-IBD Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blunted anterior midcingulate response to reward in opioid users is normalized by prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionAbnormalities in goal-directed behavior, mediated by mesocorticolimbic reward function and structure, contribute to worse clinical outcomes including higher risk of treatment dropout and drug relapse in opioid users (OU).

Material and MethodIn a sham-controlled randomized study design, we measured whether robot-assisted 10Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the prefrontal cortex was able to modulate anterior midcingulate cortex (MCC) electrophysiological response to rewards, in OU and matched healthy controls.

ResultsWe show that OU exhibit a blunted anterior MCC reward response, compared to healthy controls (t(39) = 2.62, p = 0.01, d = 0.84), and that this is normalized following 10-Hz excitatory TMS (t(36) = .82, p = 0.42, d = 0.17).

ConclusionsExcitatory TMS modulated the putative reward function of the MCC in OU. Further work with increased sample sizes and TMS sessions is required to determine whether restoring MCC reward function increases reward-directed behaviors, which may enhance treatment success through the maintenance of treatment goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biernacki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alia-Klein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blunted anterior midcingulate response to reward in opioid users is normalized by prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and molecular basis of FAN1 defects in promoting Huntington's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FAN1 is a DNA dependent nuclease whose proper function is essential for maintaining human health. For example, a genetic variant in FAN1, Arg507 to His hastens onset of Huntingtons disease, a repeat expansion disorder for which there is no cure. How the Arg507His mutation affects FAN1 structure and enzymatic function is unknown. Using cryo-EM and biochemistry, we have discovered that FAN1 arginine 507 is critical for its interaction with PCNA, and mutation of Arg507 to His attenuates assembly of the FAN1-PCNA on a disease-relevant extrahelical DNA extrusions formed within DNA repeats. This mutation concomitantly abolishes PCNA-FAN1-dependent cleavage of such extrusions, underscoring the importance of PCNA to the genome stabilizing function of FAN1. These results unravel the molecular basis for a specific mutation in FAN1 that dramatically hastens the onset of Huntingtons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pluciennik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadte, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barndt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monte Carlo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.-f. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and molecular basis of FAN1 defects in promoting Huntington's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Polymerase Locks Replication Fork Under Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.09.617451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication of DNA requires the parental DNA to be unwound to allow the genetic information to be faithfully duplicated by the replisome. While this function is usually shared by a host of proteins in the replisome, notably DNA polymerase (DNAP) and helicase, the consequence of DNAP synthesizing DNA while decoupled from helicase remains not well understood. The unwinding of downstream DNA poses significant stress to DNAP, and the interaction between DNAP and the replication fork may affect replication restart. In this work, we examined the consequences of DNAP working against the stress of the DNA replication fork. We found that prolonged exposure of DNAP to the stress of the replication fork inactivates replication. Surprisingly, replication inactivation was often accompanied by a strong DNAP interaction with the leading and lagging strands at the fork, locking the fork in place. We demonstrated that fork locking is a consequence of DNAP forward translocation, and the exonuclease activity of DNAP, which allows DNAP to move in reverse, is essential in protecting the fork from inactivation. Furthermore, we found the locking configuration is not reversible by the subsequent addition of helicase. Collectively, this study provides a deeper understanding of the DNAP-fork interaction and mechanism in keeping the replication fork active during replication stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Polymerase Locks Replication Fork Under Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death by an infectious disease globally, with no efficacious vaccine. Antibodies are implicated in Mtb control, but the mechanisms of antibody action remain poorly understood. We assembled a library of TB monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and screened for the ability to restrict Mtb in mice, identifying protective antibodies targeting known and novel antigens. To dissect the mechanism of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction, we optimized a protective lipoarabinomannan-specific mAb through Fc-swapping. In vivo analysis of these Fc-variants revealed a critical role for Fc-effector function in Mtb restriction. Restrictive Fc-variants altered distribution of Mtb across innate immune cells. Single-cell transcriptomics highlighted distinctly activated molecular circuitry within innate immune cell subpopulations, highlighting early activation of neutrophils as a key signature of mAb-mediated Mtb restriction. Therefore, improved antibody-mediated restriction of Mtb is associated with reorganization of the tissue-level immune response to infection and depends on the collaboration of antibody Fab and Fc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grace, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixsmith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenderson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slein, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKitrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavacini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Källenius, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reljic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Privacy-Preserving Visualization of Brain Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Privacy protection is important in visualization due to the risk of leaking personal sensitive information. In this paper, we study the problem of privacy-preserving visualizations using differential privacy, employing biomedical data from neuroimaging as a use case. We investigate several approaches based on perturbing correlation values and characterize their privacy cost and the impact of pre- and post-processing. To obtain a better privacy/visual utility tradeoff, we propose workflows for connectogram and seed-based connectivity visualizations, respectively. These workflows successfully generate visualizations similar to their non-private counterparts. Experiments show that qualitative assessments can be preserved while guaranteeing privacy. These results show that differential privacy is a promising method for protecting sensitive information in data visualization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwate, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Privacy-Preserving Visualization of Brain Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treadmill step training promotes corticospinal tract plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often impairs motor functions such as voluntary movement and fine motor control, with the corticospinal tract (CST) being a crucial pathway affected. While CST-targeted rehabilitation, such as treadmill training, supports motor recovery, gaps remain in understanding the topographical changes within the CST and how they correlate with behavioral outcomes. In this study, we utilized a custom Emx1Cre;LSL-SynGFP mouse line to quantify CST plasticity following moderate contusion SCI, both with and without exercise (treadmill) training. Fluorescent labeling of cortical synapses allowed for detailed visualization of descending CST rewiring, and we assessed its relationship to behavioral outcomes, including kinematics analysis and motivational state. Mice were stratified by motivational state using the Progressive Ratio Assay, and locomotor recovery was evaluated through the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), joint/limb kinematics, and Motion Sequencing (MoSeq) analysis. Our findings indicate that treadmill training enhances CST rewiring, especially in highly motivated animals, leading to increased synaptic density in the ventral horn and improved BMS subscores. Motivation further influenced specific kinematic parameters, such as toe clearance, while treadmill training significantly improved speed by reducing the stance phase. Results suggest that while treadmill training induces broad beneficial outcomes, motivation may fine-tune recovery, influencing neural circuit and behavioral changes. This suggests multiple mechanisms converge to promote recovery--those we cannot control and those we can. These results underscore the combined role of task-specific training and also perhaps motivation in driving CST plasticity and functional recovery after SCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nacht, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zymoro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phu, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirpara, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danish, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khondker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treadmill step training promotes corticospinal tract plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torsion is a Dynamic Regulator of DNA Replication Stalling and Reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inherent helical structure of DNA dictates that a replisome must rotate relative to DNA during replication, presenting inevitable topological challenges to replication. However, little is known about how the replisome progresses against torsional stress. Here, we developed a label-free, high-resolution, real-time assay to monitor replisome movement under torsion. We visualized the replisome rotation of DNA and determined how the replisome slows down under torsion. We found that while helicase or DNA polymerase (DNAP) individually is a weak torsional motor, the replisome composed of both enzymes is the most powerful DNA torsional motor studied to date. It generates [~] 22 pN{middle dot}nm of torque before stalling, twice the stall torque of E. coli RNA polymerase. Upon replisome stalling, the specific interaction between helicase and DNAP stabilizes the fork junction; without it, the fork can regress hundreds of base pairs. We also discovered that prolonged torsion-induced stalling inactivates the replisome. Surprisingly, DNAP exchange, mediated by the helicase, is highly effective in facilitating replication restart, but only if excess DNAP is present during stalling. Thus, helicase and DNA polymerase work synergistically as a powerful torsional motor, and their dynamic and fluid interactions are crucial for maintaining fork integrity under torsional stress. This work demonstrates that torsion is a strong regulator of DNA replication stalling and reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torsion is a Dynamic Regulator of DNA Replication Stalling and Reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A percolation-type criticality threshold controls immune protein coating of surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.15.618530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a material enters the body, it is immediately attacked by hundreds of proteins, organized into complex networks of binding interactions and reactions. How do such complex systems interact with a material, "deciding" whether to attack? We focus on the "complement" system of [~]40 blood proteins that bind microbes, nanoparticles, and medical devices, initiating inflammation. We show a sharp threshold for complement activation upon varying a fundamental material parameter, the surface density of potential complement attachment points. This sharp threshold manifests at scales spanning single nanoparticles to macroscale pathologies, shown here for diverse engineered and living materials. Computational models show these behaviors arise from a minimal subnetwork of complement, manifesting percolation-type critical transitions in the complement response. This criticality switch explains the "decision" of a complex signaling network to interact with a material, and elucidates the evolution and engineering of materials interacting with the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimimojarad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuvaeva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaleski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullipalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcos-Contreras, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzykantov, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myerson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A percolation-type criticality threshold controls immune protein coating of surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation Toggles the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Between Two Membrane-Associated Condensate States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nucleocapsid protein (N) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a critical role in the viral lifecycle by regulating RNA replication and packaging the viral genome. N and RNA phase separate to form condensates that may be important for these functions. Both functions occur at membrane surfaces, but how N toggles between these two membrane-associated functional states is unclear. Here, we reveal that phosphorylation switches how N condensates interact with membranes, partly by modulating condensate material properties. Phosphorylated N forms liquid condensates that wet membranes, reminiscent of Ns role in RNA replication. In contrast, unmodified N forms viscoelastic condensates that can be engulfed by membranes, evoking viral genome packaging. These results suggest that phosphorylation serves as a regulatory switch within the viral replication cycle by modulating Ns association with membranes. We gained mechanistic insight through structural analysis and molecular simulations, which suggest phosphorylation induces a conformational change that softens condensate material properties. Our studies also show that phosphorylation alters Ns interaction with viral membrane proteins. Together, our findings uncover a novel aspect of SARS-CoV-2 biology by identifying membrane association as a key feature of N condensates and providing mechanistic insights into the regulatory role of phosphorylation. Understanding this mechanism suggests potential therapeutic targets for COVID infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soranno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation Toggles the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Between Two Membrane-Associated Condensate States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and unique lifetime stressor characteristics and brain networks predict adolescent anxiety and depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExposure to major life stressors and aberrant brain functioning have been related to anxiety and depression, especially during adolescence. However, whether these associations differ based on the specific characteristics of the stressors experienced, and/or the functional networks engaged, remains unclear.

MethodsWe used baseline lifetime stressor exposure and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a longitudinal sample of 150 adolescents enriched for anxiety and depressive disorders. We examined the cumulative lifetime stressor frequency and severity of five stressor characteristics: physical danger, interpersonal loss, humiliation, entrapment, and role change/disruption. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed at three time points: baseline, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups. Linear mixed-effect models tested if the lifetime frequency and severity of these stressor characteristics and functional connectivity within and between frontoparietal, default, and ventral attention networks at baseline predicted anxiety and depression symptoms at three time points.

ResultsLifetime frequency and severity of humiliation and entrapment predicted both anxiety and depression symptoms. Lifetime frequency and severity of entrapment exposures predicted anxiety and depression symptoms after accounting for baseline depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Resting-state functional connectivity between default, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks did not predict either anxiety or depression symptoms after correcting for multiple comparisons.

ConclusionsOur study highlights lifetime exposures to humiliation and entrapment stressors as central stressor characteristics predictive of prospective anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Our results also suggest that resting-state functional connectivity within and between default, frontoparietal and ventral attention networks may be relatively weak predictors of prospective anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morfini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavich, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joormann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and unique lifetime stressor characteristics and brain networks predict adolescent anxiety and depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soluble guanylyl cyclase, the NO-receptor, regulates endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation via its transnitrosation activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that the NO-receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC1) has the ability to transnitrosate other proteins in a reaction that involves, in some cases, oxidized Thioredoxin 1 (oTrx1). This transnitrosation cascade was established in vitro and we identified by mass spectrometry and mutational analysis Cys 610 (C610) of GC1 -subunit as a major donor of S-nitrosothiols (SNO). To assay the relevance of GC1 transnitrosation under physiological conditions and in oxidative pathologies, we studied a knock-in mouse in which C610 was replaced with a serine (KI C610S) under basal or angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated conditions. Despite similar GC1 expression and NO-stimulated cGMP-forming activity, the Ang II-treated KI mice displayed exacerbated oxidative pathologies including higher mean arterial pressure and more severe cardiac dysfunctions compared to the Ang II-treated WT. These phenotypes were associated with a drastic decrease in global S-nitrosation and in levels of SNO-Trx1 and SNO-RhoA in the KI mice. To investigate the mechanism underlying the dysregulation of blood pressure despite an intact NO-cGMP axis, pressure myography and in vivo intravital microscopy were conducted to analyze the vascular resistance tone. Both approaches indicated that, even in the absence of oxidative stress, the single mutation C610S led to a significant deficiency in acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation while smooth muscle relaxation in response to NO remained unchanged. These findings indicate that the C610S mutation uncoupled the two NO signaling pathways involved in the endothelium and smooth muscle vasorelaxation and suggest that GC1-dependent S-nitrosation is a key player in endothelium-derived hyperpolarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Younis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burboa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soluble guanylyl cyclase, the NO-receptor, regulates endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation via its transnitrosation activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered renal vascular patterning reduces ischemic kidney injury and limits vascular loss associated with aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kidney vasculature has a complex arrangement, which runs in both series and parallel to perfuse the renal tissue and appropriately filter plasma. Recent studies have demonstrated that the development of this vascular pattern is dependent on netrin-1 secreted by renal stromal progenitors. Mice lacking netrin-1 develop an arterial tree with stochastic branching, particularly of the large interlobar vessels. The current study investigated whether abnormalities in renal vascular pattern altered kidney function or response to injury. To examine this, we analyzed kidney function at baseline as well as in response to recovery from a model of bilateral ischemic injury and measured vascular dynamics in aged mice. We found no differences in kidney function or morphology at baseline between mice with an abnormal arterial pattern compared to control. Interestingly, male and female mutant mice with stochastic vascular patterning showed a reduction in tubular injury in response to ischemia. Similarly, mutant mice also had a preservation of perfused vasculature with aging compared to a reduction in the control group. These results suggest that guided and organized patterning of the renal vasculature may not be required for normal kidney function; thus, modulating renal vascular patterning may represent an effective therapeutic strategy. Understanding how patterning and maturation of the arterial tree affects physiology and response to injury or aging has important implications for enhancing kidney regeneration and tissue engineering strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLarnon, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeycutt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'Guetta, P.-E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered renal vascular patterning reduces ischemic kidney injury and limits vascular loss associated with aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Interaction Of Diet-Induced Obesity And Chronic Stress In A Mouse Model Of Menopause 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Menopause is characterized by the cessation of ovarian hormone production. During postmenopause, cisgender women face increased risks of obesity, cognitive decline, and mood disorder. Mood disorders are associated with exposure to chronic stress. We investigated the combined effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and chronic stress exposure in a mouse model of menopause using 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), a selective ovotoxicant that gradually depletes ovarian follicles and hormones. Starting at 6 months, 82 female WT C57BL/6J mice received saline or VCD (130 mg/kg i.p.) 5 days per week for 3 weeks. One month after injection, mice were fed either low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD for 8 weeks followed by 6 weeks of chronic variable mild stress (CVMS). Post-CVMS, mice were either processed for gene expression of the anterodorsal BNST or behavior tests to assess cognitive and anxiety-related behaviors. Plasma samples were collected to analyze metabolic hormones and corticosterone levels. VCD-treated HFD-fed mice had higher fat and body mass, and elevated fasting glucose levels compared to controls and more pronounced avoidance behaviors and cognitive impairments. LFD-fed, VCD-treated mice exhibited less exploration of novel objects and open spaces compared to OIL and HFD counterparts. VCD elevated corticosterone levels on LFD and increased BNST Pacap gene expression on HFD. These findings highlight cognitive repercussions of estrogen deficiency and suggest a potential protective effect of a HFD against some of the adverse outcomes associated with menopause. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering dietary and hormonal interactions in the development of therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasrebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caramico, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiersielis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.622997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Interaction Of Diet-Induced Obesity And Chronic Stress In A Mouse Model Of Menopause]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconstructing evolutionary histories of complex genomic rearrangements in lung malignancies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic genomic rearrangements are hallmarks of cancer. Complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs) involving multiple intertwined structural alterations are often present in tumor genomes. CGRs frequently harbor oncogenic drivers, but their genomic architectures and etiologies are poorly understood. We used deep-coverage optical mapping technology to profile the genomic landscapes of normal lung tissues, benign pulmonary lesions, carcinoma in situ, and advanced carcinomas to examine the patterns of genome disorganization and instability in different stages of carcinogenesis in lung. Large rearrangements and CGRs were prevalent in the carcinomas. We developed omcplR to resolve the architecture of CGRs and predict their genesis from optical mapping data using genome-graph concept. We found that CGRs often arose from hierarchical combinations of multiple, localized simple structural variations, and harbored allelic heterogeneity at the affected loci. Rearrangement patterns and associated genomic signatures suggested that chromoanasynthesis was a likely prevalent mechanism driving complex genomic rearrangements. The early rearrangement junctions in intra-chromosomal CGRs were usually localized within the same chromatin domains, but the late junctions in advanced tumors had more heterogeneous contexts suggesting progressive organizational heterogeneity. The CGRs, especially the late events therein were under positive selection. A composite signature of genomic alterations including the CGRs captured the trajectory of progressive genomic disorganization and instability with carcinogenesis in lung and underscored the extent of genomic structural heterogeneity among the in-situ tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconstructing evolutionary histories of complex genomic rearrangements in lung malignancies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic variable mild stress alters the transcriptome and signaling properties of the anterodorsal bed nuceleus of the stria terminalis in a sex-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress is a physiological state marked by dysregulation of the hypo-pituitary-adrenal axis and high circulating levels of stress hormones, such as corticosterone in mice or cortisol in humans. This dysregulated state may result in the development of mood disorders but the process by which this occurs is still unknown. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) serves as an integration center for stress signaling and is therefore likely an important area for the development of mood disorders. This project utilized a chronic variable mild stress (CVMS) paradigm to persistently stress mice for 6 weeks followed by RNA-Sequencing of the anterodorsal (ad) BNST and electrophysiology of corticotropin releasing hormone-expressing cells in the adBNST. Our results show significant sex-biases in the transcriptome of the adBNST as well as effects of CVMS on the transcriptome of the adBNST specifically in males. Female biased genes are related to synaptic transmission while male biased genes are related to RNA processing. Stress sensitive genes in males are related to synaptic transmission and synapse formation. Additionally, electrophysiology data showed that CVMS suppressed the M-current in males but not females. However, CVMS increased the strength of excitatory post-synaptic currents in females but not males. This suggests significant differences in how males and females process chronic stress. It also suggests that the BNST is more sensitive to chronic stress in males than in females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Degroat, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paladino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic variable mild stress alters the transcriptome and signaling properties of the anterodorsal bed nuceleus of the stria terminalis in a sex-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caveolin-1 and Aquaporin-4 as Mediators of Fibrinogen-Driven Cerebrovascular Pathology in Hereditary Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA), characterized by amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) accumulation within perivascular spaces (PVS), contributes to vascular damage and inflammation in Alzheimers disease (AD). Despite its significance, the mechanisms driving A{beta} deposition in PVS and the resulting vascular pathology remain poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests that fibrinogen, the main component in blood clots, interacts with A{beta} and exacerbates inflammation in AD. Fibrinogen also co-deposits with A{beta} in the PVS of CAA-positive vessels in the brains of hereditary CAA patients. However, the mechanisms by which fibrinogen contributes to cerebrovascular impairment remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we used TgSwDI transgenic mice, which develop robust CAA pathology, and observed a significant increase in fibrin(ogen) extravasation and colocalization with A{beta} in the PVS. Moreover, we observed a significant aquaporin-4 (AQP4) depolarization in CAA-laden blood vessels of TgSwDI mice, which correlated with fibrin(ogen)-A{beta} colocalization. Given AQP4 crucial role in A{beta} clearance through glymphatic pathway, its depolarization may disrupt critical A{beta} clearance, thereby exacerbating CAA pathology. Additionally, Caveolin-1, a protein involved in non-specific transcytosis across the endothelium, significantly increased with age in TgSwDI mice and correlated with fibrin(ogen) extravasation. To further explore the relationship between fibrin(ogen) and these cerebrovascular alterations, we depleted fibrinogen in TgSwDI mice using siRNA approach. This intervention resulted in decreased CAA, restored polarized expression of AQP4, reduced caveolin-1 levels, attenuated microglial activation, and improved spatial memory in fibrinogen-depleted TgSwDI mice. These findings suggest that targeting fibrinogen could be a promising strategy for mitigating CAA pathology and its associated cerebrovascular pathology.

Significance StatementOur study uncovers the mechanism by which fibrin(ogen)-A{beta} colocalization exacerbates CAA pathology. Our findings highlight the potential link between fibrinogen/ fibrin(ogen)-A{beta} colocalization and AQP4 depolarization thereby exacerbating CAA pathology. The age-dependent increase of endothelial caveolin-1 could facilitate fibrin(ogen) extravasation, assisting the later to binds to A{beta} in the perivascular space which ultimately induce microglial neuroinflammation and AQP4 depolarization, thus exacerbating CAA pathology. Furthermore, fibrinogen depletion could mitigate CAA severity, reduce microglial activation, restore AQP4 polarization and memory impairment. These results suggest that targeting fibrinogen and caveolin-1-mediated transcytosis may offer new strategies to address CAA-associated cerebrovascular pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraresso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastrup, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caveolin-1 and Aquaporin-4 as Mediators of Fibrinogen-Driven Cerebrovascular Pathology in Hereditary Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The circadian gene Dec2 promotes pancreatic cancer dormancy by regulating tumor cell antigen presentation to facilitate immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms that regulate cancer dormancy remain poorly understood. Using a mouse model of resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we identified Dec2 as a gene that was upregulated in metastatic dormant tumor cells. Deletion of Dec2 from tumor cells substantially increased mouse survival after resection due to an immune-mediated mechanism as the survival benefit was abrogated in immunodeficient conditions. Dec2 promoted immune evasion by repressing multiple components of the MHC-I dependent antigen presentation pathway in tumor cells. Dec2 is a regulator of circadian rhythms, and we found several components of the antigen presentation pathway oscillated in a circadian manner that was lost upon deletion of Dec2. Moreover, T-cell mediated tumor cell killing varied depending on the time of day. We suggest that lowered MHC-I presentation of antigens during rest phase is a natural effect of the circadian clock, which is exploited by Dec2-overexpressing pancreatic tumors to evade the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudgeon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prela, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazarin de Menezes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casabianca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narrow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandgenett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertino, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klamer, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haab, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpizo, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The circadian gene Dec2 promotes pancreatic cancer dormancy by regulating tumor cell antigen presentation to facilitate immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruptive changes in tissue microenvironment prime oncogenic processes at different stages of carcinogenesis in lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carcinogenesis is characterized not only by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells but also by the disruption of the normal balance of cellular processes and intercellular interactions in the microenvironment that overcome the constraints of tissue homeostasis and support malignant growth. We profiled benign pulmonary dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive lung carcinomas at single-cell resolution to identify composite changes in cellular processes, signaling, and interactions among tumor-immune-stromal cells in the microenvironment in progressively advanced disease stages. We developed OncoTerrain, a hyperparameter-tuned model that captured synergistic multimodal signatures of an increasingly perturbed microenvironment in malignant disease stages and identified composite microenvironmental changes that supported cancer hallmarks. Key cancer-related changes in transcriptional states, cellular processes, and intercellular interactions involving immune, fibroblast, and stromal cell types preceded tumor initiation and were often synergistic. The microenvironment of increasingly malignant tissues was characterized by immune avoidance, ECM remodeling, and altered cell mobility. There were changes in cell states in fibroblasts, macrophages, and their inter-cellular interactions with other cell types, whereas T-cell activation occurred late. The in-situ carcinomas showed variations in the composite microenvironmental states that corroborated their pathology, which was not apparent at the genome level. A subset of those harbored populations of tumor and non-tumor cells with aggressive characteristics in some but not all aspects of hallmarks of carcinogenesis in the lung. We suspect that the variation in the coordination of microenvironmental cues may influence why some but not all in-situ tumors progress to the advanced stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruptive changes in tissue microenvironment prime oncogenic processes at different stages of carcinogenesis in lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Categorical Data with Logistic Regression and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Tests in Biological Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The choice of statistical test is a fundamentally important one when analyzing experimental data. Here, we consider the question of categorical data, defined by their properties (for example color) rather than by continuous numbering. Using simple and complex example datasets generated from Caenorhabditis elegans research, we conduct a statistical analysis of (1) a rare cellular event involving the formation of a neuronal extrusion called an exopher, and of (2) a variable behavioral response across a timescale. Two tests we use here are the Cochran- Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test and logistic regression. These two tests pose practical challenges to researchers that include lack of easy access to statistical software and the need for prior programming knowledge. To this end we provide step-by-step tutorials and example code. We emphasize the flexibility of logistic regression in handling both simple and complex datasets, emphasizing the capacity of logistic regression to provide more comprehensive insights into experimental outcomes than simpler tests like CMH. By analyzing real biological examples and demonstrating their analysis with R code, we provide a practical guide for biologists to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of categorical data analysis in experimental studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Androwski, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovitchenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rongo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Categorical Data with Logistic Regression and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Tests in Biological Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydia plasmid-encoded protein Pgp2 is a replication initiator with a unique beta-hairpin necessary for iteron-binding and plasmid replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The virulence plasmid of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia encodes eight proteins. Among these, Pgp3 is crucial for pathogenicity, and Pgp4 functions as a transcriptional regulator of both plasmid and chromosomal genes. The remaining proteins, Pgp1, Pgp5, Pgp6, Pgp7, and Pgp8, are predicted to play various roles in plasmid replication or maintenance based on their amino acid sequences. However, the function of Pgp2 remains unknown, even though it is required for transformation. In this study, we utilized AlphaFold to predict the 3-dimensional (3-D) structure of C. trachomatis Pgp2. Despite a lack of apparent sequence homology, the AlphaFold structure exhibited high similarity to experimentally determined structures of several plasmid replication initiators. Notably, Pgp2 features a unique {beta}-hairpin motif near the DNA-binding domain, absent in other plasmid replication initiators with overall 3-D structures similar to Pgp2. This {beta}-hairpin motif was also present in AlphaFold models of Pgp2s across all 13 Chlamydia species. To assess its significance, we engineered a plasmid lacking the 11 amino acids constituting the {beta}-hairpin motif in C. trachomatis Pgp2. Although this deletion did not alter the overall structure of Pgp2, the mutated plasmid failed to transform plasmid-free C. trachomatis. These findings reveal that Pgp2 is a plasmid replication initiator, with the {beta}-hairpin motif playing a critical role in binding to its cognate iteron sequences in the replication origin of the chlamydial plasmid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydia plasmid-encoded protein Pgp2 is a replication initiator with a unique beta-hairpin necessary for iteron-binding and plasmid replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Filling-in of the Blindspot is Multisensory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.15.623713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We asked three questions about multisensory perception across the physiological blind spot: (1) Does audiovisual integration persist without bottom-up visual input? (2) Does the brain adjust its sensory uncertainties and priors accordingly? (3) Are the underlying causal-inference computations preserved?

Participants judged flashes and beeps in an audiovisual illusion presented across the blind spot or a matched control location. Responses were fit with a Bayesian Causal Inference (BCI) model, estimating sensory noise, numerosity priors, and causal-inference priors under multiple decision strategies evaluated using BIC.

Illusions were robust at both locations, indicating preserved integration. Model fits showed higher visual uncertainty and broader prior expectations at the blind spot, while auditory precision and the causal prior remained stable. Thus, the computational architecture of causal inference is maintained, but its parameters flexibly adapt to local sensory reliability.

These findings demonstrate that perceptual inference remains intact even in regions without retinal input, achieved by adjusting internal uncertainty rather than altering core multisensory computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, N. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimojo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Filling-in of the Blindspot is Multisensory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal and computational work indicate that phase resetting of theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) in the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) by salient events (e.g., reward, landmarks) facilitates the encoding of goal-oriented information during navigation. Although well-studied in animals, this mechanism has not been empirically substantiated in humans. In the present article, we present data from two studies (Study 1: asynchronous EEG-MEG | Study 2: simultaneous EEG-fMRI) to investigate theta phase resetting and its relationship to PHG BOLD activation in healthy adults (aged 18-34 years old) navigating a virtual T-maze to find rewards. In the first experiment, both EEG and MEG data revealed a burst of theta power over right-posterior scalp locations following feedback onset (termed right-posterior theta, RPT), and RPT power and measures of phase resetting were sensitive to the subjects spatial trajectory. In Experiment 2, we used probabilistic tractography data from the human connectome project to segment the anterior and posterior PHG based on differential connectivity profiles to other brain regions. This analysis resulted in a PHG subdivision consisting of four distinct anterior and two posterior PHG clusters. Next, a series of linear mixed effects models based on simultaneous EEG-fMRI data revealed that single-trial RPT peak power significantly predicted single-trial hemodynamic responses in two clusters within the posterior PHG and one in the anterior PHG. This coupling between RPT power and PHG BOLD was exclusive to trials performed during maze navigation, and not during a similar task devoid of the spatial context of the maze. These findings highlight a role of PHG theta phase resetting for the purpose of encoding salient information during goal-directed spatial navigation. Taken together, RPT during virtual navigation integrates experimental, computational, and theoretical research of PHG function in animals with human cognitive electrophysiology studies and clinical research on memory-related disorders such as Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Güth, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntgeburth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holroyd, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrides, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical assessment of nanopore sequencing for the detection of multiple forms of DNA modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While nanopore sequencing is increasingly used for mapping DNA modifications, it is important to recognize associated false-positive calls, as they can mislead biological interpretations. To assist biologists and methods developers, we describe a framework, modFDR, for rigorous evaluation that emphasizes the use of the false discovery rate with rationally designed negative controls capturing both general background and confounding modifications. Our critical assessment across multiple DNA modifications shows that while nanopore sequencing performs reliably for high-abundance modifications--including 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at CpG sites in mammalian cells and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mammalian brain cells--it produces a substantial fraction of false-positive detections for low-abundance modifications, such as 5mC at CpH sites, 5hmC, and N6-methyldeoxyadenine (6mA) in most mammalian cell types. Although newer models improve certain aspects, systematic false positives remain, and we further observe elevated false negatives for 5mCpG when benchmarked against orthogonal enzymatic methods. This study highlights the urgent need to incorporate modFDR into future methods development, evaluation, and biological studies, and advocates prioritizing nanopore sequencing for mapping abundant rather than rare modifications in biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical assessment of nanopore sequencing for the detection of multiple forms of DNA modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape of the archaeal cell cycle is broadly conserved in eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell cycle is a series of events that occur from the moment of cell birth to cell division. In eukaryotes, cell growth, genome replication, genome segregation, and cytokinesis are strictly coordinated, defining discrete cell cycle phases. In contrast, these key processes may occur concurrently in bacteria. Thermoacidophilic archaea in the genus Saccharolobus follow a defined cell cycle program, with the first pre-replicative growth (G1) phase, followed by the chromosome replication (S) phase, the second growth (G2) phase, and rapid genome segregation (M) and cytokinesis (D) phases. However, whether other processes, such as metabolism, catabolism, protein translation, and antiviral defense also occur at specific cell cycle phases, as in eukaryotes, or are active throughout the cell cycle, as in bacteria, remains unclear. To address this question, we synchronized cultures of S. islandicus and performed an in-depth transcriptomic analysis of samples enriched in cells undergoing the M-G1, S, and G2 phases. Differential gene expression and consensus gene co-expression network analyses provided a holistic view of the S. islandicus cell cycle. In addition to the core transcriptome network, which is expressed throughout the cell cycle, we show that diverse metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, cell motility and even antiviral defense systems, are expressed in a cell cycle dependent fashion. Our data also refines understanding of the processes previously known to be linked to the cell cycle, such as DNA replication. We show that most DNA replication genes are expressed prior to the S phase, during the M-G1, whereas expression of the major chromatin genes, and accordingly, chromatinization are concomitant with replication. A statistical model was used to define sets of signature genes characteristic of each of the analyzed cell cycle phases, emphasizing transcriptional stratification of the phases. Signature genes are more conserved across Thermoproteota than non-signature genes and their peak expression, especially for the M-G1 and G2 specific genes, matches that of homologs in yeast. Collectively, our data elucidate the complexity of the S. islandicus cell cycle and suggest that it more closely resembles the cell cycle of eukaryotes than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Raya-Vilanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapointe, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haraoui, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bapteste, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape of the archaeal cell cycle is broadly conserved in eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Computational Framework, Dyscovr, Links Mutated Driver Genes to Expression Dysregulation Across 19 Cancer Types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though somatic mutations play a critical role in driving cancer initiation and progression, the systems-level functional impacts of these mutations--particularly, how they alter expression across the genome and give rise to cancer hallmarks--are not yet well-understood, even for well-studied cancer driver genes. To address this, we designed an integrative machine learning model, Dyscovr, that leverages mutation, gene expression, copy number alteration (CNA), methylation, and clinical data to uncover putative relationships between nonsynonymous mutations in key cancer driver genes and transcriptional changes across the genome. We applied Dyscovr pan-cancer and within 19 individual cancer types, finding both broadly relevant and cancer type-specific links between driver genes and putative targets, including a subset we further identify as exhibiting negative genetic relationships. Our work newly implicates-and validates in cell lines-KBTBD2 and mutant PIK3CA as putative synthetic lethals in breast cancer, suggesting a novel combinatorial treatment approach.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIntegrative framework Dyscovr links mutations within cancer drivers to downstream expression changes
C_LIO_LIDyscovr uncovers known and novel targets of cancer-driver genes
C_LIO_LIDyscovr reveals clinically important negative genetic interaction pairings
C_LIO_LIWeb platform to explore uncovered driver gene-target relationships
C_LI

eTOC BLURBAn integrative computational framework, Dyscovr, links mutated cancer driver genes to expression changes in putative target genes within and across 19 TCGA cancer types. Dyscovrs results include experimentally verifiable synthetic lethal driver-target pairings.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/624509v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (78K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18ad7d9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@610b3aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1281c6aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@61af3d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazel-Zarandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzouni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryseck, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Computational Framework, Dyscovr, Links Mutated Driver Genes to Expression Dysregulation Across 19 Cancer Types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrthologAL: A Shiny application for quality-aware humanization of non-human pre-clinical high-dimensional gene expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics provide unprecedented insight into the inner workings of disease. Pharmacotranscriptomic approaches are powerful tools that leverage gene expression data for drug repurposing and treatment discovery in many diseases. Multiple databases attempt to connect human cellular transcriptional responses to small molecules for use in transcriptome-based drug discovery efforts. However, pre-clinical research often requires in vivo experiments in non-human species, which makes capitalizing on such valuable resources difficult. To facilitate the application of pharmacotranscriptomic databases to pre-clinical research models and to facilitate human orthologous conversion of non-human transcriptomes, we introduce OrthologAL. OrthologAL leverages the BioMart database to access different gene sets from Ensembl, facilitating the interaction between these servers without needing user-generated code. Researchers can input their single-cell or other high-dimensional gene expression data from any species, and OrthologAL will output a human ortholog-converted dataset for download and use. To demonstrate the utility of this application, we characterized orthologous conversion in single-cell, single-nuclei, and spatial transcriptomic data derived from common pre-clinical models, including patient-derived orthotopic xenografts of medulloblastoma, and mouse and rat models of spinal cord injury. We show that OrthologAL can convert these data types efficiently to that of corresponding orthologs while preserving the dimensional architecture of the original non-human expression data. OrthologAL will be broadly useful for applying pre-clinical, high-dimensional transcriptomics data in functional small molecule predictions using existing human-annotated databases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CHOWDARY, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antuono, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrthologAL: A Shiny application for quality-aware humanization of non-human pre-clinical high-dimensional gene expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.624572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Multi-Pronged Interactions Mediate the Effective Inhibition of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation by the Chaperone HtrA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.624572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The misfolding, aggregation, and the seeded spread of alpha synuclein (-Syn) aggregates are linked to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinsons disease (PD). Understanding the mechanisms by which chaperone proteins prevent the production and seeding of -Syn aggregates is crucial for developing effective therapeutic leads for tackling neurodegenerative diseases. We show that a catalytically inactive variant of the chaperone HtrA1 (HtrA1*) effectively inhibits both -Syn monomer aggregation and templated fibril seeding, and demonstrate that this inhibition is mediated by synergistic interactions between its PDZ and Protease domains and -Syn. Using biomolecular NMR, AFM and Rosetta-based computational analyses, we propose that the PDZ domain interacts with the C-terminal end of the monomer and the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the -Syn fibril. Furthermore, in agreement with sequence specificity calculations, the Protease domain cleaves in the aggregation-prone NAC domain at site T92/A93 in the monomer. Thus, through multi-pronged interactions and multi-site recognition of -Syn, HtrA1* can effectively intervene at different stages along the -Syn aggregation pathway, making it a robust inhibitor of -Syn aggregation and templated seeding. Our studies illustrate, at high resolution, the crucial role of HtrA1 interactions with both the intrinsically disordered -Syn monomers and with the dynamic flanking regions around the fibril core for inhibition of aggregation. This inhibition mechanism of the HtrA1 chaperone may provide a natural mechanistic blueprint for highly effective therapeutic agents against protein aggregation.

Significance StatementPD and other synucleinopathies are marked by misfolding and aggregation of -Syn, forming higher-order species that propagate aggregation in a prion-like manner. Understanding how chaperone proteins inhibit -Syn aggregation and spread is essential for therapeutic development against neurodegeneration. Through an integrative approach of solution-based NMR, AFM, aggregation kinetics, and computational analysis, we reveal how a catalytically inactive variant of the chaperone HtrA1 effectively disrupts aggregation pathways. We find that the inactive Protease and PDZ domains of HtrA1 synergistically bind to key intrinsically disordered sites on both -Syn monomers and fibrils, thereby effectively inhibiting both aggregation and templated seeding. Our work provides a natural and unique blueprint for designing inhibitors to prevent the formation and seeding of aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chinchilla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.624572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Multi-Pronged Interactions Mediate the Effective Inhibition of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation by the Chaperone HtrA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human mitochondrial RNA polymerase structures reveal transcription start-site and slippage mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) and protein factors TFAM and TFB2M assemble on mitochondrial DNA promoters to initiate promoter-specific transcription. We present cryo-EM structures of two initiation complexes, IC3 and slipped-IC3, with fully resolved transcription bubbles containing RNA transcripts starting from +1 and -1 positions, respectively. These structures reveal the mechanisms of promoter melting, start site selection, and slippage synthesis. Promoter melting begins at -4 with base-specific interactions of -4 and -3 template guanines with POLRMT and -1 non-template adenine with TFB2M, stabilizing the bubble and facilitating initiation from +1. Slippage occurs when a synthesized 2-mer RNA shifts to -1; the -1 position is not an alternative start-site. The conserved non-template sequence (-1)AAA(+2) is recognized by a non-template stabilizing loop (K153LDPRSGGVIKPP165) and Y209 from TFB2M and W1026 of POLRMT. The initiation complex on cryo-EM grids exist in equilibrium with apo and dimeric POLRMTs, whose relative concentrations may regulate transcription initiation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LICryo-EM structures of active human mitochondrial transcription initiation complexes
C_LIO_LIDe novo RNA synthesis begins at +1, linking +1 and +2 NTPs
C_LIO_LISynthesized 2-mer RNA anneals at -1, initiating RNA slippage synthesis
C_LIO_LIPOLRMT fingers motion alters TFB2M interactions with non-template strand
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goovaerts, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajjugal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Wijngaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human mitochondrial RNA polymerase structures reveal transcription start-site and slippage mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bulk Transcriptomic Analysis with InMoose, the Integrated Multi-Omic Open-Source Environment in Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce InMoose, an open-source Python environment aimed at omic data analysis. We illustrate its capabilities for bulk transcriptomic data analysis.

Due to its wide adoption, Python has grown as a de facto standard in fields increasingly important for bioinformatic pipelines, such as data science, machine learning, or artificial intelligence (AI). As a general-purpose language, Python is also recognized for its versatility and scalability. InMoose aims at bringing state-of-the-art tools, historically written in R, to the Python ecosystem. Our intent is to provide a drop-in replacement for R tools, so our approach focuses on the faithfulness to the original tools outcomes. The first development phase has focused on bulk transcriptomic data, with current capabilities encompassing data simulation, batch effect correction, and differential analysis and meta-analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behdenna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bulk Transcriptomic Analysis with InMoose, the Integrated Multi-Omic Open-Source Environment in Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein knockout impairs melanoma development and alters DNA damage repair in the TG3 mouse model in a sex-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.01.626256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strong evidence suggests links between Parkinsons Disease (PD) and melanoma, as studies have found that people with PD are at an increased risk of developing melanoma and those with melanoma are at increased risk of developing PD. Although these clinical associations are well-established, the cellular and molecular pathways linking these diseases are poorly understood. Recent studies have found a previously unrecognized role for the neurodegeneration-associated protein alpha-synuclein (Syn) in melanoma; the overexpression of Syn promotes melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the role of Syn in in vivo melanoma models outside of a xenograft paradigm. Our study created and characterized Snca knockout in the spontaneously developing melanoma TG3 mouse line, TG3+/+Snca-/-. We show that Syn loss-of-function significantly delays melanoma onset and slows tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, decreased tumor volume is correlated with a decreased DNA damage signature and increased apoptotic markers, indicating a role for Syn in modulating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Overall, our study provides evidence that targeting Syn and its role in modulating the DDR and melanomagenesis could serve as a promising new therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unni, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-synuclein knockout impairs melanoma development and alters DNA damage repair in the TG3 mouse model in a sex-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of peptide structural conformations with AlphaFold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein structure prediction via artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) approaches has sparked substantial research interest in structural biology and adjacent disciplines. More recently, AlphaFold2 (AF2) has been adapted for the prediction of multiple structural conformations--beyond the original scope of predicting single-state structures. This is accomplished by using multiple random seeds and subsampling the multiple sequence alignment (MSA). Research using this novel approach has focused on proteins (typically 50 residues in length or greater), while multi-conformation prediction of shorter peptides has not yet been explored in this context. Here, we report AF2-based structural conformation prediction of a total of 557 peptides (ranging in length from 10 to 40 residues) for a benchmark dataset with corresponding nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-determined conformational ensembles. De novo structure predictions were accompanied by structural comparison analyses to assess prediction accuracy. We found that the prediction of conformational ensembles of peptides with AF2 varied in accuracy versus NMR data, with average root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) among structured regions under 2.5 [A] and average root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) differences under 1.5 [A] for the entire set of 557 peptides. Our results reveal notable capabilities of AF2-based structural conformation prediction for peptides but also highlight considerable limitations, underscoring the necessity for interpretation discretion and the need for improved conformational ensemble prediction approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ille, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markosian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of peptide structural conformations with AlphaFold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Label-free Nanowell-based Impedance Sensor for Ten-minute SARS-CoV-2 Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.11.627986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work explores label-free biosensing as an effective method for biomolecular analysis, ensuring the preservation of native conformation and biological activity. The focus is on a novel electronic biosensing platform utilizing micro-fabricated nanowell-based impedance sensors, offering rapid, point-of-care diagnosis for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) detection. The nanowell sensor, constructed on a silica substrate through a series of microfabrication processes including deposition, patterning, and etching, features a 5x5 well array functionalized with antibodies. Real-time impedance changes within the nanowell array enable diagnostic results within ten minutes using small sample volumes (<5 {micro}L). The research includes assays for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva buffers to mimic real human SARS-CoV-2 samples, covering a wide range of concentrations. The sensor exhibits a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL (1.5 pM) for spike proteins. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) spike proteins are differentiated from SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, demonstrating specificity.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoodi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapiperis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drazer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javanmard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMauro, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.627986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Label-free Nanowell-based Impedance Sensor for Ten-minute SARS-CoV-2 Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.14.628474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of β-cardiac myosin between the super-relaxed and disordered-relaxed states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.14.628474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The super-relaxed (SRX) state of myosin ATPase activity is critical for striated muscle function, and its dysregulation is linked to cardiomyopathies. It is unclear whether the SRX state exchanges readily with the disordered-relaxed (DRX) state, and whether the SRX state directly corresponds to the folded back interacting-head motif (IHM). Using recombinant {beta}-cardiac heavy meromyosin (HMM) and subfragment 1 (S1), which cannot form the IHM, we show that the SRX and DRX populations are in rapid equilibrium, dependent on myosin head-tail interactions. Some mutations which cause hypertrophic (HCM) or dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathies alter the SRX-DRX equilibrium, but not all mutations. The cardiac myosin inhibitor mavacamten slows nucleotide release by an equal factor for both HMM and S1, thus only indirectly influencing the occupancy time of the SRX state. These findings suggest that purified myosins undergo rapid switching between SRX and DRX states, refining our understanding of cardiomyopathy mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Cruz, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.14.628474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of β-cardiac myosin between the super-relaxed and disordered-relaxed states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Exosomal RNAs are Glyco-Modified 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic modifications play pivotal roles in regulating RNA function, encompassing base alterations and the addition of both canonical m7G and noncanonical nucleotide metabolite caps. Recently, the spectrum of modifications has extended to include glyco modification at the 5 cap or within the RNA. Despite this expansion, the functional implications of glyco modification on RNA remain elusive. Our study reveals that mammalian cells labeled with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine-tetraacylated (Ac4GalNAz) produce small noncoding and nonpolyadenylated glyco-modified RNA (glycoRNA), primarily localized within exosome vesicles. The resistance of glycoRNA-containing exosomes to RNase treatment suggests that Ac4GalNAz-derived glycoRNA constitutes intraluminal cargo, distinct from recently reported cell surface glycoRNAs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that exosome cargo can be transferred to naive cells, underscoring exosome-mediated intercellular communication of glycoRNAs. Inhibition of exosome biogenesis leads to the accumulation of intracellular glycoRNA while blocking glycan transfer to proteins concomitantly reduced the targeting of glycoRNA within exosomes. These findings highlight a correlation between protein and RNA glycosylation, suggesting that the accumulation of glycoRNAs within exosomes is a regulated process. Our results support a functional role for glyco-modification in mediating RNA targeting into exosomes, offering new insights for enhancing recent advances in exosome-directed diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiledjian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Exosomal RNAs are Glyco-Modified]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding items to contexts through conjunctive neural representations with the Method of Loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schematic prior knowledge can provide a powerful scaffold for episodic memories, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this scaffolding process are still poorly understood. A crucial step of the scaffolding process is the way in which details of a new episode are connected to an existing schema, forming a robust memory representation that can be easily accessed in the future. A unique testbed for studying this binding process is a mnemonic technique called the Method of Loci (MoL), in which people meaningfully connect items to be remembered with a well-learned list of imagined loci. We collected fMRI data from participants in 3 longitudinal sessions while they were enrolled in a month-long MoL training course, all of whom showed dramatic improvements in their ability to remember lists of 20 or 40 words. We obtained neural patterns when the loci and objects are presented by themselves, when they are combined into an integrated representation at encoding, and when the integrated representation was subsequently retrieved, as well as verbal descriptions from the participants about the way they associated each item to each locus. We found that in default mode network regions, including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the combined representations of loci and items are highly conjunctive: the unified locus-item representation was substantially different from a linear combination of the isolated locus and item representation, reflecting the addition of new integrative details specific to each combined pair. The conjunctive component of the representation reflected the particular creative details generated by individual participants and increased over time as participants gained expertise in MoL. Our findings reveal a critical role for the default mode network in creating meaningful connections between new information and well-learned schematic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarder-Stoll, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajemian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding items to contexts through conjunctive neural representations with the Method of Loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marine fishes exhibit exceptional variation in biofluorescent emission spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofluorescence is a phylogenetically widespread phenomenon among marine fishes, yet the phenotypic diversity in fluorescent emission wavelengths (e.g., green, red) remains poorly studied across the broad diversity of marine teleosts. In this study we investigate the fluorescent emission spectra from a diverse array of 18 teleost families and record fluorescent emission peaks over multiple body regions. Our results show that fluorescent emission spectra are remarkably diverse among teleost families, as well as within genera. Fluorescent emissions also varied across different body regions within some individuals. We show that members of the families Gobiidae, Oxudercidae, and Bothidae, exhibit at least six distinct, non-overlapping fluorescent emission peaks. Nine of the 18 families examined in this study were found to have at least four distinct and non-overlapping fluorescent emission peaks. Further, we find that several families exhibit multiple discrete emission peaks for a single fluorescent color (i.e., wavelength range), including multiple distinct peaks within the green and red portions of the spectrum. This exceptional degree of phenotypic variation in fluorescent emissions highlights the potential for a diverse, even species-specific, fluorescent signaling system in certain teleost families. The interplay between different fluorescent emission wavelengths and notable variation in the distribution of fluorescence on the body could allow for a wide array of fluorescent patterns to be produced by an individual or among closely related species. Our results reveal far more diversity in both fluorescent emission wavelengths (colors) and in the distribution of fluorescent molecules on the body than had previously been reported in the literature. We characterize this novel variation in fluorescent emissions across an array of teleost families that exhibit biofluorescence and discuss the potential functional implications of this exceptional phenotypic variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marine fishes exhibit exceptional variation in biofluorescent emission spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.28.630560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary conserved reciprocal senescence and tumor suppressor signals limit lifetime cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.28.630560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence features a durable exit from the cell cycle triggered by stress or carcinogens. The INK4 locus is inactivated in various cancers, yet in senescence, p16Ink4a is activated. Whether senescence is tumor-suppressing or -promoting remains a conundrum. We discovered an evolutionally-conserved Vertebrata INK4-homolog. This ink4ab triggers senescence upon oxidative- and/or carcinogenic-stress. Adult Ink4ab-deficient animals failed to activate senescence and developed spontaneous cancers. Combined Ink4ab and Tp53 deficiency revealed a reciprocal senescence and apoptosis regulation, controlling tumorigenesis, including retinoblastoma. INK4-hematopoietic-deficient mice exhibited p19Arf-dependent enhanced senescence-like phenotypes, uncontrolled cell proliferation, defective stem cell differentiation, and splenomegaly, with single-splenocytes spatially-enriched in senescence-associated secretory profiles. Our studies reveal the evolutionary origin of paradigms co-regulating senescence and tumor suppression and offer strategies to exploit these reciprocal pathways for cancer prevention and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bokhoven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pine, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabaawy, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.28.630560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary conserved reciprocal senescence and tumor suppressor signals limit lifetime cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bipolar and schizophrenia risk gene AKAP11 encodes an autophagy receptor coupling the regulation of PKA kinase network homeostasis to synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genomic studies have identified protein-truncating variants in AKAP11 associated with both bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), implicating a shared disease mechanism driven by loss-of-function. AKAP11, a protein kinase A (PKA) adaptor, plays a key role in degrading the PKA-RI complex through selective autophagy. However, the neuronal functions of AKAP11 and the impact of its loss-of-function remains largely uncharacterized. Through multi-omics approaches, cell biology, and electrophysiology analysis in mouse models and human induced neurons, we delineated a central role of AKAP11 in coupling PKA kinase network regulation to synaptic transmission. Loss of AKAP11 distorted compartment-specific PKA and GSK3/{beta} activities and impaired cellular functions that significantly overlap with pathways associated with BD and SCZ. Moreover, we identified interactions between AKAP11, the PKA-RI adaptor SPHKAP, and the ER-resident autophagy-related proteins VAPA/B, which co-adapt and mediate PKA-RI complex degradation in neurons. Notably, AKAP11 deficiency impaired neurotransmission, providing key insights into the mechanism underlying AKAP11-associated psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purisic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bipolar and schizophrenia risk gene AKAP11 encodes an autophagy receptor coupling the regulation of PKA kinase network homeostasis to synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAIT cell deficiency exacerbates neuroinflammation in P301S human tau transgenic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of immune cells in neurodegeneration remains incompletely understood. Our recent study revealed the presence of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the meninges, where they express antioxidant molecules to maintain meningeal barrier integrity. Accumulation of misfolded tau proteins are a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The role of MAIT cells in tau-related neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, however, remains unclear. Here we report that the meninges of P301 mutant human tau transgenic mice had increased numbers of MAIT cells, which retained their expression of antioxidant molecules. Mr1-/-P301S mice that lacked MAIT cells exhibited increased tau pathology and hippocampus atrophy compared to control Mr1+/+ P301S mice. Adoptive transfer of MAIT cells reduced tau pathology and hippocampus atrophy in Mr1-/- P301S mice. Meningeal barrier integrity was compromised in Mr/-/-P301S mice, but not in control Mr1+/+ P301S mice. A distinctive microglia subset with proinflammatory gene expression profile (M-inflammatory) was enriched in the hippocampus of Mr1-/- P301S mice. The transcriptomes of the remaining microglia in these mice also shifted towards a proinflammatory state, with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and genes related with ribosome biogenesis and immune responses to toxic substances. The transfer of MAIT cells restored meningeal barrier integrity and suppressed microglial inflammation in the Mr1-/- P301S mice. Together, our data indicate an important role for MAIT cells in regulating tau-pathology-related neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAIT cell deficiency exacerbates neuroinflammation in P301S human tau transgenic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.04.631256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zero-phase-delay connectivity increases the reliability, concordance with structure, and prognostic ability of functional connectivity metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.04.631256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural populations synchronise their activity with either zero-phase-delay (activity in interacting regions occurs simultaneously) or a phase-delay (activity in one region follows the other). In electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography functional connectivity analyses, artefactual connectivity can also occur with zero-phase-delay. To minimise artefact, contemporary analyses typically exclude all zero-phase-delay interactions. However, the extent to which  true interactions are resultingly lost - and the impact this has on the performance of functional connectivity metrics as biomarkers - remains unknown. Here, we show that most cortico-cortical functional connectivity occurs with zero- or near-zero phase-delay, even where such connectivity is unlikely to be artefactual. Including, rather than excluding, zero-phase-delay connectivity increases the reliability, convergence with neurobiology (structure-function concordance, homotopic interhemispheric connectivity, and age-related connectivity changes), and prognostic ability of functional connectivity metrics. We find that excluding zero-phase-delay connections penalises functional connectivity strength between the strongest structurally connected regions: stronger structural connections lead to functional connections with phase-delays closer to zero, mediated by a shorter signal propagation time. Our findings challenge generally accepted assumptions that zero-phase-exclusive methods are superior to zero-phase-inclusive methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garces, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell' Acqua, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Muircheartaigh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.04.631256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zero-phase-delay connectivity increases the reliability, concordance with structure, and prognostic ability of functional connectivity metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymerase Eta Recruits FANCD2 to Common Fragile Sites to Maintain Genome Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The replicative polymerase delta is inefficient copying repetitive DNA sequences. Error-prone translesion polymerases have been shown to switch with high-fidelity replicative polymerases to help navigate repetitive DNA. We and others have demonstrated the importance of one such translesion polymerase, polymerase Eta (pol eta), in facilitating replication at genomic regions called common fragile sites (CFS), which are difficult-to-replicate genomic regions that are hypersensitive to replication stress. However, the mechanistic basis for pol etas role in facilitating DNA replication at CFS and(or) at other genomic regions is currently unclear. Importantly, the functional importance of three non-catalytic domains of pol eta, the Ubiquitin-binding Zinc finger (UBZ), PCNA interacting protein (PIP) domain, and the F1 domain which mediates its switch with replicative DNA polymerases in mediating replication stress, especially at CFS loci is not clear. Here, we report that the PIP and UBZ domains of Pol Eta are both critical for its role in mediating cellular replication stress, especially at CFS. The absence of either domain induced elevated replication stress, replication stalling and DNA damage accumulation genome wide. This effect was even more pronounced at CFS loci leading to the accumulation of under replication DNA in G2/M. Importantly, while the inactivation of the UBZ domain resulted in a robust FANCD2 monoubiquitylation (a prominent marker of FANCD2 activation), FANCD2 recruitment genome wide was significantly impacted, especially at CFSs such as FRA16D. These S-phase phenotypes result in ssDNA gap formation and the persistence of under-replicated genomic regions upon transition to G2/M. While post-replicative gap filing/ repair by Mitotic DNA synthesis is activated in the mutants, it only effectively resolves UFBs in the F1* cells. The PIP*, UBZ* and pol eta-/- cells unfortunately manifest excessive toxic cytosolic DNA that instigates a strong innate immune response. These results collectively show that translesion polymerase Eta functions in a common pathway with FANCD2 to prevent replication perturbation and instability at CFS loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niljikar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto-Galvez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagliardi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juwarwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madireddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymerase Eta Recruits FANCD2 to Common Fragile Sites to Maintain Genome Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CpgD is a phosphoglycerate cytidylyltransferase required for ceramide diphosphoglycerate synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is essential in most Gram-negative bacteria, but mutants of several species have been isolated that can survive in its absence. Caulobacter crescentus viability in the absence of LPS is partially dependent on the anionic sphingolipid ceramide diphosphoglycerate (CPG2). Genetic analyses showed that ccna_01210, which encodes a nucleotidyltransferase, is required for CPG2 production. Using purified recombinant protein, we determined that CCNA_01210 (CpgD) is a phosphoglycerate cytidylyltransferase which uses CTP and 3-phosphoglycerate to produce CDP-glycerate, which we hypothesize is the phosphoglycerate donor for CPG2 synthesis. CpgD had optimum activity at pH 7.5-8 in the presence of magnesium. CpgD exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to 3-phosphoglycerate (Km,app = 10.9 {+/-} 0.7 mM; Vmax,app = 0.72 {+/-} 0.02 {micro}mol/min/mg enzyme) and CTP (Km,app = 4.8 {+/-} 0.9 mM; Vmax,app = 0.44 {+/-} 0.03 {micro}mol/min/mg enzyme). The characterization of this enzyme uncovers another piece of the pathway towards CPG2 synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhakephalkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CpgD is a phosphoglycerate cytidylyltransferase required for ceramide diphosphoglycerate synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.11.632565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic phase variation in the gut microbiome enhances bacterial adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.11.632565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiome within the gastrointestinal tract continuously adapts to variations in diet, medications, and host physiology. A strategy for bacterial genetic adaptation is epigenetic phase variation (ePV) mediated by bacterial DNA methylation, which can regulate gene expression, enhance clonal heterogeneity, and enable a single bacterial strain to exhibit variable phenotypic states. Genome-wide and site-specific ePVs have been characterized in human pathogens antigenic variation and virulence factor production. However, the role of ePV in facilitating adaptation within the human microbiome remains poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively cataloged genome-wide and site-specific ePV in human infant and adult gut microbiomes. First, using long-read metagenomic sequencing, we detected genome-wide ePV mediated by complex structural variations of DNA methyltransferases, highlighting those associated with antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation. Second, we analyzed a collection of public short-read metagenomic sequencing datasets, uncovering a great prevalence of genome-wide ePV in the human gut microbiome. Third, we quantitatively detected site-specific ePVs using single-molecule methylation analysis to identify dynamic variation associated with antibiotic treatment or probiotic engraftment. Finally, we performed an in-depth assessment of an Akkermansia muciniphila isolate from an infant, highlighting that ePVs can regulate gene expression and enhance the bacterial adaptive capacity by employing a bet-hedging strategy to increase tolerance to differing antibiotics. Our findings indicate that epigenetic modifications are a common strategy used by gut bacteria to adapt to the fluctuating environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksiezarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touracheau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.11.632565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic phase variation in the gut microbiome enhances bacterial adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Effort in Chronic Low-Back Pain Patients: Motivational Anhedonia in Chronic Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The motivational and affective properties of chronic pain significantly impact patients lives and response to treatment but remain poorly understood. Most available phenotyping tools of chronic pain affect rely on patients self-report. Here we instead directly studied the willingness of chronic low-back pain (CLBP) patients to expend effort to win monetary rewards available for wins at different probabilities and different levels of difficulties in comparison to matched pain free controls and obtained functional brain imaging on a sub-group of our sample to link behavior to brain properties. We aimed to specifically test for a differential relationship of the functional connectivity in reward and effort related brain networks, and measures of effort in patients and pain free controls. Consistent with the hypothesis of "negative hedonic shift" in chronic pain we observed that CLBP patients are significantly less willing than pain free controls to expend effort to go for high cost/high reward choices and their reported low-back pain intensity predicted increased effort discounting. Furthermore, patients task performance was directly correlated to functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, which are major nodes in the reward processing network. Patients performance was not explained by their self-reported depressive symptoms. Our results present new behavioral evidence characterizing the nature of anhedonia in chronic pain and links it directly to cortico-striatal connectivity highlighting the role of this circuitry in the pathophysiology of chronic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jammoul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Effort in Chronic Low-Back Pain Patients: Motivational Anhedonia in Chronic Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Q-score as a reliability measure for protein, nucleic acid, and small molecule atomic coordinate models derived from 3DEM density maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atomic coordinate models are important in the interpretation of 3D maps produced with cryoEM and sub-tomogram averaging in cryoET, or more generically, 3D electron microscopy (3DEM). In addition to visual inspection of such maps and models, quantitative metrics convey the reliability of the atomic coordinates, in particular how well the model is supported by the experimentally determined 3DEM map. A recently introduced metric, Q-score, was shown to correlate well with the reported resolution of the map for well-fitted models. Here we present new statistical analyses of Q-scores based on its application to [~]10,000 maps and models archived in EMDB and PDB. Further we introduce two new metrics based on Q-score: Q-relative-all and Q-relative-resolution to compare a map and model to all entries in the EMDB and those with similar resolution respectively. We also explore through illustrative examples of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules how Q-scores can indicate whether the atomic coordinates are well-fitted to 3DEM maps and whether some parts of a map may be poorly resolved due to factors such as molecular flexibility, radiation damage, and/or conformational heterogeneity. Lastly, we show examples of how Q-scores can effectively be converted to atomic B-factors. These analyses provide a basis for how Q-scores can be interpreted effectively to evaluate 3DEM maps and atomic coordinate models prior to publication and archiving.

SynopsisQ-scores are calculated each atom in models fitted to 3DEM (3D electron microscopy) maps. They measure how well the model fits the map, and also reflect the quality of the map as they correlate to resolution. Here we develop a statistical model for Q-scores applied to many maps and models in the EMDB (Electron Microscopy Database) and PDB (Protein Data Bank) respectively, and show how it can be used to assess the reliability of entire models as well as their subcomponents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pintilie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatt, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Q-score as a reliability measure for protein, nucleic acid, and small molecule atomic coordinate models derived from 3DEM density maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic social instability stress differentially affects the behavior and the transcriptome of the anterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis between male and female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress can be broken down into systemic and processive stressors with processive stressors requiring higher limbic processing. These are also often called social stressors as they require an understanding of social dynamics as opposed to physical based stressors. This differing of processing necessitates we study both phenomena. Additionally, sex is an important aspect of stress research as men and women show differing responses to stress and mood disorder development. To study this, we used a chronic social instability stress (CSIS) paradigm to stress male and female mice. This paradigm is approximately 7-weeks long and involves changing the cage mates of a mouse every 3 days so stable social dynamics cannot form. Afterwards, one cohort was used for avoidance behavior testing using the open field test, the elevated plus maze, the light/dark box emergence test, and the novelty suppressed feeding test. A second cohort was used for bulk RNA-Sequencing of the anterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis which is a limbic structure known to be related to chronic stress signaling. In the behavior assays, CSIS caused the females to be less avoidant, while the males became more avoidant. Additionally, we found that a low estrogen state in the females caused them to be less avoidant than in a high estrogen state. In the transcriptome, we found major differences between the males and females with the males expressing more genes related to transcription whereas the females expressed more genes related to synaptic transmission. We also found that the transcriptome in the males is more sensitive to the stress than the females. In summary, we have found how social stress is differentially regulated between males and females and how this may be related to the development of stress-related behavioral changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Degroat, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paladino, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic social instability stress differentially affects the behavior and the transcriptome of the anterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis between male and female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Valosin-containing Protein is Cargo in Amyloid Precursor Protein Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), a genetic cause of Alzheimers disease (AD), is a type-I transmembrane protein that is metabolized by proteolysis in the endolysomal system. APP and its metabolites are secreted by cells in extracellular vesicles (EVs). To study the function of APP-containing EVs, we isolated App-EVs from rat primary neuronal conditioned media and proteomic analysis identified the Valosin-containing protein (Vcp) as molecular cargo. Pharmacological modulation of Vcp activity was found to alter App processing and global EV secretion in rat primary neurons. AD-associated knock-in App mutations were found to alter the abundance of App-EVs and the trafficking of App metabolites within App-EVs, in a manner related to the epitopes generated by the nonamyloidogenic processing of App. The presence of Vcp suggests a role for App-EVs in the clearance of protein aggregates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tambini, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Valosin-containing Protein is Cargo in Amyloid Precursor Protein Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection and transmission of the gut microbiome alone shifts mammalian behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection acts on phenotypic variation, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors including the microbiome. Whether microbiome-mediated host phenotypes can be selected and transmitted remains untested in vertebrates. Here, we first identified locomotor activity as a trait transmissible through the gut microbiome in mice. We then performed a selection experiment, where we serially transferred microbiomes from low-activity mice to independently bred germ-free mice. Over four transfer rounds, microbiome transfer significantly reduced locomotor activity. Reduced locomotion was associated with increased Lactobacilli and their metabolite indolelactate. In a test of causality, independent administration to the mouse gut of Lactobacillus johnsonii or indolelactate reduced locomotion. These findings demonstrate that selection and transmission of microbes can modulate host traits independently of selection on the mammalian genome.

One Sentence SummarySerial transfer of the gut microbiome of low-activity mice to germfree recipients reproducibly transferred activity levels, revealing the microbiomes potential to impact the hosts response to selection without host genomic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbuga-Schon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakob, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballinger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyakht, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ley, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection and transmission of the gut microbiome alone shifts mammalian behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the cancer microbiome using PRISM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent controversy around the cancer microbiome highlights the need for improved microbial analysis methods for human genomics data. We developed PRISM, a computational approach for precise microorganism identification and decontamination from low-biomass sequencing data. PRISM removes spurious signals and achieves excellent performance when benchmarked on a curated dataset of 62,006 known true- and false-positive taxa. We then use PRISM to detect microbes in 8 cancer types from the CPTAC and TCGA datasets. We identify rich microbiomes in gastrointestinal tract tumors in CPTAC and identify bacteria in a subset of pancreatic tumors that are associated with altered glycoproteomes, more extensive smoking histories, and higher tumor recurrence risk. We find relatively sparse microbes in other cancer types and in TCGA, which we demonstrate may reflect differing sequencing parameters. Overall, PRISM does not replace gold-standard controls, but it enables higher-confidence analyses and reveals tumor-associated microorganisms with potential molecular and clinical significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaddar, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the cancer microbiome using PRISM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells mediate vaccination-induced lymphatic containment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection following immunosuppression, while B cells are dispensable 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is estimated that two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Latent Mtb infection (LTBI) can occur in multiple organs, including the lymphatics. The risk of LTBI reactivation increases in immunocompromised conditions, such as coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and during treatment of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. The immunological correlates of protection against TB, including against reactivation of LTBI, remain largely elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of latent lymphatic Mtb infection to dissect the immunological mechanisms underlying LTBI containment versus reactivation. We show that immunosuppression-mediated reactivation of lymphatic LTBI and the subsequent spread to non-lymphatic organs can be prevented by vaccination with multiple recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains despite the deficiency of CD4+ T cells. Using spatial transcriptomics, multi-parameter imaging, network analysis and bioinformatic integration of histopathological images, we reveal that immunosuppression is associated with a distinct repositioning of non-CD4 immune cells at the edge of TB lesions within the infection-draining cervical lymph nodes. While B cells increased in numbers, they are dispensable for the containment of LTBI. Lymphatic Mtb infection in different immune cell-deficient mouse strains, antibody-mediated cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into highly susceptible mice unequivocally show that vaccination-mediated prevention of LTBI reactivation is critically dependent on CD8+ T cells. These findings have profound implications for our understanding of immunity to TB and the management of LTBI.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/634479v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151fdd6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1efed47org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c2e7e0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@555c7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Hernandez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceja, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Pozo-Ramos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Valdez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenthal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8+ T cells mediate vaccination-induced lymphatic containment of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection following immunosuppression, while B cells are dispensable]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex Water Networks Visualized through 2.2-2.3 Angstrom Cryogenic Electron Microscopy of RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stability and function of biomolecules are directly influenced by their myriad interactions with water. In this study, we investigated water through cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) on a highly solvated molecule, the Tetrahymena ribozyme, determined at 2.2 and 2.3 [A] resolutions. By employing segmentation-guided water and ion modeling (SWIM), an approach combining resolvability and chemical parameters, we automatically modeled and cross-validated water molecules and Mg2+ ions in the ribozyme core, revealing the extensive involvement of water in mediating RNA non-canonical interactions. Unexpectedly, in regions where SWIM does not model ordered water, we observed highly similar densities in both cryo-EM maps. In many of these regions, the cryo-EM densities superimpose with complex water networks predicted by molecular dynamics (MD), supporting their assignment as water and suggesting a biophysical explanation for their elusiveness to conventional atomic coordinate modeling. Our study demonstrates an approach to unveil both rigid and flexible waters that surround biomolecules through cryo-EM map densities, statistical and chemical metrics, and MD simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintilie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex Water Networks Visualized through 2.2-2.3 Angstrom Cryogenic Electron Microscopy of RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Reprogramming of Stromal Pdgfra-expressing cells during WNT-Mediated Transformation of the Intestinal Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.22.634326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stromal fibroblasts regulate critical signaling gradients along the intestinal crypt-villus axis1 and provide a niche that supports adjacent epithelial stem cells. Here we report that Pdgfra-expressing fibroblasts secrete ligands that promote a regenerative-like state in the intestinal mucosa during early WNT-mediated tumorigenesis. Using a mouse model of WNT-driven oncogenesis and single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mesenchyme cell populations, we revealed a dynamic reprogramming of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts that facilitates WNT-mediated tissue transformation. Functional assays of potential mediators of cell-to-cell communication between these fibroblasts and the oncogenic epithelium revealed that TGFB signaling is notably induced in Pdgfra+ fibroblasts in the presence of oncogenic epithelium, and TGFB was essential to sustain regenerative-like growth of organoids ex vivo. Genetic reduction of Cdx2 in the {beta}-catenin mutant epithelium elevated the fetal-like/regenerative transcriptome and accelerated WNT-dependent onset of oncogenic transformation of the tissue in vivo. These results demonstrate that Pdgfra+ fibroblasts are activated during WNT-driven oncogenesis to promote a regenerative state in the epithelium that precedes and facilitates formation of tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellon-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fokas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotsker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akther, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logerfo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manieri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.22.634326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Reprogramming of Stromal Pdgfra-expressing cells during WNT-Mediated Transformation of the Intestinal Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete genome sequence assembly elucidates evolution and regulation of 5S rDNA loci in the greater duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We resolved the molecular architecture of the 5S rDNA loci in an aquatic monocot Spirodela polyrhiza. Measurements of fluorescence in situ hybridization signals revealed two loci with 5S rDNA clusters. A combination of the extra-long DNA reads and conventional sequencing of 5S rDNA repeats allowed the assembling of complete loci sequences located on ChrSp6 and ChrSp13. The homologous chromosomes of the ChrSp6 locus contain clusters of 40 and >60 copies of 5S rDNA repeat units with intergenic spacer (IGS) of 400 bp. The ChrSp13 locus is represented by 5S rDNA clusters of rRNA genes spaced by IGSs of 1,056 or 1,069 bp arranged in two sub-clusters, suggesting a different rate of repeat homogenization between loci. The G/C-rich 5S rDNA arrays in both loci are embedded in A/T-enriched chromosome regions with possible regulatory functions. The TATA-like boxes of the 5S rDNA repeat on ChrSp6 and ChrSp13 exhibit different affinities for the TATA-binding protein in 3D modeling of protein/DNA interactions, suggesting a locus-specific regulation of rRNA transcription. Our findings shed light on the molecular architecture of the 5S rDNA loci, which could foster an innovative era for the principles of evolution and regulation of rRNA genes in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stepanenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrmova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisjuk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete genome sequence assembly elucidates evolution and regulation of 5S rDNA loci in the greater duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how life is adapting to urban environments represents an important challenge in evolutionary biology. Here we investigate a widely cited example of urban adaptation, Culex pipiens form molestus, also known as the London Underground Mosquito. Population genomic analysis of [~]350 contemporary and historical samples counter the popular hypothesis that molestus originated belowground in London less than 200 years ago. Instead, we show that molestus first adapted to human environments aboveground in the Middle East over the course of >1000 years, likely in concert with the rise of agricultural civilizations. Our results highlight the role of early human society in priming taxa for contemporary urban evolution and have important implications for understanding arbovirus transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aardema, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonso, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agramonte, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alho, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, A. P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara Korba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreadis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anghel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault-Benoit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atyame, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azrag, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babayan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bega, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejarano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Avi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boubidi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo-Barriga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno-Mari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeje, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carreton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouaibou, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coetzee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornel,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.633906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota phospholipids regulate intestinal gene expression and can counteract the effects of antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.633906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome influences immune and metabolic homeostasis. Our research using non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice revealed that early-life antibiotic exposure remodels the gut microbiome affecting metabolism and accelerating type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence, with cecal material transplant (CMT) mitigating the damage. Now examining murine intestinal lipidomic profiles, we identified 747 compounds. Comparing the lipidomic profiles of cecal contents of conventional and germ-free mice and their diets, we identified 87 microbially-produced lipids reduced by antibiotic exposure but CMT-restored. Parallel analysis of human fecal lipid profiles after azithromycin-exposure showed significant alterations with substantial overlap with mice. In vitro co-culture with mouse macrophages or small intestinal epithelial cells and human colonic epithelial cells identified phospholipids that repress inflammation through the NF{kappa}B pathway. Oral administration of these phospholipids to antibiotic-treated NOD mice reduced expression of ileal genes involved in early stages of T1D pathogenesis. These findings indicate potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory roles of microbially-produced lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Rubio, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Bello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.633906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota phospholipids regulate intestinal gene expression and can counteract the effects of antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The number of immune defense and counter-defense systems sustained in the arms race between procaryotes and viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotes have evolved various mechanisms to counter viruses, which in their turn developed numerous strategies to avoid defenses of the hosts. Dozens of such defense and counter-defense mechanisms have recently been discovered, yet the number of such systems held by a given virus or its host is limited. Here, we present numerical and theoretical arguments for the existence of the maximal number of ecologically and evolutionary sustainable defense and counter-defense systems maintained by both sides at any time of the never-ending evolutionary arms race. We find that the number of such systems is of the order of 10 for a broad range of assumptions about the costs and benefits of defense and counter-defense mechanisms and their specificity. This optimum in the number of defense and counter-defense systems appears as a result of a compromise between the metabolic and autoimmune costs of adding a new layer of defense and the benefits it conveys.

1 Significance statementAlmost all living creatures are either predators or prey (and many are both). At all scales of life, from single cells to largest mammals, prey evolve defenses against predators and predators in their turn evolve counter-defense mechanisms. As a result of this ever-lasting arms race, each organism usually possesses multilayer defense and counter-defense arsenals. Is there a limit to the size of these arsenals? In this work we present a proof-of-principle argument that such a limit indeed exists. Using for definity an example of prokaryotes as the prey and their viruses as predators, we show that the number of distinct defense and counter-defense system that the prey and predators possess is limited by a number of the order of 10 and is only weakly dependent on the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Similar principles and limits likely emerge universally in various antagonistic conflicts such as crime and law enforcement or real arms race.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ispolatov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lekontseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severinov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.02.636159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The number of immune defense and counter-defense systems sustained in the arms race between procaryotes and viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-Ictal Gamma Oscillations Predict Hippocampal Structural Integrity in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The underlying histopathology and epileptic network of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) are difficult to ascertain. Here, we report a novel electrical activity following seizure termination, termed post-ictal gamma oscillations (PIGOs), recorded in mice with intrahippocampal kainic acid injection and a patient with mTLE. PIGOs are characterized by a spectral shift of increased power in gamma frequencies relative to decreased power in other frequencies, generating a gamma peak. PIGOs are accompanied by increased intracellular calcium levels among parvalbumin-positive interneurons and a direct current shift. Only a subgroup of animals in the study had PIGOs. These animals had less pronounced hippocampal sclerosis (HS) than those without PIGOs. To illustrate the translational potential of these findings, we analyzed data from two patients with unilateral mTLE, one with PIGOs and the other without. The patient with PIGOs had symmetrical hippocampi on neuroimaging, whereas the other exhibited overly decreased interictal glucose uptake in left hippocampus, suggesting left-sided HS. After receiving laser ablation of mesial temporal regions, the patient with PIGOs became seizure-free, whereas the other did not. Our results suggest that PIGOs may serve as a biomarker for a milder form of HS in patients with mTLE and for predicting treatment outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tescarollo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsonnet, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleichgerrcht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.02.636164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-Ictal Gamma Oscillations Predict Hippocampal Structural Integrity in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Antituberculars with Favorable Potency and Pharmacokinetics through Structure-Based and Ligand-Based Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug discovery is inherently challenged by a multiple criteria decision making problem. The arduous path from hit discovery through lead optimization and preclinical candidate selection necessitates the evolution of a plethora of molecular properties. In this study, we focus on the hit discovery phase while beginning to address multiple criteria critical to the development of novel therapeutics to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We develop a hybrid structure- and ligand-based pipeline for nominating diverse inhibitors targeting the {beta}-ketoacyl synthase KasA by employing a Bayesian optimization-guided docking method and an ensemble model for compound nominations based on machine learning models for in vitro antibacterial efficacy, as characterized by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) plasma exposure. The application of our pipeline to the Enamine HTS library of 2.1M molecules resulted in the selection of 93 compounds, the experimental validation of which revealed exceptional PK (41%) and MIC (19%) success rates. Twelve compounds meet hit-like criteria in terms of MIC and PK profile and represent promising seeds for future drug discovery programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waradpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mughal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohideen, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivangi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paruchuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crea, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudraraju, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folvar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiditch, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freundlich, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Antituberculars with Favorable Potency and Pharmacokinetics through Structure-Based and Ligand-Based Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Stasis Leads to Liver Injury and Tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsMitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in aging and various cancer development. As highly dynamic organelles, mitochondria constantly undergo fission, mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1, gene name Dnm1l), and fusion, regulated by mitofusin 1 (MFN1), MFN2, and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). However, whether and how dysregulation of mitochondria dynamics would be involved in liver pathogenesis and tumorigenesis is unknown.

MethodsDnm1l Flox/Flox (Dnm1lF/F), Mfn1F/F and Mfn2F/F mice were crossed with albumin-Cre mice to generate liver-specific Dnm1l knockout (L-Dnm1l KO), L-Mfn1 KO, L-Mfn2 KO, L-Mfn1, Mfn2 double KO (DKO), and L-Mfn1, Mfn2, Dnm1l triple KO (TKO) mice. These mice were housed for various periods up to 18 months. Some mice also received hydrodynamic tail vein injections of a Sleeping Beauty transposon-transposase plasmid system with c-MYC and YAP. Blood and liver tissues were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis.

ResultsL-Dnm1l KO mice had elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels and increased hepatic fibrosis as early as two months of age. By 12 to 18 months, male L-Dnm1l KO mice developed spontaneous liver tumors, primarily hepatocellular adenomas. While female L-Dnm1l KO mice also developed liver tumors, their incidence was much lower.

In contrast, neither L-Mfn1 KO nor L-Mfn2 KO mice had notable liver injury or tumorigenesis. However, a small portion of DKO mice developed tumors at 15-18 month-old. Increased DNA damage, senescence and compensatory proliferation were observed in L-Dnm1l KO mice but were less evident in L-Mfn1 KO, L-Mfn2 KO or DKO mice, indicating that mitochondrial fission is more important to maintain hepatocyte homeostasis and prevent liver tumorigenesis. Interestingly, further deletion of Mfn1 and Mfn2 in L-Dnm1l KO mice markedly abolished liver injury, fibrosis, and both spontaneous and oncogene-induced tumorigenesis. RNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis revealed significant activation of the cGAS-STING-interferon pathway and alterations in the tumor microenvironment pathways, alongside increased pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism in the livers of L-Dnm1l KO mice. Notably, the changes in gene expression and pyrimidine metabolism were considerably corrected in the TKO mice.

ConclusionsMitochondrial dynamics and stability are essential for maintaining hepatic mitochondrial homeostasis and hepatocyte functions. Loss of hepatic DRP1 promotes liver tumorigenesis by increasing pyrimidine metabolism and activating the cGAS-STING-mediated innate immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Stasis Leads to Liver Injury and Tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In sensory cortex of brain it is often the case that neurons are spatially organized by their functional properties. A hallmark of primary visual cortex (V1) in higher mammals is a columnar functional map, where neurons tuned to different stimuli features are regularly organized in space. However, rodent visual cortex is at odds with this rule and lacks any spatially ordered functional architecture, and rather neuron feature preference is haphazardly organized in patterns termed  salt-and-pepper. This sharp contrast in feature organization between the visual cortices of rodents and higher mammals has been a persistent mystery, fueled in part by abundant evidence of conserved cortical physiology between species. In this work, we applied a novel GCaMP indicator that are localized in the nucleus of neurons during two-photon imaging in mouse V1, which enabled us to overcome most spurious spatially correlated activity due to fluorescence contamination, and to ensure a faithful observation of functional organization over space. We found that the orientation tuning properties of distant neuron pairs (> 20 {micro}m) are irregularly and randomly organized, while neuron pairs that are extremely close (< 20 {micro}m) have strongly correlated orientation tuning, indicating a narrow yet strong spatially clustered organization of orientation preference, which we term  micro-clustered organization. Exploring a circuit-based model of recurrently coupled mouse V1 we derived two key predictions for the  micro-cluster: spatially localized recurrent connections over a comparable narrow spatial scale, and common relative spatial spreads of balanced excitation and inhibition in the network over broad spatial scales. These predictions are validated by both anatomical and optogenetic-based physiological circuit mapping experiments. Altogether, our work takes an important step in building a circuit-based theory of visual processing in mouse V1 over spatial scales that are often ignored, yet contain powerful synaptic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards machine learning fairness in classifying multicategory causes of deaths in colorectal or lung cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification of patient multicategory survival outcomes is important for personalized cancer treatments. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms have increasingly been used to inform healthcare decisions, but these models are vulnerable to biases in data collection and algorithm creation. ML models have previously been shown to exhibit racial bias, but their fairness towards patients from different age and sex groups have yet to be studied. Therefore, we compared the multimetric performances of 5 ML models (random forests, multinomial logistic regression, linear support vector classifier, linear discriminant analysis, and multilayer perceptron) when classifying colorectal cancer patients (n=515) of various age, sex, and racial groups using the TCGA data. All five models exhibited biases for these sociodemographic groups. We then repeated the same process on lung adenocarcinoma (n=589) to validate our findings. Surprisingly, most models tended to perform more poorly overall for the largest sociodemographic groups. Methods to optimize model performance, including testing the model on merged age, sex, or racial groups, and creating a model trained on and used for an individual or merged sociodemographic group, show potential to reduce disparities in model performance for different groups. Notably, these methods may be used to improve ML fairness while avoiding penalizing the model for exhibiting bias and thus sacrificing overall performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.638368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards machine learning fairness in classifying multicategory causes of deaths in colorectal or lung cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dehalobacter converts 2,3-dichloroaniline to aniline via 2-chloroaniline in a methanogenic enrichment culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.21.639126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
12,3-dichloroaniline (2,3-DCA) has widespread use in chemical manufacturing and remains a persistent groundwater contaminant. To better understand the pathway and kinetics of its reductive dechlorination, we conducted a laboratory kinetic experiment using an anaerobic enrichment culture dominated by Dehalobacter. At an initial field-relevant concentration of 40 mg/L, complete and stoichiometric dechlorination of 2,3-DCA to aniline via 2-CA was achieved. The intermediates, 2-chloroaniline (2-CA) and 3-chloroaniline, were transiently formed in a ratio of 8:1. The growth yields of Dehalobacter on 2,3-DCA and 2-CA were 1.2 {+/-} 0.1 x 108 and 1.3 {+/-} 0.1 x 108 16S rRNA gene copies/mol chloride, respectively. The maximum specific growth rate for 2,3-DCA, max, was 0.18 {+/-} 0.03 day-{superscript 1} with a half-saturation constant, Ks, at 45 {+/-} 16 mg /L. The first-order decay constant for Dehalobacter when starved of chlorinated electron acceptors was estimated at 0.017 {+/-} 0.001 day-{superscript 1}. Lactate fermentation, acetogenesis from ethanol, syntrophic propionate oxidation, and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis were observed during dechlorination. This work provides insights into the organohalide respiration of 2,3-DCA to aniline and advances the understanding of microbial interactions during anaerobic dechlorination. These results offer guidance for developing stable dechlorinating microbial ecosystems and key kinetic parameters for predictive modeling of groundwater 2,3-DCA fate and transport.

3 SynopsisThis study demonstrated stoichiometric dechlorination of 2,3-dichloroaniline to aniline, characterized syntrophic interactions in a mixed anaerobic dechlorinating culture, and determined growth yield, first-order decay and Monod constants for Dehalobacter.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/639126v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5d59c4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b05a3aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f39f6borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1676753_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Created in BioRender. Wang, S. (2025) https://BioRender.com/f47t993
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomheim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passeport, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dehalobacter converts 2,3-dichloroaniline to aniline via 2-chloroaniline in a methanogenic enrichment culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.638910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy Suppresses CCL2 to Preserve Appetite and Prevent Lethal Cachexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.638910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) captures intracellular components and delivers them to lysosomes for degradation and recycling1. In adult mice, autophagy sustains metabolism to prevent wasting by cachexia and to survive fasting, and also suppresses inflammation, liver steatosis, neurodegeneration, and lethality2,3. Defects in autophagy contribute to metabolic, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, however, the specific mechanisms involved were unclear 4. Here we profiled metabolism and inflammation in adult mice with conditional, whole-body deficiency in an essential autophagy gene and found that autophagy deficiency altered fuel usage, and reduced ambulatory activity, energy expenditure, and food intake, and elevated circulating GDF15, CXCL10, and CCL2. While deletion of Gdf15 or Cxcl10 provided no or mild benefit, deletion of Ccl2 restored food intake, suppressed cachexia and rescued lethality of autophagy-deficient mice. To test if appetite suppression by CCL2 was responsible for lethal cachexia we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing of the hypothalamus, the center of appetite control in the brain. Notably, we found that autophagy deficiency was specifically toxic to PMCH and HCRT neurons that produce orexigenic neuropeptides that promote food intake, which was rescued by deficiency in CCL2. Finally, the restoration of food intake via leptin deficiency prevented lethal cachexia in autophagy-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism where autophagy prevents induction of a cachexia factor, CCL2, which damages neurons that maintain appetite, the destruction of which may be central to degenerative wasting conditions.

Key points of paper1) Autophagy-deficient mice have reduced food intake, systemic inflammation, and cachexia
2) CCL2, but not GDF15 or CXCL10, induces lethal cachexia caused by autophagy defect
3) Autophagy-deficient mice have CCL2-dependent destruction of appetite-promoting neurons in the hypothalamus
4) Leptin deficiency restores appetite and rescues lethal cachexia in autophagy-deficient mice
5) Autophagy-deficient mice die from cachexia mediated by appetite loss
6) Degenerative conditions due to impaired autophagy are caused by the inflammatory response to the damage
7) Targeting CCL2 may be a viable approach to prevent degenerative wasting disorders
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirek, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lattime, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.638910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy Suppresses CCL2 to Preserve Appetite and Prevent Lethal Cachexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Plasticity of RRE Stem-Loop II Modulates Nuclear Export of HIV-1 RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Rev Response Element (RRE) forms an oligomeric complex with the viral protein Rev to facilitate the nuclear export of intron-retaining viral RNAs during the late phase of HIV-1 infection. However, our structural understanding of this crucial virological process remains limited. In this study, we determined several crystal structures of an intact RRE stem-loop II in two distinct conformations, performed negative-staining electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, and revealed that this three-way junction RNA exhibits remarkable structural plasticity. Through in vitro Rev-binding and in vivo Rev-activity assays using various stem-loop II mutants designed to favor one of the conformers, we demonstrated that the structural plasticity of stem-loop II modulates Rev binding and oligomerization. Our findings illuminate emerging perspectives on RRE dynamics-based regulation of HIV-1 RNA nuclear export and provide a framework for developing anti-HIV drugs that target specific RRE conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Photenhauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerew, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudyal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.639096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Plasticity of RRE Stem-Loop II Modulates Nuclear Export of HIV-1 RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.639704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first chromosomal-level genome assembly of an allotetraploid oyster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.639704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetraploid oysters are used to cross with diploids to produce triploid oysters that have become an important part of the oyster aquaculture industry worldwide. Although most tetraploid oysters are artificially induced autotetraploids, allotetraploids can be produced between closely related species, providing new opportunities for polyploid breeding and studying genome interactions. Using PacBio sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture scaffolding, we assembled the first high-quality genome assembly of an artificially induced allotetraploid between the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata. The assembled genome is 1.23 Gb, with a contig N50 of 2.56 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 57.22 Mb, and anchored to 20 chromosomes. The assembly contains 58,330 protein-coding genes, 98.34% of which are functionally annotated. The heterozygosity and the ratio of repetitive sequences is 5.50% and 46.43%, respectively. This chromosomal-level genome assembly of an allotetraploid oyster provides a valuable genetic resource for studying genome biology of molluscs and for advanced breeding of polyploids that are critical for the oyster aquaculture industry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.639704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first chromosomal-level genome assembly of an allotetraploid oyster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale structural similarity embedding search across entire proteomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid expansion of three-dimensional (3D) biomolecular structure information, driven by breakthroughs in artificial intelligence/deep learning (AI/DL)-based structure predictions, has created an urgent need for scalable and efficient structure similarity search methods. Traditional alignment-based approaches, such as structural superposition tools, are computationally expensive and challenging to scale with the vast number of available macromolecular structures. Herein, we present a scalable structure similarity search strategy designed to navigate extensive repositories of experimentally determined structures and computed structure models predicted using AI/DL methods. Our approach leverages protein language models and a deep neural network architecture to transform 3D structures into fixed-length vectors, enabling efficient large-scale comparisons. Although trained to predict TM-scores between single-domain structures, our model generalizes beyond the domain level, accurately identifying 3D similarity for full-length polypeptide chains and multimeric assemblies. By integrating vector databases, our method facilitates efficient large-scale structure retrieval, addressing the growing challenges posed by the expanding volume of 3D biostructure information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segura, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale structural similarity embedding search across entire proteomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant genetic, behavioural and neuroanatomic heterogeneity is common in autism spectrum- and related- neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This heterogeneity constrains the development of effective therapies for diverse patients in precision medicine paradigms. This has led to the search for subgroups of individuals having common etiologic factors/biology (e.g., genetic pathways), thus creating potential uniformity in prognosis and/or treatment response. Despite NDDs having a strong genetic component, only ~15-20% of individuals will present with a specific rare genetic variant considered clinically pathogenic, and therefore, subtyping efforts tend to focus on using clinical, cognitive, and/or brain imaging phenotypes to group individuals. Here we delineated mechanisms via mouse to human translational neuroscience. Using MRI derived structural neuroanatomy and a spatial transcriptomic comparison, we linked subgroups of 135 NDD relevant mouse models (3,515 individual mice) separately to two human databases, with 1,234 and 1,015 human individuals with NDDs, composed of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), other related NDDs, and typically developing controls. Subgroups were significantly linked by consistent neuroanatomy across all three datasets, mouse and human, indicating that direct cross-species subgrouping and translation is consistent and reproducible. Ultimately, four specific neuroanatomical clusters were found and linked to precise molecular mechanisms: two showing a chromatin/transcription motif, with one of those showing specific links to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and Notch signalling, and another two being mainly synaptic in origin, with one off those showing specific connections to axon guidance and Wnt signaling. Assigning molecular pathways, and thus genetic information, from the mouse to individual participants provides an insight into undetected and/or related genetic variants that could be working in combination or interacting with an environmental influence. Moreover, the subgroups found are transdiagnostic, including participants with autism, ADHD, and OCD, which indicates that NDDs as a whole can be subdivided into consistent neuroanatomical clusters with cohesive underlying biological mechanisms. This work allows us to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human disorders, linking previously idiopathic human patients to pertinent genetics, molecular mechanisms, and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askalan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suetterlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beversdorf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCicco-Bloom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rilett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiades, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penagarikano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacey, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APC loss promotes intestinal transformation through induction of bistable stem cell states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths, predominantly initiated by genetic inactivation of the APC tumor suppressor. Current dogma holds that APC inactivation promotes tumorigenesis via hyperactivation of the WNT pathway transcriptional effector, {beta}-CATENIN. Although {beta}-CATENIN activation is required for tumor initiation, activating mutations in {beta}-CATENIN are infrequent. Here, we ask what underlies the selective pressure for APC inactivation by comparing the oncogenic effects of APC loss to {beta}-CATENIN hyperactivation. We find that APC loss activates a {beta}-CATENIN-independent fetal intestinal transcriptional program driven by dysregulation of GSK-3 activity upon the LIM-domain protein AJUBA, a positive regulator of YAP. This results in AJUBA stabilization and downstream transcriptional activation of the YAP-driven fetal intestinal gene expression program. We find that {beta}-CATENIN- and YAP-driven transcriptional states are mutually exclusive, existing in an interchangeable bistable balance among APC-null cells. This results in more robust tumor initiation and metastatic progression downstream of APC loss relative to {beta}-CATENIN activation. Taken together, our findings explain the preferential selection for APC inactivation in CRC development and illuminate how {beta}-CATENIN- and YAP-driven gene expression programs coexist to promote tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lengner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durning, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankler-Jukes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams-Tzivelekidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomp, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellon-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APC loss promotes intestinal transformation through induction of bistable stem cell states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cascade of structural rearrangements positions peptide release factor II for polypeptide hydrolysis on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide release factor II (RF2) catalyzes the release of the nascent polypeptide from the bacterial ribosomal complex during translation termination and a subset of ribosome rescue pathways. Despite its critical role, the mechanisms that govern RF2 function and regulation remain elusive. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence energy transfer (smFRET), we characterize the conformational landscape that RF2 explores on the ribosomal complex and show that RF2 binding and dissociation from the ribosome follows a series of conformational rearrangements which depend on its ribosomal binding platform. We also show how further interactions with the ribosomal complex are necessary to properly position RF2 for polypeptide release. This work investigates not only the dynamics RF2 undergoes while in complex with the ribosome, but also identifies a potential mechanism by which the regulation of these dynamics may be disrupted, which may be exploited for future development of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cascade of structural rearrangements positions peptide release factor II for polypeptide hydrolysis on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pollen DNA reveals urban cavity-nesting bees feed primarily on weeds and frequently nest in urban farms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cities have been acclaimed as hotspots for bee biodiversity and potential conservation targets, leading to continued investment in urban pollinator plantings. However, newly created habitats are rarely assessed for their efficacy in supporting bee fitness or the extent to which bees use seeded wildflowers. We compared urban bee nesting in targeted "pocket prairie" pollinator plantings versus urban farms that were intended to support multiple ecosystem services in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. We used trap nests to evaluate nesting success of cavity nesting bees and pollen metabarcoding to determine whether bees collected pollen from seeded plantings during nest provisioning. Pollen DNA revealed most bee-collected pollen was from urban spontaneous vegetation (or "weeds") in Fabaceae, especially Trifolium spp. We also found that urban farms harbored more native bee larvae than targeted pollinator plantings. Finally, when bee nests were situated in a landscape with greater greenspace connectivity, we observed more native bee larvae and greater plant diversity in bees nesting provisions. Collectively, these findings suggest that multi-service greenspaces like urban farms can provide important urban pollinator habitat, and greenspace value for bees is driven by resident weeds and greenspace configuration.

Open Research StatementData are not yet provided. Upon acceptance data will be archived in Dryad Digital Repository. Each applicable R package is cited in the text; no novel code is presented. Larval DNA sequences will be available through BOLD, Barcode of Life Data Systems; Pollen DNA reads will be available through Dryad; Raw ecological data (larvae abundance, bloom characteristics, landscape structure) will be available through Dryad.

HighlightsO_LIExotic weeds are cavity nesting bees dominant pollen source in cities
C_LIO_LIPollen DNA improves foraging observations across a diverse urban matrix
C_LIO_LINative bee reproduction was greater in urban farms than pollinator plantings
C_LIO_LIMulti-service urban farms can promote win-win conservation scenarios
C_LIO_LIGreenspace connectivity modulates bee foraging and nesting success
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turo, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frabotta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pollen DNA reveals urban cavity-nesting bees feed primarily on weeds and frequently nest in urban farms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network geometry shapes multi-task representational transformations across human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the human brain performs such a wide variety of possible tasks remains an enigma. Recent work revealed that reduced dimensionality of task representations enables generalization across contexts, yet the mechanisms implementing such compression remain unclear. We hypothesized that network architecture constrains representational compression via low-dimensional region-to-region connectivity mappings. Notably, this contrasts with the common assumption that between-region connections passively carry information. We tested this using fMRI data from participants performing 16 diverse tasks and activity flow modeling, a data-driven neural network modeling approach. As hypothesized, connectivity dimensionality predicted cross-region representational changes: low-dimensional connectivity compressed task representations, while high-dimensional connectivity expanded them. Activity flow modeling demonstrated these connectivity patterns transform rather than passively transfer representations, producing compression-then-expansion from sensory through association to motor regions, enabling cross-task generalization and task-specific implementation. These findings reveal how intrinsic network geometry specifies representational transformations, providing systems-level insights into how network geometry enables flexible cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nallan Chakravarthula, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzalavras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network geometry shapes multi-task representational transformations across human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 Mutations in Germinal Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphoma with a First-in-Class Histone Acetyltransferase Activator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivating, monoallelic mutations in histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CREBBP/EP300 are common in germinal center (GC) B-cell lymphomas and are implicated in derangements of the GC reaction, evasion of immune surveillance, and disease initiation. This study evaluates a first-in-class HAT activator, YF2, as a way to allosterically induce the functional HAT allele. YF2 binds to the bromo/RING domains of CREBBP/p300, increasing enzyme auto-acetylation and activation, and is selectively cytotoxic in HAT-mutated lymphoma cell lines. YF2 induces CREBBP/p300-mediated acetylation of putative targets including H3K27, p53, and BCL6. Treatment with YF2 transcriptionally activates numerous immunological pathways and increases markers of antigen presentation. Furthermore, YF2 modulates the GC reaction and increases B-cell maturation. YF2 is well tolerated in vivo and improves survival in cell line- and patient-derived xenograft lymphoma mouse models. In summary, pharmacological activation of the functional HAT allele using YF2 effectively counteracts monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 mutations in GC B-cell lymphoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorczynski, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricker, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu Tiger, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarillo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abshiru, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amengual, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Monoallelic CREBBP/EP300 Mutations in Germinal Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphoma with a First-in-Class Histone Acetyltransferase Activator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota promote enhanced CD39 expression in γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes through the activation of TCR and IL-15 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the {gamma}{delta} T cell receptor ({gamma}{delta} IEL) provide continuous surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. We report that mice harboring a microbiota-specific hyperproliferative {gamma}{delta} IEL ({gamma}{delta}HYP) phenotype also upregulate the expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39, a marker of regulatory {gamma}{delta} T cells. Enhanced TCR and IL-15 signaling correlates with a progression from a naive-like CD39neg {gamma}{delta} IEL to a more mature, tissue-adapted CD39hi IEL population. We found that TCR{gamma}{delta} activation drives CD122-mediated CD39 upregulation on {gamma}{delta}HYP IELs and increased mucosal IL-15 further amplifies CD39 expression in these cells. Further investigation revealed that CD39 induction requires sustained exposure to the {gamma}{delta}HYP-associated microbiota. Moreover, CD39hi {gamma}{delta} IELs exhibit a reduced capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokine, which may explain the lack of histopathology in {gamma}{delta}HYP mice. Overall, our study identifies a previously unappreciated mechanism by which an altered microbiota amplifies CD39 expression on {gamma}{delta}HYP IELs, leading to the expansion of {gamma}{delta} IELs with regulatory potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skariah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argüello, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelblum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota promote enhanced CD39 expression in γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes through the activation of TCR and IL-15 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common network of residue-residue contacts underlies peptides' interactions with MHC class II complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of a stable peptide-MHC class II complex is a critical step in the adaptive immune response. In this work, we investigate the residue-residue contacts that anchor the peptide between the alpha and beta chains of MHC II and examine whether such anchoring residue-residue contacts are shared among different peptide-MHC II complexes. We hypothesize that there is a similarity between the map of contacts of antigenic peptides with the alpha and beta chains of MHC II and the map of contacts of the "natural" complex of MHC II with the CLIP - the fragment of the gamma chain. Thus, the CLIP-MHC II complex - specifically, PDB structure 3PDO - was taken as the prototype for peptide-MHC II interaction. To compare the contact maps between the prototype structure and antigenic peptides/MHC II in 14 crystal structures, we developed a  unified numbering system for residues in peptide-MHC II complexes. Using this unified residue numbering system, we show that approximately half of the CLIP-MHC II residue-residue contacts have analogs in structures that involve different antigenic peptides and different MHC II (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and mouse A/B) alpha and beta chains. We present here this common network of contacts that underlies peptide/MHC class II interactions, as well as the structural and physicochemical characteristics of these contacts. Based on these shared characteristics, we propose criteria for the specificity of antigenic peptide loading into MHC II, whereby one can predict whether a particular peptide fragment will bind to MHC II as well as the likely localization of the fragment within the peptide binding groove of MHC II.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kister, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kister, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common network of residue-residue contacts underlies peptides' interactions with MHC class II complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metaproteome analysis of the coral holobiont demonstrates algal symbiont dampening under thermal stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accelerating loss of coral reefs worldwide due to anthropogenic climate change has led to a myriad of studies aimed at understanding the basis of coral resilience to support reef conservation. Here, we integrate physiological measurements with proteomic and metabolomic profiles to examine species-specific responses to increased temperature in three sympatric reef-building corals from the Great Barrier Reef: Acropora hyacinthus, Porites lobata, and Stylophora pistillata. We find species-specific stress response strategies with A. hyacinthus, a thermally sensitive species, exhibiting rapid decline in endosymbiont physiology, coupled with a one-third reduction in protein abundance. In contrast, P. lobata displayed a delayed physiological response to stress and a muted proteome response, suggesting greater resilience. S. pistillata initially showed minor shifts in the proteome followed by colony "bail-out". Overall, we observed markedly different responses in most biochemical pathways in the three coral species. Nonetheless, some known biomarkers of stress, including heat-shock proteins, showed conserved responses to thermal stress with differences in temporal abundance reflecting bleaching resistance. Our results underscore the species-specific nature of coral responses to thermal stress and highlight proteomic signatures associated with symbiosis breakdown, offering mechanistic insights into coral bleaching susceptibility and resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chille, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metaproteome analysis of the coral holobiont demonstrates algal symbiont dampening under thermal stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male and Female Mice Are Similarly Susceptible to Chronic Nondiscriminatory Social Defeat Stress Despite Differences in Attack Frequency from Aggressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleMood disorders are often precipitated by chronic stress and can result in an inability to adapt to the environment and increased vulnerability to challenging experiences. While diagnoses of mood disorders are diagnosed twice as frequently in women than in men, most preclinical chronic social defeat stress mouse models exclude females due to decreased aggression toward female intruders.

ObjectivesWe previously reported that the chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS) paradigm is effective in both sexes, allowing for comparisons between male and female mice. We aimed to improve the screening protocol to identify CD-1 aggressors for use in CNSDS and the method for determining susceptibility to CNSDS. Finally, we aimed to determine whether susceptibility to CNSDS correlated with impaired performance in a satiety- based outcome devaluation task.

MethodsWe analyzed CNSDS screening and social defeat sessions to determine appropriate parameters for selecting CD-1 aggressors and investigated aggressions toward male and female intruder mice. We also investigated CNSDS effects on a reward valuation task.

ResultsWe observed that despite receiving fewer attacks, female mice are equally susceptible to CNSDS as males and that CNSDS abolished satiety-based outcome devaluation in susceptible male and female mice, but not in resilient male and female mice.

ConclusionsThese data suggest that CNSDS-defined susceptible and resilient phenotypes extend to reward behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bazer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male and Female Mice Are Similarly Susceptible to Chronic Nondiscriminatory Social Defeat Stress Despite Differences in Attack Frequency from Aggressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
siRNA Features - Reproducible Structure-Based Chemical Features for Off-Target Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modifications are the standard for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in therapeutic applications, but predicting their off-target effects remains a significant challenge. Current approaches often rely on sequence-based encodings, which fail to fully capture structural and protein-RNA interaction details critical for off-target prediction. In this study, we developed a framework to generate reproducible structure-based chemical features, incorporating both molecular fingerprints and computationally derived siRNA-AGO2 complex structures. Using an RNA-Seq off-target study, we generated over 30,000 siRNA-gene data points and systematically compared nine distinct types of feature representation strategies. Among the datasets, the highest predictive performance was achieved by Dataset 3, which used extended connectivity fingerprints (ECFPs) to encode siRNA and mRNA features. An energy-minimized dataset (7R), representing siRNA-AGO2 structural alignments, was the second-best performer, underscoring the value of incorporating reproducible structural information into feature engineering. Our findings demonstrate that combining detailed structural representations with sequence-based features enables the generation of robust, reproducible chemical features for machine learning models, offering a promising path forward for off-target prediction and siRNA therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Admasu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[siRNA Features - Reproducible Structure-Based Chemical Features for Off-Target Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel gene, CaV1.3, reduces Purkinje cell dendritic complexity without altering cerebellar-mediated eyeblink conditioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation in CACNA1D, the gene that encodes the pore-forming subunit of the L-type calcium channel CaV1.3, has been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders that display abnormalities in cerebellar structures. We sought to clarify if deletion of CaV1.3 in mice would induce abnormalities in cerebellar cortex cytoarchitecture or synapse morphology. Since CaV1.3 is highly expressed in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) and L-type channels appear to regulate GABA release from MLIs, we hypothesized that loss of CaV1.3 would alter GABAergic synapses between MLIs and Purkinje cells (PCs) without altering MLI numbers or PC structure. As expected, we did not observe changes in the numbers of MLIs or PCs. Surprisingly, CaV1.3 KO mice do have decreased complexity of PC dendritic arbors without differences in the number or structure of GABAergic synapses onto PCs. Loss of CaV1.3 was not associated with impaired acquisition of delay eyeblink conditioning. Therefore, our data suggest that CaV1.3 expression is important for PC structure but does not affect other measures of cerebellar cortex morphology or cerebellar function as assessed by delay eyeblink conditioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klomp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta, M. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel gene, CaV1.3, reduces Purkinje cell dendritic complexity without altering cerebellar-mediated eyeblink conditioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHD7 binds to insulators during neuronal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are crucial for hearing, and the loss of SGNs causes hearing loss. Stem cell-based therapies offer a promising approach for SGN regeneration and require understanding the mechanisms governing SGN differentiation. We investigated the chromatin remodeler CHD7 in neuronal differentiation using immortalized multipotent otic progenitor (iMOP) cells. We demonstrated that CHD7 knockdown impaired neuronal differentiation. Genome-wide analysis revealed CHD7 binding at diverse cis-regulatory elements, with notable enrichment at sites marked by the insulator-binding protein CTCF between topologically associating domains (TADs). Insulators marked by the enrichment of CHD7 and CTCF resided near genes critical for neuronal differentiation, including Mir9-2. Targeting these regulatory regions in iMOPs with CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) increased miR-9 transcription, irrespective of the method. Blocking the CHD7 and CTCF marked sites suggested that the elements function as insulators to regulate gene expression. The study highlights CHD7 activity at insulators and underscores an unreported mechanism for promoting neuronal differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHD7 binds to insulators during neuronal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Ontogeny of Auditory Lateralization in the Zebra Finch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.30.646178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional lateralization is a ubiquitous trait in the animal kingdom and represents a general and conserved mechanism of the central nervous system. Lateralized processes observed in adult sensory cortices emerge as a function of development and experience, e.g. speech-processing in humans and processing of conspecific vocalizations in songbirds. Adult Zebra finches (ZFs), a species of songbird, exhibit right-lateralized activity in the higher auditory region caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) which depends on normal rearing conditions; auditory deprivation leads to atypical bilateral responses to conspecific song. Here, we investigate the ontogenetic timeline of auditory lateralization and the lasting effects of auditory rearing-environment in the developing ZF (40-120 days post-hatch, phd). ZFs were raised in one of three acoustic environments: 1) a tutor-playback driven paradigm, 2) chronic exposure to a ZF aviary recording (no tutor), and 3) chronic exposure to a canary aviary recording (no tutor). By longitudinally tracking lateralized auditory evoked potentials at the level of the dura, we show that adult right-lateralized activity 1) emerges from an initial left-biased profile; 2) this left-to-right emergence occurs [~]60-80phd and does not require the presence of a tutor; and 3) also emerges in ZFs raised in a canary auditory environment. Furthermore, lateralization and song development were positively correlated, although these measurements are not necessarily causally related. Awake, bilateral NCM electrophysiology in the same birds when adult, confirmed they were right-lateralized and that lateralized activity for specific test stimuli depended on rearing experience. Lastly, a decoding assay showed that canary-based rearing led to increased decoding accuracy of canary test stimuli, suggesting that neurons exhibit enhanced encodability for those sounds heard earlier. Together, the results document the ontogenetic timeline of auditory lateralization in the songbird and show that auditory experience in development, including passive exposure, shapes how auditory regions in the brain process stimuli in adulthood. Taken together with earlier results showing 1) the absence of lateral differences in ZFs reared in auditory deprivation and 2) that lateralization reverses dynamically in concert with improved discrimination in adult ZFs exposed to novel auditory environments, our current timeline suggests that the dynamic emergence of lateralization reflects the brains plastic response to novel auditory experiences.

Significance StatementLateralized brain processes are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and are shaped by sensory experience during development. Further, developmental experience can have lasting effects on adult sensory processing. Here, we document, for the first time, the timeline of the emergence of auditory lateralization in the Zebra finch and characterize the lasting effects of rearing experience on adult auditory processing in a higher auditory association region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cataldo, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadika, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicario, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.30.646178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Ontogeny of Auditory Lateralization in the Zebra Finch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Modeling of the Biphasic Depletion of Ovarian Follicle Reserve and the Chemical Effects on Ovarian Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionHuman ovaries begin development in utero. Through oogenesis, the numbers of oocytes and primordial follicles peak to a few million during fetal development, then decline to hundreds of thousands per ovary at birth. These primordial follicles do not regenerate and are thus regarded as the ovarian reserve. Over the life course, the reserve continues to deplete, due to atresia and activation, until menopause when about 1000 primordial follicles remain. Exposure to chemotherapy drugs and environmental pollutants can accelerate follicular depletion potentially leading to a greater risk of early menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and infertility. Physiologically, the ovarian reserve is depleted in a seemingly biphasic pattern - a slow steady decline from birth to mid-30s, followed by a faster decline to menopause which typically occurs around age 50 years. While this depletion pattern has been described with empirical mathematical formulations, rarely is it modeled mechanistically. A mechanic model that can characterize the dynamics of follicular depletion throughout the life course will help researchers better understand and predict the impact of chemical exposures on ovarian aging.

MethodsHere we propose a minimal mechanistic model, which includes (1) a zero-order feedforward inhibition of primordial follicle activation by a local autocrine/paracrine inhibitory factor secreted by the primordial follicles, and (2) a high-gain feedback inhibition of primordial follicle activation by the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) secreted by the growing (primary, secondary, and early antral) follicles. The model is configured such that the two regulatory processes prevent primordial follicles from premature overactivation in early and late reproductive life stages, respectively. Two exposure scenarios - chemo-drugs/radiation and tobacco smoke - are presented to demonstrate predictive robustness and biological plausibility of chemically induced increases in cellular atresia.

ResultsOur model recapitulates the biphasic depletion curve and predicts a constant supply of growing follicles through most of the active reproductive lifespan. This model predicts that the size of the initial primordial follicle pool plays the most significant role in determining menopausal age and suggests that unilateral ovariectomy may have a more attenuated effect than expected. Simulations of transient exposure to chemotherapy drugs provide an exposure example for promoting atresia of primordial and/or growing follicles and suggest exposure at earlier ages have greater impact on ovarian reserve and menopausal timing than exposure at later ages. Also, simulations of chronic chemical exposures suggest that chemicals which directly promote primordial follicle atresia are more damaging than chemicals directly promoting growing follicle atresia or inhibiting AMH, potentially leading to earlier age at menopause. A specific scenario of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke of various intensities was simulated to validate the prediction power of the model.

ConclusionsThe ovary may have compensatory factors to extend reproductive age as long as possible amid insults that reduce the primordial follicle pool. The timing of these insults are likely an important variable. Future elaborations of such mechanistically based computational modeling with integration of in vitro toxicity testing data may help scaling efforts in predicting the implications of reproductive toxicants on ovarian aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyd, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskins, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Modeling of the Biphasic Depletion of Ovarian Follicle Reserve and the Chemical Effects on Ovarian Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIRT7 links H3K36ac epigenetic regulation with genome maintenance in the aging mouse testis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT/SUMMARYReproductive aging is an increasing health concern affecting family planning and overall well-being. While extensively studied in females, the mechanisms driving male reproductive aging remain largely unexamined. Here we found that mammalian Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) sustains spermatogenesis in an age-dependent manner through the control of histone 3 lysine 36 acetylation (H3K36ac). SIRT7 deficiency in mice resulted in increased levels of H3K36ac in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In a germ cell line, SIRT7 deficiency disrupted nucleosome stability and increased vulnerability to genotoxic stress. Importantly, undifferentiated spermatogonia, which are required for continuous sperm production, decreased prematurely in Sirt7-/- mice and showed genome damage accumulation. These changes were concurrent with age-dependent defects in homologous chromosome synapsis and partial meiotic arrest. Taken together, our results indicate that SIRT7 connects H3K36ac epigenetic regulation to long-term genome stability in male germ cells, ensuring steady-state spermatogenesis during the lengthy male reproductive lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guitart-Solanes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernanadez-Duran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedenberger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrid-Sandin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaquero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.645534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIRT7 links H3K36ac epigenetic regulation with genome maintenance in the aging mouse testis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHD7 binds distinct regions in the Sox11 locus to regulate neuronal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) is a nucleosome repositioner implicated in multiple cellular processes, including neuronal differentiation. We identified CHD7 genome-wide binding sites that regulate neuronal differentiation in an otic stem cell line. We identified CHD7 enrichment at the Sox11 promoter and 3 untranslated region (UTR). Sox11 is a transcription factor essential for neuronal differentiation. CRISPRi of Sox11 promoter or 3UTR displayed decreased neurite lengths and reduced neuronal marker expression TUBB3 expression. We showed that the Sox11 locus resides at TAD boundaries, and CTCF marks the 3UTR. We propose that CHD7 modulates chromatin accessibility of the Sox11 promoter and CTCF-marked insulators in the 3UTR to facilitate neuronal differentiation. CRISPRi of the insulator site alters 3D chromatin organization, affects gene expression and ultimately perturbs cellular processes. Our results implicate a general mechanism of CHD7 in facilitating neuronal differentiation and provide insight into CHD7 dysfunction in CHARGE syndrome, a congenital disorder associated with hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHD7 binds distinct regions in the Sox11 locus to regulate neuronal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallographic fragment screening of the dengue virus polymerase reveals multiple binding sites for the development of non-nucleoside antiflavivirals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue viruses (DENV) infect approximately 400 million people each year, and there are currently no effective therapeutics available. To explore potential starting points for antiviral drug development, we conducted a large-scale crystallographic fragment screen targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain of the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) from DENV serotype 2. Our screening, which involved 1,108 fragments, identified 60 hit compounds across various known binding sites, including the active site, N pocket, and RNA tunnel. Additionally, we discovered a novel binding site and a fragment-binding hotspot in thumb site II. These structural findings open amenable avenues for developing non-nucleoside inhibitors and offer valuable insights for future structure-based drug design aimed at DENV and other flaviviral RdRps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marples, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcomb, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Delft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallographic fragment screening of the dengue virus polymerase reveals multiple binding sites for the development of non-nucleoside antiflavivirals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.644402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional synaptic connectivity of engrafted spinal cord neurons with locomotor circuitry in the injured spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.644402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in significant neurological deficits, with no currently available curative therapies. Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation has emerged as a promising approach for neural repair, as graft-derived neurons (GDNs) can integrate into the host spinal cord and support axon regeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying functional recovery remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the synaptic integration of NPC-derived neurons into locomotor circuits, the projection patterns of distinct neuronal subtypes, and their potential to modulate motor circuit activity. Using transsynaptic tracing in a mouse thoracic contusion SCI model, we found that NPC-derived neurons form synaptic connections with host locomotor circuits, albeit at low frequencies. Furthermore, we mapped the axon projections of V0C and V2a interneurons, revealing distinct termination patterns within host spinal cord laminae. To assess functional integration, we employed chemogenetic activation of GDNs, which induced muscle activity in a subset of transplanted animals. However, NPC transplantation alone did not significantly improve locomotor recovery, highlighting a key challenge in the field. Our findings suggest that while GDNs can integrate into host circuits and modulate motor activity, synaptic connectivity remains a limiting factor in functional recovery. Future studies should focus on enhancing graft-host connectivity and optimizing transplantation strategies to maximize therapeutic benefits for SCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisdorfer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singletary, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitonak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letchuman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Totty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalufka, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aceves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackmon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCreedy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.05.644402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional synaptic connectivity of engrafted spinal cord neurons with locomotor circuitry in the injured spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Biophysical Large-Scale Brain Circuit Models With Deep Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysical modeling provides mechanistic insights into brain function, from single-neuron dynamics to large-scale circuit models bridging macro-scale brain activity with microscale measurements. Biophysical models are governed by biologically meaningful parameters, many of which can be experimentally measured. Some parameters are unknown, and optimizing their values can dramatically improve adherence to experimental data, significantly enhancing biological plausibility. Previous optimization methods - such as exhaustive search, gradient descent, evolutionary strategies and Bayesian optimization - require repeated, computationally expensive numerical integration of biophysical differential equations, limiting scalability to population-level datasets. Here, we introduce DELSSOME (DEep Learning for Surrogate Statistics Optimization in MEan field modeling), a framework that bypasses numerical integration by directly predicting whether model parameters produce realistic brain dynamics. When applied to the widely used feedback inhibition control (FIC) mean field model, DELSSOME achieves a 2000x speedup over Euler integration. By embedding DELSSOME within an evolutionary optimization strategy, trained models generalize to new datasets without additional tuning, enabling a 50x speedup in FIC model estimation while preserving neurobiological insights. The massive acceleration facilitates large-scale mechanistic modeling in population-level neuroscience, unlocking new opportunities for understanding brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Biophysical Large-Scale Brain Circuit Models With Deep Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plant silicon defence disrupts cryptic colouration in an insect herbivore by restricting carotenoid sequestration into the haemolymph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.02.646851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LICryptic colouration is a primary anti-predation strategy in herbivorous insects. Achieving crypsis often requires acquiring dietary carotenoids--tetraterpene pigments vital for plant colouration and photoprotection. Silicon (Si) accumulation in plants makes tissues tougher and less digestible for insects, but its effect on plant pigment levels remains unclear. It is also unknown whether feeding on silicified plants impairs insects ability to sequester carotenoids and achieve crypsis.
C_LIO_LIUsing the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, we demonstrate that the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) larvae exhibited stunted growth and reduced carotenoid sequestration, particularly lutein, into their hemolymph when feeding on Si- supplemented (+Si) plants. This reduction led to distinct body-colour morphs: larvae feeding on +Si plants developed brown colouration, contrasting sharply with the green leaves, whereas larvae feeding on Si-free (-Si) plants exhibited green cryptic colouration that blended seamlessly with the foliage.
C_LIO_LIPlant leaves contained various carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, {beta}-carotene and lutein) and chlorophylls (a and b), but larvae only sequestered {beta}-carotene and lutein into their haemolymph while excreting substantial amounts of pigments, regardless of plant Si status. Under insect-free conditions, +Si plants had lower carotenoid and chlorophyll contents than -Si plants. However, following insect herbivory, pigment levels in -Si and +Si plants equalised. Insect herbivory also increased Si accumulation in +Si plants.
C_LIO_LIOur findings provide novel evidence that plant Si defences can disrupt cryptic colouration in insect herbivores by restricting carotenoid sequestration from host plant tissues. This disruption could increase insect visibility to predators, potentially elevating their risk of predation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazzonelli, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plant silicon defence disrupts cryptic colouration in an insect herbivore by restricting carotenoid sequestration into the haemolymph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel hyperplastic expansion of white adipose tissue underlies the metabolically healthy obese phenotype of male LFABP null mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome disorders. We previously showed that the liver fatty acid-binding protein null mouse (LFABP-/-) becomes obese upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding but remains metabolically healthy. Here we find that the obese LFABP-/- mouse increases subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass by markedly increasing the number rather than the size of adipocytes, as is typical with HFD. Indeed, while HFD-fed LFABP-/- mice had almost double the fat mass of WT, SAT adipocyte size was >4-fold smaller and adipocyte number was 5-fold higher in the LFABP-/-. Transcriptomic analysis of SAT revealed that Lfabp deletion alters the expression of multiple pathways that modulate adipose expansion and function including cholesterol biosynthesis, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. LFABP is expressed in liver and small intestine but not in adipose tissues, thus its ablation may promote interorgan crosstalk that drives hyperplastic expansion of metabolically beneficial SAT, contributing to the healthy obese phenotype of the LFABP-/- mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diolintzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fomina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidossis, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel hyperplastic expansion of white adipose tissue underlies the metabolically healthy obese phenotype of male LFABP null mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of airway fumarate by host and pathogen promotes S. aureus pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.647998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of healthcare-associated pneumonia, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a ubiquitous colonizer of the upper respiratory tract, S. aureus must undergo substantial metabolic adaptation to achieve persistent infection in the distinctive microenvironment of the lung. We observed that fumC, which encodes the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate, is highly conserved with low mutation rates in S. aureus isolates from chronic lung infections. Fumarate, a pro-inflammatory metabolite produced by macrophages during infection, is regulated by the host fumarate hydratase (FH) to limit inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that fumarate, which accumulates in the chronically infected lung, is detrimental to S. aureus, blocking primary metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This creates a metabolic bottleneck that drives staphylococcal FH (FumC) activity for airway adaptation. FumC not only degrades fumarate but also directs its utilization into critical pathways including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis and hexosamine synthesis to maintain metabolic fitness and form a protective biofilm. Itaconate, another abundant immunometabolite in the infected airway enhances FumC activity, in synergy with fumarate. In a mouse model of pneumonia, a {Delta}fumC mutant displays significant attenuation compared to its parent and complemented strains, particularly in fumarate- and itaconate-replete conditions. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of immunometabolites in promoting S. aureus pulmonary adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fucich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulieri, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henschel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier, F. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drikic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohia, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planet, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquelme, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.647998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of airway fumarate by host and pathogen promotes S. aureus pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights on Chamelea gallina growth dynamics from the Holocene climate optimum in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.647857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fossil record documents ecological responses to past climate transitions, providing insights into future scenarios of marine ecosystems and taxa under climate change. In this study, we compared shell growth dynamics, specifically linear extension and net calcification rates, of the bivalve Chamelea gallina between Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) assemblages from the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO, 9-5 kyr cal. B.P.) and today. This species is a valuable economic resource, currently threatened by climate warming and numerous anthropogenic stressors. During the HCO, regional sea surface temperatures were warmer than today, making it a potential analog for exploring ecological responses to increasing seawater temperatures predicted in the coming decades. By combining standard aging methods with reconstructed sea surface temperatures, we observed a significant reduction in linear extension and net calcification rates in warmer HCO assemblages. During the HCO, immature C. gallina specimens developed a denser shell, especially during their early growth stages, at the expense of a linear extension rate, which was lower than modern specimens. This resulted in an average delay of 3-4 months in reaching sexual maturity, which is currently reached after ~ 13-14 months or at a length of ~18 mm. Several environmental factors are probably responsible for these differences between fossil and modern assemblages. Temperature indirectly impacted the geomorphologic evolution of the NAS over the Early-Mid Holocene, shaping the outlet structure of the Po and other NAS rivers. This, in turn, affected environmental factors such as nutrient load, seawater transparency, salinity, and phytoplankton. In addition, recent anthropogenically-derived decreases in natural NAS predators of infaunal bivalves may have reduced the natural predation pressure on modern C. gallina, thus favoring those populations characterized by faster linear extension rates (at the expense of a higher shell density), especially during the initial stages of life, hence facilitating a quicker attainment of sexual maturity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prada, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goffredo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarponi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights on Chamelea gallina growth dynamics from the Holocene climate optimum in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospholipid Scramblases TMEM16F and Xkr8 regulate distinct features of Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment to regulate tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phospholipid scramblases Xkr8 and TMEM16F externalize phosphatidylserine (PS) by distinct mechanisms. Xkr8, is activated by caspase-mediated proteolytic cleavage, and in synergy with inactivation of P4-ATPase flippases, results in the irreversible externalization of PS on apoptotic cells and an "eat-me" signal for efferocytosis. In contrast, TMEM16F is a calcium activated scramblase that reversibly externalizes PS on viable cells via the transient increase in intracellular calcium in live cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is abundant with exposed PS, resulting from prolonged oncogenic and metabolic stresses and high apoptotic indexes of tumors. Such chronic PS externalization in the TME has been linked to host immune evasion from interactions of PS with inhibitory PS receptors such as TAM and TIM receptors. Here, in an effort to better understand the contributions of apoptotic vs live cell PS-externalization to tumorigenesis and immune evasion, we employed an E0771 orthotopic breast cancer model and genetically ablated Xkr8 and TMEM16F using CRISPR/Cas9. While neither the knockout of Xkr8 nor TMEM16F showed defects in cell intrinsic properties related to proliferation, tumor-sphere formation, and growth factor signaling, both knockouts suppressed tumorigenicity in immune-competent mice, but not in NOD/SCID or RAG-KO immune-deficient strains. Mechanistically, Xkr8-KO tumors suppressed macrophage-mediated efferocytosis, and TMEM16F-KO suppressed ER stress/calcium-induced PS externalization. Our data support an emerging idea in immune-oncology that constitutive PS externalization, mediated by scramblase dysregulation on tumor cells, supports immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment. This links apoptosis/efferocytosis and oncogenic stress involving calcium dysregulation, contributing to PS-mediated immune escape and cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birge, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadiyar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulica, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranos, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsanyi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almansa, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lorenzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotenko, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calianese, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospholipid Scramblases TMEM16F and Xkr8 regulate distinct features of Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment to regulate tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathological Mechanisms of Motor Dysfunction in Familial Danish Dementia: Insights from a Knock-In Rat Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.649002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial Danish Dementia (FDD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the integral membrane protein 2B (ITM2b) gene. Clinically, FDD is characterized by cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), cerebellar ataxia, and dementia. Notably, FDD shares several neuropathological features with Alzheimers disease (AD), including CAA, neuroinflammation, and neurofibrillary tangles. In this study, we investigate the pathological mechanisms linking CAA, white matter damage, and motor dysfunction using a recently developed FDD knock-in (FDD-KI) rat model. This model harbors the Danish mutation in the endogenous rat Itm2b gene, along with an App gene encoding humanized amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}). Our analysis revealed substantial vascular Danish amyloid (ADan) deposition in the cerebellar subpial and leptomeningeal vessels of FDD-KI rats, showing an age-related increase comparable to that observed in human FDD patients. Additionally, vascular A{beta} deposits (A{beta}-CAA) were present in FDD-KI rats, but A{beta}-CAA patterns showed some differences between species. Motor function assessments in FDD-KI rats demonstrated age-accelerated motor deficits and gait abnormalities, mirroring the clinical characteristics of FDD patients. To further explore the mechanisms underlying these deficits, we examined cerebellar pathology and found age-related myelin disruption and axonal fiber loss, consistent with postmortem human FDD pathology. Cerebellar demyelination appeared to be driven by neuroinflammation, marked by increased microglial/macrophage activation in response to vascular amyloid deposition. Additionally, we observed extravascular fibrinogen leakage, indicating widespread vascular permeability in both white and gray matter, with fibrinogen deposits surrounding amyloid-positive vessels in aged FDD-KI rats and postmortem FDD cerebellum. These findings suggest that this FDD-KI rat model is the first animal model to recapitulate key neuropathological features of human FDD patients, including both ADan- and A{beta}-type CAA, neuroinflammation, and white matter lesions--pathologies that may underlie the motor and gait impairments seen in the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesiltepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathological Mechanisms of Motor Dysfunction in Familial Danish Dementia: Insights from a Knock-In Rat Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-existing YFV-17D immunity mediates T cell cross-protection against DENV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread yellow fever virus (YFV) immunity in Sub-Saharan Africa may mitigate orthoflavivirus outbreaks. Here, we investigate whether pre-existing YFV-17D immunity confers cross-protection against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) in a murine model. IFNAR1-/- mice immunized with YFV-17D exhibited significantly reduced DENV-2 viremia, weight loss, and disease severity, with improved survival compared to YFV-naive controls. Mechanistic studies revealed that cross-protection was mediated by heterologous T cell responses rather than cross-neutralizing antibodies. Depletion of T cells in YFV-17D-immune mice prior to DENV-2 challenge resulted in increased viremia, weight loss, and disease severity, underscoring the protective role of YFV-17D-elicited T cell immunity. Furthermore, YFV-17D-specific T cells displayed cytotoxicity against DENV NS3- and NS5-pulsed cells, demonstrating their functional role in viral control. These findings highlight the critical contribution of heterologous T cell immunity in YFV-17D-mediated protection against DENV-2 and suggest that vaccines designed to elicit T cell responses could enhance cross-protection against orthoflavivirus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tonto, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alatrash, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-existing YFV-17D immunity mediates T cell cross-protection against DENV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Magnitude of Telomere Shortening per Cell Division In Vivo: Implications for Lifelong Hematopoiesis in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The magnitude of telomere shortening per cell division in human somatic cells in vivo (MTSIV) is a fundamental but unquantified parameter. MTSIV is essential for understanding how telomere-length (TL)-dependent hematopoietic cell division influences age-related health and longevity. By leveraging sex differences in leukocyte TL and the differential dosage of DKC1, a telomerase-regulating gene, during early embryonic cell divisions, we estimate the MTSIV to be 28 base pairs per cell division (95% CI: 23 - 32). Using this estimate and leukocyte TL data from newborns and centenarians, we infer that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo approximately 156 divisions (95% CI: 130-183) over a 100-year lifespan. Using longitudinal data on leukocyte telomere shortening in adults, we further estimate that HSCs divide about 0.97 times yearly (95% CI: 0.80 - 1.13) after age 20. These findings provide a quantitative framework for understanding TL-dependent hematopoiesis, the most proliferative process in the human soma. They also highlight that if telomere shortening affects age-related health and longevity, it acts primarily through its impact on hematopoiesis. Our results refine hematopoietic stem cell replicative history estimates and might guide treatments involving hematopoietic cell expansion, such as hematopoietic cell transplantation and immunotherapies.

Significance StatementWhen human somatic cells divide, their telomeres shorten. This process drives age-related shortening of leukocyte telomeres and reflects hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) division at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy. The magnitude of telomere shortening per somatic cell division in vivo (MTSIV) is a critical yet previously unquantified parameter essential for providing insights into the pace of HSC division in humans. This study estimates that the MTSIV is about 28 base pairs. Using the MTSIV and leukocyte telomere length data from newborns and centenarians, we calculated that HSCs divide approximately 156 times over a 100-year lifespan. This knowledge improves our understanding of HSC replication dynamics and their implications for human health and longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenstrup, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Magnitude of Telomere Shortening per Cell Division In Vivo: Implications for Lifelong Hematopoiesis in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.648995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population analysis and immunologic landscape of melanoma in people living with HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.648995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo dissect the clinical and immunological features of people living with HIV (PLWH) diagnosed with melanoma, who have consistently shown worse outcomes than HIV-negative individuals (PLw/oH) with the same cancer.

Experimental DesignWe analyzed electronic health records from 1,087 PLWH and 394,437 PLw/oH with melanoma. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared. Spatial immune transcriptomics (72 immune-related genes) was performed on melanoma tumor samples (n=11), with downstream validation using multiplex immunofluorescence (n=15 PLWH, n=14 PLw/oH).

ResultsPLWH were diagnosed at a younger age, had greater representation of Hispanic and Black individuals, and showed reduced survival. They also had a markedly increased risk of brain metastases. PLWH experienced significant delays in initiating immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and had worse post-ICI survival, even after balancing covariates. Spatial transcriptomics revealed a more immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in PLWH, with increased transcription of immune checkpoints (PD1, LAG3) and reduced antigen-presentation markers (HLA-DRB, B2M), with distinct spatial distributions in tumors and surrounding microenvironments. Multiplex immunofluorescence demonstrated features of an exhausted CD8 T cell compartment, including enrichment of PD1intLAG3- and PD1intLAG3 subpopulations, and a significant accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (CD11b HLA-DR- CD33).

ConclusionsMelanoma in PLWH is associated with distinct clinical and immunological features, including delayed ICI treatment, reduced survival, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment with exhausted CD8 T cells and expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These findings suggest that chronic HIV infection may impair antitumor immunity in melanoma. Targeting the pathways identified here may improve therapeutic responses and outcomes in this population.

Statement of translational relevanceThis study reveals critical barriers to effective melanoma treatment in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), PLWH face delayed therapy initiation, a greater likelihood of brain metastases, and significantly higher long-term mortality, even after adjusting for demographic covariates. Transcriptional immune profiling further uncovers a tumor microenvironment enriched in immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD8 T cell populations with features of exhaustion. These findings suggest that poorer outcomes in PLWH stem not only from delayed care, but also from distinct targetable mechanisms of immune dysfunction. For example, strategies to reverse MDSC accumulation in the tumor or tailored ICI regimens could enhance immune responsiveness and improve treatment efficiency. By defining the clinical and immunological features of this population, this work highlights opportunities for precision immunotherapy tailored to PLWH with melanoma, with direct implications for improving survival and reducing disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barger, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuluc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedor, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaskill, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coghill, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suneja, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehzangi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.648995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population analysis and immunologic landscape of melanoma in people living with HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV E protein couples asymmetric leaflet thickness and curvature deformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Envelope protein (E protein) of SARS-CoVs 1 and 2 has been implicated in the viral budding process and maintaining the spherical shape of the virus, but direct evidence linking the protein to long-range membrane deformation is still lacking. Computational predictions from molecular simulation have offered conflicting results, some showing long-range E-induced membrane curvature and others showing only local deformations. In the present study, we determine the mechanism driving these deformations by modulating the degree of hydrophobic mismatch between protein and membrane. We observe that certain barostat and restraint settings, common in coarse-grained MD simulations, can prevent equilibration of the membrane area. Our results indicate that the E protein does not induce long-range curvature, but does exhibit severe local deformations that are exacerbated by hydrophobic mismatch. These deformations occur in conjunction with local leaflet thickness asymmetry, suggesting asymmetry and curvature couple to reduce the free energy cost of a deformed membrane.

HighlightsO_LIE protein pentamers from SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 do not induce long-range curvature in membranes when simulated in isolation.
C_LIO_LIPrevious findings documenting long-range membrane deformation may reflect the use of restraint and barostat settings that trap the membrane in a compressed state.
C_LIO_LIE proteins induce large, asymmetric membrane deformations local to the protein, but these deformations do not propagate into the bulk.
C_LIO_LIMembrane leaflet thickness asymmetry may be non-negligible around proteins that are not cylindrical.
C_LIO_LIMembrane leaflet thickness asymmetry and mean curvature couple to alleviate free energy cost of deformation.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649534v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@196eec7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168b3borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@eef5corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@848526_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV E protein couples asymmetric leaflet thickness and curvature deformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NewroBus for the brain: humanized TfR1-targeting nanobodies with high BBB permeability and cargo transport capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.20.649139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective delivery of therapeutics to the brain is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A strategy to overcome this limitation involves taking advantage of receptor-mediated transcytosis pathways, such as those mediated by transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), which is highly expressed on brain endothelial cells and naturally transports iron-bound transferrin across the BBB. To exploit this mechanism, we immunized camelids with human TfR1 and cloned 470 VHH nanobody sequences from their B cells. From this repertoire, 24 nanobodies (TfR1b-Nbs) were identified that bind human TfR1 on the cell membrane. These nanobodies were screened for binding to human TfR1, lack of interference with transferrin binding and TfR1-mediated iron uptake, and the ability to cross the BBB via human TfR1-mediated transcytosis in newly generated humanized Tfr1h knock-in rats.

To improve developability and reduce potential immunogenicity, selected TfR1b-Nbs were humanized and optimized with computational and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, enhancing humanness, solubility, and VHH-nativeness. Eight optimized TfR1b-Nbs retained BBB permeability and were fused to humanized anti-TNF nanobody inhibitors (TNFI- or TNFI-{beta}), generating 16 heterodimers. Fusion to these TNFIs served as a functional readout, confirming that TfR1b-Nbs can shuttle biologically active, BBB-impermeable payloads into the central nervous system (CNS). All heterodimers demonstrated CNS delivery after intravenous administration, and selected constructs also reached the brain via subcutaneous injection, maintaining high serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels for up to 72 hours. A pilot study with one heterodimer showed that chronic administration in rats humanized for both transferrin and TfR1 caused no hematological toxicity or signs of anemia - a key safety concern when targeting TfR1. These results establish humanized TfR1b-Nbs - designated NewroBus - as promising BBB shuttles for the safe and effective therapeutic delivery of biologics to the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesiltepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramon, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sormanni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.649139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NewroBus for the brain: humanized TfR1-targeting nanobodies with high BBB permeability and cargo transport capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal Aneuploidy in Normal, Non-Neuronal Brain Nuclei of Glioblastoma Patients is Not a Cancer Driver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancers, including high-grade glioma (GBM), one of the most aggressive brain tumors. To assess whether increased aneuploidy already occurs in normal brain tissue of GBM patients, we performed single-nucleus whole-genome sequencing on 225 non-neuronal cortical nuclei from 12 disease-free individuals and 6 GBM patients, in the latter analyzing both tumor and non-tumor distal regions. Somatic aneuploidy was found in approximately 15% of non-neuronal nuclei in the adult human cortex, with recurrent chromosome 16p aneuploidy in up to 4% of nuclei. In contrast, about 51% of GBM tumor nuclei showed frequent aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 10, consistent with known GBM profiles. Notably, non-tumor brain regions from GBM patients exhibited aneuploidy frequencies and patterns similar to controls, including recurrent 16p involvement. These findings indicate that somatic aneuploidy in non-neuronal cells is a normal feature of the adult human brain and not linked to increased GBM risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijg, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal Aneuploidy in Normal, Non-Neuronal Brain Nuclei of Glioblastoma Patients is Not a Cancer Driver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of betacoronavirus HKU-1 and OC43 internal proteins using a prototypic coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses express a repertoire of accessory proteins for evading host immune responses. A small internal (I) accessory protein is expressed by the genus Betacoronavirus. Previous studies reported that the I proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 inhibit type I interferon (IFN-I) expression through distinct mechanisms and have different roles in pathogenesis. Human coronaviruses (hCoV) HKU1 and OC43 are betacoronaviruses that also encode the I protein as an accessory protein. Although hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 predominantly cause common cold in healthy adults, susceptible individuals infected with these viruses can develop severe disease. However, the virulence factors contributing to pathogenesis after infection with common cold CoVs (CCCoVs) have not been fully characterized. In particular, the functions of the hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 I proteins have not been previously reported. The lack of robust reverse genetic systems, tissue culture and animal models limit the study of hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 pathogenesis. Here, we examine the role of the hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 I proteins in pathogenesis using a prototypic coronavirus. We introduce the I proteins of hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 independently to a neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (J2.2). J2.2 infection is well characterized with clearly defined immune responses which allows the study of I proteins in the context of authentic coronavirus infection. We show that the I protein of hCoV-HKU1, but not that of hCoV-OC43, ameliorates MHV-J2.2 pathogenesis while the I protein of MERS-CoV exacerbates disease. The presence of the hCoV-HKU1 I protein decreases virus titers and cytokine expression while the I protein of MERS-CoV leads to increased immune cell infiltration and virus titers in mice after J2.2 infection. Moreover, the I proteins of hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43 show different patterns of subcellular localization. Overall, our findings suggest that the I protein of different betacoronaviruses play unique roles in pathogenesis.

Author SummaryFactors governing the differences in the pathogenicity between highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARSR-CoV-2) and seasonal coronaviruses (hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43) are not completely understood. These differences are at least in part contributed to by the accessory proteins encoded between these two groups of human coronaviruses. The use of a heterologous coronavirus infection model provides an isogenic background for the direct comparison of viral proteins encoded by various coronaviruses. In this study, we compare the role of one of the accessory proteins encoded by betacoronaviruses, the I protein, in mediating disease outcome using a prototypic coronavirus. We demonstrate that the I protein of the highly pathogenic MERS-CoV but not that of the seasonal coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 contributes to enhanced disease in the context of MHV-J2.2 infection, highlighting that virus-specific functions of accessory proteins encoded by different hCoVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunawardene, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaflor-Tellez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messyasz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajsbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sariol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, L.-Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of betacoronavirus HKU-1 and OC43 internal proteins using a prototypic coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing semantic compositions in the brain: A model-driven fMRI re-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semantic composition allows us to construct complex meanings (e.g., "dog house", "house dog") from simpler constituents ("dog", "house"). So far, neuroimaging studies have mostly relied on high-level contrasts (e.g., meaningful > non-meaningful phrases) to identify brain regions sensitive to semantic composition. However, such an approach is less apt at addressing how composition is carried out, namely what functions best characterize the integration of constituent concepts. To address this limitation, we rely on simple computational models to explicitly characterize alternative compositional operations, and use representational similarity analysis to compare the representations of models to those of target regions of interest within the general semantic network. To better target composition beyond specific task demands, we re-analyze fMRI data aggregated from four published studies (N = 85), all employing two-word combinations but differing in task requirements. Converging evidence from confirmatory and exploratory analyses reveals compositional representations in the pars triangularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA45), even when analyses are restricted to a subset where the task did not require participants to actively engage in semantic processing. These results suggest that BA45 represents combinatorial information automatically across task demands, and further characterize these combinatorial representations as resulting from the (symmetric) intersection of constituent features. Additionally, a cluster of compositional representations emerges in the left middle superior temporal sulcus, while semantic, but not compositional, representations are observed in the left angular gyrus. Overall, our work clarifies which brain regions represent semantic information compositionally across different contexts and task demands, and qualifies which operations best describe composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciapparelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reverberi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing semantic compositions in the brain: A model-driven fMRI re-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basement Membrane Structural Integrity Dictates Trans-Tissue Deposition of Laminin in Mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized extracellular matrices (ECMs) essential for tissue structure and function. In non-vertebrates, ECM components can be produced both locally and by distant tissues. In contrast, mammalian ECM has traditionally been considered to originate predominantly from adjacent or tissue-resident cells. The kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM), composed of laminin-5{beta}2{gamma}1 and collagen-345(IV), is produced by neighboring epithelial cells and functions as a filtration barrier. Alport syndrome, a genetic kidney disease in children, is characterized by GBM structural defects and ectopic laminin-2 deposition, but the source of this laminin remains unknown. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic models, we demonstrated that ectopic laminin-2 originates not from local kidney cells but from the circulation. Furthermore, laminin-2 in the mesangium partially derives from circulating sources even under healthy conditions. Our findings uncover a non-cell-autonomous mechanism whereby GBM integrity regulates circulating protein incorporation, revealing a previously unrecognized trans-tissue regulation of BM composition in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omachi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurchenco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puapatanakul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.650774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basement Membrane Structural Integrity Dictates Trans-Tissue Deposition of Laminin in Mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life Helicobacter pylori infection worsens metabolic state in mice receiving a high-fat diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbations to the early life microbial colonization of humans alter the development of the host immune system and can cause increased weight gain. We hypothesized that establishing early-life infection with H. pylori, a symbiotic bacterial species that has co-evolved with humans for at least 300,000 years, worsens the impact of induced obesity. To test this hypothesis, we treated C57BL/6JRj neonatal mice with H. pylori or not and subjected them to a high-fat diet (HFD) after weaning. Two diet intervention experiments were conducted: (1) a short-term (three-week) intervention to primarily monitor blood plasma metabolic hormone and cytokine levels, and (2) a long-term (five-month) intervention to primarily monitor fecal and gastrointestinal microbiome composition. We observed that H. pylori infection mediated differences in diet responses with increased visceral fat accumulation, and higher levels of leptin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in HFD male mice, which correlated with H. pylori load. Additionally, infection altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. From our models, we conclude that early-life infection with H. pylori accelerates metabolic health decline in the face of a diet-induced obesity challenge, through modulation of inflammatory responses and gut microbiome composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klove, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graversen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agerbo Rasmussen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.27.650497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life Helicobacter pylori infection worsens metabolic state in mice receiving a high-fat diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imbalance in gut microbial interactions as a marker of health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imbalances in the human gut microbiome (dysbioses) are linked to multiple diseases but remain poorly understood. Current biomarkers to identify dysbiosis are inconsistent and fail to capture the ecological mechanisms differentiating healthy from diseased microbiomes. We propose a general dysbiosis biomarker, inspired by phenomenology observed in a gut-microbiome theoretical model introduced here. The emergent communities show complex interaction networks and two distinct collective states, corresponding to healthy and dysbiotic microbiomes. Our robust metric for dysbiosis, by quantifying the balance between cooperation and competition, differentiates these states in both simulated and real datasets across diverse diseases. Moreover, it reveals that dysbiosis results from a shift toward greater cooperation in the community. Our metric further correlates with disease progression, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, M. G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imbalance in gut microbial interactions as a marker of health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S2Tag, a novel affinity tag for the capture and immobilization of coiled-coil proteins: application to the study of human β-cardiac myosin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single molecule and ensemble motility assays are powerful tools for investigating myosin activity. A key requirement for the quality and reproducibility of the data obtained with these methods is the mode of attachment of myosin to assay surfaces. We previously characterized the ability of a monoclonal antibody (10F12.3) to tether skeletal muscle myosin to nitrocellulose coated glass. Here, we identify the 11 amino-acid epitope (S2Tag) recognized by 10F12.3 in the coiled-coil S2 domain of myosin. To test the transferability of S2Tag, we inserted it into a wild-type {beta}-cardiac myosin construct (WT-{beta}CM) and evaluated its mechanochemistry. WT-{beta}CM immobilized via S2Tag robustly propelled actin filaments in gliding assays and showed single-molecule actin displacements and attachment kinetics by optical trapping. Thus, the antibody attachment is effective for ensemble and single molecule assays. We inserted the S2Tag into a {beta}CM construct containing a penetrant mutation (S532P-{beta}CM) that causes dilated cardiomyopathy. Inclusion of S2Tag enabled quantitative mixed-motor gliding filament assays with WT-{beta}CM. The analysis shows the S532P mutation results in a 60% decrease in gliding speed, yet the motor seems to produce the same force as WT-{beta}CM. Importantly, S2Tag is a useful new tool for affinity capture of alpha-helical coiled coil proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S2Tag, a novel affinity tag for the capture and immobilization of coiled-coil proteins: application to the study of human β-cardiac myosin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Insights into Human Antimicrobial Peptide-Induced Activation of a Broadly Conserved Bacterial Signaling System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising class of therapeutics against bacterial pathogens. While their direct bactericidal mechanisms are well-characterized, how bacteria sense and respond to these peptides at sublethal concentrations remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the activation of the Escherichia coli PhoQ-PhoP signaling system by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its derivatives (KR-12 and RI-10). We demonstrate that these peptides exhibit variable antimicrobial potency but surprisingly similar abilities to activate the PhoQ-PhoP pathway, indicating that signaling function is separable from bactericidal activity. Notably, sublethal concentrations of these peptides induce significant cell elongation, a phenotype dependent on PhoQ and mediated by the upregulation of QueE, which interferes with bacterial cell division. Contrary to the previous model suggesting peptides activate PhoQ passively by displacing its inhibitor MgrB, we observed enhanced cell elongation in{Delta} mgrB strains across all tested peptides, including RI-10, lacking antibacterial activity. Our findings suggest peptides actively stimulate PhoQ through a mechanism independent of MgrB dissociation, providing a more refined understanding of the peptide signaling through the PhoQ-PhoP system. These insights into bacterial adaptation mechanisms against host-derived peptides may guide the development of peptide therapeutics with enhanced efficacy against drug-resistant pathogens.

Significance statementAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics, yet how bacteria detect and respond to these host defense molecules remains poorly understood. This study investigates the interaction between bacterial sensing systems and AMPs at the genetic and molecular levels. Unlike other eukaryotes with multiple cathelicidin peptides, humans have only one cathelicidin that produces various active fragments through processing. Rather than creating multiple detectors, E. coli deploys an elegant solution, the PhoQ-PhoP signaling system that recognizes the conserved antimicrobial region shared by all LL-37 fragments. We demonstrate that peptides directly stimulate PhoQ independent of their bactericidal activity, even in the absence of inhibitor MgrB, inducing cell elongation. These insights may inform the development of effective peptide-based therapeutics against drug-resistant pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeleye, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechesso, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insights into Human Antimicrobial Peptide-Induced Activation of a Broadly Conserved Bacterial Signaling System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fertility recovery after combined adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine chemotherapy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith combined adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy and radiotherapy, most of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients were cured. The effect of ABVD treatment on ovarian reserve and fertility has not been fully characterized, and whether fertility preservation is required is controversial and not empirically known.

MethodsEight-week-old female mice were injected intravenously with saline solution or ABVD for 4 weeks, respectively. Estrous cycles, level of serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), body weight and ovary weight were recorded. Ovarian tissue structure and the number of follicles at each stage were analysed. IVF assay and natural mating trials were performed. Finally, transcriptome sequencing of ovarian tissue was conducted.

ResultsMost mice completely lost their estrous cycle soon after ABVD injection. After 4 cycles of treatments, the body weight gain and gross ovarian weight were significantly lower than those of the control. However, estrous cycles were returned to normal at 4 weeks after ABVD discontinuation. Serum AMH and the numbers of primordial follicles were significantly increased compared to controls. ABVD withdrawal did not affect the rate of cleavage or blastocyst formation in IVF assays. Furthermore, the mice were fertile and there was no significant difference in offspring weight, but the number of offspring in the ABVD discontinuation group was smaller compared with the controls. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the JAK/STAT pathway, which is involved in the inhibition of primordial follicles activation and apoptosis, was upregulated in ABVD-treated ovaries, whereas few gene expressions were altered 4 weeks after ABVD withdrawal.

ConclusionsThe ovarian reserve and reproductive function can be recovered after ABVD treatment, and combined ABVD treatment for a short time has a beneficial effect on the ovarian reserve, which can be used to provide a basis for guiding fertility preservation decision-making for HL patients.

Statements and DeclarationsThe authors declare no competing interests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turathum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chian, R.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fertility recovery after combined adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine chemotherapy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving Inflammation: The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Macrophage Traffic In and Out of the CNS. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.02.651872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and therapy interruption on myeloid cell traffic out of the central nervous system (CNS) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection are understudied. Using intracisternal (i.c.) injection of dual-colored fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) in SIV-infected macaques early (12-14 dpi) and late (30 days before sacrifice) we studied CNS macrophage viral infection, turnover, and traffic out. SPION are preferentially taken up by perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages. In non-infected macaques, SPION+ macrophages can traffic out of the CNS to the periphery (deep cervical lymph node (dcLN), spleen, and dorsal root ganglia (DRG)), but accumulate in the CNS with SIV infection. ART reduces the accumulation of CNS SPION+ perivascular macrophages but not meningeal or choroid plexus macrophages. ART interruption does not affect the number of SPION+ perivascular and choroid plexus but the number of SPION+ meningeal macrophages increase. ART eliminates SIV-RNA perivascular macrophages, but few scattered RNA+ macrophages in the meninges and choroid plexus remain. With ART interruption, perivascular macrophages remain SIV-but scattered SIV+ meningeal and choroid plexus macrophages exist. In non-infected animals SPION+ macrophages traffic to dcLN, spleen, and DRG at a rate that is decreased with SIV infection and AIDS. SIV- RNA+ SPION+ macrophages that traffic out of the CNS are eliminated by ART and do not rebound with ART interruption. Using two different colored SPION to study the establishment of CNS SIV viral reservoirs, we find greater numbers of early SPION+ macrophages within and outside of the CNS with SIVE, ART, and ART interruption. These data are consistent with SIV-infected perivascular macrophages establishing an early viral reservoir, and continual viral seeding of the meninges and choroid plexus during infection. These findings are consistent with ART reducing traffic of infected macrophages out of the CNS, clearing the CNS perivascular macrophage viral reservoir but not SIV-RNA+ macrophages in meninges and choroid plexus that can rebound with ART interruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallis, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midkiff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amadeck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving Inflammation: The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Macrophage Traffic In and Out of the CNS.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mechanism Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Polymyxin B-Based Combination Therapy Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates with Diverse Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased resistance to {beta}-lactams/{beta}-lactamase inhibitor by mutations in {beta}-lactamases gene, porin mutations and efflux pumps complicates the management of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Polymyxin B (PMB) based combination therapy is considered as a best alternative treatment for those middle and low-income countries that cannot access to the latest medicines. Its crucial to know both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of a pathogen to understand the killing effect of each drug and its combinations. Hence, our objective of this study was to incorporate mechanistic insights gained from resistance mechanisms to develop a mechanism based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (MBM). Six clinical CRKP isolates were used for static concentration time kill (SCTK) assays to evaluate the rate and extent of killing by monotherapy, double and triple combinations using PMB, meropenem and fosfomycin. A MBM was developed using the SCTK data in S-ADAPT. The MBM estimated lower maximum killing rate constant of PMB (3.61 h-{superscript 1}) in an isolate with non-functional MgrB and high-level phenotypic resistance. Based upon model discrimination and PMBs outer membrane disruption, mechanistic synergy was included in 3 isolates which has porin mutations. Mechanistic synergy of PMB was 83-88% with meropenem and 81-98% with fosfomycin. The PMB concentration required to achieve 50% of synergy was 0.48-0.64 mg/L. Simulations with a lower PMB regimen (1mg/kg q12h) and fosfomycin (8g q8h) showed >73% reduction in area under the bacterial load-versus-time curve for four isolates. The triple combination showed 67.7% reduction in non-carbapenamase producing isolate. This study demonstrates that a low dosing regimen of PMB can produce synergistic effects in combination therapy and might be effective in managing infections caused by CRKP, including PMB resistant isolates.

Author summaryAntimicrobial resistance is a major concern in treating infectious diseases. CRKP bacterial isolates are resistant to most of the novel antimicrobial agents. One of the primary resistant mechanisms is restricting the permeability of drugs to the site of action. Polymyxin B, an antimicrobial agent, disrupts the bacterial outer membrane, enhancing the permeability of other drugs. When using combination therapy with polymyxin B, selecting drugs with different mechanisms of action is crucial to enhance synergistic effects and improve treatment efficacy. In our study we chose to evaluate the efficacy of meropenem and fosfomycin in double and triple combination therapies. Mechanism based models (MBMs) are the strongest tool to analyse the time course bacterial load data. Our study provides insights into applying available phenotypic and genotypic information to refine and enhance the accuracy of MBMs. Final model simulations revealed that low exposure of polymyxin B below the nephrotoxic threshold was sufficient to produce synergistic effects when combined with fosfomycin and meropenem. Additionally, we found that polymyxin B combination with fosfomycin was more effective compared to meropenem in treating CRKP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsheikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parambi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abboud, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasteran, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mechanism Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Polymyxin B-Based Combination Therapy Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates with Diverse Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guiding clustering and annotation in single-cell RNA sequencing using the average overlap metric 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining cell types using unsupervised clustering algorithms based on transcriptional similarity is a powerful application of single-cell RNA sequencing. A single clustering resolution may not yield clusters that represent both broad, well-defined populations and smaller subpopulations simultaneously. Therefore, when cell identities are not known prior to sequencing, robust comparison and annotation of inferred de novo clusters remains a challenge. In this work, we define the distance between single-cell clusters by proposing the use of the average overlap metric to compare ranked lists of differentially expressed genes in a top-weighted manner. We first benchmark our approach in a truth-known dataset comprised of highly similar yet distinct T-cell populations and show that evaluating clusters with average overlap results in a consistent, precise, and biologically meaningful recapitulation of true cell identities. We then apply our approach to data of unsorted mouse thymocytes and characterize stages of T-cell development in the thymus, including minor populations of double-negative (CD4-CD8-) T-cells that are notoriously difficult to confidently detect in unsorted single-cell data. We demonstrate that measuring cluster similarity with average overlap of marker gene rankings enables robust, reproducible characterization of single cells and clarifies biological interpretation of their underlying identities in highly homogeneous populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guiding clustering and annotation in single-cell RNA sequencing using the average overlap metric]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of maternal compensation on developmental phenotypes in a zebrafish model of severe congenital muscular dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic compensation is a common phenomenon in zebrafish in response to genetic alterations. As such, differences between morphant and mutant zebrafish models of human diseases have led to significant difficulties in phenotypic interpretation and translatability. One form of compensation is the maternal deposit of mRNAs and proteins into the oocyte that supports developmental processes before zygotic genome activation. In this study, we generated a zebrafish model of severe congenital muscular dystrophy by targeting protein O-mannose N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (pomgnt2), a maternally provided gene that maintains cell-extracellular matrix interactions through glycosylation. Zygotic knockouts (ZKOs) retain protein function in the first week post-fertilization and survive to adulthood, though they develop muscle disease later in life. In contrast, maternal-zygotic KOs (MZKOs) generated from ZKO females develop early-onset muscle disease, reduced motor function, neuronal axon guidance deficits, and retinal synapse disruptions, recapitulating features of the human presentation. While assessing transcriptional changes linked to disease progression, the availability of embryos obtained from different breeding strategies also allowed for direct comparison of ZKOs and MZKOs to define the impact of having a KO mother. We found that offspring from a ZKO mother, independently of genotype, show distinct expression patterns from animals obtained from heterozygous breeding. Some of these changes reflect an increased metabolic requirement, possibly stemming from maternal metabolic disruption. These findings will not only be applicable to other CMD models targeting maternally provided genes but also provide new insight into modeling disease using maternal-zygotic mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flannery, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battula, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simhon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karas, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terez, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burbano Lombana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of maternal compensation on developmental phenotypes in a zebrafish model of severe congenital muscular dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-methylation markers associated with lung function at birth and childhood reveal early life programming of inflammatory pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleLung function deficits may be caused by early life epigenetic programming. Early childhood studies are necessary to understand life-course trends in lung diseases.

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine whether DNA-methylation at birth and childhood is associated with lung function growth.

MethodsWe measured DNA-methylation in leukocytes from participants in two childhood asthma cohorts (CAMP [n=703, mean-age 12.9 years] and GACRS [n=788, mean-age 9.3 years]) and cord blood from participants in the VDAART study (n=572) to identify CpGs and pathways associated with lung function.

ResultsWe identified 1,049 consistent differentially methylated CpGs (608 relatively hypermethylated) across all three studies (FDR-P<0.05). Relatively hypomethylated CpGs were enriched for gluconeogenesis, cell adhesion and VEGF signaling. Relatively hypermethylated CpGs were enriched for Hippo, B-cell and growth hormone receptor signaling. Functional enrichment suggested potential regulatory roles for active enhancers and histone modifications. Additionally, enrichment in PI3K/AKT and Notch pathways in males and enrichment in hormonal pathways in females was identified. Gaussian graphical models identified sex-differential DNA-methylation nodes and hub scores at birth and childhood. Integrating with previously identified polygenic risk scores for asthma and drug-target enrichment identified seven robust genes including MPO, CHCHD3, CACNA1S, PI4KA, EP400, CREBBP and KCNA10 with known associations as biomarkers for asthma severity and drug targets for airway inflammation.

ConclusionsEpigenetic variability from birth through puberty provides mechanistic insights into fetal programming of developmental and immune pathways associated with lung function. These early life observations reveal potential targets for mitigating risk for lung function decline and asthma progression in later life.

Key messagesO_LIWe identified consistent DNA methylation signatures between birth and childhood in critical metabolic, lung development and immune pathways that were associated with lung function and may be influenced by sex and genetics.
C_LIO_LIOur integrative findings provide a deeper understanding for accelerated lung function decline across the life-course and could pave the way for translational interventions for lung diseases based on epigenetic plasticity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kachroo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutta, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeachie, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litonjua, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-methylation markers associated with lung function at birth and childhood reveal early life programming of inflammatory pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Matrix Physical Properties Regulate Cancer Cell Morphological Transitions in 3D Hydrogel Microtissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.10.653220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells can adopt a range of morphological states linked to distinct functional behaviors during tumor progression. Some remain in a proliferative state, forming tight clusters; others detach and elongate into an invasive state; and some retain a rounded amoeboid form with minimal matrix adhesion. However, factors that determine which morphological state a cell adopts remain poorly understood. Using a combined theoretical and experimental framework, we showed that extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics regulate cancer cell morphology in three-dimensional (3D) environments. We developed a theoretical model based on the principle of minimum energy, which predicts that a cell will adopt the morphological state--rounded, elongated, or clustered-- that minimizes the total energy of the cell-ECM system. Using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we established a reliable protocol for encapsulating cells into 3D naturally-derived hydrogels with controlled stiffness and pore size. We validated the models predictions in vitro over an extended culture period. In soft ECMs, cells transitioned over time to an elongated morphology, while in stiff ECMs, cells favored clustered configurations. These transitions were governed by the physical-- not chemical--properties of the hydrogel-based ECM, as confirmed by using chemically distinct yet mechanically matched composite matrices. These new insights have implications for cancer invasion modeling and potential drug screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourmostafa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uskach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogeshwaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alisafaei, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miri, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Matrix Physical Properties Regulate Cancer Cell Morphological Transitions in 3D Hydrogel Microtissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The broccoli derivative sulforaphane extends lifespan by slowing the transcriptional aging clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulforaphane, an organosulfur isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer cell growth. To explore the potential of sulforaphane as a candidate natural compound for promoting longevity more generally, we tested the dose and age-specific effects of sulforaphane on C. elegans longevity, finding that it can extend lifespan by more than 50% at the most efficacious doses, but that treatment must be initiated early in life to be effective. We then created a novel, gene-specific, transcriptional aging clock, which demonstrated that sulforaphane-treated individuals exhibited a "transcriptional age" that was approximately four days younger than age-matched controls, representing a nearly 20% reduction in biological age. The clearest transcriptional responses were detoxification pathways, which, together with the shape of the dose-response curve, indicates a likely hormetic response to sulforaphane. These results support the idea that robust longevity-extending interventions can act via global effects across the organism, as revealed by systems level changes in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedore, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segerdell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Hulbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The broccoli derivative sulforaphane extends lifespan by slowing the transcriptional aging clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narrowed host ranges do not constrain future host range expansion in RNA phage phi6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses frequently shift between infecting different hosts and emerge on novel hosts. Part of this evolutionary process can involve specialization, when viruses adapt to increase their fitness on a particular host, often at the expense of their ability to infect other hosts. This trajectory has the potential to lead to extreme host narrowing which excludes all other previously accessible hosts. The consequences of the genetic architecture of host specialization on a viruss future evolutionary potential are understudied. In this study, we explored the ability of extreme specialists to re-expand their host ranges, particularly the ease and mutational mechanisms by which they might accomplish this such as reversion of host-range-narrowing mutations or mutations at other sites. Using previously evolved specialized strains of model dsRNA bacteriophage phi6 which had lost their ability to infect some hosts, we challenged specialists to adapt to their ancestral and other challenge hosts and identified resulting mutations. We found that these specialists readily re-gained their broader host ranges, at rates comparable to previously observed emergence events in phi6, indicating a lack of potential constraint from their mutational backgrounds due to epistasis. While some viral strains achieved host range re-expansion by reversing the original host-narrowing mutations gained during specialization, others used secondary mutations which were found to be parallel mutations previously associated with phi6 entry into those host species. This study contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of host shifting in RNA viruses and their strategies to re-expand following specialization, which is relevant to spillback events and recurring host shifts that are observed in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narrowed host ranges do not constrain future host range expansion in RNA phage phi6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained Glucose Turnover Flux Distinguishes Cancer Cachexia from Nutrient Limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cachexia is an involuntary weight loss condition characterized by systemic metabolic disorder. A comprehensive flux characterization of this condition however is lacking. Here, we systematically isotope traced eight major circulating nutrients in mice bearing cachectic C26 tumors (cxC26) and food intake-matched mice bearing non-cachectic C26 tumors (ncxC26). We found no difference in whole-body lipolysis and proteolysis, ketogenesis, or fatty acid and ketone oxidation by tissues between the two groups. In contrast, compared to ncxC26 mice ad libitum, glucose turnover flux decreased in food intake-controlled ncxC26 mice but not in cxC26 mice. Similarly, sustained glucose turnover flux was observed in two autochthonous cancer cachexia models despite reduced food intake. We identified glutamine and alanine as responsible for sustained glucose production and tissues with altered use of glucose and lactate in cxC26 mice. We provide a comprehensive view of metabolic alterations in cancer cachexia revealing those distinct from decreased nutrient intake.

HighlightsO_LIQuantitative fluxomics of cancer cachexia under matched food intake and body weight
C_LIO_LIIntact lipolysis, proteolysis, ketogenesis, and lipid oxidation in cachectic mice
C_LIO_LISustained glucose consumption in cachectic mice despite reduced food intake
C_LIO_LIIncreased glucose production from glutamine and alanine in cachectic mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained Glucose Turnover Flux Distinguishes Cancer Cachexia from Nutrient Limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.17.650326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling and Mechanics influence the number and size of epithelial rosettes in the migrating zebrafish Posterior Lateral Line primordium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.17.650326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A prepattern of Fgf signaling triggers formation of epithelial rosettes as protoneuromasts form periodically in the migrating Posterior Lateral Line primordium. However, the number and size of epithelial rosettes is influenced by the balance of mechanical interactions that promote or oppose their formation. Selective slowing of leading cells in the primordium can result in the fusion of two rosettes to form one larger one, while slowing of trailing cells can result in splitting of a previously formed rosette to form two smaller ones. These observations can be accounted for by mechanics-based models, where local interactions associated with apical constriction and cell adhesion promote formation of rosettes, while tension along the length of the primordium, influenced by the relative efficacy of leading and trailing cell migration, opposes their formation. We describe computational models that illustrate how the relative speed of leading versus trailing cells, as well as changes in cell adhesion and mechanical coupling, can influence the pattern of protoneuromast formation and deposition by the migrating primordium. Our studies illustrate how signaling and mechanics together influence morphogenesis in the migrating primordium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzendeger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinvelt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalle Nogare, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.17.650326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling and Mechanics influence the number and size of epithelial rosettes in the migrating zebrafish Posterior Lateral Line primordium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infection induces oxylipin chemical signaling at the end of a summer upwelling bloom: implications for carbon cycling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryDiatoms are large phytoplankton that form the base of the marine food web and often bloom first when nutrients are injected into the surface ocean through upwelling or deep ocean mixing1,2. Diatoms contribute 20% of global photosynthesis3 while disproportionately representing 40% of carbon export4, with most export occurring along the continental margins5. Oxylipin chemical signaling by diatoms has been extensively studied in the Mediterranean Sea where oxylipins are linked to grazing with subsequent insidious effects on copepod reproduction6-13. Culture studies with diatoms have shown that stress, growth phase, and viral infection also impact oxylipin production14-16. This study provides insight into the role of oxylipins as biomarkers and chemical signals during viral infection of diatoms in natural communities. Biomarkers for lysis and senescence were identified in laboratory experiments and observed at elevated concentrations in meta-lipidomes collected in the California Coastal Ecosystem (CCE) where diatoms had recently been lysed by viruses17. Deck-board incubations with natural communities show that oxylipins stimulate sinking particle-attached and surface-ocean microbes in a dose and community-dependent manner, while inhibiting microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth rates. Carbon export was two times higher at the Post-lytic site than elsewhere along the transect consistent with the viral shuttle, whereby viruses facilitate carbon export. We previously reported enhanced enzymatic activity at the Post-lytic site17, suggestive of the viral shunt, whereby carbon is remineralized or attenuated into non-sinking dissolved organic matter. Here we layer geochemical evidence to show that lysis of oxylipin producing diatoms amplified the vertical flux of carbon from the surface ocean even in the presence of viral shunt processes. The remineralization length scale and community composition have been hypothesized as controls on shunt vs. shuttle18-20; our analysis provides another example of how community interactions may toggle a system between favoring shunt or shuttle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thamatrakoln, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ossolinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredricks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidle, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mooy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infection induces oxylipin chemical signaling at the end of a summer upwelling bloom: implications for carbon cycling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.650489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescuing Ischemic Brain Injury by Rewiring Mitochondrial Electron Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.650489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial metabolic flux alterations are critical drivers of acute ischemia-reperfusion (IR) brain injury. Reverse electron transfer (RET), defined as the upstream flow of electrons from the quinone pool to complex I, is a major source of pathological reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress conditions. In an in vivo brain IR model, oxygen deprivation induces the buildup of RET-supporting substrates, with glycerol 3-phosphate identified as the dominant contributor in addition to succinate. Rapid oxidation of these substrates by brain mitochondria upon reoxygenation drives massive ROS production, while also leading to over-reduction and dissociation of the complex I flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor. The resulting FMN-deficient complex I becomes catalytically impaired, unable to oxidize NADH or to produce ROS.

To mitigate RET and preserve complex I function, we used transgenic mice xenotopically expressing alternative oxidase (AOX). This enzyme bypasses complexes III and IV by directly oxidizing the reduced quinone pool and passing electrons onto molecular oxygen. AOX expression did not alter complex I abundance, supercomplexes assembly, or basal respiration rates, but effectively diverted electrons from the quinone pool, decreasing RET flux via complex I and limiting ROS generation during IR. For the first time we showed that AOX expression and attenuation of RET preserved complex I FMN binding, suppressed oxidative stress, and conferred neuroprotection in vivo. Our findings reveal a novel strategy for rewiring mitochondrial electron flux to mitigate initial IR brain injury, highlighting modulation of the quinone pool by AOX as a potential therapeutic strategy for IR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoval-Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosunov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siragusa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niatsetskaya, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khruschev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bereshchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witting, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szibor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ten, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.650489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescuing Ischemic Brain Injury by Rewiring Mitochondrial Electron Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.654597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amazon biodiversity is at risk from metal contamination due to mining activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.654597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amazon basin hosts the most biodiverse and intact ecosystems on Earth, yet human activities are an increasing threat. Metal contamination due to mining constitutes one of these major threats, but its impacts remain poorly quantified. We provide the first quantitative assessment of biodiversity exposure to mining-associated metals--mercury [Hg], arsenic [As], copper [Cu], Zinc [Zn], and lead [Pb]--across the Amazon. Around 66% of the Amazons 38,890 species of birds, plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes are exposed to metal contamination, including biodiversity hotspots and Indigenous territories. Safeguarding the Amazons role as a global reservoir of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and cultural heritage requires addressing metal contamination not only as a localized issue, but as a pervasive threat to global biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moulatlet, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capparelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinojo-Hinojo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahomi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolopoulos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehrdanz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VIllalobos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.654597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amazon biodiversity is at risk from metal contamination due to mining activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MACHINE LEARNING FOR MISSING DATA IMPUTATION IN ALZHEIMER'S RESEARCH: PREDICTING MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE FLEXIBILITY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDAlzheimers disease (AD) begins years before symptoms appear, making early detection essential. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is one of the earliest regions affected, and its network flexibility, a dynamic measure of brain connectivity, may serve as a sensitive biomarker of early decline. Cognitive (acquisition, generalization), genetic (APOE, ABCA7), and biochemical (P-tau217) markers may predict MTL dynamic flexibility. Given the high rate of missing data in AD research, this study uses machine learning with advanced imputation methods to predict MTL dynamic flexibility from multimodal predictors in an aging cohort.

METHODSIn an ongoing study at Rutgerss Aging and Brain Health Alliance, data from 656 participants are utilized, including cognitive assessments, genetic and blood-derived biomarkers, and demographics. Due to MRI-related constraints, only 34.15% of participants had measurable MTL dynamic flexibility from resting-state fMRI. To estimate MTL dynamic flexibility from available data, we evaluated four missing data handling methods (case deletion, MICE, MissForest, and GAIN), and trained five regression models: Ridge, k-NN, SVR, regression trees (bagging, random forest, boosting), and ANN. Hyperparameters were optimized via grid search with 3-fold cross-validation. Model performance was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and runtime through 5-fold cross-validation repeated 25 times to ensure robustness in clinical data settings.

RESULTSA total of 1,866 missing values (25.86%) were identified in the dataset, with only 42 complete cases (6.40%) remaining after listwise deletion, highlighting the need for effective imputation. In the initial analysis using only complete cases, support vector regression (SVR) achieved the lowest mean absolute error (MAE = 0.184), though overall performance was limited due to small sample size. In the second phase, three imputation techniques were applied, significantly improving model accuracy. MissForest combined with Random Forest produced the best results (MAE = 0.083), representing a 54.7% improvement over case deletion. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in performance across imputation methods (p < 0.001), with MissForest outperforming GAIN and MICE. GAIN was the fastest imputation method.

DISCUSSIONThe findings underscore the importance of using robust imputation strategies to maximize data utility and model reliability in studies with high missingness. Further research is needed, particularly incorporating additional neuroimaging measures, to localize the brain regions most affected by biomarker-driven changes and to refine predictive models for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moallemian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghafi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fausto, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MACHINE LEARNING FOR MISSING DATA IMPUTATION IN ALZHEIMER'S RESEARCH: PREDICTING MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE FLEXIBILITY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and subcellular specialization enables biology-constrained deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning and memory in the brain depend on changes in the strengths of synaptic connections between neurons. While the molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have been extensively studied experimentally, much of our understanding of how plasticity is organized across populations of neurons during task learning comes from training artificial neural networks (ANNs) using computational methods. However, the architectures of modern ANNs and the algorithms used to train them are not compatible with fundamental principles of neuroscience, leaving a gap in understanding how the brain coordinates learning across multiple layers of neural circuitry. Here we leverage recent experimental evidence to test an emergent theory that biological learning depends on specialization of distinct neuronal cell types and compartmentalized signaling within neuronal dendrites. We demonstrate that multilayer ANNs comprised of separate recurrently connected excitatory and inhibitory cell types, and neuronal units with separate soma and dendrite compartments, can be trained to accurately classify images using a fully biology-compatible deep learning algorithm called dendritic target propagation. By adhering to strict biological constraints, this model is able to provide unique insight into the biological mechanisms of learning and to make experimentally testable predictions regarding the roles of specific neuronal cell types in coordinating learning across different brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galloni, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennawar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milstein, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and subcellular specialization enables biology-constrained deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain network dynamics reflect psychiatric illness status and transdiagnostic symptom profiles across health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The network organization of the human brain dynamically reconfigures in response to changing environmental demands, an adaptive process that may be disrupted in a symptom-relevant manner across psychiatric illnesses. Here, in a transdiagnostic sample of participants with (n=134) and without (n=85) psychiatric diagnoses, functional connectomes from intrinsic (resting-state) and task-evoked fMRI were decomposed to identify constraints on brain network dynamics across six cognitive states. Hierarchical clustering of 110 clinical, behavioral, and cognitive measures identified participant-specific symptom profiles, revealing four core dimensions of functioning: internalizing, externalizing, cognitive, and social/reward. Brain network dynamics were flattened across cognitive states in individuals with psychiatric illness and could be used to accurately separate dimensional symptom profiles more robustly than both case-control status and primary diagnostic grouping. A key role of inhibitory cognitive control and frontoparietal network interactions was uncovered through systematic model comparison. We provide novel evidence that brain network dynamics can accurately differentiate the extent that psychiatrically-relevant dimensions of functioning are exhibited across health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain network dynamics reflect psychiatric illness status and transdiagnostic symptom profiles across health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lineage-specific heat-induced feedback loop controls HrcA to promote chlamydial fitness under stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial stress responses rely on transcriptional regulation by sigma factors and repressors. In Chlamydia, which lacks a dedicated heat shock sigma factor, repressor HrcA limits chaperone gene expression under non-stressed conditions. While HrcA function may be enhanced by the chaperone GroESL in a positive feedback loop, here we identify a heat-induced negative feedback loop mediated by HagF, a protein unique to Chlamydiota and conserved across Chlamydia species. We show that HrcA represses hagF, but heat shock induces hagF expression, leading to HagF accumulation and binding to HrcA. Structural modeling and pulldown assays indicate that HagF blocks HrcA dimerization, impairing DNA binding. This relieves repression of the hrcA-grpE-dnaK operon and promotes secondary differentiation in the developmental cycle, enabling infectious elementary bodies to form under heat stress. Our findings reveal dual feedback regulation that tunes chaperone gene expression and illustrate how transcriptional repression can be modulated in a minimal-genome pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lineage-specific heat-induced feedback loop controls HrcA to promote chlamydial fitness under stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.656838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mGluR5 Agonist, CHPG, Enhances Numbers of Differentiated Human Oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.656838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies on adult mice indicate that the mGluR5 agonist 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl glycine (CHPG), reduces cuprizone-elicited losses in myelin. This effect is partly mediated by CHPG binding to mGluR5 receptors on reactive astrocytes, triggering the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which results in an increase in myelin, and alleviates behavioral deficits. However, it remains unclear whether CHPG has similar beneficial effects on human cells. To address this issue, we examined effects of CHPG on human cells using both human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived oligodendrocytes and primary human fetal brain cells. Treatment of hiPSCs (30M, 5 days) or primary cells (30 M, 3 days) with CHPG increases the percent of MBP+O4+ mature oligodendrocytes relative to total O4+cells, without affecting survival. When effects of CHPG were evaluated on proliferating OPCs, effects on proliferation are observed. In contrast, when CHPG was evaluated in young oligodendrocytes, effects on proliferation were gone, suggesting that in this population CHPG is influencing differentiation. Interestingly, in contrast to observations in mice, mGluR5 expression in humans is localized on PDGFR+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and O4+ immature oligodendrocytes, but not astrocytes. Moreover, using purified human OPC cultures, we show a direct effect of CHPG in enhanced differentiation. To identify potential cellular targets of CHPG in the adult human brain, we analyzed postmortem tissue from individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls. In contrast to the hiPSCs or fetal cells, demyelinated white matter from MS patients showed elevated mGluR5 mRNA expression in astrocytes. Taken together, our findings suggest that CHPG enhances the differentiation of human OPCs during development through a mechanism distinct from that observed in adult cuprizone-treated mice. Moreover, astrocytes in MS pathology upregulate mGluR5, suggesting they may become responsive to CHPG under disease conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geywitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandaru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birth Defects Research Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyfus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.656838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mGluR5 Agonist, CHPG, Enhances Numbers of Differentiated Human Oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.654060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastasis of colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.654060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis causes most cancer-related deaths in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and microbiome markers may have prognostic value. We hypothesized that primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastases. We analyzed 5-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) in a retrospective cohort of 900 ORIEN CRC tumor microbiomes (RNAseq). ORIEN findings were validated on an independent cohort using 16S rDNA sequencing and pathobiont-specific qPCR. Microbiome alpha diversity was higher in primary tumors than metastases and positively correlated with metastasis risk. Microbiome beta diversity distinguished primary vs. metastasis and predicted 5-year MFS. High primary tumor abundance of B. fragilis and low F. nucleatum were associated with short MFS. Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli, were enriched in metastases. qPCR identified increased enterotoxigenic B. fragilis and pks+ E. coli detection in CRC metastasizers. Microbial co-occurrence analysis identified a 3-species clique that predicts metastasis (OR 1.9 [1.4-2.6]). Results suggest that primary tumor microbiomes and specific pathobionts are precision markers for metastasis risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parajuli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiddle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rounbehler, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudaranthakam, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentz, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatoum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilozumba, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Round, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.654060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary tumor microbiomes predict distant metastasis of colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A myosin hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation disrupts the super-relaxed state and boosts contractility by enhanced actin attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a leading cause of cardiac failure among individuals under 35. Many genetic mutations that cause HCM enhance ventricular systolic function, suggesting that these HCM mutations are hypercontractile. Among the most common causes of HCM are mutations in the gene MYH7, which encodes for {beta}-cardiac myosin, the principal human ventricular myosin. Previous work has demonstrated that, for purified myosins, some MYH7 mutations are gain-of-function while others cause reduced function, so how they lead to enhanced contractility is not clear. Here, we have characterized the mechanics and kinetics of the severe HCM-causing mutation M493I. Motility assays demonstrate a 70% reduction of actin filament gliding velocities on M493I-coated surfaces relative to WT. This mutation slows ADP release from actomyosin{middle dot}ADP 5-fold without affecting phosphate release or ATP binding. Yet it enhances steady-state ATPase Vmax 2-fold. Through single-molecule mechanical studies, we find that M493I myosin has a normal working stroke of 5 nm but a significantly prolonged actin attachment duration. Under isometric feedback, M493I myosins produce high, sustained force, with an actin detachment rate that is less sensitive to force than that of WT myosin. We also report direct measurement of the equilibrium state of the super-relaxed to disordered relaxed (SRX-DRX) regulatory transition and show its disruption in M493I, with a concomitant enhancement to actin attachment kinetics. Together, these data demonstrate that enhanced myosin binding from inhibition of myosins off state, combined with slow ADP release and enhanced force production, underlie the enhanced function and etiology of this HCM mutation.

Significance StatementHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a leading genetic cause of sudden cardiac death in young individuals. Although often described as a hypercontractile disease, the molecular basis for this remains unclear, especially for mutations with inhibitory effects in various in vitro assays. We show that the severe HCM mutation M493I in {beta}-cardiac myosin slows ADP release yet enhances force output and actin attachment through multiple mechanisms, including disrupted autoinhibition via the super-relaxed state. Our findings unify seemingly contradictory biophysical changes into a coherent mechanistic model and support the hypothesis that increased myosin head availability, rather than enhanced individual kinetics alone, underlies HCM hypercontractility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cail, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Cruz, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelmann, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostap, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A myosin hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation disrupts the super-relaxed state and boosts contractility by enhanced actin attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac fibroblasts counterbalance cardiomyocytes in LMNA cardiomyopathy pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.657412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic cardiomyopathies arising from mutations in the LMNA gene, encoding nuclear intermediate filaments lamin A/C, display variable age of onset, severity, and fibrosis development. This variability suggests a fundamental element in disease pathogenesis that has yet to be elucidated. Given the central role cardiac fibroblasts play in fibrosis, we explored the relevance of lamin A/C in cardiac fibroblast function, as very little is known in this regard. Using primary cardiac fibroblasts and in vivo mouse models, we show that Lmna mutations impact various aspects of cardiac fibroblast function in response to myocyte damage. We show that both lamin A/C depletion and point-mutant variant expression impair cardiac fibroblast proliferation and contraction whereas other functions such as cell migration appears to be mutation dependent. In vivo depletion of lamin A/C simultaneously in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts significantly delayed disease progression, improved cardiac function, and prolonged survival, indicating that lamin A/C mediate an opposing balance between cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in driving disease pathogenesis. Our results elucidate previously unexplored roles of lamin A/C in cardiac fibroblasts and suggest that interactions between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes are important determinants of the rate of progression and the severity of LMNA cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhrira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.657412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac fibroblasts counterbalance cardiomyocytes in LMNA cardiomyopathy pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent and divergent brain-cognition relationships during development revealed by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in the ABCD Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How brain networks and cognition co-evolve during development remains poorly understood. Here, we use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and cognitive data at baseline and Year 2 of 2,949 individuals in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine how stable and changing features of brain network organization predict cognitive development during early adolescence. We find that baseline resting-state functional connectivity (FC) more strongly predicts future cognitive ability than baseline cognitive ability. Models trained on baseline FC to predict baseline cognition generalize better to Year 2 FC and cognition, suggesting that brain-cognition relationships strengthen over time.

Intriguingly, baseline FC outperforms longitudinal FC change in predicting future cognitive ability. One potential reason is the lower reliability of FC change compared to baseline FC: ICC = 0.24 vs. 0.56. However, reducing baseline FCs reliability by shortening scan duration only partially narrows the predictive gap, suggesting reliability alone cannot be the full explanation. Furthermore, neither baseline FC nor FC change meaningfully predicts longitudinal change in cognitive ability. We also identify converging and diverging predictive network features across cross-sectional and longitudinal models of brain-cognition relationships, revealing a multivariate twist on Simpsons paradox. Together, these findings suggest that during early adolescence, stable individual differences in brain functional network organization play a more critical role than dynamic changes in shaping future cognitive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floris, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Martino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent and divergent brain-cognition relationships during development revealed by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in the ABCD Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological consequences of asymmetric hop diffusion in the cell membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last 30 years, the hop diffusion model has been an important paradigm for interpreting both cell membrane structure and dynamics. The basic premise of the model is that the cell membrane is organized into small domain regions through a combination of multi-component phase-separation and interaction between membrane components and the proximal fibers of the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. The partitioned characteristics of this two-dimensional fluid are thought to impose both steric and hydrodynamic barriers that restrict the free motion of mobile membrane components, save for their occasional passage via  hopping from one domain to another. Previous investigations of hop diffusion within the cell membrane have identified the potential for diffusional anisotropy [Jaqaman et al. 2011. Cell, 146(4), pp.593-606]. This work utilizes numerical simulations and develops new analytical theory to provide an approximate quantitative description of such asymmetric compartmentalization. These methods are then used to examine the physical requirements for generation of asymmetric hop diffusion within the membrane before concluding with a discussion of the potential biological consequences of such behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological consequences of asymmetric hop diffusion in the cell membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammasome activation differences underpin different Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection ranges from latent/non-progressive disease to active/progressive tuberculosis (TB), but the cellular events contributing to these variable outcomes remain unknown. Here, we report that progressive Mtb infection is associated with upregulation of guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and elevated NLR family pyrin domain-containing (NLRP3) inflammasome activation pathways. Using rabbit lungs and in primary rabbit and human macrophages as well as human THP-1 cell line-derived macrophages for infection with laboratory (H37Rv) or clinical Mtb strains (HN878 or CDC1551) that differ in virulence, we show that NLRP3 inflammasome activation by HIF-1 and GBP1 leads to elevated mitochondrial stress, apoptosis and necrosis during progressive infection by HN878. These biological functions and pathways are dampened in rabbit lungs, primary rabbit and human macrophages during non-progressive infection by CDC1551. These findings are consistent with and confirmed by Mtb infection studies of macrophages knocked-down for HIF-1 or GBP1 expression. Our study indicates that differences in HIF-1- and GBP1-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation influence the outcome of Mtb infection to active or latent TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolloli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargavi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soteropoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammasome activation differences underpin different Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic cell-intrinsic TLR/MyD88 signaling promotes the clearance of a live-attenuated oral vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A genital tract pathogenicity-attenuated Chlamydia muridarum mutant, named intrOv, is being developed into an oral vaccine against C. trachomatis infection in the genital tract. Although wild-type C. muridarum persists in the mouse large intestine for long periods, intrOv is cleared by the group 3 innate lymphoid cells that produce IFN{gamma} (IFN{gamma}+ILC3s). The current study aims to reveal the mechanism by which intrOv induces IFN{gamma}+ILC3s for its own clearance from the large intestine. IntrOv-induced IL-23 and IL-23 signaling were required for the clearance of intrOv from the large intestine. The intrOv clearance depended on dendritic cells, as depletion of CD11c+ cells reduced both IL-23 and IFN-{gamma}, resulting in the growth of intrOv. Deletion of MyD88 from dendritic cells, but not phagocytes or epithelial cells, rescued the growth of intrOv, indicating a critical role of MyD88 signaling in dendritic cells. Furthermore, TLR2/4 signaling is also essential for inhibiting intrOv, as the deficiency in TLR2/4 fully rescues the growth of intrOv. Both the TLR and MyD88 signaling must be in the same dendritic cells to inhibit intrOv, as the growth of intrOv in the MyD88- or TLR2/4-deficient mice was blocked by only wild-type bone marrow-derived dendritic cells but not dendritic cells deficient in either MyD88 or TLR2/4. Thus, we have demonstrated a dendritic cell-intrinsic TLR/MyD88/IL-23 pathway for recruiting effectors to clear intrOv from the large intestine. The information may help further improve the efficacy and safety of intrOv and guide the design of future mucosal vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelsalam, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic cell-intrinsic TLR/MyD88 signaling promotes the clearance of a live-attenuated oral vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector protein PE5 hijacks the host CRL2 ubiquitin ligase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading infectious killer and infects one quarter of the global population. During infection, Mtb evade host immune responses via secreted effector proteins that interfere with, modulate, and protect from potent antibacterial responses. One such class of mycobacterial effector proteins are the PE/PPE proteins, a huge family of proteins encoded by an impressive 10% of the Mtb genome. Because some PE/PPEs have demonstrated roles in immune regulation and host cell interaction, and because of the sheer number of PE/PPEs in pathogenic mycobacteria ([~]170-200+ members depending on the species), they are thought to contribute to Mtb virulence and pathogenesis. However, the cellular functions of Mtbs 169 PE/PPE proteins have yet to be comprehensively characterized, at least in part because of their high GC content and large regions of extremely repetitive regions found both in DNA and amino acid sequences. One member of this family, PE5, is likely critical for mycobacterial pathogenesis, but its cellular and molecular functions, particularly within a host cell, are unexplored. We investigated the molecular functions of PE5 using affinity purification coupled mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and identified an interaction with the CRL2 complex, a host E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. PE5 interacts with CRL2 through its C-terminal Gly-Gly motif, which is bound by the CRL2 substrate receptor, KLHDC2. PE5 does not get ubiquitinated, but it is degraded upon being bound by KLHDC2. Interestingly, binding to PE5 increases the autoubiquitination of KLHDC2, but this autoubiquitination does not interfere with KLHDC2s ability to degrade known substrates or the ability of CRL2 to degrade substrates bound by other substrate receptors. Therefore, while PE5 binds to CRL2-KLHDC2 and does not get ubiquitinated itself, it does not appear to impede CRL2 activity. This study identifies a novel interaction between PE5 and a host ubiquitin ligase pathway, and it raises new questions about how PE5s interaction with the host modulates cell biology to promote Mtb virulence. Furthermore, it implicates CRL2 complexes in mediating cell-intrinsic host response to Mtb infection, a novel function for this ubiquitin ligase complex. Our results expand our understanding of how PE/PPEs may target innate immune responses and contribute to our knowledge of how uncharacterized PE/PPEs contribute to Mtbs virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madduri, B. T. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vehra, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radeny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resstel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector protein PE5 hijacks the host CRL2 ubiquitin ligase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence and conflict among telomere specialized transposons across 60 million years of Drosophilid evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila telomere is one of the best-studied examples of active transposable elements (TEs) benefitting, rather than harming, a host genome. All Drosophila species lack telomerase and instead have telomeres composed of head-to-tail arrays of specialized retrotransposons. These TEs ostensibly act as mutualists by elongating chromosome ends, but evidence from species closely related to Drosophila melanogaster suggests that telomeric transposons may also antagonize their host genome. Importantly, the limited number of Drosophila species characterized thus far has precluded our ability to delineate idiosyncratic from universal evolutionary forces and genetic mechanisms that shape the history of these TEs. Here, we have surveyed long-read genome assemblies of over 100 species of Drosophila, identifying a total of 396 telomeric TE families. Our findings show that these telomere-specialized elements evolve rapidly and also undergo striking convergent evolution: the complete loss of telomeric TEs has occurred repeatedly across the genus while individual telomeric TE lineages have repeatedly lost one of their two protein-coding genes. These elements have also repeatedly undergone horizontal transfer between distantly related Drosophila lineages and have repeatedly captured host gene fragments that promote their selfish suppression of host TE-silencing systems. Furthermore, telomere specialization itself appears to have evolved convergently, as some non-telomeric families have gained the ability to target their insertions to telomeres. These results provide unprecedented resolution into the evolution of these unusual TEs and highlight several novel mechanisms by which they evolve in conflict both with each other and their host genome despite the essential telomere function they provide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence and conflict among telomere specialized transposons across 60 million years of Drosophilid evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic responses under differing pH and pCO2 levels in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana are consistent with a hybrid carbon concentrating mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of ongoing anthropogenic climate change are not well known in marine diatoms, a key group of primary producers. In particular, detailed characterizations of their carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM) are lacking, which limits the understanding of how changing ocean carbonate chemistry will impact global primary production. While the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana has been widely studied, contrasting results have prevented the clear elucidation of its CCM. A quantitative proteomic analysis was therefore performed across three experimental treatments (low pCO2/high pH, high pCO2/low pH, low pCO2/low pH) to discern the specific roles of proteins that can be involved in CCMs as well as other cellular processes (e.g. pH and redox regulation). This analysis revealed a hybrid CCM consisting of both biophysical and biochemical steps that facilitate increased CO2 diffusion into the cell, the formation and transport of an organic carbon intermediate into the chloroplast, the subsequent decarboxylation of this intermediate, and the facilitated diffusion of inorganic carbon from the stroma into the pyrenoid-penetrating thylakoid. No evidence supporting alternative roles for the identified CCM proteins was found. As several aspects of this CCM require further investigation, common challenges inherent to CCM research are discussed and strategies to overcome them are suggested.

HighlightExperimental manipulation of carbonate chemistry allowed for the separation of the carbon concentrating mechanism in T. pseudonana from other processes that rely on the same proteins, revealing a hybrid CCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Himes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustka, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic responses under differing pH and pCO2 levels in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana are consistent with a hybrid carbon concentrating mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing scale and complexity of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple study sites present substantial analytic challenges, as existing statistical analysis tools struggle to handle missing voxel-data, suffer from limited computational speed and inefficient memory allocation, and are restricted in the types of statistical designs they are able to model. We introduce Image-Based Meta- & Mega-Analysis (IBMMA), a novel software package implemented in R and Python that provides a unified framework for analyzing diverse neuroimaging features, efficiently handles large-scale datasets through parallel processing, offers flexible statistical modeling options, and properly manages missing voxel-data commonly encountered in multi-site studies. IBMMA produced stronger effect sizes and revealed findings in brain regions that traditional software overlooked due to missing voxel-data resulting in gaps in brain coverage. IBMMA has the potential to accelerate discoveries in neuroscience and enhance the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rektor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.658936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the priming effect in the deep ocean: are microbes too starved to consume recalcitrant organic carbon? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.658936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep ocean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is one of the largest pools of reduced carbon on Earth. Many DOC compounds escape microbial degradation and persist for thousands of years in the ocean. Although many hypotheses have been proposed, the mechanisms responsible for this long-term stability remain unresolved. Heterotrophic microorganisms in the deep ocean are energetically starved and exhibit low metabolic activity. Here, we investigated whether the severe energy limitation in deep sea environments acts as a barrier to microbial degradation of DOC. We hypothesized that alleviating this energetic barrier through the addition of labile compounds (i.e., the priming effect) could stimulate microbial consumption of DOC. We conducted 62-day bottle incubations with deep seawater from the Southern Ocean that were amended with simple organic carbon, nitrogen- and/or phosphorus-containing compounds. We tracked DOC concentration, cell abundance and microbial community structure over the course of the experiment. Our results show no evidence of a priming effect regardless of the priming compound. However, priming compounds selected for distinct microbial populations with little overlap among amended bottles even when compounds were chemically similar. Pseudoalteromonas and Pseudomonas were enriched across all amended bottles, and their competition for labile substrates likely contributed to observed variations in DOC consumption. Our results reveal that the persistence of DOC is not driven by the energetic state of deep-sea microbes. In contrast, our results suggest that inputs of fresh carbon to the deep ocean are more likely to increase DOC sequestration, via the microbial carbon pump, rather than stimulate DOC consumption.

IMPORTANCEThe oceans store vast amounts dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can resist microbial degradation for thousands of years. The mechanisms that underlie the long-term stability of DOC in the ocean are still debated. Microorganisms in this environment exhibit low metabolic activity and are energetically starved. We tested whether the microbial degradation of DOC could be stimulated through the addition of labile compounds. Surprisingly, alleviating energetic constraints did not stimulate the consumption of deep ocean DOC. Additionally, our results suggest that competition among taxa is an important constraint on dissolved organic carbon consumption, with implications for ecosystem processing. Our study indicates that an increase in fresh organic carbon to the deep ocean may enhance carbon sequestration since marine microbes are known to produce recalcitrant compounds. Among other applications, this finding is of consequence for ongoing geoengineering efforts that aim to remove atmospheric carbon by increasing carbon export to the deep sea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaBrie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selden, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.658936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the priming effect in the deep ocean: are microbes too starved to consume recalcitrant organic carbon?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mannoprotein Cig1 Contributes to the Immunogenicity of a Heat-Killed F-box Protein Fbp1 Cryptococcus neoformans Vaccine Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, no fungal vaccine exists for clinical use while fungal infections are responsible for over 1.5 million deaths every year. Our previous studies identified a Cryptococcus neoformans mutant strain fbp1{Delta} as a potential vaccine candidate. This mutant strain contains a deletion of the F-box protein Fbp1, a key subunit of the SCF E3 ligase complex necessary for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Vaccination with heat-killed fbp1{Delta} (HK-fbp1) can elicit protection against C. neoformans parental strain and its sibling species C. gattii in an interferon gamma (IFN-{gamma}) dependent Type 1 immune response. However, we have yet to decipher the immunogenic factor(s) expressed by the fbp1{Delta} mutant that are responsible for the induction of the protective immune response. In this study, we have identified that capsule plays an important role in HK-fbp1 vaccine mediated protection, as acapsular HK-fbp1 cells showed diminished protection against wild type challenge. Additionally, our studies have shown that Cytokine Inducing Glycoprotein 1 (Cig1), a GPI anchored mannoprotein, is regulated by Fbp1 and contributes to the immunogenicity of HK-fbp1. Deletion of Cig1 in the fbp1{Delta} background resulted in decreased recruitment of anti-fungal effector T cells and diminished production of protective inflammatory cytokines by the host. Furthermore, loss of Cig1 in the fbp1{Delta} mutant resulted in reduced protection in vaccination survival studies at lower vaccine inoculum doses compared to HK-fbp1. In aggregate, these findings demonstrate Cig1 is an antigen contributing to the immunogenicity of HK-fbp1 that may be utilized to further optimize the HK-fbp1 fungal vaccine as a tool in the arsenal against invasive fungal infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mannoprotein Cig1 Contributes to the Immunogenicity of a Heat-Killed F-box Protein Fbp1 Cryptococcus neoformans Vaccine Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) destabilizes the coral microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a rapidly spreading lethal coral disease, the etiology of which remains poorly understood. In this study, using deep metagenomic sequencing, we investigate microbial and viral community dynamics associated with SCTLD progression in the Caribbean stony coral Diploria labyrinthiformis. We assembled 264 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and correlated their abundance with disease phenotypes, revealing significant shifts in both the prokaryotic microbiome and virome. Our results provide clear evidence of microbial destabilization in diseased corals, suggesting that microbial dysbiosis is an outcome of SCTLD progression. We identified DNA viruses that increase in abundance in infected corals and are present in SCTLD-affected corals at other sites. In addition, we identify the first putative instance of asymptomatic/resistant SCTLD-affected colonies, suggesting potential microbial induced resilience (i.e., beneficial microbiome). Finally, we propose a mechanistic model of SCTLD progression, in which viral dynamics may contribute to a microbiome collapse. These findings provide novel insights into SCTLD pathogenesis and offer consistent molecular signals of disease across diverse geographic sites, presenting new opportunities for disease monitoring and mitigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalpando, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellares-Blasco, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubillaga, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croquer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) destabilizes the coral microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphiphilic protein surfactants reduce the interfacial tension of biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.19.660548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are protein-dense regions in cells that often arise from liquid-liquid phase separation. Interfacial tension is a key determinant of biomolecular condensate behavior, influencing condensate size and interactions with intracellular structures. Certain proteins and RNAs are known to selectively localize to the interface of condensates, where they can regulate condensate function in cells. Previously, we designed amphiphilic proteins that preferentially adsorb to the surface of condensates. These proteins contain one phase-separating domain (RGG) and one non-phase-separating domain (MBP or GST). Here, we demonstrate through direct quantification that these amphiphilic proteins act as surfactants, reducing the interfacial tension of RGG-RGG condensates from [~]260 {micro}N/m to [~]100 {micro}N/m in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, the GST-based surfactant protein exhibits a 10-fold greater efficacy in lowering interfacial tension compared to the MBP-based surfactant. We show that this increased efficacy is due to its higher surface density, driven by GSTs ability to oligomerize. We also show that these surfactant proteins slow droplet fusion and reduce average droplet size, as would be expected of a typical surfactant. Our findings quantitatively show how surfactant proteins can play a critical role in regulating the behavior of biomolecular condensates by modulating their interfacial tension.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=75 SRC="FIGDIR/small/660548v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphiphilic protein surfactants reduce the interfacial tension of biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antimicrobial Loaded Graft-Copolymer Nanoparticles for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 80% of cystic fibrosis patients are affected by persistent lung infections, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being one of the major culprits. Treatment of P. aeruginosa is further complicated by its ability to form biofilms. Anionic compounds within the biofilm and thick cystic fibrosis mucus interact with cationic antimicrobials, hindering treatment efficacy. In this study, we investigated the treatment of lung infections by delivering antimicrobials via polyelectrolyte surfactants that are composed of an anionic poly(alkylacrylic acid) backbone with grafted polyetheramine pendent chains. When combined with cationic antimicrobials, they self-assemble into nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions. We assessed the role of backbone chemistry and graft density on nanoparticle physical properties and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of these formulations against planktonic and biofilm cultures of P. aeruginosa strains derived from clinical isolates. All synthesized polyelectrolyte surfactants demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial encapsulation, with the extent of drug bound corresponding to the calculated hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values. We observed significantly increased antimicrobial activity against planktonic cultures using nanoformulations containing one of the polyelectrolyte surfactants, PMAA-g-10%J. In contrast, all tested nanoformulations retained, but did not increase, activity against biofilms. By monitoring membrane potentials and nanoparticle uptake, it was found that the nanoparticles directly associate with the bacterial cell membranes, which may enhance drug delivery and underlie the improved activity against the planktonic bacteria. In conclusion, we provide a proof of concept for the design of polyelectrolyte surfactants for the nanoencapsulation and delivery of cationic drug cargoes against P. aeruginosa infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soler, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, M. R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagpal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirn, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial Loaded Graft-Copolymer Nanoparticles for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydration free energy is a significant predictor of globular protein incorporation into condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are assemblies of biomolecules, which function without a dividing lipid membrane in a cellular environment. These MLOs, termed biomolecular condensates, are commonly formed by the thermodynamic process of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and assembly of large numbers of proteins, nucleic acids and co-solvent molecules. Within MLOs, certain biomolecule types are particularly causative of phase separation, and are termed "scaffolds" as they provide the major driving forces for self-assembly. Other molecules that are present in a condensate, but are less causative than the scaffold molecules are termed "clients". Much effort has recently decoded many of the molecular interactions underlying LLPS in search of predicting equilibrium concentrations and materials properties of condensates. In this work, we provide a simple computational approach to predict the partitioning of globular protein clients into condensates primarily composed of disordered protein scaffolds. Specifically, we use multiple methods to calculate hydration free energy of a series of globular proteins, and find that hydration free energy is relatively well-correlated with the partition coefficient of these proteins into condensates. We then provide a comparison of different hydration free energy predictors and discuss why some may provide a more accurate prediction of partitioning. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of hydration free energy as a predictor by identifying other possible confounding factors such as specific interactions, charge matching, and differential solvation inside a condensate, which will aid in making more robust predictions in future studies trained on more diverse data sets.

Significance StatementUnderstanding the extent to which molecules can partition into biomolecular condensates is crucial for deciphering cellular organization and function. This study introduces a simple computational approach to predict the partitioning of globular proteins into condensates using hydration free energy as a key predictor, which can be calculated from static globular protein structures. By comparing different hydration free energy predictors, we also higlight the limitations of relying solely on this hydration free energy, emphasizing the need to consider other molecular factors. We finally analyze the shortcomings of the hydration free energy precitions, and discuss other factors that contribute to partitioning of clients into condensates, namely specific interactions and net charge of the scaffold molecules, and different properties of water in the condensate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dignon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydration free energy is a significant predictor of globular protein incorporation into condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Meets Sleep Medicine: A Proof-of-Concept Clustering of Minute-Resolution CPAP Telemetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that minute-resolution telemetry from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices can be effectively repurposed for large-scale chronotype and adherence phenotyping. We collated 30 consecutive nights from n=200 de-identified ResMed patients into 30 x 1440 colour images, embedded each image with a frozen ResNet-50 convolutional neural network, and clustered the embeddings with k -means. Six distinct phenotypes emerged, capturing both sleep timing (early birds, typical sleepers, night owls) and adherence patterns (high, medium-high, inconsistent, fragmented, and non-adherent). The approach leverages routinely collected clinical data without the need for additional sensors, promising significant benefits for personalized sleep medicine. External validation against actigraphy and questionnaire-based chronotype measures is planned to further strengthen these findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Androulakis, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Meets Sleep Medicine: A Proof-of-Concept Clustering of Minute-Resolution CPAP Telemetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An orally available PfPKG inhibitor blocks sporozoite infection of the liver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.663303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria remains a global health threat exacerbated by emerging resistance to antimalarial therapies and insecticides, climate-driven outbreaks, and limited chemoprotective options. Here, we report the characterization of RUPB-61, the first orally bioavailable inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG). RUPB-61 prevents infection by P. falciparum and P. cynomolgi sporozoites, including the formation of hypnozoites by the latter. A single oral dose blocks liver infection by P. berghei sporozoites in vivo, demonstrating efficacy consistent with further development as a once-weekly prophylaxis based on pharmacokinetic modeling. The compound retains activity against field isolates resistant to chloroquine, mefloquine, cycloguanil, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, suggesting low likelihood of cross-resistance to existing antimalarials. Structural studies and free energy-based modeling guided compound design and prospectively validated the predictive accuracy of an in silico model of PfPKG interactions with this chemotype. While selectivity profiling identified off-target activity against human kinases, structural modeling provides a clear path for optimization. These results establish PfPKG inhibitors as promising candidates for chemoprotection and support further preclinical development of the RUPB-61 chemotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BHANOT, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhiyebi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaniana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilleran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaile, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siekierka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberge, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An orally available PfPKG inhibitor blocks sporozoite infection of the liver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
c-di-GMP-Dependent Regulation of Motility by comFB and comFC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ComFB is encoded in the comF operon of Bacillus subtilis, situated between the genes for ComFA and ComFC. The latter two proteins are essential for natural transformation, whereas ComFB is dispensable. We show here that ComFB binds specifically and with high affinity to the second messenger c-di-GMP and that ComFB acts as a c-di-GMP receptor to inhibit swarming and swimming motility, apparently by interfering with flagellar activity. We show further that in the absence of ComFC, swarming is completely abrogated by a mechanism that requires FB. These results reveal a new c-di-GMP regulatory system that controls motility independently of MotI.

IMPORTANCEBacterial motility is subject to tight regulation, and the second messenger c-di-GMP is often involved in the production and activity of flagella. Revealing the mechanisms of these regulatory pathways is broadly important for understanding bacterial motility and of c-di-GMP-related processes. We show that ComFB is a specific, high-affinity receptor for c-di-GMP that decreases the activity of flagella to control swarming and swimming motility in Bacillus subtilis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-shereef, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubnau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selim, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUBNAU, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[c-di-GMP-Dependent Regulation of Motility by comFB and comFC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating long-term stool preservation methods for maximizing the recovery of viable human fecal microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in human health, prompting efforts to catalogue and preserve its diversity across human populations. While DNA sequencing dominates microbiome research, cultivation remains essential for mechanistic studies and therapeutic development. Yet, best practices for long-term stool preservation remain limited. Here, we compared the stability of eight cryopreservation treatments for maintaining viable stool microbiota over a 1-year storage period at -80{degrees}C (freezer) or at -196{degrees}C (liquid nitrogen), using samples from infants, children, and adults. Combining cultivation on six media with 16S rRNA sequencing, we show that ultralow temperature cryopreservation has minimal impact on microbiota diversity compared to fresh cultures. Standard glycerol preservation and simple snap-freezing performed comparably to more complex and costly protocols, with all cultured samples retaining donor-specific microbiota profiles also after long-term cryopreservation. The lack of strong treatment-specific effects on microbiota composition suggest a shared microbial response to freeze-thaw stress favoring fast-growing taxa. Our findings offer practical, low-cost strategies for stool biobanking.

ImportanceThe cultivation of bacterial taxa from complex communities, such as those in fecal samples, is essential for mechanistic studies and the development of microbiota-based therapeutics, including defined consortia and individual probiotic strains. Such cultivation efforts typically rely on previously stored samples; however, systematic knowledge regarding long-term preservation strategies that ensure viability and regrowth of constituent bacterial taxa remains limited. In this study, we systematically evaluated 16 distinct cryopreservation conditions to assess their efficacy in maintaining bacterial viability. Our results show that conventional glycerol-based preservation and simple snap-freezing are comparable in performance to more elaborate and cost-intensive protocols. Moreover, we identified the duration of sample transport prior to freezing as a critical determinant of post-thaw bacterial recovery. These findings provide valuable data on the relative effectiveness of various preservation methods and support the use of low-cost, easily implementable strategies that are particularly suitable for application in resource-limited settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrinienko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertos Torres, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asare, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Bello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokulich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonaesch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating long-term stool preservation methods for maximizing the recovery of viable human fecal microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-dependent communication of information innetworks of non-oscillatory neurons in response to oscillatory inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neuronal networks process oscillatory inputs is key for deciphering the brains information processing dynamics. Neuronal filters describe the frequency-dependent relationship of neuronal outputs (e.g., membrane potential amplitude, firing rate) and their inputs for the level of neuronal organization (e.g., cellular, network) considered. Band-pass filters are associated to the notion of resonance and reflect the systems ability to respond maximally to inputs at a nonzero (resonant) frequency or a limited (resonant) frequency band. The complementary notion of phasonance refers to the ability of a system to exhibit a zero-phase response for a nonzero (phasonant) input frequency. The biophysical and dynamic mechanisms that shape neuronal filters and give raise to preferred frequency responses to oscillatory inputs are poorly understood beyond single cells. Moreover, the mechanisms that control the frequency-dependent communication of information across cells in a network remain unclear. Here, we use mathematical modeling, analytical calculations, computational simulations and dynamical systems tools to investigate how the complex and nonlinear interaction of the systemss biophysical properties and interacting time scales shape neuronal filters in minimal network models receiving oscillatory inputs with frequencies (f) within some range. The minimal networks consist of one directly stimulated cell (cell 1) connected to another (not directly stimulated) cell (cell 2) via graded chemical synapses. Individual cells are either passive or resonators and chemical synapses are either excitatory or inhibitory. The network outputs consist of the voltage peak envelopes and the impedance amplitude and phase profiles (as a function of f) for the two cells. We introduce the frequency-dependent amplitude K(f) and phase {Delta}{Phi}(f) communication coefficients, defined as the ratio of the amplitude responses of the indirectly and directly stimulated cells and the phase difference between these two cells, respectively. Extending previous work, we also introduce the K-curve, parametrized by f, in the phase-space diagram for the voltage variables of the two participating cells. This curve joins the peak voltage values of the two cells in response to the oscillatory inputs and is a geometric representation of the communication coefficient. It allows to interpret the results and explain the dependence of the properties of the communication coefficient in terms of the biophysical and dynamic properties of the participating cells and synaptic connectivity when analytical calculations are not possible. We describe the conditions under which one or the two cells in the network exhibit resonance and phasonance and the conditions under which the network exhibits K-resonance and {Delta}{Phi}-phasonance and more complex network responses depending as the complexity of the participating cells increases. For linear networks (linear nodes and linear connectivity), K is proportional to the impedance of the indirectly activated cell 2 and {Delta}{Phi} is equal to the phase of the indirectly stimulated cell 2, independent of the directly stimulated cell 1 in both cases. We show that the presence of nonlinear connectivity in the network creates (nonlinear) interactions between the two cells that give rise to K-resonance, {Delta}{Phi}-phasonance and more complex responses that are absent in the corresponding linear networks. The results and methods developed in this paper have implications for the processing of information in more complex networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.664007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-dependent communication of information innetworks of non-oscillatory neurons in response to oscillatory inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One of these things is not like the others: Theta, beta, & ERP dynamics of mismatch detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) enables the detection of mistakes by permitting one to notice when sensory input is mismatched to their internal prediction. Prior studies support the role of frontal midline theta activity, with an overlapping N200 event-related potential (ERP), as a mechanism for comparing incoming sensory stimuli to the internal model. Additionally, posterior low-beta activity has been proposed as a mechanism for processing incoming sensory stimuli in WM. However, it is unknown whether frontal midline theta activity and the N200 support mismatch detection, or whether posterior low-beta activity extends from sensory processing to detecting a mismatch between sensory input and the internal model. Here, we reveal that frontal midline theta supports mismatch detection and explains individual WM performance. Unexpectedly, instead of the N200, results show a positive slow wave ERP overlapping with the frontal midline theta mismatch response. Results additionally indicate a late posterior low-beta response persisting from stimulus presentation into the post-stimulus delay. Our findings establish frontal midline theta as a marker of successful mismatch detection, challenge the domain-general role of the N200 in error detection, and support theories linking posterior low-beta to processing incoming sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One of these things is not like the others: Theta, beta, & ERP dynamics of mismatch detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Synaptic Mechanisms Drive NRXN1 Variant-Mediated Pathogenesis in iPSC-Derived Neuronal Models of Autism and Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number deletions in the 2p16.3/NRXN1 locus confer genome wide risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Prior work demonstrated that heterozygous NRXN1 deletions decreases synaptic strength and neurotransmitter release probability in human-iPSC derived cortical glutamatergic induced neurons and this synaptic phenotype is replicated in SCZ patient iPSCs with varying NRXN1 genomic deletions. What is unknown, however, is whether similar synaptic impairment exists in ASD patients carrying NRXN1 deletions. Answering this question is important to determine whether all NRXN1 deletion carriers should be treated similarly or individually, based on their genetic backgrounds and deletion breakpoints. Here, using previously uncharacterized ASD patient iPSC lines, we show that ASD-NRXN1 deletions impact cortical synaptic function and plasticity in unique ways compared to SCZ-NRXN1 deletions. Specifically, at a single neuronal level, ASD-NRXN1 deletions alter basal spontaneous synaptic transmission by selectively enhancing excitatory synaptic signaling with no changes at inhibitory synapses while SCZ-NRXN1 deletions reduce both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. At the neuronal network level, there exists enhanced transmission probability and irregular firing patterns in ASD-NRXN1 deletions. Such changes at the synaptic and network level connectivity patterns influence a critical form of developmental cortical plasticity, synaptic scaling, as ASD-NRXN1 deletions uniquely fail to upscale their synaptic strength in response to chronic neuronal silencing. Together, these findings highlight the disorder-specific consequences of NRXN1 deletions on synaptic function and connectivity, offering mechanistic insights with implications for therapeutic targeting and refinement strategies for NRXN1-associated synaptopathies.

HighlightsO_LINovel ASD patient-iPSC-derived E-I culture model to investigate pathogenic NRXN1 deletions on cortical synaptic function and plasticity
C_LIO_LIASD-NRXN1 deletions enhance basal synaptic transmission by specifically increasing excitatory neurotransmitter release, opposite of SCZ-NRXN1 deletions
C_LIO_LISynaptic scaling homeostasis is impaired in ASD-NRXN1 deletions
C_LIO_LISpike train cross-correlation analysis reveals increased transmission probability and irregular firing patterns in ASD-NRXN1 deletions
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSweeney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinderhofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proskauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.664735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Synaptic Mechanisms Drive NRXN1 Variant-Mediated Pathogenesis in iPSC-Derived Neuronal Models of Autism and Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herringa, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humanized TfR1 and transferrin gene-replacement rats for in vivo evaluation of BBB transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)-transferrin (TF) axis plays a central role in iron homeostasis and has long been recognized as a promising route for delivering biologics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have developed a class of human-specific anti-TfR1 nanobodies (NewroBus) that exploit this transport pathway. However, the lack of cross-reactivity with rodent TfR1 limits the utility of standard animal models for preclinical testing. To overcome this challenge, we generated knock-in (KI) rats in which the coding sequences of the endogenous Tfrc and Tf genes were replaced with human coding sequences, yielding animals that express human TfR1 and/or human TF under physiological control. Rats homozygous for both humanized alleles were viable and fertile, indicating that the human proteins can functionally replace their rodent equivalents. Nonetheless, these double homozygous rats exhibited erythropoietic abnormalities and tissue-specific alterations in iron distribution--characterized by decreased splenic and increased hepatic iron--suggesting incomplete functional compensation. In contrast, heterozygous rats showed only mild, subclinical hematologic changes (microcytosis and hypochromia). These findings demonstrate that the humanized TfR1-TF axis is compatible with life and iron regulation, albeit with varying degrees of compensation depending on gene dosage. Importantly, these KI rats provide a translationally relevant platform for evaluating pharmacokinetics, CNS penetration, and safety of human-specific BBB-targeting therapeutics, including NewroBus-based biologics and other TfR1-mediated delivery strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yesiltepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Adamio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humanized TfR1 and transferrin gene-replacement rats for in vivo evaluation of BBB transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural components underlying successful free recall are specific to episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEpisodic memory depends upon activity distributed across the brain. However, the activity underlying memory has largely been examined within single tasks in isolation. Thus it is unclear to what extent prior findings reflect task-general rather than memory-specific cognitive processes. Here we address this question using data from 371 patients recorded intracranially who performed a free recall task with encoding and retrieval phases alongside an arithmetic distractor phase. We ask whether neural decoders fit to predict behavior from one phase transfer to the others. Encoding-retrieval transfer exceeds both arithmetic-encoding and arithmetic-retrieval transfer and therefore cannot be explained solely by processes supporting arithmetic. We further detect transfer between arithmetic and retrieval but not between arithmetic and encoding. The brain-behavioral relations observed in these tasks thus do not merely reflect a single task-general factor of activity. We propose cross-task decoding as a method for identifying the neural factor structure underlying distinct cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeHaan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randazzo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanastassiou, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural components underlying successful free recall are specific to episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring polycyclic scaffolds as adamantane replacements in M2 channel inhibitors of Influenza A virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing resistance of influenza A viruses to adamantane-based antivirals underscores the need for new inhibitors targeting both wild-type (WT) and mutant M2 ion channels. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of polycyclic cage amines designed to replace the adamantane scaffold as M2 inhibitors. These include ring-contracted and ring-expanded analogues, evaluated both as primary amines and as aryl-/heteroaryl-substituted derivatives.

Most of the polycyclic amines inhibited the WT M2 channel as demonstrated by electrophysiological assays. Among them, compound 10, a 3,4,8,9-tetramethyltetracyclo[4.4.0.03..0.]decan-1-amine, emerged as a triple blocker active against M2 WT, M2 L27F, and M2 V27A channels. In contrast, compound 6c, a noradamantane-isoxazole derivative, showed selective inhibition of the S31N mutant. Although no antiviral activity was observed against influenza A virus in infected cell assays, both compounds 6c and 10 displayed significant antiviral activity against human coronavirus 229E. Furthermore, compound 10 demonstrated favourable pharmacokinetic properties.

MD simulations show that noradamantane 6c binds inside the M2 S31N pore, with its ammonium forming H-bonds to Asn31 and the isoxazole positioned near Val27, restricting water entry. In contrast, larger polycyclic amines likely cannot access the pore due to steric hindrance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turcu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brea, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Val, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naesens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolocouris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.26.666854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring polycyclic scaffolds as adamantane replacements in M2 channel inhibitors of Influenza A virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron dysregulation in mice engineered with a mutation associated with stuttering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by involuntary disruptions in the normal fluency and timing of speech. Recently, stuttering has been related to specific point mutations in GNPTAB, a gene involved in lysosomal enzyme-targeting pathways, though it remains unclear how such a mutation might cause the stuttering phenotype. Herein, we studied mice engineered with the mutation in the Gnptab gene found in humans who stutter and found increased iron deposition in the basal ganglia of these mice. Further, we found these iron deposits localized predominantly with regional astrocytes when Perls stain was combined with an astrocyte-specific marker. Reducing iron deposition in the brain with iron chelation therapy improved vocalization symptoms in Gnptab-mutant mice. Our data suggest a relationship between the Gnptab mutation, iron homeostasis in astrocytes, and the stuttering phenotype, for which the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millwater, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karutury, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, P. P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SheikhBahaei, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron dysregulation in mice engineered with a mutation associated with stuttering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-Scale Assemblies of Flowering Dogwood Cultivars Enable Identification of Candidate Genes Regulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Leaves and Bracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe North American-native ornamental tree, flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), has a showy bract display that can range in color from white to pink to deep red. Although many trees have white bracts, there is consumer demand for novel pigmentation in the bracts combined with other traits of interest. Because the genetic basis of all traits in flowering dogwood is unknown, combining them using traditional breeding efforts is time, labor, and space-intensive.
C_LIO_LIWe developed foundational genomic resources to establish marker-assisted selection within flowering dogwood breeding. We generated diploid, chromosome-scale, annotated genome assemblies for one pink-bracted and red-leafed tree and one white-bracted and green-leafed tree. Additionally, a phenotyping protocol for bract color and presence/absence diagnostic SNPs for bract and leaf color were established.
C_LIO_LIWe leveraged these resources to evaluate linkage associations and differential gene expression related to anthocyanin biosynthesis to identify candidate genes regulating bract and leaf pigmentation. Within a 14Mb locus we identified 14 anthocyanin-related candidate genes. Two genes, with MYB (g19533) and RING finger (g19556) binding domains, had both differential gene expression and variants with the expected segregation pattern.
C_LIO_LIThese resources will be valuable in combining pink-red bracts with other traits to advance flowering dogwood breeding.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamm, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggess, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadziabdic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigiano, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingeman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molnar, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leebens-Mack, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulse-Kemp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staton, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-Scale Assemblies of Flowering Dogwood Cultivars Enable Identification of Candidate Genes Regulating Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Leaves and Bracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validated ligand geometries for macromolecular refinement restraints and molecular mechanics force fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In macromolecular structure refinement the low observation-to-parameter ratio and the lack of high-resolution data is countered by using a priori information in the form of restraints. Having accurate geometries of the chemical entities in the sample is paramount for generating accurate chemical restraints and, therefore, accurate macromolecular structures. In particular, it is desirable to have accurate restraints for known and novel ligand entities. Quantum Mechanics (QM) can minimise the energy of a ligand by adjusting its geometry, and these geometries can be used to generate restraints macromolecular refinement. We describe here a library of 37,000 small molecules extracted from the Chemical Components Dictionary in the Protein Data Bank and minimized by density functional QM. The library includes restraint files for use in crystallography or cryo-EM refinement, along with files suitable for molecular dynamics simulation. Because the geometries are validated, the restraints library provides users with both functional restraints and minimised geometries. This work also provides procedures for generating new and accurate restraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriarty, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebschner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.668229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validated ligand geometries for macromolecular refinement restraints and molecular mechanics force fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CX3CR1 Fate-Mapping In Vivo Distinguishes Cochlear Resident and Recruited Macrophages After Acoustic Trauma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear injury activates the resident macrophages (RM) and recruits the blood-circulating monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo/Mo-M), but their specific functions in the injured cochlea are unknown. It is well established that the chemokine fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1), expressed by cochlear macrophages, influences the density of those macrophages and promotes synaptic repair and spiral ganglion neuron survival in the injured cochlea. As CX3CR1 is expressed on both RM and Mo/Mo-M, it remains unclear if CX3CR1-expressing RM and Mo/Mo-M are distinct and differentially promote SGN survival after cochlear injury. Here, we demonstrate the use of fate mapping via a tamoxifen-inducible CX3CR1 mouse model (CX3CR1YFP-CreERT2/wildtype:R26RFP) wherein CX3CR1-expressing RM and Mo/Mo-M are endogenously labeled with different fluorescent reporters to define the heterogeneity in cochlear macrophages regarding their origin, turnover, spatiotemporal distribution, morphology, and fate following a loud acoustic trauma. After 60 days of tamoxifen injections at 4 weeks of age, long-lived cochlear RM were YFP+ RFP+ with 98.0 {+/-} 1.7% recombinant efficiency, and short-lived blood-circulating CX3CR1 lineage (Mo/Mo-M) were YFP+ RFP-with 2.5 {+/-} 1.1% recombinant efficiency. Following an acoustic trauma of 112 dB SPL at 8-16 kHz octave band for 2 hours, morphologically similar RM and Mo/Mo-M were observed in the spiral ganglion, lamina, ligament, and around the sensory epithelium. Quantification of RM and Mo/Mo-M in the spiral lamina and ganglion revealed distinct spatial and temporal distribution patterns. Furthermore, recruited Mo/Mo-M expressed classical monocyte markers such as Ly6C and CCR2. Both RM and Mo/Mo-M were positive for proliferation marker, Ki67, and negative for apoptotic marker, cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that the overall increase in macrophage numbers in the noise-injured cochlea is a contribution of both the proliferation of RM and recruitment of Mo/Mo-M. Probing for blood-clotting protein, fibrinogen, showed its presence in the cochlea after acoustic trauma, suggesting vascular damage that positively and strongly correlated with the time course of recruitment of blood-circulating Mo/Mo-M in the noise-injured cochlea. These data imply that macrophages in the noise-injured cochlea are heterogeneous regarding their ontogeny, distribution, and fate. They offer a robust tool to study the precise roles of resident and recruited macrophages in healthy and pathological ears.

SummaryUsing the novel CX3CR1 fate-mapping model, our data uncover diversity of macrophages with respect to their ontogeny, turnover, spatiotemporal distribution, and fate in the normal and noise-injured cochlea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murali, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stothert, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereyra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalkina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CX3CR1 Fate-Mapping In Vivo Distinguishes Cochlear Resident and Recruited Macrophages After Acoustic Trauma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Ag85A disrupts plasma membrane domains and promotes free mycolic acid accumulation in mycobacteria. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mycomembrane of mycobacteria, composed primarily of long-chain mycolic acids, is critical for cell survival, structural integrity, and resistance to environmental stress, yet its underlying synthesis mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the role of Ag85A, a key enzyme in mycomembrane synthesis, in regulating plasma membrane domains and cell envelope organization in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Using {Delta}Ag85A deletion mutants, we combined microscopy, biochemical assays, thin-layer chromatography, and lipid analysis to evaluate changes in membrane structure, chemical accumulation, and lipid composition. Ag85A deletion leads to altered plasma membrane domain organization, increased chemical accumulation, changes in cell envelope lipid composition. Unexpectedly, lipid analysis revealed accumulation--not depletion--of mycolic acids in the mutant, suggesting that increased permeability is not directly due to mycolic acid loss. These findings highlight a novel link between mycomembrane composition and plasma membrane domain stability. Our study not only advances understanding of mycobacterial cell envelope architecture but also identifies potential targets for enhancing drug penetration in resistant mycobacterial infections.

SignificanceThe unique cell envelope of mycobacteria is central to survival, enabling it to resist immune defenses and antibiotic treatment. In this study, we reveal a novel function of Ag85A, a synthase of outmost layer of mycobacteria beyond its known role in mycolyltransferase activity: it is essential for the formation of plasma membrane domains that orchestrate cell envelope synthesis. By structuring plasma membrane domains, Ag85A contributes directly to the resilience of the cell envelope, reinforcing mycobacterial survival mechanisms under hostile conditions. Our findings provide a pivotal insight into mycobacterial cell biology, with broad implications for therapeutic development. Disrupting Ag85A-dependent membrane domain formation could weaken the protective cell envelope, offering a promising approach to enhance current treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fnu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freundlic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegrist, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Ag85A disrupts plasma membrane domains and promotes free mycolic acid accumulation in mycobacteria.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethanol induces neuroimmune dysregulation and soluble TREM2 generation in a human iPSC neuron, astrocyte, microglia triculture model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect substantial populations worldwide and increase the risk of developing cognitive impairments and alcohol-associated dementia. While chronic inflammatory signaling likely plays an important role in alcohol-associated neurological sequalae, the precise mechanisms underlying alcohol-associated neuropathology remain enigmatic. We hypothesize that alcohol leads to neuroimmune dysregulation among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia; and is perpetuated by innate immune signaling pathways involving cell-cell signaling. To investigate how alcohol dysregulates neuroimmune interactions in a human context, we constructed a triculture model comprising neurons, astrocytes, and microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. After exposure to ethanol, we observed significant differential gene expression relating to innate immune pathways, inflammation, and microglial activation. Microglial activation was confirmed with morphological analysis and expression of CD68, a lysosomal-associated membrane protein and marker for phagocytic microglial activation. A striking finding in our study was the elevation of TREM2 expression and, specifically, TREM2 alternative splice variants that are predicted to give rise to soluble TREM2. TREM2 has been reported to be a risk factor for Alzheimers disease. These results suggest that ethanol exposure in the brain may lead to increased microglial activation and production of soluble isoform named TREM2219 through alternate splicing. Deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning ethanol-related neuroimmune dysregulation within a human context promises to shed light on the etiology of AUD-related disorders, potentially contributing to the development of effective therapeutic strategies.

HighlightsO_LIWe prepared a "triculture" of human iPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes and microglia
C_LIO_LIEthanol treatment produces substantial changes in gene expression with prominent effects on neuroimmune signaling
C_LIO_LISeveral microglia-specific genes are induced by ethanol in tricultures but not in cultures of microglia alone
C_LIO_LITREM2 expression is increased following ethanol treatment and results indicate a differential splicing of isoforms, encoding a soluble form of TREM2
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boreland, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillitano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethanol induces neuroimmune dysregulation and soluble TREM2 generation in a human iPSC neuron, astrocyte, microglia triculture model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exoproteome of calorie-restricted humans identifies complement deactivation as an immunometabolic checkpoint reducing inflammaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan, yet the convergent immunometabolic mechanism of healthspan remains unclear. Using longitudinal plasma proteomics analyses in humans achieving 14% CR for 2 years, we identified that inhibition of the complement pathway is linked to lower inflammaging. The protein C3a (and its cleaved form) was significantly lowered by CR, thus reducing inflammation emanating from three canonical complement pathways. Interestingly, circulating C3a levels are increased during aging in mice, with visceral adipose tissue macrophages as the predominant source. In macrophages, C3a signaling via ERK elevated inflammatory cytokine production, suggesting the existence of an autocrine loop that promotes inflammaging. Notably, long-lived FGF21-overexpressing mice and PLA2G7-deficient mice exhibited lower C3a in aging. Specific small molecule-mediated systemic C3 inhibition reduced inflammaging, improved metabolic homeostasis, and enhanced healthspan of aged mice. Collectively, our findings reveal that complement C3 deactivation is a metabolically regulated inflammaging checkpoint that can be harnessed to extend healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youm, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Hurtado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitsev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravussin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exoproteome of calorie-restricted humans identifies complement deactivation as an immunometabolic checkpoint reducing inflammaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal Fusions and Evolutionary Forces: Exploring theNeo-Sex Chromosome System of Anolis distichus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes differ from autosomes due to their unique pattern of in-heritance and regions of hemizygosity in non-recombining areas. However, the study of sex chromosomes and sex-linked gene evolution has been limited by the rarity of truly novel sex chromosome complements in model systems. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the identification of neo-sex chromosomes, created by the fission or fusion of autosomes with sex chromosomes, providing a new avenue to investigate the dynamics of sex chromosome evolution. Squamate reptiles, particularly Anolis lizards, are an excellent system for studying the consequences of sex-linkage due to their frequent sex chromosome-autosome fusions. The Hispaniolan Bark Anole, Anolis distichus, has experienced two sex chromosome and autosome fusions that led to a multiple sex chromosome system (X1X2Y). We present a high-quality whole-genome assembly and annotation of a male A. distichus (X1X2Y), enabling a detailed analysis of all three of its neo-sex chromosomes. We identify scaffolds associated with X1, X2, and Y chromosomes using an integra-tive approach and estimate degeneration and selection strength. Our results support long-held theories of differential evolutionary pressures in sex chromosomes, such as the Fast X effect and Y degeneration. Additionally, we find that chromosome 12 has become sex-linked independently in two different Anolis species, suggesting that some autosomes may be more likely to become sex-linked. Altogether, our genome adds to the diversity of available taxa sequenced and enables novel comparative analyses in a variety of fields, including speciation, chromosomal synteny, and sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falvey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanerelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hime, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geneva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal Fusions and Evolutionary Forces: Exploring theNeo-Sex Chromosome System of Anolis distichus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Spiking Activity from Scalp EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of electroencephalography (EEG) research, the relationship between EEG and underlying spiking dynamics remains unclear. This limits our ability to infer local neural dynamics reflected in intracranial signals from EEG, a critical step to bridge electrophysiological findings across species and to develop non-invasive brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). We recorded spiking activity from a 32-channel floating microarray permanently implanted in parafoveal V1 and scalp-EEG in a male macaque monkey. While the animal fixated, the screen flickered at different temporal frequencies to induce steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). We analyzed the relationship between the V1 multi-unit spiking activity envelope (MUAe) and EEG frequency bands to predict MUAe at each time point from EEG. We extracted instantaneous spectrotemporal features of the EEG signal, including phase, amplitude, and phase-amplitude coupling of its frequency bands. Although the relationship between these features and the V1 MUAe was complex and frequency-dependent, it was reliably predictive of the MUAe. Specifically, in a multivariate linear regression predicting MUAe from EEG, each EEG feature (phase, amplitude, coupling) contributed to model predictions. In addition, we found that MUAe predictions were better in shallow than deep cortical layers, and that the phase of stimulus frequency further improved MUAe predictions. Our study shows that a comprehensive account of spectrotemporal features of non-invasive EEG can inform about underlying spiking activity, which is beyond what is available when the amplitude or phase of the EEG signal is considered separately. This demonstrates the richness of the EEG signal and its complex relationship with neural spiking activity and suggests that using more comprehensive spectrotemporal signatures could improve BMI applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Spiking Activity from Scalp EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-vocal motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model linked to stuttering disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by involuntary disruptions in speech. In addition, non-vocal motor impairments are reported in some individuals who stutter. Although its precise cause remains unknown, mutations in lysosomal trafficking proteins (such as GNPTAB) have been identified in a subgroup of people who stutter. To understand the functional significance of these mutations, transgenic Gnptab mice have been developed, and as expected, these mice exhibit vocal deficits throughout developmental stages. However, whether these mice also display non-vocal motor impairments is unknown. Our data reveal deficits in the breathing, locomotion, and grooming behaviors of the Gnptab mouse model, outlining a broader phenotype linked to GNPTAB mutations in stuttering. These findings suggest that lysosomal dysfunction may disrupt astrocyte-regulated motor circuits, affecting both vocal and non-vocal rhythmic behaviors that are central to stuttering neurophysiological symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millwater, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SheikhBahaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-vocal motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model linked to stuttering disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sound-evoked auditory neurophysiological signals are a window into prodromal functional differences in a preclinical model of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing is the largest modifiable mid-life risk factor for Alzheimers Disease (AD), yet its link to dementia remains unclear. We identified a neurophysiological biomarker of AD risk using the non-invasive, rapidly acquired, and clinically translatable auditory brainstem response (ABR) in normal hearing knock-in rats (Swedish familial AD risk variant to Amyloid precursor protein, AppS; male and female). Human ABRs have been proposed as a biomarker for AD and related dementias. The novel metric reported here is derived from multidimensional parametric feature extraction on the distribution statistics of repeated single-trial ABR traces. We report accurate prediction of genetic risk for AD risk in young and aged rats: AppS separate clearly from healthy humanized (AppH) in sex- and age-dependent manners. Notably, auditory learning during young adulthood shifted the AppS ABR signature towards a healthy AppH-like state that maintained over time into older age. Altogether the findings support the utility of the ABR to track disease state, progression, and effects of intervention, and point to a central neural generator of auditory dysfunction related to AD risk. ABRs could provide a very early biomarker for detection of AD risk and used to test the synergy of auditory and cognitive functions in human dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youssef, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sound-evoked auditory neurophysiological signals are a window into prodromal functional differences in a preclinical model of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dachsous-Fat Signaling Shapes the Drosophila Wing through Mechanical Forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper organ shape is critical for function. The Drosophila wing normally adopts an elongated shape, but mutations in the Dachsous-Fat pathway result in rounder wings. The mechanism by which this occurs has remained unclear. Here, we show that Ds-Fat signaling shapes the wing during the larval stage, rather than during pupal development when morphogenetic rearrangements transform the developing wing disc into the adult wing. We further find that Ds-Fat alters tissue wide stresses in the wing disc, and genetic manipulations that reduce cytoskeletal tension result in rounder wings, whereas increasing cytoskeletal tension produces more elongated wings. Reduced tension is also associated with less oriented growth during development. Notably, increased cytoskeletal tension partially rescues the rounder shape caused by ds knockdown. These results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which Ds-Fat signaling determines wing shape, involving regulation of tissue tension to orient growth and shape the wing primordia during larval development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dachsous-Fat Signaling Shapes the Drosophila Wing through Mechanical Forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD300LG is a receptor for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that facilitates postprandial lipid clearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating triglycerides are principally transported by triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (TRLs) including very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons and require the activity of lipoprotein lipase for appropriate lipid processing and cellular uptake. Despite known genetic links between CD300LG variants and altered lipid profiles, the functional role of CD300LG in lipid metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we identify CD300LG as a crucial receptor for TRLs. Human genetic analyses reveal that reduced CD300LG protein levels are causally linked with CAD risk and increased number, diameter, and TAG concentration of TRLs. In mice, CD300LG deficiency results in postprandial hypertriglyceridemia independent of changes in VLDL secretion, intestinal lipid absorption, or lipoprotein lipase activity. Mechanistically, CD300LG acts as a receptor for TRLs through a direct interaction with ApoA4 to facilitate TRL clearance at the microvascular endothelium. These findings elucidate new functions for both CD300LG and ApoA4 and advance our general understanding of triglyceride metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granade, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tveter, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesian, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam Neale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzocca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archambault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonavane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laforest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth Flach, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD300LG is a receptor for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that facilitates postprandial lipid clearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed theta networks support the control of working memory: Evidence from scalp and intracranial EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We combined scalp EEG and intracranial EEG (iEEG) to identify spectral and network-level signatures of executive control during a delayed match-to-sample task working memory task. To isolate executive processes, we contrasted test and sample phases, matched in perceptual input but differing in cognitive demand. Scalp EEG revealed increased frontal midline theta event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs), dynamic increases and decreases in posterior theta-alpha ERSPs, and decreased central alpha-beta ERSPs during the test phase. These local spectral changes were accompanied by enhanced frontoposterior theta phase synchrony and network hub strength, predicting higher behavioral accuracy. Using a novel cross-modal scalp EEG-iEEG ERSP similarity approach, we localized the sources of scalp-derived frontal midline, posterior, and central control effects to medial frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. Our results integrate power and connectivity measures across scalp and iEEG, linking local spectral fluctuations to broader network organization. Together, they support a model in which executive control emerges from flexible, temporally precise coordination between medial frontal control hubs and posterior representational systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikhouni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-McManus, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed theta networks support the control of working memory: Evidence from scalp and intracranial EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Cholesterol on Amyloid-induced Membrane Poration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aggregation of amyloid peptides and their interactions with lipid membranes are central to the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate how varying cholesterol concentrations (0%, 15%, and 30%) modulate amyloid-induced membrane poration. In cholesterol-free bilayers, pore formation was reproducibly observed in all simulations, whereas the presence of 15% cholesterol significantly reduced pore incidence, and 30% cholesterol entirely suppressed pore formation. Analysis revealed that cholesterol stiffens the bi-layer and strongly inhibits peptide-induced perturbations. Furthermore, cholesterol reduced the inter-leaflet mechanical coupling critical for transmembrane {beta}-sheet formation, a key step in pore initiation. Our findings suggest that increasing cholesterol content protects membranes against amyloid-induced poration, providing a potential molecular basis for the observed reduction in amyloid toxicity in cholesterol-enriched environments. These results offer new insights into the complex role of membrane com-position in amyloid-related diseases and highlight cholesterol as a potential modulator of amyloid cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieuwkoop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Cholesterol on Amyloid-induced Membrane Poration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Reproductive Isolation among Ecologically Divergent Anolis Lizards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of reproductive isolation lies at the core of our modern concept of species. Despite this central importance, study of the evolution of reproductive isolation is largely limited to a set of laboratory amenable species. When shallowly divergent populations are associated with different habitats, extrinsic isolation is often assumed to play a major role. Because this type of isolation is environmentally mediated it can be ephemeral, for instance, if habitats change in response to climate. In contrast, intrinsic isolation is heritable and therefore loss of this type of isolation requires genetic changes in one or both populations. We performed a hybridization and backcross experiment to test for and characterize intrinsic reproductive isolation between two recently diverged, ecologically differentiated populations of Anolis lizards. We find evidence of substantial intrinsic isolation that appears to operate at the postmating, prezygotic phase. Our findings suggest that intrinsic isolation may play a substantial role in the maintenance of shallow, yet ecologically divergent, lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geneva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glor, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Reproductive Isolation among Ecologically Divergent Anolis Lizards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking a putative short-chain dehydrogenase (Rv0148) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen that survives in host cells by resisting hostile antimicrobial defenses. However, the molecules and mechanisms that contribute to Mtbs intracellular survival are not fully understood. We have previously reported that Rv0148, a putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, plays a significant role in Mtb stress response and virulence in in vitro and in vivo models. To further understand the role of Rv0148 in regulating global functions of Mtb, we performed comparative proteomic analysis between pathogenic wild-type (WT) and{Delta} rv0148 mutant strains. Our mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach identified a total of 738 and 469 proteins, respectively, in the WT and{Delta} rv0148 mutant, with distinct expression patterns. Gene Ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of proteins involved in biological processes such as resistant to host immune response and protein homeostasis in{Delta} rv0148 mutant, while peptidoglycan biosynthesis and ribosomal metabolism pathways were downregulated. Further network analysis revealed dysregulation of proteins involved in bacterial stress response, cell wall components, ribosomal and secretory proteins, suggesting impaired translational machinery in{Delta} rv0148 mutant. Functional categorization of differentially regulated proteins in{Delta} rv0148 mutant showed broad reprogramming in intermediary metabolism, stress adaptation, and secretion. These findings indicate that Rv0148 functions as a global regulatory node, which influences remodeling of cell wall components and bacterial physiology, potentially balancing survival and stress adaptation mechanisms in Mtb.

IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a notorious pathogen that can resist the hostile host environment to survive intracellularly and to cause disease. However, the molecular determinants that contribute to Mtbs adaptation to resist the host-imposed stress conditions are not fully understood. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Rv0148, a putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, is involved in Mtb stress response and virulence. In this study, the genome wide proteomic profile of Mtb mutant lacking Rv0148 ({Delta}rv0148) was investigated. Compared to the wild type Mtb strain, striking changes in proteome profile of{Delta} rv0148 mutant was noted. Proteins involved in the ESX secretion system, stress response, ribosomal protein metabolism and cell wall components were significantly affected in the{Delta} rv0148 mutant. The impact of these changes in biological functions that link Rv0148s role in Mtbs adaptation to stress conditions is discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargavi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deenadayalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaniyandi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking a putative short-chain dehydrogenase (Rv0148)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed Cortical Network Dynamics of Binocular Convergent Eye Movements in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging studies in humans have localized brain functions to specific brain regions, but a recent shift toward distributed network-based models of brain function promises deeper insights into the network processes that generate brain functionality. Resting-state functional connectivity provides a rich mapping of the brains network architecture, linking with both underlying structure and task-evoked responses across the whole brain. In this study, we utilized a model based on propagation of task-evoked activations over resting-state functional connectivity networks to identify cortical contributions to localized functional brain activations associated with binocular convergent eye movements. Binocular vision is crucial for daily routine activities, with its impairment leading to significant challenges in daily life. The distributed network-level mechanisms of binocular convergent eye movements remain unknown. Results showed that mapping activity flow over brain connections accurately generated actual brain activations associated with convergent eye movements, which were distinct from those observed during control tasks. The visual and dorsal attention networks dominated the propagation of activations through resting-state connections during convergent eye movements. Submodel analyses further revealed that restricting activity flow to individual networks, such as the visual or dorsal attention systems alone, substantially reduced model accuracy, underscoring the necessity of distributed, whole-brain contributions. In conclusion, highly distributed network pathways are involved in convergent eye movements, with some pathways contributing much more than others, providing important implications for future clinical models of binocular dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hajebrahimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed Cortical Network Dynamics of Binocular Convergent Eye Movements in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DFFB suppresses interferon to enable cancer persister cell regrowth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogene targeted cancer therapies can provide deep responses but frequently suffer from acquired resistance.1 Therapeutic approaches to treat tumours which have acquired drug resistance are complicated by continual tumour evolution and multiple co-occurring resistance mechanisms.2,3 Rather than treating resistance after it emerges, it may possible to prevent it by inhibiting the adaptive processes which initiate resistance but these are poorly understood.4 Here we report that residual cancer persister cells that survive oncogene targeted therapy are growth arrested by drug stress-induced intrinsic Type I interferon (IFN) signaling. To escape growth arrest, persister cells leverage apoptotic machinery to transcriptionally suppress interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Mechanistically, persister cells sublethally engage apoptotic caspases to activate DNA endonuclease DNA Fragmentation Factor B (DFFB, also known as Caspase-Activated DNase (CAD)) which induces DNA damage, mutagenesis, and stress response factor Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3). ATF3 limits Activator Protein-1 (AP1)-mediated ISG expression sufficiently to allow persister cell regrowth. Persister cells deficient in DFFB or ATF3 exhibit high ISG expression and are consequently unable to regrow. Therefore, sublethal apoptotic stress paradoxically promotes regrowth of residual cancer cells that survive drug treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervasio, D. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkal, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuhlfire, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauch, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plawat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paw, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hairani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangauer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DFFB suppresses interferon to enable cancer persister cell regrowth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.669939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COX2-independent and COX2-dependent effects of naproxen on bone quality, osteocytes, and fatigue fracture healing in male and female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.669939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use increases stress fracture risk, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used Ptgs2-Y385F mice, which lack cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) enzyme activity, to test the hypothesis that naproxen decreases strain adaptive bone remodeling in a COX2-dependent manner and decreases bone toughness and fracture resistance through COX2-independent effects. MicroCT and mechanical testing showed minimal baseline differences between Ptgs2-Y385F and wild-type (WT) mice. Following non-damaging forelimb compression, naproxen decreased load-induced bone formation in WT, but not Ptgs2-Y385F mice, consistent with a COX2-dependent effect. In contrast, naproxen reduced bone toughness and post-yield deformation across genotypes and doses, supporting a COX2-independent mechanism. Histologically, naproxen increased empty osteocyte lacunae in both genotypes, while osteoblast number, total lacunae, and perilacunar labeling were increased only in WT mice. Naproxen pre-treatment before fatigue fracture produced mild, sex-specific effects on fracture initiation and healing. Analysis of osteocyte dendritic networks in uninjured femurs revealed sexually dimorphic changes in dendrite number and density in naproxen-treated mice as compared to vehicle. In total, naproxen influences bone through both COX2-dependent and COX2-independent mechanisms, with some sexual dimorphism. These findings confirm that regular NSAID usage compromises skeletal health and underscore the need for new pain management strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciuciu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciuciu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrientos, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPoint, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.669939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COX2-independent and COX2-dependent effects of naproxen on bone quality, osteocytes, and fatigue fracture healing in male and female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of Escherichia coli Regulating Drosophila melanogaster Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemosensory systems are critical for insect survival, enabling host seeking, food acquisition, and oviposition site selection. While insect-associated microbes are known to influence host development and immunity, their role in modulating chemosensory behavior remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Escherichia coli, a bacterium identified in non-gut tissues of Aedes albopictus and experimentally reintroduced into axenic Drosophila melanogaster, alters both larval and adult sensory-driven behaviors. In larvae, E. coli infection modified phototaxis and mechanosensory responses across genotypes, while tunneling and thermosensory behaviors were specifically dependent on the ionotropic receptor co-receptor IR25a. In adults, E. coli increased attraction to fermentation cues (apple cider vinegar, ethanol) and enhanced sucrose consumption in wild-type and Orco-deficient flies, but not in IR25a-deficient mutants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that E. coli shifted cuticular hydrocarbon composition toward shorter-chain alkanes and increased the sex pheromone 9-tricosene in an IR25a-dependent manner. Together, these findings show that E. coli broadly reprograms insect sensory behavior, with IR25a serving as a critical mediator of microbial influence on chemosensory and physiological traits. This work identifies a previously unrecognized role for E. coli in shaping insect behavior and chemical ecology, providing a foundation for investigating microbial contributions to host-microbe coevolution and for exploring microbial cues as novel, environmentally sustainable tools for insect control.

ImportanceInsects depend on their sense of smell and taste to find food, mates, and safe places to reproduce. These behaviors drive the spread of insect-borne diseases and cause major agricultural losses worldwide. Our work shows that a common bacterium, Escherichia coli, can reshape insect sensory behaviors, influencing how flies respond to light, temperature, food, and even the chemical signals on their outer surface that control mating. Importantly, these effects are linked to a specific sensory receptor, IR25a, which is conserved across many insect species. This finding reveals a previously unknown role for microbes in fine-tuning insect behavior. Understanding how bacteria influence insect sensory systems not only provides insight into host-microbe interactions but also opens the door to new, environmentally friendly ways of managing insect pests by targeting their behavior rather than killing them outright.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darwish, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tariq, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of Escherichia coli Regulating Drosophila melanogaster Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse epigenetic regulatory mechanisms ensure and regulate cellular diversity. Among others, the histone 3 lysine 9 me3 (H3K9me3) post translational modification participates in silencing lineage-inappropriate genes. H3K9me3 restricts access of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins to cell-fate controlled genes. In mice, olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) express one olfactory receptor (OR) gene out of 2,600 possibilities. This monoallelic and stochastic OR choice happens as OSNs differentiate and undergo dramatic changes in nuclear architecture. OR genes from different chromosomes converge into specialized nuclear bodies and chromatin compartments as H3K9me3 and chromatin binding proteins including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) are incorporated. In this work, we have uncovered an unexpected role for HP1{beta} in OR choice and neuronal identity that cannot be rescued by HP1 in vivo. With the use of a conditional knock-in mouse model that replaces HP1{beta} for HP1, we observe changes in H3K9me3 levels, DNA accessibility, and Hi-C contacts over OR gene clusters. These changes alter the expression patterns that partition the mouse olfactory epithelium into five OR expression zones, which results in a reduced OR repertoire leading to a loss of olfactory sensory neuron diversity. We propose that HP1{beta} modulates the competition of OR-promoters for enhancers to promote receptor diversity, by establishing repression gradients in a zonal fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loconte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canzio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial source tracking of human and animal fecal contamination in Ecuadorian households 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposures to both human and animal feces pose human health risks, particularly for young children in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings where domestic animals are common, water and sanitation infrastructure is often limited, and enteropathogen transmission is high. Microbial source tracking (MST) markers specific to feces from humans and particular animal types can be used to identify the provenance of microbial contamination, yet most MST studies explore few household environmental sample types, limiting understanding of how marker utility varies by matrix. We validated qPCR assays for six MST markers and quantified their prevalence in 585 samples from 59 households spanning an urban-rural gradient in northwestern Ecuador. We used GenBac3 to test for general fecal contamination, and HF183, Rum2Bac, Pig2Bac, DG37, and GFD to test for human, ruminant, swine, dog, and avian contamination, respectively. Approximately 10 sample types were collected per household, including: rinses of child and adult hands, swabs of floors and surfaces, soil, domestic and drinking water, and food. GenBac3 and HF183 were detected in 77.82% and 15.36% of samples, respectively. Animal-associated markers were detected less frequently, in 0.5-4.1% of samples. However, when present, animal marker concentrations were comparable to HF183. Host-associated markers were most often detected in adult and child hand rinse and floor samples, and GenBac3 concentrations were highest in hand rinses. HF183 detection on adult caregiver hands was associated with increased odds of HF183 detection on childrens hands and floors.

ImportanceUnderstanding the sources and pathways of detectable household environmental fecal contamination is critical for identifying how exposures occur and for developing targeted interventions to reduce risk of enteric infection By linking contamination on caregiver hands to that on childrens hands and floors, we highlight a likely route for pathogen transfer in the home. The inclusion of multiple host-associated markers across a wide range of sample types reveals patterns that narrower studies may miss, offering new insights into the complex ecology of fecal contamination. These findings can inform sampling strategies, guide risk assessments, and support the design of interventions aimed at reducing child exposure to enteric pathogens in similar high-risk settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jesser, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alban, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobos, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallard-Gongora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trueba, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, J. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial source tracking of human and animal fecal contamination in Ecuadorian households]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Efficient Lasso Framework for Admixture-Aware Polygenic Scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores (PGS) have promising clinical applications for risk stratification, disease screening, and personalized medicine. However, most PGS are trained on predominantly European ancestry cohorts and have limited portability to external populations. While cross-population PGS methods have demonstrated greater generalizability than single-ancestry PGS, they fail to properly account for individuals with recent admixture between continental ancestry groups. GAUDI is a recently proposed PGS method which overcomes this gap by leveraging local ancestry to estimate ancestry-specific effects, penalizing but allowing ancestry-differential effects. However, the modified fused LASSO approach used by GAUDI is computationally expensive and does not readily accommodate more than two-way admixture. To address these limitations, we introduce HAUDI, an efficient LASSO framework for admixed PGS construction. HAUDI re-parameterizes the GAUDI model as a standard LASSO problem, allowing for extension to multi-way admixture settings and far superior computational speed than GAUDI. In extensive simulations, HAUDI compares favorably to GAUDI while dramatically reducing computation time. In real data applications, HAUDI uniformly out-performs GAUDI across 18 clinical phenotypes, including total triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and shows substantial benefits over an ancestry-agnostic PGS for white blood cell count (WBC) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ockerman, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharitonova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkens, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.671106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Efficient Lasso Framework for Admixture-Aware Polygenic Scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A persistent intracellular bridge and cell cycle misregulation enable polar body cell divisions and tumor formation in Mos-deficient eggs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian female meiosis is uniquely regulated to produce a developmentally competent egg capable of supporting embryogenesis. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes segregate, with half extruded into the first polar body. The egg then arrests at metaphase II and only resumes meiosis and extrudes the second polar body following fertilization. The MOS/MAPK signaling pathway is important for maintaining the metaphase II arrest; in mos-/- mutants, a subset of eggs undergo spontaneous parthenogenetic activation and exhibit additional abnormal cell divisions. To further understand the cell cycle mis-regulation in activated mos-/- eggs, we used time-lapse microscopy to monitor the abnormal divisions. We discovered that, following parthenogenetic activation, the first polar body can assemble a spindle, segregate chromosomes, and divide with timings similar to anaphase II onset in the egg. This behavior contrasts with wildtype polar bodies, which do not divide and are typically degenerated. We demonstrate that mos-/- eggs and polar bodies can exchange cytoplasm at the time of meiosis II spindle assembly, likely allowing the transfer of cell cycle regulators between the two compartments. Further inspection revealed that mos-/- eggs have defective meiotic midbody assembly with most eggs lacking a cap structure, which is needed to separate the two compartments. We report that polar bodies of mos-/- eggs can re-enter the cell cycle and undergo additional aberrant divisions. These findings identify MOS as a critical regulator of meiotic midbody formation and uncover a novel consequence of disrupted MOS/MAPK signaling: the potential for polar bodies to become mitotically active and contribute to tumor formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cairo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haseeb, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacefield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A persistent intracellular bridge and cell cycle misregulation enable polar body cell divisions and tumor formation in Mos-deficient eggs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural brain abnormalities in psychosis are well-replicated but heterogenous posing a barrier to uncovering the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of psychosis. To parse neurostructural heterogeneity and assess for the presence of anatomically-derived subtypes, we applied a data-driven method, similarity network fusion (SNF), to structural neuroimaging data in a broad cohort of individuals with psychosis (schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) n=280; bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BD) n=101). SNF identified two transdiagnostic subtypes in psychosis (subtype 1: n=158 SSD, n=75 BD; subtype 2: n=122 SSD, n=26 BD) that exhibited divergent patterns of abnormal cortical surface area and subcortical volumes. Compared to controls (n=243), subtype 1 showed moderate enlargement of surface area in frontal and parietal areas and larger dorsal striatal volumes, whereas subtype 2 demonstrated markedly smaller surface areas in frontal and temporal areas and subcortical volumes, including hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and ventral striatum. When comparing subtypes on clinical characteristics, subtype 2 had more severe negative symptoms, greater neuropsychological impairment, and lower estimated premorbid intellectual functioning compared to subtype 1. Integrating cell-type data imputed from gene expression in the Allen Human Brain Atlas revealed an association between interregional reductions in surface area and layer 5 glutamatergic neuron abundance, critical for corticostriatal network connectivity and cognitive function, whereas reductions in cortical thickness spatially coupled with glia cell and interneuron abundance, in subtype 2. These outcomes indicate that regional variations in surface area, linked to different cell-types than cortical thickness, may be an important biomarker for understanding the pathophysiological trajectories of psychotic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 impairs the release sites of Parkinson's disease vulnerable dopamine axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The end-stage pathology of Parkinsons disease (PD) involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However, synaptic deregulation of these neurons begins much earlier. Understanding the mechanisms behind synaptic deficits is crucial for early therapeutic intervention, yet these remain largely unknown. In the SNc, different dopamine neuron subtypes show varying susceptibility patterns to PD, complicating our understanding. This study uses intersectional genetic mouse models to uncover synaptic perturbations in vulnerable dopamine neurons, focusing on the LRRK2 kinase, a protein closely linked to PD. Through a combination of immunofluorescence and advanced proximity labeling methods, we found higher LRRK2 expression in the most vulnerable dopamine neuron subclusters. High-resolution imaging revealed that pathogenic LRRK2 disrupts release sites in vulnerable dopamine axons, leading to decreased in vivo evoked striatal dopamine release in mice with LRRK2 mutations. Proteomic and biochemical analyses indicate that mutant LRRK2 increases the phosphorylation of RAB3 proteins, reducing their interactions with RIM1/2 effector proteins and impacting their synaptic functions. Overall, this research highlights the cell-autonomous dysfunctions caused by mutant LRRK2 in the neurons that are primarily affected by the disease. It also provides a framework for therapeutic strategies for early nigrostriatal synaptic deficits in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tombesi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaconelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Ramos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneeweis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozorovitskiy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombeck, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisiadou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 impairs the release sites of Parkinson's disease vulnerable dopamine axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia-induced metastatic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most solid tumors, hypoxia constitutes a defining microenvironmental feature that reprograms malignant cells into a highly metastatic state by driving cellular plasticity and exacerbating chromosomal instability (CIN). However, the mechanisms by which cancer cells concurrently co-opt these elements of hypoxic adaptation to promote metastasis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that hypoxia promotes metastasis by suppressing the JmjC-containing histone lysine demethylase Kdm8. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of Kdm8 in a Kras;Trp53-driven mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) robustly rewires the malignant cell transcriptomic programs, leading to a profound loss of the epithelial morphology and widespread metastatic disease. In PDA patients, a high KDM8-induced gene signature is associated with reduced metastatic burden and better survival in advanced disease. Notably, Kdm8 suppression in normoxia recapitulates key aspects of the global epigenetic and transcriptomic rewiring, mitotic spindle defects, and CIN induced by hypoxia. Moreover, disruption of Kdm8s demethylase activity phenocopies Kdm8 loss, whereas expression of hypermorphic Kdm8 variants resistant to hypoxic suppression markedly reduces metastasis beyond the levels achieved by the wildtype protein. Through the suppression of Kdm8 demethylase function, hypoxia unleashes a potent metastatic program by simultaneously advancing cellular plasticity and CIN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunasekaran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masoudpoor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franciosa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachariah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia-induced metastatic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direction of motion decoding in mouse V1: Neuron predictive power relates to functional connectivity organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability in single neuron responses presents a challenge in establishing reliable representations of visual stimuli essential for driving behavior. To enhance accuracy, integration of responses from multiple neurons is imperative. This study leverages simultaneous recordings from a large population (tens of hundreds) of neurons, achieved through in vivo mesoscopic 2-photon calcium imaging of the primary visual cortex (V1) in mice, under visual stimulus conditions as well as in resting state (absence of stimulus). The visual stimulus consisted of 16 distinct randomly shuffled directions of motion presented to the mice. We employed mutual information to identify neurons that contain the most significant information about the stimulus direction. As expected, neurons displaying high predictive power (HPP) in stimulus decoding exhibit elevated firing event rates during stimulus presentation. Furthermore, functional connectivity among HPP neurons during visual stimulation is denser and stronger compared to functional connectivity among other visually responsive neurons. Functional connections among HPP neurons appear to form independently of distance, suggesting a distributed yet highly coordinated network. In contrast, HPP neuronal activity and functional connectivity differed significantly at resting state. Specifically, during the resting state, HPP neurons exhibited lower event rates and functional connectivity structure that was not significantly different from that of other visually responsive neurons. This suggests that HPP neurons are less susceptible to being driven simultaneously by internal brain states in the absence of a stimulus. Finally, the tuning properties of HPP neurons were unexpectedly diverse: while some were sharply tuned, others conveyed a similar amount of mutual information, despite exhibiting much weaker tuning. This study sheds light on the organization of neuronal ensembles important for decoding visual motion direction in mouse area V1, contributing to the understanding of information processing in mouse visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savaglio, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brozi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psilou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koumpouzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadostefanaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilakos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akoutas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keliris, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palagina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnakis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopouli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direction of motion decoding in mouse V1: Neuron predictive power relates to functional connectivity organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Place Cell Detection Methods in Ratsand Humans: Implications for Cross-Species Spatial Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Place cells, first identified in the rat hippocampus as neurons that fire selectively at specific locations, are central to investigations of the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation. With recent work with human patients, identifying and characterizing place cells across species has become increasingly important for understanding the extent to which decades of rodent research generalize to humans and uncovering principles of spatial cognition. One challenge, however, is that detection methods differ: rodent studies often rely on spatial information (SI), whereas human studies employ analysis of variance (ANOVA) - based approaches. These methodological differences may affect the identified place cell population, which complicates how their properties are interpreted and cross-species comparisons. To address this, we systematically applied multiple detection pipelines to human and rat datasets, supported by simulations that vary place-field properties. Our analyses and simulations demonstrate that spatial information and ANOVA-based approaches are responsive to distinct place field properties: spatial information primarily reflects the contrast between peak and average firing rates, while ANOVA emphasizes consistency across trials. Across species, rodent place cells revealed a broad spectrum of spatial tuning, including strongly tuned neurons with high spatial information (SI) and high ANOVA values. In contrast, human place cells lacked this strongly tuned population and exhibited a narrower distribution of tuning scores, concentrated at the lower end of both spatial tuning metrics. Despite these differences, both species had an overlapping population of neurons with weaker yet consistent spatial tuning, which may support important functional roles such as generalization and mixed selectivity. Together, our study provides a roadmap showing how spatial tuning metrics shape place cell detection and interpretation, while underscoring the functional importance of weaker-tuned neurons in cross-species comparisons.

Author SummaryPlace cells are neurons that become active in specific locations, and they play a critical role in how the brain supports navigation and memory. Place cells were first discovered in rats and later observed in humans, however, there has been a lack of direct comparisons between species using comparable approaches. Part of the difficulty doing so is that studies of rodent and human place cells have often relied on different analysis methods, making it difficult to determine if and how place-cell properties differ between species. To address this, in this study, we set out to understand how differences in place cell detection methods affect the identified place cell populations and interpretations of spatial coding across species.

To do so, we compared the most prevalent detection methods used in rodent and human research side by side, applying them to datasets from both species and to simulations. We found that different methods emphasize different features of spatial responses, which changes which neurons are identified as place cells. Across species, rat recordings revealed a wide range of spatial responses, from neurons with sharply localized activity to those with broader but reliable patterns. Human recordings, by contrast, were more concentrated at weaker but consistent levels of tuning. Importantly, these weaker but consistent responses reflect an overlapping population of neurons found in both species, which may serve similar functional roles in supporting flexible spatial memory and generalization. By separating methodological effects from biological differences, we lay the groundwork for future cross-species studies for spatial coding.

Materials Descriptions and Availability StatementsO_ST_ABSProject RepositoryC_ST_ABSThis project is openly available through an online project repository, which includes all the code used for data pre-processing and analysis.

Project Repository: https://github.com/HSUPipeline/PlaceCellMethods

DatasetThis project uses electrophysiological data collected from neurosurgical patients, as well as an open-access dataset of rat recordings from CRCNS.org: http://dx.doi.org/10.6080/K09G5JRZ The human data were collected as part of a previously published study and will be made available prior to publication [1]. A custom simulation framework was developed to evaluate place cell detection methods across species and will be released as part of the open-source SpikeTools repository prior to publication.

SoftwareAll code used and developed for this project was written in the Python programming language. The code is openly available, licensed for reuse, and deposited in the project repository.

Management of the dataset was conducted using the Human Single Unit (HSU) Pipeline:

https://github.com/HSUPipeline

Analyses of the single-neuron data were performed using the open-source SpikeTools toolbox:

https://github.com/spiketools/spiketools

Literature searches and related resources were organized using LISC, an open-source Python module for literature analysis.

https://github.com/HSUPipeline/Literature
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Place Cell Detection Methods in Ratsand Humans: Implications for Cross-Species Spatial Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically-based sperm discrimination in the vaginal tract of a primate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females influence offspring paternity through diverse pre- and post-copulatory mechanisms. Sperm discrimination--the differential physiological response to ejaculates based on male or sperm characteristics--can bias fertilization outcomes, but in vivo evidence of this process in large-bodied mammals is lacking. Here, we tested whether two aspects of female physiology that affect sperm survival-vaginal immune response and pH-are modulated by male genetic makeup in a nonhuman primate. We observed post-copulatory differences in vaginal gene expression and pH, with the strongest immune responses and largest pH decreases, harmful to sperm, exhibited by females mating with genetically similar males. These findings support genetically based post-copulatory mate discrimination in primates, shedding light on the interaction between male gametes and the female reproductive tract and potentially explaining variation in conception probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonnamaker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically-based sperm discrimination in the vaginal tract of a primate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetaScope: A High-Resolution Framework for Species-Level 16S Metataxonomic Classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate species-level classification of microbial communities remains a major challenge in microbiome analysis, particularly when using traditional 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing pipelines such as QIIME2 and DADA2. These methods often fail to resolve taxonomy beyond the genus level due to limitations in clustering algorithms and ambiguous marker genes. To address this, we present MetaScope, a modular, R-based software package that reimplements and extends the PathoScope 2.0 framework for high-resolution microbial classification. MetaScope introduces two key innovations: (1) the integration of user-defined or empirical prior weights into the Bayesian read reassignment algorithm to improve abundance estimation, and (2) MetaBlast, a secondary BLAST-based validation module for refining species-level assignments. Benchmarking against mock and clinical datasets demonstrates that MetaScope significantly outperforms QIIME2 and DADA2, achieving up to 93.6% species-level classification accuracy. This translates to offering enhanced resolution for downstream analyses such as ecological diversity metrics. These results highlight MetaScope as a powerful tool for advancing microbial community profiling in both research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetaScope: A High-Resolution Framework for Species-Level 16S Metataxonomic Classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale Structural and Functional Impacts of Disease-Associated Collagen Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the human body, and its supramolecular organization is central to tissue mechanics and cell-matrix interactions. Integrins, key mediators of these interactions, are essential for key biological processes including adhesion, migration, differentiation, and platelet aggregation. While mutations in collagen are known to cause connective tissue disorders such as Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) with phenotypes ranging from mild to perinatal lethal, how these mutations alter fibril level architecture, dynamics and integrin-mediated interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we generated collagen-rich extra-cellular matrix (ECM) from primary dermal fibroblasts of a healthy donor (WT) and from two OI patients carrying distinct glycine mutations: G610C, associated with moderate disease, and G907D, linked to perinatal lethality. Comparative biophysical studies reveal that both mutants retain the canonical D-banding of collagen I fibrils but differ markedly at the nanoscale. G907D fibrils exhibit greater local structural perturbations and increased molecular mobility relative to the non-lethal G610C. Importantly, integrin binding also diverges between mutants: G610C displays reduced affinity, whereas G907D exhibits enhanced affinity compared to WT. Together, these findings establish a mechanistic link between single-residue mutations, nanoscale fibril architecture and collagen-receptor interactions, and highlight how genetic or acquired collagen defects can drive ECM dysregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobita, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikzad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naiyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoop, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale Structural and Functional Impacts of Disease-Associated Collagen Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide overexpression screen reveals a novel transcription termination factor in Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis. We performed an overexpression library screen to gain insights into essential cellular processes in T. brucei and identified genes whose overexpression impaired parasite growth. One of the three top-ranking candidates we validated exhibited a notable phenotype. TbFOP, an uncharacterized protein, has an N-terminal arginine-rich domain and a C-terminal FOP (Friend Of PRMT1) domain. TbFOP overexpression substantially increases antisense transcription across the genome, particularly at Transcription Termination Sites (TTSs). This phenotype resembles that observed in trypanosome cells lacking a component of the transcription termination complex PJW/PP1 and cells lacking TTS chromatin marks, two histone variants, and base J DNA modification. Base J is synthesized in two steps: hydroxylation of dT to 5-hydroxymethyl-dU (5hmU) by JBP1 & JBP2, and the glucosylation of 5hmU to glucosyl-5hmU (base J) by JGT. Interestingly, human FOP interacts with 5-hydroxymethyl-dC (5hmC) generated by TET enzymes that are orthologs of T. brucei JBP1/2. Our study reveals TbFOP as a novel transcription termination factor that may interact with TTS-associated 5hmU, thereby interfering with the function of termination factors. We propose that TbFOP overexpression disrupts termination, leading to widespread transcription defects and trypanosome cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvan, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erben, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide overexpression screen reveals a novel transcription termination factor in Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene model for the ortholog of Ilp4 in Drosophila eugracilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene Model for Insulin-like peptide 4 (Ilp4) in the D. eugracilis (DeugGB2) assembly (GCA_000236325.2). The characterization of this ortholog was carried out as part of a larger, ongoing dataset designed to explore the evolution of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway across the genus Drosophila, utilizing the Genomics Education Partnership gene annotation protocol within Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, C. I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torosin, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rele, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene model for the ortholog of Ilp4 in Drosophila eugracilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism-aware inference of response to targeted cancer therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted therapies like small-molecule inhibitors often work by blocking proteins that cancer cells rely on for survival. Omics based modeling of drug sensitivity alone lack mechanistic grounding. We propose FORGE (Factorization Of Response and Gene Essentiality) a simple yet powerful joint matrix factorization framework that co-models drug response and target gene essentiality, enabling the stratification of promising treatment groups for targeted therapy consideration. FORGE also provides Benefit Score -- a predictive score that estimates treatment efficacy from basal gene expression profiles. We validated the predictive performance of FORGE across multiple targeted therapies, including Erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) and Daporinad (NAMPT inhibitor). Our meta-analysis of large scale in-vitro studies underscores FORGEs ability to identify common determinants of drug vulnerabilities and target gene essentiality. Such convergences were not observed when treatment vulnerabilities and gene essentialities were modeled independently. We also demonstrated the universality of Erlotinib Benefit Scores by transferring transformations learned from high-throughput drug response studies across other published datasets, including the TAHOE-100M single-cell perturbation atlas and patient-derived xenograft studies. FORGE successfully identified key regulators within the molecular pathways targeted by these therapies, reinforcing its potential for mechanistically grounded treatment stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peela, S. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gujral, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism-aware inference of response to targeted cancer therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facial Micro-Movements as a Proxy of Increasingly Erratic Heart Rate Variability While Experiencing Pressure Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensation of pain varies from person to person. These patterns of individual variations are difficult to capture using coarse subjective self-reports. However, they are important when prescribing therapies and tailoring them to the persons own sensations. Pain can be experienced differently by the same person, and fluctuate differently depending on the context, yet most analyses treat the problem under a one-size-fits-all model. In this work, we introduce a series of assays to objectively assess pressure pain across tasks with different motoric and cognitive demands, in relation to resting state. In a cohort of healthy individuals, we examine pain-free vs. pain states at rest, during drawing with heavy cognitive demands, during pointing to a visual target, and during a grooved peg task like inserting a grooved key in a matching grooved keyhole. We recorded Face videos, electrocardiographic signals and adopt a standardized data type called the micro-movement spikes (MMS) to characterize the biorhythmic activities of the Face micro-expressions and of the micro-fluctuations in the hearts inter beat interval timings. Using the MMS peaks, we find that the continuous Gamma family of probability distribution functions best fit the frequency histograms of both the Face and the heart data. Further, we find that the Gamma shape and scale parameters in both signals span a scaling power law whereby as the noise- to-signal ratio (Gamma scale parameter) increases, so does the randomness of the stochastic process (the Gamma shape decreases towards the memoryless exponential range). We find that as the heart IBI turns more erratic (noisier and more random) the facial ophthalmic region increases the noise and randomness too, with higher linear correlation for tasks requiring haptic feedback (R2 0.84) than for tasks requiring higher cognitive and memory loads (R2 0.77). Increases in transfer entropy shows that recent past activity ([~]167ms back) of the heart IBI and Face combined lower the uncertainty in the prediction of the present ophthalmic-Face activity, suggesting that this Face region may serve as a proxy of an increasingly dysregulated heart. These results bear implications for the detection and monitoring of pressure pain and heart dysregulated states.

Scope StatementThis work uncovers personalized thresholds of pain through the combination of the participants fluctuations in HRV and facial micro-expressions. These signals are obtained before and after experiencing the sensation of pressure pain compared to a pain-free control condition. Tasks with higher haptic demand evoke higher differentiation in the signals than tasks with higher cognitive and memory loads. As the detection and tracking of such individual thresholds is possible through these unobtrusive and highly scalable methods, the work has implications for the personalized tailoring of pain treatments beyond the realms of the lab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facial Micro-Movements as a Proxy of Increasingly Erratic Heart Rate Variability While Experiencing Pressure Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cutaneous suction-mediated transfection in mice for delivery of DNA-encoded vaccines and proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important step to fulfill the functionalities of DNA vaccines and therapeutics is transfection in vivo to produce the encoded antigens or therapeutic proteins. A cutaneous suction-based method has demonstrated effectiveness in many animal models and has been successfully applied in human clinical trials, but has not been extended to mouse models, where numerous disease models, transgenic strains, and murine-specific reagents exist. The current work establishes and optimizes methods for cutaneous suction-mediated DNA transfection in mice. By adapting a smaller cup diameter and smaller injection volume, the challenges of skin hyperelasticity and decreased skin thickness can be effectively addressed, and vaccinating mice with the GLS-5310 SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine yielded high levels of binding antibody and T cell responses. Additionally, suction following injection of a novel pVAX1-based expression vector yielded systemic levels of a SEAP transgene. Thus, suction-mediated delivery of nucleic acid-based therapies and vaccines can be a valuable tool for the study in pre-clinical mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lallow, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandtjen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudchodkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumur, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreiber, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekkadan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslow, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cutaneous suction-mediated transfection in mice for delivery of DNA-encoded vaccines and proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural responses to binocular in-phase and anti-phase stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binocular vision fuses compatible inputs from the two eyes into a single percept, whereas incompatible inputs can produce rivalry, lustre, or diplopia. We measured neural responses to binocular stimuli with different phase relationships to test predictions from contemporary binocular combination models. Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) were recorded from 15 observers in response to monocular and binocular stimulation at 3 Hz, using either On/Off or counterphase flicker with varied spatial and temporal phase relationships. On/Off and counterphase flicker elicited responses at the expected fundamental frequency (3 Hz and 6 Hz, respectively) and their harmonics. Manipulating phase relationships modulated these response patterns, including a reduction in the fundamental amplitude for On/Off flicker. The data were modeled with a series of binocular combination algorithms, ranging in complexity from a simple linear sum to a two-stage binocular gain-control model with parallel monocular and binocular phase-selective channels. The model required parallel monocular channels to account for our data, whereas phase selectivity was not essential. Overall, the two-stage contrast gain-control model remains a powerful and flexible framework for describing binocular combinations across various experimental conditions and modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural responses to binocular in-phase and anti-phase stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-dependent coupling in responses to oscillatory inputs in networks of electrically coupled nodes: Gap junction networks and spatially extended neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In electrically coupled networks, the coupling coefficient (CC) quantifies the strength of the connectivity or the degree to which two participating nodes are coupled in response to an external input to one of them. The CC is measured by computing the relative responses of the indirectly activated (post-J) and the directly activated (pre-J) nodes. In response to time-dependent inputs, the CC is frequency-dependent and has two components capturing the contributions of the amplitude and phase frequency profiles of the participating nodes (quotient of the amplitudes and phase-difference, respectively). The properties and mechanisms of generation of the frequency-dependent CCs (FD-CCs) are largely unknown beyond electrically coupled passive cells and their electrical circuit equivalents. Being linear and 1D, the FD-CCs for passive cells are relatively simple, consisting of low-pass filters (amplitude) and positive and monotonically increasing phase-difference profiles. In linear systems, the FD-CCs depend on the properties of the pre-J cell and the connectivity and are independent of the properties of the post-J cell and the input amplitude. There is a gap in our understanding of the FD-CCs are shaped by (i) how the presence of intrinsic cellular positive and negative feedback currents and the resulting amplification and resonance phenomena, and (ii) the presence of cellular nonlinearities that incorporates the dependence of the FD-CC on the post-J node in addition to the pre-J one. In this paper we address these issues by using biophysically plausible (conductance-based) mathematical modeling, numerical simulations, analytical calculations and dynamical systems tools. We conduct a systematic analysis of the properties of the FD-CC in networks of two electrically connected nodes receiving oscillatory inputs, which is the minimal network architecture that allows for a systematic study of the biophysical and dynamic mechanisms that shape the FD-CC profiles. The participating neurons are either passive cells (low-pass filters) or resonators (band-pass filter) and exhibit lagging or mixed leading-lagging phase-shift responses as the input frequency increases. The formalism and tools we develop and use in this paper can be extended to larger networks with an arbitrary number of nodes, to spatially extended multicompartment neuronal models, and to neurons having a variety of ionic currents. The principles that emerge from our study are directly applicable to these scenarios. Our results make experimentally testable predictions and have implications for the understanding of spike transmission, synchronized firing and coincidence detection in electrically coupled networks in the presence of oscillatory inputs. For clarity, the paper includes an extensive supplementary material section.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chialva, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-dependent coupling in responses to oscillatory inputs in networks of electrically coupled nodes: Gap junction networks and spatially extended neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.675129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tectonic setting shapes microbial biosynthetic potential across global geothermal environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.675129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities in geothermal environments constitute an underexplored reservoir of biosynthetic gene clusters with significant biotechnological potential. Here, we investigate the secondary metabolite potential of 219 microbial communities across marine and continental geothermal field sites, encompassing broad environmental gradients in temperature (4.7 {degrees}C to 93.5 {degrees}C), pH (0.85 to 10.3), and tectonic setting, including convergent margins, divergent margins at mid-ocean ridges, and paleo-convergent intraplate plume systems. We identified 37,178 new biosynthetic gene clusters and demonstrated that volcanic arc systems consistently harbor the most biosynthetically diverse communities. Intraplate plume systems exhibit a terpene-enriched profile, with terpenes comprising 47 % of their biosynthetic repertoire, whereas divergent margins were dominated by nonribosomal peptide synthetases and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides pathways, together accounting for 64 % of their total potential. These findings position tectonics as a key driver of microbial secondary metabolism and offer a geobiological framework for guiding natural product discovery in extreme geothermal ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelliciari Silva, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montemagno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliaccio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastoni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barosa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetriani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiodi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Vignale, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Alai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale Brovarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Blamey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Moor, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.675129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tectonic setting shapes microbial biosynthetic potential across global geothermal environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.674989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Adhesion through Beta-1 Integrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.674989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1/IGF1R) pathway has been implicated in breast cancer aggressiveness; however, inhibition of this pathway has not been successful in clinical trials, indicating a lack of understanding about its role in TNBC metastasis. Recent studies have explored IGF1R involvement in integrin function and cancer cell adhesion dynamics. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that IGF1R itself regulates cancer cell adhesion.

MethodsWe use MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T TNBC cell lines, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and adhesion assays to assess how IGF1R and integrin knockdowns impact cancer cell adhesion. Using xCELLigence E-plates, we quantify the effect of IGF-1 ligand stimulation versus IGF1R knockdown on functional cell adhesion. We also use HUVEC human endothelial cells to determine how IGF1R regulates adhesion to the endothelium.

ResultsWe found that IGF-1 stimulation increased MDA-MB-231 TNBC adhesion, which was reversed by the IGF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-754807 and the ligand-dependent receptor internalization inhibitor dansylcadaverine. Unexpectedly, IGF1R knockdown also potently stimulated cell adhesion. Concomitant {beta}1 integrin knockdown reversed the increased cell adhesion after both IGF-1 stimulation or IGF1R knockdown, indicating that the increased adhesion is {beta}1 integrin dependent. This was also seen via immunocytochemistry when cells were seeded on fibronectin. Finally, inhibiting IGF1R signaling also reduced MDA-MB-231 cell adhesion to HUVEC endothelial cells.

DiscussionBoth IGF-1 stimulation and IGF1R knockdown in TNBC cells promote cell adhesion, which seems paradoxical. However, the commonality of both interventions is removal of IGF1R from the cell surface, since IGF-1 stimulation causes IGF1R internalization and intracellular trafficking. Blocking IGF1R signaling using a tyrosine kinase IGF1R inhibitor preserves IGF1R on the cell surface. Thus, we propose a model whereby surface-bound IGF1R inhibits {beta}1 integrin function and blocks cell adhesion. This model is supported further by our finding that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with dansylcadaverine, which inhibits ligand-mediated receptor internalization, blocked the effect of IGF-1 on adhesion. These findings may explain why selective IGF1R receptor antagonists, which downregulate IGF1R protein upon chronic administration, were unsuccessful in the clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galifi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almansa, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maingrette, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulatowicz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenezer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miri, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.674989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Adhesion through Beta-1 Integrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Antigen Expression and Early Immune Response following Cutaneous Suction-mediated DNA Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suction-based in vivo cutaneous DNA transfection is a newly developed, cost-effective method that produces high transfection efficiency. This method has shown robust immunogenic responses following SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccination in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. The current work investigates suction-based transfection and immune activation on a detailed, cellular level. The spatiotemporal patterns of antigen expression in rat skin following suction-induced delivery of a pEGFP-N1 plasmid and a SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine are evaluated via immunofluorescence staining, which demonstrates early and prolonged expression. The epidermis is identified as the primary location of transfection, and the transfected cells are primarily epidermal keratinocytes. Early immune response is assessed by detection of antigen presenting cells (APCs) following suction-induced DNA vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jhumur, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallow, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreiber, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslow, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Antigen Expression and Early Immune Response following Cutaneous Suction-mediated DNA Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro and nanoplastic inhalation during pregnancy elicits uterine endothelial dysfunction in Sprague Dawley rats by impeding NO signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro and nanoplastic (MNP) detection in human tissues demonstrates that exposure at any life stage is inevitable. We have previously demonstrated that pulmonary exposure to this emerging environmental contaminant impairs endothelial function in the uterine vasculature of nonpregnant and pregnant rats. However, neither the mechanism of this dysfunction nor the role of the endothelial-derived vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), have been interrogated. Therefore, we assessed uterine macro- and microvascular reactivity in Sprague Dawley rats to determine the mechanistic role of NO signaling in endothelial dysfunction after repeated (gestational day 5-19) MNP inhalation during pregnancy. Results identified that MNP exposure reduced fetal growth and impaired endothelial-dependent dilation in the uterine microcirculation, which control placental perfusion and resource availability to the fetus. Levels of activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphorylated on Ser1176, were substantially decreased (<50%) in uterine vessels from exposed rats. This suggests MNP inhalation limited NO production and bioavailability. Endothelial function was partially restored by supplementation of arterial segments with the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), demonstrating that exposed vessels were BH4-deficient. Partial restoration was also achieved by incubation with the reducing agent, DTT, suggesting that exposed vessels contained physiologically relevant levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Increased 3-nitrotyrosine residues and decreased thioredoxin protein expression further suggest MNP fosters nitrosative and oxidative stress in the uterine vasculature, impairing eNOS and endothelial-dependent dilation. These findings implicate eNOS uncoupling as a mechanistic basis for the vascular toxicity of MNPs and the adverse impact of MNPs on fetal development.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThis study reveals that repeated micro and nanoplastic (MNP) inhalation throughout gestation blunts endothelial-dependent dilation in the uterine microcirculation, promoting fetal growth restriction. Exposure impaired endothelial nitric oxide signaling through deactivating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), reducing the availability of the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin and producing a nitrosative and oxidative environment in uterine vascular tissue. These novel findings highlight the eNOS uncoupling as a key mechanism behind the fetal growth restriction induced by MNP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cary, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gow, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro and nanoplastic inhalation during pregnancy elicits uterine endothelial dysfunction in Sprague Dawley rats by impeding NO signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ineffective behavioral rescue despite partial brain Dp427 restoration by AAV9-U7-mediated exon 51 skipping in mdx52 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mdx52 mouse model exhibits a common mutation profile associated with brain involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), characterized by heightened anxiety, fearfulness, and impaired associative fear learning. Deletion of exon 52 disrupts the expression of two dystrophins found in the brain (Dp427 and Dp140), and is eligible for therapeutic exon-skipping strategies. We previously demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular administration of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting exon 51 of the Dmd gene could restore 5% to 15% of Dp427 expression. This treatment reduced anxiety and unconditioned fear in mdx52 mice, improved fear conditioning acquisition, and partially improved fear memory tested 24 hours later. To improve the restoration of Dp427 and induce a long-lasting therapeutic effect, we employed a vectorized approach using an AAV-U7snRNA vector to deliver antisense sequences to the brains of mdx52 mice. We evaluated two AAV serotypes known for their brain transduction efficiency (AAV9 and RH10) and two delivery routes, intracisterna magna and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections, to maximize brain targeting. Based on GFP expression data, we selected the AAV9 capsid and a bilateral ICV delivery route. Using this approach, we demonstrated that ICV administration of AAV9-U7-Ex51M induced exon 51 skipping and restored Dp427 expression in the brains of adult mdx52 mice, though with significant variability among individuals. While a few mice showed high Dp427 expression levels, the average restoration was limited to approximately 6% to 12%. In conclusion, inducing exon skipping in the brains of adult mdx52 mice using the vectorized AAV9-U7 approach was less effective than synthetic ASO treatment and did not improve the emotional behavior of mdx52 mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VACCA, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SAOUDI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DOISY, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PHONGSAVANH, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Coz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NAGY, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KUZNIAR, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VAILLEND, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GOYENVALLE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ineffective behavioral rescue despite partial brain Dp427 restoration by AAV9-U7-mediated exon 51 skipping in mdx52 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans infiltrates colon and rectal cancers causing therapeutic resistance and decreased survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome is increasingly recognized as a modifier of cancer progression and therapy response, yet the role of intratumoral fungi remains poorly defined. Here, we identify Candida albicans colonization within human colorectal tumors as a predictor of reduced survival and impaired radiation response. Leveraging the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) cohort, we show that high intratumoral Candida burden is associated with decreased survival across multiple gastrointestinal cancers, with the strongest treatment-specific effect in rectal cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. This observation was validated in independent rectal cancer cohorts using RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR.

In immune-competent murine colorectal cancer models, oral gavage of C. albicans resulted in intratumoral colonization, accelerated tumor growth, and radiation resistance, effects not observed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or PBS controls. Colonized tumors exhibited increased hypoxia, altered metabolic and transcriptional programs, and distinct expression of genes linked to cytokine signaling and cell survival. Hypoxia conditioned C. albicans secreted metabolites that directly conferred radiation resistance to colorectal cancer cells in vitro, implicating a cancer cell intrinsic mechanism independent of immune signaling. Untargeted metabolomics revealed enrichment of nucleosides and lipid oxidation intermediates under hypoxia, suggesting that C. albicans metabolites may provide substrates facilitating tumor recovery after irradiation.

These findings establish C. albicans as a causal modifier of tumor biology and radiation response, highlighting intratumoral fungi as future potential therapeutic targets. Modulating fungal colonization or metabolism may improve radiotherapy outcomes and broaden our understanding of interactions between microbes and tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grencewicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loncar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrandon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreamer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanbakhshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benej, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallerla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocklage, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarhini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskaluk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedlingeer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardikar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilozumba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudaranthakam, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rounbehler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalady, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans infiltrates colon and rectal cancers causing therapeutic resistance and decreased survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Ex Vivo Differentiation of CD103⁺ Dendritic Cells and High-Efficiency Retroviral Transduction of Mouse Bone Marrow HSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD103+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are key drivers of antitumor immunity, but their scarcity and resistance to genetic manipulation make them difficult to study. We optimized a two-stage ex vivo culture system using key cytokines and growth factors to efficiently generate CD103+ cDC1-like cells from mouse bone marrow progenitors. These cells closely mimicked their in-vivo counterparts, displaying CD103 expression, robust cytokine production, and functional responses to immune stimulation. Additionally, we established a high-efficiency retroviral transduction method using ecotropic pseudotyped virus and retronectin-coated plates, significantly improving gene delivery into mouse hematopoietic stem cells. This integrated platform provides a powerful approach for dissecting CD103+ cDC1 biology and advancing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asnani, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Ex Vivo Differentiation of CD103⁺ Dendritic Cells and High-Efficiency Retroviral Transduction of Mouse Bone Marrow HSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple Epigenetic Mechanisms Functionally Cooperate to Silence Expression of Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare and understudied set of cancers, with increasing incidence. Neuroendocrine tumors are unique in the fact that they express high levels of the somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), which represents a target for both tumor imaging and therapeutics. PNET grade inversely correlates with SSTR2 tumor staining and higher tumor grade is associated with poor patient prognosis. With no known mutations, SSTR2 expression is believed to be lost through aberrant epigenetic mechanisms. Enhanced knowledge of the epigenetic biology and players controlling SSTR2 expression may allow for identification of novel PNET imaging and treatment modalities. Through in-depth studies, we found that the specific de novo DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), DNMT3B, is responsible for SSTR2 gene CpG methylation and silencing. Using DNMT3B as a starting point, along with the concept of functional crosstalk between various epigenetic mechanisms, we further discovered that Polycomb Repressor Complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2) play important roles in silencing SSTR2. Moreover, we found several histone lysine demethylases, enzymes that remove activating histone H3K4 methylation marks, to be critical for silencing expression of SSTR2. We additionally identified several chromatin remodeling enzymes/complexes as cellular factors that negatively regulate SSTR2 expression. Finally, using the HiBiT luminescent reporter system, we exploited functional chemo-genomic screens to further expand our knowledge of SSTR2 epigenetic control. These screens both reinforced several of our initial findings and helped to identify additional silencing mechanism potentially regulating SSTR2 expression. A commonality in our findings point to the presence, or necessity, of Class I HDACs in nearly all the epigenetic silencing mechanisms characterized. Overall, our work demonstrates that SSTR2 gene expression is likely silenced through various dynamic and interconnected epigenetic events, resulting in a compacted, transcriptionally repressed chromatin environment. Our study offers novel potential therapeutic targets and combinations to best increase expression of SSTR2, which are currently being tested in pre-clinical studies from our group, with the goal of future clinical trials aimed at increasing SSTR2 expression in high-grade, SSTR2-low NET patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madigan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceribelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamsian, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple Epigenetic Mechanisms Functionally Cooperate to Silence Expression of Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network model of free recall learns multiple memory strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans exhibit structured patterns of memory recall, including a tendency to recall more recent information and to recall events in the same order they were experienced. Classic computational models explain these patterns by positing that memories incorporate the ongoing "temporal context", formed by smoothly integrating the stimulus history. However, it is unclear whether a single mechanism can account for the full repertoire of human memory strategies, as the optimal approach may be task-dependent. For example, human memory experts widely apply the "memory palace" strategy, which is empirically better but not captured by temporal context models. Here we show that neural networks optimized for free recall develop diverse retrieval strategies, with only some of them resembling temporal context models. The best-performing models discovered a stimulus-invariant index code that emphasizes the studied position of each list item, instead of its temporal context. This creates a stable scaffold for forward recall akin to the memory palace technique. This index code was more likely to emerge when networks were i) encouraged to recall all studied items rather than prioritizing a few items, and ii) prevented from relying on recency, resonating with human data. Our findings demonstrate that human-like recall patterns can arise from multiple distinct computational mechanisms, and that sequential retrieval using item index is an optimal strategy that explains expert-level recall performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattar, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network model of free recall learns multiple memory strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is synuclein aggregation a derived or ancestral trait? Ancestral sequence reconstruction uncovers stepwise evolution of synuclein aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein aggregation drives many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinsons disease, where misfolded -synuclein (Syn) forms fibrillar assemblies that accumulate as Lewy bodies. Although Syn aggregation has been extensively characterized, its evolutionary origins and sequence determinants remain unresolved. Here, we use ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) to trace the emergence of fibril-forming ability in the synuclein family. We inferred synuclein phylogeny and experimentally resurrected common ancestors, including ROOT synuclein, the last common ancestor of all synucleins, and key intermediates along the Syn lineage. Strikingly, ROOT synuclein is non-aggregating, demonstrating that fibril formation is an evolved, rather than ancestral property. Aggregation first emerges at the ancestral {beta} node, is retained in Syn, and suppressed in {beta}-synuclein. Biophysical analyses including mass spectrometry and NMR reveal that aggregation aligns with greater complexity and heterogeneity in the monomer conformational ensemble, suggesting that evolutionary sequence changes progressively remodel monomer landscapes to favor fibril formation. Complementing these insights, comparative sequence analysis reveals that the transition from ROOT to -WT is marked by the stepwise acquisition of residues critical for stabilizing the fibril core. Early mutations stabilized the {beta}-arch core, enabling the onset of fibril formation, followed by substitutions that reinforce protofilament-protofilament interactions. Together, ASR defines an evolutionary framework for synuclein aggregation linking progressive sequence evolution and conformational complexity to the molecular origins of Syn fibril formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naiyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is synuclein aggregation a derived or ancestral trait? Ancestral sequence reconstruction uncovers stepwise evolution of synuclein aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.674088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-guided Genome Assembly of Long Non-coding RNA Transcripts reveals Target Genes Associated With Crohn's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.674088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crohns disease (CD) is highly heterogeneous in presentation and progression with no cure. Molecular phenotyping has been used to elucidate cellular and tissue-based alterations to characterize drivers and effects of disease. One currently understudied class of functional molecules is long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Studying the full lncRNA landscape in IBD is challenging due in part to an incomplete lncRNA annotation and a lack of their functional characterization in tissues of interest. We used a genome-guided alignment strategy to assemble predicted lncRNA transcripts using short RNA-sequencing data from colon tissue of adult patient samples. When combining our predicted lncRNAs with previous lncRNA annotations, we determined 98 that were differentially expressed, recapitulating many from previous IBD studies while also uncovering new ones. We built gene co-expression networks to cluster lncRNAs with functionally characterized protein-coding genes. Clusters containing differential lncRNAs were correlated to disease status and associated with pathways related to the humoral immune response, metabolism, and tissue regeneration. We uncovered multiple differential lncRNAs whose expression significantly correlated with nearby differential protein-coding genes that have also been differentially expressed in other IBD datasets, such as PITX2. We focused on a predicted lncRNA that is antisense to the PITX2-adjacent lncRNA PANCR, which we called PANCR-AS1, and provide multiple lines of evidence that support PANCR-AS1 functioning as an enhancer of PITX2 expression. Overall, we determined lncRNAs that are potential contributors to CD pathogenesis. We developed a robust pipeline for identifying lncRNAs in diseased and non-diseased tissue that are absent from reference annotations. We also outlined a framework to pinpoint significant disease-associated lncRNAs with potential functional activity related to their nearby protein-coding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy Ng, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishiyama, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furey, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.674088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-guided Genome Assembly of Long Non-coding RNA Transcripts reveals Target Genes Associated With Crohn's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nephrobase Cell+: Multimodal Single-Cell Foundation Model for Decoding Kidney Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge foundation models have revolutionized single-cell analysis, yet no kidney-specific model currently exists, and it remains unclear whether organ-focused models can outperform generalized models. The kidneys complex cellular architecture and dynamic microenvironments further complicate integration of large-scale single-cell and spatial omics data, where current frameworks trained on limited datasets struggle to correct batch effects, capture cross-modality variation, and generalize across species.

MethodsWe developed Nephrobase Cell+, the first kidney-focused large foundation model, pretrained on ~100 billion tokens from ~39.5 million single-cell and single-nucleus profiles across 4,319 samples, four mammalian species (human, mouse, rat, pig), and multiple assay modalities (scRNA-seq, snRNA-seq, snATAC-seq, spatial transcriptomics). Nephrobase Cell+ uses a transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture with gene-token cross-attention and a mixture-of-experts module for scalable representation learning.

ResultsNephrobase Cell+ sets a new benchmark for kidney single-cell analysis. It produces tightly clustered, biologically coherent embeddings in human and mouse kidneys, far surpassing previous foundation models such as Geneformer, scGPT, and UCE, as well as traditional methods such as PCA and autoencoders. It achieves the highest cluster concordance and batch-mixing scores, effectively removing donor/assay batch effects while preserving cell-type structure. Cross-species evaluation shows superior alignment of homologous cell types and >90% zero-shot annotation accuracy for major kidney lineages in both human and mouse. Even its 1B-parameter and 500M variants consistently outperform all existing models.

ConclusionsWith organ-scale multimodal pretraining and a specialized transformer architecture, Nephrobase Cell+ delivers a unified, high-fidelity representation of kidney biology that is robust, cross-species transferable, and unmatched by current single-cell foundation models, offering a powerful resource for kidney genomics and disease research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziyadeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinsohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniyam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szegedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nephrobase Cell+: Multimodal Single-Cell Foundation Model for Decoding Kidney Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of inner ear morphogenesis in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner ear constitutes different cell types next to one another: the sensory patches whose hair cells synapse with neurons, the thin channels of three semicircular canals whose perpendicular organization enables detection of directional head rotation, and the endolymphatic duct and sac whose conditional epithelial barrier relieves excess pressure and promotes fluid pressure homeostasis. How the ears component cell states are established during development has remained unknown. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to distinguish cell states within the developing ear with wild-type zebrafish embryos and lmx1bb mutants that exhibit defects in canal and sac morphogenesis. We identify the earliest marker for the semicircular canal-genesis zone (ccn1l1), unexpected genes in the endolymphatic sac that suggest a role for tissue contraction in its function (smtnb), parallel gene sets for sensory patches in the neuromast and ear, and a conserved role for cell-cycle pausing (cdkn1bb expression in the canals and sac as previously observed in the developing mouse ear). This atlas provides the most comprehensive transcriptional profiling of the developing inner ear, identifying new molecular leads to understand ear morphogenesis.

Summary statementSingle-cell transcriptomic analysis of developing wild-type and lmx1bb mutant zebrafish reveals cell-states and effectors that distinguish the inner ears sensory patches, semicircular canals, endolymphatic duct and sac, and periotic mesenchyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swinburne, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munjal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukreja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawanishi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of inner ear morphogenesis in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vegetation clump size and number as indicators for alternative stable states in semi-arid ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dryland ecosystems are vulnerable to desertification, a pressing issue in the face of global climate change. In these ecosystems, vegetation often grows in spatially periodic patterns that differ as aridity increases (gaps, labyrinths and clumps), which has been widely studied theoretically, aiming to assess the proximity of the system to desertification. While some theoretical models predict smooth desertification transitions, most typically predict an abrupt transition linked to the possibility of two alternative stable states (desert and vegetated states), predictions that are yet to be confirmed empirically. If this bistability of alternative stable states occurs, however, environmental fluctuations and the history of the ecosystem determine which state ultimately materializes. This uncertainty makes it harder to predict desertification, compounding the challenges posed by it. Here, we combine empirical data and theoretical methods to investigate the links between bistability and vegetation spatial organization, which can help identify the presence of alternative stable states. We found that, although the presence of vegetation clumps is not indicative of bistability, changes in clump morphology can provide reliable indicators of bistability and an impending desertification transition. Thus, our methodology indirectly identifies whether desertification will occur abruptly, and whether restoration efforts should consider a potential ecosystem history-dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vegetation clump size and number as indicators for alternative stable states in semi-arid ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex HPV-human DNA structures revealed by large-scale DNA analyses in an HPV-cancer derived cell line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers harbor viral DNA integrated into the human genome as extrachromosomal circles, intrachromosomal segments, or both. Distinguishing intrachromosomal from identical-sequence extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) by sequencing alone is challenging, and the architecture of large-scale HPV-human DNA structures remains incompletely understood. To address this, we applied complementary genomic tools, spanning single-nucleotide to megabase resolution, to the HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer-cell line UM-SCC-47. These revealed that an initial integration event formed a 23 kb extrachromosomal heterocatemer circle comprising 7.5 kb of HPV16 DNA and 16 kb of the human TP63 gene. Subsequent genomic rearrangements generated heterocatemer tandem arrays extending to 0.6 megabases, plus additional large-scale rearrangements involving the HPV-TP63 structures, as revealed by long-read DNA sequencing and optical genome mapping. Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) showed that the heterocatemers were intrachromosomally localized at chromosome 3 at the TP63 locus in 100% of the cells. Long-read RNA sequencing further showed that these intrachromosomal templates produced spliced, polyadenylated transcripts. A subset of cells also harbored HPV16 ecDNA derived from the intrachromosomal HPV-TP63 DNAs. These findings define previously unrecognized higher-order architecture of integrated HPV DNA and highlight the power of FISH for distinguishing intrachromosomal from extrachromosomal DNA structures.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/680684v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f3d584org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@470811org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@162c88corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c80dd_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosta, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabiraj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Arsdale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Doorslaer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madireddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex HPV-human DNA structures revealed by large-scale DNA analyses in an HPV-cancer derived cell line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread male-female expression imbalance of X-linked genes across phrynosomatid lizards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classic theory on sex chromosome evolution predicts that selection should restore ancestral diploid expression for hemizygous X-linked genes in males. However, this dosage compensation is often incomplete, leaving X enriched for genes with female-biased expression. In this context, iguanian lizards are noteworthy among vertebrates because several species from separate families appear to exhibit both near-complete dosage compensation and male-female expression balance across their ancient, homologous X chromosomes. We tested for this pattern in the phrynosomatid Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard) and instead found that both ancient and more recently sex-linked regions of the X chromosome are enriched for genes with female-biased expression, regardless of age (neonate, juvenile, adult) or tissue (brain, liver, muscle). By expanding our analysis across 10 phrynosomatid species spanning 4 genera, we found that male-female expression imbalance on the ancestral region of X is phylogenetically conserved. We also found that an inferred chromosomal rearrangement in the S. jarrovii lineage has resulted in the novel acquisition of female-biased expression by a region of formerly autosomal genes. Whereas sex-biased expression of the ancestral region of X is primarily due to females overexpressing X-linked genes relative to autosomal genes, sex-biased expression of these formerly autosomal genes in S. jarrovii is primarily due to males underexpressing this putative neo-X region. We conclude that male-female expression imbalance on X is widespread across phrynosomatids, potentially reflecting both overexpression in females for ancestral regions that have evolved dosage compensation and underexpression in males for neo-X regions in which dosage compensation has yet to evolve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mello, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nondorf, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John-Alder, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread male-female expression imbalance of X-linked genes across phrynosomatid lizards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlled Delivery of a Neurotrophic Factor in the Adult Mouse Brain Using Engineered Microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, have been proposed as vehicles for delivering therapeutic biologics. These cells can be genetically engineered in vitro and transplanted into host animals following ablation of endogenous microglia, enabling repopulation of the brain parenchyma. However, current replacement strategies often rely on radiation or transgenic models, limiting their clinical relevance. CSF1R inhibitors offer a more translational approach to microglia ablation, though surviving host cells can compete with transplanted microglia during repopulation.

In this study, we successfully ablated endogenous microglia using a CSF1R inhibitor in adult mice and developed a method to transplant engineered microglia expressing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in a doxycycline-inducible manner. To enhance engraftment, transplanted cells also expressed a constitutively active CSF1R mutant (caCSF1R).

BDNF-expressing transplanted microglia spread through large areas of host mice brains, displayed similar morphology and transcriptional profile to repopulating host microglia, and responded to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Treatment with doxycycline resulted in increased BDNF expression and TrkB phosphorylation in the host brain. Expression of caCSF1R provided transplanted cells with a competitive advantage over endogenous repopulating cells, resulting in the accelerated spread of the transplants.

Our results demonstrate the functional integration and therapeutic potential of microglia as vehicles for delivering neurotrophic factors to the brain in a controllable manner. Furthermore, we show that caCSF1R expression is able to enhance the spread of transplanted microglia.

SIGNIFICANCEThis study demonstrates the potential of engineered microglia to deliver the protein Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor to the brain parenchyma, under the control of orally-administered doxycycline. The technique can be generalized to a wide array of proteins, offering a novel paradigm for neurological therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofland, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronska-Peski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitrago, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlled Delivery of a Neurotrophic Factor in the Adult Mouse Brain Using Engineered Microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation and Aggregation of Active Module Identification Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHigh-throughput sequencing methods have generated vast amounts of genetic data for candidate gene studies. As a part of the analysis, candidate genes are often analyzed through Gene-Gene interaction (GGI) networks. These networks can become very large, necessitating efficient methods to reduce their complexity. Active Module Identification (AMI) is a common method to analyze GGI networks by identifying enriched subnetworks representing relevant biological processes. Multiple AMI algorithms have been developed for biological datasets, and a comprehensive assessment of these algorithms and a comparative analysis of their behaviors across a variety of use-cases are crucial for their appropriate applications.

ResultsIn this study, we use the Empirical Pipeline (EMP) to evaluate four AMI algorithms - PAPER, DOMINO, FDRnet, and HotNet2 - on their ability to produce context-specific enrichment. When testing the algorithms on four biological datasets, our results reveal that no single algorithm outperforms the others across all datasets. Moreover, the output modules are often dissimilar, suggesting that different algorithms capture complementary biological signals. Our results suggest that a comprehensive analysis requires the aggregation of outputs from multiple algorithms. We propose two methods to this end: a spectral clustering approach for module aggregation, and an algorithm that combines modules with similar network structures called Greedy Conductance-based Merging (GCM).

ConclusionsOverall, our results advance our understanding of AMI algorithms and how they should be applied. Tools and workflows developed in this study will facilitate researchers working with AMI algorithms to enhance their analyses. Our code is freely available at https://github.com/LiuJ0/AMI-Benchmark/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation and Aggregation of Active Module Identification Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanism of lipid modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channel activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are sensitive to the lipid environment. However, the structural mechanism of how specific lipids support the agonist response of any pLGIC is poorly understood. Using the model pLGIC, ELIC (Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel), we find that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or cardiolipin (CL) are sufficient to support activation of a non-desensitizing mutant called ELIC5. Cryo-EM structures of unliganded and agonist-bound ELIC5 in the absence of PE or CL show increased structural heterogeneity and destabilization of the resting and open-channel states. Importantly, the unliganded structure of ELIC5 in a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-only environment shows variability that resembles agonist-induced changes. The structures also reveal a CL binding site at an outer leaflet M3-M4 site. Together with functional measurements in asymmetric liposomes and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, the data indicate that CL supports ELIC activity by binding to this M3-M4 site thereby stabilizing an agonist-responsive resting state of the channel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandberg, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.680764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanism of lipid modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channel activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropathic pain drives time-dependent reorganization of corticostriatal circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain fundamentally alters sensorimotor integration and motivated behaviors, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this transition remain poorly understood. The striatum, composed of dopamine receptor type 1 (D1)- and type 2 (D2)-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPN), integrates cortical sensory and motor inputs to coordinate movement and motivation, making it a critical candidate for mediating pain-induced behavioral adaptations. Although spinal and cortical pain circuits are well-characterized in limited phases of pain, how corticostriatal pathways and distinct striatal cell populations contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain states remains unclear. Here we show that neuropathic pain, after spared nerve injury in mice, produces temporally distinct, cell-type-specific changes in striatal SPN activity and corticostriatal plasticity that evolve across acute to chronic pain phases. D1 SPNs exhibit smaller amplitude and slower calcium signals during acute pain stages that persist through early chronic phases, while D2 SPNs show delayed response timing during later chronic stages, but also stimulus-specific alterations in neural activity throughout acute and chronic pain states. Critically, primary somatosensory cortex inputs to D2 SPNs develop depressing synapses specifically during intermediate chronic pain phases ([~]25 days post-injury) that disappear during more severe chronic stages (>3 months), suggesting a failed compensatory mechanism. These findings reveal that striatal circuits undergo dynamic, time-dependent reorganization after peripheral injury, with D1 and D2 pathways contributing distinct temporal signatures to pain-related behavior. The identification of critical windows of striatal plasticity provides new targets for therapeutic interventions that could prevent or reverse chronic pain states by modulating specific corticostriatal circuits during vulnerable transition periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linares-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.680927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropathic pain drives time-dependent reorganization of corticostriatal circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Hippo signaling by Atrophin in the developing Drosophila wing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ development is directed through integration of signaling networks and their transcriptional programs. We have investigated connections between Hippo signaling and the transcriptional co-repressor Atrophin. We find that Atrophin modulates Hippo signaling outputs in the developing Drosophila wing and does so in distinct ways in different regions. Near the dorsal-ventral boundary, loss of Atrophin leads to upregulation of targets of the Hippo pathway transcription factor Yorkie. This is explained by impairment of Notch signaling, and consequent downregulation of Vestigial, which normally competes with Yorkie for binding to Scalloped. In proximal regions of the wing disc, loss of Atrophin leads to downregulation of Yorkie activity. This is explained by downregulation of Dachs, as Dachs inhibits Warts, the central kinase controlling Yorkie activity. Downregulation of Dachs is explained by modulation of its upstream regulators Dachsous and Four-jointed, which is explained in turn by our discovery that Atrophin interacts genetically and physically with Vestigial and competes with Scalloped for Vestigial binding. These studies define new roles for Atrophin and enhance our understanding of the interplay of transcriptional activators and repressors that modulate Hippo signaling to shape wing development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikalauskaite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauskolb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatramanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Hippo signaling by Atrophin in the developing Drosophila wing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Alter Exercise Training-Induced Transcriptional Adaptations to Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction contributes to obesity-associated metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rodent studies have demonstrated that exercise training improves WAT function, but molecular studies investigating exercise training effects on WAT in humans have been limited, particularly in the context of metabolic disease. Here, we defined the subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) transcriptome in middle-aged adults (10 male, 19 female) that were classified by lower BMI (<27 kg/m2), higher BMI ([&ge;]27 kg/m2), and T2D status before and after a 10-week endurance exercise regimen. At baseline, 624 genes were significantly upregulated and 112 genes downregulated in the scWAT from higher BMI participants compared to lower BMI. There was a spectrum of pathway dysregulation in scWAT in higher BMI individuals, ranging from increased markers of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and inflammation to decreased circadian rhythm gene expression. In people with T2D, there were additional transcriptomic differences such as translation-related pathways, selenoamino acid metabolism, and proteoglycans. Exercise training had robust effects on the transcriptome regardless of metabolic status, and notably, for the high BMI and T2D groups, training reversed several of the detrimental gene expression patterns in a cell-type-specific manner. These beneficial exercise-induced transcriptomic adaptations significantly correlated with lower levels of free fatty acids and blood pressure, particularly in participants with higher BMI and T2D. By integrating our exercise training-modulated genes with GWAS meta-analysis of physical activity, genes influenced by exercise training in the higher BMI group showed a significant enrichment in genetic associations of exercise traits in the population. A circadian rhythm-related transcription factor NR1D1 was enriched in enhancers linked with both the exercise differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and GWAS signals, suggesting a link between the circadian rhythm and training-induced adaptations. These findings demonstrate that obesity and T2D result in marked, progressive alterations in cell-type specific gene transcription in scWAT, while endurance exercise training reverses many of the metabolic disease-associated adaptations. Identification of novel molecular pathways regulated by exercise training can lead to therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Middelbeek, R. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vamvini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirshman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Alter Exercise Training-Induced Transcriptional Adaptations to Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PERINATAL ORGANOPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT EXPOSURE ALTERS ADULT HPA AXIS FUNCTION AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER IN MICE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous flame-retardant additives with endocrine-disrupting properties. Despite increasing evidence that OPFRs impact neurodevelopment, their effects on the neuroendocrine stress response remain poorly understood. To examine their long-term impact on stress regulation, we treated pregnant C57Bl/6J dams to a mixture of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP; 1 mg/kg each) from gestational day (GD) 7 through postnatal day (PND) 14. Adult offspring (8-9 weeks of age) were then challenged with acute stressors, including 1 h restraint or a 6-day acute variable stress (AVS) paradigm. Perinatal OPFR exposure produced persistent, sex-specific alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress-related neurocircuitry. Following 1 h restraint, OPFR-treated females showed heightened serum corticosterone. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed sex-dependent disruptions in key stress-regulatory pathways after OPFR treatment and 1 h restraint in the hypothalamus (Crhr1, Crhr2, Ptpn5) and pituitary (Crhr1, Pomc, Nr3c1). Females demonstrated more differences in adrenal gene expression related to steroidogenesis (Mc2r, Cyp11b2) and catecholamine biosynthesis (Dbh, Pnmt), with OPFR-treated groups having blunted responses. OPFR AVS females displayed reduced corticosterone and downregulated Pacap/Pac1r expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), accompanied by increased behavioral avoidance and immobility. In males, OPFR exposure led to increased BNST Pacap and Pac1r, expression, along with hyperactivity and avoidance behaviors. Together, these findings demonstrate that early-life OPFR exposure induces lasting, sex-specific dysregulation of the HPA axis and associated stress circuits, highlighting OPFRs as developmental neuroendocrine disruptors with implications for mood and stress-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLucca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasrebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roepke, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PERINATAL ORGANOPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT EXPOSURE ALTERS ADULT HPA AXIS FUNCTION AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN A SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER IN MICE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychological stress and social support are associated with opposing single-cell pro-inflammatory gene regulatory mechanisms in adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychological stress is linked to elevated markers of chronic inflammation, whereas social support is associated with lower levels; yet, the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. We investigated gene regulatory variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 165 self-reported African American adults (aged 50-89 years) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell chromatin accessibility (scATAC-seq). Self-reported psychological stress and social support were associated with differential expression of 1,956 and 1,296 genes, respectively (10% FDR), primarily in CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Interferon signaling genes showed high expression in individuals with high psychological stress and low expression in those with high social support; this pattern mirrored gene expression in individuals with elevated circulating inflammatory markers (IFN-{gamma}, TNF-, IL-6). Genome-wide transcription factor (TF) motif analysis identified stress- and social support-associated changes in motif activity for 70 and 116 TFs, respectively, with 87 motifs enriched near differentially expressed genes. In CD4+ T cells, high psychological stress corresponded to increased IRF and STAT TF motif activity (interferon pathway), while social support was associated with reduced activity and expression in these pathways. We used an immune challenge paradigm (i.e., LPS stimulation), which confirmed the biological pathways of these gene regulatory effects. Our results demonstrate that psychological stress and social support modulate immune gene regulation at the single-cell level, revealing mechanistic links between psychosocial factors and inflammation, and suggesting that social support may promote immunological health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjbaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruinsma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair-Meijers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garlicki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petriello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilioli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychological stress and social support are associated with opposing single-cell pro-inflammatory gene regulatory mechanisms in adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constrained Diffusion for Protein Design with Hard Structural Constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDiffusion models offer a powerful means of capturing the manifold of realistic protein structures, enabling rapid design for protein engineering tasks. However, existing approaches observe critical failure modes when precise constraints are necessary for functional design. To this end, we present a constrained diffusion framework for structure-guided protein design, ensuring strict adherence to functional requirements while maintaining precise stereochemical and geometric feasibility. The approach integrates proximal feasibility updates with ADMM decomposition into the generative process, scaling effectively to the complex constraint sets of this domain. We evaluate on challenging protein design tasks, including motif scaffolding and vacancy-constrained pocket design, while introducing a novel curated benchmark dataset for motif scaffolding in the PDZ domain. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art, providing perfect satisfaction of bonding and geometric constraints with no degradation in structural diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seamann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fioretto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constrained Diffusion for Protein Design with Hard Structural Constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reaction kinetics of procainamide dye derivatization of N-linked glycans to enable robust process analytical workflows for glycoprotein-based biologics manufacturing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that represents a critical quality attribute (CQA) for therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), directly affecting drug efficacy, safety, and stability. Real-time CQA monitoring analytical platforms depend on rapid N-glycan release and fluorophore labeling chemistries to support automated bioprocess analytics during mAb manufacturing. Procainamide is a well-known fluorophore used for released N-glycans reducing sugar aldehydes labeling that offers both high fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection sensitivity comparable to several commercial reagents available in the market. However, currently there are no studies that optimize its use and long incubation times are often reported in the literature for procainamide labeling of N-glycans that has limited its use in time-sensitive workflows relevant to various stakeholders in industry, academia, and regulatory agencies. Here, we have systematically determined the combined procainamide labeling via reductive amination/reduction reaction kinetics at various incubation intervals, ranging from 1 min to 12 h, using N-glycans isolated from model biologic glycoprotein trastuzumab (TmAb). Labeling efficiencies were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLR), and detailed reaction parameters were determined by fitting suitable kinetic models. Results indicate that most N-glycans reached over 95% labeling efficiency within 1 hour at the desired reaction temperature. Interestingly, N-glycan structural features, particularly galactosylation and fucosylation levels, significantly influenced the labeling reaction rate. Fucosylated glycans exhibited up to 4-fold higher reaction rate constants than non-fucosylated forms, whereas increased galactosylation levels was associated with slower reaction rate. These results provide essential kinetic benchmarks for incorporating procainamide labeling for released N-glycans, and facilitating more efficient analytical workflows for Process Analytical Technology (PAT) focused on biologics N-glycan analysis in both research and industrial settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suaini, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narvekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reaction kinetics of procainamide dye derivatization of N-linked glycans to enable robust process analytical workflows for glycoprotein-based biologics manufacturing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
There is an I in team: individual improvements in supercharged cellulase cocktail facilitates cooperative cellulose degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lignocellulosic biomass is a vastly abundant renewable carbon source for biofuel production but its conversion to fermentable sugars is significantly hindered by an inherent recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation. Pretreatment technologies are successful in alleviating some challenges related to substrate recalcitrance, yet enzymes like cellulases still exhibit poor activity on highly crystalline and insoluble cellulose. Both cellulose and lignin present several issues with productive enzyme binding and efficient catalytic turnover. To address these bottlenecks, we employed protein supercharging to rationally design a glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family-6 exocellulase (Cel6B) and its native fused family-2a carbohydrate binding module (CBM2a) from the thermophilic cellulolytic microbe Thermobifida fusca. A total of 16 supercharged variants were designed across both GH/CBM domains and a chimeric library of 32 constructs, including the native enzyme, were synthesized and expressed in E. coli. The entire library of supercharged enzymes was tested for activity on several cellulosic substrates to identify one key construct, D5 CBM2a - WT Cel6B, that had a positively supercharged CBM2a that showed 2-3-fold higher activity on all substrates tested at pH 5.5. Purified enzyme assays confirmed that exocellulases behave quite different from their endocellulase counterparts when supercharged using similar protocols. Still, the purified D5 CBM2a - WT Cel6B mutant showed a 2.3-fold improvement in specific activity compared to native enzyme on crystalline cellulose. Analysis of melt curves depict that, while all other constructs tested have one distinct melt peak near the expected CBM melting point, domain melting is decoupled for the D5 CBM2a mutant. This effect reveals an intrinsic melting temperature of the Cel6B CD nearly 18 {degrees}C higher than the coupled melting temperature of the full-length enzyme. This unexpected catalytic domain stabilization effect of supercharged CBM2a domain is likely the driving force for activity improvements seen for this exocellulase that is otherwise prone to stalling and denaturation on the cellulose surface during processive catalytic turnover cycles. When combining this supercharged exocellulase construct with its endocellulase counterpart, our results show that supercharged enzymes that show the highest activity alone, produced the best synergistic partners. This study highlights another successful implementation of protein supercharging strategy for cellulases and provides another key piece towards building an effective synergistic cellulase cocktail for lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeChellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimabukuro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[There is an I in team: individual improvements in supercharged cellulase cocktail facilitates cooperative cellulose degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.681057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Derived Neuroactive Lipids - Docosahexaenoyl-Glycine and Its Epoxide Metabolites are Multifunctional Lipid Mediators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.681057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid mediators derived from {omega}-3 and {omega}-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) support neurological health in part through their oxidative and non-oxidative transformation into a diverse array of bioactive molecules. Among these are lipidated neurotransmitters, formed via conjugation of neurotransmitters with fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Previous studies links these lipidated neurotransmitters to beneficial outcomes in neurological diseases. Here, we focus on two such endogenous lipidated neurotransmitters, arachidonoyl glycine (NA-Gly) and docosahexaenoyl glycine (DHA-Gly) and demonstrate their further biotransformation by cytochrome P450 enzymes into epoxidized metabolites. These metabolites are structurally multifunctional, combining both epoxide and glycine moieties. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells, we observe increased formation of NA-Gly and DHA-Gly, correlating with their anti-inflammatory effects. Functionally, these lipidated glycines are selective and act as inverse agonists of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and selectively potentiate transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), but not TRPV1 or TRPM3 channels. Together, our findings identify NA-Gly, DHA-Gly, and their epoxide derivatives as multifunctional lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory properties and selective receptor modulation, positioning them as potential therapeutic leads in neuroinflammation and reinforce the critical side role of glycine in brain function.

SignificanceLipidated neurotransmitters derived from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contribute to neurological health through their conversion into a diverse array of bioactive signaling molecules. In this study, we study docosahexaenoyl glycine (DHA-Gly) and demonstrate their further enzymatic transformation by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases into epoxidized derivatives. These structurally distinct metabolites exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in microglial cells and interact with GPR55 and TRPV4, but not TRPV1 or TRPM3. Our findings highlight a new class of multifunctional lipid mediators with therapeutic potential for targeting neuroinflammation and related neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yudin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denissiouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohacs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.681057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omega-3 Fatty Acid Derived Neuroactive Lipids - Docosahexaenoyl-Glycine and Its Epoxide Metabolites are Multifunctional Lipid Mediators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Delivery Mediated by Backbone-Degradable RAFT Copolymers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.682953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cationic polymers present an attractive platform for gene delivery. However, these highly charged macromolecules can also lead to cytotoxicity. Therefore, there is a strong unmet need to develop efficacious polymeric gene delivery vehicles with high biocompatibility. Here, we leveraged recent advances in polymer chemistry to develop backbone-degradable cationic copolymers and evaluate their potential as gene delivery vehicles. Specifically, polycations were prepared via copolymerization with macrocyclic allylic sulfides which can participate in PET-RAFT polymerization via radical ring-opening cascade copolymerization to install degradable backbone segments. A polymer library with varying degradability was prepared and evaluated using a model GFP plasmid to transfect U-2 OS cells. Incorporation of degradable groups into the copolymer backbone improved transfection efficiency 10-fold at low amine/phosphate (N/P) ratios without increasing cytotoxicity, thereby enhancing their value as gene delivery carriers. We hypothesize that degradability may enhance the complexs disassembly kinetics in the cytosol, enabling more efficient payload release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulay, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favetta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.682953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Delivery Mediated by Backbone-Degradable RAFT Copolymers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Begomovirus species demarcation based on genome-sequence identity often yields non-monophyletic species: A case study of sweet potato-infecting begomoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sweepoviruses are single stranded DNA viruses in the genus Begomovirus which infect sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The Geminiviridae and Tolecusatellitidae study group of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) specifies a percent nucleotide identity threshold for species demarcation, but these criteria have not been systematically applied across sweepoviruses. Simultaneously, ICTV aims for species to be monophyletic. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of 398 full genome sequences of sweepoviruses only supported the monophyly of four of 14 ICTV-recognized species. Another species has a well-supported paraphyly, which is a legitimate biological possibility for these viruses. These analyses revealed a distinct difference in isolates of the sweet potato leaf curl Hubei virus (Begomovirus ipomoeahubeiense) versus isolates of all other species, a result substantiated by previous findings that this species is the product of recombination with a non-sweepovirus begomovirus. We found extensive recombination among the sweepoviruses, including across species boundaries, which is at odds with the goal of monophyletic species. Reclassifying the current sequences of sweepoviruses under the ICTV-specified species delineation would cut the number of sweepovirus species in half, and only five of these seven species could be considered monophyletic. Our analyses highlight the failure of a percent nucleotide identity threshold to create monophyletic species. The particularly low threshold for novel species in Begomovirus also conflates lineages that are mostly separately evolving into a single species, leading to average percent nucleotide identities within species that are less than the threshold for being members of the same species (<91%).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauriello, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo Bellido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seah, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Begomovirus species demarcation based on genome-sequence identity often yields non-monophyletic species: A case study of sweet potato-infecting begomoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant E-I Balance and Brain Criticality in Major Depressive Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain criticality and complexity are increasingly recognized as promising biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. In Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), disordered neural dynamics have been reported, but their nature and consistency remain incompletely understood. Here, we study brain criticality, excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance, combined excitation- inhibition strength (E+I), and complexity of brain dynamics associated with MDD. Using resting-state EEG from 183 patients with MDD and 133 healthy controls (HC), we identified disruptions of critical dynamics and excitation-inhibition balance which discriminate groups. We found that amplitude bistability is lower, and long-range temporal correlations are weaker in MDD, implying deviation from criticality. Excitation-inhibition metrics show frequency-specific alterations in MDD. Estimates of excitation-inhibition ratios (E/I) derived from the statistical properties of amplitude fluctuations show higher values in HC than MDD in the {theta} band, indicating relative over-excitation, and lower values in the {gamma} band, indicating relative over-inhibition. An excitation- inhibition strength index reflecting combined excitatory and inhibitory drive (E+I), was decreased in {theta} through {beta} bands and increased in {gamma} in MDD. Collectively, excitation-inhibition measures suggest decreased inhibitory drive in the mechanisms underlying {theta} oscillations in MDD and increased inhibitory drive in the mechanisms underlying {gamma} oscillations. Classification using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression achieved high accuracy and the predictive feature set includes measures of criticality, E/I ratios, and combined E+I strength. These findings elucidate pathological alterations of brain dynamics in MDD and define a complex system fingerprint, supporting the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitsuto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruqi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant E-I Balance and Brain Criticality in Major Depressive Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of population-level feedback control by transposon-plasmid coevolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origins of adaptive functions remain poorly understood, despite considerable interest1-5. Here, we report the de novo evolution of population-level feedback control in clonal Escherichia coli strains containing high-copy plasmids, enabling these strains to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in response to tetracycline. Selection maintains tetA+ and tetA- plasmids within single cells, due to negative feedback from the toxic effects of a tetA-gfp tetracycline resistance transposon. At high plasmid copy numbers, the intracellular equilibrium of tetA+ and tetA- plasmids robustly responds to tetracycline through rapid evolutionary dynamics6-8. Theory predicts that the GFP response to tetracycline is determined by the covariance between GFP expression and bacterial fitness. Our findings show that small mutational changes can result in large qualitative changes to population-level behavior. Here, the evolution of polymorphic intracellular populations of mobile genetic elements allows host populations to dynamically respond to antibiotic in the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamrick, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of population-level feedback control by transposon-plasmid coevolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing astrocyte calcium in the nucleus accumbens core increases reward valuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocyte dysfunction within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been increasingly implicated in maladaptive reward processing and the development of addiction-like behaviors. In this study, we investigated how impairing astrocyte calcium signaling in the NAc core influences consummatory reward behaviors and reward valuation. Using a viral approach to express the human plasma membrane calcium ATPase (hPMCA) in NAc core astrocytes in male rats, we selectively reduced intracellular astrocyte calcium dynamics. Blunting astrocyte calcium signaling led to increased self-administration of both sucrose and cocaine on a low effort fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Behavioral economic analysis revealed enhanced reward motivation and valuation in hPMCA-expressing rats as compared to controls. Notably, reduction of astrocyte calcium signaling did not alter cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization, indicating a dissociation between astrocytic regulation of reward valuation and other cocaine-related behaviors. Collectively, these results identify astrocyte calcium dynamics in the NAc core as a key constraint on motivational drive and reward valuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanRyzin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laraia, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyawali, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissner, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing astrocyte calcium in the nucleus accumbens core increases reward valuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells inhibit CD8+ TRM-like cells during the early stages of tumor immune escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are increasingly recognized as crucial components of tumor immunosurveillance and potential targets in cancer immunotherapy. However, studying TRM cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been challenging due to limitations in existing tumor models. Traditional cell lines injected subcutaneously fail to replicate the biological cues of dermal and epidermal tumors, and many genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) lack a specific tumor antigen for tracking immune responses. Here, we use an autochthonous Braf/PTEN model of melanoma, modified to express OVA as a tumor-specific model antigen, to show that CD103+ TRM-like cells orchestrate the initial antitumor immune response and this response is antagonized by infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Longitudinal spatial profiling (cyclic immunofluorescence) and flow cytometry analysis of Braf/PTEN/OVA mice show that TRM-like cells rapidly fill a stable niche in the tumor. These TRM-like cells are phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from other T cells, expressing low levels of PD-1 and Tim-3, but uniquely expressed CD101 and GzmB. Depletion of Treg cells led to augmentation of the OVA-specific antitumor immune response involving activation of TRM-like CD8+ TILs, substantial CD8+ and CD4+ T cell infiltration, and a decrease in tumor growth. Depletion of CD8+ T cells prior to Treg depletion blunted T cell recruitment to the tumor. These data show that immune escape is mediated by the ability of Tregs to suppress early antitumor responses and T cell recruitment by TRM-like cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kley, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajmalani, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotrosen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupper, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory T cells inhibit CD8+ TRM-like cells during the early stages of tumor immune escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JAK1/2 Inhibition Delays Cachexia and Improves Survival through Increased Food Intake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and is frequently accompanied by reduced food intake and cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by weight loss and skeletal muscle wasting. We sought to identify contributors to cachexia using a murine model of lung cancer that reproduces key features of this syndrome. A multiplex cytokine screening approach, integrated with western blot and transcriptomic analyses, identified tumor-derived inflammatory mediators and downstream signaling pathways associated with cachexia. Notably, IL-6 superfamily members were elevated in the tumor and plasma of mice and patients with cachexia. The JAK-STAT3 signaling was upregulated in liver and skeletal muscle, driving the acute phase response and impairing lipid metabolism. Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK1/2 with ruxolitinib improved body weight, fat mass, and overall survival without altering tumor burden. These effects were driven primarily by blunted hypothalamic leptin receptor signaling, which increased food intake early in the disease course. In the liver, JAK inhibition reduced STAT3 activity, restored fatty acid oxidation, and decreased the production of acute-phase proteins. These findings support JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for lung cancer-associated cachexia.

Statement of SignificanceCancer cachexia is a lethal complication of lung cancer that lacks effective treatment. We show that JAK inhibition by ruxolitinib restores weight, fat mass, and prolongs survival in murine models of lung cancer. These effects were independent of tumor burden, underscoring the relevance of addressing cachexia to improve survival in cancer patients and supporting clinical testing of JAK inhibition for cancer cachexia
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsamooj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathoo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kniess Debarba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima Queiroz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ersoy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malbari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altorki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cararo Lopes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamal-Hanjani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JAK1/2 Inhibition Delays Cachexia and Improves Survival through Increased Food Intake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental community ecology in decline: A call to embrace technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Community dynamics are complex and thus challenging to infer from observational data alone. Experiments, with their ability to control variables and isolate mechanisms, are a powerful tool for uncovering the causal processes that drive community dynamics. They therefore allow us to move beyond correlations and to directly test theoretical predictions. Yet, because experiments are often logistically demanding and resource-intensive, they are less frequently employed than observational approaches in community ecology. Here, we trace the past three decades of experimental research in community ecology through a systematic literature review. We focus on the motivation behind experiments, their links to ecological theory, the types of questions they address, their scale, and the methods used to do this. Our results corroborate the historically tight relationship between experiments and ecological theory and document a gradual increase in experimental complexity --particularly related to the use of molecular methods. However, persistent gaps remain in the taxa and ecosystems studied, with aquatic ecosystems, fungi, and microbes still underrepresented compared to terrestrial plants and animals. Moreover, experiments are still limited in their spatial and temporal scale; they are typically short-term, local, and reliant on manual methods. The integration of high-throughput technologies with experimental workflows is still in its infancy, even though they are increasingly common in biomonitoring. To illustrate the potential of such tools in experimental research, we present a proof-of-concept study. It shows how automated technologies can be incorporated at different stages of the experimental workflow to expand the scale of experiments while reducing the reliance on human labor and potentially lowering financial costs. We conclude that many of the long-lasting biases and challenges in experimental community ecology could be addressed by combining technological innovations with broader collaboration among research groups. Coordinated networks, standardized protocols, and the integration of long-term and large-scale experimental designs can substantially improve in situ replication as well as cross-site comparability. Such efforts are essential for developing a more comprehensive mechanistic understanding of community dynamics across diverse ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arancibia, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrego, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roslin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovaskainen, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental community ecology in decline: A call to embrace technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dedifferentiation-Driven Oncogenic Stemness Promotes Tumor-Sustaining Adaptability in the Intestinal Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal tumorigenesis can occur via two distinct routes: bottom-up tumorigenesis occurs from mutations sustained in the Lgr5 stem cells, whereas top-down tumorigenesis is driven by dedifferentiation of epithelial cells near the intestinal lumen. While sporadic human colon adenomas exhibit features of top-down tumorigenesis, their biological determinants remain elusive. Here, using a Smad4 loss-of-function and {beta}-catenin gain-of-function (Smad4LOF:{beta}-cateninGOF) mouse model, we demonstrate that dedifferentiation-derived oncogenic stem cells sustain tumorigenesis more effectively than endogenous mutant stem cells harboring the mutation. The dedifferentiating villi epithelial cells showed early expression of CD44 and Lgr5, supporting oncogenic stemness. Aberrant Notch signaling in the villi epithelium was also detected at the onset of dedifferentiation, suggesting its contribution to dedifferentiation. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a distinct population of dedifferentiation-derived stem cells enriched for proliferative, metabolic, and mouse embryonic stem cell-like gene signatures, consistent with enhanced plasticity and tumorigenic potential. These mutant cells exhibited growth factor independence, indicating a capacity for niche-independent proliferation and metabolic adaptation to sustain tumor growth. These findings identify dedifferentiation-driven stemness, aberrant Notch activation, and metabolic plasticity as cooperative mechanisms that promote top-down intestinal tumorigenesis. This study provides insight into how oncogenic dedifferentiation contributes to tumor heterogeneity and persistence and has implications for therapeutic resistance in colorectal cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zgeib, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matouba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inamdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perekatt, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dedifferentiation-Driven Oncogenic Stemness Promotes Tumor-Sustaining Adaptability in the Intestinal Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is the whole more than the sum of its parts? Considering global and local features of the connectome improves prediction of individuals and phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Popular methods for analyzing the brains functional connectome examine statistical associations between pairs of atlas-defined brain regions, viewing the strength of these links as independent values. However, edges within a standard connectivity matrix, i.e., correlations between individual regions or nodes, are not independent. They are part of an interconnected system. Here, we propose that consideration of both independent, linear relationships (as in standard approaches such as linear kernel ridge regression and connectome-based predictive modeling) as well as higher order statistical associations - such as tertiary interactions between matrix components and global features of the matrix space - will enhance identification of meaningful individual differences. To test this, we adopt a geometrically grounded measure of similarity that accounts for higher-order local statistical relationships and global interactions, the Wasserstein metric. Results indicate that considering connectivity matrices as representations of their associated Gaussian distributions significantly improves both identification of individuals based on their connectivity matrices (aka,  fingerprinting) and prediction of individual differences in phenotypes such as fluid intelligence and openness to experience. Thus, both pairwise local and global brain connectivity properties encode for meaningful individual differences that relate to phenotypic expressions and should be considered in brain-behavior predictive models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is the whole more than the sum of its parts? Considering global and local features of the connectome improves prediction of individuals and phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corylus avellana disease management: using metagenomics to illuminate the rhizosphere microbiome of Corylus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.684018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The European hazelnut, Corylus avellana, is one of the most economically important tree nut crops globally. The biotrophic ascomycete pathogen Anisogramma anomala, found naturally associated with wild C. americana, continues to pose a significant threat to European hazelnut production across North America. Here, metagenomics was used to examine the taxonomic and functional features of the rhizosphere microbial communities of hazelnut trees differing in their levels of resistance to A. anomala: highly tolerant Corylus americana, and resistant and susceptible Corylus avellana. No statistically significant differences in microbial alpha diversity or beta diversity were noted between the three rhizosphere groups. Compared to bulk soil, all three rhizosphere groups were enriched for the fungal phylum Basidiomycota and bacterial phylum "Candidatus Rokubacteriota". At the genus level, the bacterial genera Actinospica, Occallatibacter, and "Candidatus Sulfotelmatobacter" were under-represented, while the genus Rhizobacter was over-represented, in the resistant and susceptible C. avellana rhizosphere samples compared to the bulk soil. A total of 45 dereplicated, high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were generated, corresponding to 41 bacteria and 4 archaea. Many of the MAGs carried multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, including MAGs corresponding to the genera Lysobacter and Actinospica. Overall, the low differentiation of the rhizosphere microbiomes suggest that differences in A. anomala disease expression are likely not associated with differences in the rhizosphere microbiome. Nevertheless, the results shed new light on the rhizosphere communities of two species of hazelnut, and woody perennials more broadly, and identify potential avenues for future research into the development of microbial inoculants for Corylus spp..
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molnar, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>diCenzo, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.684018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corylus avellana disease management: using metagenomics to illuminate the rhizosphere microbiome of Corylus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating theory and machine learning to reveal determinants of plasmid copy number 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements whose copy numbers (PCNs) critically influence microbial evolution, antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. Despite their importance and immense diversity, the ecological, evolutionary and molecular factors determining PCN remain poorly understood. Here, we present a theoretical model to explain the empirical power-law relationship between plasmid size and copy number, one of the fundamental quantitative principles governing PCN control. However, this relationship alone has limited predictive power. To improve PCN prediction, we introduce a data-driven approach incorporating diverse features. Trained on >10,000 plasmids, our machine learning model achieves significantly enhanced accuracy, with plasmid-encoded protein domains emerging as key predictors. Applying this framework, we conduct the first comprehensive analysis of PCN distributions across hundreds of thousands of metagenomic plasmids (IMG/PR database) and tens of thousands of clinical isolates, uncovering niche specific taxonomic PCN hotspots and ecological adaptations. These results provide critical insights into plasmid ecology, ARG surveillance and shed lights on the gut plasmidome, a "dark matter" in human microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahzadi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating theory and machine learning to reveal determinants of plasmid copy number]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacologic activation of HNF4α/γ restores epithelial barrier function in Crohn's disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsEpithelial permeability barrier dysfunction is a central pathogenic driver of Crohns disease (CD), fueling microbial translocation, chronic inflammation, and progressive tissue injury. While current therapies suppress inflammation, none directly restore epithelial barrier function. Importantly, in CD patients, permeability barrier healing (BH) rather than mucosal healing is associated with long-term remission and a reduced risk of disease complications. Yet BH remains an unaddressed therapeutic target in CD. Here, we investigated whether pharmacologic inhibition of the integrated stress response (ISR) and RIPK3-mediated necroptosis, two convergent pathways of epithelial injury, can promote epithelial viability, regeneration, and barrier integrity in CD.

MethodsWe employed villin-1/gelsolin double knockout (DKO) mice with epithelial-intrinsic ISR activation, Tnf{Delta}ARE/+ mice with chronic inflammation, and CD patient-derived enteroids (PDEs). Animals and PDE were treated with ISR inhibitor ISRIB, RIPK3 inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), or FDA-approved cancer drugs pazopanib and ponatinib, repurposed as potent RIPK3 inhibitors. Epithelial survival, regenerative growth (enteroid formation, budding), and barrier function (transepithelial electrical resistance, TEER) were assessed.

ResultsChronic ISR activation and necroptosis were prominent in both murine models and CD PDEs, causing epithelial death, Paneth cell expansion, impaired enteroid survival, and regenerative failure. Pharmacologic inhibition with ISRIB, Nec-1, pazopanib, or ponatinib restored villus architecture, reduced inflammation, enhanced epithelial survival and regeneration, and significantly improved TEER.

ConclusionsISR activation and RIPK3-mediated necroptosis converge to drive epithelial injury and barrier dysfunction in CD. Repurposing pazopanib and ponatinib offers a potentially translatable approach, to restore barrier integrity in CD.

SynopsisISR activation and RIPK3-mediated necroptosis drive epithelial injury in Crohns disease. Repurposed RIPK3 inhibitors, pazopanib and ponatinib, restore epithelial homeostasis and permeability barrier function, providing a translational strategy to achieve sustained remission in CD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacologic activation of HNF4α/γ restores epithelial barrier function in Crohn's disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve injury triggers localized translation of axonal mRNAs to respond to injury and nerve regeneration. The core stress granule protein G3BP1 sequesters axonal mRNAs in granules before and after axotomy. G3BP1 granule disassembly can be regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation of S149 phosphorylation and acetylation of human K376 (mouse K374). Axonal G3BP1 undergoes phosphorylation after axotomy, but acetylation of G3BP1 in axons was unknown. Here we show that rodent G3BP1 undergoes K374 acetylation after axotomy is ELP3-dependent, which enhances axonal protein synthesis, accelerates nerve regeneration, and supports functional recovery. ELP3-depleted neurons exhibit reduced axon growth and increased axonal G3BP1 granules. The proximal axons degenerate rapidly despite maintaining soma connectivity, an effect prevented by expression of acetylmimetic G3BP1.Together, these findings identify G3BP1 acetylation via ELP3 as a critical regulator of both axonal regeneration and neuronal resilience, revealing a post-translational mechanism that links stress granule regulation to neuronal repair and protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalla Costa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michenfelder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thames, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElveen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manaswiyoungkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain insulin signaling restores deficits in striatal dopamine release in overweight male mice with preexisting low D2-receptor expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is characterized by insulin resistance, motivational impairments, and, in some cases, reduced availability of dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. However, whether the low D2 receptor levels represent a predisposing factor or a consequence of obesity, and how these processes are mechanistically linked, remains unclear. Here, we directly tested this causal relationship by selectively reducing D2 receptor density in striatal neurons. Male, but not female, mice with a low density of striatal D2 receptors consumed more food, gained more weight, and developed metabolic features of peripheral insulin resistance despite being maintained on standard chow. Motivational deficits preceded weight gain, manifesting as delayed circadian locomotor onset, reduced physical activity, and diminished effort to obtain food. In the brain, male mice with low D2 receptor density showed reduced dopamine release capacity and age-dependent alterations in brain insulin sensitivity. Prior to weight gain, brain insulin responses were blunted compared to those of controls, in which insulin potentiates dopamine release and enhances striatal acetylcholine signaling. Once overweight, however, these mice exhibited brain insulin hypersensitivity, with insulin strongly restoring dopamine release capacity. Together, these findings demonstrate that low striatal D2 receptor density predisposes male mice to an obesity-like phenotype through early dopaminergic dysfunction that precedes weight gain and is later compensated by insulin hypersensitivity in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bocarsly, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriramoji-Virdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authement, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashikiran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldbach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimondini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain insulin signaling restores deficits in striatal dopamine release in overweight male mice with preexisting low D2-receptor expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Profiling of Commonly Used Liver Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Disease-Specific Modeling Potential and Authentication Concerns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell lines are essential tools for liver cancer research, yet their molecular fidelity to primary tumors remains incompletely characterized. Here we comprehensively evaluated transcriptomic similarities between commonly used liver cancer cell lines and primary tumor subtypes to guide optimal model selection. We analyzed RNA sequencing data from 541 samples spanning primary HCC, HPBL, CHOL, and FLC tumors, alongside 21 liver cancer cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Through systematic variance analysis, we identified 2,523 highly variable genes distinguishing cancer subtypes and cell lines, then performed correlation analyses, unsupervised clustering, and pathway enrichment to assess molecular similarities. Molecular subtypes within each cancer type were identified through hierarchical clustering and characterized using pathway analysis. HepG2 cells showed strongest correlation with HPBL (r=0.62), confirming their hepatoblastoma origin despite frequent HCC misclassification. This correlation was driven by shared Wnt pathway dysregulation signatures. Huh7 cells best represented HCC, particularly the immune-modulatory, MYC-activated subtype with the highest median correlation. RBE cells optimally modeled CHOL, specifically the dedifferentiated, immune-evasive subtype. Several commonly used cell lines (LO2, SMMC-7721, MHCC97L) and specific publicly available samples demonstrated likely HeLa contamination. Primary human hepatocytes cultured under physioxic conditions better preserved liver-specific transcriptional programs compared to standard culture. No established cell line analyzed represented FLC strongly, identifying the need for a standard, available model. This transcriptomic framework provides evidence-based guidance for selecting appropriate liver cancer cell line models and highlights the critical need for rigorous cell line validation to improve experimental design and translational relevance of liver cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarfaraz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somarowthu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Profiling of Commonly Used Liver Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Disease-Specific Modeling Potential and Authentication Concerns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae interaction with predatory bacteria on chitin suggests an alternative mode of biofilm formation in marine snow conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous marine microbe that solubilizes and consumes chitin in the marine water column. In both the marine environment and the intestinal track, V. cholerae forms biofilms; a key question regarding the lifestyle of V. cholerae is how do the diverse substrates that it encounters influence its biofilm formation and, in turn, shape its ecological interactions. Here, we use the predator-prey interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and V. cholerae as a model to explore how the environmental chitin substrate alters V. cholerae biofilm formation and predator-prey interactions. We find that glass-bound biofilms provide strong protection for V. cholerae against predation while also allowing a population of predatory B. bacteriovorus to remain in place. In contrast, chitin-bound biofilms offer less protection against B. bacteriovorus predation and do not maintain a stable population of B. bacteriovorus. Using percolation and population dynamics models, we predict that these changes in predator-prey dynamics can be mostly explained by alterations in biofilm architecture between the two conditions, which changes the fraction of prey available to B. bacteriovorus. Performing targeted biofilm matrix deletions, we confirm this prediction by recapitulating key features of the chitin predator-prey interactions on glass surfaces. Following on this observation, we show that V. cholerae biofilms grown on chitin produce much less of the canonical biofilm matrix components and instead rely on other extracellular structures. Overall, our experiments detail how growth substrate can alter biofilm matrix composition and how these changes in biofilm architecture and cellular arrangement can impact higher-order ecological interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinbest, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadouri, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio cholerae interaction with predatory bacteria on chitin suggests an alternative mode of biofilm formation in marine snow conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA G-Quadruplexes Function as a Tunable Switch of FUS Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FUS undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to support essential cellular functions, but aberrant phase transitions promote toxic aggregation in neurodegenerative disease. Short RNA oligonucleotides can reverse this behavior, yet the structural determinants that govern RNA activity remain poorly defined. Here, we identify RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) as tunable structural motifs that potently modulate FUS LLPS. rG4 activity depends on its concentration and is modulated by rG4 length and stability: increasing repeat number switches rG4s from inhibitor to nucleator of FUS assembly, whereas chemical modifications that stabilize rG4 enhance inhibitory function and render these activities resilient to ionic perturbation. Although short rG4s interact with both soluble and condensed FUS, they preferentially engage the soluble pool, likely shifting the equilibrium toward dispersion. Leveraging these mechanistic insights, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline that uncovered more rG4 inhibitors that robustly reverse FUS LLPS and aggregation. Our findings establish rG4s as chemically programmable regulators of protein phase behavior and provide a blueprint for engineering RNA-based therapeutics that dissolve pathogenic FUS assemblies. More broadly, this work directly links RNA secondary structure to distinct functional outcomes in phase behavior, establishing a structure-function paradigm for RNA control of condensates, demonstrating implications in both fundamental biology and therapeutic development.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/685846v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welebob, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckhaults, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePierro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeusler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA G-Quadruplexes Function as a Tunable Switch of FUS Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic background and transient prenatal disruption of vitamin A signaling determine susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway structural changes and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), hallmarks of asthma, are crucially influenced by genetic variations and adverse exposures. While intrauterine environmental perturbations leading to dysfunctional lung development have been linked to adult pulmonary disease, still little is known about the developmental events leading to these postnatal abnormalities. Here, we provide evidence of genetic background playing a key role in this process. Using A/J and C57BL/6J mice known for their distinct susceptibility to AHR, we show that A/J but not C57BL/6J develop an aberrant airway smooth muscle (SM) program and AHR in adulthood when exposed transiently to a vitamin A/retinoic acid (RA)-disrupted intrauterine environment in vivo by a maternal BMS493 administration. Single nuclei multiomics analysis identified a subpopulation of mesenchymal cells that overactivated TGF{beta} targets in response to BMS selectively in A/J, but not C57BL/6J, embryonic lungs. These cells, localized to sites of airway SM initiation, exhibited robust BMS-mediated upregulation of SMAD2/3 targets, including regulators of SM program Pdgfra and Tnc, and showed stable cell proportions despite the marked transcriptional rewiring following RA disruption. These findings identify TGF{beta}-activating mesenchymal cells as a critical niche responsive to RA signaling and reveal how genetic background determines developmental susceptibility to micronutrient perturbations with long-term impact on airway function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otoshi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameshwar, A. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardell, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiangyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaram, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpton, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic background and transient prenatal disruption of vitamin A signaling determine susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.686024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges and opportunities in detecting leaf water and carotenoid content across biomes from satellite multispectral indices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.686024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is causing vegetation stress across the globe, increasing the need for reliable indicators to monitor plant health. Leaf water and carotenoid content, and the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio, are established proxies for environmental stress that can be detected by remote sensing. Here, we evaluated the sensitivity of 11 multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) designed to monitor these three stress-related leaf traits across a broad range of environmental and vegetation conditions. For this, we combined radiative transfer modeling with cross-biome field and satellite observations from Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, and MODIS from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), spanning in most major terrestrial ecosystems. Our model-based analysis showed that VIs have a low to moderate sensitivity to their target traits, ranging from water indices with 66% of their variability explained by leaf water content, to carotenoid indices with 27% variability explained by leaf carotenoid content. Surprisingly, our field-based analyses revealed minimal to no sensitivity to leaf water and carotenoid content and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio across all VIs. In contrast, we showed that leaf area index was the dominant driver of all studied VIs, accounting for 54-74 % of their variability in the field-based analysis. Lastly, we detected that VI[s] sensitivity to atmospheric conditions and field sampling issues contribute to their low performance in validating ground truth observations. These findings show that improvements in the VIs formulation and field sampling strategies are needed to increase the reliability of vegetation stress monitoring from multispectral satellites and support a generalized use of VIs across ecosystems.

Highlights: 3-5 bullet points, 85 characters[bullet] Sensitivity of water and carotenoid multispectral indices was evaluated
[bullet]Analysis based on cross-biome field data and radiative transfer models
[bullet]Field data showed indices had minimal sensitivity to leaf water and carotenoid
[bullet]Leaf area index explained most cross-biome variation in water and carotenoid indices
[bullet]We propose strategies to improve stress-related index formulation and validation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montes-Bojorquez, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Zazueta, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinoco-Ojanguren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massaine Moulatlet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo-Leon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinojo-Hinojo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.686024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges and opportunities in detecting leaf water and carotenoid content across biomes from satellite multispectral indices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.685595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blind Prediction of Complex Water and Ion Ensembles Around RNA in CASP16 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.685595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecules rely on water and ions for stable folding, but these interactions are often transient, dynamic, or disordered and thus hidden from experiments and evaluation challenges that represent biomolecules as single, ordered structures. Here, we compare blindly predicted ensembles of water and ion structure to the cryo-EM densities observed around the Tetrahymena ribozyme at 2.2-2.3 [A] resolution, collected through target R1260 in the CASP16 competition. 26 groups participated in this solvation  cryo-ensemble prediction challenge, submitting over 350 million atoms in total, offering the first opportunity to compare blind predictions of dynamic solvent shell ensembles to cryo-EM density. Predicted atomic ensembles were converted to density through local alignment and these densities were compared to the cryo-EM densities using Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation, mutual information, and precision-recall curves. These predictions show that an ensemble representation is able to capture information of transient or dynamic water and ions better than traditional atomic models, but there remains a large accuracy gap to the performance ceiling set by experimental uncertainty. Overall, molecular dynamics approaches best matched the cryo-EM density, with blind predictions from bussilab_plain_md, SoutheRNA, bussilab_replex, coogs2, and coogs3 outperforming the baseline molecular dynamics prediction. This study indicates that simulations of water and ions can be quantitatively evaluated with cryo-EM maps. We propose that further community-wide blind challenges can drive and evaluate progress in modeling water, ions and other previously hidden components of biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baulin, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujnicki, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheatham, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elofsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsani, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromiha, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwakiri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagaya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmiecik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurisaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Languin-Cattoen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malekzadeh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nithin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilla, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punuru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terashi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugolukova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verburgt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuyun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerze, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.685595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blind Prediction of Complex Water and Ion Ensembles Around RNA in CASP16]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pangenome and Suggestions for a New Composite Reference Sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis (TB), a global disease with diverse clinical and microbiological manifestations. Studies into the biological causes of this phenotypic diversity have been largely limited to a few reference strains. A pangenome approach is likely to provide new insights. Pangenomic tuberculosis studies have been limited the availability of only fragmented genome sequences and error-prone reference genomes. We used a de novo assembly pipeline that generates extremely complete and accurate whole genome sequences to generate 50 closed Mtb genomes across all seven major lineages. We identified 3,377 core gene clusters and 379 accessory clusters. Analysis showed multi-copy core clusters were largely due to gene fragmentation (76%), paralogs (12%), nearly identical gene duplications (4%), or combinations (8%). Sixteen hypervariable regions (HVRs) were identified, including novel paralogs and variable PE/PPE genes. We consolidated these findings into a Pangenome Gene Reference Resource (PGRR) for precision alignment. Our study demonstrates the closed nature of the Mtb pangenome, with most variation in accessory genes and HVRs. The PGRR provides a foundation for improved drug/vaccine target discovery and highlights the need to move beyond the commonly used H37Rv strain to study Mtb genetic and phenotypic diversity.

IMPORTANCETuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects millions globally. Genetic differences among Mtb strains have been difficult to resolve due to incomplete genome references. We sequenced and analyzed complete genomes of 50 Mtb strains from all lineages, identifying 16 hypervariable regions and 3,498 core gene clusters whose diversity mostly stemmed from gene fragmentation, paralog duplication and deletion events and differences in the PE/PPE gene family representation. These differences may explain many of the varied clinical manifestations of TB. We created Pangenome Gene Reference Resource to unify genetic data for precise comparison studies to aid in developing new drugs vaccines and other interventions against this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henoch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pangenome and Suggestions for a New Composite Reference Sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shell-bound archives: uncovering nematode encapsulations in the Galapagos' largest radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How macroevolution interacts with ecological networks remains a major question in eco-evolutionary science. We investigate this interplay in the Naesiotus snail radiation of the Galapagos Islands, which encapsulates parasitic nematodes within the shell--a recently discovered gastropod defense. Using a natural history collection, we examined dry shells from 47 species across 12 islands, quantified encapsulations, and sequenced nematode DNA to reconstruct a host-parasite network. Encapsulations were widespread and revealed high nematode diversity, including in snail hosts presumed extinct. Nematode diversity was shaped by habitat, while encapsulation load was better explained by host species identity, suggesting species-specific defenses. Neither trait showed phylogenetic signal, and shell brightness was unrelated to nematode interactions. Similarly, host diversification rate did not predict network position, suggesting that macroevolution may leave a weak or obscured imprint on this host-parasite network. This snail-nematode system in islands readily enables integration of ecological networks, phylogeny, functional traits, and biogeography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuster-Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oiler, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shell-bound archives: uncovering nematode encapsulations in the Galapagos' largest radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric oxide tunes secreted metabolite bioactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The radical nitric oxide ({middle dot}NO) is short-lived but has imprinted itself on many aspects of physiology and disease. {middle dot}NOs rapid production and consumption, coupled with its intrinsic reactivity, drive its biological importance; thus, defining mechanisms and targets of {middle dot}NO reactivity is necessary to assess its fate and impact. Cellular small molecules are a major class of {middle dot}NO-reactive targets, possessing a variety of molecular functionalities that can react with {middle dot}NO. Yet the capacity for secreted small molecules to react with {middle dot}NO, as well as the biological consequences of such reactivity, have received little attention. Here, we explore the reactivity of {middle dot}NO with phenazine metabolites, microbially-derived secreted small molecules that possess antibiotic properties and can modulate their microenvironment. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model phenazine producer, we find that {middle dot}NO reacts with specific phenazines to yield stable, chemically-distinct products. These chemical transformations significantly attenuate phenazine antibiotic properties, including against the phenazine nonproducer Staphylococcus aureus, a competitor with P. aeruginosa for niches in the context of infection. By contrast, P. aeruginosa experiences rapid loss in viability when phenazines and {middle dot}NO react. This toxicity occurs even in the presence of S. aureus, which displays resistance to nitrosylated phenazines, implicating a specific toxicity dependent on the formation of the phenazine-NO adduct. These findings highlight the capacity of {middle dot}NO to transform metabolite activity and suggest that {middle dot}NO can tune microbial interactions in complex environments by a mechanism of action hitherto unappreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lonergan, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisflog, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scurria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalhammer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric oxide tunes secreted metabolite bioactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of an Open-Channel Structure and Lateral Conduction Pathway in the Cation-Selective Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel, ELIC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.06.686614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Open-channel structures of multiple pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC) have been determined, including the prokaryotic model pLGIC, ELIC (Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel). For many of these structures, it remains uncertain whether they represent the physiologic open-channel state because the conditions used for structure determination do not match those of functional measurements in cell membranes. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to examine the ion conduction properties of the ELIC open-channel structure, which was determined using a non-desensitizing mutant called ELIC5. Results from simulations show that the pore remains stably open on the microsecond timescale, but computational electrophysiology measurements demonstrate a large outward rectification, and an inward conductance that is significantly lower than experiment. This discrepancy is attributed to a constricted extracellular domain (ECD), which restricts the passage of ions between the ECD vestibule and extracellular solution. Unbiased MD simulation of the ELIC5 structure demonstrates spontaneous widening of an intersubunit space in the ECD to expose a lateral fenestration which becomes the dominant ion conduction pathway. Computational electrophysiology of the ELIC5 MD-refined structures with a widened lateral fenestration shows better agreement with experimental single-channel recordings. Mutations of residues along the lateral ion conduction pathway show reduced single-channel conductance, supporting the importance of the lateral fenestration for ion conduction in a cation-selective pLGIC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arcario, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Chen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannigan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, W. W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of an Open-Channel Structure and Lateral Conduction Pathway in the Cation-Selective Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel, ELIC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graph attention with structural features improves the generalizability of identifying functional sequences at a protein interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of the set of sequences compatible with a protein-protein interface is an unsolved problem in biology. While supervised sequence-based models trained directly on experimental data can predict variant effects, they often fail to generalize to significantly diverged sequences. We hypothesized that incorporating information from deep learning models of proteins (e.g., ESM, ProteinMPNN) could enhance generalizability. To test this hypothesis, we designed and experimentally screened several deep mutational libraries of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) for binding to the ACE2 receptor. Our large dataset encompasses over 43,000 sequence variants, exhibiting up to 26 substitutions away from the parental RBD sequence, thus exploring a significantly expanded sequence space compared to previous studies. Baseline supervised learning with one-hot encoded sequences achieved high accuracy within training sets but poor performance on unseen libraries. Integrating pre-trained protein model embeddings (ESM2) as a feature showed modest improvement in generalization. To further enhance predictive power, we developed a graph attention network architecture that combines representations of local residue environments using protein structure graphs with long-range inter-residue correlations captured by protein language model (PLM) embeddings (GAN-PLM). By explicitly modeling residue environments, interface geometry, and sequence dependencies, our graph attention model outperformed purely sequence-based models, achieving substantially higher balanced accuracies when predicting functional ACE2-binding variants across the diverse sequence space spanned by our independent libraries. This demonstrates the potential of structure- and sequence-based features into deep learning frameworks to achieve accurate and generalizable predictions of protein interface function, with broad implications for understanding and engineering protein interactions relevant to emerging infectious diseases and therapeutic protein design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ash, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francino-Urdaniz, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kells, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graph attention with structural features improves the generalizability of identifying functional sequences at a protein interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical tweezers combined with FRET tension sensor reveal force-dependent vinculin dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods to visualize and quantify the molecular responses of cells to local forces exerted at adhesions are crucial to elucidate how physical forces control cellular behavior. Of the many proteins involved in focal adhesions, vinculin plays a key role in mediating force-sensitive processes. Here, we combine optical tweezers and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy to measure the intensity and FRET efficiency of the vinculin tension sensor, VinTS, in response to a force. Fibroblasts expressing VinTS formed adhesions on fibronectin-coated, 3m-diameter, polystyrene beads, which were subjected to an optical trap with adjustable stiffness up to 0.26 pN/nm. After 5 min, the mean bead displacement was [~]200nm in all trapping conditions inducing counteracting forces in the 10-100pN range. In response to the optical trap, vinculin recruitment and tension increased as a function of time. The mean increase in vinculin tension (1-2% decrease in absolute FRET efficiency) attained after 5 min was not significantly different at the different trapping conditions. However, vinculin recruitment was significantly higher at the higher trap stiffness with up to 35% increase in intensity at 0.26 pN/nm compared with <10% increase at 0.13 pN/nm, and an average 3% decrease in intensity for untrapped beads. The increase in vinculin intensity was correlated with the decrease in FRET efficiency at 0.26 pN/nm but not at lower stiffness. Thus, the presence of the high stiffness optical trap over 5 min appears to induce a positive correlation between vinculin recruitment and vinculin tension. In a few instances, vinculin puncta migrated a few microns away from the bead exceeding the beads movement speed while experiencing an increase in both vinculin intensity and tension. Taken together, the results suggest that combining an optical trap with vinculin tension measurements uncovers novel vinculin dynamics in the presence of a force.

Statement of significanceA fully calibrated system combining optical tweezers with FRET microscopy is developed and used to measure vinculin tension and recruitment in response to a force. The results demonstrate a correlation between vinculin recruitment and vinculin tension when the cells adhesion force is counteracted for 5 min by an optical trap stiffness of 0.26 pN/nm. This response was absent when a lower trap stiffness (0.13 pN/nm) was used or in the absence of the optical trap. Such dynamic measurements, enabled by the techniques presented in this paper, can help elucidate the mechanisms by which cells sense physical forces and the properties of proteins, such as vinculin, which play a fundamental role in cellular behaviors involving tissue growth and repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boustany, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical tweezers combined with FRET tension sensor reveal force-dependent vinculin dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CREG1 promotes autophagy and protects the heart against nutritional stress-induced injury and age-associated hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.11.687936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes 1 (CREG1) is an evolutionarily conserved endolysosomal glycoprotein that enhances lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, suppresses proliferation, and promotes differentiation. A prior gene targeting strategy that produced truncated N-terminal fragments resulted in embryonic lethality, limiting the ability to assess the physiological role of complete CREG1 loss. We hypothesized that CREG1 regulates cardiac autophagy, thereby maintaining cardiac structure and function under both physiological and stress conditions.

MethodsWe generated true Creg1 knockout (KO) mice by deleting the entire open reading frame and established a gain-of-function model by inserting human CREG1 into the Rosa26 locus. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in global and cardiomyocyte-specific Creg1 knockout (cmCreg1KO) and knock-in (cmCREG1KI) mice. Autophagy was evaluated using biochemical assays, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and the CAG-EGFP-RFP-LC3 reporter analysis.

ResultsGlobal Creg1 knockout mice developed progressive cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction at [~]80 weeks of age. At younger ages, CREG1 deficiency increased susceptibility to nutritional stress, resulting in mitochondrial damage and myofiber disruption in cardiomyocytes. cmCreg1KO mice exhibited dilated cardiomyopathy, left atrial thrombosis, and lethality around 50 weeks of age; however, interpretation of disease severity is confounded by Myh6-Cre-associated cardiotoxicity, which may mask additional pathogenic effects attributable to CREG1 loss. In contrast, cmCREG1KI mice demonstrated enhanced exercise capacity under nutritional stress. Mechanistically, CREG1 was localized to endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments. Loss of CREG1 impaired autophagy flux and mitophagy, likely due to defective autophagosome membrane expansion and degradation. In contrast, CREG1 overexpression enhanced autophagy in cardiomyocytes.

ConclusionsCREG1 is a key regulator of cardiac autophagy, protecting the heart against nutritional stress-induced injury and age-associated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=171 SRC="FIGDIR/small/687936v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepe, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rahimi, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CREG1 promotes autophagy and protects the heart against nutritional stress-induced injury and age-associated hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.687734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NUAK2 is a therapeutically tractable regulator of RNA splicing and tumor progression in neuroendocrine prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.687734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer (PC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. The emergence of treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) arising from androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition poses a significant clinical challenge. Here, we report that NUAK family kinase 2 (NUAK2) is an actionable therapeutic target in NEPC. NUAK2 expression is markedly elevated in NEPC patient specimens and preclinical models, and its genetic or pharmacologic inhibition suppresses NEPC tumor growth. The FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib exerts potent inhibition of NUAK2, leading to marked tumor suppression alone and enhanced efficacy in combination with carboplatin. Integrated phospho-target and interactome analyses demonstrate that NUAK2 engages core spliceosome components to regulate pre-mRNA splicing. As proof of principle, we validated that NUAK2 inhibition perturbs pre-mRNA splicing of EZH2 and TTK leading to reduced translation. Collectively, these findings establish NUAK2 as a clinically actionable regulator of RNA splicing and tumor progression in NEPC, revealing a novel mechanism by which trilaciclib exerts antitumor activity in NEPC.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=180 SRC="FIGDIR/small/687734v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehraj, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimekov, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancera-Ortiz, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Gilbert, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrofanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.687734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NUAK2 is a therapeutically tractable regulator of RNA splicing and tumor progression in neuroendocrine prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging FracMinHash Containment for Genomic dN/dS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing availability of genomic data demands algorithmic approaches that can efficiently and accurately conduct downstream genomic analyses. These analyses, such as evaluating selection pressures within and across genomes, can reveal developmental and environmental pressures. One such commonly used metric to measure evolutionary pressures is based on the ratio of non-synonymous and synonomous substitution rates, dN/dS. Conventionally, the dN/dS ratio is used to infer selection pressures employing alignments to estimate total non-synonymous and synonymous substitution rates along protein-coding genes. However, this process can be time consuming and not scalable for larger datasets. Recently, a fast, approximate similarity measure, FracMinHash containment, was introduced and related to average nucleotide identity. In this work, we show how FracMinHash containment can be used to quickly estimate dN/dS enabling alignment-free estimations at a genomic level.

Through simulated and real world experiments, our results indicate that employing FracMinHash containment to estimate dN/dS is scalable, enabling pairwise dN/dS estimations for 85,205 genomes within 5 hours. Furthermore, our approach is comparable to traditional dN/dS methods, representing sequences subject to positive and negative selection across various mutation rates. Moreover, we used this model to evaluate signatures of selection between Archaeal and Bacterial genomes, identifying a previously unreported metabolic island between Methanobrevibacter sp. RGIG2411 and Candidatus Saccharibacteria bacterium RGIG2249. We present, FracMinHash dN/dS, a novel alignment-free approach for estimating dN/dS at a genome level that is accurate and scalable beyond gene-level estimations while demonstrating comparability to conventional alignment-based dN/dS methods. Leveraging the alignment-free similarity estimation, FracMinHash containment, pairwise dN/dS estimations are facilitated within milliseconds, making it suitable for large-scale evolutionary analyses across diverse taxa. It supports comparative genomics, evolutionary inference, and functional interpretation across both synthetic, and complex biological datasets.

Availability and implementationA version of the implementation is available at https://github.com/KoslickiLab/dnds-using-fmh.git. The reproduction of figures, data, and analysis can be found at https://github.com/KoslickiLab/dnds-using-fmh_reproducibles.git.

Contactdmk333@psu.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at PLOS Computational Biology online.

Author summaryUnderstanding how evolution shapes genomes helps us learn about the pressures organisms face in their environments. Scientists traditionally measure this by comparing genetic changes that alter proteins versus those that dont, a ratio that reveals whether natural selection is preserving or changing genes. However, this conventional approach requires computationally intensive sequence alignments, making it impractical for analyzing the massive genomic datasets now available. We developed a faster, alignment-free method to estimate evolutionary pressure across entire genomes. Our approach uses a computational technique called FracMinHash that compresses genomic information while preserving meaningful patterns. We tested our method on both simulated and real-world data, including over 85,000 microbial genomes, completing the analysis in just five hours whereas traditional methods would take days or weeks for the same analysis. The results were comparable to traditional methods and correctly identified genes under different types of selection. Using this approach, we discovered a previously unreported shared genetic region between an archaeal and bacterial species from the goat gut microbiome, suggesting ancient gene transfer between these distant branches of life. Our method makes large-scale evolutionary analysis practical for diverse applications, from tracking microbial strains to understanding adaptation in complex microbial communities, potentially accelerating discoveries in comparative genomics and evolutionary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hera, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koslicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging FracMinHash Containment for Genomic dN/dS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable Schwann cell merlin inactivation is targetable with TEAD1 inhibition in schwannomas. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.15.688608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwann cell tumors occur frequently in association with the vestibular nerves, leading to sensorineural hearing loss, and brainstem compression. In humans, unilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) occur sporadically (VSspo)1, or bilaterally with neurofibromatosis type 2 syndrome (NF2) - VSnf2.2 VS formation is driven by sub-haploid NF2 gene dosage3, typically by biallelic loss.4,5 Loss of merlin promotes hippo/TEAD dependent transcriptional reprogramming, proliferation, and paracrine signaling that varies across time, and tumor volume.4,6 These variations lead to a clinically unpredictable course, and incomplete response to treatment. We hypothesized that Schwann cell merlin inactivation state determines cell-wise hippo/TEAD dependency and drives schwannoma pathogenesis. We analyzed clinical samples from VSspo and VSnf2 with a multi-omics approach and detected variation in merlin activity within tumor Schwann cell population. We found that tumor-driving merlin-depleted Schwann cells (Schwannmer-) exhibited elevated hippo activity that was predominantly driven by TEAD1. In-silico TEAD1 perturbation led to a reversal to merlin intact Schwann phenotype. These findings, and tumor cell growth suppression were confirmed in NF2fl/fl;Peri-Cre mouse model7, and in human derived schwannoma cells treated with a pan-TEAD auto palmitoylation inhibitor VT3989.8 Our computational and experimental results confirm that TEAD1 inhibition could be a potent, targeted strategy for schwannomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laws, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramavenkat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asuzu, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampalli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullaney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laraba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shern, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahloun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maric, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullaev, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittiboina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.15.688608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable Schwann cell merlin inactivation is targetable with TEAD1 inhibition in schwannomas.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.687712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear α1A-Adrenergic Receptor Regulation of cAMP Production by an Inside-Out MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.687712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sympathetic stimulation produces beneficial changes in cardiac function through {beta}-adrenergic receptor ({beta}AR) production of cAMP and subsequent alteration of electrical and mechanical activity. Long term activation of cAMP production also contributes to cardiac remodeling and detrimental changes associated with heart failure. However, sympathetic responses are mediated by the endogenous neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), which is also a potent 1-adrenergic receptor (1AR) agonist, and 1AR activation can produce significant effects on the heart as well. What is less clear is how 1- and {beta}-adrenergic responses interact with one another. Previous studies have demonstrated that 1AR activation can inhibit {beta}-adrenergic regulation of electrical and mechanical activity of cardiac myocytes, although the signaling mechanisms involved were not previously known. In the present study, we used FRET-based biosensors in adult rat ventricular myocytes to demonstrate that this crosstalk effect involves inhibition of cAMP production by nuclear 1AARs acting on {beta}ARs found on the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we established that this inside-out signaling mechanism involves a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that uncouples {beta}ARs from downstream signaling in a G protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK)/arrestin-dependent manner. These results reveal a novel, non-canonical signaling mechanism contributing to 1AR responses in the heart, and that this effect limits {beta}AR production of cAMP by NE. This mechanism may contribute to the cardioprotective effect previously ascribed to 1AAR activation. These findings also clearly demonstrate the importance of considering the contributions of 1 and {beta}ARs together when studying the influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiore, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudokas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamsopha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherpa, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshal, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.687712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear α1A-Adrenergic Receptor Regulation of cAMP Production by an Inside-Out MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid droplets promote the aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation of alpha-synuclein leading to impaired energy homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (Syn) inclusions, termed Lewy bodies, are the characteristic neuropathological feature of Parkinsons disease. Growing evidence points towards a role of aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation in the dysregulation of Syn and sequence of events that lead to the formation of Lewy bodies. However, the triggers leading to aberrant phase separation are unknown, as is the relevance of this phenomenon to the neurodegeneration process. In this study, we showed that Syn spontaneously phase separates into condensates in the presence of lipid droplets. These lipid droplet-rich condensates represent a toxic species of Syn that prevents the turnover of the entrapped lipid droplets; they are also toxic to neighbouring mitochondria which are depolarized and undergo increased mitophagy. These findings underscore the increasing importance of lipid droplets in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and Parkinsons disease in particular. The lipid droplets are significantly enriched within the neuromelanin in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and could therefore uniquely facilitate the early Syn-associated neurodegeneration of this region in PD. Our findings reveal a novel pathway implicated in the dysregulation of Syn that connects aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation, lipid droplets and mitochondrial toxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eubanks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadagno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvvari, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravinutala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dettmer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid droplets promote the aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation of alpha-synuclein leading to impaired energy homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Lateralization of Language, Attention, and Numerical Cognition Across Task and Rest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric functional complementarity is a core organizational principle of the human brain, yet the extent to which lateralization in one domain constrains that of others remains unclear. Two main accounts have been proposed: the causal hypothesis, in which dominance for one function drives complementary dominance in another, and the statistical hypothesis, in which each function lateralizes independently. Using multimodal fMRI in 287 participants from the BIL&GIN cohort, we examined whether language lateralization phenotypes, defined as typical (left-dominant) or atypical (right-dominant), predict hemispheric asymmetries in visuospatial attention and numerical cognition. Task-based activation was measured during line bisection, mental calculation, and numerical interval comparison, and analyzed within domain-specific, functionally defined network atlases. Resting-state functional connectivity metrics were also assessed in the same networks. Across both attention and numerical domains, typical individuals for language showed stronger asymmetries, whereas atypical individuals exhibited weaker, more bilateral patterns. Critically, atypical participants did not show mirror-reversed asymmetries, and language phenotype did not influence intrinsic connectivity metrics in non-language networks. These findings challenge the notion that atypical lateralization represents an inversion of the canonical template and argue against a universal reciprocal link between language dominance and other cognitive domains. Instead, our results support a domain-specific model in which lateralization profiles are shaped by distinct developmental and functional constraints, highlighting the need for multimodal, multi-domain approaches to brain asymmetry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zago, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.690045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Lateralization of Language, Attention, and Numerical Cognition Across Task and Rest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shift in pre-existing antibiotic heteroresistance explains AST change from susceptible to resistant during patient treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of resistance during antibiotic therapy can lead to treatment failure, negative outcomes, and even death. While bacterial development of resistance during therapy is observed relatively frequently, it is paradoxically thought to often be mediated by rare mutations (estimated frequency of [~]1 in 10^6 or less) and is generally viewed as an unpreventable event. Here, we describe the initial classification of an isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae as susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) by standard broth microdilution (BMD) testing, yet the classification of a subsequent follow-up isolate after patient treatment as resistant, seemingly demonstrating de novo evolution of TZP resistance. However, we reveal that both isolates actually exhibit heteroresistance, a phenomenon in which an isolate harbors a minor subpopulation of resistant cells, co-existing with a majority susceptible population. We demonstrate that an increase in the frequency of the resistant subpopulation in the follow-up isolate, mediated by an increase in copy number of the SHV-1 beta-lactamase, led to this isolate being classified resistant. These data highlight how a relatively minor change in the frequency of the resistant subpopulation in a heteroresistant isolate, rather than the de novo evolution of classical resistance in which all cells exhibit resistance, can underlie the classification of resistance by diagnostic tests. This emphasizes the need for more sensitive diagnostics which can detect heteroresistance, and potentially help explain why results indicating resistance are often observed rapidly after the introduction of novel antibiotics into clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kittleson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shift in pre-existing antibiotic heteroresistance explains AST change from susceptible to resistant during patient treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay of Spoonbill, Larp7 and survival motor neuron, in Drosophila model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 non-coding RNA associated neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A deeper understanding of neurodegenerative disorders at the level of genetic or environmental risk factors as well as contributing genes, pathways, and networks suggests the presence of shared molecular mechanisms. Previously, we have reported that the KH domain of the Spoonbill protein alone can suppress non-coding Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 (SCA8) associated neurodegeneration. In the current study, we have identified dLarp7 as a novel interacting partner of Spoonbill in Drosophila. Mammalian Larp7 is associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder, Alazami Syndrome (AS). In this study, we report that dLarp7 protein is recruited into the pathogenic SCA8 RNA foci, which leads to depletion of its downstream target, 7SKsnRNA. Soaking away of Larp7 into toxic RNA foci results in its depletion from the physiological pool resulting in destabilization and depletion of 7SKsnRNP. Hence, increasing the dose of dLarp7 suppressed SCA8 associated neurodegeneration, by restoring the physiological levels of dLarp7 and 7SKsnRNP. In addition, it was observed that dLarp7 interacts with the somatic motor neuron (SMN) protein which is associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). This observation led us to explore the interaction of Drosophila SMN1 orthologue with pathogenic SCA8 associated neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, SMN protein modulated molecular neuropathogenesis associated with SCA8. The presence of orthologues of Drosophila RNA binding proteins, dLarp7 and SMN, with mammalian counterparts underlines the translational importance of our findings. Our study also hints at the shared molecular mechanisms that underlies multiple neurodegenerative diseases. A novel association of Drosophila homologs of AS-linked Larp7 and SMA-causing SMN1 with SCA8 associated neurodegeneration suggests an overlap of molecular threads underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutsuddi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay of Spoonbill, Larp7 and survival motor neuron, in Drosophila model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 non-coding RNA associated neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.690775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptochrome 2 is necessary for promoting a blue light-independent chloroplast signal to control cellular degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.690775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To thrive in dynamic environments, plants can use their photosynthetic plastid (chloroplast) organelles to sense environmental changes and relay this information to the cell. This signaling can be initiated within chloroplasts by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), which can accumulate under stress and initiate retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus) signaling, chloroplast degradation, and programmed cell death (PCD). However, the mechanisms driving these signals, and the relationship between gene expression and cellular degradation, are unknown. To understand this physiology, here we use the Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase 2 (fc2) mutant, which conditionally produces chloroplast 1O2 and initiates signaling. We show that the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) is necessary to promote 1O2-induced chloroplast degradation and PCD in the fc2 mutant and that cry2 blocks cellular degradation without affecting bulk 1O2 levels, suggesting that signaling, rather than photo-oxidative stress, has been blocked. Furthermore, a global RNA transcript analysis demonstrated that the impact of the cry2 mutation on retrograde signaling is limited and that the effect of 1O2 on nuclear gene expression and cellular degradation can be uncoupled. Under permissive conditions, fc2 cry2 mutants exhibited constitutive expression of photo-oxidative stress genes, suggesting that cry2 may lead to transcriptional priming to photo-oxidative stress. Finally, we demonstrate that this function of CRY2 is independent of blue light-signaling and that CRY2 isoforms lacking canonical blue light signaling capabilities restore 1O2-induced PCD to fc2 cry2. Together, these results reveal a blue light-independent role for CRY2 in chloroplast signaling and stress acclimation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tano, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easter, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.690775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptochrome 2 is necessary for promoting a blue light-independent chloroplast signal to control cellular degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmentally regulated long-range enhancer-promoter contact mediates human neural development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SOX2 is a core pluripotency factor in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but upon differentiation to the three germ layers, its expression is preserved selectively in neuroectoderm. The mechanisms regulating SOX2 transcription in distinct developmental stages remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that a distant enhancer 550 kb from the human SOX2 locus is selectively activated in neural stem cells (NSCs) and establishes long-range contact with the SOX2 gene. CRISPR-Cas9 excision of the enhancer has no effect in hESCs but reduces SOX2 transcription in NSCs and impairs neuroectodermal differentiation and forebrain specification in teratomas and cerebral organoids. CRISPR excision of a CTCF recognition motif adjacent to the enhancer does not affect enhancer activation in neuroectoderm but reduces chromatin looping and SOX2 transcription to partially reproduce phenotypes seen with enhancer deletion. Our findings indicate that the development of the human nervous system depends on a developmentally regulated long-range contact between a distant enhancer and the SOX2 locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bready, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravn-Boess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushmakov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapierre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhoumaud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snuderl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Placantonakis, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmentally regulated long-range enhancer-promoter contact mediates human neural development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A foundation model for microbial growth dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial growth dynamics contain rich information about microbial populations, which support applications from antibiotic testing to microbiome engineering. However, the high dimensionality of growth data and the scarcity of large, task-specific datasets have limited generalizable modeling analysis across systems. Here, we develop a foundation model for microbial growth dynamics. It is a large-scale, self-supervised representation model trained on [~]370,000 experimental and simulated growth curves spanning diverse microbial species, environmental conditions, and community contexts. The model learns lower-dimensional latent embeddings that capture essential dynamical features of raw growth data and enable accurate reconstruction of these data. The concise representations enhance predictive performance in diverse downstream applications. Using these embedding, we achieve few-shot learning for antibiotic classification and concentration prediction, accurate forecasting of simulated and experimental communities, and inference of total abundance from relative-abundance data. By extracting transferable representations from heterogeneous datasets, our model provides a general framework for analyzing and predicting microbial community dynamics from limited measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncker, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simsek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamrick, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalobos, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shende, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baig, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatkin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chory, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A foundation model for microbial growth dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.690614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tex15 is required for vomeronasal sensory neuron diversity and male pheromone detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.690614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects pheromones, which provide vital information needed to find a mate, detect predators, or alert to the presence of an intruder. Within the VNO, pheromones are sensed by two families of G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) the type 1 and type 2 vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs and V2Rs). However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of V1R and V2R by vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). Here we show that VSN precursors transiently express Testes-expressed gene 15 (Tex15), which in the germline is required to repress the expression of transposable elements during spermatogenesis. We find that the absence of Tex15 results in a dysregulated VR choice for V1Rs and A, B, and D family V2Rs, which manifest as a less diverse repertoire of VR expressing cells and includes a dramatic reduction in the expression of specific receptors that have been tied to intermale aggression. Accordingly, Tex15 knockout mice exhibit lowered activation in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb (AOB) after exposure to male odorants, and a loss of stereotyped aggression between male mice. Taken together, these results show that Tex15 plays a critical role in pheromone sensing by ensuring that VSNs express a diverse set of receptor proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boutros Ghali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruzina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.690614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tex15 is required for vomeronasal sensory neuron diversity and male pheromone detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased endothelial cell retinoic acid signaling accelerates progression of single ventricle pulmonary arteriovenous malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are vascular complications that universally develop in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease after Glenn surgery. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying single ventricle PAVMs are poorly understood. To comprehensively evaluate molecular changes post-Glenn, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on rat lung samples after Glenn surgery.

MethodsUsing adult Sprague Dawley rats, we performed scRNAseq on unfiltered lung samples 3 weeks after left-sided Glenn or sham surgery. We compared endothelial cell (EC) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in our model to two mouse models of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a hereditary condition characterized by visceral AVMs. Finally, we modified the vitamin A (Vit A) content of Glenn and sham rat diets and re-assessed PAVM shunting and EC transcriptional differences.

ResultsUsing scRNAseq (n=4 Glenn, n=4 sham), we identified 13 transcriptionally distinct lung cell clusters, including 3 EC clusters (general, capillary, lymphatic), with pronounced differences between Glenn and sham in the general EC cluster ([~]17% of genes). Comparison to HHT mouse models confirmed overlap of [~]18% of DEGs, including identification of significantly downregulated genes involved in and regulated by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) signaling in all 3 models. Dietary deficiency of Vit A intake, a precursor of ATRA, caused increased PAVM shunting (p<0.01) that was mitigated with excess dietary Vit A intake. Lastly, EC-specific RNAseq identified Vit A diet-induced gene expression differences, including regulation of PI3K signaling.

ConclusionsIn this study, we report the novel application of scRNAseq to study mechanisms underlying single ventricle PAVMs in a surgical rat model. We identified multiple dysregulated biological processes in rat lung ECs post-Glenn, including decreased ATRA signaling and conserved gene expression patterns with HHT. Dietary modification of Vit A intake altered post-Glenn shunting and represents a novel potential therapeutic strategy for single ventricle PAVMs and HHT AVMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt Andrae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschannen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathison, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramchandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmarakov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spearman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased endothelial cell retinoic acid signaling accelerates progression of single ventricle pulmonary arteriovenous malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrospective analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates for secreted PrpL protease: a key virulence factor associated with corneal tissue damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism that adapts well in different environments. It is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that produces a wide range of virulence factors, colonizes lungs to cause pneumonia, causes non-healing wounds especially in burn victims, and is a major culprit in destructive keratitis. It can reach the cornea through reusable, extended-use contact lenses and by contaminated eyedrops and artificial tears. Secreted proteases of P. aeruginosa together with pyocyanin metabolite, which inhibits Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) activity contribute to severe tissue damage during infection.

MethodsP. aeruginosa strains isolated from different clinical sites were obtained from different researchers and clinicians for this study. We examined P. aeruginosa strains and secretion defective and prpL knockout mutants in PA64481 strain for lysyl endopeptidase (PrpL, a serine protease that cleaves after a lysine residue) activity using serine protease specific D-Val-Leu-Lys-p-nitroanalide substrate. We also determined pyocyanin production in these strains.

ResultsExamination of secreted milieu from P. aeruginosa showed that 41 corneal isolates had detectable lysyl endopeptidase activity associated with PrpL at levels significantly higher than by 27 non-corneal isolates. We found that PrpL is secreted by the xcp-based type II secretion system. Bacterial culture supernatants displaying higher PrpL activity and not low secreted PrpL levels disrupted corneal epithelial cell monolayers in vitro, which is consistent with a role of this protease in destructive keratitis. Many examined strains also produced high levels of pyocyanin.

ConclusionsThis retrospective examination of clinical P. aeruginosa suggests that high levels of PrpL and pyocyanin-producing isolates are more prevalent among corneal isolates and could enhance tissue damage during infection. Supporting this premise, corneal epithelial cell monolayers disrupted by high PrpL-producing strains but remained intact after treatment with P. aeruginosa mutants culture supernatants that lack or have reduced secreted PrpL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuama, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goguen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parveen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrospective analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates for secreted PrpL protease: a key virulence factor associated with corneal tissue damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monoallelic expression characterizes a distinct molecular and clinical group of breast tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.692870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In diploid cells, allelic imbalance occurs when gene alleles are expressed at different levels. To investigate the allelic imbalance landscape in tumor samples, we developed Interval-Based Allelic Imbalance Detection (IB-Aid), a quantitative framework that uses interval arithmetic to robustly distinguish monoallelic from biallelic gene expression by computing confidence intervals based on sequencing measurement uncertainty. We applied this approach to The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Invasive Carcinoma tumor samples and through unsupervised gene enrichment analyses, identified a group of patients with a distinct monoallelic gene expression signature. Notably, these patients were enriched in Black/African American patients and had tumors which had not been previously classified into any established molecular subtype. Clinically, these tumors were associated with poor overall survival, with survival outcomes comparable to the aggressive basal subtype. These findings suggest a potential link between allelic imbalance and breast cancer development and point to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive allelic imbalance as novel biomarkers for prognosis and design of targeted treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arabzadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khiabanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monoallelic expression characterizes a distinct molecular and clinical group of breast tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.689094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Community Structure of the Adult Drosophila Connectome Reveals Conserved Circuit Archetypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.689094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological neural networks can be meaningfully partitioned into sub-networks referred to as communities. Community structure is thought to support functional specialization, adaptability, and cost-efficient wiring. While many studies have focused on inter-regional brain networks, little is known about communities in connectomes mapped at the level of individual neurons and synapses. Here, we analyze the whole-brain Drosophila adult connectome using a nested stochastic block model to uncover its hierarchical community structure. We find that most of the roughly 1500 fine-scale communities-the smallest, and best resolved level of the hierarchy-are spatially compact, generally assortative, and aligned with known biological features such as neurotransmitter identity and cell type. Nonetheless, we find evidence of nonassortative communities, spatially co-localized within the optic lobe and vision-processing pathways. Seeking "functional primitives"-small circuits with functionally narrow feature profiles-we use data-driven clustering to group communities into 45 archetypical meta-clusters based on their spatial, functional, and molecular properties, revealing modular building blocks from which larger, functionally diverse communities are composed. This work advances our understanding of how structure and function are organized in the fruit fly brain and highlights the value of statistical network models in interpreting nanoscale connectomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sporns, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tervo-Clemmens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puxeddu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seguin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.689094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Community Structure of the Adult Drosophila Connectome Reveals Conserved Circuit Archetypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC3 inhibition harnesses learning-induced neurobiological mechanisms to enhance signal-in-noise responsivity in auditory cortex and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory learning enables sound-selective enhancements in auditory cortical (AC) processing. Background noise can also alter sound-selective auditory responsivity. Yet, how learning can enhance AC processing in noise is unknown. Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) via RGFP966 enhances learning and related AC plasticity, but its potential to support signal detection under degraded acoustic conditions is unclear. To determine if task learning supports tone-signal detection in a later background noise challenge, adult rats (Sprague-Dawley males) were trained in ideal quiet conditions to learn a tone-reward association while treated with RGFP966 (TRAINED+RGFP966, n=6). RGFP966 accelerated sound-reward learning relative to untreated rats (TRAINED, n=5), though all animals reached equivalent high levels of performance before further testing. Successful performance produced sound-specific enhancements in AC responses evoked by the learned tone, and a sound-general effect that suppressed responses to noise, relative to untrained rats (NAIVE, n=7). Notably, frequency-selective response biases were latent under quiet conditions and became robustly expressed under background noise, particularly in RGFP966-treated learners who acquired the task more rapidly. Increasing background noise abolished frequency-selective enhancements in tone-evoked AC activity, yet the learning-induced suppressive effect to noise was maintained. Behavioral detection of the learned tone across noise conditions mirrored AC tone-evoked response patterns. The findings demonstrate that learning can engage coordinated cortical mechanisms regulated by HDAC3 that selectively modify representations of behaviorally relevant signals. Further, auditory memory is dynamically gated by sensory context, relying on the stability of cortical decoding mechanisms to support listening in real-world environments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDifficulty hearing in noise is a widespread challenge, yet the cortical mechanisms that preserve meaningful sounds under noisy listening conditions remain unclear. We show that HDAC3 inhibition via the pharmacological inhibitor, RGFP966, accelerates auditory learning and strengthens cortical encoding of a learned tone while suppressing background noise activity in ways that predict improved behavioral detection. These findings reveal an experience-driven cortical mechanism that supports improved hearing in challenging listening environments, which may inform strategies for enhancing auditory learning and rehabilitation using HDAC3 drug-targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atesyakar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieszczad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC3 inhibition harnesses learning-induced neurobiological mechanisms to enhance signal-in-noise responsivity in auditory cortex and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescent CD8+ T Effector Memory Cells are Functionally Impaired, Enriched in Aging and Disease, and a Barrier to Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent cells play important roles in various biological processes that promote fitness and health, however, their timely elimination by immune cells is critical to maintain tissue homeostasis and prevent disease. Despite this, senescent cells progressively accumulate systemically with age, suggesting that certain immune cells also become senescent and dysfunctional during aging. Supporting this, we previously demonstrated that CD8 T cells, immune cells capable of targeting senescent cells, increasingly develop characteristics of senescence with advancing age in humans. Here, we further characterized the senescence state of human SA-{beta}Gal-expressing CD8 T effector cells, their functional capabilities, and their involvement in aging and disease. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that SA-{beta}Gal-expressing CD8 T cells with unique transcriptional signatures develop in all stages of T cell differentiation, including in effector memory (EM) T cells. SA-{beta}Gal-expressing CD8 TEM cells expressed various classical markers of senescence and were significantly impaired in their ability to proliferate, produce cytokines, and eliminate senescent human stromal cells, compared to CD8 TEM cells with low SA-{beta}Gal activity. Gene signatures of senescent SA-{beta}Gal-expressing CD8 TEM cells were enriched in CD8 T cells from older human donors, patients with age-related disorders, cancer, and smokers. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that T cell senescence is distinct from and dominant over T cell exhaustion, limiting the response of CD8 TEM cells to immunotherapy. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the senescence state impairs the functions of CD8 TEM cells and reveals the involvement of senescent and dysfunctional CD8 TEM cells in aging, disease, exposure to toxins, and responses to immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turano, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbulut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Martinez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Zamudio, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescent CD8+ T Effector Memory Cells are Functionally Impaired, Enriched in Aging and Disease, and a Barrier to Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Susceptibility of Glucose Regulation to Social Isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loneliness and social isolation strongly associate with increased incidence of diabetes in humans. However, it remains unclear if lack of meaningful social interactions represents a cause or a symptom of disease. In rodents, social isolation leads to metabolic dysregulation, however the dynamics and contributing factors remain poorly understood. Here we show that single-housing young adult male mice for at least three weeks led to fasting hyperglycemia, an effect that was maintained for the duration of single-housing, but was corrected within a week of reverting mice to co-housing conditions. Single-housing did not affect glucose regulation in females. Gonadectomy experiments revealed that testicular factors induced susceptibility to social isolation, as orchiectomy prevented isolation-induced fasting hyperglycemia in males. We did not find a protective role for ovarian hormones, as ovariectomized females were as resilient as intact females to isolation-induced fasting hyperglycemia. To understand the underlying mechanisms for susceptibility to isolation, we measured plasma levels of glucoregulatory hormones. Isolation did not affect the levels of insulin, epinephrine, and corticosterone. However, glucagon levels were distinctly modulated by social isolation in intact and orchiectomized mice. Social isolation induces increased immediate early gene expression in specific neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus, a glucoregulatory brain structure that promotes glucagon release. Taken together, our findings show that testicular hormones make males susceptible to isolation-induced disruption of glucose regulation and suggest that brain glucoregulatory neurons play a role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamont, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baringanire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocarsly, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Susceptibility of Glucose Regulation to Social Isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
53BP1 condensates function as bioreactors for NHEJ directed DNA repair and insulators to determine pathway choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic integrity requires efficient resolution of DNA damage. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the primary mechanism of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair in mammalian cells and is mediated by 53BP1, a tumor suppressor involved in preventing DSB end-resection and homologous recombination. NHEJ repair foci form following DSB formation, however how mesoscale assembly occurs and whether 53BP1 is the driver of this process are unknown. Also, despite knowledge of the identify of key pathway molecules, the specific functions of mesoscale repair condensates in DNA repair and pathway selectivity are unknown. To address these gaps, we determined the minimal domain of 53BP1 sufficient for phase separation in vitro and identified the key residues that governing its condensation. Utilizing a separation-of-function mutant, we demonstrate that 53BP1and its protein condensation is the core driver of NHEJ foci formation. 53BP1 condensates function as bioreactor compartments, increasing the effective concentration of substrates near double strand breaks and are essential for efficient DNA damage resolution. Additionally, we show that 53BP1 condensates function as insulators around DSB sites to prevent end-resection and direct repair pathway selectivity. Collectively our work reveals a specialized compartment for DNA repair through the spatial clustering of 53BP1 molecules into repair foci essential to maintain genome integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garabedian, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[53BP1 condensates function as bioreactors for NHEJ directed DNA repair and insulators to determine pathway choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Protein Language Model-Guided Engineering of TEV Protease for Enhanced Stability and Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Industrial enzyme engineering focuses on improvement of enzyme production yield, stability, catalytic activity, and substrate specificity, but often suffers from low efficiency with time-consuming and labor-intensive design and screening processes of massive libraries. Recent advances in AI and machine learning created protein language models trained by numerous datasets and shed new lights to speed up the enzyme engineering processes with high accuracy structural prediction. Here, we developed a highly efficient enzyme engineering strategy combining three protein language models (xTrimoMPNN-Thermo, ESM-IF, and MPNNsol) and use it to generate TEV protease variants with improved expression, stability, and function. The results indicated that a small number of TEV protease designs (<50 designs) were sufficient to develop variants with desired properties, demonstrating its high efficiency. Our strategy could be broadly applied to accelerate designing and engineering various industrial enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Protein Language Model-Guided Engineering of TEV Protease for Enhanced Stability and Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.694897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dietary pan-amino acid dropout screen in vivo reveals a critical role for histidine in T-ALL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.694897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary interventions show therapeutic potential in cancer, but systematic comparisons are lacking. We performed a dietary pan-amino acid dropout screen in an orthotopic model of NOTCH1-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and identified histidine depletion as uniquely antileukemic. Histidine-restricted diets extended survival of leukemic mice in a dose-dependent manner, while remaining well-tolerated. Mechanistically, multiomic profiling revealed that histidine deprivation-induced ribosome stalling activates GCN2 to suppress cholesterol biosynthesis pathways critical for leukemic proliferation. Dietary cholesterol supplementation partially reverted the antileukemic effects of histidine restriction in vivo. These findings couple histidine levels and translational control to cholesterol metabolism, which can be therapeutically exploited for cancer treatment. Our results suggest that defined dietary amino acid restrictions may expose broader therapeutic opportunities in diseases beyond cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandleywala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva-Diz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksandrova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luetjohann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Rubio, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morscher, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herranz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.694897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dietary pan-amino acid dropout screen in vivo reveals a critical role for histidine in T-ALL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans WASH complex supports epithelial polarity by promoting endosomal sorting of Cadherin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial polarity requires polarized distribution of the apical adhesion complex that connects cells through the Cadherin transmembrane protein. Cadherin is intimately linked to the actin cytoskeleton through alpha catenin, which directly binds F-actin to set up the apical actin belt. Branched actin is formed when the Arp2/3 complex is activated by Nucleation Promoting Factors. C. elegans has three Nucleation Promoting Factors, WASP, WAVE and WASH. Our studies showed that WAVE-dependent branched actin promotes apical transport of Cadherin, including apically-directed transport of RAB-11-enriched endosomes. However, the contribution of other Nucleation Promoting Factors to Cadherin polarity has not been examined. The C. elegans WASH complex is not well described. Here we characterize components of the WASH complex, and confirm that CO5G5.2, despite being highly divergent, is the functional FAM21 component in C. elegans. We show that the WASH complex is enriched at early and recycling endosomes in the adult intestine, where it supports retrograde Cadherin transport. Our findings demonstrate that individual branched actin regulators promote specific transport steps, and identify WASH function at RME-1/EHD-enriched endosomes as an important contributor to Cadherin polarity and cargo sorting in a mature epithelium.

Significance Statement*C. elegans has three known NPF (nucleation promoting factor) complexes to activate Arp2/3: WAVE, WASP and WASH. However, the role of C. elegans WASH complex in intracellular transport was unreported, and the essential component, FAM21, was not identified.

*We show that C. elegans C05G5.2 is a likely FAM21 ortholog, since it functions in collaboration with other WASH components in retrograde transport. Loss of WASH components reduced epithelial polarity, while the cargo Cadherin was mis-sorted from early endosomes.

*WASH branched actin polarizes epithelia using a functional FAM21 ortholog to promote sorting of retrograde cargo, including Cadherin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irizarry-Barreto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans WASH complex supports epithelial polarity by promoting endosomal sorting of Cadherin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinational adjuvants delivered by ink-jet potentiate naked mRNA vaccines for robust protection against infectious diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to enhance delivery and immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines raises safety concerns due to strong reactogenicity. Developing naked mRNA vaccines, which can be delivered through liquid jet-injection to the skin, may offer a safer alternative, but their immunogenicity has been limited. To address this challenge, we screened clinically relevant adjuvants to enhance the potency of naked mRNA jet-injection vaccines in mouse models. Although many adjuvants showed little or inhibitory effects on inducing humoral or cellular immunity--despite their known ability to potentiate conventional non-mRNA vaccine platforms--we identified a combination of aluminum phosphate and CpG oligonucleotide that substantially enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses with increased IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. This adjuvanted naked mRNA vaccine induced IgG2a and cellular immunity at levels comparable to those achieved with LNPs but with lower local and systemic reactogenicity. Mechanistic investigations revealed a key role for type I interferon signaling during immunization. Notably, this vaccine formulation in mice virtually eliminated infection by both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (A/California/7/2009 H1N1) in plaque-forming assays. Collectively, the adjuvanted naked mRNA jet-injection vaccine represents a novel, effective, and safe platform against infectious diseases, with potential for clinic-ready translational applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasui, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiry, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haonan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xueyang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arap, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinational adjuvants delivered by ink-jet potentiate naked mRNA vaccines for robust protection against infectious diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Did you see the sound? A Bayesian Perspective on Crossmodal Perception in Low Vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisensory integration is often assumed to increase when visual input is degraded, yet it re-mains unclear whether low vision enhances susceptibility to cross-modal illusions or whether such effects depend on local variations in visual reliability. We tested low vision and sighted control participants on the Double Flash Illusion across 24 visual-field locations while sepa-rately measuring flash-detection accuracy. Both groups showed the expected auditory-driven increase in perceived flash numerosity, but only sighted controls reliably experienced the clas-sic "double-flash" percept. Illusion strength did not vary with eccentricity; instead, it was strongly predicted by local flash detection accuracy, indicating that sound-induced percepts depend on the availability of a reliable visual signal. Bayesian Causal Inference modeling revealed substantially weaker and more variable fits for low vision observers, with poorer fits associated with reduced visual sensitivity. Although model parameters did not differ significantly between groups, the similarity in estimated visual noise likely reflects model limitations rather than true equivalence in sensory precision. Together, these findings show that low vision does not globally amplify audiovisual interactions; rather, auditory enhance-ment depends on local visual reliability, and degraded vision leads to weaker alignment with Bayesian-optimal predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiles, N. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguay, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimojo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Did you see the sound? A Bayesian Perspective on Crossmodal Perception in Low Vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.695625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined antagonism of Oncostatin M (OSM) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) provides both anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory benefit in pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.695625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD), are irreversible fibrosing diseases with a mean survival time of less than 5 years for IPF. Poorly understood etiology and complex pathogenesis of these diseases have hampered the identification and development of effective therapeutics. Existing treatments can slow progressive fibrosis and lung function decline but do not stop it entirely, resulting in a minimal impact on patient survival. Thus, novel therapeutic interventions are needed. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, was recently approved by FDA for the treatment of SSc-ILD based on evidence demonstrating a reduction in the rate of lung function decline. In this study, we have characterized an IL-6-driven feed-forward myeloid axis contributing to lung inflammation providing a mechanistic hypothesis for tocilizumab. Concomitantly we have identified an oncostatin M (OSM) orchestrated lung injury response contributing to epithelial and endothelial cell disruption, myofibroblast activation and fibrosis. Despite dysregulated expression of IL11 in IPF, SSc-ILD, and murine models of fibrosis, we found no evidence for a pro-fibrotic role for IL-11 in vitro or in vivo. Instead, in pre-clinical models of IPF we demonstrate that antagonism of OSM alone, or to a greater degree in combination with IL-6, reduced lung fibrosis and inflammation. Translating these observations, we validated gp130:OSMR, rather than gp130:LIFR, as the dominant human receptor complex used by OSM, identifying OSMR as a potential therapeutic target to stall fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratsimandresy, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dengler, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Headland, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedeles, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uttarwar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePianto, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshead, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalingam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brightbill, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlantico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplazi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panettieri, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koziol-White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jester, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modrusan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanamori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.695625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined antagonism of Oncostatin M (OSM) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) provides both anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory benefit in pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Genes Commonly Induced by Distinct Stressors in Chlamydia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis is a leading cause of urogenital infections that can result in serious long-term complications. This obligate intracellular bacterium undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle alternating between the infectious elementary body and the replicative reticulate body and can enter a persistent state in response to adverse environmental conditions. Although transcriptomic reprogramming is central to chlamydial stress adaptation and persistence, how responses differ across biologically distinct stressors remains incompletely defined. Here, we performed a comparative reanalysis of five published, high-quality C. trachomatis RNA-Seq datasets generated under prolonged interferon-{gamma} treatment, tryptophan starvation, iron starvation, penicillin exposure, or acute heat shock. Global transcriptomic analyses reveal extensive stress-specific reprogramming and a clear separation between the transcriptome induced by heat shock and those induced by chronic stresses. Transcriptomic overlap observed among chronic stress conditions is substantially reduced when the heat shock transcriptome is included, indicating that shared transcriptional features are stressor-dependent. Unexpectedly, tryptophan starvation and iron starvation exhibit particularly close transcriptomic similarity, consistent with regulatory cross-talk mediated by the iron-dependent transcriptional repressor YtgR. In contrast, interferon-{gamma} induces a distinct but partially overlapping transcriptome, likely reflecting activation of additional host-mediated antimicrobial mechanisms beyond tryptophan deprivation. Together, these findings demonstrate that adaptation to different biological stressors in C. trachomatis is driven by distinct transcriptomic reprogramming, while consistently involving a subset of functions that may represent points of vulnerability for disrupting chlamydial persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haines, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Genes Commonly Induced by Distinct Stressors in Chlamydia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Heterogeneity Reveals a Synaptic Gene Program in Developing and Adult Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) arise early in gestation and expand broadly during cortical development, yet the extent of their heterogeneity remains poorly defined. Here, we isolated >2,300 highly pure OPCs from post-conceptional week (PCW) 17 human cortex using an optimized PDGFR-based immunopanning and performed single-cell RNA sequencing. Unsupervised clustering revealed four transcriptionally distinct embryonic OPC subsets, including a previously unrecognized population that expressed genes linked to synaptic development, synaptic signaling, and neuromodulation. This subset - designated embryonic synaptic OPCs (eSyn-OPCs) - comprised approximately 28.5% of all embryonic OPCs in the cortex and was characterized by robust expression of synapse-associated secreted factors (THBS2, WNT5A, WNT7A, PLAT, ACHE) and multiple neurotransmitter receptor subunits. Histological analyses across PCW 12-22 demonstrated that eSyn-OPCs first appear around PCW 15 and are enriched in proliferative germinal zones. Spatial transcriptomics confirmed their localization near neural stem and progenitor cells, suggesting proximal neuron-OPC communication during early cortical assembly. Purified eSyn-OPCs differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes in vitro, confirming their oligodendrocyte lineage identity. Reanalysis of adult human single-nucleus RNA-seq datasets uncovered a transcriptionally analogous OPC subset (adult synaptic OPCs, aSyn-OPCs), though with reduced representation of structural synaptic genes and neurotransmitter receptor diversity compared to eSyn-OPCs. Together, these results identify a synaptically specialized OPC population in both developing and adult human cortex and reveal that eSyn-OPCs possess unexpectedly rich synaptic signaling machinery. These findings suggest that human OPCs may participate directly in neuron-glia communication during early cortical development and raise the possibility of developmental stage-specific roles for eSyn-OPCs in shaping neural circuit formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guntur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birth Defects Research Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinoda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobuta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Heterogeneity Reveals a Synaptic Gene Program in Developing and Adult Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treponema pallidum TprD and TprK Are Adhesins and Promote Spirochetes Opsonophagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum) causes systemic syphilis, exclusively infects humans in nature and can persist for decades in the absence of treatment despite generating robust adaptive immune responses. The T. pallidum repeat (Tpr) family of outer membrane proteins are immunogenic but have been implicated in immune evasion due to antigenic variation, indicating that Tprs are virulence factors displayed on the spirochetes surface. Long-term survival of T. pallidum is largely attributed to the sparse surface-exposed outer membrane proteins and antigenic variation exhibited by the major surface protein TprK, which undergoes phase variation. Mechanism of antigenic variation has been studied for decades; however, functions of Tprs in this extracellular pathogen have not been experimentally determined. In this study, we determined TprD and TprK location, their role in adherence and in clearance of T. pallidum by macrophages. Using our now established heterologous surrogate system and gain-in-function approach using non-adherent related spirochete, the B314 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi, we show that both TprD and TprK are surface exposed to some extent on engineered B. burgdorferi as well as on T. pallidum Nichols and SS14 strains. We further demonstrate that both proteins mediate adherence to different mammalian cells in vitro and mouse antibodies generated against TprD and TprK putative surface loops bind spirochetes and promote J774A.1 macrophages-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Thus, surface-exposed adhesins TprD and TprK of T. pallidum contribute to binding to different types of cells which likely reflect the pathogens ability to colonize different tissues, and they are also targets of opsonic antibodies.

IMPORTANCESyphilis remains a major global public health challenge and is exacerbated by the rising number of cases of congenital infection and increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission in syphilitic patients. A critical barrier to improving understanding of the molecular basis of syphilis pathogenesis owe to fragility of T. pallidum, inability to grow it in pure culture, and difficulty in generating knockout mutants in predicted virulence factors due to their possible essential role in spirochetes viability. Our findings provide experimental evidence linking Tpr proteins to host cell adherence, their ability to generate humoral immune response in the rabbit model of infection as well as in humans which could facilitate clearance by macrophages. Demonstration of TprD and TprK as the targets of opsonic antibodies here highlight their potential as protective immunogens and emphasizes importance of their inclusion in the cocktail to produce effective vaccine against syphilis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parveen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuama, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treponema pallidum TprD and TprK Are Adhesins and Promote Spirochetes Opsonophagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The IKC-leptin axis functions as a molecular bridge between neurodevelopment and endocrine signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kcnb1, a voltage-gated K channel widely expressed in brain, assembles with integrins to form integrin-K channel complexes (IKCs) in cortex and hypothalamus. Pathogenic KCNB1 variants cause Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE), and Kcnb1-null (Null) mice reproduce core neurodevelopmental defects alongside chronic hypoleptinemia, suggesting a leptin-IKC signaling axis. We find that Kcnb1, integrins, and the leptin receptor (LepR) co-immunoprecipitate and co-localize in cortical neurons. Perinatal leptin supplementation in Null mice improves cognition, corrects cortical anatomy, and restores neuronal migration, dendritic arborization, and synaptic functionality. In primary Null cortical neurons, leptin normalizes dendritic growth and actin remodeling via integrin-dependent mechanisms. By contrast, leptin has modest effects in WT animals and neurons; sensitivity is unmasked by pharmacological manipulation of integrins, and, strikingly, LepR blockade in the absence of exogenous leptin is sufficient to induce Null-like defects in WT neurons. These findings argue that hypoleptinemia alone does not drive the Null phenotype.

Instead, they reveal a previously unrecognized, dual-mode model in which LepR signaling is regulated by both its ligand and IKCs. This conceptual advance links IKC-LepR coupling to neurodevelopment and DEE and pinpoints their interface as a tractable therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forzisi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impaloni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The IKC-leptin axis functions as a molecular bridge between neurodevelopment and endocrine signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmid transfer and loss probabilities interactively determine antibiotic resistance spread in surface-associated bacterial biomass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmid transfer among bacteria is an evolutionary driver of the spread of antibiotic resistance. Surface-associated bacterial biomass is a hotspot for plasmid transfer due to the dense spatial packing of cells. Compared to plasmid dynamics within a single biomass unit, the determinants of plasmid transfer between discrete units are less understood. Yet, discrete units routinely physically collide with each other as they grow, such as in sparse biofilms. Here, we used individual-based modelling to quantitatively predict how the probabilities of plasmid transfer and loss affect plasmid spread between discrete bacterial colonies as they grow and physically collide into each other. We found that these factors have interactive effects on the extent of plasmid transfer and the subsequent proliferation of transconjugants. We further found that these effects are controlled by the spatial distance between the colliding colonies and the spatial positioning of plasmid-carrying cells along the collision boundary. We then experimentally tested our modelling predictions using strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Escherichia coli that can exchange an antibiotic resistance-encoding plasmid. Our study reveals that plasmid transfer between colliding biomass units is determined by the complex interplay between plasmid transfer, plasmid loss, and spatial constraints, expanding our understanding of plasmid dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramoneda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angst, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmid transfer and loss probabilities interactively determine antibiotic resistance spread in surface-associated bacterial biomass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating Odorant Masking Effects in Food Matrices Through Olfactory Receptor-Based Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic aroma compound interactions, especially odorant masking effects, underpin the complex flavor profiles of thermally processed foods. This study focuses on 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (TMP) and L-menthol (L-MT), demonstrating their reciprocal suppression through systematic sensory evaluation. Subsequently, olfactory receptor screening identified OR5K1 as 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazines receptor (EC50=27.67 {+/-} 2.02 mol/L) and OR2W1 as L-menthols responsive receptor (EC50=22.69 {+/-} 3.85 mol/L). This mutual masking effect was further validated through quantitative detection of response signals at both receptor levels. In order to further explain the mode of interaction between odorants and receptors, molecular modeling analysis was used and revealed the mechanistic basis of odorant interactions: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine and L-menthol competitively bind to the same active pocket in both receptors with analogous binding modes, resulting in mutual antagonism of receptor activation. Collectively, these findings provide novel receptor-level insights into aroma compound interplay, advancing the mechanistic understanding of flavor perception and its physiological bases.

TOC

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating Odorant Masking Effects in Food Matrices Through Olfactory Receptor-Based Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wasf1 deletion attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation, microglial state transition, and cognitive deficits in P301S tau mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously reported that WAVE1, a major activator of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization, is downregulated in postmortem brains of Alzheimers disease (AD) and that WAVE1 regulates amyloid precursor protein trafficking and amyloid-{beta} production. However, its role in tau pathology remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that WAVE1 activity is suppressed in P301S tau mice through elevated inhibitory phosphorylation. Strikingly, WAVE1 gene (Wasf1) knockout in P301S tau mice significantly reduces tau hyperphosphorylation and improves cognition, suggesting a compensatory role for WAVE1 suppression in tau pathogenesis. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals that Wasf1 deletion in P301S tau mice reverses microglial state transitions, with minimal impact on other brain cell types. Wasf1 mRNA is highly translated in microglia in non-Tg mice, while its expression is downregulated in P301S tau mice. Wasf1 knockdown in BV2 microglia cells enhances the degradation of engulfed tau fibrils, indicating WAVE1 as an endogenous regulator of microglial function. Additionally, CellChat analysis indicates that Wasf1 deletion alters microglial autocrine signaling and their interactions with other cell types in P301S tau mice. These findings, taken together, suggest that Wasf1 deletion restores homeostatic microglial function, mitigates tau pathology, and alleviates cognitive deficits, highlighting WAVE1 as a potential therapeutic target for tauopathy-related dementias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berdasco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wasf1 deletion attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation, microglial state transition, and cognitive deficits in P301S tau mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spindle biochemistry responds to compressive force from thenuclear envelope to tune spindle dynamics during closed mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During closed mitosis in S. pombe, the nuclear envelope and mitotic spindle must work together mechanically and biochemically to ensure successful nuclear division. Previous work has demonstrated that mechanical force from the nuclear envelope, transmitted through spindle pole bodies, can re-shape the spindle. However, it remains unclear how force might alter spindle biochemistry. Here, we investigate how force reprograms the spindle with two approaches: chronically increasing nuclear envelope tension via the lipid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin, and acutely applying force through an optical trap. Both perturbations slow elongation dynamics and reduce microtubule number. Despite this reduction, key spindle proteins Ase1 and Klp5 increase their density at the spindle midzone, indicating inward force from the nuclear envelope can alter spindle biochemistry. We find that while motor proteins Klp5 and Klp6 only minimally affect the spindles response to increased nuclear envelope force, the combination of removing Ase1 and increasing nuclear envelope force together rescue spindle stability. Together, our findings reveal that nuclear force on the spindle does not merely alter its shape, but is key in regulating its biochemistry to maintain force balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakeem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spindle biochemistry responds to compressive force from thenuclear envelope to tune spindle dynamics during closed mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and signaling mechanism of Helicobacter pylori transducer-like protein D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemoreceptors, or methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), are ancient and widespread prokaryotic sensors that direct taxis in response to stimuli and are attractive targets for therapeutic control of bacteria 1-4. Decades of study have yielded substantial mechanistic insight into chemoreceptor function, but the absence of high-resolution full-length structures containing ligand-binding domains (LBD) has limited understanding of how effector sensing is structurally coupled to long-range signal transduction. Here, we present the intact structure of the chemoreceptor transducer-like protein D (TlpD) from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, in complex with its ligand Zn2+, determined by X-ray crystallography in two crystal forms at 2.4-3.0 [A]. Three different conformations are captured, revealing how interactions in the ligand-binding site of the chemoreceptor zinc-binding (CZB) domain are interconnected with the distal kinase interface. Small changes at the ligand-binding site coincide with cascades of side-chain rearrangements across the dimer, distortion of the receptor coiled-coil, and conformational and dynamic shifts at the kinase interface over 140 [A] away. These near-atomic resolution structures provide a framework for understanding cooperativity and allosteric communication in chemoreceptors, and establish a representative model for a widespread class of soluble chemoreceptors important in bacterial pathogenesis 2,5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiIorio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpkin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goers-Sweeney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remington, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and signaling mechanism of Helicobacter pylori transducer-like protein D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SE3Bind: SE(3)-equivariant model for antibody-antigen binding affinity prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting antibody-antigen binding affinity is critical for therapeutic development, but machine learning-based approaches to the problem are typically hampered by the small amount of available structural and affinity data. We introduce SE3Bind, an SE(3)-equivariant architecture trained on two related tasks: re-docking of an antibody structure to its matching antigen structure, and antibody-antigen binding free energy prediction. Both tasks encourage the model to learn an energy function formulated in terms of scalar and vector fields associated with each protein. Under a stringent training/validation split of the data based on antigen sequence similarity, SE3Bind demonstrates an ability to generalize to out-of-distribution examples and achieves a performance comparable to that of existing models evaluated under similar conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subedy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhadra-Lobo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoureux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SE3Bind: SE(3)-equivariant model for antibody-antigen binding affinity prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zero-shot ecological annotation of microbial genomes with myLLannotator accelerates scientific discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large language models (LLMs) are promising scientific assistants, but many models remain inaccessible for resource-constrained scientists. To address this, we present myLLannotator, a python package for metadata annotation built on llama3.2-3B. myLLannotator labels 18,000+ genomes in ~2 hours on a laptop, reproducing a discovery involving substantial manual annotation. We use myLLannotator to discover that duplicated genes are depleted in endosymbiotic bacteria, demonstrating its power to accelerate hypothesis testing and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddamsetti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.18.700140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zero-shot ecological annotation of microbial genomes with myLLannotator accelerates scientific discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septins buffer actomyosin forces to protect the nucleus from genotoxic mechanical stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasively migrating cells thread their nucleus through confined interstitial spaces. How cells protect the nucleus from intracellular forces is poorly understood. Here, we show that the septin cytoskeleton buffers the actomyosin forces that power nuclear movement. Septin filaments comprising SEPT9, a septin amplified in breast cancer, align with perinuclear actomyosin cables which exhibit higher tensile stress during 3D confined migration through narrower pores. SEPT9 depletion amplifies actin stress during confined migration and after myosin II hyper-activation in non-migrating cells causing actin and nuclear envelope ruptures. Following confined migration, DNA breaks, nuclear blebs, micronuclei and cell death increase in SEPT9-depleted cells, phenotypes rescued by the oncogenic SEPT9 isoform 1. Clinicogenomic data reveal that SEPT9 amplification associates with lower genomic alteration in aggressive breast tumors and higher patient mortality. We propose that septins are a mechanoprotective element of the cytoskeleton, and SEPT9 amplification enhances tumor cell survival by preventing nuclear damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayca-Pozo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagna, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiliotis, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septins buffer actomyosin forces to protect the nucleus from genotoxic mechanical stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pol γ possesses separate metal binding sites for polymerase and strand displacement functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.25.701366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate replication of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) integrity, which is essential for cellular metabolism and energy supply, relies primarily on DNA polymerase gamma (Pol {gamma}), Twinkle helicase, and mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein (mtSSB). Twinkle alone exhibits little helicase activity while reports indicate that Pol {gamma} displays from modest to limited unwinding activity. This led us to dissect Pol {gamma} strand displacement activity using structural, biochemical and in silico approaches. Here, we show that human Pol {gamma} carries out robust strand displacement synthesis at physiological concentrations of divalent metal ions which reveals that distinct metal-binding sites can independently regulate DNA synthesis and unwinding activities. We further showed that Pol {gamma} can displace RNA/DNA hybrid with comparable efficiency as DNA/DNA duplex, representing a key implication on RNA primer removal to preserve mtDNA integrity. Our cryo-electron microscopy structures of Pol {gamma} complexed with a template containing downstream dsDNA and an incoming nucleotide revealed the structural mechanism for the strand displacement activity. We identified four conformational states that represent successive stages of DNA unwinding, accompanied by coordinated rearrangement of the downstream DNA and Pol {gamma} elements that mediate strand displacement. This work establishes biochemical and structural mechanisms of Pol {gamma} strand displacement activity, providing fundamental insight into human mitochondrial DNA replication and integrity.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=185 SRC="FIGDIR/small/701366v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be1dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8912c5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12f5e75org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e25d2a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baruch-Torres, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora-Garduno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brieba, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.25.701366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pol γ possesses separate metal binding sites for polymerase and strand displacement functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OSTM1 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that suppresses B-cell malignancy by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.701155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoclastogenesis-associated transmembrane protein 1 (OSTM1) is a membrane-integral glycosylated protein known for regulating lysosomal homeostasis, with loss-of-function mutations causing autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Through a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen, we identified OSTM1 as a critical tumor suppressor in B-cell malignancies. In humans, OSTM1 is frequently deleted or downregulated across a wide range of B-cell malignancies. In mice, B-cell-specific monoallelic or biallelic Ostm1 ablation cooperates with Cdkn2a loss to drive lymphomagenesis with near 100% penetrance. Mechanistically, we reveal that a cytosolic, non-glycosylated fraction of OSTM1 functions as an E3 ligase that targets phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) for proteasomal degradation. Because PDE3B catalyzes the conversion of cAMP to AMP and thereby negatively regulating the cAMP-dependent PKA/CREB/CREBBP tumor suppressive pathway, the loss of OSTM1 leads to PDE3B stabilization and enhanced cell transformation. Our findings establish OSTM1 as a pivotal E3 ligase that prevents B-cell lymphomagenesis through the regulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tariq, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheshadri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OSTM1 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that suppresses B-cell malignancy by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic Ketogenesis Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy via Metabolic Reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HfpEF) is increasingly recognized as a multisystem disorder linked to the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. While the falling heart undergoes metabolic reprogramming, the interorgan crosstalk regulating myocardial substrate preference in HFpEF remains elusive. We aimed to clarify the role of systemic and local ketogenesis in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and HFpEF.

MethodsA mouse model of HFpEF was employed using a high-fat diet combined with NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). Cardiac hypertrophy and systemic metabolic profiling including ketogenesis were evaluated. To dissect the role of site-specific ketogenesis, we generated inducible cardiomyocyte-specific (Hmgcs2{Delta}iCM) and hepatocyte-specific (Hmgcs2{Delta}Hep) knockout mice of HMG-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2), deficient in the rate-limiting enzyme for ketogenesis. Cardiomyocyte -specific nuclei were isolated for transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and in vitro assays in H9C2 cells were used to elucidate molecular mechanisms.

ResultsThe HFpEF model successfully exhibited diastolic dysfunction, impaired exercise capacity and cardiac hypertrophy with elevated circulating ketone body concentration. Myocardial metabolomics and snRNA-seq identified a profound metabolic shift characterized by the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and Krebs cycle intermediates, coupled with the transcriptional downregulation of insulin signaling and fatty acid degradation pathways. Although circulating ketone body level was upregulated, Hmgcs2{Delta}iCM mice showed no exacerbation of the HFpEF phenotype. In contrast, Hmgcs2{Delta}Hep mice exhibited significantly aggravated cardiac hypertrophy (HW/TL; Hmgcs2flox: 7.41 {+/-} 0.87: Hmgcs2{Delta}Hep: 8.29 {+/-} 0.73; p = 0.0154). Mechanistically, hepatic ketogenesis was required to maintain circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels, which directly modulated cardiomyocyte metabolism. BHB acted as a metabolic signal to dampen fatty acid overload and facilitate glucose utilization.

ConclusionsOur study identifies a critical "liver-heart axis" where hepatic ketogenesis serves as an essential regulator of myocardial metabolic resilience. Impaired hepatic ketogenesis creates a metabolic mismatch that drives pathological cardiac remodeling. These findings highlight the liver as a therapeutic target within the CKM syndrome framework, suggesting that restoring the hepato-cardiac metabolic bridge may ameliorate HFpEF progression.

What is New?O_LIThis study identifies a novel liver-adipose-heart axis that governs myocardial metabolic resilience during the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate that while both the liver and heart upregulate ketogenesis under metabolic stress, only hepatic ketogenesis--and not cardiac-intrinsic ketogenesis--is essential for mitigating pathological cardiac remodeling.
C_LIO_LIMechanistically, liver-derived {beta} -hydroxybutyrate acts as a critical
C_LIO_LIendocrine signal that dampens fatty acid oxidation and facilitates myocardial glucose utilization.
C_LI

What Are the Clinical Implications?O_LIOur findings highlight the liver as a central therapeutic target within the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome framework, where hepatic metabolic failure directly drives cardiac dysfunction.
C_LIO_LIRestoring the hepato-cardiac metabolic bridge, through either hepatic-targeted therapies or ketone body supplementation, represents a promising strategy to enhance myocardial metabolic flexibility and ameliorate HfpEF in patients with multi-organ metabolic disorders.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagakura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umemoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bundo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linna-Kuosmanen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usuku, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumiya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic Ketogenesis Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy via Metabolic Reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-tACS Modulates Reward-Dependent Pupil Responses and Corticostriatal Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionNoninvasive brain stimulation can help clarify the neural basis of reward processing and potentially inform treatments for disorders involving reward dysfunction. However, widely used methods such as transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation cannot directly stimulate deep-brain regions like the striatum. Here, we tested whether stimulating the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)--a cortical region strongly connected to the striatum-- could indirectly influence reward-related neural and physiological responses.

MethodsIn a within-subjects design, participants performed a card-guessing task involving monetary rewards for correct guesses and punishments for incorrect guesses. During the task, participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pupillometry while receiving concurrent 10 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (-tACS). Stimulation targeted either the VLPFC or a control region (temporoparietal junction). We measured pupil dilation, brain activation (BOLD signal), and functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (VS-dACC).

ResultsVLPFC stimulation increased pupil size during reward and punishment outcomes, indicating greater physiological arousal. At the neural level, -tACS enhanced VLPFC activation during reward and suppressed its responses during punishment. Stimulation also changed VS-dACC connectivity in a context-dependent manner. Importantly, stimulation-driven increases in pupil size during reward correlated positively with stimulation-induced changes in VS-dACC connectivity. Exploratory moderated mediation analyses suggested that stimulation influenced the degree to which striatal responses mediated the relationship between task outcomes and pupil size changes.

ConclusionsTargeting VLPFC with -tACS modulates local cortical activity and corticostriatal networks during reward processing, providing a promising noninvasive approach to influence reward circuitry.

HighlightsO_LI-tACS over VLPFC increases pupil responses to reward and punishment.
C_LIO_LIStimulation alters reward-related VLPFC activity without enhancing striatal BOLD.
C_LIO_LI-tACS modulates ventral striatum-dACC connectivity in a task-dependent manner.
C_LIO_LIConnectivity changes predict pupil dilation, linking brain and autonomic responses.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyngaarden, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illenberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krekelberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-tACS Modulates Reward-Dependent Pupil Responses and Corticostriatal Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.701385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of PIK3CA allows in vitro growth but not in vivo progression of KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma in a syngeneic orthotopic implantation model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.701385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constitutively active KRAS mutations are highly prevalent in lung cancers, but the direct role of its downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in tumor progression remains unclear. A previous study established the requirement for PIK3CA, the alpha catalytic isoform, in lung tumor development in mouse models with an intact Trp53 tumor suppressor. In this study, we further investigated the requirement for PIK3CA for tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. We first generated a "KPA" cell line by genetically deleting Pik3ca from a murine lung adenocarcinoma "KP" cell line harboring oncogenic KrasG12D and lacking Trp53. We found that Pik3ca is not required for cell survival and growth in vitro, even under anchorage-independent conditions but reduced the growth rate by 20%. We next orthotopically implanted KP and KPA cells into syngeneic mice and found that PIK3CA is absolutely required for tumor progression, even in the absence of Trp53. Implantation of KP cells, or a "KPS" cell line lacking the Stk11 gene, led to rapid tumor growth and death of all host animals. In contrast, mice implanted with KPA cells all survived with no detectable lung tumors. The gene expression profiles from cultured cell lines suggest KPA cells may be vulnerable to oxidative stress. Indeed, we found KPA cells were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and diethyl maleate-induced oxidative stress as compared to KP and KPS cells. Together, these results demonstrate that PIK3CA is not required for lung cancer cell growth induced by mutant KRAS in vitro but is critically needed for in vivo progression and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Booth, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosati, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.701385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of PIK3CA allows in vitro growth but not in vivo progression of KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma in a syngeneic orthotopic implantation model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Trophic Dynamics Shape and are Shaped by Desertification Transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drylands, which sustain billions of people, face desertification driven by climate change and grazing pressures. From the bottom up, desertification is affected by water availability, with vegetation often self-organising into spatial patterns that vary with aridity levels. How these patterns and ultimately, desertification transitions, are affected by the spatial dynamics of higher trophic levels remain, however, poorly understood. Here, we introduce a spatially explicit tri-trophic model that links vegetation pattern formation to consumer-resource interactions and foraging behaviour. We find that the nature of vegetation spatial distribution and desertification transition strongly influence consumer spatial organisation, movement, and synchrony. Vegetation organised regularly in space generates "boom--bust" synchronised metapopulations, whereas fractal vegetation organisation generates scale-free consumer clustering and low synchrony. Our results reveal a reciprocal coupling between spatial trophic dynamics and ecosystem resilience, underscoring the need to integrate trophic interactions and behaviour into predictions informing management strategies for dryland ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonachela, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Trophic Dynamics Shape and are Shaped by Desertification Transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of collaborative cross mouse strains susceptible to chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexually transmitted infection with Chlamydia trachomatis can cause pathology, such as hydrosalpinx, in the upper genital tract, leading to infertility. To investigate how genetic variation affects chlamydial pathogenicity, we screened five strains of Collaborative Cross (CC) mice for susceptibility to intravaginal infection and hydrosalpinx induction by C. muridarum, a mouse-adapted chlamydial species used extensively to reveal chlamydial pathogenic mechanisms. In terms of susceptibility to genital chlamydial infection, the five CC strains fell into two categories: CC011 and CC012 were resistant, while CC037, CC042 & CC080 were susceptible. The resistant strains shed significant levels of live organisms from the genital tract for only [~]2 weeks, whereas the susceptible strains shed for [~]4 weeks. However, the resistant CC012 mice developed the highest level of hydrosalpinx, while the susceptible CC042 mice were fully resistant to hydrosalpinx induction. None of the CC mice developed spontaneous hydrosalpinx in the absence of chlamydial infection. The above results, validated macroscopically and microscopically, indicate no correlation between pathology and genital infection, as observed in other inbred mice. Nevertheless, among the two infection-resistant strains, CC012 developed more severe hydrosalpinx than CC011, and hydrosalpinx was positively correlated with live organism shedding from rectal swabs but not from vaginal swabs, supporting a potential role of gastrointestinal chlamydia in chlamydial genital pathogenicity. The above results lay a foundation for using CC mice to further map the genetic determinants that regulate host susceptibility to chlamydial infection and pathogenicity in the female genital tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelsalam, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of collaborative cross mouse strains susceptible to chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAP1 Loss Induces Senescence and Enhances the Response to Radiation Therapy and Senolytics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivating mutations in BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) are observed in approximately 45% of primary and [~]85% of metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) cases and are strongly correlated with aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. However, the mechanistic contribution of BAP1 to tumor aggressiveness remains elusive. This study investigates the role of BAP1 loss in senescence and explores the potential therapeutic implications of targeting senescence pathway. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas UM cohort revealed that BAP1-mutant tumors exhibited increased senescence pathway activity score, and elevated expression of multiple cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and matrix-remodeling enzymes related to senescence-associated secretory phase. Functional assays revealed that BAP1 loss promotes senescence hallmarks including upregulated p16, p21, and phospho-ATM proteins, increased {beta}-gal positive cells, accumulated {gamma}H2AX foci, depleted lamin B1, and reduced PARP1 cleavage and Ki67 levels. These effects were further exacerbated following radiation exposure. Importantly, BAP1 knockdown, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, sensitized UM cells to senolytic agents, dasatinib and quercetin. In conclusion, our findings identify BAP1 loss as a driver of senescence and suggest that BAP1-mutant tumors may benefit from senolytics treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elsayed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosbeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltasawi, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanpude, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebulla, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Rahman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAP1 Loss Induces Senescence and Enhances the Response to Radiation Therapy and Senolytics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual AAV amelioration of Lama2-null muscular dystrophy and neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dy3K/dy3K Lama2-/- mouse is a model for the severe form of LAMA2-related dystrophy and peripheral neuropathy (LAMA2-RD). In the dystrophic mice, a compensating laminin subunit, Lm4, that lacks polymerization and -dystroglycan-binding activity, replaces the missing Lm2 subunit. It was previously found that an 4-laminin can be modified with two small laminin-binding linker proteins, i.e. LNNd{Delta}G2 and miniagrin to facilitate polymerization and -dystroglycan binding respectively, to enable the key missing functions. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) was used to deliver minigenes coding for the two proteins in dystrophic mice. AAV9-LNNd{Delta}G2 utilized a universal CBh promoter while AAV9-miniagrin utilized either the CBh promoter or muscle-specific SPc5-12 promoter. The phenotype in the dy3K/dy3K mice was evaluated following i.v. postnatal injection with either AAV9 -LNNd{Delta}G2 alone or in combination with AAV9- LNNd{Delta}G2 + AAV9- miniagrin. Double AAV treatment was found to substantially increase survival and ambulation, as well as increase forelimb grip-strength and improve muscle histology. Of note, the sciatic nerve amyelination characteristic of laminin 2-deficiency was prevented. While single treatment with LNNd{Delta}G2 was inferior to double treatment for muscle strength and survival, it corrected the radial sorting deficit equally, revealing that enablement of laminin polymerization is a sufficient requirement for myelination.

HighlightsO_LIThe dy3K/dy3K (Lama2-/-) mouse, a model for severe LAMA2-related dystrophy, expresses laminin-411 that is unable to polymerize or bind to -dystroglycan (DG).
C_LIO_LILNNd{Delta}G2 and miniagrin are laminin-411-binding proteins that enable polymerization and DG binding.
C_LIO_LIAAV9 delivery of genes coding for LNNd{Delta}G2 and miniagrin ameliorated the dystrophic phenotype in muscle and nerve (survival, growth, mobility, and grip-strength, muscle and nerve histopathology).
C_LIO_LISciatic nerve amyelination was prevented by LNNd{Delta}G2 alone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurchenco, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual AAV amelioration of Lama2-null muscular dystrophy and neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-expression-based models improve eQTL predictions and highlightnovel transcriptome-wide genes associated with schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding genetic variants statistically associated with complex heritability phenotypes are thought to act primarily through transcriptome regulatory mechanisms. Predictions of gene expression in tissue like the human brain traditionally rely primarily on cis-eQTLs. Here, we introduce INGENE and MODULE, trans-eQTLs models designed to enhance the prediction of gene expression by capturing the collective impact of candidate trans-eQTLs acting within co-expression networks. Exploiting RNA-seq data in six post-mortem brain regions (amygdala, caudate nucleus, dorsal/subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus), we validate our models on two testing datasets, demonstrating increased gene predictability compared to both an original cis-based model and to EpiXcan, the leading benchmark in cis-model performance. Integration of cis- and trans-predictions significantly improves gene-level expression imputation (MLE = 0.05) for 18,744 genes across the six brain regions considered. Applying cis and trans models to PGC wave 3 genotypes identifies 766 SCZ-associated genes across brain regions (pFDR < .01), emphasizing the complementary nature of cis and trans predictions in trait association discovery. Of these genes, 641 represent novel transcriptome-wide associations with schizophrenia, highlighting the role of trans-heritability and genetic interactions underlying risk for this disorder, in addition to further supporting 125 previous candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sportelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikidis, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Camillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcuk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnetto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitiello, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ripke, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belangero, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Os, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atbasoglu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saka, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Forti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>baune, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golimbet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondratyev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gareeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervilla, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent-Levins</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.704353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-expression-based models improve eQTL predictions and highlightnovel transcriptome-wide genes associated with schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme Classification via Semi-Supervised Functional ResidueLearning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting enzymatic function from a protein sequence is a fundamental task in protein discovery and engineering. In this paper, we present Semi-supervised Learning for Enzyme Classification (SLEEC): a semi-supervised learning framework that learns a function-aware protein representation for Enzyme Commision (EC) number prediction. SLEEC achieves SOTA performance on standard bench-marks and provides interpretable, residue-level annotations. We further demonstrate that our framework is robust to benign sequence modifications routinely observed in protein engineering workflows- such as appending functional tags- a desirable property that current ML frameworks lack. Our main technical contribution is a multiple sequence alignment (MSA)-based data augmentation technique for discovering sparse residue activations within a given enzyme sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang-Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klivans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme Classification via Semi-Supervised Functional ResidueLearning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmentally programmed nuclear pore complex replacement enables oocyte specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oocytes endow embryos with molecular machinery essential for development, but not all maternal components are inherited indiscriminately. In Drosophila, surveillance pathways eliminate defective mitochondria and aberrant RNAs from the maternal pool. Whether stable nuclear structures, like nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), are similarly curated remains unknown. Here, we uncover a developmentally programmed NPC turnover pathway that renews NPCs during oocyte specification. NPC levels decline through a combination of passive dilution, driven by deferred nucleoporin expression, and active degradation mediated by the ESCRT-III/Vps4 pathway. This clearance is counterbalanced by subsequent de novo NPC synthesis. Failure to turn over NPCs results in aberrantly persistent germ cell gene expression and defective oocyte specification. These findings establish NPC renewal as a critical step in oocyte identity establishment and maternal provisioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schindler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmentally programmed nuclear pore complex replacement enables oocyte specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination Drug Therapy Reduces Iron Accumulation and Microglia-Mediated Pathologies in Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Biochemical and Transcriptomic Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study describes the distribution of non-reactive brain-resident microglia densely populated along the borders of the lateral ventricles and choroid plexus in premature rabbit pups during early forebrain development. Following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), microglia become activated, proliferate, and migrate deeper into parenchymal regions. During this process, activated microglia exhibit a global expansion with a disproportionally elevated proinflammatory M1 nomenclature phenotype from 25% to 50% of the total; that shift was reduced by sulforaphane (SFN; Nrf2-antioxidant response element [ARE] activator of anti-inflammatory pathways) plus deferoxamine (DFN; iron chelator) treatment. Transcriptome analysis identified over expression of pro-inflammatory calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A12 (intracellular damage signals), as well as chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL10 by neurons and microglia. The combination treatment of SFN-DFN mitigated M1 infiltration, suppressed the magnitude of inflammation and reduced ferroptosis after IVH in the developing postnatal brain. Moreover, SFN-DFN treatment reversed most dysregulated genes in inflammation and iron homeostasis networks, revealing potential molecular targets for additional pharmacologic interventions after IVH. We propose that reducing the toxic microcellular environment will attenuate both the injurious inflammatory responses and improve recovery of the trajectory toward normal brain development. Additionally, suppression of proinflammatory molecules and iron toxicity should promote better survival as well as salutary effects of "living stem cell therapy" as we have previously shown.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolin, M. s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Gamma, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinukonda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination Drug Therapy Reduces Iron Accumulation and Microglia-Mediated Pathologies in Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Biochemical and Transcriptomic Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling Schwann Cell and Neuronal TRPA1 Function in Mouse Models of Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.14.705765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome (FEPS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by episodes of severe upper-body pain triggered by different stimuli including cold, stress, or fasting. A gain-of-function point mutation (N855S) in the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel has been identified in affected individuals, altering its biophysical properties, and leading to sustained nociceptive signaling. While TRPA1 is predominantly studied in sensory neurons, recent findings highlight its key modulatory role for Schwann cells in chronic pain. Here, we investigated the cell-specific contributions of mutant TRPA1 (TRPA1*) in FEPS by developing mouse models with TRPA1* selectively expressed in either Schwann cells or sensory neurons, using CRISPR-based and Cre-loxP strategies. Patch-clamp analyses confirmed that TRPA1* exhibits enhanced current responses to agonists compared to wild-type. Through behavioral assays we revealed that TRPA1* expressed in sensory neurons mediates acute nociception, while TRPA1* in Schwann cells drives mechanical allodynia in response to subthreshold doses of TRPA1 agonists and to physiological pain triggers commonly observed in FEPS patients, including fasting, cold exposure, and restraint stress. Pain responses were associated with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in TRPA1* sciatic nerves and these effects were reduced by a treatment with an antioxidant. We reveal distinct roles of neuronal and non-neuronal TRPA1 in pain and provide novel in vivo models to investigate the mechanisms of chronic pain in FEPS and related channelopathies. Overall, this study offers new insights into the development of targeted therapies for Schwann cell-TRPA1 to relieve pain in affected individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chieca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scuffi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Siena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellantoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timotei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanese, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferroni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>do Nascimento Melo, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birling, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorentz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Logu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.14.705765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling Schwann Cell and Neuronal TRPA1 Function in Mouse Models of Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breaking β-sheets in FUS prion-like domain preserves phase separation and function but prevents aggregation and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) undergoes phase separation associated with RNA processing. However, the prion-like low complexity (LC) domain of FUS forms solid-like aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether the formation of {beta}-sheet structure associated with pathology is also physiologically/functionally relevant is debated. Similarly, if mislocalization alone or concomitant aggregation is responsible for FUS gain-of-function toxicity remains to be probed. Here, we introduce {beta}-sheet breaking proline residues into FUS LC with the goal of preventing cross-{beta}-driven aggregation without disrupting essential functions and phase separation. {beta}-sheet-deficient FUS variants maintain native-like global motions, disorder, and phase separation, but no longer show a liquid-to-solid transition (LST). Biochemical partitioning, cellular localization, and auto- and cross-regulatory functions of FUS all remain essentially unchanged. Conversely, FUS-induced neurodegeneration in several Drosophila models is drastically reduced. These findings suggest a strategy for mitigating disease-related toxicity through backbone structure modulation to prevent prion-like domain protein aggregation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=198 SRC="FIGDIR/small/706410v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (53K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d15f63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cd6221org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e58126org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@181ec67_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG SUMMARYThe RNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) undergoes phase separation as part of its physiological function but can aberrantly aggregate into solid-like assemblies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. To dissect the role of {beta}-sheets in both function and pathological transition, we engineered {beta}-sheet-preventing FUS variants via targeted proline residue insertions in the prion-like disordered region. These variants retained native structure, motions, and phase behavior yet showed dramatically reduced aggregation, both as an isolated prion-like domain and in full-length FUS. Crucially, these variants maintained a panel of FUS cellular functions that depend on FUS condensation but prevented FUS toxicity in fly models of neurodegeneration. Our findings implicate {beta}-sheets as key drivers of FUS condensate maturation and neuronal toxicity, highlighting {beta}-sheet modulation as a therapeutic strategy against FUS-related neurodegeneration.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITargeted proline additions disrupt {beta}-sheet formation in FUS without altering native conformations, dynamics, or phase separation behavior
C_LIO_LI{beta}-sheet-deficient FUS variants prevent aggregation and liquid-to-solid transitions while retaining key biological functions
C_LIO_LIIn vivo models reveal attenuated toxicity of {beta}-sheet-deficient FUS in Drosophila
C_LIO_LI{beta}-sheets are identified as central drivers of condensate maturation and neuronal death, offering a therapeutic entry point for modulating prion-like domain pathology
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wake, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jutzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puterbaugh, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, U. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruepp, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawzi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breaking β-sheets in FUS prion-like domain preserves phase separation and function but prevents aggregation and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis and design of disordered polypeptides with optimized sequence patterning properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exhibit phase separation behavior that is closely linked to their degree of single-chain compaction, which in turn is governed by both amino acid composition and sequence patterning. Existing metrics such as sequence charge decoration (SCD) and sequence hydropathy decoration (SHD) describe these effects but are largely limited to describing differences between sequences of similar length and overall composition. In this work, we present a shuffle-based normalization scheme for SCD and SHD, enabling comparison of sequence patterning between very different IDP sequences. Leveraging this normalization scheme toward design space, we develop a Monte Carlo, based sequence design algorithm that generates novel IDPs with desired patterning features. Our design framework is further strengthened by incorporating additional metrics such as sequence aromatic decoration (SAD), compositional RMSD, and a previously developed sequence based {Delta}G predictor. We validate our approach through coarse-grained MD simulations, showing that the designed sequences exhibit tunable phase behavior. This strategy lays the groundwork for rational design of IDPs for biomedical and biotechnology applications, as well as basic biophysical research.

Author summaryIntrinsically disordered proteins behave similar to polymers in solution, having no defined structure. Their behavior is dictated by the collection of shapes the protein adopts, known as its "conformational ensemble" which is tuned by its amino acid sequence, and the solution environment. In this work, we have developed parameters to describe the patterning of charged and hydrophobic amino acids within these protein sequences, which are predictive of their ability to phase separate and form dense liquid-like droplets in solution. Importantly, the parameters we develop are motivated by physics and can be applied across a large number of amino acid sequences rapidly. This will enable researchers to rapidly predict the behavior of large libraries of protein sequences. We have additionally developed a software to design randomized amino acid sequences with desired amino acid composition, and patterning properties. Finally, we have tested our design scheme and parameters by running simulations of designed IDP sequences and quantified each of their ability to phase separate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukperaj, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dignon, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis and design of disordered polypeptides with optimized sequence patterning properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.706968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective BRCA1-mediated DNA end resection drives tandem duplication formation and FANCM synthetic lethality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.706968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractBRCA1-linked cancer genomes contain abundant genome-wide [~]10 kb  Group 1 tandem duplications (TDs) that are drivers of tumorigenesis. Group 1 TD formation is recapitulated at a chromosomal Tus/Ter site-specific replication fork barrier in DNA end resection-defective mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells lacking Brca1 exon 11. To explore relationships between DNA end resection and Group 1 TD formation, we analyzed Brca1 coiled coil (CC) domain mutants--separation-of-function alleles that are impaired for homologous recombination but competent for DNA end resection. Notably, Brca1 CC mutants retain the ability to suppress Group 1 TDs in the Tus/Ter system and in a mouse model of Brca1-linked tumorigenesis. These data show that Brca1 CC domain mutant cancers follow a path of tumorigenesis distinct from that of other pathogenic Brca1 alleles. FANCM is a TD co-suppressor, the loss of which is synthetic lethal/sick in combination with Brca1 exon 11 mutation. In contrast, Fancm deletion is well-tolerated by Brca1 CC mutant mES cells. Thus, Group 1 TD formation and Fancm synthetic lethality are linked phenotypes related to defective BRCA1-mediated DNA end resection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namrata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wientjens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonkers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.706968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective BRCA1-mediated DNA end resection drives tandem duplication formation and FANCM synthetic lethality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method for assessing approach and avoidance behavior across multiple olfactory stimuli in mice including multivariate hypothesis comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approach and avoidance behavior towards sensory stimuli serve as powerful behavioral readouts of our mental representations of the external world and our expectations and motivations in navigating it. In the olfactory system, approach or avoidance of odors statistically associated with people, places, and things relate to ecologically critical functions like feeding, fear, and reproduction. However, experimental methods for quantifying approach/avoidance behavior in relative terms across odors have been limited. Here we present a novel method for quantifying mouse approach/avoidance in an open field arena scented with up to four odors simultaneously. In lieu of traditional inferential statistics (which greatly limit the information that can be learned in this multivariate experiment), we demonstrate the a priori definition of quantitative hypotheses for the distribution of time among scented corners and the use of information theory-derived statistical metrics to quantify the relative likelihood of each competing hypothesis given the data collected. Finally, we use data from a fear conditioning experiment to demonstrate the application of this method to conclude that fear conditioned mice exhibit a fear generalization gradient that decreases as odorants become more different from the threat-predictive odorant, as opposed to competing hypotheses that mice are specifically avoiding the threat-predictive odorant or have overgeneralized their fear and avoid all test odors regardless of similarity. Critically, this method takes only a few minutes per animal with no prior behavioral training required, and it can be performed easily without automated apparatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaikwad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGann, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method for assessing approach and avoidance behavior across multiple olfactory stimuli in mice including multivariate hypothesis comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalization and extinction of learned fear alter primary sensory input to the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.25.708099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroplasticity in sensory systems permits the brain to refine sensory discrimination between threat-predictive and neutral stimuli, but dysfunctional sensory plasticity might underlie maladaptive fear generalization. Using an odor-cued fear conditioning paradigm designed to induce broad fear generalization in a mouse model, we found that odor-evoked synaptic output from olfactory nerve into the brains olfactory bulb was greatly increased not only for the original threat-predictive odor but also for novel odors that evoked generalized fear, even under anesthesia. Extinction training in which the threat-predictive odor was presented repeatedly without aversive stimulation reversed the behavioral fear and the increased olfactory nerve output evoked by the threat predictive odor. Extinction training also reversed the generalization of fear and enhanced neurophysiological response to new odors, as did alternative extinction paradigms using novel odorants, thus showing that the output of the olfactory nerve also parallels the generalization of extinction learning. Taken together the increased primary olfactory signaling evoked by fear-evoking odors and the reversal of this increase when the mouse is no longer afraid of an odor suggests that the olfactory nerve plasticity matches the mouses perception of threat, even for olfactory stimuli and neuronal populations that have never actually been paired with shock. It is surprising that such beliefs about odor-shock contingencies would manifest as early as the synaptic input from the nose to the brain. This sensory plasticity might contribute to maladaptive generalization of fear such as in post-traumatic syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakir, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGann, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.708099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalization and extinction of learned fear alter primary sensory input to the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female iPSC X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) erosion and its transcriptomic effects during CRISPR gene editing and neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and iPSC-differentiated neural cells, in combination with CRISPR editing, are commonly used for studying neurodevelopmental and other brain disorders. Female iPSCs undergo random X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) via epigenetic silencing by noncoding X inactive specific transcript (XIST). It is known that female iPSCs may lose XIST expression, leading to XCI erosion that affects both X-linked and autosomal gene expression. However, the effects of CRSIPR editing and neural differentiation on XCI erosion in iPSC-derived neurons and how this may confound a real-world transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are poorly understood. Here, leveraging bulk RNA-seq of hundreds of CRISPR-edited female iPSC lines from four donor lines for 66 genes and single-cell RNA-seq of iPSC-derived neurons of a subset of 42 edited genes, we investigated the effects of XCI erosion during CRISPR editing and in iPSC-derived neurons. We found that XCI erosion was variable in CRISPR-edited female iPSCs and largely preserved in iPSC-derived neurons. Like in iPSCs, XIST in neurons predominately influenced the expression of X-linked genes; however, its effect on autosomal genes was more pronounced in single neurons. Mechanistically, XIST epigenetically causes allelic imbalance of both X-linked and autosomal genes, with the former showing stronger allele-specific expression (ASE) bias. Notably, XIST-induced ASE bias exhibited a conserved positional pattern at loci affecting neurodevelopmental genes across different female lines and cell types. Finally, we demonstrated a confounding effect of XCI erosion on DEG analyses in iPSC-derived neurons. These results have significant implications in hiPSC modeling of neurodevelopmental and other brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz de Leon Guerrerro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barishman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female iPSC X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) erosion and its transcriptomic effects during CRISPR gene editing and neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer-associated organ dysfunction promotes muscle autophagy and contributes to peripheral tissue wasting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normal pancreas function supports both digestion and the hormonal regulation of whole-body metabolism. We find pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) disrupts the normal function of the remaining pancreas, leading to altered systemic metabolism and peripheral tissue wasting that begins early in disease progression. Using mouse models of PDAC, we find small pancreas tumors lead to both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction that results in systemic nutrient depletion and loss of both muscle and fat tissue. Providing free glucose in the diet that is absorbed despite pancreatic exocrine dysfunction causes hyperglycemia and blunts fat wasting without affecting muscle loss. Muscle mass can be restored by free dietary amino acids or pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Exocrine dysfunction causing reduced dietary protein digestion promotes muscle proteolysis and autophagy. Autophagy is a major driver of muscle wasting in PDAC, as muscle-specific deletion of the core autophagy gene Atg7 also reduces muscle wasting. Disrupting muscle autophagy without restoring systemic nutrition slows tumor growth and improves survival of mice with PDAC. Tracing the fate of amino acids released from muscle of mice with PDAC shows redistribution to both tumor and host tissues. Notably, improving nutrition in mice with disrupted muscle autophagy promotes tumor growth. Together, the data argue that early peripheral tissue wasting associated with early pancreatic cancer is driven by altered normal pancreatic organ function that leads to reduced nutrition and enhanced muscle autophagy, releasing nutrients to support both tumor and host metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gultekin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivanand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbalian, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeau, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavernier, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcelik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizlier, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharygin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed-Pastor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic cancer-associated organ dysfunction promotes muscle autophagy and contributes to peripheral tissue wasting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
vToxiNet: a biologically constrained deep learning framework for interpretable prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatotoxicity remains a leading cause of drug attrition and post-marketing withdrawal, resulting from diverse and complex toxicity mechanisms. Traditional in vitro models can only capture a limited subset of toxicity pathways, and animal studies face translational and ethical limitations. Regulatory agencies have therefore promoted new approach methodologies, including human-relevant assays, omics technologies, and computational models to improve predictive toxicology and support evidence-based decision-making. However, most machine learning models for hepatotoxicity either rely solely on chemical structure or operate as black boxes, limiting mechanistic interpretability and broader applicability. Here, we introduce the virtual toxicity network (vToxiNet), a biologically constrained deep learning framework that embeds systems toxicology knowledge directly into neural network architecture for interpretable hepatotoxicity prediction. vToxiNet integrates chemical descriptors, high-throughput assay responses, transcriptomic signatures, and Reactome pathway hierarchy to construct a virtual adverse outcome pathway network. Across cross-validation and multiple external validation datasets, vToxiNet demonstrates robust predictive performance and generalizes to previously unseen chemicals. Importantly, interpretation of vToxiNet enables gene and pathway-level attribution, supporting mechanism-informed hazard characterization and chemical prioritization. These results demonstrate that encoding biological hierarchy as architectural constraints enables both predictive accuracy and mechanistic insight, establishing a generalizable framework for modeling complex biological outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksunes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[vToxiNet: a biologically constrained deep learning framework for interpretable prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STCS: A Platform-Agnostic Framework for Cell-Level Reconstruction in Sequencing-Based Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics technologies, including Visium HD and Stereo-seq, now enable transcriptome-wide profiling at subcellular resolution. However, these platforms generate measurements over spatially barcoded units rather than biologically segmented cells, creating a fundamental bottleneck for cell-centric analysis and interpretation. Robust recon-struction of coherent single-cell transcriptomes from high-density spatial bins remains an unresolved computational challenge.

Here we present STCS (Spatial Transcriptomics Cell Segmentation), a platform-agnostic framework that reconstructs cell-level gene expression profiles by integrating nuclei segmentation with a joint transcriptomic-spatial distance model. STCS is governed by two interpretable parameters and incorporates a reference-free parameter selection strategy based on internal stability and spatial coherence metrics, enabling adaptable deployment across tissue types and technologies without requiring matched ground-truth annotations.

We benchmark STCS on a Visium HD human lung cancer dataset with matched Xenium-derived cell segmentation, enabling direct cell-level validation, and on high-resolution Stereo-seq mouse brain data to assess cross-platform generalizability. Across multiple evaluation dimensions--including cell-type agreement, spatial organization, gene-expression fidelity, and compositional accuracy--STCS achieves consistent improvements over existing methods while preserving biologically coherent spatial structure.

As sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics is rapidly adopted across biomedical research, STCS provides a broadly applicable and open-source solution for reconstructing cell-resolved transcriptomes, facilitating more reliable downstream analyses and cross-platform integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STCS: A Platform-Agnostic Framework for Cell-Level Reconstruction in Sequencing-Based Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Inositol Receptor Orchestrates Carbon Utilization and Fungal Virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient sensing and utilization are critical for microbes to adapt to their environment and evade predators. The encapsuled yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has a unique ability to sense and utilize the sugar inositol as both a signaling molecule, and as a carbon source. This trait is advantageous not only in the natural environment, but to promote its pathogenesis, including invasion of the central nervous system. Unlike many other fungal species, which utilize the canonical carbon catabolite repression (CCR) mechanism to prioritize glucose metabolism, we have identified a novel inositol transporter-like receptor (transceptor) Itr4 that also regulates CCR genes to maintain inositol metabolism activity even under high glucose conditions. Itr4 binds inositol and regulates the function of other inositol transporters (ITRs) and its loss leads to a significant decrease in inositol uptake activity, resulting in a lack of mating, reduced capsule size, reduced blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and virulence attenuation. Mutagenesis analysis of Itr4 protein identified an essential N-terminal tail and two amino acids, Q388 and Q389, as sites of functional importance. The ITR4Q388A, Q389A allele showed a dominant phenotype with increased inositol uptake, enlarged capsule and significantly attenuated virulence. In summary, we identify a new C. neoformans inositol transceptor, Itr4, the first such example in eukaryotes, with novel regulatory roles in both inositol and glucose metabolism and fungal virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tancer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Inositol Receptor Orchestrates Carbon Utilization and Fungal Virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
